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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Aryee-Boi, Nii Lantey Malik; Hauck, Isabella; Noisten, Anna Lotta; Weinhold, Maurice |
| Abstract: | The European Union (EU) Emissions Trading System (ETS) is an example of market-based environmental governance. While it has delivered measurable emission reductions in covered sectors, especially after major post-2013 reforms, its fairness, legitimacy, and transformative capacity remain contested. Therefore, this paper asks to what extent the EU ETS has contributed to emission reductions in the EU and what limitations emerge when it is assessed from a social-ecological economics (SEE) perspective. Using a qualitative, literature-based approach, it combines empirical studies on environmental and economic impacts of the ETS with a comparative theoretical framework that contrasts neoclassical environmental economics with SEE. The analysis shows that, on neoclassical terms, the ETS qualifies as a relatively efficient and adaptive carbon market, achieving targeted abatements at limited aggregate costs. However, when evaluated against broader criteria of ecological adequacy, distributional justice, governance and power, transformation potential and precaution, the system's marketcentred architecture commodifies atmospheric capacity, leaves the scale of socioeconomic metabolism and growth dependence largely untouched, and only partially addresses inequalities through ex post correction. In doing so, the paper bridges mainstream carbon pricing debates with SEE, arguing that emissions trading can support mitigation but must be subordinated to more far-reaching strategies of regulation, sufficiency, and socio-ecological provisioning if the EU is to align climate policy with planetary boundaries and social justice. |
| Keywords: | Emissions Trading, neoclassic, socio-ecological economics, European Union |
| JEL: | F55 Q52 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:341097 |
| By: | Bhatta, Bibek |
| Abstract: | This paper revisits the relationship between CO2 emissions and global warming by analysing more than 70 million daily temperature observations from over 2000 weather stations across 51 countries, with records spanning from the pre-1900 era to 2024. Employing fixed effects models to isolate temperature trends from station-specific and seasonal variations, the study finds an overall warming trend of 0.0048°C [TAVG] per year, after controlling for urban built-up areas. The analysis reveals a significant disconnect between the rise in annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the rate of temperature change. Notably, the period of the sharpest warming occurred in the early 20th century when CO2 emission levels were modest. In contrast, subsequent periods with rapidly accelerating CO2 emissions experienced slower warming or even cooling trends. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that human-induced CO2 is the primary driver of global warming; they highlight key gaps in our understanding and necessitate not only a more critical approach across research, education, journalism, and organizational conduct, but also a thorough reassessment of the premise underlying current climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Global warming, CO2 emissions, Temperature trends, Climate change, Climate policy, AGW |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q58 C23 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202605 |
| By: | Campiglio, Emanuele; Dietz, Simon; Venmans, Frank |
| Abstract: | The transition to a low-carbon economy is constrained by frictions in scaling up clean energy and phasing out existing fossil-fuel assets. This paper studies what optimal climate policy looks like in these circumstances, with the authors exploring the tension between the urgent need for rapid greenhouse gas emissions reductions, on the one hand, and concerns about the feasibility and cost of achieving them, on the other. The authors model a scenario in which reducing emissions requires capital to be reallocated from dirty to clean energy production under real-world constraints. A central feature is the introduction of heterogeneous dirty capital – i.e. capital whose emissions intensity varies depending on the fuel and technology used – which the authors calibrate using detailed firm-level data. This allows the authors to identify a highly emissions-intensive subset of assets: the ‘dirty tail’. The model shows that large emissions reductions can be achieved by targeting the early retirement of the dirty tail, rather than reducing all fossil capital proportionately. The authors’ modelling includes limits to how quickly clean capital can be scaled up and dirty capital can be retired. This implies that the transition cannot occur instantaneously, creating capital inertia that constrains the speed of emissions reductions. The authors calibrate these adjustment costs on recent episodes of rapid energy system expansions and coal phase-outs. The main result is that, despite these constraints, the optimal transition to a low-carbon economy is rapid and front-loaded. Emissions fall steeply in the near term, driven by immediate disinvestment from the assets in the dirty tail, followed by a more gradual phase in which remaining dirty capital is allowed to depreciate, while clean capital continues to expand. Overall, the paper shows that taking transition constraints seriously changes how emissions reductions are achieved, emphasising the composition and timing of capital reallocation. However, these constraints do not overturn the case for rapid decarbonisation. Instead, they point to the importance of targeted, early action on the most polluting assets, as well as action to ease bottlenecks in expanding clean capital. Key points for decision-makers: Rapid reductions in global emissions are optimal climate policy, even when accounting for constraints on the speed of the transition. Global emissions should be halved in the next ten years. Early retirement of the most polluting assets (the ‘dirty tail’) allows large emissions cuts at low cost, even after accounting for the legal, institutional and political costs of doing so. Effective climate mitigation can, in principle, be achieved by targeting the concentration of emissions in the dirty tail. A globally harmonised carbon tax would be the most efficient way of achieving this, but difficult in practice. Alternative effective policies at the international level include targeted finance and technology transfer to support early retirement of high-emissions assets in developing countries. Examples of this approach include the Just Energy Transition Partnerships under the Paris Agreement and coal transition vehicles. Alternative effective policies targeting the early retirement of the dirty tail at the national level include government-mandated phase-out schedules, reverse auctions, performance standards and feebate schemes. Easing bottlenecks on the clean side of the low-carbon transition will increase the pace of emissions reductions. Constraints on the rate of clean-capital expansion, arising from manufacturing capacity, supply chains, permitting and infrastructure, materially affect the pace of emissions reductions, especially after the dirty tail is eliminated. This highlights the importance of developing policies that relax these constraints, including support for manufacturing capacity, permitting reform, grid infrastructure and supply chains for critical materials. This is an update to the authors’ original working paper of the same name, which was first published in December 2022. |
| Keywords: | adjustment costs; carbon price; climate change; low-carbon transition; stranded assets; technological progress; uncertainty |
| JEL: | C61 E22 H23 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2026–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138475 |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Garth Heutel; Givi Melkadze; Inès Mourelon |
| Abstract: | We study how climate policy can interact with distortionary fiscal policy and potentially lead to transition risk. Using an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that features financial frictions and preexisting labor and capital taxes, we simulate a carbon tax and an abatement subsidy under different scenarios for returning carbon tax revenue or financing the subsidy. We find novel policy implications and important differences between the carbon tax and the subsidy. Under both policies, transition dynamics can differ sharply from long-run outcomes. For the carbon tax, transition dynamics depend on both financial frictions and the choice of revenue recycling. For the abatement subsidy, distortionary financing can generate contractionary transition dynamics, because of financial frictions. Macroprudential policy can mitigate transition risk under the carbon tax but has little effect under the subsidy. |
| Keywords: | tax interaction, double dividend, transition risk, financial frictions, climate policy, macroprudential policy |
| JEL: | Q58 G21 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12670 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Alamanos; Conrad Landis |
| Abstract: | The world faces a convergence of interconnected crises (climate change, biodiversity loss, sovereign debt stress, food-energy-water insecurity, widening inequalities, wars and geopolitical instability) interacting through nonlinear feedbacks to produce cascading effects invisible to sector-by-sector analysis. Despite the comprehensive vision of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), global implementation lags, constrained less by a lack of knowledge than by weak operational frameworks capable of translating systemic evidence into coordinated action. Influential sustainability transition frameworks such as the "Six Transformations" of 2019, and the "entry points and levers" of the 2023 Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR) have organized what needs to change, but the categories they prescribe are imposed a priori on diverse country contexts and offer limited guidance on how to operationalize change. This Perspective argues that the persistent implementation gap is, at its core, an operational gap: entry points and levers should be the outcomes of measurement and modelling within a country-specific feasible set, not inputs assumed in advance. We propose a three-step operational framework: continuous monitoring and assessment, science-based co-designed transformation pathways bridging modelling and stakeholder engagement, and aligned financing and governance mechanisms, all delivered through an open-access digital Global Commons. Drawing on the architecture of the SDSN Global Climate Hub, we demonstrate how coupling data infrastructure, interdisciplinary modelling chains, digital twins, and stakeholder co-design processes can produce spatially explicit, policy-relevant, and implementable sustainability pathways at national to global scales. We further argue that embedding ecosystem services valuation into macroeconomic assessments and reforming the global financial architecture are essential complements to this approach. The framework is designed not as a universal prescription but as a replicable, adaptive methodology that can bridge the persistent gap between scientific assessment and policy delivery in the final push toward 2030 and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Digital Global Commons, AE4RIA-SDSN Global Climate Hub, Systems Transformation, WEF Nexus, Beyond-GDP Computable General Equilibrium, Sustainable Finance, Participatory Co-Design, Accountability |
| Date: | 2026–05–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2613 |
| By: | Raffaele Della Croce; Daisy Jameson; Maxwell Read; Esin Serin; Anna Valero |
| Abstract: | The UK is experiencing increasing impacts from climate change, including more frequent and severe floods, heatwaves and storms. It needs to prepare more for these impacts. It also needs to honour its pledge to support climate adaptation efforts in developing countries. The UK should maximise the opportunity from an increase in the demand for adaptation goods and services, including flood defences, climate-resilient building materials and crops, innovative insurance products and treatments for vector-borne diseases, both at home and globally. There is an economic, social and environmental imperative to scale up and innovate in adaptation-related goods and services, especially in those areas where the UK has an existing and potential comparative advantage. |
| Keywords: | Green Growth, innovation |
| Date: | 2026–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepsps:56 |
| By: | Rivera, Nathaly M.; Ruiz-Tagle, J. Cristobal; Spiller, Elisheba |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy can yield social benefits through local air quality improvements and their subsequent effects on human health. We estimate some of these benefits using data gathered during the rapid adoption of large-scale solar power generation in Chile over the last decade. Relying on exogenous variation from solar irradiation and incremental solar generation capacity over time, we find that solar energy displaces coal generation and curtails hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. These effects are largely manifested in cities downwind of and near coal plants that are displaced by the introduction of new solar. The reduction in exposure to air pollution from these displaced coal plants seems to be driving this relationship. Our results help quantify the health benefits that can be achieved through greater renewable energy investments. |
