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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Leonard, Robert L. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:neaecp:261945 |
| By: | Bond, Robert S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:neaecp:261944 |
| By: | Yasmine Kamal (Cairo UniversityAuthor-Name: Mahmoud Mohieldin; Cairo University); Myriam Ramzy (Cairo University) |
| Abstract: | Egyptian firms are a vital case for examining the impact of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) in its current transitional phase. CO2 emissions tariffs on imports implemented under the CBAM could threaten export competitiveness of developing countriesincluding Egypt- in the EU market. Thus, this study examines Egyptian firms’ performance in greening their production process and the determinants of their environmental measures using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. Our findings indicate that green management practices matter for Egyptian firms’ probability of adoption of green measures as well as the number of measures they adopt. In contrast, financial constraints negatively impact the probability of undertaking capital-intensive green investments such as machinery and vehicle upgrades. Also, specific targets for carbon emissions and energy consumption exert greater positive effect on the extensive and intensive margins of a firm’s environmental performance than any other green management action. Qualitative analysis supports the quantitative findings on the importance of both managerial and financial factors in determining environmental performance. Egyptian firms in steel, fertilizers, and cement sectors that export to the EU have technically complied with CBAM requirements with the help of government bodies and through hiring consultants and training their employees. In interviews, they emphasized their need to establish reliable monitoring, reporting, and verification systems for their carbon emissions and to secure concessional long-term finance to undertake their decarbonization plans. They are also willing to engage in the trading of carbon certificates in the Egyptian exchange on the newly developed voluntary carbon market. Even as they are actively responding to CBAM, firms acknowledged their need to diversify their export destination markets so as not to depend primarily on the EU. |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1771 |
| By: | Adhikari, Geeta Devi |
| Abstract: | The risks associated with climate change are disproportionately high to the small states due to elevated vulnerability and limited adaptive capacity. The current literature has mainly focused on small island developing countries, leaving the relatively unexplored small land-locked countries in the climate governance literature. This study uses a qualitative case-study approach and thematic analysis of national climate plans and policy documents and international agreements to study Bhutan as an example of climate governance, and examines how its national climate policies are aligned with international climate processes. The article will assess the policies of Bhutan in conserving forests, renewable energy, climate change and sustainable development under the Gross National Happiness plan. It has been found that the strong credibility of the domestic environment in Bhutan gives it the normative and moral power in the international climate governance despite its minor material power. This article can be added to the discussion of climate governance by predetermining the role of land-locked developing countries in influencing the global climate action. Keywords: Climate governance, Bhutan, small states, land-locked state, sustainability, climate policy. |
| Date: | 2026–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5ktw8_v1 |
| By: | Marijana Cvetanoska (Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia); Biljana Tashevska (Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia); Predrag Trpeski (Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia) |
| Abstract: | Purpose The foundations of sustainable development theory promote economic growth within the limits of preserving the environmental conditions of countries (Lazăr et al., 2019; Jones., 2022; Hatmanu and Cautisanu, 2023). This paper conducts a preliminary examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) by testing its hypothesized inverted U-shaped trajectory (Kisswani et al., 2019; Ansari, 2022; Magazzino et al., 2023). Specifically, the Kuznets hypothesis suggests that, in the short term, increased economic development leads to higher levels of environmental pollution (Mazur et al., 2015; Shahbaz and Sinha, 2019; Simionescu, 2021). However, over the long run, improvements in environmental standards, the implementation of regulatory measures, and the adoption of cleaner technological and production processes contribute to a reduction in environmental degradation (Zhang et al., 2017; Shuai et al., 2017; Kuznets, 2019; Jóźwik et al., 2021). This analysis includes five Western Balkan countries that have achieved candidate status for European Union membership in the post-2000 period. Empirical tests for co-integration among the variables confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. In a study conducted by Armeanu et al. (2018), the relationship between variables measuring environmental pollution and the economic growth rates of the EU-27 countries from 1995 to 2014 was empirically tested. The results of the research confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, indicating the existence of a long-term effect in the case of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Another significant research in the European context was conducted by Vasylieva et al. (2019), examining the relationship between economic growth rate, renewable resource allocation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the period 2000-2016. Using FMOLS and DOLS panel estimation techniques, the study confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Additionally, Dogan and Inglesi-Lotz (2020), conducted a study covering the period from 1980 to 2014, analysing the impact of industrial activity and energy consumption on the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the EU-27 countries. The findings of this research indicate a long-term decline in (CO2) emissions as a result of more efficient energy use and the adoption of cleaner technologies. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an empirical analysis of the short- and long-term effects of economic growth in Western Balkan countries on the quality of their natural environment. Based on the available data, the study separately examines the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels, in contrast to the effect of economic growth on the increase in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is tested using data from five Western Balkan countries. To examine the effect of economic growth on environmental quality and the use of renewable energy in five Western Balkan countries, the following three hypotheses will be tested: H1: Increases in economic growth rates and per capita energy consumption have a short-term effect on CO2 and GHG emission levels, as indicators of environmental quality in Western Balkan countries. H2: Growth in economic activity and total per capita energy consumption exerts a long-term influence on changes in CO2 and GHG emissions in Western Balkan countries. H3: Rising economic growth rates and per capita energy consumption lead to a short-term decline in environmental quality, whereas, in the long term, they contribute to improvements in environmental quality. Design/methodology/approach The methodological section of this research focuses on examining the existence of both short- and long-run effects of economic growth and per capita energy consumption on the variation in carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The research covers the period from 2000 to 2023 and includes a sample of five Western Balkan countries-candidates for accession to the European Union (EU-27). The analysis explores links between economic growth, energy use, and environmental degradation using panel data methods. To implement the methodological part and ensure the robustness of the empirical results, the stationarity of the time series is tested using unit root tests. Specifically, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Phillips-Perron (PP). The Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction model are applied to determine the order of co-integration of the variables. Prior to conducting the co-integration tests, the optimal lag length is selected based on the various selection criteria: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC), and the Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC). The study employs the VAR Lag Order Selection Criteria, and based on the obtained results, the existence of a co-integration relationship among the time series is subsequently assessed. Findings The research findings confirm the hypothesis regarding the impact of economic growth and per capita energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels over the long term. The results suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between the examined variables across all five Western Balkan countries, including North Macedonia, where a statistically significant effect of the economic growth rate and per capita energy consumption on (GHG) emissions was confirmed. On the other hand, the hypothesis concerning the short-run relationship among the included variables was validated in three Western Balkan countries - Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, the third hypothesis, which pertains to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and its inverted Ushape, was empirically supported in the case of Serbia. Originality/value Sustainable economic development is a central topic in current economic research and a core part of the European Union's development strategies: Europe 2020, European Green Deal (Fetting, 2020; Wolf et al., 2021), Agenda for Sustainable Development (Lee et al., 2016; Delbeke et al., 2019; Kryk and Guzowska, 2021; Burgin, 2023). The originality of this paper lies in assessing the significance of the impact of economic growth on environmental conditions through the application of econometric methods, specifically the Vector Error Correction Model. The value of this research stems from analysing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on economic growth rates – a dimension that previous studies have primarily examined through the impact of carbon dioxide emissions alone. A key limitation of the study concerns the scope of the dataset, particularly the omission of the pre-2000 period. As a recommendation for future research, a comparative analysis between Balkan countries and a group of EU-27 members is suggested to evaluate differences and similarities in the progress of sustainable development policies across different regions of Europe. |
| Keywords: | ARDL bounds testing approach, Income inequality, Life expectancy, North Macedonia |
| JEL: | C32 I14 I15 O52 |
| Date: | 2025–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2025:i:6:p:288-292 |
| By: | Đorđe Kotarac (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia) |
| Abstract: | Purpose The foundations of sustainable development theory promote economic growth within the limits of preserving the environmental conditions of countries (Lazăr et al., 2019; Jones., 2022; Hatmanu and Cautisanu, 2023). This paper conducts a preliminary examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) by testing its hypothesized inverted U-shaped trajectory (Kisswani et al., 2019; Ansari, 2022; Magazzino et al., 2023). Specifically, the Kuznets hypothesis suggests that, in the short term, increased economic development leads to higher levels of environmental pollution (Mazur et al., 2015; Shahbaz and Sinha, 2019; Simionescu, 2021). However, over the long run, improvements in environmental standards, the implementation of regulatory measures, and the adoption of cleaner technological and production processes contribute to a reduction in environmental degradation (Zhang et al., 2017; Shuai et al., 2017; Kuznets, 2019; Jóźwik et al., 2021). This analysis includes five Western Balkan countries that have achieved candidate status for European Union membership in the post-2000 period. Empirical tests for co-integration among the variables confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. In a study conducted by Armeanu et al. (2018), the relationship between variables measuring environmental pollution and the economic growth rates of the EU-27 countries from 1995 to 2014 was empirically tested. The results of the research confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, indicating the existence of a long-term effect in the case of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). Another significant research in the European context was conducted by Vasylieva et al. (2019), examining the relationship between economic growth rate, renewable resource allocation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the period 2000-2016. Using FMOLS and DOLS panel estimation techniques, the study confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Additionally, Dogan and Inglesi-Lotz (2020), conducted a study covering the period from 1980 to 2014, analysing the impact of industrial activity and energy consumption on the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the EU-27 countries. The findings of this research indicate a long-term decline in (CO2) emissions as a result of more efficient energy use and the adoption of cleaner technologies. