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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Rahman, Rubait; Tolhurst, Tor; Wahdat, Ahmad; Balagtas, Joseph |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404435 |
| By: | Adrien Bilal; Thibault Ingrand; Diego R. Känzig |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a theory of balanced growth and optimal climate policy in an integrated assessment framework. Balanced growth is possible despite climate change, but at a slower rate. Two distinct policy regimes emerge because emissions permanently raise carbon stocks. For low damages, optimal growth coincides with the laissez-faire and carbon is priced at a constant rate. For high damages, optimal policy caps temperature growth to prevent escalating losses and achieve faster economic growth than in the laissez-faire by pricing carbon at an increasing rate. We quantify our model and show that empirical damage estimates span both regimes. For low damages, optimal policy achieves a 1% welfare gain with 3 to 8°C of warming per century and no change in long-run growth. For high damages, optimal policy raises annual growth by 0.8 percentage points and achieves a 26% welfare gain by capping warming at 0.4°C per century. |
| JEL: | E23 H23 O44 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35573 |
| By: | Toby C. Monsod (School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman) |
| Abstract: | We set out to understand the resource requirements of the Philippines’ low carbon transition, the sources of low carbon finance, and the chances that supply of low carbon finance will be responsive to demand at scale. We find that the country will require an initial USD 94.2 billion for measures that are expected to contribute an emissions reduction of 990mmtCO2e out of a pledged 2505 mmtCO2e, or 39.5 percent of the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution, and that private and public capital are expected to cover this amount in a 63 - 37% split. We determine that prospects are relatively high for an overwhelming 95.4% of the required amount, an assessment that rests on the positive market response to energy sector initiatives and management, and hinges critically on the government’s ability to extract pre-requisite transmission investments from its privately-owned transmission service provider in a timely manner. For 1.8%, prospects are fair and involve technologies dependent on nascent markets or behavioral change, such as accepting Energy Efficiency as the “first fuel†in the energy mix and all that this implies. For the remaining 2.8%, prospects are low, hindered by governance dysfunctions that have long-undermined efficiency in the agriculture, waste and road-based public transport sectors. While representing just 2.8% of the required amount, these programs and measures account for 30% of the 990 mmtCO2e emissions reduction targeted and, more importantly, feed into or coincide with food and water security strategies prioritized under the country’s climate change adaptation plan. Securing the 2.8% is not optional in other words. Thus, fixing institutions is the first and most important finance strategy moving forward. |
| Keywords: | low carbon transition; low carbon finance; green finance; Philippines’ Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC); governance |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Q01 O20 O16 O53 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phs:dpaper:202605 |
| By: | Christoff Scherrer (Kassel Institute for Sustainability & Global Labour University) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the possibility of using voluntary carbon credits to retire coal-fired power plants early. It introduces carbon emission trading using the example of the substantial European emissions trading market. It presents recommendations for phasing out coal power plants and discusses the challenges of calculating plant proprietors' losses and carbon emission savings. It also outlines the specific challenges of voluntary carbon credits and the need to monitor carbon credit deals. These issues are illustrated with the world’s first Energy Transition Mechanism transaction for the early retirement of a coal plant owned by ACEN in the Philippines: the South Luzon Thermal Energy Corporation (SLTEC). It analyzes the financial transactions carried out by the power plant owner and the envisaged use of voluntary carbon credits. The paper concludes that there are many obstacles to moving beyond a few pilot projects. |
| Keywords: | energy transition; voluntary carbon credits; coal power plant; Philippines |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phs:dpaper:202505 |
| By: | McDowall, Will; Fuchs, Janina |
| Abstract: | Policymakers globally have been and remain interested in understanding the scale of economic activity associated with various aspects of the green economy. But defining what is ‘green’ is not straightforward, and standard industrial classifications are unhelpful for many areas of green activity which involve relatively new technologies. This research has been funded by the Office for National Statistics as part of the research programme of the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE). The report reviews the definitions of ‘green’ economic activity used in a variety of contexts, and considers whether and how the UK’s approaches to estimating the ‘Environmental Goods and Service Sector’ could be improved. |
| Keywords: | Green Economy; Environmental Policy; Green Jobs; Environmental Regulation; Sustainability Indicators; Green Economic Activity; Environmental Accounting; Green Technologies; Environmental Data |
| JEL: | E01 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eoe:escoed:escoe-dp-2025-09 |
| By: | Karlsson, Jimmy (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | Carbon taxation is one of the main policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, yet there is still limited evidence on its effects on firms and workers. This paper studies the environmental and economic effects of carbon taxation, with a particular focus on heterogeneity in labor demand across worker groups. I exploit a reform that increased the effective carbon tax for a subset of Swedish manufacturing firms between 2011 and 2018, and combine administrative firm data with matched employer-employee records in a difference-in-differences design. The reform reduced emissions by about 30%, primarily through substitution away from fossil fuels toward biofuels and district heating. It also reduced revenue and employment, with the strongest negative effects concentrated among emission-intensive firms. The employment effects are driven mainly by older workers without a high school degree, although older, highly educated workers are also negatively affected in the most exposed firms. Additional evidence suggests that firms adjusted labor demand primarily through lower hiring rather than higher separations. Scaled by the average increase in effective tax rates (measured in euro per ton CO2), the estimates imply semi-elasticities of -0.58% for emissions and -0.20% for employment among low-educated workers. These results suggest that carbon taxation can substantially reduce industrial emissions, but with concentrated labor-market costs. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxation; Climate change; Firm performance; Inequality; Employment |
| JEL: | H23 J23 L60 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–08–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1564 |
| By: | Tao, Yingnian (Lancaster University); Ryan, Mark |
| Abstract: | The green energy transition has recently become a hot topic in public and policy debates in the UK. This study employs corpus-assisted analysis to examine how the green energy transition is represented in left-leaning and right-leaning UK newspapers (2015-2024). Specifically, we identified the temporal changes in frequencies of emotional reporting and analysed and compared five group of strong emotion words (represented by crisis, damage, greenwashing, catastrophe, and wealth) through collocation analysis and concordance analysis. Our findings indicate that although the sentiment of coverage is more positive than negative, negative sentiment is gradually increasing over time. Both sides cover environmental and economic aspects of the transition; however, they differ in their priority area and the way they engage with these areas. Left-leaning newspapers emphasise environmental degradation, blame fossil fuels for the climate crisis, and call for urgent action. Right-leaning newspapers focus more on the economic impacts of transition, often framing policies as threats to jobs or prosperity while downplaying accountability for emissions. Across the spectrum, reporting tends to adopt a techno-optimist, business-as-usual stance that rarely challenges the idea of continuous economic growth. Implications for media, readers, and policymakers are discussed. |
| Date: | 2026–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:dn8cp_v2 |
| By: | Nikola Rakonjac; Phoebe Koundouri (Dept. of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business); Slobodan Djordjevic; Zarko Sretenovic; Dragan Savic |
| Abstract: | The European Union's revised Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD, Directive 2024/3019), in force since 1 January 2025, marks a major step toward the Zero Pollution ambition. By imposing stricter wastewater collection, treatment, and pollutant removal regulations, the directive aims to significantly enhance water quality and environmental protection across Europe. While these measures align with longterm sustainability goals, they pose considerable challenges for EU candidate countries, which must adapt their infrastructure and policies to meet compliance requirements within the next two decades. Chapter 27 of the latest European Commission Enlargement Package highlights disparities in environmental compliance among EU candidate countries, underscoring that progress on water quality, water management, and wastewater treatment remains limited. This is further reflected in the countries' performance on Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) - "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". |
| Date: | 2026–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2622 |
| By: | Do, Thi Thanh Duong; Nguyen, Thi Thiem; Luu, Van Duy; Nguyen, Thanh Phong |
| Abstract: | Macadamia has recently emerged as a high-value tree nut crop in tropical and subtropical mountain regions, particularly in the Northwest of Vietnam (including Dien Bien, Son La and Lai Chau province). In Dien Bien province, where agriculture is dominated by smallholder and ethnic minority farming systems, macadamia development is increasingly promoted as a pathway for income diversification, ecological restoration, and climate resilience. However, the rapid expansion of this crop also raises critical sustainability concerns that require systematic assessment. This study evaluates the opportunities and risks associated with sustainable macadamia production in mountain food systems, using a comprehensive analytical framework that integrates environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The research draws on field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and secondary data to assess production performance, livelihood impacts, and ecological implications in Dien Bien province. Key indicators include income generation, land-use efficiency, soil conservation capacity, market integration, and institutional support mechanisms. The findings indicate that macadamia cultivation offers significant opportunities for improving household incomes, particularly when integrated with agroforestry systems. It contributes to soil protection, enhances carbon sequestration potential, and supports the transition toward more climate-resilient farming systems. In addition, the development of value chains and market linkages has begun to create new economic opportunities for local communities. Nevertheless, the study also identifies several major risks. These include market price volatility, limited technical knowledge among farmers, insufficient access to quality planting materials, and weak extension services. Social challenges such as land tenure insecurity and unequal benefit distribution may further constrain sustainable outcomes. From an environmental perspective, inappropriate land conversion and monocropping practices could undermine biodiversity and long-term ecosystem stability. The paper concludes that achieving sustainable macadamia production in mountainous Northwest Vietnam requires integrated policy interventions, strengthened cooperative models, and the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Enhancing technical capacity, improving market governance, and ensuring inclusive participation of ethnic minority communities are essential to balance economic benefits with environmental integrity and social equity in the region’s evolving mountain food systems. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409070 |
| By: | Szmurlo, Daniel; Rosenberg, Andrew; Pratt, Bryan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404483 |
| By: | Boudreaux, Gregory; Reimer, Matthew N. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404444 |
| By: | Quiñones, Laura Alcocer; Hadachek, Jeffrey; Troske, William |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404490 |
| By: | Mikhail Miklyaev (Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Mozambique’s high exposure to floods, cyclones, droughts, extreme heat, and other climate-related hazards presents significant risks to public infrastructure, service delivery, and fiscal sustainability. Although climate considerations are formally embedded within the country’s Public Investment Management (PIM) framework, their practical application remains largely qualitative, inconsistent across sectors, and insufficiently integrated into technical and economic appraisal. This paper assesses the current integration of climate risk within Mozambique’s PIM system and develops a refined Climate Risk Screening and Assessment Framework for systematically incorporating climate resilience into public investment decision-making. The proposed framework introduces standardized hazard screening, climate risk classification, project-specific impact assessment, climate-proofing alternatives, and quantitative economic appraisal across the Project Profile, Prefeasibility Study, Feasibility Study, and final appraisal stages. It further integrates expected annual damages, avoided losses, cost-benefit analysis, climate scenario testing, and structured appraisal criteria to support the selection of economically justified adaptation measures. An illustrative application to a rural access road in Sofala Province demonstrates how climate risk information can materially influence project design and the selection of appropriate resilience measures. The framework provides a practical basis for embedding climate-responsive appraisal within e-SNIP/e-MIP, strengthening institutional oversight, improving the resilience of public investments, and supporting more efficient allocation of scarce public resources. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Public Investment Management; climate risk assessment; climate resilience; climate-proofing; cost-benefit analysis; infrastructure investment; Mozambique. |
| JEL: | H54 Q54 Q51 Q58 O22 |
| Date: | 2026–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4645 |
| By: | Grugni, Elisa; Bazzana, Davide; Guerini, Mattia |
| Abstract: | Carbon farming comprises land-use practices that enhance carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions while improving soil quality and long-term agricultural sustainability. Despite its potential as a naturebased solution to climate change, its large-scale adoption is hindered by high upfront costs, monitoring challenges, and carbon permanence risks. This paper develops an agent-based model to study the adoption dynamics of carbon farming under alternative policy designs. Farmers allocate land across different agricultural practices, including conventional farming, crop rotation, and afforestation, each characterized by distinct economic and environmental implications. The model is used as a laboratory to study the agricultural transition under different incentive mechanisms: action-based subsidies, result-based payments linked to carbon sequestration, and hybrid mechanisms. Simulation results highlight important trade-offs. Action-based subsidies promote rapid adoption but may increase policy costs and threaten food production. Result-based schemes ensure economic sustainability but generate weaker environmental improvements. The paper provides policy-relevant insights into how incentive design shapes the diffusion and effectiveness of carbon farming, contributing to the debate on climate policy within the EU agricultural sector. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2026–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:410239 |
| By: | Thomas Dulak |
| Abstract: | Over the past decade, sustainable finance has become an established part of global financial markets. As its expansion slows amid greater scrutiny of sustainability claims, evolving sustainability standards and political resistance in some jurisdictions, understanding when and how sustainability considerations affect financial outcomes has become increasingly important. This thesis examines how sustainability-related risks, investor preferences and information influence asset valuations, secondary-market trading, product-management decisions by financial intermediaries and investor flows across four settings: climate litigation, green bonds, sustainable mutual funds and sustainability labels. The first chapter examines stock market reactions to climate lawsuit filings and adverse court decisions involving corporations in North America and Europe. It finds generally limited reactions for both targeted firms and their industry peers, although responses vary across cases and industries. The second chapter compares the secondary-market trading of green and conventional bonds using transaction data provided by Euroclear. Green bonds exhibit higher aggregate trading volumes because they trade on a larger share of days, despite smaller average transaction sizes. The third chapter studies liquidation decisions among European equity mutual funds. While sustainable funds do not exhibit a robustly different liquidation risk on average, they face a higher risk shortly after inception, with the difference disappearing as funds mature. The fourth chapter investigates investor responses to the reform of the French ISR label. Holding or acquiring the label is not associated with detectably higher investor flows, whereas funds losing it under the tightened requirements experience persistently weaker flows than funds retaining it. Taken together, the four chapters show that sustainability considerations may affect financial markets through different mechanisms. The findings point towards a more selective and differentiated sustainable finance market, whose long-term development will depend increasingly on the financial materiality of sustainability-related risks, the viability of sustainable products and the credibility of sustainability standards and information. |
