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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Tang, Chuan; Luo, Fangjie; Guo, Yifeng; You, Dan |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344048 |
| By: | Li, Xinrui; Yu, Chin-Hsien; Zhao, Jinsong; Shi, Yingyi |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343667 |
| By: | Dong, Yifan; Fei, Chengcheng; McCarl, Bruce A.; Zilberman, David |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343999 |
| By: | Gong, Binlei; Li, Haoyang; Lin, Liguo; Ling, Hanxiang |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343700 |
| By: | Boy, Karl-Friedrich; Panknin, Lea; Ziesmer, Johannes; Henning, Christian H.C.A. |
| Keywords: | Political Economy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343926 |
| By: | Emre Akusta |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impacts of economic growth on ecosystem in Turkiye. The study uses annual data for the period 1995-2021 and the ARDL method. The study utilizes the Ecosystem Vitality Index, a sub-dimension of the Environmental Performance Index. In addition, seven models were constructed to assess in detail the impact of economic growth on different dimensions of the ecosystem. The results show that economic growth has a significant impact in all models analyzed. However, the direction of this impact differs across ecosystem components. Economic growth is found to have a positive impact on agriculture and water resources. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP increases the agriculture and water resources indices by 0.074-0.672%. In contrast, economic growth has a negative impact on biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP reduces the indices of biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality by 0.101-2.144%. The results suggest that the environmental costs of economic growth processes need to be considered. Environmentally friendly policies should be combined with sustainable development strategies to reduce the negative impacts of economic growth. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.02676 |
| By: | Morgan, Marc; Ranaldi, Marco |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a novel application of the Kaya identity to assess the roles of technological change and consumption behaviour in shaping global greenhouse gas emissions. Drawing on numerical insights from counterfactual emission reduction scenarios, we quantify the adjustments in technology and consumption required to remain within the carbon budget by 2050 and explore their distributional implications. Building on this analysis, we develop a simple analytical model that formalizes the resulting carbon budget trilemma : under binding ecological constraints, rising consumption, technological progress, and widening inequality cannot sustainably coexist. We place these transformations in historical perspective by examining a set of precedents---from wars and epidemics to economic collapses and episodes of rapid technical upgrading---that provide comparative magnitudes for the scale of change implied by a binding carbon budget. Our conclusions unveil a race between technological innovation and consumption sobriety to reach planetary sustainability, in which global inequality acts as a boundary constraint. Given past technological progress, and current levels of global inequality, it is unlikely that sustained reductions in average consumption can be avoided if we are to respect ecological constraints. |
| Keywords: | Carbon budget, Technology, Consumption, Climate change mitigation, Kaya identity, Inequality and sustainability |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 O44 D63 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnv:wpaper:unige:189430 |
| By: | Aggarwal, Raavi (Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi, India and Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany); Missbach, Leonard (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany); Somanathan, E. (Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi, India); Steckel, Jan Christoph (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany and Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany); Sterner, Thomas (University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden) |
| Abstract: | Climate change mitigation is often assumed to be cheaper in developing countries than in developed countries. Yet, existing analyses frequently ignore the cost-effectiveness of price-based climate policies in the presence of other externalities such as indoor air pollution. Using detailed household data for six representatively selected countries, we examine the demand responses of biomass consumption to higher prices of electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene. We show that for these fuels, carbon pricing can generate substantial domestic health costs resulting from increasing indoor air pollution that exceed the global benefits of climate mitigation in four out of six countries. Our results challenge the notion that climate change mitigation is cheaper in low-income countries relative to high-income countries. The design of climate policies needs to take contextual factors into account, in particular with respect to the fuels used by the poorest. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing; Biomass use; Indoor air pollution; Clean cooking |
| JEL: | I10 |
| Date: | 2025–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_009 |
| By: | Guerini, Mattia; Marin, Giovanni; Vona, Francesco |
| Abstract: | We study how monetary policy shapes firm level carbon emissions. Our identification strategy exploits the European Central Bank’s July 2012 move to the zero lower bound as a plausibly exogenous easing of credit supply, combined with rich administrative and survey data on French manufacturing firms from 2000–2019. Using a difference-in-differences design with debt-to-asset ratios as exposure, we find that financially constrained firms cut emissions by about 9.4% more than unconstrained ones. This effect primarily stems from improvements in energy efficiency, lower carbon intensity of energy, and general productivity improvements associated with capital deepening that outweighed modest scale effects. Small and medium firms drive these results, while large and EU ETS regulated firms show no significant response. On average, emissions fell by 3.3% per year, summing up to 5.3 million tonnes of CO2 saved. Despite the smaller marginal effects, total carbon savings due to the monetary easing are comparable to the savings from the EU ETS, highlighting the untargeted nature of the policy. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376272 |
| By: | Le, Loan T. (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Tran, Luan D. (Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Phung, Trieu N. (An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City) |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the empirical effects of the laser land leveling (LLL) adoption on irrigation water and water efficiency in paddy production in the Mekong Delta region (MDR), using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) approach incorporated into input demand function models. The descriptive analysis highlights the potential for water reuse through farmers' drainage practices. However, the dependence on experiential methods for applying technology in paddy production poses challenges that could compromise long-term sustainability. The regression results indicate that the LLL treatment leads to savings of 1, 975 m3 ha-1 and 1, 299.35 m3 ha-1 in irrigation water and net water use in paddy production, respectively, compared to the control. These savings account for 20.52% of total irrigation water use and 28.64% of net water use. The projected savings on average of 375.51 and 247.05 million m³ respectively for irrigation water and net water use with 5% implementation of the technology in the MDR. The research highlights the environmental benefits of the LLL technology and underscores the need for its promotion to achieve water conservation in paddy production, offering policymakers insights to enhance sustainable agriculture amid climate change and water scarcity. The study addresses significant gaps in existing literature by providing an in-depth analysis of LLL technology's impact on irrigation water and efficiency by extending the drainage performance within the paddy mono-cropping context and employing RCT methodology combined with input demand function models to comprehensively evaluate its impact on irrigation water usage. |
| Keywords: | Precision Agriculture; Water Demand Modeling; Drainage Performance; Water Efficiency; Randomized Controlled Trials; Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2025–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_005 |
| By: | Casoli, Chiara; Manera, Matteo; Pedini, Luca; Valenti, Daniele |
| Abstract: | We construct a comprehensive set of climate indices for European countries that account for several variables related to weather, atmospheric conditions, and water availability. Our dataset includes monthly gridded climate observations from ERA5-Land, aggregated at the country level. Employing a Multilevel Dynamic Factor Model, we disentangle a global indicator, capturing overall climate dynamics across Europe, from country-specific local indices. While most empirical studies proxy climate through temperature or precipitation, our approach acknowledges that other atmospheric dimensions, such as humidity, radiation, and evaporation, jointly shape climatic variability and its economic effects. The global index primarily reflects temperature patterns common to most European countries, whereas the local indicators capture other meteorological phenomena and variations in water reserves. Finally, we show, via panel local projections, that different filtering and detrending procedures used to construct climate anomalies influence the estimated effects of climate shocks on economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–11–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376264 |
| By: | Musibau, Hammed (School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia); Nepal, Rabindra (School of Business, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates environmental impacts of wealth inequality, and the moderating roles of governance quality, education, and readiness for green transition. Using CO2 emissions as a multidimensional indicator, the study employs panel data from 216 countries (1970-2023) and IV-2SLS methodology. Findings suggest equitable societies achieve better environmental outcomes through social cohesion and inclusive governance. Strong institutions, education access, and renewable energy investments mitigate inequality's environmental effects. |
| Keywords: | Wealth Inequality; Environmental Degradation; Governance; Green Energy; Education; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | C33 H23 I25 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2025_008 |
| By: | Filipova, Fanya; Atanasov, Atanas; Marinova, Rumyana; Zapryanoava, Teodora |
| Abstract: | As sustainability becomes a core concern for financial institutions, the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into lending practices is reshaping credit assessment criteria, especially in resource-intensive industries. This paper explores how information derived from cash flow statements influences sustainable bank lending decisions within the wood-based sector in Bulgaria. By focusing on the intersection of financial transparency and corporate sustainability, the study highlights the importance of cash flow data in evaluating a company’s financial resilience, investment in sustainable practices, and long-term viability. Our study investigates how cash flow indicators such as operating cash flows, capital expenditures, and liquidity metrics interact with ESG disclosures to support or hinder access to green financing. The paper contributes to the growing dialogue on sustainable finance by emphasizing the role of traditional financial statements in complementing ESG information. Implications for regulators and financial institutions are also discussed, with recommendations for integrating cash flow-based and non-financial metrics into sector-specific credit risk frameworks. |
| Keywords: | creditworthiness, cash flow ratios, ESG reporting, sustainability, wood industry, natural wood furniture production |
| JEL: | G21 M41 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126628 |
| By: | Emre Akusta |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the potential of renewable energy sources to reduce the environmental impact of military expenditures in Turkiye. ARDL method is preferred in the analysis using annual data for the period 1990-2021. In addition, an interaction term is added to the model to determine the effectiveness of renewable energy sources. The results show that military expenditures have a positive impact on CO2 emissions in the short and long run with coefficients of 0.260 and 0.196, respectively. Moreover, renewable energy use has a statistically significant negative impact on CO2 emissions in the short and long run with coefficients of -0.119 and -0.120, respectively. GDP has a positive impact on CO2 emissions in the short and long run with coefficients of 0.162 and 0.193, respectively. Although population growth does not have a statistically significant impact in the short run, it is found to increase CO2 emissions in the long run with a coefficient of 0.095. Moreover, the interaction term shows that renewable energy use reduces the environmental impact of military expenditures in Turkiye in the short and long run with coefficients of -0.130 and -0.140, respectively. The results indicate that renewable energy use can play an important role in mitigating the environmental impacts of military expenditures. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.04467 |
| By: | Halkos, George; Aslanidis, Panagiotis-Stavros |
| Abstract: | The European Union (EU) needs to embrace more circular economy (CE) principles in order to achieve a complete transition from the Fordic (linear economy) archetype to a sustainable paradigm. The central challenge is to deploy sustainable waste management (SWM) as the policy lever for the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially SDG11 and SDG12. This report aims to: (i) map the EU’s institutional architecture alongside global waste conventions (Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm, OECD); (ii) promote a coherent common waste framework (e.g., Waste Framework Directive); and (iii) address hazardous and special streams (e.g., ELVs, etc.). The report concludes that there are rising material footprints, hazardous-waste burdens, health externalities, and financing and cultural barriers; therefore, there is a need to further extend the waste hierarchy. The report presents relevant policy implications and guidance for CE implementation toward the Agendas 2030 and 2050, the European Green Deal and other related frameworks such as the Circular Economy Action Plan. |
| Keywords: | Circular economy; Sustainable waste management; Waste-to-energy; European Green Deal; Critical raw materials; Waste hierarchy. |
| JEL: | H23 Q01 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:127114 |
| By: | Nguyen, Nhu; Reeling, Carson; Verdier, Valentin |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343675 |
| By: | Zhang, Zhi Min; Yu, Chengzheng; Li, Jingting |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343627 |
| By: | Wu, Qi; Liu, Shuyun; Fan, Shenggen |
| Keywords: | International Development, Labor and Human Capital, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343729 |
| By: | Arnold, Jane; De Figueiredo Silva, Felipe; Vassalos, Michael |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343769 |
| By: | Majeed, Fahd; Khanna, Madhu; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344043 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Miranda McLannahan; Giannis Arampatzidis; Angelos Alamanos; Dimitris Raptis |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates cost-optimal electricity generation pathways for Europe to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Using a pan-European optimization framework developed in the Low Energy Analysis Platform (LEAP) with its NEMO least-cost solver, the study models 35 interconnected countries and incorporates harmonized technology costs, fuel prices and electricity demand projections. The model minimizes total discounted system costs while allowing cross-border trade to capture the effect of transmission on balancing variable renewable energy. Results indicate significant geographical disparities in decarbonization trajectories: by 2050, 14 countries achieve fully renewable electricity systems, while others continue to rely on biomass or nuclear due to capacity and land constraints. Large-scale renewable deployment increases generation costs in several regions, whereas early adopters benefit from long-term fuel savings and export opportunities. Cross-border electricity flows prove essential for system stability and cost efficiency, emphasizing the importance of interconnection and aligned national strategies. Our findings highlight both the feasibility and complexity of a coordinated European energy transition and offer policy recommendations regarding infrastructure investment, decarbonization alignment and targeted support for lagging regions. The study underscores the need for improved spatial and temporal cost datasets to enhance future policy-relevant modelling. |
| Keywords: | Energy, LEAP, Emissions, Least-Cost Optimization, Europe, Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2567 |
| By: | Ebadi, Ebad; Rentschler, Jun |
| Abstract: | Environmental Engel curves characterize the relationship between the embodied environmental impact of household consumption choices and their respective income levels. Using detailed microdata from 109 countries across all income levels, this paper studies household expenditure shares on 11 fuel types that differ in their air pollution intensity. The findings show that wealthier households tend to shift away from dirty fuels and toward cleaner ones, although this transition is not guaranteed. In low-income countries, limited infrastructure and poor access to clean fuels slow this process, demonstrating that income alone cannot drive energy transitions. By documenting systematic variation in environmental Engel curves across income groups and national contexts, the paper emphasizes the joint role of income growth and infrastructure development. The analysis also reveals a dual burden of pollution in which richer households are the primary contributors to outdoor air pollution, while poorer households remain reliant on polluting fuels that increase their exposure to indoor air pollution. |