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an empirical analysis of the short- and long-term effects of economic growth in Western Balkan countries on the quality of their natural environment. Based on the available data, the study separately examines the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels, in contrast to the effect of economic growth on the increase in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is tested using data from five Western Balkan countries. To examine the effect of economic growth on environmental quality and the use of renewable energy in five Western Balkan countries, the following three hypotheses will be tested: H1: Increases in economic growth rates and per capita energy consumption have a short-term effect on CO2 and GHG emission levels, as indicators of environmental quality in Western Balkan countries. H2: Growth in economic activity and total per capita energy consumption exerts a long-term influence on changes in CO2 and GHG emissions in Western Balkan countries. H3: Rising economic growth rates and per capita energy consumption lead to a short-term decline in environmental quality, whereas, in the long term, they contribute to improvements in environmental quality. Design/methodology/approach The methodological section of this research focuses on examining the existence of both short- and long-run effects of economic growth and per capita energy consumption on the variation in carbon dioxide (CO2) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The research covers the period from 2000 to 2023 and includes a sample of five Western Balkan countries-candidates for accession to the European Union (EU-27). The analysis explores links between economic growth, energy use, and environmental degradation using panel data methods. To implement the methodological part and ensure the robustness of the empirical results, the stationarity of the time series is tested using unit root tests. Specifically, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and the Phillips-Perron (PP). The Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction model are applied to determine the order of co-integration of the variables. Prior to conducting the co-integration tests, the optimal lag length is selected based on the various selection criteria: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC), and the Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC). The study employs the VAR Lag Order Selection Criteria, and based on the obtained results, the existence of a co-integration relationship among the time series is subsequently assessed. Findings The research findings confirm the hypothesis regarding the impact of economic growth and per capita energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) levels over the long term. The results suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between the examined variables across all five Western Balkan countries, including North Macedonia, where a statistically significant effect of the economic growth rate and per capita energy consumption on (GHG) emissions was confirmed. On the other hand, the hypothesis concerning the short-run relationship among the included variables was validated in three Western Balkan countries - Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, the third hypothesis, which pertains to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and its inverted Ushape, was empirically supported in the case of Serbia. Originality/value Sustainable economic development is a central topic in current economic research and a core part of the European Union's development strategies: Europe 2020, European Green Deal (Fetting, 2020; Wolf et al., 2021), Agenda for Sustainable Development (Lee et al., 2016; Delbeke et al., 2019; Kryk and Guzowska, 2021; Burgin, 2023). The originality of this paper lies in assessing the significance of the impact of economic growth on environmental conditions through the application of econometric methods, specifically the Vector Error Correction Model. The value of this research stems from analysing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on economic growth rates – a dimension that previous studies have primarily examined through the impact of carbon dioxide emissions alone. A key limitation of the study concerns the scope of the dataset, particularly the omission of the pre-2000 period. As a recommendation for future research, a comparative analysis between Balkan countries and a group of EU-27 members is suggested to evaluate differences and similarities in the progress of sustainable development policies across different regions of Europe. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, Kuznets (EKC) hypothesis, CO2/GHG emissions, Panel data methods, Western Balkan countries |
| JEL: | Q01 O44 C50 |
| Date: | 2025–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2025:i:6:p:283-287 |
| By: | Matthew K. Agrawala; Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | We estimate the national social cost of carbon using a recent meta-analysis of the total impact of climate change and a standard integrated assessment model. The average social cost of carbon closely follows per capita income, the national social cost of carbon the size of the population. The national social cost of carbon measures self-harm. Net liability is defined as the harm done by a country's emissions on other countries minus the harm done to a country by other countries' emissions. Net liability is positive in middle-income, carbon-intensive countries. Poor and rich countries would be compensated because their current emissions are relatively low, poor countries additionally because they are vulnerable. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.13834 |
| By: | Gu, Grace (University of California, Santa Cruz); Mulalic, Ismir (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Pozzoli, Dario (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Wu, Jinhong (The Technical University of Denmark) |
| Abstract: | Climate-related risks have increased significantly over the past two decades, including both physical risks (such as extreme weather events) and transition risks (arising from climate change mitigation policies). This paper examines how these risks relate to firms’ innovation outcomes, including those related to green technologies. We first develop a model in which firms choose how many workers to employ for R&D and production activities in response to rising climate risks. The model predicts an increase in green innovation and overall innovation under certain conditions. Empirical evidence from Danish administrative data generally supports these predictions, showing that firms exposed to climate risks exhibit higher innovation activity, especially in green technologies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Physical risks; Transition risks; Firms’ innovation |
| JEL: | Q54 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–01–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2026_003 |
| By: | Batool, Aleeza; Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | Climate change has become a central concern in global policy discourse over the past two decades, motivating nations to adopt a wide range of sustainability initiatives. Analyzing the specific measures implemented and their effectiveness in promoting environmental sustainability is therefore critical. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of various sustainability actions to environmental preservation by focusing on Sweden and Finland, recognized for their leadership in sustainable development. Employing panel least squares and generalized method of moments methodologies using 2010-2020 data, the research rigorously assesses the impact of sustainability initiatives on environmental performance, with a particular focus on greenhouse gas emissions as the primary indicator. The empirical findings reveal that the expansion of renewable energy sources delivers the most prompt and significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions among the interventions examined. Additionally, investments in green technologies and the issuance of green bonds are shown to enhance environmental quality, with their benefits projected to increase over time. These results highlight the necessity of prioritizing renewable energy development in national climate strategies. Building on these insights, the study presents targeted policy recommendations for Sweden and Finland. It advocates for a strategic shift from compliance-oriented environmental reporting towards the adoption of actionable policies that produce measurable emission reductions. Recommended policy measures include the promotion of sector-specific emission abatement, accelerated development of renewable energy infrastructure, and the encouragement of clean technology innovation through public investment and fiscal incentives. By comparing two Nordic sustainability leaders, Sweden and Finland, this study clarifies which targeted environmental measures are most effective within advanced institutional contexts. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability Initiatives, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Renewable Energy, Environmental Performance |
| JEL: | Q5 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:127481 |
| By: | Mahmoud Arbouch |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the economic and environmental implications of Morocco’s strategic transition from internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) manufacturing to electric vehicle (EV) production, with a particular focus on the regional impacts of localizing high-value battery manufacturing. Using an interregional input-output model, extended with environmental satellite accounts, the study simulates a structural shock related to the wholesale substitution of ICEV-specific inputs with EV-specific components. The results highlight substantial macroeconomic gains, including a 1.9% increase in national GDP and positive employment growth, particularly in Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, and Casablanca-Settat. However, these benefits are regionally concentrated, exposing the risk of deepening spatial inequalities. Additionally, while the transition enhances Morocco’s position in global green value chains, it also induces a measurable rise in carbon dioxide emissions, especially in industrial and phosphate-rich regions. The prospect of economic advancement accompanied by environmental degradation raises critical concerns about policy alignment between industrial growth and energy decarbonization. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:rp17_25 |
| By: | Lanterna, Federica; Marin, Giovanni; Sacchi, Agnese |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges increasingly shape political discourses across Europe, yet their influence on actual environmental governance remains unclear. This paper examines the political economy mechanisms linking environmental change, party platforms, and the decentralisation of environmental protection expenditure in 27 EU member states from 2002 to 2022. We distinguish between political signalling – the commitments parties make in electoral manifestos – and policy implementation, measured through actual decentralised environmental spending. Our results reveal a sharp asymmetry: while extreme events substantially increase the salience of environmental protection in party platforms, they do not translate into changes in the territorial allocation of environmental expenditure. Instead, decentralisation responds primarily to long-term structural conditions, such as the relative weight of locally versus globally relevant emissions. Political orientations of governing coalitions, whether on environmental issues or decentralisation, show no systematic association with spending outcomes. Taken together, these findings highlight a persistent gap between electoral incentives and policy implementation in multilevel environmental governance, consistent with public-choice theories emphasising institutional inertia and limited political responsiveness beyond the stage of platform competition. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2026–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:391387 |
| By: | Sofia Aleshina; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom); Valeriya Ignatovskaya |
| Abstract: | This work presents a modified version of the integrated economic-climate model RICECH4. The aim of the work was to expand the basic RICE model by explicitly accounting for methane (CH4) emissions along with traditional carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as the subsequent analysis of the economic and climatic effects of implementing various emissions control strategies. The development was based on the open implementation of RICE in Python using the Pyomo library and the IPOPT solver. The model was modified as follows: a separate methane cycle block was implemented, including both industrial and natural CH4 emissions; the radiative forcing function was adapted taking into account the contribution of methane; a new control variable was built in to reduce CH4 emissions; the logic of two climate policy scenarios, cooperative and non-cooperative, was implemented. In addition, parameterization and aggregation of input data for 12 regions were conducted based on open sources. The model covers key blocks of integrated assessment: the dynamics of capital, investment, savings, production, consumption, and emissions, as well as climate indicators—greenhouse gas concentrations, atmospheric and ocean temperatures, radiative forcing, and climate change damage. Simulations were conducted for the 2025–2115 horizon, and the objective function indicators were calculated. The resulting RICE-CH4 model can be used as a tool for quantitative analysis of climate policy, assessing the social cost of emissions, and sustainable development strategies in a regional representation of global data. A flexible implementation structure provides the potential for future expansion of the model: adding new types of emissions, complicating the country interaction block, and integrating it with external risk and resilience assessment modules. |
| Keywords: | climate change, global warming, methane emissions, RICE model, cooperation |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0226 |
| By: | Sylvain Chareyron; Laetitia Tuffery |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tep:teppwp:wp26-04 |
| By: | Serpil Kahraman (Yasar University, Izmir, Turkiye) |
| Abstract: | As an economic model, the green economy aims to reduce environmental risks while promoting sustainable development. Ecopreneurs are entrepreneurs whose business efforts are not only driven by profit maximization, but also by a concern for environmental sustainability. The aim of the ecoentrepreneur is to establish a successful business that fulfills market needs and secures financial stability by considering sustainability concepts. In this framework, the green economy and ecopreneurship are closely interrelated, as both aim to create environmentally friendly ecosystems. As part of the Ecopreneurs Project*, this study aims to provide an ecopreneur profile structure, and related competence areas by considering sustainability priorities. In this research, workshop, desk research, focus group, and survey methodologies are performed by the project partnering countries, which are the Netherlands, Spain, Greece, Turkiye, Romania, and Sweden. The results show five ecopreneur profiles based on industry focus: eco-venturing/manufacturing, agro-tourism, ecohospitality, eco-transportation, and eco-construction. While environmental issues are determined to be relatively the highest priority, it can be said that other sustainability issues—economic, social, shortterm, medium-term and long-term—have almost the same level of priority, i.e., medium and high priority. Additionally, the results of the competence matrix show that among the given competences, working in a team and effective problem solving are relatively more important than other competences. |
| Keywords: | ecopreneur, green economy, sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0582 |
| By: | Sweder van Wijnbergen (University of Amsterdam and Tinbergen Institute) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and its two-way relation with economic activity is stochastic and so is therefore the optimal tax internalizing the climate externality. But with capital irreversibility a stochastic time path for carbon prices slows down the reallocation from brown to green sectors because waiting then acquires an option value. We show that it is optimal to pre-announce a time path for future carbon taxes, eliminating the option value of waiting at the cost of suboptimality of the pre-announced taxes at the time they apply. We analyse for how long carbon taxes should be pre-announced and which factors influence that timespan. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxes, Social Cost of Carbon, Irreversible Capital, Real Options |
| Date: | 2025–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20250043 |
| By: | Beyene, Winta; Falagiarda, Matteo; Ongena, Steven; Scopelliti, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | Transitioning to a sustainable economy and reducing air pollution hinge on appropriate economic incentives and financing conditions. The auto loan market offers a prime setting, as lenders' credit terms can either discourage or incentivize the purchase of high-pollution vehicles. Using loan-level data, we examine how captive and independent banks adjust lending conditions in response to information and regulatory shocks affecting diesel vehicles. Exploiting the 2015 diesel emissions scandal and the introduction of local circulation restrictions, we show that lending responses differ systematically across lender types, with captive banks tending to weaken, rather than reinforce, the effectiveness of environmental regulation for air pollution. |
| Keywords: | Car Loans, Captive Banks, Independent Banks, Diesel Emissions Scandal, Car Circulation Restrictions |