| Keywords: | Financial economics; Sustainable finance |
| Date: | 2026–08–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/412432 |
| By: | Omid Oshriyeh (University of South Carolina [Columbia]); Ercan Sirakaya-Turk; Yuksel Ekinci |
| Abstract: | Many tourists support sustainability, but sustainable tourism markets are not homogeneous. This paper reports the results of a study on whether sustainability values can be used to segment UK tourists and whether the resulting segments differ in global warming concern and stated willingness to pay for carbon offsets. Survey data were collected from 560 UK tourists at four locations. Sustainability-value domains were first identified and then used to classify respondents into value-based segments. The analysis retained four domains: respect for nature, social equity and solidarity, tolerance, and shared responsibility. Two interpretable segments were identified. Tourists in the higher-sustainability-values segment reported stronger global warming concern and greater willingness to pay for carbon offsets than tourists in the moderate segment. However, willingness to pay was not universal even among tourists with stronger sustainability values. The findings suggest that values-based segmentation can help identify more receptive audiences for carbon-offset initiatives, but values-based targeting should be supported by credible, transparent, and easy-to-evaluate offset schemes. |
| Abstract: | De nombreux touristes soutiennent la durabilité, mais les marchés du tourisme durable ne sont pas homogènes. Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude visant à déterminer si les valeurs de durabilité peuvent être utilisées pour segmenter les touristes britanniques et si les segments qui en résultent diffèrent en termes de préoccupation face au réchauffement climatique et de disposition déclarée à payer pour des compensations carbone. Des données d'enquête ont été recueillies auprès de 560 touristes britanniques dans quatre lieux. Les domaines des valeurs de durabilité ont d'abord été identifiés, puis utilisés pour classer les répondants en segments fondés sur les valeurs. L'analyse a retenu quatre domaines : le respect de la nature, l'équité sociale et la solidarité, la tolérance et la responsabilité partagée. Deux segments interprétables ont été identifiés. Les touristes du segment aux valeurs de durabilité les plus élevées ont signalé une préoccupation plus marquée pour le réchauffement climatique et une plus grande disposition à payer pour des compensations carbone que les touristes du segment modéré. Cependant, la disposition à payer n'était pas universelle, même parmi les touristes ayant des valeurs de durabilité plus fortes. Ces résultats suggèrent que la segmentation fondée sur les valeurs peut aider à identifier des publics plus récepteurs pour les initiatives de compensation carbone, mais que le ciblage basé sur les valeurs doit être soutenu par des programmes de compensation crédibles, transparents et faciles à évaluer. |
| Keywords: | climate change, United States, United Kingdom, Travel, tourism, pro-environmental behavior, carbon offsetting, market segmentation, sustainable tourism, sustainability values |
| Date: | 2026–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05706292 |
| By: | Cabon-Dhersin, Marie-Laure; Poyago-Theotoky, Joanna; Raffin, Natacha |
| Abstract: | We explore the interplay of competition and environmental policies to address the question of whether green antitrust has beneficial effects in terms of both environmental and consumer welfare performance. We focus on two environmental policy tools, an emission tax and an emission standard, and explore three particular configurations: competitive ‘green R&D, collaborative ‘green’ R&D in the form of a joint lab, and the benchmark case of no ‘green’ R&D. Firms compete in the product market by selling a homogeneous product, either by setting prices (Bertrand competition) or quantities (Cournot competition) while facing convex costs. We show that ‘green antitrust’ can unambiguously improve the effectiveness of environmental policy without undermining the interests of either consumers or producers, establishing a ‘win-win-win’ outcome. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2026–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:410235 |
| By: | Maximilian Huppertz (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | It is well established that climate change affects productivity, but its effects on trade costs have not been studied. I combine international trade and weather data covering 190 years. I use an augmented gravity framework to show that rising temperatures at the origin or destination country increase bilateral trade costs. Adaptation to these impacts is slow. The impact appears to be driven by the vulnerability of sea ports to climate change. Combining these results with a standard international trade model, I find that 2010s welfare would increase by 1.6 percent if we could undo the impact of climate change on trade cost over the preceding 100 years. Welfare gains depend not only on countries' own climate trends, but also on their neighbours' trajectories. Poor and rich countries are roughly equally harmed. Smaller economies, which are more reliant on international trade, are especially affected. Ignoring this trade cost channel and focusing only on productivity effects leads to a 9% underestimate of the welfare impact of climate change. Because it is based on a gravity framework, my methodology can easily be embedded in studies of the impact of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change;international trade;sea ports;welfare impacts;adaptation |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 F18 |
| Date: | 2025–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:023282 |
| By: | Banerjee, Anwesha; Barbieri, Stefano; Konrad, Kai A. |
| Abstract: | Global systematic economic shocks may affect the Nash equilibrium contributions to international climate mitigation. We study how this effect depends on the flexibility countries have to adjust to these shocks. The kind of rigidities countries face because of technological irreversibilities plays a crucial role. Under the plausible assumption of “prudence, †higher global uncertainty tends to reduce equilibrium climate contributions if irreversibilities in the level of climate policy choices exist. And, if countries are committed to allocating a proportion of income to climate protection, rigidities may increase welfare. Thus, exercising the option to perfectly adjust one’s contributions to shocks may be another form of free riding. |
| Keywords: | Global warming; Climate Protection |
| JEL: | Q54 H41 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19283 |
| By: | Chen, Tzu-Hui; Sexton, Richard; Smith, Aaron |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404472 |
| By: | Tiziano Distefano; Luigi Reatti; Mario Biggeri; Cristina Vaquero-Piñeiro |
| Abstract: | This paper, considering regional disparities in climate change and policy impacts, highlights the need for a multi-regional level modelling that accounts for non-identical socio-economic and environmental dynamics at the sub-national level. Through a systematic literature review, we aim to identify and summarise heterogeneous approaches and research’s focus from existing literature concerning multi-level and multi-regional models used to address sustainability issues. We identify the most relevant themes, trends and topics investigated by the papers for which multi-level models have been used. While environmental and ecological issues are frequently addressed by these models, social dynamics are not particularly investigated and little to no interest is devoted to regional-national links. From the methodological perspective, most of the computational models employed utilise static systems (primarily Input-Output and CGE) and dynamic Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs). The paper provides a welcome basis for how multi-level models can contribute to addressing sustainability issues in economic research. Indeed, national areas deal with non-identical climate shocks and are characterised by inconsistent socio- economic dynamics. Through an analysis of the current literature, of relevant papers concerning multi-level and multi-regional models, and of analyses spanning across multidisciplinary subjects, the most relevant themes, trends and topics are shown. This examination shows how social dynamics are not particularly investigated in the considered papers, and little to no interest is devoted to regional-national links. Moreover, this literature exploration highlights that most computational models employed utilise IAMs and static systems (primarily Input-Output and CGE) and that the interest concerning ecological economics related issues, has been growing in the past years. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; Energy Transition; Environment; Multi-level; Multi-regional; Climate Policy; IAMs, I-O; CGE; Ecological Economics |
| JEL: | C6 Q5 Q4 R1 D6 O1 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2026_06.rdf |
| By: | Rajagopal, Devarajen; Nawi, Nolila Mohd; Mazlan, Norida; Hadi, Ahmad Hanis Izani Abdul |
| Abstract: | Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture to manage pests and diseases and sustain crop yield. Nevertheless, chemical pesticide overuse and inappropriate use have caused substantial deterioration of the environment, which includes pollution of soil and water, loss of biodiversity, and higher pesticide residues in food products. Furthermore, long-term pesticide exposure causes a considerable health risk to farmers and consumers. The Malaysian Department of Agriculture responded to these concerns by introducing the Malaysian Good Agricultural Practices (myGAP) certification scheme to promote sustainable agricultural practices. The myGAP framework emphasises safe pesticide management, Maximum Residue Limits compliance, and high-quality agricultural produce that is safe for consumption. Biopesticides are a safer alternative to standard pesticides in this sustainability programme, where they are extracted from natural sources (plants and microorganisms) and act through a medium that is non-toxic or environmentally friendly. Programmes on Integrated Pest Management are extensively incorporated with biopesticide use to decrease reliance on synthetic pesticides while retaining crop efficiency. Biopesticide is especially important in the production of vegetables, where residue safety is essential. Despite their environmental and health benefits, the rate of biopesticide adoption among vegetable farmers in myGAP has continued to be comparatively low, which indicates inherent barriers to farmers’ use intention regarding biopesticide, which should be investigated. This preliminary study aimed to identify the main influencing factors of the intention to use biopesticides among myGAP vegetable farmers in Peninsular Malaysia. A structured questionnaire evaluated the farmers’ intentions regarding biopesticide usage and involved 30 myGAP vegetable farmers. The results demonstrated that 40% of the farmers were young, 70% were middle-aged, 60% had completed secondary school, 74% had a farm income < RM 5, 000, and 53% had < 10 years of farming experiences. Most of the farmers (60%) were small holders with < 3 acres of land holding. The following influencing factors regarding intention were adapted from extended theory plan behaviour and tested for reliability: attitudes (0.83), subjective norms (0.75), perceived behavioural control (0.82), knowledge (0.71), moral norms (0.74), product attributes (0.81) and intention to use biopesticides (0.85). The reliability analysis confirmed that these factors were sufficiently robust for inclusion in the model of myGAP vegetable farmers’ intention to use biopesticides. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409064 |
| By: | Cheu, Sungmin; Melkani, Aakanksha; Mieno, Taro |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404487 |
| By: | Wilkins, Emma; Dineva, Mariana; Green, Mark Alan (University of Liverpool); Gilthorpe, Mark S (University of Leeds); Johnstone, Alexandra (University of Aberdeen); Morris, Michelle |
| Abstract: | Background Changing our food system to address the dual challenge of population and planetary health requires greater understanding of the environmental sustainability of food products, and how these interplay with healthiness and food cost. Large scale transaction data from supermarket retailers can be used to better understand these factors, and how consumer behaviours contribute to environmental footprints. Methods We used anonymised loyalty card transaction data for 2022 from a major UK supermarket retailer for customers living in the Yorkshire and the Humber region (UK) (>160 million sales). These data were linked with product-level nutrition data to derive a binary indicator of product healthiness (High Fat Salt and/or Sugar (HFSS) status). The sales data were also linked with global estimates for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), land use, water use per kg. We described environmental impacts (GHGE, land and water use, and a composite of these domains) of food categories according to the Living Costs and Food Survey categories (n = 64), operationalised as unit metrics (per kg) and sales footprints (accounting for the weight of each product sold). We explored the interplay between product healthiness, cost per kg and environmental impact using visualisation methods. Findings For the composite index, the food categories with the highest sales footprints were Beef, Cheese and Curd, Milk, Ready Meals and Chocolate. Category rankings were substantively different when operationalised as impact per kg versus sales footprints, and for GHGE, land use and water use separately. Products that were less healthy and high environmental impact per kg had a median cost per kg that was 350% higher than healthier and low impact products, but there was wide variability in food cost across all levels of healthiness and impact. Fruits and vegetables tended to have favourable profiles across healthiness, sustainability and cost domains. Interpretation Sales footprints and unit metrics (e.g. per kg) provide different lenses, which are both needed to understand the sustainability of our food system at a product level, and should be considered in data-focussed policy to drive population and planetary health. Policy should support initiatives to minimise discretionary food consumption, particularly chocolate, and increase fruit and vegetable consumption to improve both human and planetary health. Funding This work was part of the FIO-Food project, funded through the Transforming the UK Food System for Healthy People and a Healthy Environment SPF Programme, delivered by UKRI, in partnership with the Global Food Security Programme, BBSRC, ESRC, MRC, NERC, Defra, DHSC, OHID, Innovate UK and FSA (FIO-Food award: BB/W018021/1). |
| Date: | 2026–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:28puq_v2 |
| By: | R. Andrew Butters; Jackson Dorsey; Ivan Rudik |
| Abstract: | How much does pricing pollution cut aggregate emissions, and at what cost? We develop a microfounded equilibrium model of firm production and abatement that can be estimated from standard firm financial and emissions data, without observing abatement effort directly. The model captures three adjustment margins: short-run input substitution, reallocation of output from dirty to cleaner firms, and long-run clean technology adoption. Applying it to the first 17 years of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS), we find input substitution is rigid: firms cannot cut emissions in the short run without cutting output. Reallocation instead drives nearly all of the short-run aggregate emissions response, concentrated in sectors with heterogeneous emissions intensities, like power and cement, or with elastic demand, like refining. Clean technology adoption also responds causally to permit price shocks, reducing firms’ emissions intensity over the five years that follow. Doubling the permit price cuts aggregate emissions 23% in the short run and 31% in the longer run after induced clean technology adoption. In the short run, output falls by 4%, primarily because carbon costs pass from upstream polluting industries like electricity to downstream producers. In the long run, output falls just 2.5%, as clean technology adoption dampens these supply-chain impacts. Carbon pricing thus delivers substantial emissions reductions with moderate output effects, and much of the economic burden falls on downstream firms through higher upstream input costs. |
| JEL: | D22 E23 Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35682 |
| By: | Jacopo Ghirri; Carlos Rodriguez-Pardo; Lara Aleluia Reis; Massimo Tavoni |
| Abstract: | The European Union has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions 55% below 1990 levels by 2030, but whether current trends are compatible with this ambition remains uncertain. We apply deep learning to high-resolution socioeconomic and sectoral data across EU27 member states till 2023 to project sectoral CO$_2$ trajectories under current trends, extrapolating observed sectoral momentum without assuming changes in the pace or effectiveness of the policy environment beyond what is already reflected in historical data. We project that EU27 emissions will exceed the 2030 target by 35% (620 Mt CO$_2$ shortfall), with only a small minority of countries on trajectories consistent with the bloc's commitments. While the Power sector achieves target-consistent reductions driven by the renewable transition, Mobility shows minimal progress and accounts for over a third of total emissions by 2030, reflecting a structural inertia across member states rather than geographically concentrated lag. Our findings indicate that substantial additional intervention is required to close Europe's ambition-implementation gap, and call for establishing up-to-date energy information in Europe. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.18690 |
| By: | Ferrini, Silvia; Reas, Vittoria; Bartolini, Alice; Ekins, Paul; Grice, Joe |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses some of the issues involved in expanding national accounts to include natural capital, focusing on services provided by freshwater ecosystems. It examines valuation challenges and opportunities in light of evolving global frameworks like the UN’s System of Environmental Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA), now adopted by over 90 countries. We explore suitable economic valuation methods for key categories of Water Ecosystem Services (WES), i.e., provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, as well as and their integration into UK accounting and water management systems. We assess the applicability of SEEA EA compliant valuation methods for WES by combining a top down and a bottom-up approaches. The goal is to evaluate how these methods have been applied empirically, their alignment with accounting principles, and their feasibility for UK WES accounts. Our findings inform the practical use of SEEA EA valuation hierarchy and help identify suitable methods for UK implementation. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services; water; natural capital accounts; valuation |