| Keywords: | coal displacement; coal power plants; developing countries; Latin America; morbidity; pollution; power plants; solar generation |
| JEL: | I18 L94 Q42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123756 |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Garth Heutel; Givi Melkadze; Inès Mourelon |
| Abstract: | We study how climate policy can interact with distortionary fiscal policy and potentially lead to transition risk. Using an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that features financial frictions and preexisting labor and capital taxes, we simulate a carbon tax and an abatement subsidy under different scenarios for returning carbon tax revenue or financing the subsidy. We find novel policy implications and important differences between the carbon tax and the subsidy. Under both policies, transition dynamics can differ sharply from long-run outcomes. For the carbon tax, transition dynamics depend on both financial frictions and the choice of revenue recycling. For the abatement subsidy, distortionary financing can generate contractionary transition dynamics, because of financial frictions. Macroprudential policy can mitigate transition risk under the carbon tax but has little effect under the subsidy. |
| JEL: | G21 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35202 |
| By: | Suarez, Ronny |
| Abstract: | This working paper analyzes how variations in water management, technological intensity, and regional conditions shape both productivity and emission profiles in rice cultivation, using Brazil as an empirical case study. By contrasting irrigated and rainfed systems and applying IPCC methodologies, the study underscores the relevance of carbon intensity, rather than absolute emission levels, as a more policy-oriented metric for guiding sustainable agricultural strategies. |
| Keywords: | carbon intensity; rice; tCO2e |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128938 |
| By: | Alessandra Manzini (CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Irina Martynova; Jing Yu; Xiaoyu Bi; Jordi Jacas Biendicho; Jordi Arbiol; Qing Sun; Chaoqi Zhang; Andreu Cabot |
| Abstract: | The global transition toward efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective energy storage is accelerating, driven by efforts to decarbonize key sectors. Among emerging technologies, sulfur-based conversion cathodes have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for next-generation batteries due to their exceptional theoretical energy density, low cost, and material abundance. Their successful deployment could advance critical applications, including electric mobility, renewable energy integration, and grid stabilization. Despite this potential, sulfur cathodes face persistent limitations that have prevented commercialization. Unlike reviews focusing primarily on materials innovations in idealized settings, this work provides a critical, user-focused assessment that prioritizes challenges of scalable manufacturing and operation under practical conditions. We analyze fundamental failure mechanisms under realistic parameters, including high sulfur loading, lean electrolyte, and limited lithium anode excess, that cause performance to diverge dramatically from target metrics. By synthesizing recent advancements in mechanistic understanding, host design, and interface engineering, we identify key bottlenecks hindering large-scale production. The review concludes with strategic pathways spanning materials design, device architecture, and market integration to bridge the gap between laboratory research and real-world application.The global push toward electrification and substantial greenhouse gas emission reductions is intensifying the need for sustainable technological solutions across the automotive sector and other energy-intensive industries. In this context, energy storage plays a pivotal role, serving as a critical enabler for low-carbon transportation, renewable energy integration, and grid resilience. The rapidly increasing demand for high-performance, scalable, and environmentally sustainable energy storage systems underscores the urgency of selecting appropriate battery technologies. This requires careful consideration of battery chemistries that can satisfy both short-term performance targets and long-term resource, cost, and sustainability constraints.At present, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the energy storage market, with cell costs averaging approximately €110/kWh 1-3 . However, the pricing of LIBs remains highly sensitive to fluctuations in the cost of critical raw materials such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium, which have experienced significant volatility, reaching a peak in 2022 followed by a notable decline in 2024 4 . While recent reductions in raw material prices have temporarily eased cost pressures, this downward trend is not expected to be sustainable.Upstream supply chains are facing increasing strain, and projections indicate that future mineral demand will substantially exceed historical levels 5 . Achieving global decarbonization targets will require a sharp rise in the production of key metals such as cobalt, copper, tin, and zinc. However, expanding supply is hindered by long project lead times, declining ore grades, and increasing geopolitical and environmental constraints 5 . Establishing a stable and equitable pricing environment that ensures upstream viability while maintaining downstream affordability is therefore essential to support the continued growth and sustainability of LIB technologies. At the same time, these structural limitations highlight the urgent need to diversify battery chemistries by exploring alternative systems based on more earthabundant, geopolitically secure, and cost-effective materials to enhance the long-term resilience and scalability of energy storage infrastructure.Battery manufacturers and end users must remain agile in adapting to rapidly evolving technologies, supply chain limitations, and shifting market dynamics 1 . Battery cost continues to be a critical determinant of the competitiveness and scalability of energy storage systems. Affordable electric vehicles (EVs) offering long range, rapid charging, and robust safety, along |
| Keywords: | Batteries, Next generation, Technology, Sulfur cathodes, Critical Raw Materials CRM |
| Date: | 2026–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05618205 |
| By: | Cass, Leanne; Frattini, Federico Fabio; Saussay, Aurélien; Sato, Misato; Vona, Francesco |
| Abstract: | There is growing evidence that green jobs have higher skill requirements, but whether they offer sufficient wage incentives to encourage workers to acquire those skills remains unclear. We study the green wage premium and its drivers to isolate the average return to green tasks using online job vacancy (OJV) data for EU countries over the period 2018-2023. We develop a transparent LLM-based approach to classify job vacancies as green when they list at least one green task. Green jobs pay a premium of 5.5% relative to comparable postings within the same occupation, and this estimate is little changed when controlling for nonmonetary job attributes making these jobs more attractive. Roughly half of this premium is explained by firm fixed effects, consistent with an important role for firm rents. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the higher skill complexity explains a further one tenth of the premium, leaving a residual return to green tasks of around 2%. The green wage premium is higher outside the manufacturing sector, and for low-carbon roles. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2026–05–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:401248 |
| By: | Fabian Herweg (University of Bayreuth); Botond Köszegi (University of Bonn); Klaus M. Schmidt (LMU Munich) |
| Abstract: | Policymakers seek to reduce environmentally harmful production by leveraging consumers' demand for low-externality products. Should the exchange of such products be organized under the standard principle of ``one market for one good", creating a separate market for green goods and integrating regional green markets? We show that this reduces harmful production if and only if green demand is sufficiently strong relative to green supply. Otherwise, a ``demand displacement effect" arises: stronger demand for green goods induces substitution toward brown goods, thereby increasing externalities. This effect interacts with other policy instruments. |
| Keywords: | green markets; socially responsible consumers; externalities; market segmentation; demand displacement; environmental policy; |
| JEL: | D62 D64 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–05–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:572 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Theodoros Daglis; Conrad Landis; Akrivi Katifori; George Gkanias |
| Abstract: | The present work examines urban residents' preferences for biodiversity conservation, heatwave-related living conditions, and traffic-related noise and pollution, using a discrete choice experiment (DCE), also considering willingness-to-pay (WTP) and the influence of immersive virtual reality (VR) exposure, focusing on the metropolitan area of Athens. More importantly, VR exposure examined whether individuals' preferences were affected, focusing on its methodological contribution to the better planning of urban sustainability interventions. According to the results, biodiversity emerges as the most valued attribute, followed by heatwave measures, and then, traffic reduction, and VR exposure affects individuals' preferences for traffic measures, emphasizing its methodological value for improving urban sustainability decisions. |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment, Urban sustainability, Biodiversity protection, Heatwave mitigation, Traffic pollution, Virtual reality, Environmental preferences |
| Date: | 2026–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2614 |
| By: | Tristan Jourde; Sofía Ruiz Romanos; Dilyara Salakhova |
| Abstract: | This blog post builds on the NGFS’s short-term climate scenarios to assess the risk of a financial market correction caused by a series of natural disasters. In the event of extreme climate shocks, French banks, insurers and asset managers would be exposed to losses of EUR 196 billion, equivalent to a 4% drop in the value of their equity and bond portfolios. <p> Ce billet s’appuie sur les scénarios climatiques de court terme du NGFS pour évaluer le risque de correction des marchés financiers à une série de désastres naturels. En cas de chocs climatiques extrêmes, banques, assurances et gestionnaires d’actifs français s’exposeraient à des pertes de 196 milliards d’euros, équivalant à une dépréciation de 4% de leurs portefeuilles d’actions et d’obligations. |
| Date: | 2026–04–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:econot:449 |
| By: | Lohawala, Nafisa (Resources for the Future); McCormack, Kristen (Resources for the Future); DeAngeli, Emma (Resources for the Future); Kota, Ambarish; Ziegler, Ethan (Resources for the Future); Krupnick, Alan (Resources for the Future); Spiller, Beia (Resources for the Future); Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Overlapping economic, energy security, and environmental rationales have contributed to relatively broad political support for biofuel policy in the United States over time. Biofuels can reduce reliance on imported petroleum, create new markets for agricultural and forestry products, and are often discussed as a potential near-term option for decarbonizing difficult-to-electrify sectors such as aviation, marine shipping, and heavy-duty transport. Expanding biofuel production, however, can impact land and water use, biodiversity, and competition with food crops, and there is ongoing debate about how biofuel production, and the policies that support it, affect greenhouse gas emissions. Drawing on a 2025 Resources for the Future webinar series and a follow-up expert discussion with participants from industry, policy, and academia, this report discusses the potential role of biofuels in the energy transition, provides an overview of key areas of debate in life-cycle assessment and indirect land use change modeling, and highlights lessons from experience with existing federal and state biofuel policies. The report concludes by identifying policy-relevant knowledge gaps and research needs. |
| Date: | 2026–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-26-09 |
| By: | Brochard, Algirdas; Ashraf, Shafaq; Davies, Ella; Hajagos Toth, Akos; Jahn, Valentin; Modirzadeh, Seyed Alireza |
| Abstract: | Understanding exactly what constitutes a climate solution is challenging with definitions diverging across frameworks and jurisdictions. This has important implications for investors seeking to allocate climate capital to finance the low-carbon transition, write Algirdas Brochard, Shafaq Ashraf, Ella Davies, Ákos Hajagos-Tóth, Valentin Jahn and Seyed Alireza Modirzadeh. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2026–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138468 |