| JEL: | G21 G51 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:335886 |
| By: | Rorholm, Niels; Sargent, Frederic O. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:neaecp:291414 |
| By: | Katrin Gasior; Gemma Wright; H. Xavier Jara; Daniele Malerba |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing is widely recognized as a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, if implemented without compensatory measures, it can increase poverty and inequality. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of carbon pricing in generating fiscal space for expanding social protection systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation, Social protection, Microsimulation, SDGs |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2026-4 |
| By: | Abbasi, Umar; Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | This study examines sustainability reporting practices among firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange, focusing on sectoral differences, reporting patterns, and the interconnection between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The research analyzes standalone sustainability reports from sixty-two organizations across fifteen sectors between 2016 and 2020, using content analysis aligned with the global reporting initiative standards. The findings indicate that although sustainability reporting has increased in Pakistan, it remains uneven and largely motivated by compliance. Disclosures heavily emphasize economic indicators such as financial performance, with leading firms disclosing at a rate of 94.4 percent, while lagging firms report significantly less on environmental issues such as emissions and energy consumption, and social concerns including labor rights and child labor, ranging between eleven and twenty-three percent. Sectoral analysis reveals that banking, oil and gas, and cement sectors report more frequently, largely due to regulatory obligations and stakeholder scrutiny, while retail and engineering sectors lag behind. The presence of integrated reporting positively correlates with comprehensive performance across the three sustainability dimensions i.e., economic, environmental, and social, but remains limited due to the voluntary nature of frameworks, inadequate resources, and weak enforcement mechanisms. The study highlights the need for mandatory reporting, capacity development programs, and strategic alignment with global frameworks such as the global reporting initiative and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Policy reforms, tailored sector-specific guidelines, and active stakeholder engagement are essential to bridge the divide between symbolic gestures and meaningful sustainability disclosures. This research contributes to the discourse on environmental, social, and governance reporting in emerging markets, offering insights for policymakers, corporate executives, and investors aiming to advance sustainable development in Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability Reporting, GRI Standards, ESG Disclosures, Corporate Governance |
| JEL: | M14 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:127311 |
| By: | Daniel Da Mata; Mario Dotta; Edson R. Severnini |
| Abstract: | Does industrial activity drive deforestation and land degradation, and can limited state capacity be overcome to decouple economic growth from environmental harm? We examine these questions in the context of slaughterhouse plant openings in Brazil from 1994 to 2019. Guided by a simple conceptual framework and using a staggered difference-in-differences approach, we show that plant openings increase livestock production while reducing forest cover and degrading pastureland. However, following the introduction of legally enforceable, incentive-compatible agreements between slaughterhouses and federal prosecutors—which penalize purchases of livestock from illegally deforested areas but act as a green certification mechanism—plant openings increase productivity without driving deforestation. Our findings suggest that tying firm performance to environmental goals through market-aligned legal mechanisms can generate economic and environmental gains at low cost to the government. |
| JEL: | K32 O13 P18 Q01 Q15 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34751 |
| By: | Runge, Tania; Guyomard, Hervé; Jongeneel, Roel; Lassalas, Marie; Pufahl, Andrea; Röder, Norbert; Schreuder, Remco; Sinabell, Franz |
| Abstract: | Eco-schemes (ESs) have been introduced in 2023 as a new instrument of Pillar 1of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). They are foreseen to take a central position within the Green Architecture (GA) aiming to improve the environmental and climate performance of the CAP. Member States (MSs) are given a great degree of freedom to design and implement the ESs according to their needs. While MSs have to allocate a significant share of their CAP budget to the ESs, participation is voluntary for farmers. Even after the second year of national implementation the question of whether the new ESs contribute to an enhanced environmental sustainability of the CAP remains unanswered. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae25:391389 |
| By: | Breglia, Giulio; D'Angeli, Mariagrazia; Gazzellone, Giacomo |
| Abstract: | Natural hazards are an increasing concern, placing disaster preparedness and mitigation at the forefront of policy agendas. In this context, Italy’s Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) has allocated €3 billion for explicit disaster prevention, with a primary focus on hydrogeological risks such as floods and landslides. This study evaluates the geographical and thematic distribution of resilience-related funding, examining whether financial resources have been effectively targeted toward municipalities with the highest exposure to environmental hazards. Using a clustering classification, we identify substantial disparities in the allocation of resilience funds, revealing that municipalities with relatively low risk levels often receive disproportionately high funding, while high-risk areas remain underfunded. To explore the underlying drivers of this misalignment, we apply a multinomial logit model to assess the socio-economic and geographic determinants of these funding disparities. Our findings indicate that GDP, macro-regional location, and past disaster occurrences significantly influence whether a municipality falls into a misallocated funding cluster. The misalignment between risk exposure and funding allocation raises questions about the criteria used for distributing adaptation investments and highlights the necessity for a more risk-sensitive and equitable approach. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2026–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:391388 |
| By: | Serpil Kahraman (Yasar University, Izmir, Turkiye); Merve Keser (Yasar University, Izmir, Turkiye) |
| Abstract: | Central Banks have traditionally managed and conducted monetary policy tools to achieve macroeconomic policy goals. Green Central Banking is a subset of central banking that acknowledges the profound impact of climate change on the economy. The measures undertaken by central banks to address these environmental issues are referred to as “green central banking.†Since the European Central Bank (ECB) introduced this concept in July 2021, central banks have begun to integrate this tool into monetary policy. This study provides a comprehensive overview of central banks' roles and actions in the context of environmental issues through a systematic literature review using WoS and Scopus databases. The results indicate that two main research questions are extensively examined by a large body of literature: (1) whether green monetary policies have an impact on climate change, and (2) whether climate change has an impact on green central banking as a converse causality. The existing literature tends to support the view that there is a bidirectional interaction between green central banking and climate change. It can also be said that the nascent body of literature lacks complementary research questions on how the greening of central banks, considering the costs and benefits of the policies. Thus, the literature focuses on three key rationales: the role of climate policy on green central banking and its monetary policies, the converse interaction from green central banking to climate policy, and the bidirectional interaction between the two. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy, central banking, green central banking |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0584 |
| By: | Löw, Philipp; Brandes, Elke; Eysholdt, Max; Mattner, Clara; Zahra, Samer; Zinnbauer, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | In 2018, Germany was found guilty by the European Court of Justice for insufficient implementation of the European Nitrates Directive and assured to implement a monitoring framework. Since then, a nationwide impact monitoring system has been developed to assess effectiveness of mitigation measures, analyze nitrate pollution trends, and provide early warnings for regulatory adjustments. The monitoring combines three levels: agricultural emissions, immissions to waters, and nutrient flux modeling combined with field measurements. Data from around 7, 500 groundwater stations and farm records are analyzed alongside model-based estimates to assess trends in fertilization and water pollution. First results indicate a recent decline in fertilization intensity in many regions, yet rarely significant water quality improvements. Model validation with empirical data on fertilizer expenses from German Farm Accountancy Data Network shows high accuracy. Future enhancements, including expanded data access and optimized methodologies, will strengthen regulatory assessments and support targeted mitigation measures for EU compliance. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae25:389994 |
| By: | Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future); Hafstead, Marc (Resources for the Future); Rennert, Kevin (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Eliminating greenhouse gas emissions throughout the global economy will entail comprehensive actions to reshape society’s approach to producing and using energy. Shifting to complete reliance on low- and zero-emissions sources of energy will require substantial investments in technology and infrastructure. Such investments could simultaneously drive economic growth and deliver environmental benefits in disproportionately impacted communities. Accomplishing a rapid energy transition—and doing so in a way that seizes the economic opportunity of that transition—will require a supportive policy framework. |
| Date: | 2026–01–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-26-03 |
| By: | Hala Abou-Ali (Cairo UniversityAuthor-Name: Mona Amer; Cairo University) |
| Abstract: | The global shift toward green economies underscores the need to better understand and measure the labor market changes driven by the low-carbon transition. This paper explores the characteristics of Egypt's labor market in light of the escalating importance of sustainable development, focusing on the composition and differentiation of green jobs compared to nongreen jobs. It addresses the scarcity of studies on green jobs in Egypt by leveraging Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) data and applying the International Labour Organization’s(ILO) definition to identify and categorize these jobs. Using newly incorporated ELMPS 2023 questions on job characteristics tied to environmentally friendly practices, this analysis differentiates jobs based on their degree of greenness, i.e., whether they focus on ecofriendly processes, both processes and output, or output alone. It also assesses the extent of greenness by examining the number of environmental aspects associated with each job. The paper further explores the distribution of green jobs across economic activity, occupation, employment status, gender, education, and age groups while comparing the attractiveness of green and non-green jobs in terms of wages, social benefits, and job stability. Finally, it analyzes the potential for expanding green jobs by examining skill requirements and educational trends.Length: 48 |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1761 |
| By: | Hubbell, Bryan (Resources for the Future); Krupnick, Alan (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | The Trump administration’s US Environmental Protect Agency (EPA) has decided to stop quantifying and monetizing human health benefits when analyzing the impacts of federal regulations, overturning decades of established and peer-reviewed conventions. Instead, only the costs incurred by companies for complying with a regulation will be quantified when implementing regulatory decisions, leading to an unbalanced assessment of impacts. The EPA’s arguments for not quantifying and monetizing benefits are unsupported and out of step with the best available science and established practice. We provide a point-by-point rebuttal to these arguments and conclude that by failing to include quantified and monetized benefits in economic impact analysis, EPA has chosen to abandon adherence to economic principles, decades of guidance from experts, its own economic analysis guidelines, and guidance from the Office of Management and Budget. |
| Date: | 2026–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-26-04 |
| By: | Berger, Frederic; Suerkemper, Felix; Kaselofsky, Jan; Vondung, Florin; Swagemakers, Julia; Reinfandt, Niklas; Eichhammer, Wolfgang; Wagner, Fabian; Kokkinos, Christos-Iason; Andreou, Andreas; Eidelloth, Stefan; Ellmauer, Christian; Lorenz, Tobias |
| Abstract: | The MICATool is a comprehensive framework designed to assess the Multiple Impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy measures. Its methodology allows the incorporation of a variety of social, economic and environmental indicators reflecting the wider impacts of assessed measures. The framework provides the necessary inputs and gathers indicators' results, in both physical and, where applicable, monetised terms. Furthermore, the results can be assessed in a cost-benefit analysis module. As a result, the MICATool supports the assessment and comparison of different measures pertaining to energy efficiency and renewable energy. The framework allows for the embedding of multiple impact indicators for quantification and monetisation. These assessments allow for better informed energy policy decisions |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:335891 |
| By: | Lipman, Timothy E. PhD; Collins, Stephanie; Horvath, Arpad PhD |
| Abstract: | California has ambitious goals to introduce zero-emission technologies across various transportation sectors. Significant progress has been made over the past decades in deploying battery electric light-duty trucks, but heavy-duty diesel trucks are harder to “decarbonize” due to their operational demands and duty cycles, even though the benefits of replacing heavily polluting diesel trucks are significant. Front line communities where diesel vehicles operate the most, especially those near seaports and warehouses, bear the brunt of the pollution from these vehicles and stand to benefit the most from their electrification. Hydrogen fuel cell technology represents a promising approach for transitioning these trucks to zero-emission but the costs and benefits over time must be carefully considered. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2026–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt37f0x741 |
| By: | Clement, Jessica; Doranova, Asel (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Hodzic, Sabina; Pachova, Nevelina |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:d4dd3a06-64d4-4384-a18e-0992fe6f7e6b |
| By: | U. S. Department of Agriculture |