| JEL: | Q21 Q25 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eoe:escoed:escoe-dp-2025-06 |
| By: | Hu, Chenyang 'Nate'; Chen, Zhenshan |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404735 |
| By: | Wiwattanakornwong, Kunakorn; Eamphoo, Monthian; Saetang, Kanticha; Srichaiwongyot, Pattarawet; Matpang, Paerphon |
| Abstract: | This study examines Thailand’s strategic pathway toward low-carbon agricultural logistics by analyzing the sector’s structural characteristics, operational constraints, technological readiness, and policy conditions. The findings show that Thailand’s agricultural logistics system remains highly dependent on road freight, which accounts for more than 80.75% of total domestic freight movement, while agricultural logistics represents the largest freight category at 41.7% of total transport volume. Although this structure supports flexibility and broad market access, it also reinforces a carbon-intensive logistics pattern. The system remains deeply locked into fossil fuel dependence, as more than 77% of the truck fleet relies on diesel, and new truck registrations continue to rise by approximately 70, 000 units annually. While this structure provides flexibility and extensive market access, it also generates a carbon-intensive logistics pattern and limits progress toward more sustainable freight systems. The analysis further reveals that the transition is confronted by multiple challenges, including vehicle-related emissions, persistent modal imbalance, limited readiness for low-emission freight technologies, underutilized supply chain efficiency measures, and fragmented policy implementation collectively constrain the development of low-carbon agricultural logistics. In response, the study proposes a five-pillar strategic framework consisting of direct road freight decarbonization, gradual modal rebalancing, targeted technological readiness support, system-wide green supply chain improvement, and integrated governance. The study argues that low-carbon agricultural logistics should be treated not merely as an environmental issue, but as a strategic development agenda linking freight reform, infrastructure modernization, institutional coordination, and long-term competitiveness. These findings contribute to policy discussions on sustainable freight transition and provide practical implications for strengthening Thailand’s agricultural logistics system in line with climate and development goals. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409066 |
| By: | Huiying Ye; Richard S. J. Tol; Fangzhi Wang |
| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence (AI) interacts with climate in various ways, while a unified analytical framework of this intricate interplay is lacking. To align AI investment with climate policy, we propose such a framework integrating AI's impact on emissions, output, and climate damages into the DICE model. We distinguish between ICT-like and Industrial Revolution (IR)-like AI prospects. Calibrated to the best available evidence, we find that AI development is net polluting. Under current low abatement, ICT-like AI adds 0.1 degree C to 2100 warming, while IR-like AI adds 0.8 degree C. The associated climate costs offset roughly one-fifth and one-quarter of AI's economic gains, respectively. Meeting the 2 degree C target saves the optimal ICT(IR)-like AI investment rate by 2100 from 3.3% (5.1%) under the low-abatement scenario to 3.7% (12.7%), indicating that mitigation is complementary to AI development. We further show that the investment trade-off between AI and abatement is driven primarily by AI's economic prospects, not by its emissions footprint. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.24670 |
| By: | Bierbrauer, Felix |
| Abstract: | Should climate policy rely on a price of Carbon that is uniform across sectors? This paper studies this question from a public finance perspective. It is found that a justification for a uniform price can be given, but it relies on strong assumptions, among them indifference with respect to the distributive consequences of climate policy. Distributive considerations may imply that sectors whose output is consumed mostly by "the poor" should contribute less to meeting the government’s emission target, whereas sectors whose output is consumed mostly by "the rich" should contribute more. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy |
| JEL: | H21 H22 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19202 |
| By: | Tomás Domínguez-Iino; Jonathan T. Elliott; Allan Hsiao |
| Abstract: | The green energy transition will be powered by the mining and processing of lithium, nickel, and cobalt, which are critical for the production of advanced batteries. These minerals are concentrated geographically but traded globally, allowing key mining countries to exercise market power through policy intervention. Advanced batteries use multiple minerals in combination, and this joint use creates interdependence across mineral markets. We study the geopolitical implications of these forces and their consequences for green technology adoption worldwide. We quantify supply chain vulnerability, international policy spillovers, and the potential for mineral cartels. |
| JEL: | L13 L72 Q37 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35654 |
| By: | Olivier de Bandt, David Nefzi, Johannes-Gabriel Werner |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether supervisory climate stress tests change how euro-area banks price and allocate credit according to borrowers’ transition risk. We combine loan-level data from the Eurosystem’s AnaCredit database with a firm-level measure of greenhouse-gas (GHG) intensity and compare banks subject to the ECB’s 2021-22 climate stress test with non-participating banks. A difference-in-differences-in-slopes design estimates whether the sensitivity of new-loan spreads to carbon intensity changed after the exercise. The average shift in this spread-intensity relationship is small and statistically insignificant. However, decomposing the aggregate effect reveals economically meaningful and offsetting adjustments. Participating banks reallocate new credit away from more carbon-intensive incumbent borrowers, while applying more carbon-sensitive pricing to relationships that enter or exit their portfolios; for new borrowers, a one-standard-deviation increase in carbon intensity is associated with about 10 basis points higher spreads. By contrast, repricing within continuing bank-firm relationships remains limited. The effects are strongest among the most carbon-intensive firms, and participation in the more demanding bottom-up module does not generate a clearly additional response. Overall, climate stress tests appear to operate mainly through portfolio recomposition and extensive-margin pricing, consistent with an information-and-supervisory-scrutiny channel rather than a broad repricing of existing loans. |
| Keywords: | Banking, Climate Stress Tests, Transition Risk, Credit Register, Loan Pricing, Carbon Intensity |
| JEL: | C23 E51 E58 G21 G28 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:1059 |
| By: | Diogo Baptista; Hélia Costa; Filiz Unsal |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a micro-based, bottom-up approach to quantify the macroeconomic costs of climate change. It combines empirically estimated local climate damages with a global spatial general equilibrium model: the Climate and Adaptation Spatial General Equilibrium Model (OECD-CASGEM). The model links location-specific climate hazards to economy-wide outcomes through trade, migration, production networks, and factor adjustments, capturing the role of spatial and economic adjustments as adaptation shaping aggregate and regional losses. Estimated global GDP per capita losses amount to 3% by 2050 and 6.3% by 2100 under a current-policy scenario (SSP2-4.5) and to 6% and 18%, respectively, under a high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5), with large associated uncertainty. Losses are highly uneven across regions and are larger in lower-latitude countries and those historically more exposed to climate hazards. Counterfactual simulations show that trade linkages, migration and production networks can dampen or amplify aggregate losses depending on countries’ exposure, economic structure and position in global networks. Spatial mechanisms, in particular, reduce cross-regional dispersion in impacts, effectively operating as a form of implicit loss-sharing across locations. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Climate change, Climate damages, Production networks, Spatial general equilibrium, Trade and migration |
| JEL: | F12 Q51 Q54 R13 |
| Date: | 2026–09–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1875-en |
| By: | Ludwig, Maren; Jarvis, Stephen |
| Abstract: | Economic development, rising temperatures, and decarbonisation policy will have profound implications for electricity systems worldwide. Using data on appliance ownership and hourly electricity demand for a large, diverse set of countries, we provide new global evidence on how temperature affects electricity demand. Combining our estimates with climate and development projections, we show that the adoption and use of both air conditioning and electric heating will increase average per capita electricity demand in all regions by mid-century, with peak demand during periods of extreme heat or cold rising nearly twice as much. Global annual electricity grid costs increase by over $0.3 trillion per year in 2050, with the largest burden falling on low- and middle-income countries. Our findings underscore the growing importance of appliance adoption and climate change in electricity system planning. |
| Keywords: | electricity demand;temperature;climate change;development |
| JEL: | Q40 L94 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140636 |
| By: | Stéphane Dees, Eve Hanoune, Oriane Wegner |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the financial materiality of nature-related legal disputes, focusing on biodiversity loss, pollution, and ecosystem degradation. We analyze whether firms targeted by nature litigation experience statistically significant declines in market valuation using a dataset of 48 litigation (123 event dates) against 22 major companies in North America and Europe (1996–2025). Employing an event study methodology with the Fama-French three-factor model, we calculate Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CAR) over a [-5, +5] day window. Our results demonstrate that markets price in the impact of these events, leading to significant valuation declines following litigation decisions. In Europe, stock corrections occur immediately upon the filing of a complaint, suggesting a 'reputational premium' driven by investor ESG sensitivity. In North America, however, ruling/settlement dates yield larger market shocks, reflecting heavier financial penalties. Furthermore, we find evidence of sectoral spillover effects, where litigation against a single firm triggers negative contagion across the industry. The findings emphasize the necessity for financial institutions to integrate nature-related legal liabilities into their risk management frameworks. |
| Keywords: | Nature-Related Risks, Litigation Risks, Corporate Valuation, Environmental Complaints |
| JEL: | G12 K32 K41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:1060 |
| By: | Kräussl, Roman; Oladiran, Tobi; Stefanova, Denitsa |
| Abstract: | We examine whether the uncertainty related to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) regulation developments is reflected in asset prices. We proxy the sensitivity of firms to ESG regulation uncertainty by the disparity across the components of their ESG ratings. Firms with high ESG disparity have a higher option-implied cost of protection against downside tail risk. The impact of the misalignment across the different dimensions of the ESG score is distinct from that of the ESG score level itself. Aggregate downside risk bears a negative price for firms with low ESG disparity. |
| JEL: | G12 G18 G32 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:19292 |
| By: | Brooks, Matthew; Nakamura, Shotaro; Weigel, Colin |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404454 |
| By: | A. Patrick Behrer; Joshua S. Goodman; J. Parker Goyer; R. Jisung Park |
| Abstract: | Nearly the entire world’s population breathes air exceeding WHO pollution guidelines, but the extent to which that exposure impairs the accumulation of human capital is not well understood. We study this using longitudinal PSAT data on nearly 10 million U.S. high school students, comparing the same student’s scores across attempts preceded by differing air quality and instrumenting for local PM2.5 with smoke from distant wildfires. A year of observed pollution exposure reduces learning by 0.04-0.06 standard deviations, or 14-19% of typical annual score growth. The damage comes almost entirely from moderate pollution days (8–12 μg/m3), below the EPA’s historical standard, and from exposure during the school year rather than summer, pointing to instructional disruption as a mechanism. Effects are three times larger in disadvantaged schools and among Black and Hispanic students, who are harmed more by the same exposure. Exposure to air pollution widens achievement gaps. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, test scores, achievement gaps, PM2.5, wildfire smoke |
| JEL: | I2 I24 Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12936 |
| By: | Lin, Yingyun; Taylor, Mykel; Won, Sunjae |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404513 |
| By: | Britto, Anthony; Scharnhorst, Leandra; Kleinebrahm, Max; Fichtner, Wolf |
| Abstract: | The DEIMOS project developed and applied two complementary open-source modeling frameworks, FORECAST-Sites Extended and iSTEDS, together with openly accessible industrial datasets. These resources enable transparent and reproducible analysis of industrial decarbonization pathways across sectors, technologies, and locations. FORECAST-Sites Extended captures site-specific investment decisions, including asset vintages, reinvestment timing, technology costs, and infrastructure access, while iSTEDS assesses industrial electrification and demand-side flexibility. Applied in three case studies, the models highlighted the roles of hydrogen, carbon capture, and electrification in industrial transformation. Together, the models and datasets provide an open-science foundation for analyzing industrial transition and supporting future energy and climate policy. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:343114 |
| By: | Tao, Yingnian (Lancaster University); Ryan, Mark |
| Abstract: | Corporations’ sustainability communication is increasingly challenged by digital publics. Yet research on how netizens contest corporate sustainability narratives, and thereby construct environmental meanings, remains largely confined to Western contexts. This study addresses this gap by examining Chinese netizens’ discursive responses to a controversial fireworks display in the Himalayas staged by international mountaineering brand Arc’teryx. Comments from the seven most popular Weibo posts were selected to compile a corpus (140, 584 tokens), and analysed through corpus-assisted discourse analysis, particularly keyword and concordance analysis. Findings show that netizens mobilise multiple meaning systems to express strong disapproval, including scientific ecological knowledge, perceptions of environmental governance failure, spiritual-cultural references, consumer action, and nationalism. These interconnected meaning systems converge around a distinctive feature of Chinese digital environmentalism: a nature-centred view of human-nature relations and harmony. The study extends understanding of digital environmentalism beyond Western contexts by showing that environmental meanings in Chinese digital spaces are place- and culture-based, intertwining ecological concerns with emotion, spiritual wellbeing, perceptions of justice, and national interests. |
| Date: | 2026–08–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:dr9z3_v2 |
| By: | Javier Gonzalez-Ruiz; Carlos Rodriguez-Pardo; Alice Di Bella; Paolo Mastropietro; Jose Pablo Chavez-Avila; Massimo Tavoni |
| Abstract: | European countries are debating policies to mitigate the increased energy costs caused by renewed geopolitical tensions, while pursuing decarbonization and electrification. A notable example is Italy's 2026 Decreto Bollette package, which proposes to remove the carbon price equivalent from the bids of certain gas-driven power plants to wholesale electricity markets, among other provisions. We use this as a case study to assess the long-term implications of suppressing the carbon price signal in the electricity market for investment, emissions, and consumer costs. We employ a stylized Italian power system using MARLEY, a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework focused on long-term electricity market assessments. In this framework, we test this policy across configurations with varying levels of support for green investment, resource adequacy, and flexibility. Results show that partial suppression of the carbon price signal yields short-term cost reductions but only a minor long-term effect on total system costs, as the deferred emissions are ultimately repaid by consumers. CO$_2$ emissions rise across most configurations since suppressing the price signal erodes incentives for renewable and storage investment. Only the most ambitious configurations for supporting green investment avoid this outcome, but they do so by marginalizing the wholesale price signal itself, thereby requiring a commitment to a hybrid market paradigm that is in contradiction with the rationale of the proposed price intervention. |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.12363 |
| By: | Horan, Richard D.; Zhao, Hongyu; Reeling, Carson J. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404456 |
| By: | Liu, Teng; Constantz, Brook; Hale, Galina; Beck, Michael W |
| Abstract: | Measuring the financial value of nature is difficult, often resulting in insufficient funding directed to nature conservation and restoration. As coastal risks increase due to development and climate change, a tangible benefit of nature is the protection it offers against storm damage. Many studies from the risk industry and others assess the direct effects of wetlands for reducing damage during storms. However, the value of wetlands for coastal protection could extend to many other benefits, including home prices in areas where storms are common. We use property-level housing transaction data from Zillow and show that proximity to mangroves in Florida moderates home price decline and dispersion following major hurricanes. The effects are substantial in magnitude, reducing the probability of losing a quarter or more of the housing value by 2–7 percentage points, which corresponds to 20–40-thousand-dollar value for a million-dollar property, conditional on a hurricane. |
