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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Global commons, such as the climate system and large-scale biodiverse ecosystems, generate benefits with public good characteristics that are not reflected in market prices, leading to inefficient resource use. While Pigouvian taxes provide a benchmark solution by aligning private and social incentives, their implementation is often constrained by political, institutional, and informational limitations. This paper examines whether financial instruments can serve as effective alternatives to conventional fiscal tools in managing global commons. Specifically, it shows that appropriately designed instruments-such as green bonds, sustainability-linked bonds, and resilience bonds-can attain the environmental outcomes achieved by optimal taxation. The proposed mechanism mobilizes external funding to compensate local agents for conservation, linking financial returns to ecosystem service flows and thus internalizing global externalities. Under certain conditions, these instruments decentralize the socially optimal environmental outcome without relying on taxation. The analysis provides a conceptual foundation for using financial mechanisms as policy tools in environmental management and climate policy |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem management, Climate change, Pigouvian taxes, Green-Sustainability-Resilience bonds, Asset pricing |
| JEL: | G12 Q20 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–04–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2612 |
| By: | Sarwar, Faiza; Siddiqu, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to examine how Green Restaurant Sustainable Practices including 1. sustainable food practices (FSP), food quality perception (FQ), food safety perception (FS), and environmental sensitivity (ES) influence consumer behavior, specifically including 1. revisit intentions (CRI), preferences (CP), and willingness to pay more for sustainable food (WTPM). We proposed that these effects are mediated by 1. hedonic (HV) and utilitarian values (UV). Design/Methodology/Approach: A mixed-method approach was used, combining online surveys and in-person interviews to gather data from experienced sustainable food consumers. This dual method helped capture both quantitative and qualitative insights into consumer perceptions and intentions. Findings: Consumers prioritize food quality and are willing to pay more for it. Sustainable practices and environmental sensitivity significantly increase revisit intentions and preferences. Hedonic value mediates the relationship between sustainable practices/food quality and consumer intention. Utilitarian value primarily mediates the effect of environmental sensitivity on consumer behavior. Practical Implications: The study suggests that businesses in the food industry, particularly in emerging markets like Pakistan, can gain a competitive advantage by incorporating sustainable practices. Doing so not only attracts environmentally conscious consumers but also boosts customer loyalty and profitability. Originality/Value: This paper contributes to the growing literature on sustainable consumption in the food industry, with a specific focus on emerging markets in Pakistan. It uniquely incorporates hedonic and utilitarian values as mediators in understanding green consumer behavior |
| Keywords: | Green restaurants, sustainable practices, consumer buying intention, hedonic value, utilitarian value, environmental sensitivity, Pakistan |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:340193 |
| By: | Audi, Marc; Ali, Amjad; Poulin, Marc |
| Abstract: | Rapid expansion in urbanisation, along with the rising demand for energy consumption, has deepened environmental apprehensions among developing economies and intensified their concerns about long-run environmental sustainability. This article examines how urban expansion and rising energy consumption impact environmental sustainability, and whether environmental taxes moderate this relationship, by using a panel of 110 developing countries over the period of 2010 to 2024. To capture both static and dynamic relationships among the variables, we have applied complementary econometric methodologies that allow for cross-country heterogeneity and persistence in emissions. The estimated outcomes show that urban expansion and energy consumption are significantly increasing gas emissions, and this outcome is consistent with the idea that environmental costs of urban-led growth and energy-intensive development. But as we have added environmental taxes as a moderating policy instrument, the positive impact of energy consumption and urbanisation on emissions becomes negative in most specifications. The significant impact of both interaction terms, i.e., environmental taxes and urbanisation, and environmental taxes and energy consumption, across different estimation strategies, suggests that environmental taxation weakens emissions and encourages structural change with rising energy use. Renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment have significant influences on emissions, emphasising the role of energy structure and investment composition in shaping environmental outcomes, whereas the income effect varies across models. The outcomes of dynamic models also confirm emissions persistence, but over time, environmental taxes reduce the degree of emissions persistence. The estimated outcomes imply that environmental taxes can support a decoupling of urbanisation and energy-driven growth from environmental degradation. Thus, developing countries should balance urban development, energy demand, and environmental sustainability through credible market-based regulations. |
| Keywords: | urban expansion; energy consumption; environmental sustainability; environmental taxes |
| JEL: | Q3 Q5 R0 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128856 |
| By: | Appelbaum, Elie; Melatos, Mark |
| Abstract: | We model equilibrium carbon emissions and welfare in an imperfectly competitive two-country world in which countries strategically choose carbon taxes to maximize national welfare. Each country trades off total national surplus and the cost of global carbon emissions, but differs in its degree of concern about global emissions (CAE) and in its carbon efficiency (CE). We show that CAEs and CEs influence the strategic interaction between countries and, hence, Nash equilibrium carbon taxes, emissions and welfare. Our simulations demonstrate that there is no clear-cut relationship between equilibrium emissions and welfare. While an increase in one country’s CAE reduces global emissions -and global welfare - individual country emissions and welfare may rise or fall. Moreover, an increase in a country’s CE does not guarantee lower emissions or higher welfare nationally or globally. Our results suggest that international trade can reduce global emissions; consumers can access more carbon-efficient sources of production. |
| Keywords: | Optimal carbon taxes, carbon emissions, strategic carbon taxes, best-reply functions, carbon efficiency, emission aversion. |
| JEL: | F12 F13 F18 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128066 |
| By: | Akay, Alpaslan (University of Gothenburg); Bargain, Olivier (University of Bordeaux); Lomidze, Beka (Bordeaux University); Martinsson, Peter (Technical University of Denmark) |
| Abstract: | We study the medium-run effects of a major climate shock on insurance demand and subjective well-being. Exploiting quasi-random exposure to storm Gudrun (Sweden, 2005) and conditioning on satellite-based forest and terrain characteristics, we treat realized damages as conditionally exogenous. Three years after the event, affected forest owners exhibit a persistent increase in insurance take-up alongside significant welfare losses. These losses are economically meaningful and consistent with important non-pecuniary and psychological costs, including landscape damage and heightened insecurity. Insurance provides only limited welfare buffering, operating partly as reassurance rather than full compensation. Overall, the results highlight the limits of climate insurance as a stand-alone adaptation tool. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, insurance take-up, subjective well-being, Gudrun |
| JEL: | G22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18553 |
| By: | Esther Arenas-Arroyo; Jacob Fabian; Friederike Mengel; Bernhard Schmidpeter; Michel Serafinelli |
| Abstract: | How does firms' skill demand change as the business landscape evolves? We present evidence from the green transition by analyzing how hurricanes impact demand for green skills. These disasters signal the risks of not acting on environmental issues. Using data from U.S. online job postings (2010-2019) and hurricane paths, we create a new measure of green job postings. Firms in areas affected by hurricanes are 6.4% more likely to post jobs that require green skills after the event, particularly those serving local markets. |
| Keywords: | Green skills, Green transition, Online job postings |
| JEL: | J23 Q54 L20 J24 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2563 |
| By: | Ndwiga, David |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the effects of commercial banks' adoption of Environmental, Social and Governance practices on Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises support in Kenya. The study is underpinned on the growing demand for sustainable financing by entreprises in the wake of need for sustainable businesses. The study focused on commercial banks that have adopted ESG practices and report their sustainability progress. Using panel data analysis study found that environmental, social and governance practices integration significantly increases the number of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises trained. Conversely, banks' ESG adoption was found to positively but insignificantly affect MSME lending. The results conclude that banks' training to MSMEs is necessary but not sufficient for increased MSME lending. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kbawps:340179 |
| By: | G.L.D. Wickramasinghe (University of Moratuwa); Vathsala Wickramasinghe (University of Moratuwa) |
| Abstract: | The adaptation to climate change and the adoption of circular strategies are macrotrends that require business transformations. In response, profound changes are required to skill formation systems across the world. The present empirical research study is built on the discourse on education for sustainable development as well as institutionalist and constructivist lenses to investigate the role of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in meeting skill requirements for global sustainability agendas. The objectives of the study are to investigate a) modalities in use to mainstream sustainability into course offerings, i.e., training, upskilling, and reskilling with micro-credentials and credit transfers in learning pathways, b) the implementation of six Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into curricula, namely 'Quality Education', 'Decent Work and Economic Growth', 'Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure', 'Clean Water and Sanitation', 'Affordable and Clean Energy', and 'Climate Action', and c) the existence of partnerships for curricula development with reference to SDG17. By adopting the positivist research paradigm and an explanatory research design, a survey was conducted in 11 countries in South and Southeast Asia to which 761 TVET teachers responded. The findings show that SDGswere incorporated into new courses supporting vertical integration as well as SDGs were embedded into existing curricula supporting horizontal integration. The findings also offer a nuanced understanding of various modalities in use to mainstream sustainability into course offerings. The findings imply intricate challenges institutes face when implementing sustainability into curricula and emphasise the value of multi-stakeholder partnerships for curricula development. Partial η² values, reflecting variances as much as 6%, suggest the presence of significant differences between countries that can be attributed to a country's 'region' and 'annual growth rate of real gross domestic product per employed person'. This conveys that national and regional economic conditions impact on a country's skill formation systems. |
| Keywords: | curriculum design, Vocational education systems, sustainability integration, Education for sustainable development, Education for sustainability, Greening curriculum, inclusive and equitable education, competency-based education, lifelong learning systems, Higher education, skills for green jobs, industry 4.0 and sustainability, climate-responsive education, TVET policy reform, curriculum innovation, green skills development, reskilling strategies, workforce upskilling, Sustainability curriculum, Sustainable development goals |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05597177 |
| By: | Å tÄ›pán Mikula; Mariola Pytliková |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how improvements in air quality affect migration behavior. We exploit a natural experiment in the Czech Republic, where rapid desulfurization of coal-fired power plants in the 1990s led to a sharp reduction in SO2 pollution - from extremely high levels to below EU/WHO limits - without directly impacting economic activity. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that cleaner air reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24% and increased net migration by 78%, with effects strongest in the most polluted areas. The impact was particularly pronounced among highly educated individuals. Migration responses were strongest in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer public amenities, suggesting that environmental improvements matter most where other local advantages are limited. In contrast, anti-emigration monetary subsidies-such as those offered during the socialist period in polluted areas-had no effect. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of environmental policies to support re-population and regional revitalization-especially when combined with investments in infrastructure and public services. |
| Keywords: | Air quality; Migration; Natural experiment |
| JEL: | J61 Q53 R23 O3 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2581 |
| By: | Dodds, Kaylee |