| Date: | 2025–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11266 |
| By: | Benini, Giacomo; Enstad, Erik; Mersha, Amare Alemaye; Rossini, Luca |
| Abstract: | This study provides the first global, plant-level analysis of technical and environmental efficiency in steel production using data from 143 mills across 50 countries (2019–2023). Using a Stochastic Directional Distance Function, we estimate plants’ distance to the frontier and compute shadow prices of CO2e emissions. Results show efficient electric arc furnace mini-mills, common in North America, face high abatement costs and low inefficiency. Conversely, integrated plants in developing countries are inefficient but can abate cheaply, with Europe in between. Shadow prices remain well below carbon market rates, underscoring the need for tailored climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–11–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376263 |
| By: | Harris, Linda G.; Apodaca, Janice Marie; Bahr, Thomas G. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nmwrri:259770 |
| By: | Maximilian Huppertz |
| Abstract: | It is well established that climate change affects productivity, but its effects on trade costs have not been studied. I combine international trade and weather data covering 190 years. I use an augmented gravity framework to show that rising temperatures at the origin or destination country increase bilateral trade costs. Adaptation to these impacts is slow. The impact appears to be driven by the vulnerability of sea ports to climate change. Combining these results with a standard international trade model, I find that 2010s welfare would increase by 1.6 percent if we could undo the impact of climate change on trade cost over the preceding 100 years. Welfare gains depend not only on countries' own climate trends, but also on their neighbors' trajectories. Poor and rich countries are roughly equally harmed. Smaller economies, which are more reliant on international trade, are especially affected. Ignoring this trade cost channel and focusing only on productivity effects leads to a nine percent underestimate of the welfare impact of climate change. Because it is based on a gravity framework, my methodology can easily be embedded in studies of the impact of climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change, international trade, sea ports, welfare impacts, adaptation |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 F18 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12282 |
| By: | Rainald Borck; Matthias Kalkuhl; Kai Lessmann |
| Abstract: | The work-from-home (WFH) revolution is reshaping economic activities and location choices with potentially important implications for environmental pollution. We use a quantitative spatial model calibrated to the German economy to assess the effects of increasing WFH from pre- to post-pandemic levels on pollution from commuting, residential and office buildings, and industrial production. We find that residential population moves from large cities to suburbs and smaller cities, while jobs concentrate in urban centers. A decrease in equilibrium commuting frequency by 18 percentage points reduces nation-wide emission of particulate matter (PM2.5) by 1.9% and carbon dioxide emissions by 2.2%. Commuting emissions decrease by 20.2% – despite a substantial rebound effect induced by a 9% increase in commuting distances. Residential emissions barely change, while there is a shift from on-site to remote office emissions. Pollution falls most strongly in rural counties and least in dense urban ones. |
| Keywords: | work from home, pollution, commuting, energy use |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12300 |
| By: | Chiara Casoli (InsIDE Lab, Department of Economics-DiECO, University of Insubria and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Matteo Manera (Department of Economics, Management and Statistics-DEMS, University of Milano-Bicocca and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Luca Pedini (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Daniele Valenti (Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnic of Milano and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | We construct a comprehensive set of climate indices for European countries that account for several variables related to weather, atmospheric conditions, and water availability. Our dataset includes monthly gridded climate observations from ERA5-Land, aggregated at the country level. Employing a Multilevel Dynamic Factor Model, we disentangle a global indicator, capturing overall climate dynamics across Europe, from country-specific local indices. While most empirical studies proxy climate through temperature or precipitation, our approach acknowledges that other atmospheric dimensions, such as humidity, radiation, and evaporation, jointly shape climatic variability and its economic effects. The global index primarily reflects temperature patterns common to most European countries, whereas the local indicators capture other meteorological phenomena and variations in water reserves. Finally, we show, via panel local projections, that different filtering and detrending procedures used to construct climate anomalies influence the estimated effects of climate shocks on economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Climate measures, climate impacts, Multilevel Factor Models, panel local projections |
| JEL: | Q54 O44 C38 C55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.23 |
| By: | Bas Gorrens |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing is a central policy instrument for reducing emissions, but governments face a trade-off: faster decarbonization can raise output losses and carbon leakage, while gradual implementa-tion slows emission reductions. This paper studies how EU carbon policies have shaped firms’ adoption of abatement technologies and identifies the optimal trajectory to reach the EU’s 2050 net zero target, particularly in a unilateral context. I develop a dynamic heterogeneous-firm model in which forward-looking manufacturing firms choose when to adopt discrete abatement technologies under a gradually tightening carbon price. I estimate it using panel data on EU ETS firms from 2005-2019. The model rationalizes the low carbon prices of the 2010s as a consequence of gradual policy and firm anticipation. Emission reduc-tions arise mainly from large, productive, and initially polluting firms. Anticipation of future tightening mitigates half of the short-run output losses in 2025 and two-thirds by 2050, keeping overall output losses below 2%. A moderately faster tightening could cut cumulative emissions by 15% at an additional cost of only 0.11% of output. Finally, because firms anticipate future policy changes, unilateral and global carbon pricing yield nearly identical effects on domestic output and carbon leakage. |
| Keywords: | trade and environment, technology adoption, firm decisions, climate policy, carbon leakage |
| Date: | 2025–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:vivwps:777266 |
| By: | Simona Pojar; Johanna Bärnreuther |
| Abstract: | Numerous workstreams have been developed to foster more climate- and environmentally friendly public and private financial management systems. They include green budgeting at national level, meaning using the tools of budgetary policymaking to help achieve climate and environmental goals, green mainstreaming of the EU budget, climate tracking under the various EU funding programmes, minimum spending requirements contributing to climate objectives, including in the recovery and resilience plans, the EU Taxonomy for sustainable finance, the ‘Do No Significant Harm’ principle, a methodology to identify environmentally harmful subsidies, and green bond standards. Since these workstreams and the related tools are rooted in policy commitments taken in different contexts and times, harmonising, integrating and mutually reinforcing their implementation, where appropriate, would help guide policy makers. This paper takes stock of workstreams and associated tools and investigates existing and potential links between them, as well as challenges in creating such links. It also presents good practices from Member States. For green budgeting, the paper suggests that there is no single “optimal” combination of tools, but that practices need to be tailored to the national context. Close cooperation between the ministries and departments involved, transparency, and a stepwise approach are crucial to ensuring coherence between various green workstreams to strengthen their effectiveness and raise the efficiency of their application. |
| JEL: | H5 H61 Q58 Q51 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:230 |
| By: | Emre Akusta; Raif Cergibozan |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to prioritize renewable energy sources to achieve sustainable development in Turkiye by using fuzzy AHP method. In our study, we used 30 criteria that affect the investment in renewable energy sources. We also calculated the weights of these criteria in investment decisions. In addition, we analyzed the advantageous renewable energy sources according to each criterion. Thus, it was determined which renewable energy source is advantageous according to which criteria. The results show that the most important main criteria for renewable energy investments in Turkiye are economic, political, technical, environmental and social criteria, respectively. The most appropriate renewable energy sources according to economic, political, technical and social criteria are solar, wind, hydroelectric, |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.05444 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | In semi-arid areas, where water scarcity and poor soil condition pose significant threats to agricultural production and to the livelihood of individual smallholders and communities, water and soil management are critical for food/water security. Limited renewable freshwater and erratic rainfall patterns in those areas restrict the reliance on irrigation, making water conservation strategies more pressing and necessary [1]. Moreover, implementing advanced irrigation systems may be challenging due to limited resources and a lack of technical expertise [2]. For smallholder farmers, the adoption of irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation, is limited by further constraints such as high costs, limited access to finance, lack of technical support, and may not be suitable for all local conditions and cropping systems [3]. Under these constraints, promoting water and soil conservation strategies practices as part of a broader water management package to increase agricultural productivity at the farm level becomes crucial for ensuring sustainable agricultural production. |
| Keywords: | soil conservation; water conservation; resource conservation; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177482 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | Manure is any excrement and urine of farmed animals and is considered a resource or waste, depending on where and how much is produced, and how it is used. It is an essential source of nutrients for plants, and it has been used for fertilizing soil and enhancing crop production since the advent of agriculture [1]. It reduces the reliance on chemical fertilizers in situations where they can be hard to find (or to afford) and in contexts like organic agriculture, where chemical fertilizers are avoided for ethical or policy reasons. Manure production worldwide is increasing [2] due to the growing demand for meat and animal-based products [3]. This trend raises concerns about the potential threat to ecosystems posed by manure, since several factors can contribute to environmental pollution hazards [4]. Manure contains high levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. When manure is applied to soil in excessive amounts, or during periods of heavy rainfall, these nutrients can enter nearby water bodies through the processes of leaching and runoff [5]. High levels of nitrates in water bodies can lead to excessive and rapid growth of algae, causing oxygen depletion and eutrophication [6]. This process can lead to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms that depend on oxygen to survive, ultimately resulting in habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity [7]. In fact, untreated manure spread onto soils is generally considered the principal cause of eutrophication [8], [9] and of nitrate freshwater pollution from agricultural sources [10] |
| Keywords: | sustainability; manure management; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177483 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | Worldwide, the estimated pesticide use in agriculture is 2.7 million tons (Mt) of active ingredients (FAOSTAT). Despite their accessibility and efficacy, chemical pesticides raise numerous environmental concerns. Chemical pesticides can pollute ecosystems by contaminating soil, air, and freshwater through various pathways, including volatilization [1], spray drift [2], runoff from fields [3], and improper product management [4], like improper disposal of empty containers or incorrect dosage. This contamination can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems [5], harm animals [6], and pose risks to human health through contaminated drinking water sources [7]. The second major concern is the undesired impacts on biodiversity: The use of chemical pesticides is frequently linked to a decrease in populations of non-target species [8], [9], [10], and can also lead to the development of resistance by target species [11], [12], further unbalancing the equilibrium of species populations. Moreover, resistance to pesticides induces the use of alternative and often more potent chemical products, further perpetuating the cycle of environmental harm. |
| Keywords: | biological control; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177492 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | The use of pesticides in agriculture has had mixed consequences. While pesticides have significantly increased agricultural productivity and food security by reducing yield losses to harmful organisms [1], their excessive use has led to severe environmental consequences. Inherently, pesticides are designed to protect plants from pests. However, their effects extend far beyond the targeted organisms. Pesticides occasionally contaminate soil [2], [3], [4], water [5], [6], and air [7], leading to widespread environmental pollution, reducing biodiversity and causing potential health risk to humans [8]. This happens through volatilization [9], spray drift [10], runoff from fields [11], and improper product management [12] such as improper disposal of empty containers or incorrect dosage [12]. The chemicals used in pesticides can persist in the environment, causing long-term harm to ecosystems [13]. They do not stay confined to the areas where they are applied; they can spread through air and water, affecting distant ecosystems and non-target species. |
| Keywords: | integrated pest management; pest management; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177487 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | Irrigation is an essential practice in many agricultural production systems. It is also one of the oldest interventions to nature implemented by humankind, since its origins trace back to almost 6000 BC [1]. Currently, agriculture accounts for 70% of all freshwater withdrawals globally, with irrigation being the primary driver. As shown in Figure 1, irrigation is closely linked to an increase in crop yields. On average at the global level, yields achieved under irrigation are almost double relative to rainfed yields, with potential for even greater yield increase in arid areas. Since water is a scarce resource, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, satisfying the increased demand for irrigation water in agriculture has become a pressing global challenge, exacerbated by climate and demographic change, which will require an increased supply of food for a growing human population [2]. The high demand for irrigation water to support food production is linked to several types of nature losses, the most important of which is the risk of water resources depletion [3] and the subsequent negative impacts on water-related biodiversity and ecosystem services. Figure 2 illustrates the consumption rate of renewable water resources, highlighting how arid and semi-arid regions frequently surpass the natural replenishment rate of their water resources. Furthermore, irrigation can cause soil degradation by inducing changes in soil structure and increasing the risk of erosion [4]. Flood irrigation, in particular, can contribute to soil erosion by physically moving the soil parts. In arid and semi-arid regions, high evaporation rates of irrigation water from the soil surface can cause problems of salinization over time. In regions where irrigated agriculture is prevalent, these environmental risks significantly increase with water overconsumption or inefficient water use. |
| Keywords: | irrigation; small-scale irrigation; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177481 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | Soil management is a critical aspect of crop production for its impact on environmental and economic sustainability. Ordinarily, in annual cropping systems, land lays fallow in the period that follows the harvest of one crop and precedes the sowing of the next. This period of non-cultivation helps reconstitute the soil fertility and water reserves [1], [2]. However, improperly maintaining the land fallow is shown to deplete soil quality and harm the environment. Without vegetation cover, the soil is more exposed to erosion [3], surface runoff [4], and degradation of its organic content [4]. Erosion and surface runoff not only reduce soil fertility, leading to an inefficient use of resources [3], but also pose a potential threat of freshwater contamination with nitrates and other agricultural by-products [5]. The degradation of soil organic matter has severe impacts when not reconstituted and preserved. The soil's capacity to hold water [3] and nutrients decreases, making control of those critical inputs complex for farmers. Climate regulation is also affected: soil organic matter stores carbon within the soil ecosystem, but its degradation releases it into the atmosphere, exacerbating greenhouse gas levels [6] |