| By: | Buse Yavas Dewald (RWTH Aachen University); Ayshe Tugba Atasoy (Chair of Energy Economics and Management / Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), School of Business and Economics / E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University); Reinhard Madlener (Chair of Energy Economics and Management / Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), School of Business and Economics / E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | The 2021 Ahrtal flood in western Germany was one of the country’s costliest natural disasters and has reopened the debate on how flood protection should be financed. This paper examines residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for future flood mitigation four years after the event. Using a contingent valuation survey of 103 residents, we estimate OLS and logistic regressions complemented by a bootstrap mediation analysis. We identify three main patterns. First, household income (ω = 0.508, p |
| Keywords: | willingness to pay; flood risk; disaster experience; risk perception; climate adaptation; Germany |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:022472 |
| By: | Grynberg, Charlotte; Vinci, Francesca; De Sanctis, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | The European energy market remains heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels and fragmented across Member States. This leaves the EU exposed to high and volatile energy prices, posing risks to its growth outlook and its international competitiveness. As the EU advances its energy security and climate neutrality objectives, the role of electricity and renewable energy is set to increase at the expense of fossil fuels. This paper argues that achieving a genuine European Energy Union would help to reach these goals and identifies five key policy priorities to support this process: strengthening cross-border infrastructure; mobilising innovative green finance; investing in tools to support flexibility and matching of supply and demand; improving the efficiency and harmonisation of energy taxation; and establishing a coherent industrial policy for clean tech. JEL Classification: Q40, Q41, Q48, O25, F15 |
| Keywords: | clean-tech industrial policy, EU energy market integration, European integration, industrial competitiveness, renewable energy |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2026388 |
| By: | Paul Champey; Léopold Gosset |
| Abstract: | In May 2025, the NGFS published its first short-term climate scenarios. If Europe were to experience a combination of particularly severe weather events, France could lose 7.4% of its GDP. The French economy would benefit from a gradual and efficient low-carbon transition, but would be negatively affected if the transition was delayed and disorderly. <p> En mai 2025, le NGFS a publié ses premiers scénarios climatiques de court terme. La France pourrait subir une perte de 7, 4% du PIB si l'Europe connaissait une combinaison d’évènements météorologiques particulièrement sévères. L’économie française bénéficierait par ailleurs d’une transition bas-carbone graduelle et efficiente, mais serait négativement affectée par une transition retardée et désordonnée. |
| Date: | 2026–04–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:econot:447 |
| By: | Mubenga-Tshitaka, Jean- Luc |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the impact of unemployment on the environmental quality known as the environmental Phillips Curve (EPC) hypothesis by accounting for the heterogeneity among African countries. To the best of our knowledge, no prior study has examined the environmental-unemployment nexus in the African context. The annual data of unemployment, gross domestic product, population growth, usage of renewable, non-renewable energy, urbanization and ecological footprints from 1990 to 2021 are sourced from the World Bank and Global Footprint network. A set of methods is employed for empirical analysis. The results confirm there is a trade-off between the unemployment rate and the environmental quality in Africa. However, when the heterogeneous effect is considered. The findings reveal that unemployment in Africa has detrimental effect on the environmental quality. The effect becomes more significant in higher percentile. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Ecological footprint, Unemployment, environmental Phillips curve, heterogeneous, Kenel-Based Regularized Least Squares, Africa |
| JEL: | E24 Q01 Q56 Q59 |
| Date: | 2026–05–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:129052 |
| By: | Virginia Gianinazzi; Victoire Girard; Mehdi Lehlali; Melissa Porras Prado |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) capital affects the environmental footprint of multinational enterprises. We exploit the inverse relationship between local pollution and high-frequency-and-precision satellite-based measurements of vegetation health, captured through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Combining NDVI with SRI ownership data for 52, 806 facilities belonging to 911 multinationals in 124 countries between 2006 and 2020 allows us to leverage both cross-sectional and within-facility variation in SRI exposure over time. We find that, on average, greater SRI ownership is associated with improved vegetation health in surrounding areas, consistent with reductions in firm-induced environmental damage. Using mergers as a plausibly exogenous source of variation in SRI ownership corroborates these findings. However, exploiting the global structure of multinational production networks, we find a striking asymmetry: improvements near facilities located in OECD countries coincide with deterioration near the same firms’ facilities in non-OECD countries, consistent with pollution offshoring. Finally, we show that this asymmetry intensifies with more active investor oversight, suggesting that investor engagement alone is insufficient to mitigate environmental harm in the absence of strong domestic regulation or global coordinated monitoring. |
| Keywords: | Socially Responsible Investment (SRI), Multinational Enterprises (MNEs), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Plant-Level Pollution, Institutional Investors |
| JEL: | F23 G23 O33 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:novafr:wp2505 |
| By: | Astier, Jeanne; Barrows, Geoffrey; Calel, Raphael; Ollivier, Hélène |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a method for estimating treatment effects of local climate shocks when regions trade with each other. Because trade creates spillovers, comparing the change in outcomes of regions with different exposure to shocks leads to biased estimates. We model these between-region spillovers using standard assumptions from international trade theory, and develop a model-consistent strategy for estimating key parameters and deriving counterfactuals. We use our estimation strategy to revisit the literature on the impact of climate change on gross output. We find that accounting for trade spillovers yields substantially larger climate damage projections. |
| Keywords: | climate change; spillovers; trade; gravity |
| JEL: | Q48 L10 L50 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138243 |
| By: | Greenslade, Wallis; Jameson, Daisy; Tron, Madeleine |
| Abstract: | Climate change and nature degradation are creating increasingly frequent and severe impacts on the agri-food system in the European Union. This is driving crop losses across Member States, affecting local labour markets, supply chains, rural lending and related economic activities. These losses are largely uninsured, leaving crop farmers without the financial resilience to respond to these risks or prepare for future risks. Underinsurance in the crop sector has important implications for EU Ministries of Finance in their role in dampening the potential macroeconomic effects of agri-food shocks, maintaining rural sustainability and avoiding undue fiscal pressure from post-disaster expenditure. However, Ministries have several levers they can utilise to promote crop insurance as a fiscal tool for climate adaptation and nature restoration. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138509 |
| By: | Valencia-Clavijo, Felipe (Dataplicada) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether first-time battery electric vehicle (BEV) buyers differ systematically from repeat EV owners in their pro-environmental attitudes within California’s Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP). Building on behavioral environmental economics and the moral licensing literature, this paper examines whether a salient pro-environmental action, purchasing a BEV, may be associated with weaker stated concern for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions among new adopters. Across multiple specifications, first-time BEV buyers are significantly less likely than repeat owners to rate reducing GHG emissions as “extremely important” (p < 0.01), a robust attitudinal gap that persists after adjusting for demographics, household characteristics, income, and survey year. Alternative explanations, such as the technology adoption lifecycle dynamics or income-based financial motivations, receive little empirical support, suggesting that motivational heterogeneity or a mechanism consistent with moral licensing better accounts for the observed differences. Evidence for behavioral rebound is limited and fragile. First-time adopters exhibit at most weak, specification-sensitive tendencies toward longer single trips, and show no differences in annual driving. Overall, the results indicate that incentive projects successfully expand EV adoption but also attract consumers with more diverse and often weaker environmental commitments. These findings underscore the importance of integrating behavioral insights into environmental policy design, particularly when high-salience green actions may interact with attitudes and downstream behaviors in complex ways. |
| Date: | 2026–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zk4eg_v1 |
| By: | Guerriero, Arthur Zito; Kapeller, Jakob; Ankel-Peters, Jörg |
| Abstract: | The social cost of carbon (SCC) isthe central concept of benefit-cost analysis in climate economics. The SCC provides guidance on the urgency of climate policy as it expresses the present value of expected future damages associated with the emission of one additional ton of CO2. This paper summarizes key normative assumptions underlying the calculation of the SCC and illustrates how these crucially affect the magnitude of final estimates. Building on a social welfare framework, we discuss the treatment of risk, time (discounting), and inequality (equity weights). Moreover, we present the normative choices related to how SCC estimates monetize non-market damage, in particular the loss of human lives. Based on a database of 515 studies with original SCC estimates (Tol, 2026), we document how the literature deals with these normative issues. In doing so, we find significant variation in the treatment of normative aspects across studies, but also across different normative dimensions. For instance, while the literature justifies the use of a time discount rate based on the assumption of diminishing marginal utility, equity aspects between countries or regions are often ignored. We conclude by stressing that while the SCC can help structuring societal deliberation about climate policy, greater clarity and transparency on the underlying normative assumptions is necessary. |
| Abstract: | Die sozialen Kosten von Kohlenstoff (SCC) sind das zentrale Konzept der Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse in der Klimawirtschaft. Die SCC geben Aufschluss über die Dringlichkeit klimapolitischer Maßnahmen, da sie den Barwert der erwarteten zukünftigen Schäden ausdrücken, die mit der Emission einer zusätzlichen Tonne CO2 verbunden sind. Dieser Beitrag fasst die wichtigsten normativen Annahmen zusammen, die der Berechnung der SCC zugrunde liegen, und veranschaulicht, wie diese die Höhe der endgültigen Schätzungen entscheidend beeinflussen. Aufbauend auf einem Rahmenkonzept der sozialen Wohlfahrt diskutieren wir die Behandlung von Risiko, Zeit (Diskontierung) und Ungleichheit (Gerechtigkeitsgewichte). Darüber hinaus stellen wir die normativen Entscheidungen vor, die damit zusammenhängen, wie SCC-Schätzungen nichtmarktbezogene Schäden, insbesondere den Verlust von Menschenleben, monetarisieren. Basierend auf einer Datenbank mit 515 Studien mit originären SCC-Schätzungen (Tol, 2026) dokumentieren wir, wie die Literatur mit diesen normativen Fragen umgeht. Dabei stellen wir erhebliche Unterschiede in der Behandlung normativer Aspekte nicht nur zwischen den Studien, sondern auch zwischen verschiedenen normativen Dimensionen fest. Während die Literatur beispielsweise die Verwendung eines zeitlichen Diskontsatzes auf der Grundlage der Annahme abnehmender Grenznutzen rechtfertigt, werden Gerechtigkeitsaspekte zwischen Ländern oder Regionen oft ignoriert. Abschließend betonen wir, dass die GSK zwar dazu beitragen kann, die gesellschaftliche Debatte über Klimapolitik zu strukturieren, jedoch mehr Klarheit und Transparenz hinsichtlich der zugrunde liegenden normativen Annahmen erforderlich ist. |
| Keywords: | climate change, social welfare, normativity, discounting, distribution, risk, value-neutrality |
| JEL: | D61 D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:341095 |
| By: | Hanwei Huang; Yuyuan Yu |
| Abstract: | While import restrictions are increasingly deployed to achieve non-trade objectives such as environmental protection, they often create distortions and leakage through illicit trade. We examine this trade-off in the context of China's waste import ban. Although the policy produced measurable improvements in air and water quality, it also induced significant behavioral responses, including surging evasion via quantity underreporting, heightened smuggling-related criminal activity, and deteriorating performance among affected firms. To quantify the welfare effects, we develop a hybrid sufficient statistic framework that integrates reduced-form evasion elasticities with structural estimates of shadow costs. We find that the environmental gains were more than offset by the costs of smuggling and losses from distortions. |