| Abstract: | A new climate-smart wheat with biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) has the potential to increase the sustainability of Canadian agriculture by reducing nitrogen leaching into groundwater systems and nitrous oxide emissions from nitrogen fertilizer. On top of the fertilizer savings from growing BNI wheat, it may be possible for Canadian producers to earn a premium through a climate-smart certification. This thesis explores the consumer demand for a climate-smart certification on pasta. Current research shows evidence of willingness to pay (WTP) for environmentally friendly food products among several consumers groups, but the market potential of products bearing a new climate-smart certification has not been explored. If WTP for climate-smart certified food is found to be high, it may help to support the creation of a climate-smart certification which could help incentivize Canadian producers to adopt climate-smart agriculture production practices. In March 2025, an online survey of 5045 consumers across Canada, Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom gathered consumer preferences through a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate WTP for climate-smart pasta. Attributes in the DCE included information on greenhouse gas emission reductions, presence or absence of a climate smart certification, and the organization providing certification. Prior to the DCE, respondents were randomly allocated to information treatments highlighting either local or global benefits of climate-smart agriculture or the control group. These information treatments were designed to assess whether the framing of climate-smart agriculture impacts consumer demand. Then, multinomial logit, mixed logit and latent class models were estimated in order to measure the consumer demand. Canadian consumers were found to be willing to pay an additional premium of 20% for a climate-smart label and 12% for a GHG emissions reduction claim. Similar premiums were found across all the countries studied. Additionally, we found that consumers had a strong dislike for climate-smart labels certified by the government and certified by retailers. Consumers were indifferent towards an environmental organization label and exhibited both positive and negative preferences for the pasta company certification, depending on the market. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:activa:397830 |
| By: | Maru, Lucy |
| Abstract: | Green banking practice involves the bank's internal operations, external operations and lending decisions which are environmentally, socially and governance (ESG) compliant and sustainable. In Kenya, green banking practice is influenced internally and externally and is context based. Adverse weather patterns such as drought and floods have recently influenced income in sectors such as agriculture, transport and manufacturing. The adverse effects have affected GDP and livelihoods and as a trickle down influenced savings and investments. From the year 2012, conversation on sustainable financial institution was tabled through a CEO round table targeting players in the banking sector. The aim was to transform the banking industry to be more resilient and sustainable. One way of greening the banking sector was by embracing green banking practices and incorporating ESG in banks' processes and products. This paper aims to investigate how green banking interacts with ESG performance to shape the financial outcomes of commercial banks in Kenya. The paper looks at profitability assessed through ROA and credit risk assessed through NPLs. Anchored on the stakeholder theory, the resource-based view theory and the institutional theory, the paper goes further to test the role of ESG as a mediator on the interaction between green banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The paper uses panel data collected from commercial banks in Kenya. Secondary data on GBI, ESG and financial performance was collected for a period of 13 years. ESG and GBI measures were obtained, measured and scored using existing literature. The study analysed a total of 25 commercial banks applying balanced panel data regression with firm fixed effects and controls per year. Mediation analysis was used to test the indirect effect of green banking (independent variable) on financial performance (dependent variable) through the mediating variable (ESG). The findings of the study indicate that green banking positively influences financial performance The findings also indicate that green banking reduces credit risk. As a mediator, ESG shows a statistically strong association with green banking. However, from the mediator, there is a limited mediating effect on performance and risk. The findings indicate that as commercial banks embrace ESG practices, they become greener and this has a positive and statistically significant relationship with financial performance. Therefore, this paper aims at proposing measures that policy makers and banks as heads of the supply chain can adopt in driving climate risk mitigation and adaptation, and incorporating ESG in banking practice, while safeguarding financial performance. The paper encourages commercial banks to embrace green banking and ESG practices in order to draw short term, medium term and long-term benefits that accrue. |
| Keywords: | Green Banking Practice, ESG (Environmental Social and Governance), Financial performance |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kbawps:340180 |
| By: | Curtin, Finbar; Burgess, Matthew G. |
| Abstract: | Empirical models of the macro-level climate-economy relationship project climate change impacts ranging from trivial to catastrophic. This wide range suggests identification challenges. Here, we show that such models indeed face identification challenges that are axiomatic and irreducible. The climate-economy relationship has qualitatively important variation across space and time, due to complex regional heterogeneity and affluence-driven adaptation, among other factors. Empirical models must assume away some of this variation to preserve degrees of freedom. Influential observations caused by economic disasters and miracles, along with low signal-to-noise ratios, create additional challenges. We illustrate these challenges theoretically and then empirically by replicating and sensitivity testing prominent climate-econometric studies. The estimation challenges create economically meaningful sensitivities and fragilities. We recommend a cautious and uncertainty-emphasizing approach to applying climate econometrics to public and private decision-making. Importantly, however, our analysis does not dismiss the existence of a negative carbon externality nor economically beneficial efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Date: | 2026–04–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g8khf_v2 |
| By: | Jose Ramon Albert (Philippine Institute for Development Studies); Abdul Abiad (Asian Development Bank); Arturo Martinez Jr. (Asian Development Bank); Madhavi Pundit (Asian Development Bank); Milan Thomas (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Public support for climate policies that improve the region's resilience is crucial given climate risks. This paper contains the analysis of data from 13, 547 respondents across 14 Asian economies, following a survey completed in July 2024. The analysis reveals widespread climate concern (91% of respondents see it as a serious problem), with notable differences across economies (28%–81%). Support for climate policies varies. Low carbon infrastructure receives broad backing (50%–76%) while support for carbon taxation is mixed (37%–74%). Respondents aged 55 and above generally demonstrate stronger policy support than younger ones. Income effects reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship, with middle-income households (those earning $25, 000– $49, 999 annually) showing the highest support. Econometric analysis identifies policy awareness as the variable most strongly associated with support, followed by personal climate experiences and demographic factors. Opposition stems from concerns over economic burden, implementation effectiveness, and fairness. While climate concern varies across economies, policy support is more uniform, suggesting adaptable policy design principles. These findings suggest the need for targeted communication and policy designed to address economic impacts and implementation concerns. |
| Keywords: | climate policy support;public perceptions;Asia;policy preferences;climate concern |
| JEL: | C83 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:022455 |
| By: | Živa Alif (University of Ljubljana); Sophie Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphaële Preget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Tanja Šumrada (University of Ljubljana) |
| Abstract: | The EU has set an objective of reaching 10% of landscape features on its agricultural land by 2030 as part of its latest Biodiversity Strategy. This share is often considered the minimum amount of semi-natural habitats required to halt biodiversity declines and ensure the provision of ecosystem services. This policy objective has faced considerable political opposition due to potentially high budgetary and opportunity costs. We explore farmers' preferences towards hypothetical incentive schemes that ensure the provision of 10% of semi-natural habitats at the landscape level. We use the results of a discrete choice experiment to estimate the total budgetary costs of different schemes and potential strategies to reduce these costs. Finally, we examine regional patterns of farmers' enrolment under various policy scenarios. We find that farmers, on average, demand 21 €, 33 € and 29 € per ha of the entire farm to provide 1% of extensive meadows, woody landscape features and fallow land, respectively. While the total cost of reaching the 10% semi-natural habitat goal at the landscape level drastically exceeds the currently available budget when all farmers contribute equally, the costs can be considerably reduced if an auction-like mechanism is used. Our results show that to reach 10% of semi-natural habitats cost-effectively, careful policy design is required in terms of scheme flexibility and farm-level contributions that are aligned with local conservation targets and the desired scale of implementation. |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment, Slovenia, Cost-effectiveness, Biodiversity conservation, Common agricultural policy, Semi-natural habitats, Agri-environmental schemes |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05589889 |
| By: | Shoko GOTO; Kenji TAKEUCHI |
| Abstract: | This study explores the impacts of carbon pricing on the international competitiveness of manufacturing sectors. We develop a simple theoretical framework to examine the link between carbon pricing and changes in market shares that may lead to carbon leakage. The framework distinguishes between direct and indirect impacts by considering shifts from domestic to foreign inputs in the production of final goods. Using the European Union Emissions Trading System as an empirical setting, we estimate the effects of carbon pricing on the home country’s market share in both targeted input sectors and non-targeted output sectors. Our results show that unilateral carbon pricing slightly weakens the competitiveness of the home country in the markets of the targeted sectors, potentially increasing the risk of carbon leakage. In contrast, competitiveness in non-targeted sectors is largely unaffected. Overall, the findings suggest that unilateral carbon pricing primarily influences the targeted sectors, with no compelling evidence of spillover effects on non-targeted sectors. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Competitiveness, Carbon leakage, Trade |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kue:epaper:e-25-002-v2 |
| By: | Yukihide Kurakawa (Kanazawa Seiryo University) |
| Abstract: | This study theoretically examines how electricity market structure affects total emissions. We define emissions attributable to imperfect competition, relative to a perfectly competitive benchmark. Im- perfect competition in the electricity market reduces emissions from electricity generation; however, higher prices discourage electrification in end-use sectors and increase the direct use of fossil fuels. When the emission factor of electricity is below a certain threshold, higher prices associated with imperfect competition lead to higher total emissions, whereas the effect reverses when the emission factor exceeds the threshold. This threshold can be indirectly identified through changes in electricity consumption under a carbon tax. These findings indicate that pro-competitive policies can reduce total emissions if (and only if) the emission factor of electricity is sufficiently low; otherwise, they may increase total emissions. Moreover, the emission reduction effect of such policies becomes even stronger as the electricity emission factor decreases. |
| Keywords: | electricity market structure, imperfect competition, electrification, carbon tax, total emissions |
| JEL: | D40 L13 L94 Q42 Q50 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:was:dpaper:2601 |
| By: | Simon Merschroth (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)); Sarah Lohr (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)); Lisa Thalheimer (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston); Barbora Šedová (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), CEPA) |
| Abstract: | Migration is a central feature of development and climate resilience. Yet, it is increasingly framed as a pathway through which climate may affect conflict, despite fragmented and mixed evidence. We systematically review findings from 20 statistical studies to examine: When and how do climate-related migration and immobility influence conflict risk? Beyond synthesizing results, we advance conceptual thinking on the studied relationships and provide methodological guidance for future research. We find no general effect of climate-related migration on conflict, neither positively nor negatively. This confirms existing theory. Instead, effects are highly context-dependent and vary by migration and conflict characteristics. Adaptive migration can increase risks of armed conflict and civil unrest at destinations, under specific (environmental, social, or political) conditions, while reducing armed conflict at origins by acting as an escape valve. Evidence on displacement is exclusively destination focused, suggesting that flood- and storm-related displacement can raise risks of armed conflict incidence rather than onset, civil unrest in economically developing countries, and interpersonal conflict. Overall, literature is recent, topically narrow, and geographically uneven, with a strong focus on Africa. Key knowledge gaps concern mechanisms and contextual factors, conflict actors, low intensity conflicts, effects on peace, as well as the impacts of immobility and planned relocation. We further identify conceptual inconsistencies and methodological pitfalls that may bias existing evidence and outline strategies to address them. By clarifying when and how climate-related migration shapes conflict risks, this review supports evidence-based decision making that leverages migration as a successful climate adaptation in support of sustainable development and peace. |
| Keywords: | climate migration, conflict, systematic review |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 D74 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:99 |
| By: | Ohnishi, Kazuhiro |
| Abstract: | This paper explores a Cournot duopoly model involving two firms that engage in partial cooperation. The paper reevaluates the effectiveness of using ambient charges as a policy tool to control industrial nonpoint-source pollution. The findings suggest that when the level of cooperation between the firms is relatively low, increasing ambient charges can serve as an effective means to reduce pollution. By analyzing the strategic interactions between the firms, the paper highlights how limited cooperation influences the success of environmental policies. These insights contribute to a better understanding of regulatory approaches in industries where firms have interdependent pollution outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Ambient charge; Cournot duopoly; Environmental regulation; partially cooperating firms; Pollution |
| JEL: | D21 L13 L20 |