| Abstract: | There is a strong and growing interest among American consumers for climate-smart products. USDA has invested $3.03 billion dollars in 135 pilot projects nationwide to connect customers to farmers, ranchers, and private landowners implementing climate-smart production practices on working lands to build soil health, sequester carbon & enhance productivity. By providing producers with the tools they need to combat the challenges of climate change and building market opportunities for the resulting commodities, USDA is positioning American agriculture as a global leader in delivering voluntary, incentives-driven, market-based climate solutions. This report provides an overview of Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities’ progress. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Dairy Farming, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:391411 |
| By: | Annaji Sarma (National Institute of Fashion Technology, Hyderabad, India); Achanta Rajyalakshmi (National Institute of Fashion Technology, Hyderabad, India) |
| Abstract: | The integration of sustainability into luxury fashion is transforming the industry, driven by increasing consumer awareness, environmental concerns, and evolving societal values. This study explores the intersection of sustainability and luxury, focusing on consumer perceptions, preferences, and the challenges faced by luxury brands in adopting sustainable practices. Based on survey data, findings reveal that consumers prioritize eco-friendly production, ethical sourcing, and transparency in supply chains, with 89% of respondents agreeing that sustainability is essential for the future of luxury fashion. Key challenges for brands include the high cost of sustainable materials, maintaining exclusivity, and overcoming established business models. The study also highlights the unique potential of the Indian luxury market, where growing consumer awareness and homegrown brands contribute to sustainability efforts. Consumers increasingly align luxury with timeless quality, durability, and ethical practices, and are willing to pay a premium for sustainable luxury products. The research concludes that luxury brands must innovate and integrate sustainability into their core strategies to maintain relevance and credibility. By leading the shift toward sustainability, the luxury fashion can redefine its value proposition and influence the broader fashion industry, fostering a more sustainable and ethical future. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, Gen Z, luxury fashion, consumer behavior, ethical sourcing, brand innovation |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0554 |
| By: | Yuuki Donnelly (Rocky Point High School, Rocky Point, USA) |
| Abstract: | This study explores environmental awareness and engagement among rural, working-class students in the United States—a social group often identified as passive observers of youth activism. This research examines the underlying reasons for this phenomenon and the societal factors that drive individuals to participate in environmental initiatives. It is based on a survey and experimental research conducted among 90 community college students on Eastern Long Island, New York, most of whom are first-generation college students and come from relatively conservative, rural or small-town communities. After responding to questionnaires regarding their learning experience on environmental issues in school, participants were asked to view two short videos reporting on climate change with contrasting framings: one more global and science-driven, focusing on the causes and effects of climate change, and the other more local and narrative-driven, reporting small technological solutions. Their reactions to each report were collected in open- and closed-ended questions. The study indicates that most participants had minimal opportunities for learning about the environmental crisis in their prior education and community interactions, and they do not perceive the urgency of taking action. In addition, while they recognize the value of scientific validity, they are more inspired by optimistic narratives that highlight applications and achievable solutions in their real lives. These results underline that tailored communication strategies and curriculum reform play key roles. Especially in underserved collegiate populations, education and media framings that connect local relevance, emotional engagement and hopeful messaging are most effective in fostering sustainable awareness and civic engagement. |
| Keywords: | environmentalism, activism, media, rural, inequality, youth |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0568 |
| By: | B. Kelsey Jack; Nicholas Ryan |
| Abstract: | Economic development relies on and transforms the environment. The transformation is evident in the poor environmental quality in many developing countries. For example, air quality in Southeast Asia is three times worse than in the United States, in sub-Saharan Africa four times worse and in South Asia more than six times worse. We model how environmental quality affects health, productivity and well-being and how individuals privately adapt to environmental hazards. We also model how collective action and formal regulation contribute to environmental quality. We draw three main findings from a review of empirical research on these mechanisms. First, individual adaptation to environmental hazards is both inadequate as a remedy and inefficiently low. Second, collective action, without the state, to manage resources or address externalities has been outstripped by the scale of environmental problems. Third, state action through formal regulation works better than it looks. Many formal regulations are coarse, poorly targeted and inefficient, but nonetheless yield benefits in excess of their costs. |
| JEL: | O10 Q0 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34735 |
| By: | McCann, Ewen |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Financial Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:canzdp:262918 |
| By: | von Gall, Philipp; Osterburg, Bernhard; Trebbin, Anika |
| Abstract: | The demand for carbon footprint (CF) studies of agricultural products is increasing, but the calculation methods differ. At the example of manure, we compare two methodological options: the 'cut-off approach' outlined in the International Dairy Federation's (IDF) LCA guidelines, whereby all emissions of manure application are excluded from the animal and assigned to the plant system; and the approach outlined in the FAO-LEAP guidelines, whereby the share of manure which is applied in excess of plant nutrient requirements (“over-fertilisation”) is attributed to the animal system. We find that the choice of methodological approach has a significant impact on the carbon footprint (CF) of winter wheat and cow milk, with the FAO-LEAP method resulting in an increase of nearly 3% of cow milk CF. We then analyse how the consideration of manure in CF studies is linked to scientific and normative principles, which are intertwined with interests and incentives. We argue that in order to facilitate harmonization and reach widespread acceptance, a normative concept for decision making would need to be developed that considers stakeholder views. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae25:389998 |
| By: | Mehdi, Hasan; Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between sustainable tourism practices and economic growth in Pakistan by integrating the principles of endogenous growth theory with robust econometric modeling. Pakistan possesses significant but underutilized tourism resources, including natural landscapes, historical sites, and cultural heritage. However, its tourism sector faces persistent challenges such as political instability, poor infrastructure, and limited environmental planning. Using (International Monetary Fund, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, World Bank) annual data from 1995 to 2021, this research employs ordinary least squares, autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing, and the vector error correction model to examine how tourism receipts, employment in tourism, political stability, and environmental sustainability influence real GDP. The empirical findings reveal a statistically significant and positive relationship between tourism receipts and GDP growth, reaffirming tourism’s role as a direct driver of economic development. Employment in the tourism sector also demonstrates a meaningful contribution to economic output by enhancing household income and stimulating local consumption. Political stability and environmental sustainability, while less impactful in the short run, are found to be crucial in maintaining long-run equilibrium and ensuring sustainability in the tourism sector through different tests and approaches as concluded in the findings paragraphs. The autoregressive distributed lag model confirms the existence of long-run cointegration among the variables, while the vector error correction model illustrates a moderate but stable adjustment toward long-run equilibrium. This study underscores the need for Pakistan to adopt a coordinated, sustainability-focused tourism policy that emphasizes investment in infrastructure, environmental regulation, institutional reform, and community engagement. It advocates for shifting from volume-based to value-driven tourism strategies. The strategy uses green practices, digital promotion, and decentralized governance to maximize benefits. The findings contribute empirical and policy insights for integrating tourism into national development agendas. Ultimately, sustainable tourism emerges as a strategic avenue for comprehensive, resilient, and environmentally sound economic growth in Pakistan. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth, Environmental Sustainability, Political Stability |
| JEL: | O4 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:127310 |
| By: | Mahmoud Arbouch |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the nexus between governance structures, digital transformation, sustainability, and port service efficiency through an international comparative lens, with a specific focus on the Tanger Med–Algeciras corridor in the strait of Gibraltar. Using global best practices—from Singapore to Busan and Kaohsiung—it explores how public-private coordination, digital innovation, and green transition policies contribute to port competitiveness and integration into global supply chains. Tanger Med serves as a model of end-to-end digitalization and infrastructure investment, while Algeciras showcases strengths in real-time optimization and predictive logistics systems. The paper adopts a comparative analytical approach, using global benchmarks to assess governance models, digitalization maturity, and sustainability strategies across the Tanger Med–Algeciras corridor. It highlights emerging asymmetries caused by regulatory divergence—particularly under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)—and proposes targeted policy recommendations to align digital systems, cybersecurity frameworks, and decarbonization strategies, while critically evaluating each port’s institutional readiness and level of compliance with evolving environmental regulations. The paper concludes by emphasizing the strategic complementarity between the two ports and advocates for coordinated governance to transform the Strait of Gibraltar into a resilient, integrated, and sustainable logistics corridor. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb01_26 |
| By: | Arkebe Oqubay |
| Abstract: | Morocco has emerged as one of Africa's success stories, achieving significant progress in economic transformation and the green transition over the past 25 years. Continuing and deepening this transformation is essential to reach the country’s goal of becoming a high-income economy in the coming decades. Significant challenges include managing the risk of the middle-income trap, addressing demographic pressures, promoting inclusive growth, ensuring environmental sustainability, and advancing the broader green transition. A vital part of this effort is developing innovation and technological capabilities, promoting sustainable industrialization, increasing productivity, tackling youth unemployment, and improving labor markets and workforce quality. Morocco’s experience offers valuable lessons for African economic development by demonstrating the potential for industrial transformation, challenging widespread pessimism about Africa’s prospects for industrialization, and positioning Morocco as a potential driver of growth. This paper reviews and synthesizes the transformation of the Moroccan economy, covering the period from 1970 to 2025 and examines government policies and provides insights into Moroccan economic change and lessons for Africa. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:rp14_25 |
| By: | Dolphin, Geoffroy; Ferrucci, Gianluigi |
| Abstract: | The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) came into force on 1 October 2023, introducing reporting requirements for importers of covered products and, from 2026, an obligation to pay a fee on the carbon content of imported goods. This paper uses indices of ad valorem tariffs to assess the incidence of the EU CBAM on both EU member states and the EU’s trading partners. Overall, the direct impact on EU countries’ trade is estimated to be small, adding 0.1 percent to the value of EU imports when averaged across all imports, and 0.04 percent to the average cost of non-EU countries’ exports to the EU—with a maximum of 1.2 percent. However, effects could be sizeable for specific products such as iron, steel and aluminium, which can help explain CBAM’s political salience. Moreover, an expanded CBAM featuring full coverage of ETS sectors, and a significantly higher carbon price could entail larger costs in the more distant future. JEL Classification: F13, F64, Q54, Q56 |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, carbon taxation, emissions trading, trade policy |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20263177 |
| By: | Coenen, Jo; Soete, Luc (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn) |
| Abstract: | Rail integration in the urban setting of medium-sized border cities, as in the case of the old medieval town of Maastricht with its relatively small city centre, raises many challenges. The physical space occupied by underutilized rail tracks in the centre of the city is huge, occupying proportionally a substantial part of the centre city’s surface. The “urban rail integration” proposal detailed here can be considered an example of how to implement sustainable mobility transformation in medium to small cities. Up to now, large cities have taken the lead in implementing European Green Deal goals such as decarbonization, renewable energy transformation and circular economy. A smaller city such as Maastricht can add to this “large city” lead in sustainable development by focusing on what is specific, one could say unique, to its own urban development potential: in this case, the particular large availability of so-called non-descript rail space in the centre of the city offering a unique opportunity for sustainable urban rail integration. How to monetize the advantages of such integration is a discussion which takes place in many medium sized cities in Europe. In large cities, the pressure of the densely populated areas in the city is such that rail integration proposals find relatively easily public policy support, even if the complexity in carrying out such urban rail integration involves complex infrastructural interventions. In medium sized cities, the necessity of these more radical interventions is no longer led by rail mobility demand, rather it will have to emerge out of alternative, local funding mechanism such as leaseholds. Maastricht represents an ideal example for such situations. |