| Keywords: | Waste, Smuggling, Quota, Pollution, Firm Performance, Sufficient Statistics, Welfare, China |
| Date: | 2026–05–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2181 |
| By: | Castellini, Marta; Ushakova, Nadezhda; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | Although the circular economy (CE) is recognised as a key climate mitigation strategy, its integration within global climate frameworks, such as those developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Assessment Reports, remains unclear. This study provides a systematic analysis of how the circular economy is framed in the climate-mitigation context of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report using a mixed-methods approach that combines computational text analysis with qualitative content analysis through sentence-level manual coding. Eight Chapters relevant to the mitigation were examined and findings show that CE is most frequently framed as a supporting strategy (44.3%), followed by implicit (29.3%) and primary roles (26.4%), while being unevenly distributed across sectors, with the strongest representation in industry. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2026–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:401219 |
| By: | Cass, Leanne; Frattini, Federico Fabi; Saussay, Aurelien; Sato, Misato; Vona, Francesco |
| Abstract: | There is growing evidence that green jobs have higher skill requirements, but whether they offer sufficient wage incentives to encourage workers to acquire those skills remains unclear. We study the green wage premium and its drivers to isolate the average return to green tasks using online job vacancy (OJV) data for EU countries over the period 2018-2023. We develop a transparent LLM-based approach to classify job vacancies as green when they list at least one green task. Green jobs pay a premium of 5.5% relative to comparable postings within the same occupation, and this estimate is little changed when controlling for nonmonetary job attributes making these jobs more attractive. Roughly half of this premium is explained by firm fixed effects, consistent with an important role for firm rents. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the higher skill complexity explains a further one tenth of the premium, leaving a residual return to green tasks of around 2%. The green wage premium is higher outside the manufacturing sector, and for low-carbon roles. |
| Keywords: | green wage premium; skill gaps; green tasks; LLM |
| JEL: | J24 J60 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138454 |
| By: | Nehrkorn, Katarina (Resources for the Future); Elkerbout, Milan (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | With the growing number of carbon pricing policies and border measures around the world, a central challenge is determining how to account for carbon prices that are already paid in the country of origin. Border measures are typically designed to prevent carbon leakage by equalizing carbon costs across jurisdictions, but doing so requires translating diverse carbon pricing designs into comparable measures of carbon cost. Without such recognition, producers may effectively be charged twice for the same ton of carbon emitted.As the first operational carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM), the EU CBAM provides a concrete framework for addressing this issue. The regulation does so by specifying that “an authorized declarant may claim … a reduction in the number of CBAM certificates to be surrendered … only if the carbon price has been effectively paid in the country of origin, ” and that “any rebate or other form of compensation” must be taken into account (Regulation (EU) 2023/956 establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Article 9). This requirement highlights a central challenge: determining what constitutes a carbon price that has been “effectively paid, ” particularly across jurisdictions with different policy designs.This “double counting” concern is particularly salient in a world where carbon pricing also occurs at the subnational level. In countries such as the United States, Canada, and China, carbon pricing systems often operate at the state or provincial level. As interest in carbon pricing continues to grow, partly due to the crediting mechanism of the EU CBAM (Clausing et al. 2024), the question of whether and how to recognize these subnational policies becomes increasingly important for the incentives it creates. In a country like the United States, where a national carbon price is currently politically unlikely, maintaining incentives for states to enact carbon pricing may be attractive to support emissions reductions.Determining how to account for carbon prices already paid is not a purely technical exercise. Different approaches lead to different economic and geopolitical outcomes via spillover incentives, environmental effectiveness, administrative complexity, and international equity. More flexible approaches to recognizing carbon pricing may better encourage policy spillovers; however, this may weaken the ability of the implementing jurisdiction to protect their industry and equalize carbon costs.This issue brief investigates how carbon prices paid in a country of origin could be accounted for under border measures, with a particular focus on subnational carbon pricing systems. We begin by discussing the relevance of subnational policies in international trade and the extent to which they already shape market access and regulatory conditions. We then outline the key challenges associated with defining “effective payment, ” particularly in the context of subnational carbon pricing systems. Building on a framework proposed by Wildgrube et al. (2024), we evaluate different approaches to crediting carbon prices—including actual payment, average price, and hybrid methods—and assess how these approaches shape incentives for producers, subnational jurisdictions, and importing authorities. Throughout, we highlight the trade-offs between administrative feasibility, accuracy in measuring effective carbon costs, and the broader implications for policy design. We illustrate these issues using trade between the European Union and California as a motivating case study. |
| Date: | 2026–05–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:ibrief:ib-26-04 |
| By: | Sebastian Galiani; Franco Mettola La Giglia; Raul A. Sosa |
| Abstract: | Public summaries of IPCC climate assessments lean toward the more severe end of the technical evidence. The pattern appears at two stages: the IPCC’s lead authors and member governments produce the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) from the Technical Summary (TS), and newspapers then cover the SPM. We use LLMs to score about 114, 000 matched claim pairs from all six Assessment Reports (1990 to 2023) and ten major US and UK outlets. Both stages systematically shift toward the more severe end of the source while staying inside the IPCC’s accepted scientific ranges. The shift comes mainly from emphasizing higher-impact magnitudes within reported ranges, less from uncertainty compression, and almost none from selecting worst-case emissions scenarios. Left- and right-leaning outlets show similar patterns. |
| JEL: | D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35216 |
| By: | Alvaro Pedraza; Tomas Williams; Federica Zeni |
| Abstract: | Although the climate benefit of carbon abatement does not depend on where it occurs, firms do not treat carbon offsets as geographically fungible. Using transaction-level data on corporate retirements in voluntary carbon markets, we show that foreign firms retire disproportionately more offsets in countries where they operate, but these local retirements are systematically lower quality than the same firms' retirements elsewhere. We distinguish two mechanisms. Operational presence may improve screening of local projects, or it may raise the private value of visible local sourcing. The evidence supports the second mechanism. The quality gap declines with firm experience, consistent with learning, but is strongest in settings where local visibility is likely to matter most, including countries with higher climate ambition and weaker governance. Subsidiary-entry events corroborate the within-firm pattern: when a firm establishes a new subsidiary in a country, retirements there rise sharply, but these offsets come from lower-quality projects than the firm's retirements in other countries. Finally, in project segments where demand is dominated by firms with local operations, prices are less closely aligned with project integrity. The results reveal a demand-side distortion in markets for global public goods, whereby location-specific reputational benefits shift demand toward lower-quality supply and weaken the informational content of prices. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary carbon markets; Operational footprint; Local Goodwill; Carbon offset quality. |
| JEL: | F18 L14 Q54 Q58 G32 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gwc:wpaper:2026-010 |
| By: | Sandra Bohmann; Lars Felder; Peter Haan; Merve Kucuk; ; Laura Schmitz; Jürgen Schupp |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing can deliver large emissions reductions, but public opposition remains a key barrier. We study how support for carbon tax-and-transfer schemes depends on policy design and information provision in a large-scale survey experiment with German respondents. Explaining the policy mechanism robustly increases support across price levels. Information on distributional consequences raises support only when revenue recycling is sufficiently generous, and can secure majority approval even at high carbon prices. Individualized cost information increases support among those who overestimated costs, with no backlash for under-estimators when redistribution is high. These effects operate through distinct fairness channels: information shapes both self- and other-regarding justice perceptions, and while self-interest predicts support, other-regarding concerns — particularly for the poor — are an independent driver of policy acceptance. Our findings suggest that political feasibility hinges not only on policy design, but on making the mechanism understood and its distributional implications visible. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, distributional effects, public support, justice perceptions |
| JEL: | Q52 Q58 H23 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2164 |
| By: | Léa Marquet (Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Philippe-E. Roche (NEEL - HELFA - Hélium : du fondamental aux applications - NEEL - Institut Néel - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Gaëlle Lefort (Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Tamara Ben-Ari (Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Global passenger air traffic has rapidly rebounded after the lifting of COVID-19 travel restrictions, often exceeding pre-pandemic levels. However, evidence on whether business travel has undergone lasting, sector-specific reconfigurations remains scarce. Here we provide a large-scale post-pandemic sectoral analysis, focusing on academia, a highly airmobile sector but equipped with digital alternatives to physical travel. Using a comprehensive French national dataset covering more than 110 000 academic staff and nearly one million business trips between 2019 and 2024, we show that academic air travel has not rebounded but instead stabilized at around 50% of its pre-pandemic level. This decline holds across distances, research disciplines, and travel motives, and translates into a twofold reduction in travel-related greenhouse gas emissions, well beyond institutional climate targets. A decomposition indicates that this reduction is primarily driven by a contraction in flight frequency. Although rail travel declined relative to 2019, we document a marked air-to-rail modal shift at a continental scale and a relative increase in long-distance rail travel. Together, these patterns point to a durable reconfiguration of professional mobility norms rather than a demand contraction. The pronounced drop observed in this sector contrasts sharply with national and Western European air mobility trends, challenging narratives of an inevitable post-covid rebound. This reconfiguration of mobility patterns in academia also challenges influential notions such as the ‘knowledge-action gap' and the ‘fly or die' hypothesis, and provides new insights into the relationship between environmental awareness, professional constraints, and behavior. More broadly, the emergence of these new mobility norms, which occurred in the absence of binding regulations, highlights the role of social and organizational dynamics in driving low-carbon transitions and shaping mobility-related mitigation strategies. |
| Keywords: | behavior change, modal shift, air mobility, academic carbon footprint |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05618002 |