| Date: | 2026–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128241 |
| By: | Bouzahzah, Mohamed |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses a persistent and consequential puzzle in climate econometrics: the recurring observation of null climate effects in panel fixed-effects models for African agriculture, despite overwhelming agronomic and micro-level evidence of climate vulnerability. This identification failure has led to confusion regarding climate risk assessment among policymakers. Recent studies by Gebreslassie (2024) and Affoh et al. Robustness checks confirm null findings are stable across alternative standard error specifications, ruling out error misspecification as an explanation. (2024) continue to document these statistically insignificant effects once year fixed effects are included. Using cereal yields from ten African countries (2000-2023), we deliberately replicate this "null results paradox" -our baseline specification with year fixed effects produces no significant climate coefficients (p > 0.28) for temperature and precipitation). Through variance decomposition, we provide the first empirical quantification of this identification failure: we demonstrate that the annual fixed effects alone absorb 15 percentage points of the explanatory power for within-country yield variation (R2 reduction from 0.380 to 0.230). Crucially, we demonstrate that the annual fixed effects act as a statistical absorber, masking economically significant relationships. When year dummies are removed, the strong and theoretically sound signal of fertilizer use (coefficient = 0.202, p |
| Keywords: | Climate econometrics; Panel data; Fixed effects; Identification; Agricultural productivity; Africa; Year dummies; Spatial correlation |
| JEL: | C23 O13 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128054 |
| By: | Carbajal-De-Nova, Carolina; Venegas-Martínez, Francisco |
| Abstract: | Objective: This research analyzes economic growth and environmental degradation in upper-middle-income countries using a panel data model to explore heterogeneity between them. Methodology: A panel econometric specification is used to analyze the heterogeneity between economic growth and environ- ment in a sample of upper middle-income countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Thailand, with fixed and random individual effects. Data: Annual global development indicators from the World Bank on carbon dioxide emissions per capita (CO2pc) and gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) for the period 1990 to 2020 are used. Results: Empirical results show for both Mexico and the rest of the 6 countries studied, the absence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (CAK) in the period analyzed. // Objetivo: Esta investigación analiza el crecimiento económico y degradación ambiental en países de ingreso medio alto utilizando un modelo de datos panel para explorar la heterogeneidad entre ellos. Metodología: Se utiliza uan especificación econométrica de panel para analizar la heterogeneidad entre crecimiento económico y medio ambiente en en una muestra de países de ingreso medio alto: Argentina, Brasil, China, Guatemala, México, Perú, Tailandia, con efectos individuos fijos y aleatorios. Datos: Se emplean indicadores mundiales de desarrollo anuales del Banco Mundial sobre las emisiones de bióxido de carbono per cápita (CO2pc) y el producto interno bruto per cápita (PIBpc) para el período de 1990 a 2020. Resultados: Los resultados empíricos muestran tanto para México como para el resto de los 6 países bajo estudio la ausencia de una Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK) en el período analizado. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, environmental Kuznets curve, environmental degradation, panel model. |
| JEL: | Q51 |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128860 |
| By: | Andrea Bellucci (University of Insubria); Alberto Citterio (University of Insubria); Kambar Farooq (University of Insubria); Rossella Locatelli (University of Insubria); Andrea Uselli (University of Insubria) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the causal effect of ESG rating initiation on corporate borrowing costs. Using a staggered difference-in-differences design, we analyze a panel of Italian publicly listed non-financial firms from 2013 to 2023. We find that becoming ESG-rated leads to a statistically and economically significant reduction in the firm's cost of debt. On average, the cost of debt declines by approximately 90 basis points following ESG rating initiation. This effect strengthens over time indicating that the benefits of ESG certification in debt markets accumulate as lenders incorporate the ESG information. These findings hold up under a range of robustness tests including various matching strategies, alternative difference-indifferences estimators, placebo tests, and the use of different control groups. Moreover, this relation is stronger for firms that are financially constrained, highly levered, and capital-intensive, as well as firms operating in low carbon industries. Overall, our results offer causal evidence that getting ESG-rated lead to lower cost of debt. |
| Keywords: | Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) ratings; Cost of debt; Corporate borrowing costs; Sustainable finance |
| JEL: | G32 G14 M14 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wmofir:197 |
| By: | Luis E. Gonzales; Koichiro Ito; Mar Reguant |
| Abstract: | Electricity reliability is a central challenge for the energy transition, as growing energy demand, renewable energy integration, and natural disasters increase the risk of large-scale blackouts. However, the economic impacts of large-scale blackouts remain largely unknown. We combine electricity market data with high-frequency economic transaction data from Chile to examine the effects of nationwide blackouts. Economic activity declined by 35 percent on the blackout day, but half of this loss was shifted to subsequent days, highlighting the importance of accounting for intertemporal substitution. Exploiting spatial variation in blackout severity, we highlight the importance of accounting for endogenous recovery when estimating the marginal value of lost load. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1078 |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Beladi, Hamid |
| Abstract: | Water quality in the Ganges River in Kanpur, India, is the result of two opposite factors. The positive factor arises from the regulations that compel tanneries to treat their wastewater before this water is discharged into the Ganges. The negative factor stems from cheating, bribery, and non-compliance by some tanneries which leads to the dumping of insufficiently treated wastewater into the Ganges. We shed light on two goals by analyzing a stochastic model of Ganges water quality that is the outcome of the above two factors. Our first goal is to study the probabilistic evolution of water quality in the Ganges and to then compute the likelihood that water quality will improve to an exogenously specified level denoted by Q. Our second goal is to ascertain the expected amount of time it will take for water quality to get to this level Q and to then discuss related issues. |
| Keywords: | Ganges river; Stochastic modeling; Tannery; Uncertainty; Water Pollution |
| JEL: | D80 Q25 Q28 |
| Date: | 2025–11–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128457 |
| By: | Zhang, Chuyuan; Lee, Sang-Ho |
| Abstract: | This study considers a vertically related market where an upstream firm supplies an intermediate good to competing downstream firms that may adopt environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR). When downstream firm owners, guided by common ownership, appoint green managerial delegation contract, we investigate strategic interaction between common ownership and ECSR, demonstrating that downstream firms may engage in ECSR, which can reduce intermediate prices, while common ownership may increase market competition through ECSR. Our analysis shows that Cournot firms adopt ECSR only when common ownership is sufficiently high or product substitutability is sufficiently low, whereas Bertrand firms always adopt ECSR. Cournot competition can yield higher welfare than Bertrand competition when the degree of common ownership is sufficiently high (low) and product substitutability is sufficiently low (high). As environmental damage increases, Cournot competition yields much higher welfare than Bertrand competition. Finally, we compare outcomes under discriminatory input prices and mandatory ECSR guidelines, and discuss the policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Common ownership; Environmental corporate social responsibility; Green managerial delegation; Vertically related market |
| JEL: | D43 L2 L21 L44 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128009 |
| By: | Geoffrey Heal; Marcella Lucchetta |
| Abstract: | We explore how pro-social preferences interact with asymmetric ambiguity to influence investment decisions. We develop a model where financial returns are ambiguous (e.g., due to policy uncertainties), while social impact returns are risky or less ambiguous. Employing Gilboa-Schmeidler maxmin and Klibanoff-Marinacci-Mukerji smooth ambiguity frameworks, we demonstrate that pro-social motives act as a hedge, mitigating ambiguity aversion and reducing effective hurdle rates for ambiguous assets. This mechanism explains the resilience of impact investing in bridging environmental funding shortfalls and offers policy insights into how blended finance and standardization can convert ambiguity to risk. Distinct from prior work on blended finance structures, this study emphasizes the behavioral hedging role of social preferences in sustainable finance, with implications for accelerating just transitions amid polycrises. |
| JEL: | D81 G11 O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35116 |
| By: | Moritz Lubczyk; Maria Waldinger |
| Abstract: | What are the long-run effects of sustained exposure to air pollution? A unique natural experiment allows us to examine this question. In 1982, a sudden cut in Soviet oil forced Socialist East Germany to switch to highly polluting lignite coal. While the shock sharply increased air pollution near mining regions, authoritarian restrictions on mobility, housing, and jobs prevented sorting responses. We document persistent labor market impacts over three decades. Exposed individuals work less, earn lower wages, and retire earlier. Health is a key mechanism: infant mortality rises by 9% and the long-run incidence of asthma and cardiopathy increases significantly. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, labor supply, migration, place effects |
| JEL: | I15 J24 J60 N54 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2585 |
| By: | Augusto Ospital |
| Abstract: | In the past two decades, about half of the new homes in the United States were built in areas at risk of natural hazards. Why is residential development exposed to such risk? I argue that regulated property-insurance pricing and land-use regulations contribute to this pattern. I study this mechanism in the metropolitan area of San Diego, California, where insurance rules compress the premium gradient with respect to wildfire risk and safer locations are highly regulated and built out. Using detailed spatial data on zoning, wildfire risk, housing, commuting, and premiums, I estimate a quantitative urban model of household location choice, housing supply, and insurance supply. The estimates imply that wildfire premiums are 10.5% below actuarially fair pricing, that the average amenity cost of current wildfire risk is equivalent to 3.5% of income, and that the total present-value welfare cost of current wildfire risk, including property damages, is $17.5 billion. This aggregate cost masks substantial incidence heterogeneity, as owners of safe land benefit from equilibrium scarcity effects. Counterfactuals show that housing supply and insurance pricing interact in determining incidence. In the benchmark specification, targeted housing reforms leave the aggregate effect of cost-based insurance nearly unchanged while attenuating its burden on workers: relative to baseline, workers' wildfire costs rise by 2.3% under insurance reform alone, but fall by 0.9% under the joint reform. |
| Keywords: | climate, environment, natural disasters, wildfires, spatial, urban, land-use regulation, zoning |
| JEL: | O18 Q54 Q56 R23 R31 R52 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12613 |
| By: | Augusto Ospital (LMU Munich) |
| Abstract: | In the past two decades, about half of the new homes in the United States were built in areas at risk of natural hazards. Why is residential development exposed to such risk? I argue that regulated property-insurance pricing and land-use regulations contribute to this pattern. I study this mechanism in the metropolitan area of San Diego, California, where insurance rules compress the premium gradient with respect to wildfire risk and safer locations are highly regulated and built out. Using detailed spatial data on zoning, wildfire risk, housing, commuting, and premiums, I estimate a quantitative urban model of household location choice, housing supply, and insurance supply. The estimates imply that wildfire premiums are 10.5% below actuarially fair pricing, that the average amenity cost of current wildfire risk is equivalent to 3.5% of income, and that the total present-value welfare cost of current wildfire risk, including property damages, is $17.5 billion. This aggregate cost masks substantial incidence heterogeneity, as owners of safe land benefit from equilibrium scarcity effects. Counterfactuals show that housing supply and insurance pricing interact in determining incidence. In the benchmark specification, targeted housing reforms leave the aggregate effect of cost-based insurance nearly unchanged while attenuating its burden on workers: relative to baseline, workers' wildfire costs rise by 2.3% under insurance reform alone, but fall by 0.9% under the joint reform. |
| Keywords: | climate; environment; natural disasters; wildfires; spatial; urban; land-use regulation; zoning; |
| JEL: | O18 Q54 Q56 R23 R31 R52 |
| Date: | 2026–04–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:571 |
| By: | Langthaler, Margarita; Catalán Lorca, Marcela |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the topic of green transitions has attracted considerable attention. Notably, these transitions are often framed as a skills issue, reflecting perceived gaps in the technical skills required for green technologies. Moreover, skills are frequently presented as central to ensuring that green transitions are socially just. Since the 2010s, international organisations have played a leading role in shaping the green skills debate, with their policy literature exerting significant influence, particularly in the Global South. However, the global debate lacks conceptual clarity. The term 'green skills' encompasses a wide range of meanings. From the perspective of the Global South, additional questions emerge. What do green transitions imply for informal economies and subsistence agriculture? What does it mean, in such contexts, to ensure a just transition? What role can vocational and technical education (VET) systems play and what do they need to meet these expectations? This paper seeks to address part of this gap by analysing green skills publications produced by international organisations, with a particular focus on the Global South. It examines the underlying conceptualisations of green skills and green transitions. |