| Keywords: | green manures; organic fertilizers; fertilizers; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177480 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | Currently, Food Waste (FW) is a pressing global issue with significant environmental, social, and economic implications. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption ― almost 1.3 billion tons globally ― is lost or wasted each year . This wastage occurs throughout the food system, from farm to fork. However, FW in high-income countries mainly originates from food consumption whereas in low-income countries it comes from food production and food processing [1]. This reflects differences in consumers' habits and behavior and in the technological underpinnings of local food systems. Regardless of which part of the food system FW originates from, it has serious consequences for food security [2], resource conservation [3], and climate change [4]. FW contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through various processes. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are emitted when FW is landfilled [5]. The total global amount of FW generates 3.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide emission annually [6]. Landfilling also contributes to the formation of leachate, a toxic liquid that can contaminate groundwater and surface water. |
| Keywords: | agricultural waste management; feeds; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177486 |
| By: | Karwowski, Nicole; Hrozencik, Robert A.; Skidmore, Marin; Rosenberg, Andrew B. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343739 |
| By: | Myftiu, Jurgena; Crotti, Daniele; Maggi, Elena |
| Abstract: | Urban cycling tourism represents a cornerstone of sustainable mobility strategies aimed at reducing motorised travel and improving environmental and social well-being in cities. However, despite the crucial role of safety in encouraging cycling uptake, research has seldom examined how urban bike tourists adjust their behaviour to mitigate risk and cope with perceived road unsafety. Likewise, the influence of information on cycling accidents and risk perception on the intention to engage in urban cycling tourism remains largely overlooked in the literature. This study advances knowledge in this field by analysing data from an Italian online survey of city cyclists, adopting the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and a two-step empirical approach. First, an ordered probit model investigates how socio-demographic and travel-related characteristics shape the use of information sources and perceptions of road safety among cyclists. Second, after validating PMT constructs and identifying latent dimensions through confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, a structural equation model estimates the effects of information sources on health-protective intentions and behaviours relevant for sustainable cycling mobility. Results show that information on risks exerts both direct and indirect effects, mediated by PMT constructs, on the intention to avoid urban bike tourism. The findings offer insights for policy interventions aimed at enhancing perceived and actual safety, thereby supporting a modal shift toward more sustainable urban travel choices. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–11–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376265 |
| By: | Mattia Guerini (Università degli Studi di Brescia and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Giovanni Marin (Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and SEEDS, Sustainability Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies); Francesco Vona (Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and OFCE Sciences-Po) |
| Abstract: | We study how monetary policy shapes firm level carbon emissions. Our identification strategy exploits the European Central Bank’s July 2012 move to the zero lower bound as a plausibly exogenous easing of credit supply, combined with rich administrative and survey data on French manufacturing firms from 2000–2019. Using a difference-in-differences design with debt-to-asset ratios as exposure, we find that financially constrained firms cut emissions by about 9.4% more than unconstrained ones. This effect primarily stems from improvements in energy efficiency, lower carbon intensity of energy, and general productivity improvements associated with capital deepening that outweighed modest scale effects. Small and medium firms drive these results, while large and EU ETS regulated firms show no significant response. On average, emissions fell by 3.3% per year, summing up to 5.3 million tonnes of CO2 saved. Despite the smaller marginal effects, total carbon savings due to the monetary easing are comparable to the savings from the EU ETS, highlighting the untargeted nature of the policy. |
| Keywords: | Financial constraints, credit supply, firm level carbon emissions, climate policies |
| JEL: | Q52 Q48 D22 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.31 |
| By: | Shi, Hongxu; Chen, Kelin; Zhang, Jun |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343702 |
| By: | Federico Zilia (Department of Environmental Science and Policies, University of Milan); Paolo Nota (Department of Environmental Science and Policies, University of Milan); Alessandro Olper (Department of Environmental Science and Policies, University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how weather variability influences inter-sectoral labour reallocation and sectoral value-added (GVA) growth across 238 European regional units (NUTS2 level) from 1980 to 2022. Leveraging this large and granular dataset, we employ flexible functional forms within a fixed-effects panel framework, where the impact of weather shocks is conditional on long-term climate. Unlike previous empirical research in climate economics, which primarily focused on inter-annual variations in average temperature, this study emphasizes the significant role of daily temperature variability. Temperature variability is particularly critical in warmer regions with low seasonal variability, which are more vulnerable to sudden temperature shifts or rainfall shocks. In hot and low seasonal variability regions – i.e. Mediterranean ones – we find a robust adaptive response of the labour market where workers move from climate-sensitive agriculture to less affected service sector. The heterogeneous effects of weather shocks on sectoral value-added growth appear to be a possible mechanism driving this labour reallocation, although more complex factors may also be at play. |
| Keywords: | climate change, labour reallocation, day-to-day temperature variability, panel econometrics, European NUTS2 |
| JEL: | O13 Q51 Q54 J43 J31 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.30 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | The relationship between plants and pollinators is widely recognized as one of the most significant forms of ecological interactions [1]. Without pollinators, numerous plant species could not reproduce. Additionally, many animals rely on plants for essential resources such as pollen and nectar. This relationship is remarkably frequent in nature, with an estimated 87% of flowering plants pollinating through animal interaction [2]. Consequently, pollinators are also essential for humanity, especially for their contribution to food security since they are necessary to produce various crop commodities [3]. The production of medicines, biofuels, and construction materials relies, to some extent, on the pollination carried out by animals. Finally, the livelihood of many people is based on beekeeping and honey gathering, which are ancient activities yet still important in many rural communities [3]. Pollination is a recognized ecosystem service, and its economic value has been assessed numerous times [4], [5], [6]. However, we witness a rapid biodiversity decline in terms of wild pollinators, which is caused by human activities [7]. Among the factors leading to this decline, the intensive and improper use of agrochemicals is arguably the most severe [8]. For instance, the practice of seed coating with systemic pesticides (such as Imidacloprid) affects the nectar and pollen, causing a potential threat to pollinators [9], [10]. Habitat fragmentation, loss, and degradation are also important drivers of the decline of wild pollinators. These can be caused by urbanization, removal of “waste places” like hedgerows and field margins, and (over)grazing and early cutting of hay meadows [8]. Climate change is an additional risk, interrupting the timely synchronization of plant-pollinator interactions |
| Keywords: | pollinators; integrated pest management; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177484 |
| By: | Bagnoli, Lisa Serena; Balza, Lenin; Belmar, José; Matías, David |
| Abstract: | Changing weather patterns pose a fundamental challenge to electricity systems reliant on water resources. Using two decades of plant-level generation and fuel input data matched to hydrological basins in Chile, we show that local droughts reduce hydro output by about 20% on average and trigger sharp increases in thermal generation among plants with spare capacity. This substitution cushions short-run losses in supply and guarantees reliability of the system but creates a double burden for affected regions, which face both water scarcity and increases in local pollution. At the aggregate level, emissions from high-capacity thermal plants rise by roughly 34% during system-wide droughts, corresponding to about 1.4--1.8% of annual national emissions and 5.5--6.5% of the power sector's total. We also document that prolonged droughts were followed by expansions in thermal capacity, consistent with long-run lock-in of high-carbon-intensity technologies. Together, these results provide quantitative benchmarks for infrastructure planning, highlight the risk of path dependence in investment under climatic stress, and underscore the importance of ensuring sufficient capacity, diversification, and resilience in power system planning. |
| Keywords: | Droughts;Hydropower generation;Thermal generation;Electricity systems;emissions;Latin America and the Caribbean |
| JEL: | Q54 Q41 Q25 O54 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14412 |
| By: | Eisenbarth, Sabrina; Day, Brett; Golub, Alla; Baldos, Uris Lantz C. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343765 |
| By: | Rahman, Mohammad A; Elkashef, Mohamed; Harvey, John |
| Abstract: | Nine climate regions in California for mechanistic-empirical pavement design were identified in 2005 using data from weather stations in the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) from 1961 to 1990, along with data from the Climatic Database for Integrated Model from 1976 to 1995. The climate data were analyzed using the Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM) software to predict pavement temperatures at different depths, including 28 different flexible pavement structures. For asphalt pavement, the most important environmental variable is temperature. The 2005 climate region map also included asphalt binder performance grades (PG) for each climate region, developed using EICM and Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPPBind) (v.2.0), resulting in four different PG grades for the nine regions. The number of PG grades was reduced from a larger number identified by the PG binder grade specification criteria to simplify the number of grades that would need to be produced in the state. This study evaluated the current California asphalt binder performance grade map developed in 2005, reviewed representativelocations in each climate region, calculated updated estimates of pavement temperatures using two methods, and recommended updates to the current California PG binder map. Climate data from 1990 to 2019 are now available from two different sources: NCDC and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) from satellite information. Pavement temperatures wereobtained at different depths, and several pavement structures were analyzed using LTPPBind Online and the latest version of EICM. This study also included a sensitivity analysis of different modeling parameters, such as base and subbase thicknesses, heat capacity, and thermal capacity of the pavement. For each of the nine climatic regions, a representative city was selected based on criteria to ensure that the weather in that city is typical of the entire climate region and that the weather dataset is complete. The representative location for the Inland Valley was changed from Sacramento to Fresno to better reflect the temperatures found in most of the valley, away from the marine influence that affects Sacramento temperatures. The high-temperature and low-temperature PG binder calculations from LTPPBind Online are quite a bit lower than those from EICM for four regions that generally have colder temperatures. The recommended high-temperature PG for the Inland Valley was suggested to be increased, resulting in a recommended PG 70-10 specification. These recommendations do not consider the effects of larger volumes of heavy trucks and/or where trucks are moving at slower speeds. It is recommended that the Caltrans approach of allowing designers to use a binder with a high-temperature PG that is one grade higher than the normally recommended binder be continued. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, performance grade, asphalt binder, climate region |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9461z5xm |
| By: | Uwineza, Yvette; Nozari, Soheil; Suter, Jordan F.; Rouhi Rad, Mani |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343694 |
| By: | Quaye, Leonard-Allen A.; Stewart, Shamar L.; Holt, Matthew T. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343706 |
| By: | Giacomo Benini (Department of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Erik Enstad (Department of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Amare Alemaye Mersha (Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan); Luca Rossini (Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This study provides the first global, plant-level analysis of technical and environmental efficiency in steel production using data from 143 mills across 50 countries (2019–2023). Using a Stochastic Directional Distance Function, we estimate plants’ distance to the frontier and compute shadow prices of CO2e emissions. Results show efficient electric arc furnace mini-mills, common in North America, face high abatement costs and low inefficiency. Conversely, integrated plants in developing countries are inefficient but can abate cheaply, with Europe in between. Shadow prices remain well below carbon market rates, underscoring the need for tailored climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Decarbonization, Environmental Efficiency, Shadow Price of Emissions, Steel Industry, Stochastic Directional Distance Function, Technical Efficiency |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.22 |
| By: | Paparella, Antonio; Petsakos, Athanasios; Davis, Kristin E.; Song, Chun |
| Abstract: | Soil tillage represents a key agricultural management practice for crop production, serving multiple purposes. Primarily, it is used to control weeds and increase the soil organic matter mineralization rates, making nutrients more available to plants. Other potential benefits are improved soil aeration and water filtration. However, extensive use of tillage has proven unsustainable for soil maintenance and climate regulation. Deep plowing and other cultivation practices lead to soil degradation by increasing susceptibility to erosion [1], soil runoff [2], and by reducing microbial diversity and activity [3]. Minimum tillage and no-tillage (also known as zero-tillage) address these problems by reducing soil cultivation to a minimum, or entirely avoiding it, thus promoting less disruptive and potentially more sustainable agricultural management. Specifically, no-tillage eliminates traditional plowing practices with the use of direct seeding. To be effective, direct seeding is preceded by other land preparation practices, including chemical or mechanical weed control (e.g., slashing), removal of the previous crop residues, or cover crops to create a mulch layer. Crop residues are retained entirely, or at a suitable level to ensure complete soil coverage. Seeding is then done directly through the mulch layer or through narrow slits for seed placement. Occasionally, direct seeding can be done just before harvesting the previous crop. This practice, known as relay cropping, is used to reduce weed emergence during the period the land would otherwise lie fallow. Finally, direct seeding can be also done jointly with fertilizer and amendment applications. Minimum tillage is also promoted as a method to reduce air pollution, for instance in India, where previously farmers used to burn rice straw but now apply direct seeding on cut crop residues which are spread as mulch. |
| Keywords: | minimum tillage; tillage; natural resources; nature conservation |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:antlsb:177417 |
| By: | Suphachol Suphachalasai; Ximing Dong; Pedro Juarros; Junko Mochizuki; Christine J. Richmond; Sylke von Thadden-Kostopoulos |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the macro-criticality of water resources in the context of climate change. It summarizes the past and future trends of water scarcity and droughts and proposes a framework to analyze the macro-criticality and role of public sector engagement in the water sector. The paper maps out channels through which water resources affect the macro-fiscal and balance of payments positions and develops an understanding of macro-fiscal exposure based on empirical evidence. It also synthesizes emerging insights from IMF-supported operations and capacity development activities, thereby clarifying the rationale and scope for IMF engagement in water-related policy reforms. |