| Keywords: | transport infrastructure, urban rail integration, leaseholds, local housing |
| JEL: | O18 L92 R31 R58 |
| Date: | 2026–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2026002 |
| By: | Aleksandar Kešeljević (School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) |
| Abstract: | Purpose Financial crisis (2008) and the war in Ukraine (2022-) show that governments have to develop more resilient national development strategies in order to adequately respond to pressing disrupters and unpredictable shifts in the world. The Slovenian government (2014-2018) took Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (UN) as the baseline platform for its development strategy. The purpose of the article is to show that strong political commitment and a project-based approach (Government Project Office) were the most crucial steps in its implementation, and why certain strategic projects (e.g., green tax reform) were not implemented at the end. The Slovenian government identified ten strategic projects to be implemented in line with its SDGs strategy. The Government Project Office (GPO) reported at the Government sessions on all projects in progress and drew attention to projects that were lagging behind. One of the key projects was green tax reform (GTR) in order to stimulate structural transformation of the Slovenian economy and its sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach GPO was not so much a legal-formal organizational construct but more a way of approaching the management of interdepartmental projects at the government level. The task of the GPO was to monitor the performance of project managers, take care of the project information system, ensure methodologically uniform implementation of projects, draw attention to bottlenecks, and maintain a knowledge base (archive of project documentation, examples of good practices, database of errors). The value added of GPO was its assistance in strategic project promotion, in inter-ministerial coordination and monitoring the implementation process. The office has also trained future project managers and members of their teams by mentoring members and project managers. The main goal of GTR is to tax bad things (pollution) instead of good ones (income) in order to ensure fiscal neutrality and to improve the situation in an environmental and economic sense (double dividend). We do not go into the topic since conditions for double dividend have been largely discussed elsewhere (Bovenberg and Goulder 1997; Goulder, 1995; Bosquet, 2000; Sokolovska 2020). E3ME model (dynamic simulation econometric model) was used for analyzing the macroeconomic effects of the new green tax. Analysis was based on a comparison of two empirical scenarios, baseline scenario where the green tax was not introduced, and a projection that assumed the introduction of the specific green tax. Comparison between two scenarios was made for some key economic variables (exports, GDP, employment), and in subsequent analyses, where green tax was also recycled in various ways. Finding No. 1. The Effect of the yearly carbon tax in the amount of EUR 15/tCO2 on GDP is presented in the Figure. Introduction of an extra annual carbon tax would lead to the highest drop in Slovenia's GDP in the second year relative to the baseline scenario with no introduction of a carbon tax. After the second year, the difference between the two scenarios would gradually decrease. This confirmed our expectations and theoretical findings in the literature. Companies need time to implement new technologies, and consumers need time to adjust their consumption patterns. Thus, policy makers should introduce green tax gradually, transparently, and predictably. Figure 1: Effect of carbon tax introduction on GDP (comparison to the baseline scenario) (Source: Kešeljević and Koman, 2014) Finding No. 2. Budget should reflect strategic priorities. The implementation of the Strategy with supporting strategic plan, strategic priorities and projects should be based on medium-term planning and program budget. Experience from Slovenia and some other countries (Finland) show that developing a strong medium-term dimension in budgeting process beyond the traditional annual cycle is a real challenge due to political constraints and short-sighted of many politicians, especially in a coalition government. Finding No. 3. In spite of positive contributions of the GPO and implementation of the ministerial project offices, the GPO was completely disintegrated and dismantled in the next government mandate. Originality/Value. The comparison between different scenarios was carried out in order to identify the optimal fiscal instrument for Slovenia to achieve the double dividend. Analysis showed a relatively small impact of the new green tax on GDP. That was the main reason why GTR was not implemented as one of the key strategic government projects. The major challenge in the creation of the Slovenian development strategy was how to integrate sustainability goals and strategic orientation within the budget (program budget) and how to preserve some good practices as GPO. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, National development strategy, Green tax reform |
| JEL: | H23 Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2025:i:6:p:305-307 |
| By: | Arshi, Afifa; Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | As sustainability assumes a more prominent position in corporate strategic planning, this research investigates the influence of sustainability reporting on the financial outcomes of companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange, considering environmental, social, and governance performance and firm size as explanatory factors. With the increased international focus on ESG disclosures, the study fulfills the lack of empirical research in developing economies, such as Pakistan. The research design is a quantitative one, as primary data will be collected using a structured questionnaire that is closed-ended and will be administered to 400 employees working in different sectors in Pakistan. They were investigated in four dimensions: sustainability reporting, ESG performance, financial performance, and firm size. The SPSS was applied to conduct data analysis, including descriptive statistics, correlation, and reliability tests, as well as mediation and moderation regression models. Instructed by the resource-based view and the stakeholder theory, the study highlights the importance of strong ESG strategies in creating a competitive advantage over time and increasing financial performance. The evidence indicates that there is a positive association between the overall sustainability reporting and financial performance that is conditioned by the size of firms and mediated by ESG performance. The research has some practical implications for the business, encouraging them to adopt harmonized ESG disclosure standards, and capacity-building efforts should be offered to smaller companies to enhance their integration of sustainability. Policy-wise, the study requires policy measures in the form of regulations that would help in achieving uniformity in ESG practices among companies. Cross-sectional data nature and using self-reported responses as the data are the limitations, as they can present a bias of response. Altogether, the current research contributes to the scholarly discussion and provides practical conclusions about the development of sustainable business in emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability Reporting, ESG Performance, Financial Performance, Firm Size |
| JEL: | M1 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:127480 |
| By: | Anastasia Litina (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, Visiting Researcher at the University of Luxembourg); Ioannis Patios (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia) |
| Abstract: | Climate change has intensified the frequency and severity of natural disasters, making it increasingly important to understand their broader consequences on social and political outcomes. This paper examines the interplay between natural disasters, measured by the number of total affected individuals, and their attitudes toward immigrants, exploring whether such a shock can lead to increased solidarity or heightened resentment toward immigrants. We use a setting in which we compare Eurozone regions with non-Eurozone regions, thus exploiting the differential degree of integration across countries and the role of joint immigration policies. Linking data from the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) and the European Social Survey (ESS), we associate disaster-affected individuals with their perceptions on various immigration issues and dimensions. We employ a difference-in-differences approach with staggered treatment adoption, where the first difference compares Eurozone and non-Eurozone countries, and the second difference accounts for the timing of being affected by a disaster. Our main findings indicate that natural disaster shocks in Eurozone countries are associated with more positive attitudes toward immigrants, particularly regarding their acceptance and perceived economic contribution. These effects emerge gradually after the shock, suggesting that disasters may foster longer-term social reflection rather than immediate solidarity responses. A plausible explanation is that Eurozone countries, being more economically and institutionally integrated, experience such shocks within a framework of shared responsibility and interdependence. In the presence of a common currency and coordinated fiscal mechanisms, these countries may also be better shielded from the economic fallout of disasters, reducing the sense of economic insecurity that can fuel exclusionary attitudes. By contrast, non-Eurozone regions facing more severe and unbuffered economic consequences may respond in more inward-looking ways, emphasizing national over collective concerns. Heterogeneity tests further highlight the critical role of factors in propagating the effect, such as remittances paid, trade in services, unemployment, wage and salaried workers, and EU funding measures. |
| Keywords: | Migration; NaturalDisasters; ClimateChange; ImmigrationAttitudes. |
| JEL: | F22 Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2026_02 |
| By: | Loebach, Janet; Rahai, Rouzbeh; Natekal, Asiya; Parker, Cory; Kweon, Byoung-Suk; Owens, Patsy Eubanks |
| Abstract: | Economic inequality in the U.S. has risen sharply over the past three decades, overlapping with persistent racial, ethnic, and spatial segregation to produce entrenched neighborhood-level disparities in health. Youth are especially vulnerable to these neighborhood effects, facing disproportionate risks from adverse environmental conditions. This study examines whether neighborhood disadvantage is associated with both increased prevalence of youth health risks and lower provision of green infrastructure across four U.S. cities (Houston, TX; Minneapolis, MN; Prince George’s County, MD; San Francisco, CA). We further test whether green space moderates the relationship between disadvantage and youth health. Census-tract analyses show that neighborhood disadvantage is strongly correlated with higher prevalence of obesity, asthma, and poor mental health among youth. Disadvantaged neighborhoods had significantly less park space and tree canopy cover, and areas with limited green space showed higher risks for all three health concerns. Greater tree canopy was specifically associated with reduced obesity risk. Crucially, interaction analyses revealed that higher proportions of park space substantially weakened the negative effects of disadvantage across all health outcomes. Findings underscore systemic underinvestment in green infrastructure in disadvantaged neighborhoods and highlight the protective potential of urban green space as a public health strategy for vulnerable youth. |
| Date: | 2026–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:k23z7_v1 |
| By: | Zhao, Hongxi; Chakravorty, Rwit; Arita, Shawn |
| Abstract: | Brazil’s soybean and corn sectors are expected to continue expanding beyond 2026, reinforcing Brazil’s role as a dominant competitor in global grain markets and intensifying competitive pressures on U.S. producers. This brief examines the drivers, limits, and implications of Brazil’s cropland expansion, with particular emphasis on double-cropping systems and the conversion of degraded pasturelands. Using recent acreage, production, and land-use data, the analysis documents near-exponential growth in soybean area since 2010 and sustained expansion in corn acreage, largely supported by the widespread adoption of safrinha (second-crop) corn. Results indicate that double cropping has been the dominant margin of growth over the past decade, while external land expansion has occurred primarily through pasture-to-cropland conversion rather than direct deforestation. Although future expansion is expected to slow, substantial potential remains due to remaining degraded pasture, continued infrastructure improvements, and strong domestic and international demand, particularly for corn ethanol. Climate risks, planting delays, and environmental policies are likely to constrain further growth in double cropping, while stronger enforcement of Brazil’s Forest Code and zero-deforestation commitments limit expansion from forest conversion. The analysis further evaluates implications for U.S.–Brazil competition, highlighting increasing overlap in harvest timing, narrowing logistical advantages, and heightened exposure of U.S. export-oriented regions to global price pressure. Overall, Brazil’s sustained land expansion underscores the importance of cost control, infrastructure investment, and stable demand policies for maintaining U.S. agricultural competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2026–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:arpcbr:391397 |
| By: | Harrison, Robin; Chetwynd, Jane |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:canzdp:262933 |
| By: | Md Muhtasim Munif Fahim; Md Jahid Hasan Imran; Luknath Debnath; Tonmoy Shill; Md. Naim Molla; Ehsanul Bashar Pranto; Md Shafin Sanyan Saad; Md Rezaul Karim |
| Abstract: | The achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is dependent upon strategic resource distribution. We propose a causal discovery framework using Panel Vector Autoregression, along with both country-specific fixed effects and PCMCI+ conditional independence testing on 168 countries (2000-2025) to develop the first complete causal architecture of SDG dependencies. Utilizing 8 strategically chosen SDGs, we identify a distributed causal network (i.e., no single 'hub' SDG), with 10 statistically significant Granger-causal relationships identified as 11 unique direct effects. Education to Inequality is identified as the most statistically significant direct relationship (r = -0.599; p |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.20875 |
| By: | Grupp, Tristan Earle; Mishra, Prakash; Reynaert, Mathias; Van Benthem, Arthur |
| Abstract: | The European Union designates 26% of its landmass as protected areas, limiting economic development for biodiversity. We use the staggered introduction of protected areas between 1985 and 2019 to study the selection of protected land and the causal eect of protection on vegetation cover and nightlights. We nd no meaningful impacts on either outcome across four decades, countries, protection cohorts, or land characteristics. These null eects are consistent with the political economy of EU land protection: weak incentives to internalize biodiversity gains, green-glow motives, and area-based targets shape local siting and stringency choices. In practice, strict protection is applied where development pressure is low{so that protection has little bite|while in high-pressure regions, protection is typically weak, imposing only limited constraints on economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Land protection; protected areas; conservation; biodiversity, deforestation; vegetation; cover; nightlights; staggered dierence-in-dierences; Europe |