| Keywords: | 3501 Accounting, Auditing and Accountability (for-2020), 3502 Banking, Finance and Investment (for-2020), 35 Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services (for-2020), 13 Climate Action (sdg), climate, hurricanes, nature-based adaptation, housing, property values, Q54, G12, R31, 1501 Accounting, Auditing and Accountability (for), 1502 Banking, Finance and Investment (for), Finance (science-metrix), 3501 Accounting, auditing and accountability (for-2020), 3502 Banking, finance and investment (for-2020) |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucscec:qt25j2k5x7 |
| By: | Giordana Sabella; Tulia Gattone; Donato Romano; Luca Tiberti |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how climatic shocks affect conflict risk across heterogeneous livelihood systems in four rain-fed, agriculture-dependent West African economies – Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire – over 2010–2023. Combining geocoded household panel data with high-resolution climate anomalies and conflict events, we estimate the effect of growing-season droughts and excess rainfall on post-harvest conflict incidence. Results show strong spatial and livelihood heterogeneity driven by the interaction between household and local livelihood structures: droughts increase conflict risk in mixed-livelihood areas in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire, in pastoral-dominated areas in Nigeria irrespective of household type, and in farm-dominated systems in Niger, while wet anomalies display more context-dependent effects, reducing conflict under moderate conditions but increasing tensions under extreme rainfall in mixed and flood-prone areas. We document transmission channels consistent with the opportunity cost mechanism – through lower agricultural productivity, reduced farm revenues, and labor reallocation away from off-farm activities – showing that climate-induced income shocks erode livelihood viability. By linking micro-level climatic stress to localized conflict outcomes, the paper highlights the moderating role of agrarian structure in shaping vulnerability to climate change and underscores the need for adaptation and social-protection policies tailored to specific livelihood systems. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Conflict; Livelihood systems; West Africa. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q15 C33 D74 O13 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2026_08.rdf |
| By: | Zelda Brutti; Maria Chiara Cecchetti; Marzia Freo; Gian Luca Landi; Gianluca Stefani |
| Abstract: | The greening of the Common Agricultural Policy has faced criticism in both ex-ante and ex-post evaluation analyses. Positioning itself within this latter strand of literature, our study provides further evidence on the impact of the crop diversification requirement under the greening on the local environmental performance and land-use practices. Exploiting the discontinuity in eligibility criteria at 10 and 30 hectares, we apply a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to a detailed georeferenced dataset for Tuscany (Italy). The data also allows to assess innovative crop-rotation indicators as an indirect measure of environmental performance. The results show that crop diversification supported the intended changes in land-use patterns, generating local environmental benefits particularly among small and medium-sized farms. However, no significant effects emerge for larger farms. Additionally, the findings indicate a positive relationship between diversification and rotation practices, suggesting potential policy implications in which diversification can be leveraged to promote crop rotation. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, Green Payments, Crop Diversification, Crop Rotation, Regression Discontinuity Design |
| JEL: | O18 Q12 Q18 Q58 R52 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2026_17.rdf |
| By: | Wongpit, Piya; Syphoxay, Pakaiphone |
| Abstract: | Lao People’s Democratic Republic faces increasing exposure to climate-related risks, including floods, droughts, and extreme weather events that disproportionately affect rural households and smallholder farmers. Despite these vulnerabilities, access to formal risk transfer mechanisms remains limited. This study provides a diagnostic assessment of microinsurance development in Lao PDR, focusing on supply-side constraints, demand-side barriers, and the enabling policy environment. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining desk review, key informant interviews, and a household survey of 465 rural respondents across four provinces. The findings indicate that microinsurance penetration remains low. Key supply-side challenges include the absence of a dedicated regulatory framework, limited actuarial data, high transaction costs, and weak institutional coordination. On the demand side, low financial literacy, affordability constraints, and reliance on informal coping mechanisms hinder uptake, despite strong awareness of agricultural risks and expressed willingness to participate in insurance schemes. Existing products are largely limited to credit- and deposit-linked life insurance, with minimal development of agricultural and disaster risk coverage. The study identifies a significant protection gap and underscores the need for integrated policy reforms, digital innovation, and public–private partnerships to scale inclusive insurance solutions and enhance climate resilience. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409072 |
| By: | Baral, Suraksha; Roe, Brian |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404462 |
| By: | Kalff, Yannick (HTW Berlin University of Applied Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Bioplastics have emerged as a beacon of hope for sustainable alternatives to conventional, petroleum-based plastics. They promise sustainability by technically addressing the issues associated with plastics – waste burden, emissions, and dependence on oil. This makes them a ‘technological fix, ’ recommending simple technical solutions to complex challenges but overlooking the intricate reality. The article empirically demonstrates that the disappointments with bioplastics are not solely due to technical reasons but stem from neglected societal, social, economic, or ecological factors. These factors range from the material properties of early bioplastics, monocultures and land competition for the use of renewable resources, to their economic competitiveness. From the technological promise of sustainability and the dashed hopes for bioplastics, it follows that the technological fix fails because it is tied to the path dependencies of fossil plastics. Without social innovations in societal use of plastics, departing from these paths is difficult. |
| Date: | 2026–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zemf6_v2 |
| By: | Horan, Rick; Reeling, Carson; Shortle, James |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404466 |
| By: | Giovanni Covi (Bank of England); Maren Froemel (Bank of England); Dennis Reinhardt (Bank of England); Nora Wegner (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | How do banks respond to transition risk and which mechanisms drive this response? We shed new light on this question using data on granular international large exposures of UK banks. Climate policy is the main source of transition risk we use. We find that an increase in climate policy stringency on average leads to a decline in the share of lending that is exposed to transition risk. However, this finding is not uniform across banks: banks with a lower initial exposure to transition risk decrease their transition-risk exposure by more and increase their transition-aligned exposure, while banks with a high initial exposure to transition risk further increase their exposure to those sectors. We also find evidence supportive of outward international spillovers through banks' cross-border lending portfolios: banks increase transition risk-exposed lending to a given country if climate regulation gets tighter in other countries banks have such exposures to. |
| Keywords: | Transition risks;climate policy;large exposures;capital flows |
| JEL: | F42 G11 G21 G38 |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:023271 |
| By: | Aduda, Levke; Aduda, Annette Adhiambo |
| Abstract: | Sand is the second-most exploited natural resource after water, with global demand for it steadily increasing. Yet the societal and conflict-related impacts of sand mining remain understudied. This Working Paper examines the conditions under which sand mining generates violent conflict. We argue that violence is most likely to occur where local authorities and law enforcement are corrupt or embedded in the sand economy, and where communities strongly depend on related incomes. Under these conditions, competition between mining groups, conflicts with local communities over environmental damage, and stricter enforcement measures can escalate into violence. An in-depth case study of Makueni County, Kenya, based on fieldwork and media reports supports these expectations. Our findings highlight the need to systematically integrate sand extraction into resource-governance frameworks to protect both the environment and peace. |
| Keywords: | Kenya, sand mining, violent conflict, corruption, competition, grievances, enforcement equilibrium |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:gigawp:343074 |
| By: | Wan, Xibo; Zhang, Ruohao; Tang, Junxian |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404443 |
| By: | Reas, Vittoria |
| Abstract: | Water-related data are crucial for understanding the role of water ecosystems in sustaining both societal and economic functions, as well as for informing effective policy decisions. However, despite their critical importance, the accessibility and integration of such data often present considerable challenges. This paper examines the availability of biophysical data essential for the development of comprehensive Water-related Ecosystem Services (WES) accounts for the United Kingdom (UK), in alignment with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) framework. The study critically evaluates key data sources, identifies challenges associated with spatial and temporal coverage, and investigates potential solutions for addressing data gaps. By providing this analysis, the paper seeks to contribute to the advancement of a more standardized and systematic approach to water-related ecosystem accounting, thereby supporting more robust, evidence-based policymaking in water resource management. |
| Keywords: | Water accounting; Biophysical data assessment; Water condition; Water-related ecosystem services; WES; Ecosystem accounting; SEEA-EA |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eoe:escoed:escoe-dp-2025-08 |
| By: | Felix B. Schäfer (Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI)); David Wohlleben (Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | In the EU, hydrogen production must meet additionality and temporal correlation requirements to qualify as a renewable fuel of non-biological origin (RFNBO), which puts renewable power purchase agreements (PPAs) into focus. We first derive hypotheses on how RFNBO criteria, renewable electricity support schemes, and the default risk of hydrogen suppliers jointly affect hydrogen supply costs. We then model the supplier’s electricity procurement and asset configuration problem as a stochastic optimization under weather-year uncertainty, incorporating risk preferences. Further, we approximate the near-optimal solution space by exploiting the problem’s convexity. Finally, we test the hypotheses in a case study for Germany: We find RFNBO criteria to raise hydrogen supply costs by 14–41 EUR/MWhH2 , with additionality, default risk, and hourly matching being the main cost drivers. The interaction of renewable electricity support schemes with the additionality criterion further shapes the technological and regional composition of the optimal PPA portfolio. Tighter temporal correlation enlarges the optimal PPA portfolio and makes surplus electricity sales a key cost-reduction channel. Annual supply costs vary by 4–20 EUR/MWhH2 between the most and least favorable weather years, with the largest variations under hourly matching. A risk-averse supplier weighs expected costs against interannual costs variability, though the trade-off appears small. The near-optimal solution space contains PPA portfolios of different compositions. However, its size and thus the hydrogen supplier’s flexibility in technology choice shrink with stricter RFNBO criteria, especially when accounting for the hydrogen supplier’s default risk. We discuss that hydrogen suppliers’ default risk is especially relevant during the market ramp-up phase, and that introducing the additionality criterion and tight temporal matching regimes without de-risking instruments could further slow down market ramp-up dynamics. |
| Keywords: | RFNBO; Power purchase agreement (PPA); Renewable energy support schemes; Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH); Near-optimal solutions; Environmental policy |
| JEL: | C61 D81 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2026–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:023573 |
| By: | KC, Samir |
| Abstract: | Population and human-capital pathways are central to global environmental change research, yet most widely used demographic projections end in 2100. This creates a time-horizon problem for slow-moving environmental processes, including sea-level rise, land-use change, long-lived infrastructure, food-system transformation and adaptation across generations. We extend Shared Socioeconomic Pathways population and human-capital scenarios to 2300 and examine how peak population gives way to long-run demographic decline, aging and regional redistribution. In the middle-of-the-road pathway, the global population declines to about 4.2 billion by 2300. In the sustainability pathway, it approaches 1 billion. These are not extinction scenarios, but they describe a profound change in the social and demographic setting in which environmental demand, exposure, adaptation and policy operate. The results show that the post-2100 period cannot be treated as a simple continuation of twentieth-century population growth. A smaller, older and more educated world may reduce some overall pressures while intensifying others, especially around labor, care, migration and uneven regional change. Long-run environmental analysis, therefore, needs population pathways that extend beyond 2100 and include not only population size, but also age, education, spatial distribution and demographic momentum. |
| Date: | 2026–08–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:sm4n8_v1 |
| By: | Dong, Yifan; Fei, Chengcheng; McCarl, Bruce |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404788 |
| By: | Dong, Yifan; Fei, Chengcheng; McCarl, Bruce |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404795 |
| By: | Thiel, Zarah; Gonzalez-Gordon, Ivan; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Scaling of renewable energy (RE) delivers global mitigation and local co-benefits, such as enhanced energy security. Narratives and policies in the energy transition differ in their advocacy of international cooperation or competition, reflecting different priorities in securing co-benefits for one's own country or others. We conduct a pre-registered information provision experiment with 4, 000+ representative respondents in Germany and Spain analyzing two novel determinants of locational mitigation preferences: moral universalism-altruism towards strangers versus in-group members- and economic narratives about the energy transition. In our 2x2 design, treatments manipulate the location-home versus developing country-of required investments in renewables and resulting cobenefits. We identify a universalism gap, underpinning the moral universalism literature: universalist individuals show stronger support for foreign RE projects than communitarians. While co-benefit narratives shift average policy preferences, they do not close this moral divide in preferences, even under narratives targeting communitarian audiences. Despite notable differences between Germany and Spain with respect to their technical and institutional environment to scale RE, the effects of the narratives and the association between moral universalism and policy preferences are consistent across both countries. Overall, our results indicate that moral foundations strongly shape locational mitigation preferences, and that communicating positive spillovers to the home country from RE investments abroad is an effective narrative to build support for climate transfers. |
| Abstract: | Der Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien (EE) trägt weltweit zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels bei und bringt lokale Zusatznutzen mit sich, wie beispielsweise eine verbesserte Energiesicherheit. Die Diskurse und politischen Strategien im Rahmen der Energiewende unterscheiden sich darin, ob sie internationale Zusammenarbeit oder Wettbewerb befürworten, was unterschiedliche Prioritäten bei der Sicherung von Zusatznutzen für das eigene Land oder für andere Länder widerspiegelt. Wir führen ein vorab registriertes Experiment zur Informationsvermittlung mit über 4.000 repräsentativen Befragten in Deutschland und Spanien durch, in dem wir zwei neuartige Determinanten der Präferenzen für den Standort von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen analysieren: moralischen Universalismus - Altruismus gegenüber Fremden im Vergleich zu Mitgliedern der eigenen Gruppe - und wirtschaftliche Narrative zur Energiewende. In unserem 2x2-Design manipulieren die Behandlungsgruppen den Standort - Heimatland versus Entwicklungsland - der erforderlichen Investitionen in erneuerbare Energien und der daraus resultierenden positiven Nebeneffekte. Wir identifizieren eine Universalismus-Kluft, die die Literatur zum moralischen Universalismus untermauert: Universalisten zeigen eine stärkere Unterstützung für ausländische Projekte im Bereich erneuerbarer Energien als Kommunitaristen. Während Narrative zu Mitnutzen die durchschnittlichen politischen Präferenzen verschieben, schließen sie diese moralische Kluft in den Präferenzen nicht, selbst bei Narrativen, die sich an ein kommunitaristisches Publikum richten. Trotz bemerkenswerter Unterschiede zwischen Deutschland und Spanien hinsichtlich ihres technischen und institutionellen Umfelds für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien sind die Auswirkungen der Narrative und der Zusammenhang zwischen moralischem Universalismus und politischen Präferenzen in beiden Ländern konsistent. Insgesamt deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass moralische Grundlagen die Präferenzen hinsichtlich standortbezogener Klimaschutzmaßnahmen stark beeinflussen. |
| Keywords: | economic narratives, moral universalism, co-benefits, climate mitigation, renewable energy, survey experiment |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:343082 |