| Keywords: | Water; Water Scarcity; Climate Change; Macro-Criticality; Macro-Fiscal |
| Date: | 2025–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/251 |
| By: | Alvaro-Taus, Marta; Curtis, John |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp810 |
| By: | Liu, Ziheng; Shi, Guanming; Grainger, Corbett; Mitchell, Paul D. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343869 |
| By: | Ferrer, Jimy; De Miguel, Carlos J.; Lorenzo, Santiago; Alatorre, José Eduardo |
| Abstract: | This document presents an overview of carbon pricing policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. It focuses on the characteristics of carbon pricing instruments, both explicit, such as carbon taxes and emissions trading systems, and implicit, such as fuel taxes, the social price of carbon and the reduction of fossil fuel subsidies. The document also provides an analysis of the effects of related policies (e.g. subsidies and elasticities) on the effectiveness of carbon pricing, and includes the estimation of an econometric model that measures the effectiveness of carbon pricing in terms of reducing emissions. The results of this estimation identify a statistical link between the carbon tax rate and a reduction in emissions in the five countries of the region that implement a carbon tax. However, to ensure that carbon taxes are an effective public policy instrument for reducing emissions, they must be coordinated and consistent with other policies. |
| Date: | 2025–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:83165 |
| By: | Albert, Jose Ramon G.; Domingo, Sonny N.; Mahmoud, Mohammad A.; Cabalfin, Deanne Lorraine D.; Guadalupe, Roselle F. |
| Abstract: | This study examines public perceptions of climate change and emerging climate finance mechanisms in the Philippines through an analysis of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) 2024 Climate Change Perception Survey and key informant interviews with institutional stakeholders. The research reveals that the Philippines demonstrates exceptionally high levels of climate concern, with 90 percent of respondents considering climate change a serious problem—the highest among 14 surveyed Asian economies. Strong public support exists for infrastructure investment (59%) and adaptation measures, particularly flood protection, which aligns with the institutional priorities of the Climate Change Commission (CCC). The analysis identifies significant institutional capacity for climate finance development through the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' (BSP) sustainable finance framework, the CCC's coordination mechanisms, and active regional engagement in ASEAN taxonomy development. However, critical constraints include a legal prohibition on BSP developmental financing mandates, capacity gaps in accessing international climate funds, and a need for enhanced climate risk integration in financial stability assessments. Key findings demonstrate a positive alignment between public climate awareness and institutional development efforts, with public preferences for progressive and transparent climate finance mechanisms providing political support for policy implementation. The study recommends removing legal constraints on central bank climate finance intervention, strengthening capacity to access international climate funds, developing adaptation-focused finance mechanisms aligned with public priorities, and establishing regular climate perception monitoring systems. The research contributes to understanding how public perception analysis can inform climate finance policy development in climate-vulnerable developing countries, highlighting the importance of aligning institutional capacity building with social acceptance factors for effective climate finance mobilization. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | climate change perceptions;climate finance;Philippines;central banking;adaptation finance;ASEAN;sustainable finance;institutional capacity;public policy;regional cooperation |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-37 |
| By: | Hirschbühl, Dominik; Ceglar, Andrej; Emambakhsh, Tina; Pasqua, Carlo; Cojoianu, Theodor; Qi, Yifan; Rho, Caterina; Hu, Elsie; Petracco, Marco; Biganzoli, Fabrizio; de Jager, Alfred; Herrero, Laura Garcia; Mandrici, Andrea |
| Abstract: | This study examines how euro area banks factor pollution-induced biodiversity risks into lending decisions, using data from 832 banks and 5, 000 major polluters. Our results show that banks are increasingly pricing these risks by adjusting loan-to-value ratios and interest rates. Banks adjust lending conditions in line with EU pollution and biodiversity protection legislation, particularly for companies with large pollution footprints near biodiversity-protected areas or those contributing to Environmental Quality Standards failures of downstream surface waters. The former is driven primarily by banks’ adoption of biodiversity policies and public commitments to the Equator Principles, while the latter is a result of regulatory risks. Our findings inform financial supervisors on how banks manage risks associated with the EU’s zero pollution ambition, shed light on the interplay between biodiversity protection legislation and banks’ lending decisions, and offer actionable guidance on leveraging existing regulatory frameworks to address the climate-biodiversity-pollution nexus. JEL Classification: G1, G21, Q53, Q57 |
| Keywords: | biodiversity loss, chemical pollution, EU Biodiversity Strategy, loan pricing, Natura 2000 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253164 |
| By: | Ravazzolo, Francesco; Rossini, Luca; Viselli, Andrea |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a novel Bayesian reverse unrestricted mixed-frequency model applied to a panel of nine European electricity markets. Our model analyzes the impact of daily fossil fuel prices and hourly renewable energy generation on hourly electricity prices, employing a hierarchical structure to capture cross-country interdependencies and idiosyncratic factors. The inclusion of random effects demonstrates that electricity market integration both mitigates and amplifies shocks. Our results highlight that while renewable energy sources consistently reduce electricity prices across all countries, gas prices remain a dominant driver of cross-country electricity price disparities and instability. This finding underscores the critical importance of energy diversification, above all on renewable energy sources, and coordinated fossil fuel supply strategies for bolstering European energy security. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–11–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376266 |
| By: | Zilia, Federico; Nota, Paolo; Olper, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how weather variability influences inter-sectoral labour reallocation and sectoral value-added (GVA) growth across 238 European regional units (NUTS2 level) from 1980 to 2022. Leveraging this large and granular dataset, we employ flexible functional forms within a fixed-effects panel framework, where the impact of weather shocks is conditional on long-term climate. Unlike previous empirical research in climate economics, which primarily focused on inter-annual variations in average temperature, this study emphasizes the significant role of daily temperature variability. Temperature variability is particularly critical in warmer regions with low seasonal variability, which are more vulnerable to sudden temperature shifts or rainfall shocks. In hot and low seasonal variability regions – i.e. Mediterranean ones – we find a robust adaptive response of the labour market where workers move from climate-sensitive agriculture to less affected service sector. The heterogeneous effects of weather shocks on sectoral value-added growth appear to be a possible mechanism driving this labour reallocation, although more complex factors may also be at play. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change |
| Date: | 2025–11–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376271 |
| By: | Yao Dong; Martina Hengge; Mr. Fabian Valencia; Mr. Richard Varghese |
| Abstract: | We study how carbon risk affects the pricing of U.S. corporate loans and how firms’ and lenders’ commitments influence both loan terms and business decisions. Combining syndicated loan data with firm-level carbon emissions, we document a carbon risk premium: financial institutions charge higher loan risk spreads to borrowers with a higher carbon intensity. This premium varies with the environmental commitments of borrowers and lenders. Borrowers signaling commitments—emission targets, emission disclosures, or green loans—receive discounts that decline with increasing carbon intensity, while committed lenders charge higher interest rates to carbon-intensive borrowers. Beyond affecting the carbon premium, commitments influence real economic outcomes by increasing corporate investment and R&D expenditures, and by reducing precautionary liquidity holdings. We also show that the carbon premium in U.S. loan markets intensifies during periods of monetary tightening in line with the risk-taking channel of monetary policy. Notably, the carbon premium is time varying and has declined in recent years. |
| Keywords: | carbon premium; interest rate; lending; corporate investment; monetary policy |
| Date: | 2025–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/250 |
| By: | Gong, Ziqian; Baker, Justin S.; Wade, Christopher M.; Havlík, Petr |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343581 |
| By: | Yassine, Ziad; Shaheen, Susan A. |
| Abstract: | The transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) represents a pivotal shift in transportation technology, promising significant environmental benefits through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased dependence on fossil fuels. However, the integration of EVs presents unique challenges and opportunities within the context of social equity. EVs have emerged as a key technology in the evolution of transportation, with their history tracing back to the late ninteenth century. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2025–11–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt7pb0s2db |
| By: | Rafael Finck; Derck Koolen; Arnaud Mercier; Marija Miletic; Gonçalo Terça; Andreas Zucker |
| Abstract: | The European Union’s goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 requires substantial investments in low carbon electricity generation, particularly wind, solar and nuclear power. By 2040, the EU aims for over 90% of electricity to come from low-carbon sources. This study examines the cost-competitiveness of various low carbon technologies in different market environments and the influence of two key mechanims that support their investment and integration in the market: flexibility and long-term contacts. Overall, the cost-competitiveness on a market basis of low-carbon electricity generation is possible but it is sensitive to the cost of capital and the commodity cost of price-setting technologies. Flexibility, which is the ability of assets to adjust energy consumption or production, plays an essential role in the integration of electricity from renewable sources. While flexibility has in general a positive effect on the profitability of low carbon technologies and reduces price volatility, the analysis highlights the clear need to ensure coherence across policies supporting the integration of renewable energy and flexibility. Contracts for Difference (CfDs) are long-term contracts between an electricity generator and a public entity, providing a stable revenue for the generator and protection for consumers from volatile and extreme prices. The strike price of a CfD contract is a key parameter determining the profitability for producers and the cost-effectiveness of the instrument for the public counterparty. The analysis shows that CfD revenues and cash flows largely depend on the potential for the technology to capture (high) market prices, and the level of the agreed strike prices per technology, indicating the importance of competitive auctions to allocate these CfDs. |
| JEL: | Q40 Q42 Q47 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:236 |
| By: | Md. Bokhtiar Hasan (Islamic University, Bangladesh); Md. Tapan Mahmud (Bangladesh University of Professionals); Gazi Salah Uddin (Linköping University); Ali Ahmed (Linköping University); Donghyun Park (Asian Development Bank); John Beirne (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Climate change, currently one of the most pressing challenges, requires increased public awareness and decisive action to support effective mitigation efforts. Comprehending digitalization’s potential role in shaping public understanding of climate-related issues has become a progressively important area of study. Against this backdrop, we undertake a pioneering attempt to examine how digitalization influences climate change awareness across diverse countries. To capture the multifaceted nature of digitalization, we construct a digitalization index, applying principal component analysis. Leveraging an annual panel dataset encompassing 65 countries over 2005–2020, our study applies several econometric techniques: panel-corrected standard errors, feasible generalized least squares, two-step system generalized method of moments, and panel quantile regression, to investigate this nexus. Our findings unveil a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between digitalization and climate awareness, suggesting that digitalization initially has a negligible or adverse impact but substantially boosts climate awareness after a digital maturity threshold is achieved. Furthermore, the share of renewable energy consumption also follows a U-shaped nonlinear pattern, while household consumption and corruption control contribute to boosting climate awareness. Conversely, the impact of human development, gross fixed capital, and trade openness becomes negligible when endogeneity is controlled. Our quantile-based analysis further validates these conclusions, although some factors vary across quantiles. These findings carry important policy implications, particularly emphasizing targeted fiscal policies to strengthen digital infrastructure and climate communication efforts, thereby facilitating tailored strategies for improved public climate awareness to meet climate sustainability. |
| Keywords: | digitalization;climate awareness;panel data analysis;nonlinear relationship |
| JEL: | C33 O11 Q01 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–11–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:021788 |
| By: | Redonda, Agustin; Berg, Sofia; Von Haldenwang, Christian |
| Abstract: | This report analyses tax expenditures aimed at promoting environmentally sustainable production activities and processes. Drawing on a global-scope database and a set of specific international experiences, it explores how these instruments are currently being used and evaluated. To this end, it presents a methodology for identifying and classifying the environmental tax expenditures applied in different parts of the world. It also provides an in-depth analysis of four country cases (Germany, Indonesia, Ireland and South Africa), with an emphasis on how they are evaluated. The document also addresses the main governance issues in environmental tax expenditures, in view of the costs and benefits attached to these public policy instruments; and it presents policy recommendations to enhance their effectiveness and legitimacy. |
| Date: | 2025–10–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:82550 |
| By: | Akhundjanov, Sherzod B.; Oladi, Reza; Nehra, Arpita; Caplan, Arthur |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343708 |
| By: | Han, Jung Hoon; Zheng, Xiaoyong; Pan, Lei; Cengiz, Ezgi; Rojas, Christian |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343701 |
| By: | Yu, Chengzheng; Zhang, Zhi Min; Wei, Liangchun |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343628 |
| By: | Cassidy, Daniel; de Bruin, Kelly C |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp815 |
| By: | Fuente, David (University of South Carolina and Environment for Development-Kenya); Mulwa, Richard (Environment for Development-Kenya and University of Nairobi); Mwaura, Mbutu (Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company); Gitu, Josiah (Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company); Cook, Joseph (Environment for Development-Kenya and Washington State University) |
| Abstract: | Energy and water utilities need financial resources to maintain existing infrastructure, increase in capacity to meet growing demand, meet environmental regulations, and invest in climate resilience. Considerable attention has been paid to innovative means of financing the transition to universal access to water and sanitation services and the global transition to a clean energy future. This paper examines the foundation of utility finance – customer bill payment. We partner with Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company to test the impact of an unconditional arrears forgiveness program on customer bill payment behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally test the impact of an arrears management program. We find that providing customers unconditional arrears forgiveness was not effective at improving customer bill payment and, in fact, made bill payment worse in the short run. Customers in our treatment group were less likely to make a payment towards their bill, less likely to pay their full bill on time, and accumulated more arrears over the six months following our intervention than untreated households. Our results suggest that one-off debt amnesty may inadvertently reduce compliance, and that utilities should consider conditional or alternative assistance measures. |
| Keywords: | Water; sanitation; utility policy; RCT; arrears; bill payment |
| JEL: | C93 |
| Date: | 2025–12–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_012 |
| By: | Sarkar, Sampriti; Lupi, Frank; Sears, Molly; Lal, Preet |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343744 |
| By: | Rong, Rong; Crago, Christine L.; Wang, Rui |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343734 |
| By: | Saengavut, Voravee; Kim, Man-Keun; Nuam, Cing Khawl |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343760 |