| JEL: | Q23 Q24 Q57 R14 |
| Date: | 2026–01–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:131346 |
| By: | Browning, Karen; Giles, David |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Financial Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:canzdp:262921 |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel |
| Abstract: | Aktuell fordern Wirtschaftsverbände, das Zieljahr Deutschlands für das Erreichen der Klimaneutralität von 2045 auf 2050 zu verschieben und damit das nationale Ziel dem Klimaneutralitäts-Ziel der Europäischen Union anzugleichen. Für diese Forderung gibt es gute Gründe, wie in diesem Beitrag erläutert wird, allen voran immense Kosteneinsparungen für die deutsche Volkswirtschaft. Eine Verschiebung wäre aber auch deshalb geboten, weil eine effektive Klimapolitik, die etwas im globalen Maßstab bewirkt, nur in internationaler Kooperation möglich ist, nicht aber im nationalen Alleingang (Ockenfels, Schmidt 2019). Angesichts der mit einer zeitlich überambitionierten Klimapolitik einhergehenden Herausforderungen stellt sich die Frage, warum Deutschland die damit verbundenen Risiken und Kosten eingehen sollte, wenn die daraus resultierenden Treibhausgaseinsparungen im globalen Maßstab betrachtet allenfalls symbolischer Natur sein können. Diese Frage stellt sich umso mehr, als die Vorreiterrolle gravierende kontraproduktive Rückwirkungen für Deutschland haben kann, allen voran den möglichen Verlust an gesellschaftlicher Akzeptanz für die Klimapolitik. |
| Abstract: | Business associations are currently calling for Germany's target year for achieving climate neutrality to be postponed from 2045 to 2050, thereby aligning the national target with the European Union's climate neutrality target. There are good reasons for this demand, as explained in this article, foremost among them the immense cost savings for the German economy. However, a postponement would also be advisable because effective climate policy that has an impact on a global scale is only possible through international cooperation, not through unilateral national action (Ockenfels, Schmidt 2019). In view of the challenges associated with an overly ambitious climate policy, the question arises as to why Germany should take on the associated risks and costs when the resulting greenhouse gas savings can only be symbolic on a global scale. This question is all the more pertinent given that playing a pioneering role could have serious counterproductive repercussions for Germany, above all the possible loss of social acceptance for climate policy. |
| Keywords: | Emissionshandel, konditionierte Klimaziele, Reziprozität |
| JEL: | Q21 I38 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:335879 |
| By: | Abdullah Demir (Abdullah Gül University); Ali Ersin Dinçer (Abdullah Gül University); N. Nergiz Dinçer (TED University) |
| Abstract: | Disaster resilience is a protective feature aimed at reducing the effects of natural disaster events and losses resulting from these events. The aim of this study is to propose a disaster resilience index (DRI) for the MENA countries, to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of disaster resilience in the region. The contributions of the paper to the literature are (i) calculating disaster resilience index of disaster prone MENA countries which are mostly missing in the literature, (ii) incorporating the indicators to the index through a systematic examination of indicators in the existing literature, (iii) integrating geospatial data on disaster risk from GIS into the DRI, (iv) adding the natural hazard risk index to the DRI, (v) systematically examining the impact of each indicator on the DRI, so identifying the most effective indicators for each country, and (vi) establishing a correlation between the DRI and economic losses, thereby revealing the efficacy and robustness of the newly developed DRI index developed in this study. The findings reveal a diverse landscape of disaster resilience in the MENA region, with some countries demonstrating high preparedness and resilience, while others face significant challenges. The classification of the DRI enables a detailed comprehension of the strengths and vulnerabilities of the region concerning its capacity to withstand and recover from disasters. The inclusion of novel dimensions such as geographical resilience and natural hazard risk provides a more holistic perspective for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1763 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouris (School of Economics, Department of IEES and Director, ReSEES, Athens University of Economics and Business; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge; Peterhouse, University of Cambridge; Director, Sustainable Development Unit, ATHENA Information Technologies Research Center; Chair, Alliance of Excellence for Research Innovation on Aephoria (AE4RIA)); Anastasia Litina (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia, Visiting Researcher at the University of Luxembourg); Ioannis Patios (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia) |
| Abstract: | An unexplored impact of natural disasters is the scarcity they create and the resulting reallocation of resources. This paper examines this effect by analyzing how disaster-driven scarcity reshapes fairness considerations. Using data from the International Disaster Database and the European Social Survey, we show that disaster exposure increases perceptions of solidarity-driven fairness, including social support, rewards for effort, and equal access to services, while reducing perceptions of scarcity-driven fairness such as wage equality, access to education or the functioning of the political system. As disasters are a cross-border phenomenon, we further study spillovers from neighboring countries and find that they can strengthen solidarity-based fairness while simultaneously heightening skepticism toward institutional and societal fairness. Finally, we explore mechanisms, i.e., ιnstitutional trust, FDI, EU funds, that condition these relationships and shape how individuals interpret fairness norms after a disaster. |
| Keywords: | Fairness; NaturalDisasters; Justice; Equality; ClimateChange. |
| JEL: | Q54 D63 D64 H84 Z13 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2026_01 |
| By: | Knapp, Nadine |
| Abstract: | With climate change advancing, the planned relocation of entire communities from risk areas is becoming unavoidable. It is already a reality worldwide and will become increasingly necessary in the future as a measure of climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Relocation can save lives and reduce the risk of displacement. Nevertheless, this measure is considered a "last resort" because it is expensive, deeply affects livelihoods, social networks and cultural identities, and carries new risks. To be effective, it must be participatory, human rights-based, and accompanied by development-oriented measures that strengthen the well-being and resilience of those affected and reduce structural inequalities. Many places lack the political will, concrete strategies and resources for this - especially in low-income countries with already limited adaptation capacities. These countries are therefore heavily dependent on international support, which has mostly been fragmented, ad hoc and uncoordinated. The longer the absence of adequate structures persists, the greater the risk that human security will be severely compromised, fundamental human rights violated and entire communities (once again) displaced - posing risks to regional stability and global security. The German government should specifically address gaps in the international system, facilitate access to knowledge and resources, and strengthen multi-sectoral learning. Germany's current engagement in Fiji should be expanded in the medium term to other climate-vulnerable regions and countries, with a focus on community-driven relocation projects. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swprps:335878 |
| By: | Guillouet, Louise; Martimort, David |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a model of niche lobbying in which interest groups endogenously specialize in the acquisition of distinct types of policy-relevant information. Contrary to the view that niche strategies are chosen to soften competition and secure autonomy, we show that specialization arises as a self-enforcing equilibrium even though groups would prefer to compete over the same informational dimensions. The mechanism is demand-driven: when information acquisition is private and nonverifiable, the decision-maker’s inference from silence intensifies informational pressure on specialized groups, increasing the burden of information acquisition. We discuss the implications of these results for interest groups influence in climate and biodiversity policy. |
| Keywords: | Lobbying, Information Acquisition, Niche Expertise, Hard Information Communication, Specialization |
| JEL: | D72 D82 D83 |
| Date: | 2026–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:131356 |
| By: | de Bromhead, Alan; Lyons, Ronan C.; Ohler, Johann |
| Abstract: | Poor housing conditions, and the negative effects of Household Air Pollution (HAP) in particular, remain one of the most pressing global public health challenges. While the association between poor housing and health has a long history, evidence of a direct link is lacking. In this paper, we examine a rare example of a public housing intervention in rural areas, namely the large-scale provision of high-quality housing in Ireland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We exploit a novel dataset of deaths-by-disease and deaths-by-age-and-sex over the period 1871–1919, to test the impact of the intervention on mortality. Our difference-in difference estimates indicate that improved housing conditions reduced mortality by as much as 1 death per 1000. This effect is driven by reductions in deaths from respiratory diseases. We propose a likely mechanism that is consistent with the pattern of results we observe: a reduction in Household Air Pollution through improved housing quality and better ventilation. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that the scheme was a highly cost-effective intervention. |
| Keywords: | Ireland; Labourers Act; household air pollution; health transition; social housing; infectious disease |
| JEL: | N33 N93 Q53 O18 J10 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:129884 |
| By: | Schneider, Eric B. |
| Abstract: | There is strong evidence that exposure to atmospheric pollution is detrimental to health. However, most current and historical research has focussed on the shortrun consequences of exposure to pollution on health, and historical researchers have not been able to assess the effects of pollution on a wide range of health indicators. This paper uses fog events at a daily level as a proxy for acute extreme pollution events in historical London (1892-1919). It tests whether exposure to fog at birth and at the time of sickness influenced a wide range of indicators of child health in the short and long term, including birth outcomes (birth weight, length, stillbirth, premature birth and neonatal death), mortality risk (mortality before age 15), growth outcomes (heights and weights in infancy, childhood and adolescence), and morbidity outcomes (incidence, prevalence and sickness duration from respiratory diseases and measles). Being born on a fog day did not have strong effects on birth or growth outcomes or on morbidity outcomes for upper respiratory diseases. However, being born on a fog day increased mortality risk from respiratory diseases and increased incidence, prevalence and sickness duration from measles, influenza and other lower respiratory diseases. I also find short-run effects of fog on sickness duration from influenza and measles. Overall, the mixed results suggest that atmospheric pollution caused significant ill health in historical London but only for limited dimensions of health. |
| Keywords: | ambient air pollution; morbidity; child growth; respiratory disease; health transition |
| JEL: | N33 I12 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:128850 |
| By: | Giles, David E. A.; Wyatt, Nicolas S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Financial Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:canzdp:262923 |
| By: | Barro, Tjantana; Marencak, Michal; Nghiem, Giang |
| Abstract: | We provide causal evidence that the economic framing of a structural policy changes households' macroeconomic expectations. In a randomized survey experiment in the Bundesbank Online Panel of Households, all participants first read an identical neutral primer about climate policy measures and are then randomly assigned to receive no further text or an additional narrative interpreting the policy primarily as a negative demand or supply shock. Both narratives reduce expected growth. However, only the supply-shock framing raises inflation expectations, while the demand-shock framing does not reduce them-contrary to a simple demand-channel benchmark. These findings suggest that communication that makes different macro channels salient can materially shape expectations, with implications for economic policy communication during structural transitions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, expectations, survey experiments, RCT. |
| JEL: | C33 D84 E31 E52 Q4 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-743 |
| By: | de Bromhead, Alan; Lyons, Ronan C.; Ohler, Johann |
| Abstract: | Poor housing conditions, and the negative effects of Household Air Pollution (HAP) in particular, remain one of the most pressing global public health challenges. While the association between poor housing and health has a long history, evidence of a direct link is lacking. In this paper, we examine a rare example of a public housing intervention in rural areas, namely the large-scale provision of high-quality housing in Ireland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We exploit a novel dataset of deaths-by-disease and deaths-by-age-and-sex over the period 1871–1919, to test the impact of the intervention on mortality. Our difference-in difference estimates indicate that improved housing conditions reduced mortality by as much as 1 death per 1000. This effect is driven by reductions in deaths from respiratory diseases. We propose a likely mechanism that is consistent with the pattern of results we observe: a reduction in Household Air Pollution through improved housing quality and better ventilation. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that the scheme was a highly cost-effective intervention. |
| Keywords: | Ireland |
| JEL: | N33 N93 Q53 O18 J10 |
| Date: | 2025–10–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:129885 |
| By: | Fabien Giauque; Mehdi Farsi |
| Abstract: | Dynamic social norms have been recognized as a promising approach to promote energy sufficiency. By highlighting trends and future shifts rather than current states, dynamic norms allow for a better focus on emerging norms that are not widely adopted. While existing studies predominantly examine behavioral outcomes, the underlying processes and trade-offs remain to be explored. This paper uses a discrete choice experiment (DCE) combined with a randomized controlled trial to study electricity saving preferences under various dynamic norms. An emphasis is placed on the rationale for the norm changes. The results show that dynamic norms framed in terms of growing concerns about energy supply security positively affect electricity saving goal, whereas those framed around climate change do not. The heterogeneity analyses suggest that dynamic norms shape behavior through two complementary mechanisms: they generate new preferences while simultaneously reinforcing existing ones. The concluding analysis identifies four distinct groups that vary systematically in their preferences for electricity sufficiency. |