| By: | Stephen C Littlechild; Harry Bush; Alan DA Sutherland; Gavin Knott; Andrew Walker |
| Keywords: | Negotiated settlements, customer engagement, energy regulation, water regulation, airports |
| JEL: | L51 L94 L95 L97 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2618 |
| By: | Tetsuji Okazaki (Meiji Gakuin University); Toshihiro Okubo (Keio University); Eric Strobl (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate how the disruption of local agglomeration economies affects firm adjustment following a catastrophic urban disaster. To this end we digitalized a unique survey of firms in Tokyo City completed shortly after the earthquake and before any government reconstruction intervention. Using detailed information on the damage experienced by firms and the main good that they produced, as well as where they were located, we construct measures of losses of local agglomeration economies by identifying firms that either permanently ceased operation or relocated elsewhere. To identify causal impacts we exploit plausibly exogenous variation in fire destruction generated by the interaction between fire outbreak locations and local wind direction and speed immediately after the earthquake. Our econometrics results show that a loss of agglomeration economies as a result of the earthquake had a substantial impact on firms shutting down or relocating, with average effects of 13 and 11 per cent for these outcomes, respectively. |
| Keywords: | Agglomeration economies; Natural disasters; Firm relocation; Firm exit; Urban resilience; Great Kanto Earthquake |
| JEL: | R12 R11 N95 L25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0309 |
| By: | Georgios Papadopoulos; Javier Ojea Ferreiro; Roberto Panzica |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how extreme flood events can indirectly impact the global supply chain through production disruptions. Using a data-driven, agent-based network model that combines company-level data with flood hazard maps, the research simulates the transmission and amplification of shocks. The findings emphasize that the size of inventories is crucial; a lean-inventory system leads to faster shock propagation, higher losses, and fewer recoveries compared to an abundant-inventory system. Additionally, the study identifies that the number and criticality of flooded companies' trade links, along with the magnitude of the flood, correlate with the speed and severity of contagion. Interestingly, a key metric -the average criticality of affected firms' outgoing links- consistently peaks before the shock's propagation enters a fast-paced contagion regime. This could serve as an early warning indicator, giving businesses and policymakers precious time to react. By identifying these critical vulnerabilities, this research provides a framework for enhancing the resilience of global supply chains in the face of increasing climate-related and other risks. |
| Keywords: | Models and tools; Econometric, statistical and computational methods; Structural challenges; Climate change; International trade, finance and competitiveness |
| JEL: | C C6 C60 C63 D D8 D85 Q Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:26-30 |
| By: | Brüggemann, Anke; Grewenig, Elisabeth; Rode, Johannes; Schwartz, Michael |
| Abstract: | Climate investment in the business sector in Germany fell by just under 8% in real terms to EUR 80 billion in 2024. This is one of the findings of the 2025 KfW Climate Barometer. The decline in investment was driven by large enterprises. Compared with the previous year, they reduced their climate investments by 18.5% on an inflation-adjusted basis. The difficult global economic environment, growing international competitive pressure and changed priorities likely put the brakes on large enterprises’ climate commitments. SMEs, on the other hand, expanded their total investment in climate action last year (+7.8% in real terms). The survey shows that economic and financial aspects as well as lengthy approval procedures continue to pose the most urgent barriers to companies’ investments in climate-related measures. Businesses’ main plea to policymakers is to lower electricity prices to support climate investment. |
| Date: | 2025–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:161625 |
| By: | Sandra Batten (Bank of England and Durham University Business School); Stephen Millard (NIESR, Durham University Business School and Portsmouth University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we use a dynamic general equilibrium model to examine the effect of the move to net zero in the United Kingdom on productivity. One argument is that the transition is likely to be productivity-reducing, as it will involve a move from more to less efficient means of producing. Alternatively, it could be argued that the transition will be productivity-enhancing, as the capital investment required to bring about this move leads to a rise in productivity, both within the specific ‘greening’ industries and more generally via productivity spillovers to the rest of the economy. Our model enables us to examine how this potential trade-off varies depending on whether we look at the short, medium or long run. We find that the introduction of a carbon tax, applied to encourage the move towards net zero, reduced GDP and total hours worked, but since total hours fell by more than GDP, increased productivity. As electricity becomes more substitutable for petrol and gas, the effect on productivity becomes more positive as GDP recovers while total hours remain permanently lower than initially. Finally, our results suggest that unless investment in green technology leads to significant technological gains elsewhere, it is unlikely that the move to net zero will have a large effect on productivity growth above and beyond the direct effect resulting from the capital deepening that will be associated with it. |
| Keywords: | Climate change;dynamic general equilibrium;carbon tax;climate policy;energy;renewable energy |
| JEL: | Q28 Q38 Q43 Q48 Q58 E32 |
| Date: | 2026–02–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:023293 |
| By: | Phyoe, Nyein Nyein; Myint, Theingi; Lynn, Honey Lynn; Htwe, Nyein Nyein |
| Abstract: | Rice sector in Myanmar plays a vital role in food security and the socio-economic status of farmers. Crop insurance is an important factor in risk management for both companies and farmers involved in certified rice seed production. A crop insurance program was introduced as a Weather-Based Index Insurance (WBII) model by the Myanmar Insurance Department in cooperation with the Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank in Myanmar in 2024. The role of crop insurance in the bioeconomy is to encourage the adoption of improved and climate-resilient seeds, to enhance the confidence of farmers and companies to invest, and to reduce production losses by promoting climate-smart practices, thereby supporting a sustainable bioeconomy in Myanmar. The main objectives of this study were to examine certified rice seed production of private sector in Mandalay Region and to investigate the perception level of crop insurance among private seed companies. Private seed companies in the Mandalay Region were purposively selected for this study because most seed production farms are located in these townships, and the WBII model was also introduced in these areas. Ten questionnaire statements on crop insurance were used to survey seed companies, asking them to indicate their level of agreement with each statement on a 5-point Likert scale. Certified rice seeds are being produced by ten rice seed companies in the study area and marketed to many different regions of Myanmar. The perception level analysis showed that 50% of the seed companies had a high level of perception, while the remaining 50% had a medium level of perception. Regarding the agreement level of seed companies on the role of crop insurance in promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, the highest percentage (80%) agreed that crop insurance can protect seed companies against the risks of crop losses caused by climate change. These findings demonstrated that private sector and farmers should collaborate through a contract farming system for rice seed production, integrated with crop insurance, in order to help both parties overcome challenges for advancing sustainable bioeconomy. With supportive policies and collaboration between the public and private sectors, crop insurance can significantly strengthen Myanmar’s agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409073 |
| By: | Moritz Heiß (TU Darmstadt - Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt [Darmstadt]); Lukas Müller (TU Darmstadt - Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt [Darmstadt]); Marc Ringel (SDCT - European Chair for Sustainable Development and Climate Transition (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief summarizes new evidence on how stock markets react to environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance when listed firms raise fresh equity capital. The underlying study examines 872 seasoned equity offering (SEO) announcements by 408 U.S. manufacturing firms between 2016 and 2023. Because SEO announcements are typically unexpected and efficiently priced by financial markets, they provide a useful setting for assessing investor responses while reducing reverse-causality concerns that often affect ESG-performance studies. The core finding is that there is no simple linear "more ESG is always better" relationship. Instead, the study documents an inverted U-shaped association for the overall ESG score and, more clearly, for the social pillar in the post-2020 period. Firms with moderate social scores receive the most favorable short-term market reactions, while both lower and higher scores are associated with lower announcement returns. By contrast, environmental scores are negatively associated with short-term market reactions after 2020. The study finds no link between ESG performance and longer-horizon buy-and-hold abnormal returns or SEO underpricing. For policymakers and finance actors, the main message is one of caution. Aggregate ESG scores can hide materially different pillar effects; non-linear patterns matter; and evidence from earlier periods may not travel well to today's market environment. ESG information appears most useful when it is material, credible and interpreted in context rather than treated as a monotonic signal of lower financing risk. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05721354 |
| By: | Chen Chen; Charlotte Gardes-Landolfini; Annapurna Mitra; Henk Jan Reinders |
| Abstract: | Achieving climate-related commitments and mitigating related risks to macroeconomic and financial stability require improving the conditions for private investment. Raising sufficient private finance is however challenging, particularly for emerging markets and developing economies. This paper develops an analytical framework to assess how reforms shape private climate finance. Key dimensions include macrostructural reforms to lower capital costs, measures to incentivise financing for climate-related investments, and blended financing that leverages public resources to attract private investment. To the extent the resulting externally-financed investments are resilience- and growth-enhancing, these can also support strengthening of the longer-term balance of payments position. Effective implementation may require international support, especially for developing economies |
| Keywords: | Climate finance; macro-structural reforms; climate measures |
| Date: | 2026–08–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2026/175 |
| By: | Stephen B. Billings; Sophie Calder-Wang; Weiling Liu |
| Abstract: | How does information disclosure reshape the allocation of environmental risk in the housing market? We quantify the price and distributional impact of the nationwide disclosure of property-level flood risk from First Street on U.S. housing platforms. Using a difference-in-RD design that exploits discrete cutoffs in the disclosed risk categories, we find that homes labeled as "extreme'' flood risk experience a 3.3% price discount and stay on the market for a week longer, relative to those labeled as "severe'' risk. These effects are strongest for coastal properties and remain pervasive across different FEMA floodplain designations. Disclosure also generates significant household resorting: buyers of extreme-risk homes have 5.3% lower income, are more likely to use FHA financing, and are older. Through a discrete choice model, we find that the redistribution of risk to lower-income households is primarily driven by price changes rather than heterogeneous preferences for flood risk. |
| JEL: | G14 G50 Q51 Q54 R21 R30 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35516 |
| By: | Sariman, Sevval Buse; Caputo, Vincenzina |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404502 |
| By: | Thein, Aung Min; Tun, Yu Yu; Than, Thida; Myint, San Shwe; Oo, Soe Paing |
| Abstract: | Rubber is an important industrial crop, as about 70% of natural rubber is used in tyre production. In Myanmar, rubber was cultivated around the country except Magway Region while Mon State is the largest rubber plantation. Mudon Township was selected as the study area because 98% of its rubber farmers were smallholders, making it one of the most representative regions in Mon State. This study aimed to analyze awareness index and adoption potential of Sustainable Natural Rubber (SNR) guidelines of sample smallholder rubber farmers during 2024-2025 rubber production season. These guidelines were initiated in 2016 and are essential for sustainable rubber production, improve yield through good agricultural practices, supporting smallholder livelihoods, enhancing environmental protection and economic growth. A total of 150 sample rubber farmers from five villages in Mudon Township were selected by purposive and simple random sampling methods and interviewed with structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, awareness index and adoption potential analysis were used as analytical tools. The results indicated that the majority of rubber farmers had medium awareness index on SNR guidelines (73.33%), followed by high awareness (24.67%), while only (2.00%) exhibited low awareness level. In adoption potential, most farmers fall under the medium adoption potential category (77.33%), (13.33%) showed high adoption potential and (9.33%) remaining at a low adoption potential level. To enhance farmers awareness and adoption potential on SNR guidelines, it is recommended that government agencies and non-government organization should collaborate for provision of rubber farmers in capacity building programs, such as regular training, field demonstrations, workshops and particularly focusing on extension support to improve adoption of SNR guideline. In addition, financial and institutional support mechanisms should also be enhanced. Providing access to credit, subsidies for recommended inputs, and market incentive for adopting sustainable practices can encourage farmers to transition from traditional methods to SNR standard practices. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409065 |
| By: | Michele Fioretti; Kavanaugh FitzPatrick; Alessandro Iaria |
| Abstract: | Economic sanctions on oil-producing autocracies change not only the quantity of oil but also how it is produced. Combining field-level production data with satellite measurements of gas flaring and atmospheric methane across six Latin American countries from 2012 to 2024, we study the U.S. sanctions on Venezuela. Per-barrel gas flaring in Venezuela rose about two-and-a-half-fold even as production fell by two-thirds, a pattern no unsanctioned neighbor shows, so environmental damage under sanctions is about two and a half times what a proportional decline in output would predict. Three channels generate this gap: the exit of small, dirty fields (composition) is more than offset by surviving fields running their infrastructure past design capacity (strain) and cutting their operating budgets (maintenance). We identify strain from the response of satellite-measured methane to the world price of naphtha, the imported diluent Venezuela's extra-heavy crude requires, and maintenance from a November 2022 U.S. Treasury license that allowed only Chevron to resume operations at its Venezuelan fields. A similar pattern of rising per-barrel emissions despite falling output appears under the sanctions on Iran (after 2018). |
| JEL: | F51 L71 Q35 Q53 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35512 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri (Dept. of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | Shared river-basin planning often maximizes total benefits, without considering fairness. A new welfare-based optimization framework shows how equity can be made transparent, negotiable and operational in transboundary water and energy decisions. |
| Date: | 2026–08–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2621 |
| By: | Chiara Livorno; Luca Tiberti |
| Abstract: | Weather shocks are frequently associated with heightened violence in agro-pastoral regions, yet the social processes linking weather-induced livelihood pressure to conflict remain insufficiently understood. This study examines whether spatial configurations of community lineages are associated with variation in community-level conflict responses to localized drought shocks. Across West Africa (1997–2022), we combine spatial panel data on drought exposure, conflict events, and the ancestral geography of lineage ties. We find that, conditional on ancestrally connected locations remaining climatically unaffected, drought exposure is associated with a 20-percentage-point lower predicted conflict incidence in clusters embedded in extended lineage networks relative to otherwise comparable clusters with more localized lineage structures. These patterns are consistent with a mechanism whereby social and institutional linkages formed across space condition access to nonlocal support and mobility-based adaptive capacity when climatic conditions deteriorate locally but not covariately. Complementary household panel data from Mali (2018–2021) show that households linked to spatially extended lineage networks experience smaller contractions in annual food expenditures and family remittance inflows following drought shocks. Overall, the findings highlight how historically constituted institutions connecting households across space are associated with differential responses to localized weather shocks in contexts where formal protection remains limited. |
| Keywords: | Extended kinship, informal risk-sharing, conflict, weather shocks, Western Africa. |