| By: | Wang, Xialin; Wang, Jinxia; Sun, Tianhe; Zhang, Lijuan |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343825 |
| By: | Falco, Chiara; Raimondi, Valentina |
| Abstract: | In Brazil, hydropower generates more than 60% of the national electricity supply, placing the country among the most hydropower-dependent economies worldwide. This study analyses the causal impact of dam construction on forest loss in Brazil using a new municipality-level panel dataset covering 379 dams, combined with high-resolution satellite data on forest coverage, among other variables. Applying modern staggered difference-indifferences estimators and a dynamic event study, we find that dams reduce forest cover by almost 9% percent in the municipality. No anticipatory effects are detected, but postconstruction losses increase steadily over time. Mechanism show that forest loss occurs mainly through cropland expansion, with smaller increases in pasture and higher agricultural value added. Effects are concentrated in the North and North-East regions, amplified in municipalities with high public land shares and unequal land distribution, consistent with persistent institutional legacies. Our results highlight that while hydropower enhances energy security, it entails substantial environmental costs requiring stronger land governance. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2025–11–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376270 |
| By: | Sharma, Bijay P.; Khanna, Madhu; Li, Tongtong; Daigneault, Adam J. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343738 |
| By: | Jurgena Myftiu (Department of Economics, University of Bergamo); Daniele Crotti (Department of Human Sciences and of the Innovation for the Territory, University of Insubria); Elena Maggi (Department of Economics, University of Insubria) |
| Abstract: | Urban cycling tourism represents a cornerstone of sustainable mobility strategies aimed at reducing motorised travel and improving environmental and social well-being in cities. However, despite the crucial role of safety in encouraging cycling uptake, research has seldom examined how urban bike tourists adjust their behaviour to mitigate risk and cope with perceived road unsafety. Likewise, the influence of information on cycling accidents and risk perception on the intention to engage in urban cycling tourism remains largely overlooked in the literature. This study advances knowledge in this field by analysing data from an Italian online survey of city cyclists, adopting the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and a two-step empirical approach. First, an ordered probit model investigates how socio-demographic and travel-related characteristics shape the use of information sources and perceptions of road safety among cyclists. Second, after validating PMT constructs and identifying latent dimensions through confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, a structural equation model estimates the effects of information sources on health-protective intentions and behaviours relevant for sustainable cycling mobility. Results show that information on risks exerts both direct and indirect effects, mediated by PMT constructs, on the intention to avoid urban bike tourism. The findings offer insights for policy interventions aimed at enhancing perceived and actual safety, thereby supporting a modal shift toward more sustainable urban travel choices. |
| Keywords: | Bike tourism; Accident risks; Sustainable mobility; SEM model; Factor analysis |
| JEL: | Z3 R41 O18 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.24 |
| By: | Jan Nill; Francesca Crucitti; Magdalena Spooner; Janos Varga |
| Abstract: | The EU’s Fit for 55 policy package to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 has direct impacts on households. The distributional analysis in this paper is in line with the existing literature in pointing to the risk of a moderately regressive distributional impact and to the resources provided by carbon pricing revenues to mitigate this impact. This paper then analyses the measures through which the Fit for 55 policy package addresses its regressive distributional impacts. The package fosters structural measures for negatively impacted population groups that address the root causes of the relative higher share of energy costs of consumption for poorer households, leaving the design of these measures to the Member States. An example is the Social Climate Fund. New stylised ECFIN E-QUEST macroeconomic modelling scenarios of different ETS revenue uses show that redistributive measures can imply a macroeconomic trade-off in terms of equity and efficiency. In case income related financial measures are used to complement structural measures, the modelling indicates that a targeted reduction of labour taxation instead of lump sum payments could mitigate this trade-off. Additional microeconomic modelling of household heating with income inequality and borrowing constraints highlights that only structural measures boost adoption of cleaner more efficient technologies. Overall, the analysis indicates that, from an economic and fiscal point of view and drawing also on energy crisis lessons, redistributive policy measures should be well targeted and preferably structural. |
| JEL: | D1 D3 D4 E1 E6 H2 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:229 |
| By: | Jayasekera, Deshamithra H W; Melkani, Aakanksha; Mieno, Taro |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343932 |
| By: | Guerin, Adrian; Najjar, Nouri; Schaufele, Brandon |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343660 |
| By: | Huang, Yu-Kai; Khanna, Madhu; Wuestenberg, Madelynn; VanLoocke, Andy |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343610 |
| By: | Chiara Falco (Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano); Valentina Raimondi (Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano) |
| Abstract: | In Brazil, hydropower generates more than 60% of the national electricity supply, placing the country among the most hydropower-dependent economies worldwide. This study analyses the causal impact of dam construction on forest loss in Brazil using a new municipality-level panel dataset covering 379 dams, combined with high-resolution satellite data on forest coverage, among other variables. Applying modern staggered difference-indifferences estimators and a dynamic event study, we find that dams reduce forest cover by almost 9% percent in the municipality. No anticipatory effects are detected, but postconstruction losses increase steadily over time. Mechanism show that forest loss occurs mainly through cropland expansion, with smaller increases in pasture and higher agricultural value added. Effects are concentrated in the North and North-East regions, amplified in municipalities with high public land shares and unequal land distribution, consistent with persistent institutional legacies. Our results highlight that while hydropower enhances energy security, it entails substantial environmental costs requiring stronger land governance. |
| Keywords: | Hydropower dam, forest loss, land use change, institutions |
| JEL: | Q56 Q15 O13 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.29 |
| By: | Horan, Rick; Finnoff, David; Sims, Charles |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343973 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Anastasia Litina; Ioannis Patios |
| Abstract: | While the direct impacts of natural disasters are well studied, a less explored consequence is the scarcity they create and the resulting reallocation of resources. This paper examines this second-order effect by analyzing how disaster-driven scarcity reshapes fairness considerations within society. Using data from the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) and the European Social Survey (ESS), we show that disaster exposure increases perceptions of solidarity-driven fairness, including social support, rewards for effort, and equal access to medical and police services, while reducing perceptions of scarcity-driven fairness such as wage equality for low earners, access to education, the functioning of the political system, and overall societal fairness. As climate-related disasters are a cross-border phenomenon, we also study spillovers from neighboring countries and find that such shocks can strengthen solidarity-based fairness while simultaneously heightening skepticism toward institutional and societal fairness. Finally, we explore mechanisms, i.e., trust in institutions, foreign direct investment, EU funds, trade, GDP growth, and income that condition these relationships and shape how individuals interpret fairness norms related to equality, justice, and need after a disaster. |
| Keywords: | Fairness, Natural Disasters, Justice, Equality, Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q54 D63 D64 H84 |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2569 |
| By: | Jiashu Zhu; Wenbin Zhou; Laura Diaz Anadon; Shixiang Zhu |
| Abstract: | Residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are a cornerstone of residential decarbonization and energy resilience. However, most existing systems are PV-only and cannot provide backup power during grid failures. Here, we present a high-resolution analysis of 377, 726 households in Indianapolis, US, quantifying how power outages influence the installation of PV-only systems between 2014 and 2023. Using a two-part econometric panel model, we estimate the causal effect of power outage exposure and project future risks under a middle of the road climate scenario (RCP 4.5). We find that each additional hour of annual outage duration per household lowers the new-installation rate by 0.012 percentage points per year, equivalent to a 31% decline relative to the historical mean (2014-2023). With outage duration and frequency projected to double by 2040, these results reveal a potential vicious cycle between grid unreliability and slower decarbonization, calling for policies that integrate grid resilience and clean-energy goals. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.05027 |
| By: | Panknin, Lea; Boy, Karl-Friedrich; Henning, Christian H.C.A. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343740 |
| By: | Gebreegziabher, Zenebe (Department of Economics Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia); Beyene, Abebe D. (Environment and Climate Research Center (ECRC), Policy Studies Institute (PSI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia); Bluffstone, Randall (Department of Economics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA); Gebremedhin, Berhanu (University of Dallas, Irving, Texas, USA); Mekonnen, Alemu (Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) |
| Abstract: | This research aims to evaluate the role that devolution of forest tenure rights plays in the sustainable management of forests in developing countries at a highly disaggregated level, using data from a sample of 600 households in four major regions of Ethiopia. Specifically, the study investigates the impacts of the devolution of forest tenure rights towards local communities on forest quality and livelihoods empirically, employing a quasi-experimental approach comparing households that are members of forest user groups (FUGs) and households that are not. The study uses four outcome variables as measurable indicators to empirically analyze the impacts of the devolution and its contributions to improvements in the livelihoods of forest dwellers. The results suggest that FUGs had a robust and positive impact on the harvest of various forest products. These findings contribute to the literature on devolution and highlight implications for research, policy, and development practice with respect to forest commons. |
| Keywords: | institutions; common property forest management; matching; inverse probability weights; Ethiopia |
| JEL: | Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_006 |
| By: | Roth, Jakob; Schwab, Laura; Hintermann, Beat |
| Abstract: | The European travel sector is experiencing a transformation driven by increased climate awareness and policy measures aimed at reducing external costs such as emissions. This study examines how Swiss travelers respond to these developments, using a stated preference experiment including the modes train, night train, car, and airplane. Employing nested logit models, we find a significant willingness-to-pay for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) of CHF 94 per ton of CO2e. Based on the estimated coefficients, we evaluate the impacts of four policy scenarios: an aviation tax (CHF 30), a night train subsidy (CHF 20), a SAF blending quota, and a market outlook for 2030. These scenarios are benchmarked against the first-best Pigovian tax on transport externalities. Assessing demand shifts, consumer surplus, and external costs, we find that subsidizing night train prices, the aviation tax, and the 2030 scenario increase welfare, whereas a 6% SAF mandate reduces it. |
| JEL: | D6 R4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2025/08 |
| By: | Hu, Chenyang; Chen, Zhenshan; Zhang, Wei; Bosch, Darrell J. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343955 |
| By: | Carlos Álvarez-Nogal (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | Adaptation strategies are considered important in mitigating the mortality effects of warm temperatures, but less is known about the role of public health interventions. I study how the provision of three health-enhancing services—sanitary infrastructures, scientific-based infant care and hospital care—influenced the temperature-mortality gradient in Germany during the period 1888-1913. I find that: (i) the mortality impact of warm temperatures was substantial; (ii) heat-related mortality (infant deaths) decreased by ca. 25 (30) percent; and (iii) greater access to piped water, infant care and hospital care account for 60 (25) percent of the mortality decline at high temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Germany, extreme temperatures, mortality, public health, climate |
| JEL: | I10 I30 I18 N33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0290 |
| By: | Hrozencik, Robert A.; Rouhi Rad, Mani; Uz, Dilek; Li, Liqing |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343894 |
| By: | Marin, Giovanni; Oo, Aung Tun |
| Abstract: | This study examines how extreme heat affects workplace accidents in Italy’s various economic sectors. Using granular data by sector, day, and province (NUTS-3) for 2018–2024, we evaluate the contribution of occupational exposure as a source of diverse effects at the sector level. Our findings imply that while the average effects of extreme heat on workplace accidents are, at best, negligible, high temperatures significantly raise the frequency of medium-to-low severity accidents for sectors with high levels of exposure, while exposure and extreme heat alone do not account for fatalities. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–11–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:376269 |
| By: | Ntuli, Herbert (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Climate Services Research Group, Pretoria, South Africa and University of Pretoria, Department of Agricultural Economic, Extension and Rural Development and Environmental and Policy Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town); Muchapondwa, Edwin (Environmental and Policy Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town and Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology); Okumu, Boscow (The National Treasury and Economic Planning, Kenya); Tibesigwa, Byela (Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam); Dahlberg, Moa (Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology); Sundstrom, Aksel (Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg); Tibanywana, Julieth (Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam); Chikumbi, Lydia (Environmental and Policy Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town); Montsi, Kgomotso (Environmental and Policy Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town) |
| Abstract: | The establishment of Transfrontier Conservation Areas reflects efforts by governments to promote biodiversity-based economic opportunities while curbing illicit environmental resource extraction. Our understanding of the ways in which the biodiversity economy contributes to the livelihoods of communities living near protected areas is, however, constrained by the limited availability of data on illicit environmental activities. Based on a mixed method approach combining descriptive statistics and regression analysis, this study presents a novel approach to bridging this gap, using the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area as a case study. In this paper, our aim is to answer the following research questions: i) How does participation in the biodiversity economy (especially resource extraction) impact household welfare? ii) Does the impact differ across income distributions and according to gender? iii) Are there differences between the treatment effects of licit and illicit resource extraction? |
| Keywords: | Gender |
| JEL: | Q10 |
| Date: | 2025–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_011 |
| By: | Sun, Falin; Hou, Peibin; Qiu, Huanguang; Kong, Xiangwen |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343678 |
| By: | Dasgupta, Susmita; Blankespoor, Brian; Wheeler, David |
| Abstract: | The Global Biodiversity Framework adopted at the United Nations Biodiversity Conference set a target to protect 30 percent of the world’s land and sea areas by 2030. This paper evaluates the potential contribution of the 30x30 initiative to biodiversity conservation by examining its implications for species that are endemic or occupy very small habitats. Using more than 600, 000 species occurrence maps derived from Global Biodiversity Information Facility data—substantially expanding representation for plants and invertebrates—the study develops high-resolution, country-specific templates that identify priority-ordered protected areas optimized for cost-effective species coverage. Each iteration expands protection to maximize gains for unprotected species until full coverage is achieved, allowing flexibility to adapt to national economic and political constraints, including the 30 percent target of 30x30. The results include priority-ordered terrestrial protected areas for 138 countries and marine protected areas for 160 countries. At the global level, full protection of currently protected species aligns with 30 percent terrestrial and marine coverage. Expanding global land protection from 14.8 to 18.0 percent and marine protection from 16.6 to 19.9 percent would achieve 100 percent species coverage in the database. However, uneven species distributions make this infeasible for all countries within the 30 percent territorial limit. Among the 242, 414 critical species analyzed, 65.5 percent are currently protected. Most of the remainder could be covered within national 30 percent li mits, although some countries would need to exceed them. The analysis highlights opportunity-cost disparities—particularly for low-income countries—indicating that effective implementation of 30x30 will require international compensation mechanisms. The study underscores that true success lies in species protection rather than territorial extent. |