| By: | Eduardo S Rodriguez-Canales (DANCE - Dynamics and Control of Networks - Centre Inria de l'Université Grenoble Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - GIPSA-PAD - GIPSA Pôle Automatique et Diagnostic - GIPSA-lab - Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Paolo Frasca (DANCE - Dynamics and Control of Networks - Centre Inria de l'Université Grenoble Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - GIPSA-PAD - GIPSA Pôle Automatique et Diagnostic - GIPSA-lab - Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Alain Y Kibangou (DANCE - Dynamics and Control of Networks - Centre Inria de l'Université Grenoble Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - GIPSA-PAD - GIPSA Pôle Automatique et Diagnostic - GIPSA-lab - Grenoble Images Parole Signal Automatique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Policies promoting green transportation, particularly cycling, are gaining importance in the context of climate change. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind cycling adoption, this paper proposes a novel compartmental model, which incorporates the time-varying effects of both social influence and contextual factors. We provide a mathematical analysis of the model, showing global convergence to an equilibrium. We also developed a case study of Grenoble, France, which showcases the model's ability to characterize cycling adoption dynamics, highlighting its potential to support sustainable transportation policy design. |
| Date: | 2026–09–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05622159 |
| By: | Sarah Teigeiro; Sophie Bernard; Jean-Marc Frayret |
| Abstract: | The inherent complexity of the tourism industry has led to the emergence of numerous ecolabels or environmental calculators, which frequently suffer from a lack of rigour, transparency, and standardisation, thereby hindering the clear identification of more sustainable offerings. To address these challenges, this study proposes a four-step systematic method for applying a modular multidimensional framework to assess eco-efficiency in tourism systems. By decomposing the complexity of tourism systems into distinct modular components, the framework facilitates a systematic evaluation and flexible configuration with standardised eco-efficiency factors. The framework’s versatility is demonstrated through two application perspectives, namely, an outfitter as a hospitality service provider and a tour operator, illustrating how modularity enables the development of flexible eco-efficient scenarios across different levels of the tourism value chain. Using the case of halieutic tourism, the findings suggest that outfitter hospitality services transitioning to renewable energy can support a reduction in their environmental impact. However, they should account for potential shifts in impact and consider demand reduction strategies. From the tour operator’s perspective, transportation is the predominant source of impacts in tourism packages. While extending the duration of trips decreases impacts on a per-day basis, it increases overall impacts; thus, assessments should also consider annual travel patterns at the individual level and occupation rates of services consumed. This modular approach holds potential to improve the reliability of tourism calculators or ecolabels by fostering standardization alongside adaptability, providing a robust tool for transparent and effective sustainability certification or other means. La complexité inhérente à l’industrie du tourisme a conduit à l’émergence de nombreux écolabels ou calculateurs environnementaux, qui souffrent fréquemment d’un manque de rigueur, de transparence et de standardisation, rendant difficile l’identification claire des offres les plus durables. Pour répondre à ces défis, cette étude propose une méthode systématique en quatre étapes permettant d’appliquer un cadre modulaire multidimensionnel afin d’évaluer l’éco-efficacité des systèmes touristiques. En décomposant la complexité des systèmes touristiques en composantes modulaires distinctes, ce cadre facilite une évaluation systématique ainsi qu’une configuration flexible reposant sur des facteurs d’éco-efficacité standardisés. La polyvalence du cadre est démontrée à travers deux perspectives d’application : celle d’un pourvoyeur en tant que prestataire de services d’hébergement, et celle d’un voyagiste. Cela illustre la manière dont la modularité permet de développer des scénarios éco-efficients flexibles à différents niveaux de la chaîne de valeur touristique. En prenant le cas du tourisme halieutique, les résultats suggèrent que les services d’hébergement des pourvoyeurs qui adoptent les énergies renouvelables peuvent contribuer à réduire leur impact environnemental. Toutefois, ils doivent tenir compte des possibles transferts d’impact et envisager des stratégies de réduction de la demande. Du point de vue du voyagiste, le transport constitue la principale source d’impacts dans les forfaits touristiques. Bien qu’un allongement de la durée des séjours réduise les impacts rapportés à la journée, il augmente les impacts globaux ; les évaluations devraient donc également prendre en compte les habitudes annuelles de déplacement à l’échelle individuelle ainsi que les taux d’occupation des services consommés. Cette approche modulaire présente un potentiel pour améliorer la fiabilité des calculateurs touristiques ou des écolabels en favorisant à la fois la standardisation et l’adaptabilité, offrant ainsi un outil robuste pour une certification durable transparente et efficace, ou pour d’autres dispositifs similaires. |
| Keywords: | Tourism sustainability, Eco-efficiency, Modularity, Ecolabels, Service design, Life cycle assessment (LCA), durabilité du tourisme, éco-efficacité, modularité, écolabels, conception de services, analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) |
| Date: | 2026–05–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2026s-09 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Climate policy is increasingly reshaping the conditions under which firms participate in international markets. As some jurisdictions introduce carbon border adjustments, lifecycle emissions standards, and supply-chain traceability requirements, market access is starting to be made conditional on verifiable characteristics of production processes, such as carbon intensity, embedded emissions, and input sourcing, rather than solely on product characteristics or prices. This paper examines how these emerging climate-linked measures operate as eligibility regimes that require firms to measure, document, and verify embedded emissions and supply-chain attributes, using standardized methodologies. To clarify the economic logic of these mechanisms, the paper first makes a functional comparison with rules of origin, highlighting common features related to eligibility criteria, documentation, and supply-chain tracing. It then analyzes the European Union Batteries Regulation, which links market participation to lifecycle carbon-footprint disclosure and traceability, and the United States Inflation Reduction Act, which aimed to reshape supply chains through localization incentives and manufacturing subsidies. The paper finally examines the strategic responses available to economies outside the main standard-setting blocs, including regulatory alignment, dual compliance across regulatory regimes, and market reorientation toward less-demanding jurisdictions. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_11-26 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Climate policy is increasingly reshaping the conditions under which firms participate in international markets. As some jurisdictions introduce carbon border adjustments, lifecycle emissions standards, and supply-chain traceability requirements, market access is starting to be made conditional on verifiable characteristics of production processes, such as carbon intensity, embedded emissions, and input sourcing, rather than solely on product characteristics or prices. This paper examines how these emerging climate-linked measures operate as eligibility regimes that require firms to measure, document, and verify embedded emissions and supply-chain attributes, using standardized methodologies. To clarify the economic logic of these mechanisms, the paper first makes a functional comparison with rules of origin, highlighting common features related to eligibility criteria, documentation, and supply-chain tracing. It then analyzes the European Union Batteries Regulation, which links market participation to lifecycle carbon-footprint disclosure and traceability, and the United States Inflation Reduction Act, which aimed to reshape supply chains through localization incentives and manufacturing subsidies. The paper finally examines the strategic responses available to economies outside the main standard-setting blocs, including regulatory alignment, dual compliance across regulatory regimes, and market reorientation toward less-demanding jurisdictions. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pp11_26 |
| By: | Chanda, Arka |
| Abstract: | This report analyses emerging best practice on just transition in listed equity markets, drawing on the practices and policies of a subset of investment managers (IMs) focused on sustainable and socially responsible investing. It examines how just transition considerations are being embedded within investment policies and practices, and identifies the current frontiers of just transition practice in this asset class. Listed equity markets represent one of the most significant pools of capital with direct exposure to sectors central to a low-carbon transition, and therefore also to just transition risks and opportunities. While climate considerations and now relatively well established within listed equity markets and strategies, the integration of just transition considerations remains comparatively nascent. Understanding what is happening at the forefront of current just transition practice in listed equities is therefore both timely and necessary. The report draws on a review of policy and reporting documentation, alongside a series of semi‑structured interviews with 26 IMs leading on sustainability practice in listed equities. The sample is not representative of the entire market, but rather, a selection designed to explore the evolving frontiers of just transition practice in listed equities, as well as the key opportunities and barriers to further progress. |
| Keywords: | capital markets; institutional investors; agriculture and nature; energy; industry; global; policy |
| JEL: | F3 G3 R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2026–05–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138506 |
| By: | Nguyen, Manh-Hung |
| Abstract: | Anticipated carbon pricing and biodiversity regulation turn agricultural subsidies into stranded assets. In a continuous-time model of partially irreversible capital under Poisson policy arrival, calibrated to Danish dairy, the stranding loss is strictly convex in the capital overhang. Under full pass-through of CAP support into livestock capital, Common Agricultural Policy payments amplify the loss by a factor of 13.2; at a 25% pass-through the multiplier is 1.7. A second biodiversity risk contracts the capital target by 60 percent; expected stranding losses are super-modular in the subsidy pair in the risk-neutral benchmark and satisfy the same ranking numer-ically in the calibrated HJB, so joint reform dominates staged reform. The welfare-maximising subsidy is zero once the social cost of methane exceeds e 19/tCO2e. |
| Keywords: | irreversible investment; policy risk; stranded assets; carbon taxation; biodiversity regulation; subsidy design |
| JEL: | E22 H23 Q18 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:131713 |
| By: | Miller, Marshall; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | California has set some of the most ambitious clean-truck goals in the world. Governor Newsom’s 2020 Executive Order includes a goal that all medium- and heavy-duty trucks be zero-emission by 2045 where feasible. To meet this goal, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) approved two regulations focusing on trucks—the Advanced Clean Trucks rule, requiring manufacturers to sell zero-emission trucks (ZETs), and the Advanced Clean Fleets rule, requiring fleets to purchase them. Both rules are not currently active, but the targets and aggressive schedules for ZET adoption re-main. This situation creates uncertainty for manufacturers, fleets, and infrastructure providers. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2026–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8bw8b4fx |
| By: | Brimbella, Emma Minerva |
| Abstract: | Globally, 87% of textile fibers end up incinerated or in landfills, with Chile bearing the brunt of this crisis. Every year, 39, 000 tons of discarded clothing are illegally dumped in the Atacama Desert, turning it into a sacrifice zone for the Global North's waste economy. In response, Chile introduced the “National Solid Waste Policy 2018–2030” to regulate textile waste, yet its gaps perpetuate rather than resolve environmental injustice and existing power relations. This research addresses the question, how does the “National Solid Waste Policy 2018–2030“ contribute to the reproduction of existing power relations in the Atacama Desert? Applying Lukes' three‐dimensional power framework, this research argues the policy excludes marginalized communities (first dimension), shields Global North actors from accountability (second dimension), and depoliticizes textile dumping as a technical issue (third dimension). To break this cycle, urgent preventive measures—including Extended Producer Responsibility laws, trade reforms, and the formalization of informal waste workers—must be implemented before 2030. Still, prevention alone is insufficient. This research advances a bold restoration strategy, inspired by ocean cleanup initiatives, to convert textile waste into renewable biofuels. |