| Keywords: | Electricity saving; Dynamic Norms; Energy supply security; Climate change; Discrete choice experiment; Latent Class Model; Mixed Logit Model; Value-Belief-Norm Theory |
| JEL: | D12 D91 Q48 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:26-01 |
| By: | Tseliso Isaiah Ramoeletsi (Westford University College, Scotland, UK) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure on the financial performance of firms listed on selected Southern African stock exchanges. A quantitative, comparative research design was employed using panel data covering 2018 to 2024. The sample comprised 72 randomly selected companies—10 each from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), Zimbabwe Stock Exchange (ZSE), Botswana Stock Exchange (BSE), Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE), Malawi Stock Exchange (MalSE), Lusaka Securities Exchange (LuSE), and Stock Exchange of Mauritius (SEM), and two from the Eswatini Stock Exchange (ESE)—resulting in 504 firm-year observations. ESG disclosures were assessed using a structured 30-item index based on GRI, SASB, and TCFD frameworks, scored on a 0–2 Likert scale. Corporate financial performance was measured using a Composite Financial Performance (CFP) indicator, derived by standardizing and averaging Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and panel regression. Findings indicate moderate ESG disclosure levels, with governance reporting being the most consistent. However, ESG scores exhibited no significant positive relationship with CFP, and environmental disclosures were negatively associated with financial performance, suggesting potential short-term cost implications. Traditional financial variables such as debt-to-equity ratio remained strong predictors of profitability. These results suggest that ESG practices among firms on Southern African stock exchanges are still evolving and may be driven more by compliance than strategic integration, limiting immediate financial benefits. |
| Keywords: | ESG disclosure, financial performance, SADC, panel data, responsible investment |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0566 |
| By: | Maha Mili (University of CarthageAuthor-Email: maha.mili@ept.ucar.tn); Mohamed Adel Dhif (Universit´e de Carthage); Houyem Chekki (Universite de la Manouba) |
| Abstract: | Under global warming conditions, projections from the Tunisian National Institute of Meteorology indicate that Tunisia will face decreased annual rainfall and increased demand for water resources in the coming years. This research aims to quantify the potential impacts of water scarcity on the Tunisian economy, with a particular focus on the agricultural sector, which is crucial for food security and economic stability. Using a recursive dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, we analyze the effects of four water-related hypotheses on GDP growth, social welfare, and trade balance by 2050. Then, we simulate three specific water use efficiency (WUE) scenarios—rehabilitation of water network infrastructure, modernization of irrigation systems, and the use of plant varieties with less water requirements—to assess their effectiveness in mitigating water scarcity. The simulation results reveal that declining water availability significantly hampers agricultural production, adversely affecting the food processing sector and exacerbating food security concerns. These limitations lead to an increased trade balance deficit and a projected decline in GDP by 2050. In contrast, improvements in WUE partially alleviate these impacts by enhancing agricultural productivity, reducing imports, and boosting exports, which collectively improve the trade balance and stimulate GDP growth. The findings underscore the urgent need for practical actions to conserve water resources and highlight the importance of negotiating trade agreements that prioritize low-water-requiring products while managing the import of more waterintensive goods. |
| Date: | 2025–10–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1798 |
| By: | Şahin, Ceren (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:daae93a1-cd1f-4e8c-9ba9-d815742327a1 |
| By: | Sheheryar Banuri (School of Economics, University of East Anglia and Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge (UK)); Christa Brunnschweiler (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology and CESifo); Deanna Karapetyan (Financial Conduct Authority (UK)) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates why firms engage in costly environmental and ethical practices, focusing on whether consumer responses depend on firms’ intentions or outcomes. Existing literature links ESG practices to positive performance and stakeholder rewards, but most evidence is observational and cannot disentangle intentionality from outcomes. Using a controlled experiment, we examine consumer reactions when firms choose between a “clean†technology (avoiding harm at a cost) and a “dirty†technology (higher returns with negative externalities). Two treatments isolate intentionality: Random Choice versus Willful Choice. After observing the firm’s choice and the resulting externality, consumers can respond by transferring (taking away) resources to the firm in a give-or-take Dictator Game. We find a pronounced asymmetry in how intentions matter. Consumers punish firms whenever a negative externality is incurred, regardless of intentionality, indicating that punitive responses are largely outcome-driven. By contrast, when harm is avoided, intentions play a central role: firms that deliberately choose to prevent a negative externality are treated with significantly greater leniency than firms for which absence of harm arises randomly, reflected in positive transfers on average. These findings highlight that intentionality affects punitive responses and helps explain why firms may voluntarily adopt costly ethical practices when choices are observable. |
| Keywords: | Intentionality; Harm Avoidance; Consumer Responses; ESG; Environmental Externalities |
| JEL: | D03 D64 L21 C91 |
| Date: | 2026–01–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:20526 |
| By: | Marc A.C. Hafstead; Roberton C. Williams III |
| Abstract: | The energy transition away from fossil fuels toward alternative energy sources will, like every significant economic transition, disrupt existing economic relationships and markets. Disruption in the labor market is of particular concern due to the distributional and political importance of energy jobs and the potential concentration of risks on workers in carbon-intensive sectors and regions that are particularly reliant on fossil-fuel industries. We look at modeling the labor implications of the energy transition. We outline a conceptual framework for analyzing the labor-market risks, focusing on obstacles to labor-market adjustments during the transition. We then review empirical research on such barriers to labor-market adjustments, with a focus on evidence that can inform modeling efforts. We also survey the literature on ex-ante modeling of the effects of the energy transition on labor markets, identifying both the challenges and opportunities for new research in this field. |
| JEL: | C68 D58 E24 J63 J64 Q40 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34723 |
| By: | Birkenstock, Maren; Röder, Norbert; Thiermann, Insa; Buschmann, Christoph; Feindt, Peter |
| Abstract: | Background – With the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), EU member states (MS) gained flexibility in the design of agri-environmental measures (AEM). In particular, MS are encouraged to determine AEM payment levels based on a marginal supplier approach. Analytical determination of payment levels would require sufficient information about the distribution of cost-structures. As this data is generally lacking, calculations are typically based on assumptions. The question arises whether MS use the ensuing discretionary scope to design environmentally ambitious policies or primarily income-generating farm payments. Objective – Prioritising objectives and implementation options under budget constraints, an essential task in policy design, is particularly difficult when developing schemes to support the provision of public goods. By definition, public goods lack a market value, therefore their cost-effectiveness is difficult to assess. We examine how scientific experts assess trade-offs between the remuneration level for AEM and the achievable environmental effectiveness of a funding scheme. Method – In a discrete choice survey, experts with a track record in dealing with European agri-environmental challenges were asked to choose between different schemes and the status quo. These experts are an important group as they influence scientific and political debates on the future CAP. The attributes presented in the choice set were the environmental effectiveness of a CAP strategic plan (CSP), the share of agricultural area enrolled in agri- environmental measures (AEM), the share of ‘dark-green’ measures, and ‘payment to farmer’. Results & Discussion – The results show that higher CSP’s environmental effectiveness and a higher share of agricultural area enrolled in AEM increased the likelihood that experts selected a funding scheme. Higher levels of ’payment to farmer’ decreased the selection probability. In order to achieve more ambitious CSPs, experts regarded higher payments for AEM acceptable. A latent class analysis revealed preference heterogeneity among experts, reflecting different disciplinary and geographical perspectives. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaae25:391391 |
| By: | Davis, Elizabeth; Ruppert, Kirstie A.; Le, Chau My Thi; Cao, Dat; Cao, Trung |
| Abstract: | Bear bile is a highly demanded medicinal product in certain areas of Vietnam, which contributes to the decline of Asiatic black bears and sun bears. Multiple conservation strategies, such as closing bear farms and raising awareness, have been enacted in Vietnam to address this issue, but there have been few targeted demand reduction efforts. Here, we present the design and evaluation of a campaign to reduce demand for bear bile, founded on the principles of conservation marketing. We used a Theory of Change informed by baseline consumer research and consultations with international and local stakeholders to guide the design of the campaign. We used quantitative surveys to measure the prevalence of bear bile use in a Before-After-Control-Treatment (BACT) design (n = 1, 690 individuals (pre-campaign: 767; post-campaign: 923)). Bear bile use declined by 97% in our treatment site (from 16% (CI: 12 – 19%) to 1% (CI: 0.3 – 2%)), and did not change significantly in the control site. We can conclude that our campaign did change behavior, and reduced demand for bear bile in our target community. We also found a significant shift to disagreement for the belief “Bears are easy to find in the wild”, indicating that accurate knowledge about bear population decline in Vietnam increased in the treatment site. Our results illustrate the conservation potential of demand reduction campaigns, particularly when paired with efforts to decrease the available supply of wildlife products. |
| Date: | 2026–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:mdwjy_v2 |
| By: | Marie Alder (European University Institute); Eva Franzmeyer (European University Institute); Benjamin Hattemer (University of Helsinki & FIT) |
| Abstract: | This study provides new causal evidence on the firm-level effects of reducing free emission permits in emission trading systems. Using a difference-in-differences design, we exploit a reform that altered an eligibility threshold for free permit allocation. Receiving fewer free permits reduced emissions by more than 14 percent relative to firms that retained them. This reduction was accompanied by similar declines in revenue, employment, and assets. We develop a multi-product general equilibrium model that explains these patterns through a novel mechanism linking permit allocation to firms’ decisions. Firms that receive fewer free emission permits terminate their least productive product lines, increasing the market share of the remaining ones. Higher expected profits then encourage earlier adoption of an efficiency-improving technology. |
| Keywords: | Emissions, Emission permits, Emission trading |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fit:wpaper:42 |
| By: | Elkmann, Janek; Schrimpf, Tobias |
| Abstract: | Research on conspiracy theories and predictors that explain susceptibility to believing in conspiracy theories (conspiracy mentality) has already led to a considerable body of academic contributions. Nevertheless, we see the necessity to continue working on higher-level frameworks that summarize and explain various of these predictors under one umbrella. Only focussing on individual correlates can certainly make well-founded statements about individual susceptibility to conspiracy theories, but cannot formulate a holistic explanation due to the supposed lack of connection between the predictors. This means that, for example, only very fragmentary recommendations can be derived for preventive concepts. The present research proposes a metatheoretical framework for conspiracy mentality based on 'Moral Politics Theory' (Lakoff, 2016). The central thesis of this paper is that conspiracy mentality can be understood as an inherent component of so-called 'Strict Father Morality', i.e. the conservative ideology in Moral Politics Theory. This not only has implications for research theory, but also concrete imperatives for action for socio-political actors. |
| Keywords: | Conspiracy theories, conspiracy mentality, Moral Politics Theory, Strict Father Morality, ideology |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hohdps:335888 |
| By: | Ñancupil, Ignacio; Gil, Marina |
| Abstract: | La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha establecido cinco ejes prioritarios para una transición energética justa e inclusiva en América Latina y el Caribe: acceso universal y equitativo a la energía; una matriz sostenible; mayor eficiencia; infraestructura resiliente, e integración energética regional. Una mejor conectividad energética y una red resiliente e integrada permiten a los países aumentar su seguridad energética, aprovechar economías de escala en proyectos de infraestructura verde con menores costos, y facilitar la complementariedad y la mayor integración de energías renovables en un sistema interconectado más inclusivo, flexible, confiable y descarbonizado. Este estudio aporta información, sobre la base del análisis de los datos de Costa Rica, sobre las oportunidades que ofrece la integración energética para mejorar la seguridad y resiliencia de los sistemas energéticos, y constituye un insumo técnico para apoyar la formulación de políticas públicas orientadas a una transición energética sostenible e inclusiva, que contribuya al bienestar de las personas y al cumplimiento de los compromisos regionales y mundiales en materia de desarrollo sostenible. |
| Date: | 2025–11–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:83822 |
| By: | Derek Lemoine |
| Abstract: | I study asymmetric information about the social cost of an externality, as opposed to asymmetric information about private costs of abatement. I show that quantity regulation with bankable permits has an informational advantage because the permit market aggregates dispersed information about social costs. It has the disadvantage of making private costs more uncertain ex ante. I analytically derive the expression for the (dis)advantage of prices over quantities in this setting. I show that a quantity policy can dominate a price policy for any slope of marginal private costs and always dominates when marginal private costs are sufficiently flat. |