| Keywords: | green transition, skills issue, vocational education and training, education policy transfer, social dialogue, human development |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsew:340187 |
| By: | Paul C. Behler; Paulina Schröder |
| Abstract: | This paper studies ecospirituality - spiritual views that people have about the natural world. First, utilizing folklore data from around 1, 000 pre-industrial societies, we present the first comprehensive global measurement of ecospirituality. Our analysis reveals systematic cultural variation: ecospirituality is most prevalent in South America and least prevalent in Europe. Additionally, we find a strong negative correlation between ecospirituality and belief in high gods. Second, we study the potential impact of historical ecospirituality on current environmental attitudes. Combining data from the Integrated Values Survey with folklore, we find no statistically significant relationship between contemporary environmental attitudes and the prevalence of ecospirituality in the folklore of ones ancestors. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Attitudes, Ecospirituality, Folklore |
| JEL: | Q50 Z12 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2594 |
| By: | Bayari, Celal |
| Abstract: | The Belt and Road Initiative (the BRI) is the current developmental stage of the Chinese capitalist model, and its progress through different nations depend on the governance that China established across its own vast geography over a long period of time. The levels of the BRI international activity resemble a rapid flood rather than a slow flow, due to the availability of the Chinese state finances and private capital funds, since the start of the Deng modernisations, and China’s entry into the WTO. The growth of the Chinese capitalism presented an interesting contrast to the national economic models North America, Europe, and Asia. There has been much interest on the interplay between the nature of the Chinese capitalism, the existing institutions, and the institutions that emerged subsequently. Overall, there exists a specific understanding of the growth in China in terms of the stronger and weaker institutions, that the paper discusses. China’s own development, the BRI activities, and the uneven success of the Sustainable Development Goals across the BRI membership also form an interesting debate. Further, China’s WTO entry, the WTO framework, and the subsequent BRI agreements also significant contrasts that the paper highlights. |
| Keywords: | China, Belt and Road Initiative, Institutional Economics Theory, Soft Law, SDGs, Pollution Halo, Pollution Haven |
| JEL: | A11 A12 A14 B3 B31 E2 E22 E62 E65 F1 F13 F14 F15 F18 F21 F23 F42 F43 F55 F62 F63 F64 G2 G28 I1 I31 K2 K23 K32 K33 L1 L12 L16 L22 L41 L51 L91 L98 M16 M21 N1 N10 N15 N17 N20 N25 N27 N30 N35 N37 N70 N75 N77 N90 N95 N97 O11 O14 O18 O19 O38 O43 O53 O55 O56 P1 P12 P14 P26 P33 P45 P48 P51 P52 Q01 Q02 Q2 Q27 Q32 Q37 Q43 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q58 R38 R41 R53 R58 Z1 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128638 |
| By: | Giovanna D'Adda; Simone Ferro; Tommaso Frattini; Alessio Romarri |
| Abstract: | Using large-scale high-granularity data from a food delivery platform and granular pollution and weather information, we study how PM2.5 fluctuations affect riders' absenteeism, productivity, and accidents. Exploiting exogenous pollution variation from inverse boundary layer height, we find that higher pollution increases absenteeism for all workers and raises delivery times and accident rates only among (e-)bike riders, who must exert physical effort while working. Affected workers compensate productivity losses by working longer hours. Monetary incentives mitigate the effects on absenteeism but do not offset the decline in productivity and appear to exacerbate accident risk. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution; Food Delivery Riders; Absenteeism; Labor Productivity; Workplace Safety. |
| JEL: | H4 J28 Q52 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:25123 |
| By: | Yang Li; Ketan Ahuja; Karan Daryanani (Harvard's Growth Lab); Ricardo Hausmann (Harvard's Growth Lab); Muhammed A. Yildirim (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | The energy transition offers countries that can manufacture clean energy technologies substantial opportunities for sustainable economic growth. This paper provides a framework for context-aware industrial policy by applying economic complexity theory to a newly constructed dataset of twelve key clean energy supply chains (CESCs). We find that CESCs are diverse but highly interdependent; they are also growing faster and are more concentrated than other industries. CESCs exhibit substantial entry, exit and competitive churn, and countries are more likely to enter CESC industries that are related to their existing productive capabilities. We also explore changing global competitiveness and country positioning in these industries, and draw out implications of these patterns for industrial policymakers. |
| Keywords: | clean energy, supply chain, principle of relatedness, economic complexity, industrial policy |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:268 |
| By: | Felipe Córdova; Francisco Pinto; Mauricio Salas |
| Abstract: | This study provides the first loan-level climate transition risk stress test for Chile’s banking sector, combining granular credit data with NGFS short-term scenarios stem-ming from a general equilibrium framework. We estimate credit losses under orderly and disorderly transition pathways, integrating sectoral shocks with firm-level probabilities of default and addressing uncertainty through resampling. Results show that despite a gradual decline in exposure to carbon-intensive sectors, banks remain vul-nerable: losses under a disorderly transition could nearly double and rapidly approach levels seen during the Global Financial Crisis, with significant heterogeneity across institutions. These findings highlight the systemic and institution-specific nature of transition risks and underscore the need to embed climate risk into supervisory stress testing and capital planning to safeguard financial stability. |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1070 |
| By: | Mika Akesaka; Hitoshi Shigeoka |
| Abstract: | This study demonstrates that heat disproportionately impairs human capital accumulation among low-performing students compared with their high-performing peers, using nationwide examination data from 22 million students in Japan. Given the strong correlation between academic performance and socioeconomic background, this suggests that heat exposure exacerbates pre-existing socioeconomic disparities among children. However, access to air conditioning in schools significantly mitigates these adverse effects across all achievement levels, with particularly pronounced benefits for lower-performing students. These findings suggest that public investment in school infrastructure can help reduce the unevenly distributed damage caused by heat to student learning, thereby promoting both efficiency and equity. |
| Keywords: | Heat, Distributional impact, Student achievement, Adaptation, Air conditioning, Children, Climate change |
| JEL: | I21 I24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:25145 |
| By: | Vanthuyne, Cole |
| Abstract: | Currently, challenges associated with root rots and drought affect the relative advantage of field pea production, and the severity of these challenges is exacerbated by a changing climate. Advances in crop breeding offer potential solutions in the form of new varieties that address these biotic and environmental stressors, but producer adoption is key. In this research, I examine the opportunities and constraints to adoption of field pea in producers’ rotation decisions, with a focus on the impacts of producer perceptions, uncertainty preferences and technology acceptance. Data was collected through an online survey of 461 Western Canadian field crop producers that incorporated a discrete choice experiment (DCE), Tanaka et al.’s (2010) prospect theory game, and Ellsberg’s (1961) two-urns paradox. These methods allowed us to explore how risk, loss, and ambiguity aversion affected demand for varietal attributes—such as climate resilience (root rot resistance and drought tolerance), royalty models (e.g., Variety Use Agreements), and new technologies (e.g., gene editing). Analyzed through a mixed multinomial logit model, the results suggest the inclusion of field pea in the crop rotation is motivated by the benefits of diversification, but the benefits must outweigh the loss of financial certainty or incentives to justify their place in the crop rotation. This motivation is supported with a significant demand found for root rot resistance among risk and ambiguity averse producers within the full sample. Further, loss aversion was found to have significant positive impacts on demand for drought tolerance. The results point towards root rot challenging the financial certainty of pea, whereas in the case of drought tolerance, demand appears to be driven from a search for protection from overall losses, rather than a guarantee of gains. However, uncertainty behaviours are found to have mixed explanatory power over adoption decisions, likely driven by a heterogenous population. The influence of uncertainty is found to be variable between technologies, growing zones, and producer experience with pea. Sub-sample analysis by soil zone and grower type yielded significant but variable results regarding the impact of uncertainty behaviours. Risk, loss, and ambiguity aversion influenced the perceived utility of traits such as root rot resistance and drought tolerance, with the direction and magnitude of these effects differing across sub-samples and traits. A similar pattern is observed among producers exhibiting ambiguity aversion in relation to the adoption of gene-edited varieties, as adoption was found to be limited or increased by a gene-edited designation when ambiguity aversion was present. The presence of Varietal Use Agreements (VUAs) in new varieties is found to significantly limit adoption, with ambiguity aversion magnifying this effect. Overall, there is a demand for climate-resilient traits among sub-samples, however the usage of gene editing and VUA are found to limit adoption within the sample. The variable results by subanalysis highlight the potential importance of localized and heterogenous factors on the demand for agricultural technologies and practices. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:peaceg:397831 |
| By: | Butter, Katja; Ohlmeyer, Martin |
| Abstract: | Various woods and wood-based materials are used as building products in constructions due to their numerous beneficial properties. As a potential source of emissions, they can thus have an impact on indoor air quality, such as other building products used indoors. For this reason, an understanding of the emissions of wood-containing products is important. Therefore, the following document describes the emission behaviour of solid wood and wood-based materials made from it. The main volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their area-specific emission rates are shown and the factors influencing the emission behaviour are discussed. In addition, the temporal dynamics of the emissions are highlighted, which means that the emission rates always only represent a snapshot at a specific point in time. This makes it possible to compare the emission behaviour of the individual wood products. However, this does not necessarily allow the actual contribution of wood product emissions to indoor VOC concentrations to be assessed. This is decisively conditioned by the real installation situation of the product as well as the material interactions and climatic conditions within the room. |
| Abstract: | Verschiedene Hölzer und Holzwerkstoffe werden aufgrund zahlreicher vorteilhafter Eigenschaften als Bauprodukt in Gebäuden verwendet. Als potenzielle Emissionsquelle können sie damit, wie auch andere im Innenraum verbaute Bauprodukte, eine Auswirkung auf die Innenraumluftqualität haben. Aus diesem Grund ist ein Verständnis der Emissionen holzhaltiger Produkte von Bedeutung. Daher wird in folgender Abhandlung das Emissionsverhalten von Vollhölzern sowie daraus hergestellten Holzwerkstoffen dargestellt. Dabei werden die wesentlichen flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) und deren flächenspezifischen Emissionsraten aufgezeigt sowie die das Emissionsverhalten beeinflussenden Faktoren erörtert. Zudem wird die zeitliche Dynamik der Emissionen beleuchtet, die zur Folge hat, dass die Emissionsraten immer nur eine Momentaufnahme zu einem bestimmten Messzeitpunkt darstellen. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung der einzelnen Holzprodukte bezüglich ihres Emissionsverhaltens wird damit ermöglicht. Hingegen erlaubt dies nicht zwingend, den tatsächlichen Beitrag der Holzproduktemissionen auf die VOC-Konzentrationen im Innenraum zu beurteilen. Dies wird entscheidend von der realen Einbausituation des Produktes sowie den Materialinteraktionen und klimatischen Gegebenheiten innerhalb des Raumes bedingt. |
| Keywords: | volatile organic compounds (VOC), emission rates, solid wood, engineered wood, flüchtige organische Verbindungen (VOC), Emissionsraten, Vollholz, Holzwerkstoffe |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:340156 |
| By: | Lissette Briones; Matías Solorza |
| Abstract: | We study the macroeconomic responses of Chilean regions to extreme weather shocks —floods and wildfires— using local projections and novel administrative data. Our results show persistent GDP losses, temporary declines in consumption, and a delayed rebound in investment, accompanied by rising employment but falling wages and effective hours. These patterns contrast with U.S. county-level evidence on natural disasters, highlighting the role of disaster size, and institutional and financial factors in shaping recovery in emerging markets. We interpret the dynamics through four mechanisms: destruction of productive capital, tighter financial conditions that constrain rebuilding, reallocation of production, and household wealth losses that depress consumption while fueling lowwage reconstruction employment. Embedding these insights into a real business cycle framework with financial frictions, we show that financial constraints amplify disaster impacts and slow recovery. Our findings underscore the importance of targeted financial and reconstruction policies to prevent long-term economic scarring. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1062 |