| Date: | 2025–12–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11269 |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Kishore, Avinash; Kumar, Anjani |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343591 |
| By: | Martinez, Jose Maria; Zuluaga, Victor; Buritica, Alexander |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital, International Development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343559 |
| By: | Stefano Vrizzi; Daniel W. O'Neill |
| Abstract: | The 'Doughnut' of social and planetary boundaries has emerged as a popular framework for assessing environmental and social sustainability. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept analysis that shows how machine learning (ML) methods can be applied to a simple macroeconomic model of the Doughnut. First, we show how ML methods can be used to find policy parameters that are consistent with 'living within the Doughnut'. Second, we show how a reinforcement learning agent can identify the optimal trajectory towards desired policies in the parameter space. The approaches we test, which include a Random Forest Classifier and $Q$-learning, are frugal ML methods that are able to find policy parameter combinations that achieve both environmental and social sustainability. The next step is the application of these methods to a more complex ecological macroeconomic model. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.02200 |
| By: | Chi-Young Choi; Ilan Noy; Ashish Sedai |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how natural disasters and federal disaster declarations influence electoral outcomes in U.S. presidential elections from 1996 to 2020. Using county-level panel data and a two-way fixed effects framework, we analyze both incumbent vote share and voter turnout to describe the mechanisms linking disasters to political accountability. We find that severe disasters significantly reduce the incumbent party's vote share, consistent with the retrospective voting hypothesis. However, Presidential Disaster Declarations (PDDs) substantially mitigate these electoral losses, particularly in politically aligned urban areas, supporting the attentive retrospection hypothesis. Disasters tend to suppress voter turnout moderately, and PDDs only partially offset this effect, suggesting that disasters primarily harm incumbents by prompting voters to switch to the opposition rather than by discouraging their supporters from participating. Categorical analyses further reveal that partisan alignment, rather than PDD issuance alone, consistently drives electoral responses. Overall, our findings highlight how institutional coordination and federal aid shape democratic accountability in the wake of natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | disasters, elections, vote share, disaster declaration, U.S. county, voter turnout |
| JEL: | D72 N42 O18 P16 Q54 R10 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12298 |
| By: | Ceglar, Andrej; Jwaideh, Mark; Danieli, Francesca; Pasqua, Carlo; Hutchinson, John; Ranger, Nicola; Heemskerk, Irene; O’Donnell, Emma; Cimini, Francesco; Sabuco, Juan; Alvarez, Jimena |
| Abstract: | Degraded ecosystems undermine productivity, disrupt supply chains and heighten vulnerability to shocks, creating risks for the real economy and the financial sector. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation also pose a growing risk to price stability, with increasing evidence that ecosystem shocks contribute to inflationary pressures in the euro area. This paper moves from dependency mapping to a risk-based assessment of the euro area economy and banks, applying the nature value-at-risk (NVaR) framework, which links biophysical shocks to ecosystem services with sectoral-production functions1. Water-related risks, including flood protection, surface water and groundwater scarcity, and water quality, emerge as the most material for the euro area economy. Surface-water scarcity alone could expose up to 24% of euro area output to risk under a drought event with a 100-year return period. A complementary endogenous-risk analysis that was conducted, quantified the extent to which euro area firms and banks may contribute to the very ecosystem degradation on which their activities depend, creating feedback loops that could amplify financial risks over time. The results showed material feedback loops between ecosystem degradation and banks’ own portfolios, with water-related risks being the dominant transmission channel. Overall, this study takes a first step towards the identification of risk hotspots and provides a more robust assessment of nature-related risks than prior studies. It also discusses the remaining data gaps and methodological constraints, and outlines the next steps to be taken, as a priority, to address this. JEL Classification: Q51, Q54, E31 |
| Keywords: | ecosystem degradation, endogenous risk, nature-related financial risks, price stability, sectoral output at risk, water scarcity and quality |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2025380 |
| By: | Yoo, Juyoung; Penn, Jerrod; Fannin, James Matthew; Hu, Wuyang |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343989 |
| By: | Eddie Gerba; Gireesh Shrimali |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the twin challenges of measurement and aggregation in economics and the natural sciences, with climate risk as a guiding example. It synthesises a broad range of theoretical and empirical perspectives, tracing ideas from early systems theory to modern macroeconomic debates, and compares the approaches of economics, complexity science, and climate science to the micro–macro aggregation problem. Several key conceptual tensions are highlighted—most notably the “micro–macro gap†—and the limitations of traditional models when confronted with heterogeneity, deep uncertainty, and non-linear feedbacks are demonstrated, especially in the climate-risk context. It also reviews emerging methodologies and proposes integrated frameworks to combine micro-level detail with macro-level consistency. Finally, the paper outlines a roadmap for future research and policy, advocating interdisciplinary collaboration, improved data infrastructure, and adaptive modelling strategies to better capture climate change |
| Date: | 2025–04–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bri:uobdis:25/801 |
| By: | Shen, Mingzhou; Fan, Qin; Fisher-Vanden, Karen; Wrenn, Douglas H. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343565 |
| By: | McGuinness, Seamus; Staffa, Elisa; Flynn, Eimear; Redmond, Paul |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp809 |
| By: | Rajan, Abhishek; Savchenko, Olesya; Court, Christa D. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343969 |
| By: | Ramaswamy, Karthik; Lark, Tyler; Uludere Aragon, Nazli Z. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344073 |
| By: | Chunxiao Lu (University of Canterbury); Linxiang Ma; Yuyang Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether institutional investors incorporate firm-level environmental regulatory risk into their portfolio decisions. We document substantial heterogeneity across investor types in their responses to changes in firm-level environmental regulatory risk. Long-horizon investors, such as banks, insurance companies, and pension funds, tend to tilt their portfolios toward stocks with higher environmental regulatory risk. In contrast, short-horizon investors, including investment advisors and mutual funds, reduce their holdings of these firms. These opposing portfolio adjustments offset each other, attenuating the aggregate impact on stock returns. We further find that these risk-induced demand shifts vary systematically around federal elections. Following Democratic victories, the resolution of regulatory uncertainty induces long-horizon investors to decrease their exposure to environmentally risky firms, while short-horizon investors increase their holdings. By comparison, portfolio adjustments are substantially less pronounced after Republican victories. Overall, our findings highlight the role of investment horizons and heterogeneous environmental preferences in driving institutional portfolio allocation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulatory risk, Institutional investors, Asset demand, Investor horizon, Environmental commitment |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G20 G28 Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:25/14 |
| By: | Taheripour, Farzad; Chepeliev, Maksym; Aguiar, Angel H. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343655 |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en colaboración con Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, llevó a cabo un ejercicio metodológico para estimar daños, pérdidas y costos adicionales en el sector ambiental, con foco en áreas protegidas. La experiencia se desarrolló en tres parques nacionales piloto —Parque Nacional Natural Vía Parque Isla Salamanca, Parque Nacional Natural Sanquianga y Parque Nacional Natural Farallones de Cali— mediante la aplicación de la metodología de evaluación de daños y pérdidas (DaLA). Se construyó una línea de base para cada parque, que incluyó la estimación del capital natural y la valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos que dichos ecosistemas proveen, así como la estimación del costo de desastres específicos. Este trabajo puso en evidencia importantes desafíos metodológicos y la necesidad de establecer estándares nacionales para la restauración y valoración de los ecosistemas, y constituye un aporte concreto al fortalecimiento de las capacidades del país para enfrentar desastres ambientales, en línea con el Marco de Sendái para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres y los compromisos asumidos por Colombia en la 27ª Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. |
| Date: | 2025–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:82706 |
| By: | Jiang, Qi; Penn, Jerrod; Hu, Wuyang |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343917 |
| By: | Chen, Kelin; Zhang, Jun; Zhang, Yuehua |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343855 |
| By: | Chepeliev, Maksym; Gatto, Alessandro; Hertel, Thomas W.; Simonato, Thiago C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343801 |
| By: | Garcia Gomez, Viviana; Möhring, Niklas; Wang, Yanbing; Finger, Robert |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343529 |
| By: | Sophia Falk; Nicholas Kluge Corr\^ea; Sasha Luccioni; Lisa Biber-Freudenberger; Aimee van Wynsberghe |
| Abstract: | As computational demands continue to rise, assessing the environmental footprint of AI requires moving beyond energy and water consumption to include the material demands of specialized hardware. This study quantifies the material footprint of AI training by linking computational workloads to physical hardware needs. The elemental composition of the Nvidia A100 SXM 40 GB graphics processing unit (GPU) was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, which identified 32 elements. The results show that AI hardware consists of about 90% heavy metals and only trace amounts of precious metals. The elements copper, iron, tin, silicon, and nickel dominate the GPU composition by mass. In a multi-step methodology, we integrate these measurements with computational throughput per GPU across varying lifespans, accounting for the computational requirements of training specific AI models at different training efficiency regimes. Scenario-based analyses reveal that, depending on Model FLOPs Utilization (MFU) and hardware lifespan, training GPT-4 requires between 1, 174 and 8, 800 A100 GPUs, corresponding to the extraction and eventual disposal of up to 7 tons of toxic elements. Combined software and hardware optimization strategies can reduce material demands: increasing MFU from 20% to 60% lowers GPU requirements by 67%, while extending lifespan from 1 to 3 years yields comparable savings; implementing both measures together reduces GPU needs by up to 93%. Our findings highlight that incremental performance gains, such as those observed between GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, come at disproportionately high material costs. The study underscores the necessity of incorporating material resource considerations into discussions of AI scalability, emphasizing that future progress in AI must align with principles of resource efficiency and environmental responsibility. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.04142 |
| By: | Caruso, Tony; Rosselle, Macy; Haddock, Teresa; Schaefer, K. Aleks |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344002 |
| By: | Emre Akusta |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impact of military expenditures on sustainable development in NATO countries. The analysis utilizes annual data for the period between 1995 and 2019. In this study, the Durbin-Hausman panel cointegration test is used to analyze the cointegration relationship between the variables and the Panel AMG estimator is used to estimate the long-run coefficients. The results of the AMG estimator show that military expenditures and industrial production index have a negative effect on sustainable development in NATO countries, while foreign direct investments have a positive effect. The impact of primary energy consumption is negative and less significant than the other negative impacts. The study also analyzes how the impact of military expenditures on sustainable development varies across countries. This analysis reveals the significant differences in the direction, significance, and coefficient size of the relationship among different countries. These findings suggest that the impact of military expenditures on sustainable development varies across countries. Therefore, countries should develop policies to ensure sustainable development by considering their specific dynamics. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.04465 |
| By: | Tilman Brück; Mahlet Degefu Awoke |
| Abstract: | Climate and conflict crises increasingly occur together, creating compounded risks for household food security. This review synthesizes evidence from 37 quantitative studies published 2020–2025 on how climate crises (such as drought, storms, or floods), violent conflict (such as war and institutional fragility), and their interactions affect household food security. Most studies examine either climate crises (51%) or conflict crises (38%), while only 11% analyze combined crises. Evidence is geographically concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa (65%) and relies largely on cross-sectional surveys (68%), limiting insight into longer-term trajectories. Climate crises are measured mainly using meteorological or remote-sensing datasets (42%) while conflict exposure relies predominantly on self-reported data (71%). Only a small number of studies integrate geocoded climate or political violence datasets with household surveys, and few studies estimate interaction or spillover effects. Food security measurement is also narrow, with most studies using access and utilization indicators such as the food consumption score (FCS) (43%), household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) (35%), or household dietary diversity score (HDDS) (19%). Across studies, climate crises, conflict, and their concurrence are associated with reduced consumption, lower dietary diversity, and greater coping burdens. Impacts vary by household assets, agroecology, and institutional or humanitarian support, highlighting the need for longitudinal and spatially or contextually explicit evidence measuring productive resilience rather than only short-term consumption smoothing.Download supplementary file for this working paper. |
| Keywords: | climate crises, compound crises, household food security, systematic review, violent conflict |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:445 |
| By: | Matthias Burgert; Matthieu Darracq Pariès; Luigi Durand; Mario Gonzalez; Romanos Priftis; Oke Röhe; Matthias Rottner; Edgar Silgado-Gómez; Nikolai Stähler; Janos Varga |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a novel model comparison to examine the challenges posed by changes in carbon-intensive energy prices for monetary policy. The employed environmental monetary models have a detailed multi-sector structure. The comparison assesses the effects of both a temporary and a permanent energy price increase with a particular focus on the euro area and the United States. Temporary and permanent price shocks are both inflationary. However, the inflationary impact of the permanent shock depends on the underlying model assumptions and monetary policy response. The analysis also establishes that these models share large commonalities in their quantitative and qualitative results, while also pointing out cross-country differences. |
| Keywords: | climate change, monetary policy, multi-sector models, model comparison, DSGE models |
| JEL: | C54 E52 H23 Q43 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1313 |
| By: | Ashley C. Craig; Thomas Lloyd; Dylan T. Moore |