| JEL: | Q54 Z13 D74 N47 O13 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2026_07.rdf |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | Africa today remains far from food secure. Chronic malnutrition, widespread anemia among women of childbearing age, stunting and wasting among young children, pervasive underemployment in both rural and urban areas, and a youth bulge frustrated by high unemployment are key features of a continent that is seriously off track with respect to the SDG deadline: only 6% of SDGs have been implemented (Mo Ibrahim Forum, 2025). Despite this dismal progress, Africa can still achieve “The Africa We Want” under Agenda 2063. Africans aspire to a continent characterized by shared prosperity and well-being (see Annex 1). What should the leadership do? In a world marked by instability and repeated climate-related shocks, the Mo Ibrahim Forum (2025) calls for a critical assessment of the current “business-as-usual” approach and a decisive shift in direction. Specifically, according to the Mo Ibrahim Forum, a highly indebted Africa must prioritize governance, the rule of law, and security. Key policy actions include promoting a positive incentive system to attract private investment, both domestic and foreign; mobilizingsubstantial domestic financial resources currently lost through billions in illicit financial flows; implementing the AfCFTA; and investing in infrastructure (both hardware and software, including human capital) required to support an inclusive and sustainable development path. Given that higher productivity and more resilient agriculture are essential for improved food security in a continent still heavily dependent on agriculture, sustained investment in the sector—leveraging the AfCFTA—can transform Africa’s food security prospects. |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_16-26 |
| By: | Benjamin Crampton (Bank of England); Rupert-Hu Gilman (Bank of England); Rebecca Mari (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the exposure of UK firms to flood risk and the impact that past floods have had on corporate outcomes. Through the use of a novel data set that combines highly granular business premise information with flood maps and financial records, we first identify the specific regions, sectors and characteristics of firms where flood risk is most concentrated. Firm-level exposure is significantly influenced by sorting dynamics, with larger premises being more at risk. Second, we demonstrate that flood impacts are highly damaging to firms: they significantly increase the likelihood of business termination for small and medium-sized firms; for surviving firms, there are large negative impacts to revenue, employment, and total assets, with large firms and those in natural resource-related sectors being most affected. |
| Keywords: | Floods;climate change;physical risk |
| JEL: | Q54 R12 E23 |
| Date: | 2026–06–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:023309 |
| By: | Kazuki Motohashi |
| Abstract: | Developing countries have increased sanitation investment to improve child health. However, scaling up latrine construction can cause water pollution externalities owing to insufficient infrastructure for the treatment of fecal sludge, offsetting the direct health benefits. I estimate the negative externalities of an Indian sanitation policy that subsidized the construction of over 100 million latrines. Exploiting geographical variations in soil characteristics that affect the feasibility of latrine construction, I find that this policy increases fecal contamination of rivers by 72%. Although the policy reduces diarrheal child mortality overall, this positive health effect is eliminated when upstream areas lack adequate wastewater infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2607.29371 |
| By: | Lorine Maretz (LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville) |
| Keywords: | transition agroécologique, communauté, Réseaux sociaux |
| Date: | 2026–06–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05708742 |
| By: | Wansleben, Leon |
| Abstract: | Renewable electrification - upstream switches to variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, combined with downstream electrification - implies a profound reconfiguration of the energy-society nexus. This is evidenced by significant frictions and political conflicts that intensify at the very moments at which the diffusion of the respective technologies gains pace. Existing transition scholarship has not sufficiently captured these dynamics since it lacks a conception of regime instability and trusts too optimistically in transition progress through economic and policy feedbacks. I leverage the concept of "mismatch" or "structural adjustment" crises from innovation economics to capture situations in which technology adoption happens broadly and quickly, while the development of integrative mechanisms adjusted to the demands of renewable energy lags behind. We see this evidenced by mismatch crises that manifest in three domains: Infrastructures facilitating energy production and use are maladapted to variable power; status orders are destabilized amid growing distributional conflict; and institutions of energy governance are not appropriately reformed. Identifying these manifestations of mismatch crisis does not automatically imply a need to slow down the transition but rather to explore much-needed reforms to establish the integrative foundations for societies powered by renewables. |
| Abstract: | Die Elektrifizierung des Energieverbrauchs, kombiniert mit Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien, impliziert eine tiefgreifende Neuordnung des Verhältnisses von Energie und Gesellschaft. Dies zeigt sich an der Zunahme von Friktionen und politischen Konflikten in genau jenen Phasen, in denen die Diffusion der jeweiligen Technologien an Fahrt gewinnt. Die bisherige Forschung zu Energiewenden hat diese Krisen- und Konfliktdynamiken unzureichend erfasst, weil ihr ein Konzept von Regimeinstabilität fehlt und sie allzu optimistisch auf Fortschritte durch ökonomische und politische Rückkopplungen vertraut. Ich rekurriere auf den Begriff der strukturellen Anpassungskrisen aus der Innovationsökonomik, um Situationen zu erfassen, in denen Technologien in der Breite und mit hoher Geschwindigkeit diffundieren, während die Entwicklung integrativer Mechanismen, zugeschnitten auf die Anforderungen einer erneuerbaren Elektrifizierung, hinterherhinkt. Entsprechend manifestieren sich Anpassungskrisen in drei Dimensionen: Infrastrukturen zur Energieerzeugung und -nutzung sind nicht auf variable Quellen von Energie eingestellt; Statusordnungen sind durch wachsende Verteilungskonflikte destabilisiert; und Institutionen der Governance von Energiesystemen sind nicht angemessen reformiert. Die Identifikation solcher Anpassungskrisen bedeutet nicht automatisch, dass Energiewenden verlangsamt werden sollten; vielmehr gilt es, dringend notwendige Reformen auszuloten, um die integrativen Grundlagen für Gesellschaften zu schaffen, die sich mit erneuerbaren Energien versorgen. |
| Keywords: | decarbonization conflicts, energy transitions, governance and institutions of energy systems, structural adjustment crises, Dekarbonisierungskonflikte, Energiewende, Governance und Institutionen des Energiesystems, strukturelle Anpassungskrisen |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:mpifgd:343081 |
| By: | Josh Kirk; Evgenia Passari; Hélène Rey |
| Abstract: | Trade networks underpinning the energy transition are endogenous economic objects, and their structure is a source of market power. Using bilateral trade data for thirteen electrification metals over 1995–2023, we show that trade in these materials has reorganised into a hub-and-spoke system centred on China, in sharp contrast to the diffuse, multilateral structure of fossil fuels. This centrality did not follow from resource endowments: China holds few of the underlying reserves. It was built through processing investment, industrial policy, and commodity-targeted development finance—an equilibrium outcome rather than a geographical accident. We formalise this in a stylised model in which a country chooses how central to become, and show that centrality maps into pricing power: the world price response to a strategic supply cut is stronger when the network is more concentrated and downstream demand and fringe supply are more inelastic. Constructing text-based, commodity-specific supply shocks and estimating local projections, we find that supply contractions in critical metals raise US and EU consumer prices by roughly twice as much as comparable fossil-fuel shocks, and more persistently. Centrality is therefore not merely descriptive: it creates leverage over global prices. The green transition reduces strategic dependence on hydrocarbon exporters but reconstitutes it around mineral supply chains. |
| JEL: | F49 F50 F60 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35497 |
| By: | Balestri, Sara; Crippa, Andrea; Pieroni, Luca |
| Abstract: | This paper examines food-security dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa using a Hidden Markov Model and harmonized LSMS-ISA panel data for Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria across four survey waves. We model household dietary diversity as an observed indicator of an underlying food-security regime and study how early drought exposure shapes transitions between latent states. Climate stress is measured using an early drought-warning indicator based on the 3-month Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Model selection identifies two regimes based on low and high dietary diversity. Transitions are strongly asymmetric: households in the high-diversity state show high persistence, with a probability of 0.92 of remaining there, whereas one in three food-insecure households fails to transition upward, pointing to a structurally disadvantaged subset requiring targeted intervention. Early drought exposure is associated with a 9.8 percentage-point lower probability of belonging to the high-diversity state. Female-headed households are 5.9 percentage points less likely to belong to that state, whereas urban households are 20.6 percentage points more likely. The results are robust to different estimators, alternative SPEI accumulation periods, a drought-onset indicator, crop-adjusted drought exposure, and an alternative binary HDDS outcome defined relative to the country-specific median. Subnational estimates reveal substantial spatial heterogeneity in drought effects. The findings support food policies that link early-warning systems to adaptive safety nets, rural market access, and geographically targeted interventions. |
| Keywords: | Food security, Latent variable, Climate change, Drought, Africa |
| JEL: | C33 I32 O1 Q18 |
| Date: | 2026–06–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:129681 |
| By: | Helle, Caroline; Karwowski, Nicole; Rucker, Randal |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404738 |
| By: | Lorine Maretz (LEREPS - Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur l'Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville) |
| Keywords: | Communautés, Dynamique de transion, Transion, Agroécologie, Analyse de réseau sociaux, Microfinance |
| Date: | 2026–06–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05702626 |
| By: | Richard Bernknopf; Leila Gonzales; Christpher Keane |
| Abstract: | Natural hazards are a nonmarket disamenity that affects an individual's search for employment resulting in a negative environmental impact that produces an economic inefficiency. We develop a seek-and-screen job search approach that uses a discrete choice simulation to examine how salary, crime, and natural hazard risk influence job choice. We model the job decision process as a series of elimination events using a Cox hazard model grounded in a Random Utility Model. We use data from the discrete choice simulation to estimate both a standard proportional hazards model and an extended specification that allows the effect of natural hazard risk to vary across decision rounds. Individuals are exposed to the dynamics of a simulated job search as they make decisions between pairs of job offers in an adaptive learning process based on income, geography, crime level, and natural hazard attributes. The results of the job choice decisions provide the input to a statistical survival analysis. The results indicate that salary and crime exert stable and economically intuitive effects on job elimination, with higher salary reducing and higher crime increasing the likelihood of removal. In contrast, natural hazard risk exhibits a time-varying effect that increases the probability of elimination in early rounds but becomes neutral or favorable in later stages of the decision process. These findings suggest that environmental risk is evaluated differently as individuals transition from initial screening to final job selection, highlighting the importance of modeling job choice as a multi-stage process. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.24811 |
| By: | Schott, Franziska; Meißner, David; Schubart, Constantin |
| Abstract: | The Patagonia vest has increasingly moved beyond its original function as outdoor apparel and has become a visible symbol in business contexts, particularly in finance, consulting, and technology-related environments. This discussion paper examines whether the symbolic meaning of the Patagonia vest still aligns with Patagonia's sustainability-oriented brand image or whether it is increasingly shaped by external social and professional influences. Drawing on concepts of fashion communication, social identity, brand image, and brand authenticity, the paper combines theoretical perspectives with findings from a quantitative online survey. The results indicate that the vest is perceived less as an expression of environmental consciousness and more as a marker of status, professional belonging, self-confidence, and success orientation. While Patagonia's brand identity is strongly rooted in environmental responsibility, outdoor authenticity, and sustainable consumption, the vest's meaning in business contexts appears to be shaped primarily by group affiliation and status symbolism. The findings suggest that symbolic meanings of branded garments can shift when products are adopted by specific professional groups and become embedded in social codes that differ from the original brand identity. |
| Keywords: | Patagonia vest, brand image, fashion communication, social identity, group affiliation, status symbolism, brand authenticity, business casual, sustainable branding, symbolic consumption |
| JEL: | M31 Z13 M14 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhbm:342563 |
| By: | Cheyenne Amoroso (Universidade da A Coruna); Carolina Garcia-Martos (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid); Siem Jan Koopman (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Mover-design event studies are a leading approach to separating place effects from sorting. The coefficient is often interpreted as the share of cross-sectional variation in location means due to places. I show the coefficient depends on how movers connect locations: two economies can be identical in place effects, sorting, and location means, yet deliver different mover coefficients. Only under directional isotropy, a testable condition, does the coefficient permit a cross-sectional reading: it averages the variance share of place effects and the share that equalizing them removes. An illustration in Dutch employer–employee wage data rejects the condition. |
| JEL: | C32 C33 F64 |
| Date: | 2026–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20260057 |
| By: | Latip, Muhammad Haikal Hakim; Abdullah, Rose |
| Abstract: | Brunei Darussalam is accelerating the modernisation of its agriculture system from input-intensive towards technology-enabled and resource efficient production system to strengthen the domestic supply, reduce import dependence, and advance national targets under Vision 2035. This study synthesises evidence from practitioners and stakeholders to examine how technology-enabled production systems are reshaping the country's agricultural landscape, with specific attention to their relevance for bioeconomy-oriented sustainable food systems. The study documents the emergence and operational realities of controlled-environment and resource-efficient innovations alongside evolving livestock and farm management practices. The analysis shows that agricultural enterprises in Brunei are already experimenting with a diverse portfolio of controlled-environment and resource-efficient innovations such as hydroponics, fertigation, aquaponics, protected cultivation structures and IoT-assisted monitoring farming systems. Findings indicate that these innovations are perceived to improve yield stability, biosecurity, and input-use efficiency, while enabling more standardised and monitorable production processes that can support food safety and supply reliability. However, diffusion is constrained by high upfront costs, skills shortages, maintenance and calibration demands, limited local vendor and after-sales ecosystems, and the absence of clear, enforceable technical standards. Importantly, the study highlights workforce implications: technology adoption is reconfiguring job roles towards higher-demand competencies in data-enabled operations, systems troubleshooting, and compliance-oriented management, creating both new employment opportunities and immediate reskilling pressures. The paper concludes by outlining policy and industry actions: targeted incentives, standards development, extension and capacity-building, and public-private partnerships to strengthen circular/resource-efficient production pathways and future-proof Brunei's agricultural sector within a sustainable food systems and bioeconomy agenda. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409074 |
| By: | Tulia Gattone; Donato Romano; Luca Tiberti |
| Abstract: | This study seeks to provide empirical validation of the conceptual framework set by Romano et al. (2025) in which climate variability influences conflict through agricultural and market-mediated channels. Climate variability, measured via the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), is linked to crop yields, crop commercialization, household consumption, and conflict outcomes. All models draw on socio-economic data from the World Bank LSMS-ISA project (waves 1–3, 2010–2016), which allows us to examine how changes in SPEI may translate into shifts in agricultural productivity, market participation, and household welfare. Our empirical strategy proceeds in three stages. We begin by testing the basic structure of the hypothesized relationships through a set of predictive machine learning (ML) models. The core specification relies on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), while Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, and Naive Bayes serve as complementary models to check whether the predictive power of the agricultural channel appears consistently across algorithms. In the second stage, we draw on wave 4 of the LSMS-ISA (2018 to 2019) as out-of-sample testing data and employ a stepwise ANN model. This design allows us to examine whether variation in crop yields mediates the effect of SPEI on conflict-related outcomes. In the final stage, we move from prediction to causal inference. Here, we apply Causal Forest, followed by Double ML as a robustness check, to identify heterogeneous effects and to assign substantive meaning to the relationships that earlier predictive models had revealed. Our results point toward a climate–conflict relationship shaped by nonlinearities, mediation through agricultural performance, and marked variation across local economic conditions. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, conflict, agrifood system, machine learning, artificial neural networks |