| By: | Choudhary, Shamsher; Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | The present expansion of green finance demonstrates how crucial post-issuance reporting becomes when issuers must reveal their use of funds, their environmental effects, and their ability to disclose information about green funding instruments. The study tests two hypotheses, which state that Internal Controls and Reporting Systems improve the accuracy of Post-Issuance Green Finance Disclosures while Corporate Governance Quality functions as a moderation element. The study employed an issuer-level panel-data design, which utilized total disclosure documentation that the public domain provides. For empirical analysis, we have used four methods, which included correlation analysis, linear regression, moderation analysis, and diagnostic testing. The study found that Internal Controls and Reporting Systems positively influenced green finance post-issuance disclosure credibility, which means that organizations with advanced internal reporting systems tend to produce trustworthy disclosure information. The research shows that Corporate Governance Quality acts as a moderator because it affects how Internal Controls and Reporting Systems relate to Credible Post-Issuance Green Finance Disclosures, which demonstrates that the governance environment impacts disclosure credibility. The research investigates how internal organizational factors determine the quality of disclosure instead of assessing how external market performance influences these factors. The study shows that internal control systems and governance environment play significant roles in determining disclosure credibility, together with external review, market positioning, and issuer labeling. The paper presents recommendations to issuers, regulators, and investors that explain how enhanced reporting systems, together with governance mechanisms, will achieve better transparency and accountability in green finance markets. |
| Keywords: | green finance, post-issuance disclosure, internal controls, corporate governance, disclosure credibility, panel data |
| JEL: | G20 Q50 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128864 |
| By: | Bratanova, Alexandra; Chen, Haohui; Pham, Hien; Tursunalieva, Ainura; Dunstall, Simon; Schleiger, Emma; Dunne, Rob |
| Abstract: | This report explores the vulnerability of the Australian population to extreme heat events compounded by electricity supply loss (LOS), a growing risk due to climate change and infrastructure stress. In collaboration with Energy Networks Australia, CSIRO developed a heat vulnerability index using the Exposure-Sensitivity-Adaptive capacity (ESA) framework to assess risk across approximately 61, 800 Statistical Area Level 1 (SA1) regions. The study identifies geographic patterns of vulnerability and provides strategic, tactical, and operational recommendations for enhancing community resilience. The findings support the integration of vulnerability mapping into energy sector planning and emergency response to better protect public health during heatwave-induced power outages. |
| Keywords: | heat vulnerability; Australian population; power outage; sensitivity; adaptive capacity |
| JEL: | H42 H51 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124779 |
| By: | K Hervé Dakpo (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yann Desjeux (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laure Latruffe (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Pesticide reduction in the French wine industry and its effect on production risk. |
| Date: | 2026–03–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05548674 |
| By: | Marguerite Obolensky; Marco Tabellini; Charles A. Taylor |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the concept of "climate matching'' in migration-the idea that migrants seek out destinations with familiar climates-and studies its implications for the geography of economic activity in the United States. We document that temperature distance between origin and destination predicts the distribution of migrants across U.S. counties, for both internal and international migration in the historical (1850-1940) and modern (1970-2019) periods. These patterns cannot be explained by the spatial correlation of climate or the persistence of ethnic networks, and instead reflect two mechanisms: the transferability of climate-specific skills and climate as an amenity. We then study the economic consequences of climate mismatch during 1880-1920, a period of rapid growth and structural transformation. Using an instrumental variable strategy that interacts origin-country inflow shocks with the timing of county railroad access, we find that mismatch reduced agricultural productivity and accelerated the exit from farming. However, manufacturing output did not rise. Instead, manufacturing productivity declined and population growth was lower in counties with higher climate mismatch. These effects left a lasting imprint: a 1°C increase in 1880--1920 mismatch is associated with 2.5% lower per capita income in 1940. |
| Keywords: | Migration, climate, climate matching, economic geography |
| JEL: | J15 J61 N31 N32 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:26031 |
| By: | Verónica Gutman (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Federico Merino (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Paula Covelli (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Martina Chidiak (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Priscila Ramos (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.) |
| Abstract: | El documento revisa experiencias internacionales de desarrollo de taxonomías climáticas y extrae lecciones relevantes para avanzar hacia una taxonomía nacional en Argentina. Las taxonomías climáticas son marcos de clasificación que permiten identificar y categorizar actividades económicas según su contribución a la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, contribuyendo a orientar las inversiones hacia actividades productivas alineadas con objetivos ambientales. A partir del análisis de distintos enfoques implementados en otros países, el estudio identifica elementos técnicos, institucionales y metodológicos que pueden servir como base para el diseño futuro de una herramienta adaptada al contexto nacional. Se discuten aspectos de gobernanza, criterios de clasificación, salvaguardas ambientales y sociales y la articulación con estándares internacionales de finanzas sostenibles. El documento busca aportar insumos para fortalecer la transparencia, la coherencia y la orientación climática del sistema financiero y de las políticas productivas y ambientales en Argentina. |
| Keywords: | Taxonomía climática; Finanzas sostenibles; Cambio climático |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ake:iiepdt:2026-115 |
| By: | Atilano, Lesley Ann; Lee, Armand; Zabala, Cedrick; Moreno, Frede |
| Abstract: | Urban water governance in secondary cities in Southeast Asia faces persistent institutional fragmentation, regulatory overlap, and capacity constraints. This study examines the governance of urban water services in Zamboanga City, Philippines, through a multi-level institutional analysis. The research applies multi-level governance theory and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework to assess the interaction among national agencies, local government units, regulatory bodies, and the Zamboanga City Water District. The study uses documentary analysis, administrative data from 2018–2023, service performance indicators, and policy review. Results show that water service coverage reaches 48% of households, non-revenue water exceeds 39%, and tariff recovery remains insufficient for capital investment. National policy mandates conflict with local political authority, while regulatory enforcement lacks operational leverage. Institutional coordination remains weak across governance levels. The study contributes empirical evidence on urban water governance in Philippine cities and identifies institutional reforms that support accountability, financial sustainability, and service expansion. The findings inform water governance reform in decentralized contexts. |
| Keywords: | urban water governance; multi-level governance; institutional analysis; water utilities; Philippines |
| JEL: | G0 G00 H0 H3 H30 H40 H41 H7 H70 H79 H83 L0 L00 L5 L52 L8 L80 L88 M0 M1 M10 M11 O1 O10 O13 O38 Q0 Q00 Q01 Z0 Z00 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:128271 |
| By: | Hitoshi Shigeoka; Mika Akesaka |
| Abstract: | Seasonal allergies affect over 400 million people globally, yet the broader economic consequences of pollen exposure remain understudied. Evidence from Japan's ambulance records suggests that high-pollen days are associated with increases in accidents, including traffic accidents and work-related injuries, which may reflect impaired cognitive performance. Retail scanner data and cellphone mobility records indicate that individuals already engage in avoidance behaviors, such as purchasing allergy products and limiting outdoor activities on weekends. This suggests that relying on individual self-protection may be insufficient to offset these risks, and thus greater government intervention may be warranted to mitigate pollen-related harm. |
| Keywords: | Seasonal allergies, pollen, accidents, cognition, avoidance behaviors, climate change |
| JEL: | I12 J24 Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:26007 |
| By: | Mohsin, M.; Siddiqui, Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Purpose: This study examines the influence of TikTok videos on Pakistani Gen Z consumers' purchase intentions toward sustainable fashion brands with the mediating effect of attitudes. We also explore the direct roles of trust, entertainment, and information in shaping sustainability driven consumer behavior. Moreover, the moderation effect of values (Traditional and religious) and culture (Collectivism, and Uncertainty Avoidance) were also tested on these relationships. Design and Methodology: A quantitative research approach using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze data from 344 Pakistani Gen Z consumers. A structured questionnaire measured key variables, including TikTok engagement, trust, sustainable attitudes, and purchase intention. Findings and Recommendations: The results indicate that sustainable TikTok significantly impacts consumer attitudes and in turn positively affects purchase intention (PI). Moreover, trust, entertainment, and information also seem to directly affect PI. Furthermore, both Cultural factors and values seem to have a significant positive moderation on all the studied relationships. Brands should prioritize transparency, integrate educational content with entertainment, and align sustainability messaging with cultural values to drive authentic engagement. Originality: This study expands the literature on social media-driven sustainability marketing, specifically within the Pakistani Gen Z consumer context, by examining the moderating effects of cultural and psychological factors on purchase behavior. |
| Keywords: | TikTok marketing, sustainable fashion, Gen Z consumers, trust, influencer credibility, digital engagement, cultural values, purchase intention |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:340192 |
| By: | Mustafa, Ghulam; Siddiqu, Dr. Danish Ahmed |
| Abstract: | Ethical leader acts as a role model and lead subordinates to display desired behaviors (Kalshoven et al., 2013). Ethical leadership might have the inconsistent influence on different subordinates. Moral ideology emphasizes individual's concern about results (e.g., idealism) or rules (e.g., relativism) in ethical principles. Based on this reasoning, we suggest that the strength of the moderating effect of a subordinate's moral personality (i.e., an innate characteristic) depends on his or her moral ideology (i.e., an acquired characteristic). This study explores the influence of moral ideology on the relationship among ethical leadership, moral personality, and the outcomes of Workplace Deviant Behavior Workplace Ostracism. We also contend that Ethical Climate, and Organisational Justice mediate the effect of ethical leadership on its outcomes. The quantitative research approach uses structured questionnaires to uncover significant insights. This study collected all the data using the PLS and SPPS tools to produce a better result. The results suggested ethical leadership and organisational justice played a crucial role in mitigating their workplace deviance and it fostering their significant work environmental relationship which supported to the hypothesis constructs. This study found that in order to foster an ethical workplace culture, ethical leadership is crucial. The study's practical implications support the notion that moral leadership We were able to observe the employees' behaviour on the WO apparatus and determine the appropriate behaviour for the employees in the event of a crisis. This analysis determined the best recommendations for future study to investigate this topic and work on it. |
| Keywords: | Moral leader, Workplace Deviant Behavior, Workplace Ostracism, Ethical Climate, Organisational Justice, Ethical leadership |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:340194 |
| By: | Fernando E. Alvarez; David Argente; Diana Van Patten |
| Abstract: | We study the resilience of payment systems to large disruptions in digital infrastructure caused by natural disasters and outages. While advanced economies have rapidly shifted toward electronic payments, these systems depend critically on electricity and information technology, raising concerns about their reliability during crises. We combine high-frequency county-level electricity outage data with detailed weather records, transaction-level expenditure data, household scanner data, and new representative surveys from the United States, Spain, and Sweden. Event-study evidence shows that natural disasters---especially hurricanes---generate persistent outages that sharply reduce expenditures. Natural disasters by themselves do not alter households' choice of payment method; instead, shifts toward cash arise through three channels: electronic payment methods become unavailable, households increase cash holdings for precautionary reasons, and cash is subsequently spent once available ("cash burn"). Consistent with these mechanisms, payment composition shifts markedly: spending rises before disasters due to stockpiling, largely financed with credit, while after disasters digital payments decline and cash usage rises, particularly in areas experiencing outages. Survey evidence confirms that nearly half of consumers are unable to use their preferred electronic payment during outages and that cash serves as a key fallback. Exploiting variation in cash holdings across households and locations, we find that greater access to cash increases the likelihood of completing transactions during outages and mitigates expenditure declines. Complementary survey evidence and the immediate response to our information treatment show that outages and official guidance increase desired cash holdings. Finally, we embed an RCT in the NielsenIQ panel: roughly half of panel households receive authoritative preparedness guidance, and we follow their realized purchases through the subsequent hurricane season. This design provides a clean framework for causal identification of whether greater cash preparedness smooths consumption during weather shocks. Together, the observational, survey, and experimental components of the paper show that cash plays a critical role in sustaining economic activity during payment-system disruptions and point to the value of offline-capable payment instruments, including CBDCs, in increasingly digital economies. |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35115 |
| By: | Knapp, Nikolai T.; Dietrich, Viktoria; Dühnelt, Petra-Elena; Bielefeldt, Judith; Wellbrock, Nicole |