| Abstract: | How should taxes on externality-generating activities be adjusted if they are regressive? In our model, the government raises revenue using distortionary income and commodity taxes. If more or less productive people have identical tastes for externality-generating consumption, the government optimally imposes a Pigouvian tax equal to the marginal damage from the externality. This is true regardless of whether the tax is regressive. But, if regressivity reflects different preferences of people with different incomes rather than solely income effects, the optimal tax differs from the Pigouvian benchmark. We derive sufficient statistics for optimal policy, and use them to study carbon taxation in the United States. Our empirical results suggest an optimal carbon tax that is remarkably close to the Pigouvian level, but with higher carbon taxes for very high-income households if this is feasible. When we allow for heterogeneity in preferences at each income level as well as across the income distribution, our optimal tax schedules are further attenuated toward the Pigouvian benchmark. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.05602 |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewed academic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues.VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7060j8q4 |
| By: | Volker, Jamey |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewedacademic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues. VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0k26x2jw |
| By: | Volker, Jamey |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewedacademic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues.VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizescan be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effectsizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1mk638z3 |
| By: | Zhang, Haotian (Lingnan College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Nepal, Rabindra (School of Business, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia); Dong, Kangyin (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China) |
| Abstract: | Gender equality and carbon inequality are interrelated and pervasive. However, there is limited evidence on the presence and nature of the causality relationships between gender equality and carbon inequality in the literature. This paper examines how gender equality affects carbon inequality and the underlying mechanisms using a theoretical model analysis with a novel perspective and panel data from 153 countries for the period 2006–2019. We find that gender equality mitigates carbon inequality by alleviating wealth and income disparities with democratization and anti-corruption efforts amplifying its impact. The reduction in carbon inequality and economic inequality stems mainly from the decrease in carbon emissions and the economic share of the wealthy. The benefits of gender equality for the poor are relatively small, while democratization and anti-corruption and efforts strengthen its positive effects on disadvantaged groups. |
| Keywords: | Gender equality; Carbon inequality; Democratization; Corruption; Wealth inequality; Income inequality |
| JEL: | C23 F35 O13 P28 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–12–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2025_011 |
| By: | Pike, Susie |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewedacademic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues. VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt062858ng |
| By: | Volker, Jamey |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewed academic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues.VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6p48d3b2 |
| By: | Francesco Ravazzolo (BI Norwegian Business School, Free-University of Bozen-Bolzano and RCEA); Luca Rossini (University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Andrea Viselli (University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a novel Bayesian reverse unrestricted mixed-frequency model applied to a panel of nine European electricity markets. Our model analyzes the impact of daily fossil fuel prices and hourly renewable energy generation on hourly electricity prices, employing a hierarchical structure to capture cross-country interdependencies and idiosyncratic factors. The inclusion of random effects demonstrates that electricity market integration both mitigates and amplifies shocks. Our results highlight that while renewable energy sources consistently reduce electricity prices across all countries, gas prices remain a dominant driver of cross-country electricity price disparities and instability. This finding underscores the critical importance of energy diversification, above all on renewable energy sources, and coordinated fossil fuel supply strategies for bolstering European energy security. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic panel model, Mixed-frequency, Bayesian time series, Electricity Prices, Renewable energy sources, Market Integration |
| JEL: | C11 C32 C33 C55 Q40 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.25 |
| By: | Centre for Policy Dialogue |
| Abstract: | The CPD’s Second Reading of the FY2024–25 National Budget highlights weak revenue mobilisation, persistent high inflation, slow ADP implementation, and an overly optimistic macroeconomic framework. Structural challenges in power, energy, SMEs, health, and education underscore gaps between allocations and actual capacity. The review stresses the need for realistic budgeting, stronger taxation reforms, improved sectoral governance, and greater support for green and sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | NationalBudgetFY25, BangladeshEconomy, FiscalReforms, RevenueMobilisation, InflationCrisis, ADPImplementation, TaxReform, RuralInflation, PowerEnergyCrisis, GasExploration, SubsidyBurden, SMEChallenges, JobLosses, HealthBudget, EducationBudget, GreenTransition, SustainableDevelopment |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:pbrief:86 |
| By: | Raif Cergibozan; Emre Akusta |
| Abstract: | Food security refers to people's access to enough safe nutritious food in order to be able to lead a healthy active life. It also involves elements such as food availability and affordability, as well as people being able to access food that can be consumed healthily. Natural disasters, however, can seriously threaten food security. Disasters' effects on food security are especially more evident in countries such as Turkiye that are frequently exposed to natural disasters due to their geologic and geographical structure. For this reason, the study investigates the effects of natural disasters on food security in Turkiye. The research first creates the Food Security Index in order to estimate the effects of natural disasters on food security. The next phase follows the process of econometric analysis, which consists of three steps. Step one of the econometric analysis uses unit root tests to check the stationarity levels of the series. The second step uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test to examine the long-term relationship between natural disasters and food security. The third and final step estimates the effects of natural disasters on food security. According to the obtained results, the study shows earthquakes, storms, and floods to have a significant short- as well as long-term negative effect on food security. The overall impact of natural disasters on food security has also been determined to be negative. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.05445 |
| By: | Fitch-Polse, Dillon |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewed academic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues. VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt91g6m3m2 |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewed academic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues. VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3nz8z47p |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa |
| Abstract: | This project reviews and summarizes empirical evidence for a selection of transportation and land use policies, infrastructure investments, demand management programs, and pricing policies for reducing vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project explicitly considers social equity (fairness that accounts for differences in opportunity) and justice (equity of social systems) for the strategies and their outcomes. Each brief identifies the best available evidence in the peer-reviewed academic literature and has detailed discussions of study selection and methodological issues. VMT and GHG emissions reduction is shown by effect size, defined as the amount of change in VMT (or other measures of travel behavior) per unit of the strategy, e.g., a unit increase in density. Effect sizes can be used to predict the outcome of a proposed policy or strategy. They can be in absolute terms (e.g., VMT reduced), but are more commonly in relative terms (e.g., percent VMT reduced). Relative effect sizes are often reported as the percent change in the outcome divided by the percent change in the strategy, also called an elasticity. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1889k270 |
| By: | Le, Loan T. (School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam); Phung, Trieu N. (An Giang University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City and School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we aim to estimate the causal effects of LLL on input usage and yield and use the results on treatment effect as inputs for the incremental cost benefit analysis in paddy production in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. The findings affirm the economic feasibility of the LLL technique, as indicated by both private and social analyses. |
| Keywords: | Laser land leveling; GHG emissions; social cost; paddy production; Mekong Delta; Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2025–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_004 |
| By: | Lofgren, Hans |
| Abstract: | Using a mathematical-programming agricultural-sector model of Egypt, this paper analyzes mechanisms for allocating scarce water and for charging the farmers the Operation and Management (O&M) costs of irrigation and drainage, currently covered by the government. The effects of cost recovery are negative but minor. A crop charge (based on crop water consumption per land unit) and a volumetric charge both discourage consumption. The former is easier to implement but does not stimulate water-saving technical change. A 15% cut in agricultural water supplies (permitting a 79% increase in non-agricultural use) raise farmer incomes and has moderate negative effects on consumer welfare and production; a 30% cut causes disproportionately larger negative effects, including large increases in the agricultural trade deficit. Efficient market-based allocations yield higher production and avoid unequal water access, associated with the inefficient alternative of forcing half the farmers to cut their use. However, water sales to farmers at prices reducing demand by 15-30% lead to 20-35% declines in farmer incomes. This suggests the need to explore reforms endowing the farmers with tradable water rights. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iffp23:97766 |
| By: | Kumar, Praveen (Ashoka University); Gupta, Eshita (KPMG, Gurugram, India); Karumba, Mary (Dept. of Economic Planning and Statistics, Govt of Kenya); Beyene, Abebe Damte (Environment and Climate Research Center, Ethiopia); Chukwuone, Nnaemeka (University of Nigeria - Nsukka); Jeuland, Marc (Duke University); Somanathan, E. (Indian Statistical Institute Delhi) |
| Abstract: | Cooking, a ubiquitous household activity, presents a significant opportunity for energy transition. This study focuses on the transition to the understudied and under-adopted—despite high electricity access— practice of electric cooking as a clean solution by examining both demand and supply factors. Using nationally representative data from India, Nepal, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, we highlight the role of electricity reliability as a central determinant of electric cooking adoption. Reliability consistently shows a strong positive association with adoption in India, Nepal, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, underscoring that access alone is insufficient without dependable supply. Alongside reliability, household expenditure, urban location, and education also emerge as important correlates. Qualitative evidence further reveals that while electric cooking is valued for its speed and convenience, it is predominantly used in a stacked manner and faces several barriers—poor and unreliable electricity quality, inadequate household electrical wiring and infrastructure, high upfront appliance costs, limited appliance durability, and lack of local repair services— that inhibit greater use of this fuel. These findings can be valuable for further research, data collection, and government policies to effectively scale electric cooking |
| Keywords: | Electricity Reliability; Household air pollution; Energy Transition; Electric Cooking; Clean Cooking |
| JEL: | O12 O13 O18 Q40 Q48 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–11–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_010 |
| By: | Matthias Kaiser; Agnese Cretella; Cordula Scherer; Mimi E. Lam |
| Abstract: | We explore the challenges and opportunities of transitioning towards sustainable food systems through the lens of democratic food governance fostering inclusive and systemic transformation. Drawing on concepts of wicked problems and systems thinking, we propose a theory of change represented as a 'turtle model' that embraces the diversity of citizens' values and knowledge to highlight multiple avenues of transformation. As quadruple helix innovation and governance hubs, cities can be hotspots for food system transformations. We illustrate this for Dublin, Ireland, where local citizens' value-based food identities were galvanized to activate ecological awareness and promote sustainable seafood consumption. Within this democratic food governance framework, approaches such as open science, transdisciplinarity, and citizen engagement are fit-for-purpose to engage diverse food actors from government, industry, academia, and civil society in shared dialogue and action to transform food systems. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.04384 |
| By: | Giovanni Marin (Dipartimento di Economia, Società, Politica, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, SEEDS, and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how extreme heat affects workplace accidents in Italy’s various economic sectors. Using granular data by sector, day, and province (NUTS-3) for 2018–2024, we evaluate the contribution of occupational exposure as a source of diverse effects at the sector level. Our findings imply that while the average effects of extreme heat on workplace accidents are, at best, negligible, high temperatures significantly raise the frequency of medium-to-low severity accidents for sectors with high levels of exposure, while exposure and extreme heat alone do not account for fatalities. |
| Keywords: | workplace accidents, heterogeneous effect, fixed-effect regression, vulnerability, extreme temperature |
| JEL: | Q54 I18 J28 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.28 |
| By: | Shaima Farhana; Dong Yua; Amirhossein Karamoozianc; Ali Al-shawafid; Amar N. Alsheavif |
| Abstract: | Using an integrated framework rooted in the TOE model enhanced with AI, this study looks at ways to improve industrial performance and environmental sustainability in fragile and rapidly transforming contexts such as those found in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Data for the research are field-based and were obtained from a total of 600 SMEs operating in both countries. Based on the questionnaires' responses by 294 managers, results from the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) have indicated significant positive effects of AI-TOE on environmental performance (beta = 0.487) and manufacturing performance (beta = 0.759). Results indicate that AI acts as a transformative force, though its impact differs based on the maturity of infrastructure and organizational readiness. The Saudi SMEs gain from their institutional support and advanced technologies, while those in Yemen are dependent on the low-cost adoption of AI and organizational flexibility to accept structural challenges. PLS-SEM analysis of the study showed that integrating AI into the TOE dimensions accelerates operational efficiency in order to support environmental performance. Industrial performance was found to be a very important mediator in this relationship. This study responds to the call for digital transformation literature by providing an actionable framework of AI adoption in resource-constrained environments. These findings offer insights that might guide policymakers and organizations toward more resilient and sustainable operational strategies. These findings provide valuable guidance for engineering managers within the context of negotiating digital transformation and sustainability trade-offs in fragile and resource-constrained contexts. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.10333 |
| By: | Mr. Christian H Ebeke; Ms. Mireille Ntsama Etoundi |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new cross-country evidence that greater investment in agricultural R&D significantly mitigates the adverse effects of climate variability on crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this critical role, only a handful of countries have invested at levels sufficient to reach the thresholds where R&D delivers effective risk adaptation. Our analysis indicates that closing this gap would require an additional US$1–3 billion in annual agricultural research investment across the region. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural productivity; Climate variability; Research and Development; Sub-saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2025–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/249 |
| By: | Sanguinetti, Angela PhD; Fitch, Dillon PhD; Ferguson, Beth PhD; D'Agostino, Mollie |