| JEL: | D62 D82 G14 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34738 |
| By: | Eslam A. Hassanein (, Beni Suef University); Nourhan A. Hassan (nourhan-hassan@feps.edu.eg) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the nexus between natural resource volatility (NRV) and inclusive growth (IG) while examining the moderating impact of financial development (FD) and institutional quality (IQ) across 18 Middle East and North African (MENA) countries from 2002 to 2021. The empirical results —which are based on the two-step System Generalized Methods of Moments (SYS-GMM) estimation—reveal that NRV positively affects IG after controlling for moderation effects, implying that natural resources are a blessing in MENA. The results also indicate that the proposed moderators play a pivotal role in shaping the impact of volatility on IG. Institutions and volatility exhibit a synergistic relationship in promoting inclusivity in the MENA region. Nonetheless, volatility and FD are substitutive in promoting IG since FD (NRV) weakens the positive impact of volatility (FD). Overall, IQ and FD have a net positive impact on IG. However, the positive effect of FD is entirely negated at a volatility threshold of 34 percent, whereas IQ has a net positive effect beyond a volatility threshold of 17 percent. Additionally, the net positive impact of volatility on IG is nullified at an FD threshold of 80 percent. Policymakers in MENA are advised to be prudent with these thresholds while pursuing shared prosperity from their abundant natural resources |
| Date: | 2024–10–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1738 |
| By: | Lacchè, Alessio |
| Abstract: | This dissertation investigates how capitalist globalisation undermines traditional local knowledge systems, focusing on the Indian ghani, an ancient artisanal method of producing edible oil. The decline of this practice is analysed within the broader context of Western-driven development, agri-food industrialisation, and liberalisation of the edible oil sector. The study examines epistemological tensions between traditional and modern knowledge, the sociocultural and economic significance of the ghani, and the extent to which artisanal practices can coexist with industrial production in contemporary India. A hybrid deductive–inductive approach was employed, combining a literature review with fieldwork conducted in India. This comprised two surveys allowing both quantitative and qualitative analysis of contributions from a wide range of stakeholders, including civil society, ghani workers, NGOs, industry representatives, and academics. Findings reveal declining visibility and practical knowledge of the ghani, yet also a strong sociocultural resonance. This paradox reveals a fading practice that continues to embody memory, identity, and resistance to the homogenisation of global models. Economically, small producers face severe disadvantages in competing with industrial plants and cheap imports, while niche markets provide only limited opportunities for survival. The analysis shows how industrial and policy frameworks structurally marginalise artisans, relegating them to peripheral or subordinated roles, while simultaneously rebranding elements of their cultural value for urban elite markets. This process of “eliticisation” risks detaching artisanal production from its community base, transforming a once accessible tradition into a niche commodity. The study concludes that the decline of the ghani is emblematic of wider processes of epistemic injustice, whereby capitalist globalisation privileges industrial efficiency and consumerist appropriation over cultural continuity, social equity, and ecological sustainability. It calls for a reimagined food system in which artisanal and industrial modes of production are integrated on more equitable terms. Such an approach would recognise the cultural and ecological contributions of traditional practices while harnessing the capacities of modern industry, generating hybrid models that are both more socially just and environmentally resilient. Safeguarding institutions like the ghani is thus not a nostalgic exercise but a vital step towards building plural, inclusive, and sustainable futures. |
| Date: | 2026–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:th65d_v1 |
| By: | Lefebvre, Perrin; Martimort, David |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a model of niche lobbying in which interest groups endogenously specialize in the acquisition of distinct types of policy-relevant information. Contrary to the view that niche strategies are chosen to soften competition and secure autonomy, we show that specialization arises as a self-enforcing equilibrium even though groups would prefer to compete over the same informational dimensions. The mechanism is demand-driven: when information acquisition is private and nonverifiable, the decision-maker’s inference from silence intensifies informational pressure on specialized groups, increasing the burden of information acquisition. We discuss the implications of these results for interest groups influence in climate and biodiversity policy. |
| Keywords: | Lobbying, Information Acquisition, Niche Expertise, Hard Information Communication, Specialization |
| JEL: | D72 D82 D83 |
| Date: | 2026–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:131357 |
| By: | Bruns, Paul E. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Land Economics/Use |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:neaecp:262329 |
| By: | Ñancupil, Ignacio; Gil, Marina |
| Abstract: | La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha establecido cinco ejes prioritarios para una transición energética justa e inclusiva en América Latina y el Caribe: acceso universal y equitativo a la energía; una matriz sostenible; mayor eficiencia; infraestructura resiliente, e integración energética regional. Una mejor conectividad energética y una red resiliente e integrada permiten a los países aumentar su seguridad energética, aprovechar economías de escala en proyectos de infraestructura verde con menores costos, y facilitar la complementariedad y la mayor integración de energías renovables en un sistema interconectado más inclusivo, flexible, confiable y descarbonizado. Este estudio aporta información, sobre la base del análisis de los datos de Panamá, sobre las oportunidades que ofrece la integración energética para mejorar la seguridad y resiliencia de los sistemas energéticos, y constituye un insumo técnico para apoyar la formulación de políticas públicas orientadas a una transición energética sostenible e inclusiva, que contribuya al bienestar de las personas y al cumplimiento de los compromisos regionales y mundiales en materia de desarrollo sostenible. |
| Date: | 2025–11–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:83830 |
| By: | Lampe, Harlan C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:neaecp:262374 |
| By: | Smith, Michael; Yau, Paul; Shively, Thomas; Kohn, Robert |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the long-term trends in the daily maxima of tropospheric ozone at six sites around the state of Texas. The statistical methodology we use controls for the effects of meteorological variables because it is known that variables such as temperature, wind speed and humidity substantially affect the formation of tropospheric ozone. A nonparametric regression model is estimated in which a general trivariate surface is used to model the relationship between ozone and these meteorological variables because there is little, or no, theory to specify the functional dependence of ozone on these variables. The model also allows for the effects of wind direction and seasonality. Each function in the model is represented as a linear combination of basis functions located at all of the design points. A trivariate basis is used for the function representing the combined effect of temperature, wind speed and humidity, while univariate bases are used to represent the other functions in the model. To estimate the functions nonparametrically we use a Bayesian hierarchical framework with a fractional prior. Due to the high dimensional representation of the signal, a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling scheme employing Gibbs sub-chains that 'focus' on the basis terms that are most likely to contribute to the signal is used to carry out the computations. We also estimate an appropriate data transformation simultaneously with the function estimates. The empirical results indicate that key meteorological variables explain most of the variation in daily ozone maxima through a nonlinear interaction and that their effects are consistent across the six sites. However, the estimated trends vary considerably from site to site, even within the same city. A simulation based on the design of the data indicates that the Bayesian approach is substantially more efficient than MARS (Friedman, 1991). |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:monebs:267938 |
| By: | Ahmed Chafai (University of Manouba); Rym Oueslati (University of Tunis); Hatem Salah (University of Manouba) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to explore the curvilinear relationship between innovation and sustainable firm growth, as well as the moderating role of bank funding on research and development (R&D), institutional quality and bank market power on this nexus. To do this, we selected a sample of 424 companies listed in ten Arab countries (Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates) over the period 2010-2022. Using a systemic GMM model, the results show that there is a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped) link between innovation and sustainable firm growth. In addition, the outcome shows that bank funding on R&D, institutional quality and bank market power moderate the curvilinear nexus between innovation and sustainable firm growth. This study offers valuable insights into strategic innovation planning and elaboration of important implications by highlighting the role of bank funding on R&D, institutional quality and the power of the banking market in promoting firm sustainability. |
| Date: | 2025–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1819 |
| By: | Larabi Jaïdi; Rim Berahab; Sabrine Emran |
| Abstract: | Ce Policy Paper analyse les enjeux politiques, économiques et opérationnels du Fonds pour les pertes et dommages, créé pour répondre aux impacts climatiques irréversibles subis par les pays les plus vulnérables. Il clarifie d’abord la notion de pertes et dommages, qui mêle effets économiques et non économiques, et souligne les défis d’attribution liés à la superposition entre chocs climatiques et fragilités structurelles. L’analyse met ensuite en lumière les tensions d’économie politique qui entourent le Fonds : incertitudes sur le périmètre des contributeurs, risques d’aléa moral, articulation avec les instruments existants et difficulté à définir des critères d’éligibilité pertinents. Elle insiste également sur l’ampleur du déficit de financement et la nécessité de mécanismes innovants pour garantir des ressources prévisibles. Enfin, le papier examine les défis de gouvernance, notamment le rôle transitoire de la Banque mondiale, l’accès direct pour les pays vulnérables et la capacité du Fonds à décaisser rapidement. Il conclut que l’efficacité du dispositif dépendra de sa capacité à cibler les pertes « au-delà de l’adaptation » et à renforcer la résilience structurelle plutôt que de se limiter à des réponses ponctuelles. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pp43_25 |
| By: | De Camino, Claudia; Infante, Lady Viviana |
| Abstract: | La comparación de las economías es fundamental para las políticas públicas, pero enfrenta un obstáculo: las estadísticas medidas en monedas locales no son directamente comparables. Los tipos de cambio de mercado ofrecen una visión distorsionada al no reflejar las diferencias de precios entre países. Para superar este desafío, el Programa de Comparación Internacional (PCI), coordinado por el Banco Mundial, genera las paridades de poder adquisitivo (PPA). Estos indicadores eliminan las diferencias de precios, lo que permite comparar el volumen real del PIB y determinar el verdadero tamaño de las economías. En el ciclo de 2021, de las 36 economías de América Latina y el Caribe que participaron en el Programa de Comparación Internacional, 32 lo hicieron bajo la coordinación de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y 4 de la OCDE. Para una mejor comparación y calidad, en este documento se presentan los resultados de toda la región. Los resultados confirman que las PPA son un indicador crucial para medir la economía real y el bienestar material. Así, el PCI se consolida como una herramienta estratégica para orientar políticas públicas, fomentar la cooperación internacional y apoyar el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. |
| Date: | 2025–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:84526 |
| By: | Ome, Alejandro; Giles Álvarez, Laura; Larrahondo, Cristhian; Pérez, Jorge |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impact of natural resource funds (NRF) on municipal fiscal results in Colombia, using an instrumental variable approach. It specifically analyzed the case of the Colombian Savings and Price Stabilization Fund (FAEP). The results suggest that a 1 percent increase in royalty revenue caused a 0.2 percent increase in gross capital formation (GCF) expenses and that this effect was cancelled out by FAEP participation. We also find that neither resource revenue windfalls nor participation in the FAEP had any impact on operating expenses nor on tax revenues, and that resource revenues have had impact on capital expenses other than GCF, but FAEP participation did not. Although we find that the NRF was indeed effective in reining in GFC expenses, the results suggest that other factors, such as subnational fiscal rules, could have had a strong effect on operating and other investment spending. Countries should thus consider a range of instruments to promote fiscal discipline and smooth out spending, including regulation and NRFs, in the face of natural resource revenue windfalls. |
| Keywords: | natural resource funds;local public finances;instrumental variables |
| JEL: | Q32 H72 C36 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14474 |
| By: | Chauvet, Pablo; Pizzi, Tatiana; Olave, Nicolás; Godoy, Ignacio |
| Abstract: | Este documento tiene por objetivo describir de manera sintética la industria del hidrógeno y el papel que puede cumplir el llamado hidrógeno de bajas emisiones para descarbonizar sectores o industrias difíciles de electrificar o desfosilizar. Con este propósito, se abordan las propiedades de este vector energético, sus variados tipos (o colores), sus procesos de producción (o vías tecnológicas) y sus principales aplicaciones en la actualidad y aquellas que se prevén a futuro. Posteriormente, se explora el panorama del mercado del hidrógeno a nivel mundial, presentando datos de consumo, producción y comercio, y se examinan la cartera de proyectos anunciados y las proyecciones de demanda. Además, se analiza el costo del hidrógeno de bajas emisiones según las vías tecnológicas empleadas. También se presentan y evalúan algunas de las principales ventajas de los países de América Latina y el Caribe para producir hidrógeno de bajas emisiones, lo que se complementa con un examen de los esfuerzos de los Gobiernos en materia de planificación estratégica, normativa y regulación para impulsar esta industria. En las conclusiones se ofrecen reflexiones y recomendaciones para contribuir a una agenda de desarrollo productivo que tenga a la industria del hidrógeno bajo en emisiones como impulsora. |
| Date: | 2025–12–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:84466 |