| Abstract: | In der Waldzustandserhebung (WZE) wird jedes Jahr die Vitalität der wichtigsten Waldbaumarten erfasst, um deren langjährige Entwicklung zu dokumentieren und mögliche Schäden, welche sich in erhöhter Kronenverlichtung äußern, erkennen zu können. Die Ansprache der Bäume findet hierzu an Stichprobenpunkten statt, die in einem regelmäßigen Gittermuster über Deutschland verteilt angeordnet sind. Für den Waldzustandsbericht der Bundesregierung wurden in der Vergangenheit ausschließlich Daten von Stichprobenpunkten ausgewertet, welche im Abstand von 16 km voneinander entfernt liegen, auf dem sogenannten 16×16-Gitter. Die Bundesländer erheben in der Regel für ihre Waldzustandsberichte Daten von zusätzlichen Flächen auf einem dichteren Stichprobengitter, dem sogenannten 8×8-Gitter. Diese 8×8-Daten liegen dem Bund allerdings für die Vergangenheit nur für ausgewählte Jahre vor, in denen auf diesem Gitter auch die Bodenzustandserhebung (BZE) stattgefunden hat. Zukünftig soll der Waldzustandsbericht des Bundes alle 8×8-Daten berücksichtigen. Durch den größeren Stichprobenumfang sollen die Schätzfehler reduziert werden, um insbesondere robustere Aussagen über die weniger häufig vorkommenden Nebenbaumarten und über die wichtigsten Schadursachen machen zu können. Wichtigste Schätzgrößen für die einzelnen Baumarten sind die mittlere Kronenverlichtung, der Anteil der Waldfläche mit deutlicher Kronenverlichtung über 25% und der Anteil der Waldfläche, der von einer bestimmten Schadursache betroffen ist. Die Schätzunsicherheiten für diese Größen können jeweils als Standardfehler angegeben werden. Bei der Berechnung der Standardfehler müssen allerdings einige Aspekte des Stichprobendesigns berücksichtigt werden. Zum einen handelt es sich um eine Klumpenstichprobe und zum zweiten müssen die Stichprobenpunkte verschieden stark gewichtet werden, da die räumliche Anordnung der Punkte auf dem 8×8-Gitter in einigen Bundesländern variiert. Hierfür wird ein räumliches Gewichtungsverfahren basierend auf einer Voronoi-Kachelung eingeführt. Anhand der vorliegenden 8×8-Daten aus den Jahren der BZE, 2006-2008 und 2022-2024, wurde analysiert wie sich die Ergebnisse, abhängig davon, ob nur 16×16-Daten oder ob alle 8×8-Daten in die Auswertung einfließen, unterscheiden. Dabei zeigte sich insbesondere bei den Nebenbaumarten, dass sich die Standardfehler der Schätzungen mit der umfassenderen Datengrundlage des 8×8-Gitters reduzieren. In einzelnen Fällen lagen die 16×16-Werte auch merklich neben den 8×8-Werten. Insgesamt zeigte sich für die überwiegende Mehrheit der Baumarten für den Zeitraum 2022-2024 eine Verschlechterung im Kronenzustand gegenüber 2006-2008. Für welche Baumarten man diese Verschlechterung als statistisch signifikant bezeichnen kann, wurde anhand der Konfidenzintervalle der Schätzwerte bestimmt. Anhand der 8×8-Daten lassen sich für eine größere Anzahl von Baumarten signifikante Verschlechterungen feststellen, als mit den 16×16-Daten. Die wichtigsten Schadursachen unterscheiden sich von Baumart zu Baumart und verschiedene Schadursachen zeigen sehr unterschiedliche zeitliche Verläufe. Auch hier helfen die zusätzlichen Daten des 8×8-Gitters die Standardfehler zu reduzieren und höhere Schätzgenauigkeiten zu erzielen. Die Studie dokumentiert das Gewichtungs- und Berechnungsverfahren für Schätzwerte und Standardfehler für die Ergebnisse der Waldzustandserhebung. Sie verdeutlicht die Vorteile der Berücksichtigung aller Daten des 8×8-Gitters für bundesweite Aussagen über den Waldzustand. Eine genauere Erfassung von Vitalitätstrends auch für weniger häufige Baumarten ist vor allem angesichts des voranschreitenden Klimawandels und der nötigen Waldanpassung von großem Interesse. |
| Abstract: | The Crown Condition Survey (WZE) records the vitality of the most important forest tree species every year in order to document their long-term development and identify potential problems that manifest themselves in increased crown defoliation. The trees are assessed at sampling points arranged in a regular grid pattern across Germany. In the past, the German government's Forest Condition Report exclusively evaluated data from sampling points located 16 km apart on the so-called 16×16 grid. The federal states usually collect additional data for their forest condition reports on a denser sampling grid, the so-called 8×8 grid. However, the federal government only has access to this 8×8 data for selected years in the past, during which the National Forest Soil Inventory (BZE) was also carried out on this grid. In future, the federal government's forest condition report will take all 8×8 data into account. The larger sample size is intended to reduce estimation errors, in particular to enable more robust statements to be made about less abundant tree species and the most important causes of damage. The most important condition variables for the individual tree species are the average crown defoliation, the proportion of the area with significant crown defoliation of over 25% and the proportion of the area affected by a specific cause of damage. The estimation uncertainties for these condition variables can be specified as standard errors in each case. However, when calculating the standard errors, several aspects of the sample design must be taken into account. Firstly, this is a cluster sample and, secondly, the sample points must be weighted differently because the spatial arrangement of the points on the 8×8 grid varies in some federal states. For this purpose, a spatial weighting method based on Voronoi tessellation is introduced. Using the available 8×8 data from the BZE years 2006-2008 and 2022-2024, an analysis was conducted to determine how the results differ depending on whether only 16×16 data or all 8×8 data are included in the evaluation. It was found that, particularly for less abundant tree species, the standard errors of the estimates were reduced with the more comprehensive data basis of the 8×8 grid. In individual cases, the 16×16 values also differed noticeably from the 8×8 values. Overall, the vast majority of tree species showed a deterioration in crown condition when the period 2022-2024 was compared to 2006-2008. The tree species for which this deterioration can be described as statistically significant were determined on the basis of the confidence intervals of the estimated values. The 8×8 data reveal significant deterioration for a larger number of tree species than the 16×16 data. The main causes of damage vary from tree species to tree species, and different causes of damage show very different temporal patterns. Here, too, the additional data from the 8×8 grid help to reduce standard errors and achieve higher estimation accuracy. The study documents the weighting and calculation methods used for estimates and standard errors for the results of the Crown Condition Survey. It highlights the advantages of considering all data from the 8×8 grid for nationwide statements on forest condition. A more accurate recording of vitality trends, particularly for less common tree species, is of great interest, especially in view of advancing climate change and the necessary adaptation of forests. |
| Keywords: | Waldzustandserhebung, Stichprobengitter, Gewichtungsverfahren, Nebenbaumarten, Schadursachen, Crown Condition Survey, Sampling Grid, Weighting Approach, Less Common Tree Species, Damage Causes |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:340158 |
| By: | Julia S. Rizzotto (University of São Paulo (USP)); Andrea B. Carvalho (Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG)); Eduarda M. de Figueiredo (University of São Paulo (USP)); Wallace P. S. de Farias Souza (Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB)) |
| Abstract: | The blue economy, understood as the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, is increasingly central to coastal development policies. However, its gendered labor outcomes remain poorly understood. This paper examines how wages in oceanrelated formal activities are distributed between women and men across sectors and along the earnings distribution in Brazil’s coastal labor markets. Using linked employer-employee data from the Annual Social Information Report (RAIS) (2006–2023) covering 279 seafront municipalities, we classify formal jobs into five ocean-related sectors and benchmark them against non-ocean activities in the exact locations. We then apply Oaxaca–Blinder and Recentered Influence Function (RIF) decompositions to separate the part of the gender wage gap explained by observable characteristics from the unexplained component. Women earn approximately 4.3% less than men in formal ocean-related jobs, despite having more favorable characteristics, as higher levels of education. The explained component is harmful, indicating that women’s profiles would predict higher wages; the observed gap is therefore entirely sustained by a significant positive unexplained component, consistent with discrimination and unobserved gender-correlated factors. The sector-specific analyses show that unexplained gaps are huge in marine energy and marine transport. Using the RIF decompositions, we find that wage gaps are small at the bottom but widen sharply at the upper quantiles, indicating the presence of glass-ceiling mechanisms rather than sticky floors. These findings show that blue economy development is not distributionally neutral and highlight the need to integrate gender equity explicitly into ocean governance and sustainability agendas. |
| Keywords: | Blue economy; Gender Gap; Wage; Discrimination |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:022453 |
| By: | Odwa Mtati; Stephen G. Hosking |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources Management, South Africa |
| JEL: | N57 P48 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:ersawp:883 |
| By: | Matthias Burgert; Matthiey Darracq Paries; Luigi Durand; Mario González; Romanos Priftis; Oke Röhe; Matthias Rottner; Edgar Silgado-Gómez; Nikolai Stähler; Janos Varga |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a novel model comparison to examine the challenges posed by changes in carbon-intensive energy prices for monetary policy. The employed environmental monetary models have a detailed multi-sector structure. The comparison assesses the effects of both a temporary and a permanent energy price increase with a particular focus on the euro area and the United States. Temporary and permanent price shocks are both inflationary. However, the inflationary impact of the permanent shock depends on the underlying model assumptions and monetary policy response. The analysis also establishes that these models share large commonalities in their quantitative and qualitative results, while also pointing out cross-country differences. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1067 |
| By: | Meng Yu Ngov; Pierre-Louis Vézina; Trang Thu Tran; Gaurav Nayyar |
| Abstract: | We document how foreign firms, inputs, and subsidies have shaped the development of Viet Nam's solar panel industry. We use firm-to-firm transaction data from Panjiva as well as firm-level data from the Vietnamese Enterprise Survey to trace solar panel value chains. We uncover three key findings: First, parts and components from subsidizing countries are 30% cheaper than alternatives. Those from China, which provides the majority of solar inputs to Vietnamese producers, are cheapest. Foreign subsidies may thus spill over across countries via value chains. Second, Chinese FDI firms dominate Viet Nam's solar industry, accounting for 75% of exports and 50% of jobs, while exporting solar panels that are 38% cheaper than those of other producers in Viet Nam. Third, local firms supplying parts and components to these Chinese FDI firms experience positive productivity gains. Our findings show how Viet Nam's solar boom emerged through deep integration into China's subsidized supply chains. |
| Keywords: | global value chains, green subsidies, FDI |
| JEL: | F14 F23 Q42 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:25138 |
| By: | Kimberly A. Clausing (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares three global collective action problems, those involving climate change, international trade, and international taxation. First, each problem is assessed in terms of fundamental elements that stymie global collective action: concentrated interests that deter action in the face of larger yet diffuse benefits, cross-jurisdictional policy spillovers, and free-rider incentives at the jurisdictional level. Second, each problem is assessed in terms of four key elements that help address global collective action problems: (i) broad understanding of the policy problem, (ii) formation of a coalition willing to take policy action, (iii) enforcement mechanisms that incentivize policy adoption and protect adopters from nonadopters, and (iv) leadership. The paper concludes by discussing lessons from the three global collective action problems, set in the context of contemporary geopolitical developments. Although all solution elements are important, adequate incentive mechanisms are a pivotal factor in resolving global collective action problems; such mechanisms can also strengthen global collective efforts in the face of would-be spoilers. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; international tax; international trade; global collective action |
| JEL: | F53 H73 H87 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp26-6 |
| By: | Zemke, Valentina Theresia; Koch, Gerald; Haag, Volker |
| Abstract: | The globally increasing production of charcoal, particularly in (sub-) tropical regions with a high risk of illegal deforestation, necessitates extensive protective measures. In Europe, these measures are implemented within the framework of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR; Regulation (EU) 2023/1115), which prohibits the import and sale of commodities originating from deforested land (cut-off date: 31 December 2020). Under the EUDR, large enterprises (from 30 December 2026) and micro- and small enterprises (from 30 July 2027) are obliged to conduct a due diligence procedure when placing their products on the European market for the first time, thereby ensuring that charcoal and briquettes originate from legal production throughout the entire supply chain and fully comply with the requirements of the EUDR (European Commission, 2025; European Parliament, 2025). As part of the implementation of the EUDR, wood identification is employed, among other measures, to verify declared wood compositions in barbecue charcoal products and to support assessments under species protection legislation, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). To facilitate this process, an atlas for the identification of wood species in charcoal was developed at the Thünen Institute of Wood Research using 3D reflected-light microscopy. This atlas contains a selection of wood species from different climatic regions, since Europe imports a large part of its growing demand for charcoal from non-European countries (FAO, 2024). References for a total of 34 wood species are compiled in a microphotographic atlas that illustrates the structural changes in wood tissue resulting from the carbonization process and documents the associated adaptions in preparation and microscopy techniques. The feature list for the identification of hardwoods (according to IAWA, 1989) is supplemented with example micrographs of charred structural features. In addition, important guidance is provided on the use of quantitative data, as charcoal exhibits substantial dimensional shrinkage. Features whose observation in carbonized wood is limited or not possible are also systematically listed. Overall, this comprehensive information contributes to avoiding incorrect processes in charcoal identification and to increasing the success rate of reliable identification at the genus and/or species level. |