| Keywords: | Atacama desert; Chile; policy; textile dumping |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138057 |
| By: | Koichiro Ito; James M. Sallee; Jonathan (Andrew) Smith |
| Abstract: | How should policymakers evaluate policy impacts when firms design products for global markets? Standard economic analyses typically focus on domestic outcomes, implicitly assuming that policies affect only the jurisdiction in which they are enacted. Yet multinational firms often harmonize product design across markets, creating the potential for policies implemented in one country to generate global spillovers through changes in product attributes. We call this phenomenon "attribute propagation" and develop a framework to measure and assess its quantitative importance. Applying this framework to an environmental policy affecting automobiles, we find that a fuel-economy subsidy in Japan led to significant improvements in the fuel economy of vehicles sold in the United States. We then develop a model of multinational automobile markets featuring cross-market cost complementarity as a key mechanism driving attribute propagation. Using the estimated model, we conduct counterfactual simulations to quantify environmental benefits accounting for the policy’s global spillover effects. We find that global spillover effects are first-order—a majority of the CO2 emissions reductions induced by the Japanese policy arise through its impact on the U.S. automobile market. These findings suggest that standard economic analyses that abstract from attribute propagation can substantially understate the full policy impact. More broadly, attribute propagation provides a new lens for evaluating environmental, safety, antitrust, and technology policies in a global economy. |
| JEL: | L0 Q4 Q5 R4 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35197 |
| By: | Otaviano Canuto; Jorge Arbache |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization is reconfiguring global relative prices. As clean energy, natural capital, and location-specific assets become dominant industrial inputs, the relative cost of producing low-carbon goods is increasingly determined by geography. Two systematic distortions explain why the expected reallocation of investment toward renewable-rich economies remains incomplete. First, industrial policy interventions, including subsidies, trade barriers, and certification systems, disconnect effective prices from underlying structural costs. Second, institutional failures create demand uncertainty that leaves structurally competitive projects unbankable. Together, these distortions generate static misallocation, leading to slower technological learning, higher fiscal burdens, delayed emissions reductions, and suppressed industrial opportunities in developing economies. This paper is part of broader research on powershoring and green comparative advantage, which focuses on the idea that decarbonization is a spatial and price reorganization of global production, in addition to a technological transition. |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_13-26 |
| By: | Jorge Arbache; Otaviano Canuto |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization is reconfiguring global relative prices. As clean energy, natural capital, and location-specific assets become dominant industrial inputs, the relative cost of producing low-carbon goods is increasingly determined by geography. Two systematic distortions explain why the expected reallocation of investment toward renewable-rich economies remains incomplete. First, industrial policy interventions, including subsidies, trade barriers, and certification systems, disconnect effective prices from underlying structural costs. Second, institutional failures create demand uncertainty that leaves structurally competitive projects unbankable. Together, these distortions generate static misallocation, leading to slower technological learning, higher fiscal burdens, delayed emissions reductions, and suppressed industrial opportunities in developing economies. This paper is part of broader research on powershoring and green comparative advantage, which focuses on the idea that decarbonization is a spatial and price reorganization of global production, in addition to a technological transition. |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pp13_26 |
| By: | Léonard Moulin; Valeria Maria Urbano; Lorenzo Maraviglia |
| Abstract: | Congestion pricing policies have been implemented in several cities to reduce traffic congestion and mitigate environmental impacts in urban areas. However, the externalities of such policies may extend beyond traffic reduction, potentially generating indirect effects on health and, consequently, on children’s educational outcomes. This study examines the impact of the congestion policy Area C introduced in Milan in 2012 on the academic performance of primary school pupils. Using a differencein- differences design and individual-level data from academic years 2009/2010 to 2018/2019, we analyze students’ outcomes across grades and subjects based on standardized tests from INVALSI. Our findings show statistically significant positive effects for second-grade students in both Mathematics and Italian, while no significant effects emerge for fifth-grade students. Moreover, the effects are heterogeneous across parental occupational backgrounds, with the largest gains observed among children from lower occupational backgrounds. Our results show that environmental regulation can generate meaningful equity-enhancing effects, narrowing early academic inequalities that mirror the socioeconomic structure of the city. |
| Keywords: | Low-emission zones, congestion policy, air pollution, student achievement, educational inequality, difference-in-differences, Italy, REUSSITE SCOLAIRE / EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, POPULATION SCOLAIRE / SCHOOL POPULATION, ENSEIGNEMENT PRIMAIRE / PRIMARY EDUCATION, CIRCULATION URBAINE / URBAN TRAFFIC, POLITIQUE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT / ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, POLLUTION ATMOSPHERIQUE / AIR POLLUTION, ITALIE / ITALY |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idg:wpaper:fbdrrp4bvb1v4zsxa0xr |
| By: | Howai, Niko; Bian, Alice; De Guzman-Mortillero, Arnica; Robinson, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Mangroves, especially in coastal areas, provide collective benefits to households, not just individuals. In this study, we undertake a comparison of individuals’ and couples’ intra-household decision-making on preferences for mangrove preservation expenditure and benefits using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) in Palawan province in the Philippines. We find that men’s and women’s individual preferences differ when responding separately to the survey, and that their joint preferences align more with the men’s preferences. We also conducted in-depth interviews with a subset of the population considered to be marginalised and exempt from contributing to mangrove preservation payments under the DCE. The findings from the exemption interviews suggest strong support for community co-management of mangrove marine protected areas (MPAs), provided that income-generating alternative livelihood projects are created. This, in turn, is combined with the couples’ preferences in the DCE. The resulting preferences for mangrove benefits and their valuation can be used to inform the design and financing of MPAs that include co-managed mangrove protection and restoration projects with locals, as well as policies for the use of mangrove resources on the island. |
| Keywords: | discrete choice experiment; intra-household preferences; in-depth interviews; hierarchical Bayesian logit; mangroves |
| JEL: | C11 C52 D12 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026–05–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:138521 |
| By: | Dongping Liu; Aoyu Zhang; Luyao Zhang |
| Abstract: | Advances in quantum computing introduce long-term security challenges for widely deployed public-key cryptographic systems used across blockchain platforms and decentralized applications. Although post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards are emerging, understanding quantum risk remains fragmented across research, engineering, governance, and investment communities. This demo presents Quantum Futures Interactive, a live interdisciplinary demonstration platform combining educational visualization, participatory interaction, and cryptographic artifact generation to illustrate the transition from classical to quantum-resilient blockchain systems. Participants engage in a structured interaction flow including quantum threat education, sentiment capture, technology prioritization, infrastructure tradeoff exploration, and generation of post-quantum cryptographic outputs. The system integrates distributed trust concepts, sustainability-aware infrastructure considerations, and responsible innovation within an interactive decision framework. The demonstration supports interdisciplinary dialogue on blockchain resilience while aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2605.15991 |
| By: | Abrell, Jan; Zaklan, Aleksandar |
| Abstract: | We analyze the extent to which marginal producers in four European day-ahead electricity markets pass through short-run marginal cost, and its components fuel and carbon cost, to wholesale electricity prices. Parametric estimates show that pass-through is complete in France and Germany, and incomplete in the Iberian and Dutch markets, mainly driven by fuel cost. For carbon cost, pass-through is more heterogeneous, with the evidence suggesting over-shifting in Germany and the Netherlands. Semi-parametric estimates show that pass-through increases with demand. In sum, we show that despite being located in interconnected power markets, electricity consumers receive different fuel and carbon price signals. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 L94 Q41 |
| Date: | 2026–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2026/04 |
| By: | David Newbery |
| Keywords: | Transmission constraints, access regimes, variable renewable electricity, storage, curtailment, zonal pricing |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2608 |
| By: | Maksymilian Bielecki; Anna Kowalska-Pyzalska; Ewa Neska |
| Abstract: | Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) are a key instrument of the EU's participatory energy transition, yet their uptake remains negligible in Central and Eastern Europe despite rapid prosumer growth. This study examines how Polish photovoltaic prosumers and prospective adopters (N = 969) evaluate design trade-offs embedded in alternative REC models and how these evaluations shape participation intentions. Using exploratory factor analysis, hierarchical OLS regression, and quantile regression, we identify the attitudinal structure underlying REC acceptance and capture heterogeneity across the willingness distribution. The results show that preferences for risk sharing consistently predict higher participation readiness across all motivation levels (β = 0.24, p |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Community; participation intentions; quantile regression; risk sharing; prosumer behaviour; Poland |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 D91 O33 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahh:wpaper:worms2602 |
| By: | Ferid Belhaj |
| Abstract: | The International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) 2025 advisory opinion on climate change marks a significant expansion of international law into the governance of global public goods. By framing climate inaction as a potential violation of international law and human rights, the Court advances a progressive legal agenda that extends beyond existing political consensus and enforcement capacity. This article develops a realist critique of the ruling that avoids both legal romanticism and nihilism. It argues that the opinion cannot compel state compliance in an anarchic system characterized by sovereignty, power asymmetries, and strategic interests, and that excessive judicial ambition may risk undermining institutional credibility. At the same time, the article contends that, in the context of climate change as an existential risk, normative ambition by international courts can be strategically consequential. The ICJ’s climate opinion functions less as enforceable law than as a mechanism for reshaping legitimacy, empowering litigation and civil society, and increasing the political costs of inaction. The ruling thus reveals a central paradox of international law under realism: law cannot govern without power, yet it can still influence power by redefining the terms of political contestation. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_09-26 |
| By: | WANG, JIAXI |
| Abstract: | The article proposes "Lagoon Wallet" as a public-learning prototype for blue carbon in transitional waters, using the Venice Lagoon as its case. Through a playable ledger interface, the project translates ecological indicators such as water transparency, disturbance frequency, and seagrass coverage into traceable public entries. Methodologically, the study develops a three-layer mapping structure of indicator, state, and mechanism, and combines it with lightweight user testing (N = 12) to evaluate causal retelling, ledger consultation, and recognition of unsettled boundaries. What it adds is a portable ledger interface, a structured method for translating ecological indicators into public design, and a reusable lightweight evaluation framework. The prototype helps make blue carbon discussable without turning ecological uncertainty into a false sense of settlement. |