| JEL: | Q54 Q12 D74 C45 C53 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2026_10.rdf |
| By: | Izevbekhai, Afenge Kingsley; Eghafon, K. A. |
| Abstract: | This study examined flood disaster and its socio-economic effects on livelihoods in Benin Metropolis, Edo State. The study specifically examined the factors responsible for flooding and the extent of the social and economic disruption caused by flooding in Benin Metropolis. A qualitative method was employed, using in-depth interviews and observation. The study population comprised people affected by flooding in Benin Metropolis, while 36 household heads were purposively selected as key informants. The data generated were transcribed, analysed and presented descriptively in relation to the study objectives and the cultural ecology and political economy theories. The findings established that flooding occurs mainly because of blocked drains, poor waste-management practices, indiscriminate land use, population growth and selective governmental intervention. These factors contribute to the frequency and intensity of flooding in the study area. Flooding was also found to cause considerable disruption to the socio-economic lives and livelihoods of residents. The study recommends that the government urgently develop and implement a comprehensive policy for mitigating flooding in Benin Metropolis. |
| Date: | 2026–08–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jgwq3_v1 |
| By: | Clara Emery (IFB-core - Institut Français de Bioinformatique - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hanna Koivoula; Lucas Leclère (BIOM - Biologie intégrative des organismes marins - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OOB - Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eric Pelletier (UMR 8030 - Génomique métabolique - GENOSCOPE - Genoscope - Centre national de séquençage [Evry] - Université Paris-Saclay - DRF (CEA) - Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, GOSEE - Global Oceans Systems Ecology & Evolution - Tara Oceans - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - UTLN - Université de Toulon - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - SU - Sorbonne Université - Université Paris-Saclay - Universidad Austral de Chile - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Ile-de-France] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - ENS Paris Saclay - Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay - EMBL - European Molecular Biology Laboratory - Nantes Univ - ECN - NANTES UNIVERSITÉ - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Vincent Lefort (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Fédération OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Yvan Le Bras (DoHNEE - Données de recherche pour l'Histoire Naturelle, l'Ecologie et l'Environnement - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Erwan Corre (FR2424 - Fédération de recherche de Roscoff - SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff = Roscoff Marine Station - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ABIMS - ABiMS - Informatique et bioinformatique = Analysis and Bioinformatics for Marine Science - FR2424 - Fédération de recherche de Roscoff - SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff = Roscoff Marine Station - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFB-core - Institut Français de Bioinformatique - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, MERIT - MERIT : Réseau MetiER en bIoinformaTique - MITI - Mission pour les Initiatives Transverses et Interdisciplinaires - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff = Roscoff Marine Station - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The RDMkit (Research Data Management toolkit for Life Sciences) is an ELIXIR-driven international resource designed to help scientists manage their data according to best practices. It enables users to identify the best practices for research data management (RDM) in line with the FAIR Principles: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. For metabarcoding data management, the lack of clear standards has been widely acknowledged in the literature, inducing initiatives to develop specific solutions (Shea et al. 2023; Takahashi et al. 2025). During the development of the RDMkit Biodiversity Domain page, the ELIXIR Biodiversity community identified the need for a dedicated RDMkit Metabarcoding Tool Assembly page. Driven by the ELIXIR Biodiversity and Microbiome communities, the existing marine metagenomics Tool Assembly page was also expanded to additional biomes and updated to include cross-community tools. Here we present the Metabarcoding and Metagenomics RDMkit Tool Assembly pages developed within the ELIXIR communities, that encompasses technologies and standards used in each community. This work was led by the Biodiversity and Microbiome communities but also benefited the Plant, Food & Nutrition, Research Data Management and the Interoperability Platform expertise. |
| Keywords: | metagenomics, Biodiversity, microbiome, ELIXIR communities, RDMkit, reproducibility, data management, FAIR Principles, metadata, metabarcoding |
| Date: | 2026–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05707473 |
| By: | Razak, Shazrul Ekhmar Abdul; Sevasamy, Amerul Rasshiq Muhammad Syazwi; Ayzan, Muhammad Adam Khairul; Buda, Mark |
| Abstract: | Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been introduced as a sustainable aquaculture system that integrates fed species, such as fish or shrimp, with extractive species, such as seaweed, mussels or crabs. This system has the potential to reduce nutrient waste, improve water quality, diversify farm income and support a more resource-efficient aquaculture sector. Despite the benefits, IMTA adoption remains relatively low among aquaculture farmers in Malaysia. This study examines aquaculture farmers’ knowledge, attitude and perception toward IMTA adoption, with emphasis on farmers in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia. A quantitative survey was conducted using a questionnaire distribution between August and October 2025. A total of 66 usable responses was obtained from aquaculture farmers. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, index analysis and binary logistic regression. The findings show that farmers’ knowledge of IMTA was still limited, with 37.9% classified at the low knowledge level and 36.4% at the moderate level. Contrastingly, farmers showed a highly favourable attitude toward IMTA, with 84.8% classified at the high attitude level. Their perception was mostly moderate, indicating that farmers recognised the potential benefits of IMTA but remained cautious about practical implementation. In terms of adoption intention, 62.1% of respondents indicated that they intended to adopt IMTA. The logistic regression result further shows that attitude and perception were significant predictors of intention to adopt IMTA, while knowledge was not significant. The findings suggest that IMTA promotion in Malaysia should not only focus on knowledge only, but also on practical training, demonstration farms and clear technical support to improve farmers’ confidence in adopting the system. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409063 |
| By: | Zheng, Yanan; Adamowicz, Vic; Qiu, Feng |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404746 |
| By: | Daniel Lopez Garcia; Robert D. Metcalfe; Andrew R. Schein; Yixin Sun |
| Abstract: | As renewable generation plays a growing role in the energy system, periods of negative wholesale electricity prices are becoming increasingly common and are expected to grow dramatically over the next ten years. Traditionally, system operators respond by paying generators, especially renewables, to curtail production, or mandating that they do so without compensation. In this study, we propose and test a novel alternative: exposing consumers to free and negative prices to stimulate demand when supply is abundant. We implemented large-scale nationwide natural field experiments simultaneously in Great Britain and Spain, with roughly 60, 000 residential customers in each country randomized to receive varying financial incentives to “turn up” their electricity. We found that demand increased substantially as prices fell to zero, but paying customers to consume beyond zero price yielded little additional response. Households with electric vehicles and rooftop solar had a larger elasticity than households without such technologies, suggesting demand turn-up becomes more effective as households adopt low-carbon technologies. In Great Britain, consumption was largely shifted from adjacent hours, while in Spain the increase appeared to represent net new demand. We develop a welfare framework showing conditions under which demand turn-up improves on curtailment; we find that by inducing additional consumption in periods and locations where the marginal cost of supply is low, demand turn-up generates welfare gains that curtailment leaves uncaptured. |
| JEL: | Q4 Q41 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35530 |
| By: | Kulkarni, Kedar; Raghavendra, Srinivas |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404576 |
| By: | Edith Prat (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how temporal structures shape creative processes in teams by distinguishing between structural time, interactional dynamics, and subjective temporal experience. Drawing on rhythmanalysis and team temporal dynamics, we examine how imposed temporal constraints and perceived time influence both individual and collective creativity. Using a between-subjects experimental design (N = 171), participants were assigned to four conditions manipulating time pressure (constrained vs. relaxed) and guidance (guided vs. unguided). Measures included individual and collective flow, temporal climate, cognitive load, perceived creativity, and expert-rated creativity. Results indicate that structural conditions did not significantly affect collective flow or creative outcomes. However, perceived time significantly influenced individual flow, temporal climate, and perceived creativity. Correlation analyses further revealed that collective flow is the strongest predictor of perceived creativity, while objective creativity measures were not associated with subjective experience. These findings highlight a dissociation between structural and lived temporalities and suggest that creativity in teams is driven less by imposed time constraints than by interactional and experiential rhythms. The study contributes to a process-oriented understanding of creativity by integrating temporal coordination and rhythmanalysis perspectives. |
| Keywords: | Temporal dynamics, Flow experience, Rhythmanalysis, Team coordination, Online collaboration, Collective creativity |
| Date: | 2026–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05719918 |
| By: | David A Roiz (MIVEGEC-VCG - Vector Control Group - ESV - Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels - MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier, MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frédéric Simard (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier, MIVEGEC-DEEVA - Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors - ESV - Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels - MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Les moustiques invasifs ne constituent pas seulement une menace sanitaire : ils représentent aussi un coût économique majeur. Une étude internationale estime qu'entre 1975 et 2020, les maladies transmises par les moustiques Aedes ont engendré au moins 94, 7 milliards de dollars de pertes dans le monde. Plus frappant encore, les dépenses consacrées à la prévention restent très inférieures aux coûts supportés une fois les épidémies déclarées. |
| Date: | 2026–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05705755 |
| By: | Khadka, Rita; Schoengold, Karina; Mieno, Taro |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404742 |
| By: | Boss, Ruchira; Hoddinott, John; Colen, Liesbeth |
| Abstract: | Clean cooking policies are often promoted as a way to improve women’s welfare by reducing time spent cooking. Yet it remains unclear whether a shift to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and its sustained use, translates into meaningful reductions in women’s cooking time, or whether it instead reshapes how households prepare food. Using household survey data from Indigenous communities in Nagaland, India, this paper examines clean fuel transitions in a remote and under-studied region where firewood use and boiling-based cooking practices remain culturally embedded. We analyse these relationships through the lens of women’s occupational roles, recognising that differences in work schedules, flexibility, and income stability may influence LPG adoption and LPG use intensity. We find that women in salaried and self-employed occupations use LPG significantly more intensively than farmers and homemakers. Instrumental variable estimates show no robust evidence that exclusive LPG use reduces total cooking time. Instead, LPG use is associated with higher edible oil consumption, suggesting that clean fuel transitions may reshape food preparation practices rather than reduce cooking duration. These findings challenge the assumption that clean cooking benefits women primarily through time savings and highlight the importance of women’s livelihoods and local food contexts in shaping household energy transitions and their implications for diets, nutrition and well-being. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2026–08–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:410237 |
| By: | Picciotto, Isabelle; Vourazeris, Kelsey |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404361 |
| By: | Mahmoud Fatouh (Bank of England); Benjamin Guin (Bank of England); Haluk Unal (University of Maryland) |
| Abstract: | We study product innovation in the UK mortgage market by analysing when and how attributes outside the traditional structure of mortgage contracts become pricing relevant. To do so, we develop a stylised framework that treats mortgage products as structured bundles of attributes, focusing on the two-part tariff, comprising interest rates and fees, to infer innovation from pricing patterns. Our empirical strategy first uses transaction-level data and exploits within-product variations over time to detect when new product features affect pricing, which we apply to the case of green mortgages. Matching Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) to UK mortgage originations, we show that EPCs become pricing-relevant in 2018, with lenders starting to offer pricing discounts for loans to buy properties with higher energy efficiency. We also use offer-level data on advertised green products to precisely estimate pricing discounts. We detect considerable green discounts, which reach up to 15 basis points in 2022. Mortgages against high EPC properties are concentrated in new buildings, suggesting relaxed credit constraints and increased housing investment, with implications for the broader economy. |
| Keywords: | Product innovation;green mortgages;housing construction;economic growth |
| JEL: | G21 O31 R31 |
| Date: | 2026–01–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:023289 |
| By: | Yang, Liu; Yi, Fujin |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404416 |
| By: | Remy Levin; Daniela Vidart |
| Abstract: | We design a method for measuring the risk preferences of agents in the deep past. The method combines a structural model of crop choice as a portfolio allocation with machine-learning prediction of expected crop returns, using historic agronomic and climate data. We estimate county-level risk preferences for the United States and farmer-level preferences in Kansas from 1889 to 1929. More risk averse farmers leveraged less, were less likely to purchase novel WWI Liberty Bonds, and were more likely to participate in local risk-sharing institutions. We show that higher risk aversion predicts slower tractor adoption and farm mechanization during the 1920s. |
| JEL: | D81 G11 N51 N52 O13 Q12 Z10 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35634 |
| By: | Schmid, Katrin; Schöneberg, Katharina |
| Abstract: | Die Branchenanalyse untersucht die Beschäftigungs- und Arbeitsbedingungen der deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie vor dem Hintergrund eines starken Auftragswachstums und eines massiven Stellenaufbaus der letzten Jahre. Analysiert werden Umsatz- und Beschäftigtendaten, Auftragsentwicklung, Produktions- und Lieferkettenengpässe, die Rolle wachsender Rüstungsausgaben, Digitalisierung und KI, Anforderungen an "grünes Fliegen" sowie Qualifikationsbedarfe, Onboarding und Arbeitsbelastungen. Basis sind dabei amtliche Statistiken, Branchenpublikationen und 15 leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Betriebsräten, Management und Verbandsvertreter:innen. Daraus werden Handlungsfelder für Arbeitnehmervertretungen abgeleitet. |
| Keywords: | Airbus, Boeing, Renewable Energy, Directive II, Grünes Fliegen, Klima VII |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:342521 |
| By: | Fetzer, Thiemo; Lambert, Peter John |
| Abstract: | Policy debates on ‘critical minerals’ have multiplied faster than our empirical tools for identifying which products are system-critical. Most existing lists are expert-driven and static; they say little about how upstream raw materials and downstream technologies are knit together in global production networks, or about the asymmetric roles of large demand and supply hubs. This paper proposes a network index of criticality (NIC), built from trade data and a directed production network, that integrates (i) a product’s share in world trade, (ii) exporter and importer concentration, and (iii) its position in a product-input network. Criticality here refers to systemic exposure encoded in tradeable production networks; it is not a welfare metric and it is not a measure of physical scarcity. We show that NIC aligns with revealed policy attention in official critical-mineral lists. We then construct three families of counterfactuals that remove China, the United States, or the European Union from trade on either the export (supply) or import (demand) side. These scenarios yield product-level diagnostics of hub dependence and map directly to policy instrument choice (e.g. recycling standards, permitting and processing investment, strategic reserves, or trusted-partner agreements). |
| Keywords: | climate action;critical minerals;industrial policy;production networks;supply chain resilience;trade concentration |
| JEL: | F10 F40 F50 O30 L60 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2026–08–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140668 |
| By: | Gleser, Michael; Elbert, Ralf |