| Abstract: | Die weltweit zunehmende Produktion von Holzkohle, insbesondere in (sub-)tropischen Regionen mit einem hohen Risiko illegaler Entwaldung, erfordert umfangreiche Schutzmaßnahmen. Diese erfolgen in Europa im Rahmen der Europäischen Entwaldungsverordnung (EUDR/ (EU) 2023/1115), die ein Import- und Verkaufsverbot von Waren vorsieht, die auf entwaldeten Flächen (Stichtag: 31.12.2020) entstanden sind. Mit der EUDR werden Großunternehmen (ab dem 30.12.2026) und Mikro-/Kleinunternehmen (ab dem 30.07.2027) dazu verpflichtet, bei der Erstinverkehrbringung ihrer Waren auf den Europäischen Markt ein Sorgfaltspflichtverfahren (Due Diligence) durchzuführen und damit zu gewährleisten, dass Holzkohle und - Briketts entlang der gesamten Lieferkette aus einer legalen Erzeugung stammen und die Anforderungen der EUDR vollständig erfüllen (European Commission, 2025; European Parliament, 2025). Für die Umsetzung der EUDR werden u.a. Holzartenbestimmungen durchgeführt, mit denen die Deklaration der enthaltenen Hölzer in Grillkohlesortimenten überprüft und artenschutzrechtliche Bewertungen nach dem Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen (CITES) vorgenommen werden können. Um diesen Prozess zu erleichtern, wurde am Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung unter Anwendung der 3D-Auflichtmikroskopie ein Atlas für die Holzartenbestimmung von Holzkohle und -briketts entwickelt. Dieser Atlas enthält eine Auswahl von Hölzern verschiedener Klimaregionen, da Europa einen Großteil seines wachsenden Bedarfs an Grillkohle aus außereuropäischen Ländern importiert (FAO, 2024). Die Referenzen von insgesamt 34 Holzarten sind in einem mikrophotographischen Atlas zusammengefasst, der die strukturellen Veränderungen des Holzgewebes infolge des Verkohlungsprozesses darstellt und die daraus resultierende, angepasste Präparations- und Mikroskopie-Technik dokumentiert. Darüber hinaus wurde die Merkmalliste für die Bestimmung von Laubhölzern (nach IAWA, 1989) übernommen und mit beispielhaften Aufnahmen verkohlter Strukturmerkmale unterlegt. Ergänzend werden wichtige Hinweise zur Verwendung quantitativer Daten von Strukturmerkmalen gegeben, da Holzkohle einen hohen Dimensionsverlust aufweist. Zudem werden alle Merkmale aufgeführt, deren Beobachtung an verkohltem Holz nur eingeschränkt oder gar nicht möglich ist. Insgesamt sollen diese umfangreichen Informationen dazu beitragen, fehlerhafte Identifizierungsprozesse bei der Holzartenbestimmung von Holzkohle zu vermeiden und die Erfolgsrate einer sicheren Zuordnung auf Gattungs- und/oder Artenebene zu erhöhen. |
| Keywords: | EUDR, environmental protection, anthracology, barbecue charcoal, charcoal identification, wood anatomy, microscopy, 3D reflected light microscopy, Umweltschutz, Anthrakologie, Grillkohle, Holzkohleidentifizierung, Holzanatomie, Mikroskopie, 3D-Auflichtmikroskopie |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:340153 |
| By: | Verónica Gutman (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Carolina Zanino (Fundación de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Comerciales. Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Paula Covelli (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Priscila Ramos (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.) |
| Abstract: | El etiquetado climático del presupuesto público constituye una herramienta clave para identificar, clasificar y monitorear los recursos públicos destinados a la acción climática. Este documento revisa las principales metodologías internacionales de etiquetado climático y su aplicación en América Latina, así como la experiencia desarrollada en Argentina entre 2022 y 2024. A partir de esta revisión, se analizan los avances y desafíos del sistema vigente en el país y los aprendizajes derivados de experiencias comparadas. En particular, se examinan los aspectos institucionales, técnicos y metodológicos que podrían contribuir a fortalecer la coherencia y trazabilidad del etiquetado climático en Argentina, con el objetivo de aportar evidencia útil para la planificación y el seguimiento de la política climática nacional. |
| Keywords: | Etiquetado climático del presupuesto; Presupuesto verde; Política climática; Gasto público; Argentina |
| JEL: | H50 H61 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ake:iiepdt:2026-118 |
| By: | Pina-Sánchez, Jose (University of Leeds); Trinidad, Alexander (University of Cologne); Loader, Ian |
| Abstract: | This registered report investigates whether involvement in road traffic collisions meaningfully shapes pedestrians’ and cyclists’ perceptions of safety. Drawing on criminological insights - particularly the fear‑victimisation paradox - the study explores the common policy assumption that reducing collisions alone improves subjective safety. Using ESRA2 survey data from 24 European countries, the analysis estimates both average and conditional treatment effects of collision experience on perceived safety, accounting for vulnerability (age, gender) and exposure (active travel frequency). The study employs equivalence testing and counterfactual modelling to assess whether victims’ perceptions differ from non‑victims’. Findings will clarify whether collision reduction strategies are sufficient to encourage active travel or whether broader interventions addressing vulnerability and environmental cues are required. |
| Date: | 2026–04–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4dnrc_v1 |
| By: | Benoit Decerf (University of Namur); Oliver Sterck (University of Antwerp); Christopher Hoy (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research) |
| Abstract: | Many policy decisions involve trade-offs between lives and livelihoods. We provide the first estimates for a new welfare parameter that expresses this trade-off in the longevity-poverty space. To do so, we conduct randomized survey experiments with 20, 000 respondents across seven middle- and high-income countries. Both the median and mean responses imply that individuals are willing to spend no more than about two years in poverty to gain one additional year of life, sharply restricting the plausible range for this normative parameter. We show how these estimates can inform policy trade-offs related to long-run global development, pandemic responses, and climate change. |
| Keywords: | Poverty, Mortality, Welfare, Preferences, Survey Experiment |
| JEL: | D63 I12 I15 I32 O15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iae:iaewps:wp2026n03 |
| By: | Xueyi Geng (TJU - Tianjin University, Rennes SB - Rennes School of Business); Yi Xiao (TJU - Tianjin University); Junsong Bian (Rennes SB - Rennes School of Business); Gang Liu (TJU - Tianjin University); Huimin Wang (TJU - Tianjin University) |
| Abstract: | Water-saving technologies contribute to mitigating the environmental impact of agriculture and raising farmers' incomes by reducing production input and enhancing crop quality. The promotion of water-saving technologies commonly requires government support and intervention. This study investigates two subsidy schemes: the dynamic scheme and commitment scheme, in terms of social welfare, supplier profits and farmer surplus. We develop an analytical model to analyze the interactions within an agricultural supply chain consisting of a government, a water-saving equipment supplier and heterogeneous farmers across two periods, taking social influence and technological advancement into consideration. The result shows that the impact of social influence on social welfare is associated with the service life of the equipment. Moreover, our findings indicate that the dynamic scheme can better address the uncertainty associated with the advancement in technology. Specifically, the dynamic scheme can concurrently enhance the interests of the supplier and farmers. Finally, we further generalize the model by including the farmers' learning-by-doing behaviors and provide relevant managerial implications for practice. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural logistics and supply chains, Government subsidies, Social influence, Technological advancement |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05596990 |
| By: | Liz Deichmann |
| Abstract: | Consumer credit conditions, as measured by credit card balances and delinquency, weakened in lower-income areas affected by the May 2025 St. Louis tornado. |
| Keywords: | consumer credit; credit card debt; credit card delinquencies; natural disasters |
| Date: | 2026–04–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:103089 |
| By: | Steven F. Koch; Yuxiang Ye |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rza:ersawp:894 |
| By: | Rural Electrification Administration |
| Abstract: | General References (Books – Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Care and Repair of Electrical Equipment (Books – Bulletins and Periodicals) --- Farm Home Electrical Cost Data (Bulletins) --- Heating and Air Conditioning (Books and Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Kitchens (Books – Bulletins – Periodicals) Laundry (Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Plays and Pageants ---Plumping and Water Systems (Bulletins and Periodicals) --- Ranges and Electric Cookery (Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Refrigeration (Books – Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Rural Electrification Education (Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Small Appliances (Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Utensils (Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Wiring and Lighting (Books – Bulletins – Periodicals) --- Reference Sources. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:397817 |
| By: | Carlos Madeira |
| Abstract: | Using hand-collected data with biographical information on central bank governors and board members across 212 countries, I obtain experience-based forecasts for GDP growth and inflation based on an adaptive learning model estimated from their lifetime macroeconomic data. I show that life experience influences the monetary policy rates, with heterogeneity by central bank independence and central bankers' treasury experience. PhD education, studies abroad and professional experience in foreign countries do not seem to influence policy rates. Furthermore, life experience influences the tone of speeches for monetary policy, financial stability and climate concerns. Weather disasters experience reduces climate concerns and NGFS membership. |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1073 |
| By: | Huynh, Benjamin; Koenecke, Allison |
| Abstract: | The Strait of Hormuz is a critical maritime chokepoint, with concerns of disruption arising from conflict. We quantify trade dependencies across 172 countries, finding 19.6% [95% Interpercentile Interval: 17.4, 21.8] of global fossil fuel trade transits the strait, and that lower income countries are disproportionately dependent on Hormuz-sourced fertilizer. Countries doubly dependent on Hormuz-sourced energy and fertilizer face pre-existing humanitarian crises, indicating global structural vulnerability. |
| Date: | 2026–04–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4v3b9_v1 |
| By: | Haifang Huang (University of Alberta); John Helliwell (University of British Columbia) |
| Abstract: | Using the Canadian sample of the Gallup World Poll, we document large declines in subjective well-being (SWB) among young adults (20–34), measured by the Cantril life ladder, alongside rising food and shelter insecurity, worsening perceptions of local housing affordability and job climate, and deteriorating living standards. Oaxaca-type decompositions show that these economic stressors account for nearly half of young adults’ decline in their average Cantril life evaluation from the 2005-14 baseline period to the 2023-25 cost-of-living crisis, and 38-58%, depending on specifications, of the widening in the evaluation gap between the youngest (20–34) and oldest (65+) groups. <p> Housing stands out. Dissatisfaction with local housing affordability is the biggest contributing factor among young adults, but is less important for older groups. Analysis using Teranet House Price Index (HPI) shows that rises in local house prices worsen affordability perceptions across all age groups; they also predict lower life evaluations among young adults, but not among seniors.<p> In contrast, changes in eight non-economic domain measures (covering self-reported health, social support, trust, perceived respect, and prosocial activity) contribute little to young adults’ life-evaluation decline. We interpret the evidence as indicating that the happiness crisis among young Canadians is, to a large degree, an economic crisis. |
| Keywords: | subjective well-being; generation; demographics |
| JEL: | E24 H23 J64 J68 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:albaec:022456 |
| By: | Abdullah AlHassan (International Monetary Fund); Luc Leruth (University of Clermont Ferrand); Adnan Mazarei (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Charles Meuwly (ZENO-Indices); Joseph Moussa (International Monetary Fund); Pierre Regibeau (Warsaw School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Key Takeaways - A small group of large firms dominates the global petrochemical industry, with ownership heavily concentrated among corporations and geographically in China, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. - Ownership does not equal control. Chinese and other Asian investors exert significant control, while US investors exercise limited control due to reliance on passive investments. Saudi Arabia has full control over its investments. - Europe has weak control and limited presence in the petrochemical industry, with very few major companies, leaving it more dependent on external suppliers. Petrochemicals--used in everything from fertilizers, solar panels, clothing, and cosmetics to electric vehicles, electronics, and medicines--are integral to food security, manufacturing, and clean energy. They are also becoming the fastest-growing source of demand for oil. The 2026 conflict in the Middle East has exposed vulnerabilities in petrochemical supply chains, especially since Middle Eastern producers account for much of the global supply of key petrochemical products, including fertilizers, and one-third of global seaborne fertilizer trade transits the Strait of Hormuz. Understanding the petrochemical industry, including its size, geographical distribution, and ownership and control structure, is essential to reduce risks from geopolitical shocks, hostile takeovers, and fragile supply chains. |
| JEL: | G3 L1 L7 Q3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp26-4 |
| By: | Juan Carlos Hallak (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.); Andrés López (Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política (IIEP UBA–CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina.) |