| Date: | 2026–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8hpcw_v1 |
| By: | Daniel Herrera-Araujo; Henrik Andersson; Damien Dussaux; Maria Kostopoulou; Olof Bystrom |
| Abstract: | Cancer can result from exposure to various environmental contaminants and chemicals, including heavy metals, pesticides and pathogens. In addition to the risk of mortality, cancer can also lead to non-fatal health effects that degrade patients' quality of life. However, no comprehensive study to-date has assessed the morbidity burden of cancer, making it difficult to quantify its true economic impact. This paper seeks to fill that gap. It presents findings from a new stated preference study examining individuals’ willingness-to-pay to avoid the physical, emotional and economic burdens of surviving cancer across 10 countries (Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States). It serves as a component of a broader project on Surveys on Willingness-to-Pay to Avoid Negative Chemicals-Related Health Effects (SWACHE) seeking to establish internationally comparable values for the willingness-to-pay to avoid negative health effects due to chemicals exposure. The findings presented herein can be used in cost-benefit analyses of policies that affect exposure to known or suspected carcinogens, contributing to more effective and equitable public health protection. |
| Keywords: | cancer, chemicals regulation, economic valuation, health risk, health valuation, monetised benefits, morbidity valuation, non-fatal cancer, non-market valuation, stated preferences, surveys, value of a statistical case, willingness-to-pay |
| JEL: | D61 I18 J17 K32 Q51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–05–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:274-en |
| By: | Bokes, Jakub |
| JEL: | B14 B24 P2 P3 |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123678 |
| By: | Jana A. Eccard (University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology - University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam); Jasmin Firozpoor (University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology - University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam); Mario Escobar (University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology - University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam); Maxime Galan (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Nathalie Charbonnel (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - délégation Occitanie - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Animal personality influences organismal interactions and individual habitat use. Rodents are zoonoses reservoirs and often exposed to several pathogens simultaneously, potentially resulting in interdependence of infections and susceptibility to infection. Still, entire pathogen communities are rarely investigated, even though, given rodents ubiquity in human settlements, understanding the link between animal personality and pathogenesis is an important public health issue. We investigated the association of animal personality with pathogen communities in wild rodents, analysing ectoparasite occurrence and pathogenic bacteria of 93 individuals belonging to 3 species from urban and forest areas around Potsdam, Germany. Individual personality was quantified using a combination of openfield and dark-light test. Rodents were then euthanised and screened for pathogens in the spleen through 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and ectoparasites were collected. We detected 6 pathogenic bacteria and 3 ectoparasite taxa. Host species and sampling time explained most of the variation in pathogen associations, but within each genus, 7-9% of the variation was explained by animal personality. Active rodents were more likely infected by Bartonella than less active ones. Bold animals had lower tick infestation probabilities. Thus, animal personality contributes to the distribution and prevalence of pathogens in wild rodents, and should be considered in epidemiology and disease management. |
| Keywords: | Bartonella, Borrelia, Mycoplasma, Sarcocystidae, Apodemus, Clethrionomys, Myodes, Behaviour, Animal personality, Activity |
| Date: | 2026–05–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05618792 |
| By: | Isabel Figuerola-Ferretti; Eduardo S. Schwartz |
| Abstract: | Hydropower is a renewable and flexible energy source that provides essential storage capacity and enhances grid stability. Among storage technologies, pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) remains the most cost-effective solution for long-duration energy storage and plays a key role in power systems with increasing penetration of variable renewable energy. As electricity prices become more relevant under the energy transition, understanding the optimal operation and valuation of PHES assets is increasingly important from a financial perspective. This paper develops a market-based framework that models a PHES facility as a profit-maximizing asset operating in liberalized electricity markets. Using an optimal control approach calibrated with real life technical and operational parameters of the La Muela pumped storage plant and observed electricity prices from the Spanish wholesale market, the model derives an economically intuitive trigger (switching) price governing optimal pumping and generation decisions while accounting for reservoir water inventory dynamics and electricity price uncertainty. The results show that inventory dynamics and electricity price seasonality are central to PHES valuation and optimal operation. |
| JEL: | G19 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35201 |
| By: | Joséphine Gantois; Anouch Missirian; Evelina Linnros; Anna Tompsett; Amir Jina; Gordon C. McCord; Eyal G. Frank |
| Abstract: | Monitoring systems for disaster prevention are costly, and measuring benefits is difficult when monitoring effort is endogenous. We provide the first causal estimate of one such system's impact using three decades of desert locust monitoring data. We document conflict-induced interruptions to monitoring in remote breeding areas, reconstruct how infestations spread to populated areas, and show that exposure to locust swarms around birth decreases child height-for-age, increasing stunting risk by over 7 percentage points. Eliminating the locust monitoring system would induce annual losses of US$25 billion, implying a benefit-cost ratio between 160:1 and 680:1 from child nutrition benefits alone. |
| JEL: | I15 O13 Q0 Q5 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35215 |
| By: | WANG, JIAXI |
| Abstract: | The most elaborate, intellectually, of the article’s arguments about urban heat response is the claim that local adaptation depends on whether residents can connect cooling centers, shaded places, and isolated facilities into workable daily routes. Using Gelsenkirchen as a case, the study identifies informal cooling refuges from publicly visible user-generated content and translates these traces into an auditable cooling index. Lightweight proxy checks are then used to ask whether the index remains directionally consistent with known cooling conditions such as canopy, vegetation, and water proximity. It is not a question of formal planning or local evidence, but of making the latter supplement the former. Doing so demands an austere discipline of auditability, detachment from anecdote, and some care about what counts as refuge. One has to understand, for one thing, that heat adaptation cannot be reduced to location alone. One needs access, usability, and everyday climate justice. |
| Date: | 2026–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:eg3hk_v1 |
| By: | Suvy Qin; John L. Voorheis |
| Abstract: | Flooding is among the most salient natural hazards facing households in the United States. A large body of evidence has documented a pattern of disproportionate social vulnerability in floodplains. However, little evidence exists on how household-level exposure to flood risk is distributed. We fill this gap by combining parcel-level flood risk with confidential linked survey and administrative data held at the US Census Bureau. Although net migration to Census blocks in floodplains has increased in recent years, there has been essentially no net migration to parcels with flood risk or change in the overall share of households living in floodplains. Income gradients in flood risk are highly non-linear at the household level, with slightly negative income gradients for the bottom 90 percentiles of the income distribution that are dwarfed by disproportionate exposure in the top decile, especially when considering multiple property ownership. This nonlinearity is largely driven by differences in building type and homeownership within narrow income groups. In contrast to the conclusions in the literature using aggregate data, our household-level analysis suggests that households in floodplains are less disadvantaged and increasingly protected from the impacts of flooding, even as a vulnerable subpopulation of low-income, uninsured homeowners remains. |
| JEL: | Q0 Q5 Q54 R30 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35204 |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Krämer, Christine |
| Abstract: | Im Rahmen des F.R.A.N.Z.-Projekts ("Für Ressourcen, Agrarwirtschaft und Naturschutz mit Zukunft") wurde eine Studie durchgeführt, um die Effizienz der Umsetzung von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen in Deutschland zu steigern. Hintergrund der Studie ist, dass Agrarumweltmaßnahmen bisher selten in Regionen mit intensiver Landwirtschaft umgesetzt wurden. Durch eine stärkere Regionalisierung der Prämien können tendenziell mehr Flächen in Regionen mit intensiver Landwirtschaft erreicht werden, ohne das Budget zu erhöhen. Für die Analyse wurden die Unterschiede der Deckungsbeiträge je Hektar auf Gemeindeebene für das Jahr 2020 auf Basis frei verfügbarer Daten ermittelt. Hierzu wurde ein bestehendes Modell weiterentwickelt. Dabei zeigen sich große regionale Unterschiede in den Deckungsbeiträgen. Insbesondere für verschiedene Agrar- umweltmaßnahmen im Ackerbau wie Blühstreifen, Extensivgetreide und Feldvogelinseln wurden die damit verbundenen Kosten in Abhängigkeit von der intendierten Inanspruchnahme und den angesetzten Lohnkosten berechnet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Teilnahmekosten maßgeblich von den Opportunitätskosten der verdrängten Kulturen beeinflusst werden. Dies erklärt, warum die Kosten für die einzelnen Maßnahmen meist ein sehr ähnliches räumliches Muster aufweisen. Der verwendete Ansatz eignet sich, um die Kosten einer Teilnahme an einer Vielzahl von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen räumlich differenziert abzuschätzen. Wie erwartet, variieren die Kosten von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen stark zwischen den Regionen und hängen maßgeblich von der Intensität der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion ab. Eine regionale Prämiendifferenzierung kann die Effizienz des Mitteleinsatzes für Agrarumweltmaßnahmen verbessern. Mit Hilfe von Verwaltungsdaten (z. B. Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems (InVeKoS)) wäre eine noch differenziertere Betrachtung möglich. |
| Abstract: | As part of the F.R.A.N.Z. project ("For resources, agriculture and nature conservation with a future") a study was conducted to increase the efficiency of the implementation of agri-environmental measures in Germany. The background to the study is that agri-environmental measures have so far rarely been implemented in regions with intensive agriculture. Greater regionalisation of payments would tend to reach more land in regions with intensive agriculture without increasing the overall budget. For the analysis, the differences in gross margins per hectare at the municipal level for the year 2020 were determined on the basis of freely available data. An existing model was further developed for this purpose. This revealed large regional differences in gross margins. In particular, for various agri-environmental measures in arable farming, such as flower strips, extensive cereals and farmland bird plots, the associated costs were calculated as a function of the intended enrolment rate and the assumed labour costs. It can be seen that the opportunity costs of the replaced crops significantly influenced the participation costs in agri-environmental measures. This explains why the costs for the individual measures generally follow a very similar spatial pattern. The approach used is suitable for estimating the costs of participating in a variety of agri-environmental measures on a spatially differentiated basis. As expected, the costs of agri-environmental measures vary greatly between regions and depend largely on the intensity of agricultural production. Regional differentiation of payments can improve the efficiency of the use of funds for agri-environmental measures. The utilisation of administrative data, such as that stored in the integrated accounting and control systems, would enable a more detailed analysis. |
| Keywords: | Agrarumweltmaßnahmen, regionale Prämiendifferenzierung, Biodiversität, gemeinsame Agrarpolitik, agri-environmental measures, regionally differentiated payment rates, biodiversity, commonagricultural policy |
| JEL: | Q18 Q24 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:341105 |