| Abstract: | Combined rail-road transport, with its complex regulatory, infrastructural, organizational and technical environment, presents numerous opportunities for practical improvements and impactful research. A strengthening of this transport mode can serve rising transport demands and make freight transport more ecologically sustainable. Due to the complex nature of combined transport systems, there are various possibilities for improvement, of which a subset of 27 measures have been identified in a Delphi study. Synthesized with a systematic literature review for the last decade of combined transport research, a practice-oriented research agenda was developed, providing guidance for further research. Six research topics have been identified, ranging from the assessment of sustainability policies, digital platforms, seamless cross-border traffic, human factor, changing terminal roles and technological developments in rail transport. |
| Date: | 2026–07–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:161432 |
| By: | Wätzold, Marlene Yu Lilin; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) are expected to improve smallholder livelihoods, yet past research finds that their effects vary substantially across contexts. VSS typically operate through group certification, which is often initiated and managed by midstream buyers acting as certificate holders. These buyers are responsible for organizing certification-related activities and ensuring farmer compliance, but they differ in their size, capacities and resources. Such differences may help explain why farmers benefit from VSS to varying degrees. While the literature increasingly recognizes the importance of buyer heterogeneity, quantitative evidence on whether and how it shapes farmer outcomes remains limited. Drawing on a unique three-wave panel dataset (t=2022; 2023; 2024) from Rwanda’s coffee sector covering 845 coffee-producing households, combined with information from 48 midstream buyers to whom these farmers supply coffee, to our knowledge, our study provides the first empirical quantitative evidence on these relationships. The results from the inverse probability weighted generalized linear model show that the relationship between VSS and economic outcomes - yield, prices and profits - varies depending on several midstream buyer characteristics. In particular, certification is associated with higher yield, profit gains and partially prices, when the buyer’s manager has characteristics related to their local credibility and social standing, and when certified buyers operate at a larger scale. Our findings highlight that midstream buyer characteristics are associated with heterogeneity in VSS outcomes for farmers, suggesting that analyses and policy discussions on VSS effectiveness should pay greater attention to these supply chain actors. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2026–08–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:410238 |
| By: | Wanling Rudkin |
| Abstract: | Competing ESG rating providers reward different portfolio attributes. This paper models funds that choose portfolios and fees for investors with heterogeneous ESG priorities. Portfolio changes can improve both providers' scores or favour one methodology over the other, and investor demand determines which methodology each fund targets. Greater disagreement makes provider-specific positioning more productive but common improvement less productive. Funds therefore specialise more, yet both provider scores, investor participation, and equilibrium fees fall in the benchmark equilibrium. Investor heterogeneity creates matching gains from specialisation, while common improvement supports holdings-based ESG exposure. Methodology convergence improves participation and common exposure but weakens matching across investor clienteles. Convergence raises welfare when the social value of common exposure is sufficiently high. |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2607.29583 |
| By: | Liu, Jing; Chepeliev, Maksym; Gatto, Alessandro |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404585 |
| By: | Win, Myat Thida; Sarkar, Sampriti; Maredia, Mywish |
| Keywords: | International Development |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404664 |
| By: | Henger, Ralph; Küper, Malte; Wünsch, Laurens |
| Abstract: | Die Studie untersucht, welche Heizkosten- und Verteilungswirkungen sich aus dem Gebäudemodernisierungsgesetz (GModG) ergeben, wenn in bestehenden Wohngebäuden weiterhin neue fossile Heizungen eingebaut werden. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Mehrkosten klimafreundlicher Brennstoffe infolge der Neuregelungen zur Bio-Treppe und zur künftigen Grüngas- und Grünheizölquote sowie die Aufteilung der Gasnetzentgelte und der CO2-Kosten zwischen Vermietern und Mietern. Das GModG erweitert die Technologieoffenheit beim Heizungstausch und eröffnet Eigentümern damit größere Entscheidungsspielräume. Zugleich verlagert es mehr Verantwortung für langfristige Preis-, Infrastruktur- und Regulierungsrisiken auf Eigentümer und Haushalte. Diese Risiken ergeben sich aus dem Zusammenwirken steigender CO2-Preise, der zunehmenden Beimischung von Biomethan und klimafreundlicheren Gasen und steigender Gasnetzentgelte. Die Modellrechnungen dieser Studie zeigen: Für einen durchschnittlichen Haushalt in einer teilsanierten Altbauwohnung mit einem Jahresverbrauch von 10.000 kWh steigen die jährlichen Heizkosten von rund 1.080 Euro im Jahr 2026 auf 1.952 Euro im Jahr 2040 und auf 2.366 Euro im Jahr 2045, sofern bis dahin eine vollständige Versorgung mit Biomethan beziehungsweise klimaneutralem Gas unterstellt wird. Die laufenden Betriebskosten würden sich damit gegenüber dem heutigen Niveau mehr als verdoppeln. Die Unsicherheit der künftigen Heizkosten unter dem GModG steigt insbesondere durch die nun obligatorische Bio-Treppe und steigende Grüngas- und Grünheizölquote. In den in dieser Studie betrachteten Szenarien weitet sich die Preisspanne bei einer ausschließlich erdgasbasierten Versorgung bis 2045 nur moderat aus. Der Kostenkorridor der GModG-Variante wird dagegen deutlich breiter. Grund dafür ist die erhebliche Unsicherheit über die Verfügbarkeit und Bepreisung von Biomethan in der mittleren und langen Frist: Weder die Bio-Treppe noch die Grüngasquote lassen sich langfristig allein durch Biomethan erfüllen, zusätzlich ist teurer Wasserstoff erforderlich. Die Modellrechnungen für das Jahr 2040 zeigen, dass die Bio-Treppe mit knapp 74 Prozent den größten Teil der Mehrkosten verursacht. Gleichzeitig sinkt die Bedeutung der CO2- Preise über die Zeit, da für biogene Kraftstoffe keine CO2-Emissionen bilanziert werden. Besonders deutlich wird dieses akkumulierte Kostenrisiko im Vergleich mit einer Wärmepumpe: Sie weist in den Modellrechnungen über den gesamten Betrachtungszeitraum deutlich geringere und weniger unsicherere Heizkosten auf. Die Abschaffung der 65-Prozent-Vorgabe ist kritisch zu bewerten, da die technologieoffene Neuregelung den Eindruck vermittelt, fossil betriebene Heizkessel könnten grundsätzlich bis über das Jahr 2044 hinaus genutzt werden. Dies steht in einem unmittelbaren Spannungsverhältnis zum gesetzlichen Ziel, spätestens 2045 Klimaneutralität zu erreichen und wird zu kostenintensiven fossilen Lock-In-Effekten führen, da der Einbau einer neuen fossilen Heizung technische und wirtschaftliche Bindungen für viele Jahre schafft. Der Ansatz, die Vermieter an den Folgekosten einer von ihnen gewählten fossilen Heizung zu beteiligen, ist vor diesem Hintergrund grundsätzlich zu begrüßen. Für neu eingebaute fossile Heizungsanlagen tragen Vermieter und Mieter die anfallenden CO2-Kosten, die Netzentgelte und die Kosten der verpflichtend einzusetzenden klimafreundlichen Brennstoffe künftig jeweils zur Hälfte. Die Beteiligung des Vermieters ist allerdings auf einen Brennstoffanteil von höchstens 30 Prozent des gesamten Brennstoffverbrauchs begrenzt. Ab der Erhöhung der Bio-Treppe auf 60 Prozent im Jahr 2040 führt dies zu einer deutlichen Mehrbelastung der Mieter. Die konkrete Ausgestaltung als pauschale hälftige Aufteilung ist insgesamt kritisch zu sehen, weil sie die differenzierte Logik des Stufenmodells im CO2KostAufG - insbesondere bei den CO2-Kosten - durchbricht und weder den energetischen Zustand des Gebäudes noch die tatsächlichen Einflussmöglichkeiten beider Vertragsparteien berücksichtigt. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 R31 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:343052 |
| By: | Jorrit Gosens; Alex B. H. Turnbull; Frank Jotzo |
| Abstract: | There is renewed attention for maritime chokepoints and their potential disruption of global trade in energy. We analyse global trade in coal, and find that it is highly resilient to maritime chokepoints. Feasible chokepoints do not truly sever any supply from the seaborne market. Potential re-routing of trade flows, and switching to alternative suppliers or consumers moderates effects on costs and revenues. We assess costs to importers would rise by as little as 0.5 \$/t or less in case of closures of most feasible chokepoints. The exception is a restriction to maritime traffic in the South and East China Sea, which could raise costs by 10 \$/t for China, whilst reducing costs for other importers in the region by similar levels. Maritime chokepoints do create geographical separation of regional markets, and therefore do not have a globally uniform effect on costs to importers and revenues to exporters. |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.00328 |
| By: | Lamdap, Kanyarat; Praneetvatakul, Suwanna; Sayruamyat, Suwanna |
| Abstract: | This study examines the determinants of farmers’ adoption of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards within the Trat Rubber Cooperative in Thailand. Using survey data from 120 smallholder farmers, a logit model is employed to analyze how economic, institutional, and behavioral factors influence adoption decisions. The results show that cost-related factors are the primary drivers of adoption. In particular, higher chemical input costs significantly reduce the likelihood of adoption, highlighting the importance of cost-reduction mechanisms. In contrast, the price differential (price premium) exhibits a negative effect, suggesting that adoption decisions are influenced more by perceived and bundled benefits than by price incentives alone. Institutional factors also play a critical role, as farmers located farther from markets are still willing to participate when cooperative benefits outweigh additional costs. Behavioral factors, especially pro-environmental perceptions, further increase the probability of adoption. Importantly, the findings reveal that adoption is not solely an individual decision but is strongly shaped by collective and institutional contexts. Many farmers are willing to adopt FSC but are constrained by group-level participation, emphasizing the role of cooperatives in enabling access to certification. These findings suggest that policies focusing only on price incentives are insufficient. Instead, effective strategies should prioritize cost reduction, long-term institutional support, and collective action mechanisms to overcome structural barriers and promote sustainable adoption among smallholders. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nccc26:409068 |
| By: | Hirbod Assa |
| Abstract: | We develop natural parametric (NatPar) insurance as the natural next step from natural-catastrophe (NatCat) modelling: the same hazard-exposure-vulnerability-finance machinery, with a parametric index made contractual in place of indemnity loss adjustment. Our aim is practical - a standard approach inspired by how the catastrophe-insurance industry already operates, not another optimal-contract criterion. This delivers two payoffs. First, it fixes how reporting is formulated: NatPar contracts are reported in the native NatCat language (annual average loss, EP/AEP/OEP curves, return-period levels), complemented with two-sided basis-exceedance diagnostics (BEP+/-) elevated to the central status the EP curve holds for losses - the canonical distributional view of basis risk, not a supplementary number. Second, the same standard shows how the tail is reallocated between insuree and insurer. A frost case study yields the central result: it is about time, not average. Holding a contract AAL-neutral, the bounded payout cannot follow the unbounded exposure tail, so equalising the mean separates over- and under-payment across return periods: the insuree gains at short horizons while the insurer sheds the deep tail past a crossover of several decades. This reverses under tail dependence - when regions reach extremes jointly, bounded payouts stack and the insurer reabsorbs the deep tail. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2608.24871 |
| By: | Alain Oustaloup (IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); François Levron (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Bordeaux INP - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Victor (IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Luc Dugard (GIPSA-lab - Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Reconnu comme « Fait marquant 2021 du CNRS » et se distinguant par ses prédictions pour des phénomènes complexes de nature différente (contaminations, vaccinations, CO₂, température, niveau moyen des océans, dette de la France, ..), le modèle FPM (Fractional Power Model), en loi de puissance et à trois paramètres, est un modèle unifié grâce à une unification de la complexité, simple par sa représentation globale de la complexité et prédictif par sa capacité d'utiliser au mieux le passé pour mieux prédire le futur, faisant ainsi de ce modèle un bon prédicteur pour les décideurs. |
| Date: | 2026–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05700948 |
| By: | Alain Oustaloup (IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); François Levron (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Bordeaux INP - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Victor (IMS - Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Luc Dugard (GIPSA-lab - Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Recognized as a "CNRS 2021 highlight" and distinguished by its predictions for complex phenomena of a different nature (contaminations, vaccinations, CO₂, temperature, mean sea level, France's debt, ...), the FPM (Fractional Power Model), in power-law and with three parameters, is unified thanks to a unification of complexity, simple due to its overall representation of complexity and predictive because of its ability to make the best use of the past to better predict the future, making it a good predictor for decision-makers. |
| Abstract: | Reconnu comme « Fait marquant 2021 du CNRS » et se distinguant par ses prédictions pour des phénomènes complexes de nature différente (contaminations, vaccinations, CO₂, température, niveau moyen des océans, dette de la France, ..), le modèle FPM (Fractional Power Model), en loi de puissance et à trois paramètres, est un modèle unifié grâce à une unification de la complexité, simple par sa représentation globale de la complexité et prédictif par sa capacité d'utiliser au mieux le passé pour mieux prédire le futur, faisant ainsi de ce modèle un bon prédicteur pour les décideurs. |
| Date: | 2026–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05700939 |
| By: | Thakur, Vishal |
| Abstract: | Public administrations in disaster-prone low- and middle-income countries face a persistent governance question: do institutions learn from one disaster to the next, or does experience fail to translate into revised policy and practice? This study addresses that question through the Administrative Production of Disaster Vulnerability (APDV), a policy-cycle framework tracing how vulnerability is reproduced or corrected across planning, budgeting, maintenance, and reconstruction, applied to Himachal Pradesh, India. PWD infrastructure damage across two successive monsoons (2023, 2025) correlates strongly across eleven districts (Pearson r = 0.819, p = 0.002; Spearman ρ = 0.882, p < 0.001), with Mandi and Shimla the highest-damage districts both years and state-wide damage rising 55.5% despite reconstruction spending. APDV distinguishes chronic vulnerability (Mandi, Shimla), a failure to convert risk into revised practice, from acute vulnerability (Chamba, Una), limited anticipatory capacity. Findings support district-specific resilience planning and identify administrative learning capacity as a distinct governance challenge. |
| Date: | 2026–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:tkjx2_v1 |
| By: | Park, HyunSung |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404412 |
| By: | Díaz-Pastor, Santos J.; Liu, Yang; Pérez-Arriaga, Ignacio J. |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a replicable regulatory and financial framework to achieve universal electricity access as a core component of a just energy transition in Sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that universal access is feasible under realistic constraints when electrification planning, tariff regulation, and capital mobilization are designed as one coherent system rather than separate workstreams. The analysis rests on a computational, multi-period financial model that integrates individual interacting sub-models for every actor in the distribution segment. Versions of the same overall approach are applied to three countries, spanning different starting points and sector structures. Uganda provides the reference implementation in the wake of an expiring private distribution concession; Zambia recalibrates the same logic to a distressed national utility and a thin domestic revenue base; and Madagascar—where the framework is already being applied—shows it moving from design to district-scale delivery in the lowest electricity access setting of the three. The central mechanism is an integrated national planning, regulatory, business, and financing architecture that coordinates grid extension, mini-grids, and stand-alone systems within a single distribution-level financial plan. The framework separates two gaps that are routinely mixed—the viability gap, the recurring shortfall between affordable tariff revenues and the regulated cost of service, and the financing needs, the timing mismatch between front-loaded investment and gradual cost recovery—and shows that they each call for a distinct instrument. The evidence indicates that universal access can be reached without permanent reliance on external grants, and that extending the access horizon rather than compressing investment improves feasibility while still reaching everyone—so that the design becomes a problem of finding an electrification target year, a pattern of overall subsidy, and tariffs that are just right, each neither too much nor too little. The paper reframes universal access as a challenge of cost allocation and institutional design, showing that affordability, inclusion, and financial sustainability are not competing objectives once electrification is designed as one system. |
| Date: | 2026–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11439 |
| By: | Peng, Rundong; Luke, Jaime; Ortega, David |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea26:404365 |