| Abstract: | La posibilidad de explotar intensivamente los recursos hidrocarburíferos y minerales disponibles en el país a partir de la esperada estabilización macroeconómica ha alimentado la ilusión de que dicha explotación constituirá la base de un crecimiento económico sostenido. Sin embargo, nuestra disponibilidad de recursos naturales, presente y futura, no es tanta como la de países de referencia, como Australia, Noruega y Canadá. Por ello, argumentamos que el crecimiento sostenido de nuestra economía debería estar basado en un patrón de inserción internacional más complejo y sofisticado, que aproveche las oportunidades de agregación de valor que ofrece la diferenciación de productos y servicios. A la vez, mostramos que el camino propuesto no parte de cero, sino que ya existe una estructura productiva en el país capaz de innovar y exportar productos y servicios diferenciados en un amplio abanico de sectores pertenecientes tanto al agro como a la industria y los servicios. Visibilizar esta capacidad productiva existente, pero a menudo ignorada en la discusión pública, es un paso crucial para identificar a las políticas públicas que permitirían potenciarla. |
| Keywords: | Argentina; Desarrollo exportador; Desarrollo económico; Políticas de desarrollo productivo (PDP); Recursos naturales; Inserción internacional |
| JEL: | F1 F23 F43 F60 L16 O13 O14 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ake:iiepdt:2026-112 |
| By: | Cameron Elliott Gordon |
| Abstract: | On March 10, 1933 a moderate earthquake (6.2 on the Richter scale) hit the city of Long Beach, California. Although not especially strong seismically, the quake did extensive damage to property in Long Beach and surrounding communities, and killed 120 people. The main reason why the Long Beach earthquake was so catastrophic was unreinforced masonry building construction. The quake itself is an interesting story, but the aftermath is even more interesting. This single event inspired passage of the Field Act, a template by which later seismic building regulations were developed; it was the first time that accelerographs were used to measure ground motion, thus playing a key role in the continuing development of earthquake science; and the subsequent reconstruction of the City caused the then stagnant economy to take off rather dramatically, serving as a sort of example of what might be called “Disaster Keynesianism.†The Long Beach earthquake is thus an interesting example of the human role in “natural disasters.†|
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:auu:hpaper:137 |
| By: | Schröder, Arne; Klever, Christin; Knöpfel, Tim; Niemann, Melina; Lasner, Tobias; Altmann, Brianne Andrea; Wolgast, Thiemo; Schütz, Aurelia; Bayer, Elisa; Risius, Antje; Döring, Ralf |
| Abstract: | Das vom Land Niedersachsen geförderte Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben "Entwicklung von Lösungs-ansätzen für die regionale Wertschöpfungskette Nordseekrabbe", kurz "Alternative Krabbenwertschöpfung", hatte zur Aufgabe, Lösungsansätze für eine regionale Wertschöpfungskette in der Krabbenfischerei zu entwickeln und diese hinsichtlich ihrer Nachhaltigkeit nach wissenschaftlichen Kriterien zu bewerten. Es sollte eine innovative Krabbenschältechnik im Vergleich zu anderen technischen Lösungen, inklusive Bau und Testung von Prototypen, untersucht werden. Zusätzliche Projekteinhalte waren betriebswirtschaftliche Analysen innovativer Entschälungsstrategien im Vergleich mit der Handentschälung in Nordafrika, eine Analyse der technischen Effizienz der niedersächsischen Krabbenfischereibetriebe und schließlich eine Analyse des Markt- und Absatzpotentials für regional entschälte Krabben sein. Letztes sollte unter Betrachtung der Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitskriterien sowie des Verbraucherwissens und der Verbraucherpräferenzen einschließlich der Analysen der Produktqualität betrachtet werden. Momentan werden 80-90% der deutschen Fänge durch nur zwei niederländische Großhändler abgenommen, die auch die Entschälung per Hand in Marokko finanziell und logistisch organisieren, die entschälten Krabben re-importieren sowie in Richtung Einzelhandel und Gastronomie vermarkten. Aufgrund dieser bestehenden Marktstrukturen und fehlender alternativer Absatzwege sind die einzelnen Fischereibetriebe abhängig von diesen Großhändlern und ihnen gegenüber in schwachen Verhandlungspositionen. Die kontaktlose maschinelle Entschälung mittels Druckes funktioniert im Prinzip; allerdings ist die Hochskalierung herausfordernd und im Projekt deswegen nicht abschließend erreicht worden. Hier wird weitere Entwicklungsarbeit nötig sein, auch um letztlich die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Betriebs von auf der neuen Technik beruhenden Entschälmaschinen beurteilen zu können und damit ihren möglichen Beitrag zu einer regionalen Wertschöpfung. Bereits existierende, mechanisch arbeitende Maschinen können dies wegen technischer Unzulänglichkeiten und den daraus folgenden hohen Arbeitskosten sowie geringer Fleischausbeute nicht leisten und sind zumindest regional nur in sehr eng begrenzten Nischenmärkten rentabel. Aufgrund in den letzten Jahren nicht möglicher Rücklagenbildung der Fischereibetriebe sind ihre Investitionsmöglichkeiten in den Aufbau von eigenen Entschälkapazitäten allerdings sehr eingeschränkt wie auch die Bereitschaft dazu unter den herrschenden Unsicherheiten (inkl. die Einsetzbarkeit der neuen Technik oder die möglichen Reaktionen der Großhändler auf solche Versuche). Schon relativ geringe Mengen an regionaler Entschälung, auch um nicht in Konkurrenz zu den Großhändlern zu treten, könnten aber bei entsprechend gegebener Wirtschaftlichkeit der kontaktlosen Technik die Profitabilität der Krabbenfischereibetriebe erhöhen. Des Weiteren gibt es deutliche Hinweise, dass Steigerungen der Effizienz einzelner Betriebe im Fang, obwohl bereits relativ hoch, möglich sind. So operieren Betriebe, die keine Fischerei im Winter betreiben, Fahrzeuge mit modernen Rumpfmaterialien nutzen oder deren Eigner Mitglied einer Erzeugerorganisation sind, effizienter. Eine höhere technische Effizienz geht einher mit höheren Gewinnen. Eine Vermarktung von aus regional anfallenden Krabbenschälresten hergestellte Produkte im Hobbybereich (Garten, Heimtierfutter, Angelei) ist ebenfalls möglich und könnte weitere Erlöse erzielen. Für Konsumierende ist die Krabbe ein typisches Nordseeprodukt und oft aus dem Urlaub bekannt; Regionalität inkl. der Krabbenverarbeitung ist ihnen wichtig und äußert sich in einer gewissen Mehrzahlungsbereitschaft. Dabei wird aber eine maschinelle Entschälung oft skeptisch gesehen und Krabben, die mit den bereits existierenden Maschinen mechanisch, d.h. per Kontakt, entschält werden, schnitten in Aussehen und Konsistenz bei Konsumierenden im Vergleich zu in Marokko handentschälten Nordseegarnelen schlecht ab. Allerdings ist bei vielen Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern der Informationsbedarf zur Nordseekrabbe und ihren Verarbeitungswegen noch hoch. Schlussfolgernd zeigte sich im Detail, wie eine regionale Wertschöpfungskette als ein wichtiger Baustein helfen könnte, die wirtschaftliche Situation der Krabbenfischerei zu verbessern, wobei eine Hochskalierung und Wirtschaftlichkeitsprüfung der neuen kontaktlosen Technologie noch aussteht. |
| Abstract: | The research and development project 'Development of solutions for the regional North Sea brown shrimp value chain', or 'Alternative brown shrimp added value' for short, funded by the state of Lower Saxony, had the task of developing solutions for a regional value chain in brown shrimp fishing and evaluating them in terms of their sustainability according to scientific criteria. The aim was to investigate an innovative crab shelling technique in comparison with other technical solutions, including the construction and testing of prototypes. Additional project content included business analyses of innovative peeling strategies compared to manual peeling in North Africa, an analysis of the technical efficiency of brown shrimp fishing companies in Lower Saxony, and finally an analysis of the market and sales potential for regionally peeled brown shrimps. The latter was to be considered in light of environmental and sustainability criteria as well as consumer knowledge and preferences, including analyses of product quality. Currently, 80-90% of German landings are purchased by just two Dutch wholesalers, who also organise the manual peeling in Morocco financially and logistically, re-import the peeled brown shrimps and market them to retailers and restaurants. Due to these existing market structures and the lack of alternative sales channels, individual fishing companies are dependent on these wholesalers and are in a weak negotiating position towards them. Contactless mechanical peeling using pressure works in principle; however, upscaling is challenging and has therefore not been conclusively achieved in the project. Further development work is necessary here, also to ultimately assess the economic viability of operating peeling machines based on the new technology and thus their potential contribution to regional added value. Existing mechanical machines cannot achieve this due to technical shortcomings and the resulting high labour costs and low meat yield, and are only profitable in very limited niche markets, at least regionally. However, due to the inability of fishing companies to build up financial reserves in recent years, their investment opportunities in developing their own shelling capacities are very limited, as is their willingness to do so given the prevailing uncertainties (including the usability of the new technology and the possible reactions of wholesalers to such attempts). Even relatively small amounts of regional shelling, also in order not to compete with wholesalers, could increase the profitability of brown shrimp fishing companies if the contactless technology will be economically viable. Furthermore, there are clear indications that increases in the efficiency of individual fishing companies are possible, even though it is already relatively high. For example, companies that do not fish in winter, use vessels with modern hull materials or whose owners are members of a producer organisation operate more efficiently. Higher technical efficiency goes hand in hand with higher profits. It is also possible to market products made from regional brown shrimp shelling residues in the hobby sector (gardening, pet food, fishing), which could generate additional revenue. For consumers, brown shrimps are a typical North Sea product and often familiar from holidays; regionality, including brown shrimp processing, is important to them and is reflected in a certain willingness to pay more. However, mechanical peeling is often viewed with scepticism, and brown shrimps that are peeled mechanically, i.e. by contact, using existing machines score poorly with consumers in terms of appearance and consistency compared to North Sea brown shrimps that are peeled by hand in Morocco. However, many consumers still have a high need for information about North Sea brown shrimps and how they are processed. In conclusion, it was shown in detail how a regional value chain could serve as an important building block in improving the economic situation of brown shrimp fishing companies, although upscaling and economic feasibility testing of the new contactless technology are still pending. |
| Keywords: | Nordseekrabbe, kontaktlose Entschälung, Wertschöpfungskette, Regionalität, Effizienzanalyse, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Brown shrimps, contactless peeling, value chain, regionality, efficiency analyses, economic viability |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:340157 |
| By: | Michele Belot; Rustam Hakimov |
| Abstract: | We design an intervention to foster social ties at work and evaluate its impact on performance and retention. We run a cluster-randomized field experiment in a large microfinance firm, providing small subsidies for geographically spread offices to organize biweekly social activities over three months. The intervention increases perceived collegiality and workplace friendships by about 0.2-0.25 SD. Individual productivity is unchanged, but office-level team performance in the firm's competition improves in the final intervention month and employee turnover falls by about 4-4.5 pp from a 9-13% baseline in the following months. The pattern is consistent with bonding mitigating free-riding in team tasks and raising job utility as a non-wage amenity; survey evidence suggests an additional role for reciprocity toward the firm. |
| Keywords: | Workplace Collegiality, Climate, Bonding, Field Experiment |
| JEL: | M54 J32 C93 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:26033 |
| By: | Steeve Mongrain, Federico Revelli, Tanguy van Ypersele and Roberto Zotti (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | This paper models theoretically and tests empirically the hypothesis that the decision about the location of a public bad within a multi-tiered structure of government (a facility providing benefits throughout the federation but inflicting damage to the region hosting it) can be driven by strategic electoral considerations exploiting the heterogeneous migration responses to the location of the public bad by voters of different ideologies - a sort of mobility-based gerrymandering. As long as the average utility loss from living close to the public bad is larger for progressives than it is for conservatives, conservative and progressive central governments will pursue opposite strategies. The former locate the public bad in an electorally tight region to induce progressive voters to exit and gain the region for the conservative party, while the latter attempt to spread progressive voters out of safe and into electorally tight regions. An application to waste treatment plant locations across Italian municipalities returns evidence in support of the model’s main hypotheses. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sfu:sfudps:dp26-07 |
| By: | Mario Huarancca (Banco Central de Reserva del Perú); Maria Rita Huarancca (Banco Central de Reserva del Perú) |
| Abstract: | Este estudio evalúa el impacto del terremoto de Pisco de 2007 sobre la acumulación de capital humano en el Perú, medido en años de educación. Utilizando microdatos del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2017 e información geoespacial de intensidad sísmica (MMI), se implementa una estrategia de diferencias en diferencias por cohorte y distrito de residencia, la cual explota la variación del año de nacimiento y la exposición geográfica al terremoto. Los resultados muestran que la población más expuesta al terremoto acumuló, en promedio, menos años de educación (-0, 67 años) respecto aquella población que residió en distritos alejados del epicentro. Asimismo, la exposición al terremoto de 2007 redujo significativamente la probabilidad de completar la educación primaria (-0, 06 puntos) y secundaria (-0, 07 puntos) entre las cohortes jóvenes en las zonas afectadas, sugiriendo así que, el impacto negativo del terremoto sobre el capital humano no solo se traduce en interrupciones temporales de la etapa escolar, sino también en potenciales abandonos del sistema educativo. Estos resultados son persistentes bajo diversos ejercicios de robustez y sugieren que el principal canal de transmisión es la destrucción de infraestructura educativa. El estudio concluye que los efectos del terremoto no se limitaron a pérdidas humanas y daños materiales inmediatos, sino que generaron pérdidas, de largo plazo, en el capital humano y evidenciaron la necesidad de incorporar la dimensión educativa en las estrategias de gestión del riesgo y respuesta post-desastre. |
| Keywords: | Terremoto, Educación, Infraestructura, Perú |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rbp:wpaper:dt-2026-014 |