| By: | Ikonnikova, Svetlana; Steinbuks, Jevgenijs |
| Abstract: | This study introduces a novel quantitative method to assess the willingness to pay for emerging technologies, such as hydrogen, as substitutes for fossil fuels in industrial production. A three-step framework is developed to derive the willingness-to-pay function based on industrial competition and market entry theory, relying exclusively on pre-entry market information. First, a system of equations is specified linking domestic consumption, production, and prices to fossil input prices, which proxy marginal production costs. Second, the market equilibrium parameters required for numerical willingness-to-pay estimation are empirically estimated using industry-level data. Third, an industrial competition model incorporating entry by producers adopting new technology is constructed, allowing willingness to pay to be expressed as a function of conventional input costs, operational efficiency, and demand conditions. The framework is applied to hydrogen use in ammonia production, using consumption and trade data from 2000–24 for 16 major fertilizer-producing countries across four regions. The results highlight substantial cross-country heterogeneity, a binding hydrogen price threshold for large-scale adoption, and the limited effectiveness of carbon policies in accelerating hydrogen uptake. |
| Date: | 2026–03–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11338 |
| By: | Newbery, D. M. |
| Abstract: | Variable renewable electricity (VRE) is typically located far from load centres. As marginal curtailment is 3+ times average curtailment, unless transmission is expanded commensurately, VRE curtailment will rise rapidly. This article develops a novel close d-form solution to give formulae for the efficient balance of transmission expansion, renewables capacity and voluntary curtailment in a simplified model where VRE is distant from load. Given equilibrium in demand centres, the solutions are independent of market prices, depending only on cost and technology parameters. If local grid-connected storage covers most of its cost, co-located storage increases its profit for onshore wind and lowers optimal export capacity. The model is calibrated for on-shore British wind. Overhead lines, if built sufficiently rapidly, have little effect on desirable levels of curtailment/congestion for Scottish wind, but for Britain's proposed undersea links high costs increase efficient curtailment to the point where further Scottish wind expansion becomes unprofitable. |
| Keywords: | Transmission Constraints, Access Regimes, Variable Renewable Electricity, Storage, Curtailment, Zonal Pricing |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2026–05–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2638 |
| By: | Gil Aluja, Jaime (Université de Barcelone) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the Theory of Forgotten Effects, which has shown significant promise in developing algorithms applied to practical projects, particularly through the Barcelona Humanist Economy (APPBHE) platform. The theory is rooted in Kaufmann and Gil Aluja’s work, demonstrating its formal novelty and practical usefulness by addressing second-generation effects that frequently go unnoticed in direct interactions. Additionally, the paper discusses an optimization algorithm targeting the decarbonization of Europe. This algorithm facilitates optimal decision-making concerning energy consumption to mitigate CO2 emissions through the production of various goods and services. By incorporating both direct and secondary effects, the algorithm aims to account for previously overlooked impacts. Thus, the framework outlined in this paper supports the formulation of humanistic algorithms capable of addressing diverse social challenges effectively and comprehensively |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ror:wpince:260512 |
| By: | Patrick Guillaumont (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | 1. The allocation of concessional resources, presently reduced, is a crucial issue. How to protect flows to the poorest and most vulnerable countries. 2. Allocation criteria among countries are even more important than the eligibiliy thresholds. 3. Final allocation depends on the balance between bilateral and multilateral. 4. It also depends on the treatment of vertical funds, excessively fragmented 5. Different allocation criteria are required according to goals: development, climate, GPGs. 6. Allocation also depends on how concessional resources are mobilized 7. Balance between needs and effectiveness allocation criteria depends on the goals. 8. Structural vulnerability is a criterion to be considered if consistent with the goals. 9. For MDBs, it is relevant and possible to incorporate vulnerability into the PBA. 10. To be accountable the current system is to be assessed with regard to allocation criteria. |
| Keywords: | Resources allocation, Global public goods, poor and vulnerable countries |
| Date: | 2026–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05614270 |
| By: | Xin Li; Yan Ke; Longbing Cao |
| Abstract: | ESG-aware portfolio optimization is increasingly important for sustainable capital allocation, yet most learning-based methods still operationalize ESG by appending static scores to the policy observation or reward. This creates a mismatch for sequential control: ESG scores are noisy, provider-dependent, low-frequency, and temporally misaligned with sequential portfolio decisions, while financial evidence suggests that ESG is better treated as a portfolio preference, risk-exposure, or hedge dimension than as a robust alpha factor. We propose to impose ESG constraints without modifying the financial policy's observation or reward, using a Multimodal Action-Conditioned Constraint Field (MACF) that learns mechanism-specific ESG costs from point-in-time multimodal evidence and contemplated portfolio transitions. We then introduce MACF-X, a family of optimizer-specific adapters that converts MACF costs and uncertainties into native constrained-optimization interfaces through a shared slack- and uncertainty-aware pressure layer. Across multiple constraint-integration interfaces, MACF-X reduces tail ESG budget pressure while maintaining competitive financial performance. Ablations show that this improvement depends on dynamic evidence inputs and three-head decomposition, while static ESG-score proxies are nearly indistinguishable from score-shuffled noise baselines. |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2605.09310 |
| By: | Isabella Gourevich |
| Abstract: | Recycling and waste trade are increasingly important for mitigating supply risks and en-vironmental concerns associated with raw material imports, yet little is known about the economic and technical potential for substitution between recycled and virgin materials. This paper estimates material-specific cross-price elasticities of substitution using novel global trade data for major recyclable materials from 2013 to 2023, instrumenting vir-gin-material prices with export restrictions. Results show substantial heterogeneity across materials: those with established recycling technologies respond strongly to price incentives, while others display limited substitutability, highlighting the role of technolog-ical feasibility beyond economic viability. Using the estimated elasticities, I evaluate the policy mix required to meet the EU’s 25 percent recycled-content target and document a central misalignment between circular-economy goals and climate-optimal policy. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_427 |
| By: | Will Rafey |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes and applies new methods to value water rights and assess misallocation across competing uses in California, the world’s fourth largest economy. The empirical strategy combines detailed microdata on farms, evapotranspiration, historical water rights, and the hydrological flow network in order to isolate sources of inefficiency within the hydrological network, assess distributional implications of water access under current property rights, and evaluate alternative mechanisms for water reallocation. |
| JEL: | D23 D61 L1 L2 Q1 Q24 Q25 |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35176 |
| By: | Medha Nag Kommaghatta Girish (RWTH Aachen University); Reinhard Madlener (1- Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), School of Business and Economics / E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustrasse 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany; 2- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sentralbygg 1, Gløshaugen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. November 2023) |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can support the development of sentiment-based indicators for technological hype cycles, characterized by optimistic media language during hype phases and negative sentiment during periods of disillusionment. The rapid growth of digital news makes manual tracking of sentiment trends impractical. Traditional computational approaches relying on basic natural language processing often fail to capture context in long-form texts. LLMs offer a scalable alternative by enabling context-aware sentiment analysis across large collections of complex news articles. The study introduces an LLM-driven methodology to analyze temporal sentiment patterns in English-language news coverage over a 16-year period, focusing on carbon removal technologies. The approach extracts sentiments from major news sources and maps them over time to identify media-driven hype dynamics. This framework enables systematic analysis of technologies such as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage, afforestation/reforestation, Direct Air Capture, and ocean-based carbon capture. The key finding is that media sentiment tracking can complement other innovation indicators in the mapping of a Hype Cycle, revealing that CRT domain as a whole is heading towards a plateau of productivity. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Removal Technologies; Hype Cycles; Large Language Models; Sentiment Analysis; Media Discourse |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:022474 |
| By: | Medha Nag Kommaghatta Girish (RWTH Aachen University); Reinhard Madlener (1- Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), School of Business and Economics / E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, Mathieustrasse 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany; 2- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Sentralbygg 1, Gløshaugen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway. November 2023) |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can support the development of sentiment-based indicators for technological hype cycles, characterized by optimistic media language during hype phases and negative sentiment during periods of disillusionment. The rapid growth of digital news makes manual tracking of sentiment trends impractical. Traditional computational approaches relying on basic natural language processing often fail to capture context in long-form texts. LLMs offer a scalable alternative by enabling context-aware sentiment analysis across large collections of complex news articles. The study introduces an LLM-driven methodology to analyze temporal sentiment patterns in English-language news coverage over a 16-year period, focusing on carbon removal technologies. The approach extracts sentiments from major news sources and maps them over time to identify media-driven hype dynamics. This framework enables systematic analysis of technologies such as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage, afforestation/reforestation, Direct Air Capture, and ocean-based carbon capture. The key finding is that media sentiment tracking can complement other innovation indicators in the mapping of a Hype Cycle, revealing that CRT domain as a whole is heading towards a plateau of productivity. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Removal Technologies; Hype Cycles; Large Language Models; Sentiment Analysis; Media Discourse |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:022473 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Responsible innovation in synthetic biology is reshaping biotechnology policy worldwide. This paper examines how governments are adapting governance frameworks for synthetic biology, using the OECD Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies as an analytical lens. The analysis reviews national strategies, regulatory initiatives and policy instruments across OECD members and partners, identifying emerging practices across five governance dimensions: guiding values, strategic intelligence, stakeholder engagement, agile regulation and international co-operation. Drawing on examples from national advisory mechanisms and innovation programmes, the paper illustrates how governments are integrating anticipatory governance principles into bioeconomy policy. While these approaches signal a shift toward more forward-looking and adaptive regulation, implementation remains uneven across jurisdictions. The paper concludes with policy considerations for strengthening anticipatory governance and supporting responsible innovation in the emerging bioeconomy. |
| Keywords: | Agile regulation, Anticipatory governance, Bioeconomy policy, Responsible innovation, Synthetic biology governance |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q55 K23 |
| Date: | 2026–05–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:193-en |