| Abstract: | Micromobility—including shared, loaned, and leased bikes, e-bikes, and e-scooters—holds significant promise in supporting more sustainable travel. It supports first- and last-mile connections to public transit and reduces vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and associated emissions. However, the micromobility sector faces persistent challenges, and the path forward to delivering sustainable and equitable services remains unclear.To help chart that path, our research team conducted a Delphi study via two online surveys of micromobility stakeholders (N=45). Based on the findings, this brief presents a research roadmap that reflects the priorities of government, industry, and advocacy groups. It highlights where stakeholder perspectives align and where they diverge—laying the foundation for more targeted and collaborative research, policy, and practice. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8rc253cs |
| By: | Samuel Darwisman |
| Abstract: | The theoretical landscape of transportation cost planning is shifting from deterministic linear models to dynamic, data-driven optimization. As supply chains face volatility, static 20th-century cost assumptions prove increasingly inadequate. Despite rapid technological advancements, a unified framework linking economic production theory with the operational realities of autonomous, sustainable logistics remains absent. Existing models fail to address non-linear stepwise costs and real-time stochastic variables introduced by market dynamics. This study reconstructs transportation cost planning theory by synthesizing Grand, Middle-Range, and Applied theories. It aims to integrate stepwise cost functions, AI-driven decision-making, and environmental externalities into a cohesive planning model. A systematic theoretical synthesis was conducted using 28 high-impact papers published primarily between 2018 and 2025, employing multi-layered analysis to reconstruct cost drivers. The study identifies three critical shifts: the transition from linear to stepwise fixed costs, the necessity of AI-driven dynamic pricing for revenue optimization, and the role of Autonomous Electric Vehicles (AEVs) in minimizing long-term marginal costs. A "Dynamic-Sustainable Cost Planning Theory" is proposed, arguing that cost efficiency now depends on algorithmic prediction and autonomous fleet utilization rather than simple distance minimization. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.10494 |
| By: | Magacho, Guilherme; Spinola, Danilo |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the traditional Leontief Input-Output (I-O) model by introducing a traverse disequilibrium framework that captures simultaneous quantity and price adjustments over time. Unlike standard static I-O models, this approach incorporates continuous-time adjustments in production, prices, and resource utilization. The analysis models how sectors respond to demand fluctuations through inventory accumulation and production adjustments, allowing for temporary imbalances between supply and demand. The model is further extended to include price-setting mechanisms. In this framework, sectors adjust markups in response to cost fluctuations and inventory deviations, and biophysical resource utilisation, leading to physical constraints and cost-push inflation. Calibrated using Brazil's Input-Output matrix and land-use data, the framework is applied to sectoral shocks, including demand surges and price rigidities, to assess their sectoral and macroeconomic impacts. The results highlight the importance of adjustment speeds in shaping economic dynamics, showing that rigid price and quantity settings amplify inventory cycles, while fast quantity adjustments increase output volatility. Sectoral interdependencies create cascading effects, demonstrating how price, and quantity shocks propagate across industries. Additionally, the dependence on environmental services illustrates how pressures on scarce resources feedback into prices and quantities. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Input-Output; Traverse Dynamics; Disequilibrium Adjustments; Price Stickiness; Inventory Adjustment; Biophysical Constraints |
| Date: | 2025–11–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:akf:cafewp:40 |
| By: | Jakob Schneebacher (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Fizza Jabbar (Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)); Joel Kariel (Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)) |
| Date: | 2025–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:25/57 |
| By: | Khondaker Golam Moazzem; Atikuzzaman Shazeed; Mehadi Hasan Shamim |
| Abstract: | The interim government has taken a major initiative to revise key policies and plans related to the power and energy sector of the country. In this connection, the Power Division has published the online version of a draft policy titled ‘Renewable Energy Policy (draft) 2025’ for necessary comments and feedback. |
| Keywords: | Universal Health Coverage (UHC), primary healthcare services, Bangladesh healthcare, maternal and child mortality, healthcare disparities, quality healthcare |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:pbrief:72 |
| By: | Alessandro Bellocchi (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo and SEEDS); Chiara Lodi (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo and SEEDS); Giovanni Marin (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, SEEDS and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Giuseppe Travaglini (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo); Matteo Zavalloni (Department of Economics, Society, Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of extreme hydrogeological events on local governments’ fiscal responses in Italy between 2016 and 2022, with a focus on how local public finances contribute to disaster resilience. Leveraging the staggered timing of disaster declarations and employing a difference-in-differences framework, we estimate dynamic treatment effects on revenue and expenditure of municipal governments. Our findings indicate that local governments of affected municipalities significantly increase total and capital expenditures in the aftermath of disasters, particularly in functions related to emergency management, environmental protection and economic development. These spending increases are primarily financed through capital revenues and transfers from higher levels of government, with no corresponding rise in current expenditures. To explore heterogeneity in fiscal responses, we develop a fiscal resilience index combining measures of debt servicing costs and tax autonomy. We find that municipal governments with both low debt burden and high tax autonomy exhibit the strongest and most persistent post-disaster financial adjustments. In contrast, municipal governments with high debt service obligations and limited tax autonomy exhibit weaker responses, reflecting a constrained capacity to mobilize financial resources. These results underscore the critical importance of fiscal space, beyond formal fiscal autonomy, in shaping local governments’ ability to respond to climate-related shocks. From a policy perspective, our findings highlight the need to strengthen institutional and financial mechanisms that enhance fiscal resilience and ensure timely access to recovery resources for municipal governments with limited capacity. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal resilience, Hydrogeological disasters, Municipal budgets |
| JEL: | H71 H72 H84 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.32 |
| By: | Isabella Marinetti (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Dmitri A. Jdanov (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); France Meslé; Domantas Jasilionis (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Fanny Janssen |
| Abstract: | Background: Seasonal fluctuations in mortality significantly affect population health and remain an important public health challenge. As climate change increases temperature extremes and ageing populations heighten vulnerability, understanding the cause-specific drivers of these mortality fluctuations is increasingly urgent. Yet, detailed evidence on how different causes of death shape these mortality patterns remains limited. Data and Methods: We analysed monthly mortality data from the Italian National Institute of Statistics, disaggregated by cause of death, sex, and 5-year age groups, 2004-2019. Excess mortality for 17 major causes of death was quantified by comparing the observed age-standardised death rate (SDR) with the baseline SDR, defined as the average of the three months with the lowest mortality each year. We estimated both the absolute and relative impact of cause-specific mortality on overall seasonal mortality. Results: Heart and respiratory diseases were the leading contributors to excess mortality, accounting for approximately 40% and 15% of the intra-annual burden, respectively. The summer months exhibited significantly smaller excess mortality. Respiratory diseases showed the highest relative impact compared to the other causes of death. While baseline mortality decreased over time, the relative intra-annual burden remained stable or increased for specific causes, indicating persistent or growing seasonal vulnerabilities. Conclusion: Intra-annual mortality fluctuations in Italy were mainly driven by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and have remained stable over time despite improvements in overall mortality. These persistent patterns highlight unmet seasonal vulnerabilities and the importance of integrating cause-specific seasonality into health planning, particularly in light of ageing populations and climate change challenges. Keywords: Seasonal mortality; Causes of death; Excess mortality; Italy |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2025-036 |
| By: | Dakpo, K Hervé; Latruffe, Laure; Desjeux, Yann |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:344050 |
| By: | Lansford, Robert R.; Sabol, George V.; Gollehon, Noel R.; Dillon Jr., John J.; Nelson, Dale C.; Creel, Bobby J. |
| Abstract: | A linear programming model was utilized to simulate a 20 year (1979-1998) crop production and irrigation water utilization pattern in the Estancia Basin of New Mexico under four alternative energy price projections--base, low, medium and high. Under the simulation approximately 31, 300 acres of land would be farmed in 1978, rising to 46, 300 acres in 1998 with 94 percent of the total being flood irrigated and the balance irrigated with sprinklers. Alfalfa accounted for 40 percent of the irrigated cropland, corn for silage 25 percent, corn for grain 11 percent, wheat 10 percent, pinto beans 7 percent, and potatoes 5 percent. However, under the high energy price alternative, irrigated cropped agriculture would cease after 1996. Net returns to land and risk varied widely among the four energy price projections ranging from an increase of 158 percent in the base alternative from 1978 to 1998 to a 90 percent reduction in net returns in the high energy price alternative through 1996 and a 100 percent reduction by 1998. The reduction in net returns from 1978 to 1998 for the low energy price alternative was about 11 percent and about 58 percent for the medium energy price alternative. The reduction in net returns was due primarily to the rapid escalation of diesel fuel prices. The diesel fuel cost for the high alternative was expected to increase 469 percent, 375 percent for the medium alternative, and about 220 percent for the low alternative over present costs. The returns to risk, after imposing a charge for the use of irrigated cropland valued at $1, 000 per acre, was a negative $37 per acre in the base year of 1978. The negative returns to risk became even greater under the low ($60) and medium ($80) energy price alternatives in 1998, and high ($96) in 1996. Under the base price alternative, the net return to risk was estimated at a negative $33 per acre. The amount of irrigation water pumped in the Estancia Basin would increase 2.4 percent per year over the 20 year period for the energy price alternatives. The total declines in the water tables were estimated to be 26.5 feet (1.3 feet per year). In addition, there were changes in energy sources for pumping irrigation water, irrigation pumping plant efficiencies and energy costs for pumping irrigation water among the alternative energy price projections. The annual labor requirements and cost increased in relation to the increase in acreage, as did the annual operating capital requirements. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nmwrri:259768 |
| By: | López, Agustina del Valle |
| Abstract: | La Bioeconomía se presenta como una sólida estrategia para hacer frente a los grandes desafíos que enfrenta la sociedad actual, como el cambio climático y la escasez de recursos naturales. Este Paradigma toma relevancia en un contexto marcado por la mayor preocupación de los consumidores por el cuidado de la salud y el ambiente. Así, los alimentos orgánicos (AO) constituyen una alternativa que genera beneficios para la salud y el ambiente. Nuestro país presenta ventajas, tanto naturales como cultuales, para afrontar un desarrollo con triple impacto biobasado, al igual que para incrementar la producción orgánica. Conforme a dichas cuestiones, el objetivo general de esta Tesis es conocer el consumo de estos alimentos por parte de los residentes del Partido de General Pueyrredon (PGP). Se aplica metodología cuantitativa, estadística y econométrica, a datos provenientes de una encuesta sobre alimentación y hábitos saludables y prácticas ambientalmente sostenibles, relevada en el año 2022, en el Partido. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se destacan el interés por un estilo de vida saludable personal y ambiental y la incidencia de factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y de conducta en el consumo de AO, con consumidores que presentan características diferenciales. |
| Keywords: | Consumo de Alimentos; Alimentos Orgánicos; Análisis Multivariado; Modelo Logit; Partido de General Pueyrredon; |
| Date: | 2025–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4433 |
| By: | Björn Döhring; loanna Grammatikopoulou; Alessandra La Notte; Beatrice Pataracchia; Domenico Pisani; Christophe Planas; Josselin Roman; Alessandro Rossi; Anna Thum-Thysen; Mayra Nucci Zurbaran |
| Abstract: | Economic activity is exerting increasing pressure on natural ecosystems while it depends at the same time on the provision of the services that these ecosystems provide. In this paper, we build on the conceptualisation of ecosystem services in the statistical framework developed by the United Nations, namely the System of Environmental-Economics Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA). We use a simple aggregate production function augmented with the direct and indirect contribution of ecosystem services to illustrate the dependence of economic activity in EU Member States on forest ecosystem assets. Simulating the degradation of ecosystems 25 and 60 years ahead, we show that the negative impact on economic activity in the EU could be sizeable. This is particularly so when we assume that fixed capital and labour cannot easily substitute for the loss of forest assets. While our analysis is limited to one type of ecosystem and our quantification purely illustrative, our framework serves as a proof of concept for tools that could usefully inform macroeconomic policy decisions for the medium term. |
| JEL: | E23 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:231 |
| By: | Aitken, John A.; Sprenger, Amber; Mika, Grace; Alaybek, Balca |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Consumer/Household Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343915 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Chrysilia Pitti; Fivos Papadimitriou |
| Abstract: | The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030. For private sector enterprises, these goals present both challenges and opportunities. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology that can significantly accelerate progress toward achieving these goals while creating business value. This guide refers to more than 100 different digital platforms and solutions (methods, techniques, algorithms, models, and software) that can help entities of the public or private sectors and interested individuals (researchers, professionals, students) expand their use of AI in order to solve problems and enhance solutions related to anyone of the 17 SDGs. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, SDGs, Private Sector, AI Guide |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2568 |
| By: | Hou, Peibin; Kong, Xiangwen; Sun, Falin; Qiu, Huanguang |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, International Development, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343646 |
| By: | Lansford, Robert R.; Sabol, George V.; Gollehon, Noel R.; Dillon Jr. John J.; Nelson, Dale C.; Creel, Bobby J. |
| Abstract: | A linear programming model was utilized to simulate a 20 year (1978-1998) crop production and irrigation water utilization pattern in the Southwestern Closed Basins of New Mexico under four alternative energy price projections--base, low, medium and high. Under the simulation, approximately 75, 700 acres of land would be farmed in 1978, remaining constant through 1998. Cotton accounted for 47 percent of the irrigated cropland, corn for grain 31 percent, grain sorghum 16 percent, and wheat 6 percent. However, under the high energy price alternative, irrigated crop agriculture ceased in some areas in 1996 and in other areas in 1998. Net returns to land and risk varied widely among the four energy price projections ranging from an increase of one percent in the base alternative from 1978 to 1998 to a 62 percent reduction in net returns in the high energy price alternative through 1998. ·The reduction in net returns from 1978 to 1998 for the low energy price alternative was about 23 percent and about 40 percent for the medium energy price alternative. The reduction in net returns was due primarily to the rapid escalation of diesel fuel prices. The diesel fuel cost for the high alternative was expected to increase 269 percent, 185 percent for the medium alternative, and about 119 percent for the low alternative over present costs. The returns to risk, after imposing a charge for the use of irrigated cropland valued at $800 per acre, was $70 per acre in the base year of 1978. The returns to risk declined under the low ($49) and medium ($23) energy price alternatives in 1998. Under the high price alternative the net return to risk was estimated at a negative $10 per acre in 1998. The amount of irrigation water pumped in the Southwestern Closed Basins would remain constant over the 20 year period for the energy price alternatives, except 1996 and 1998 under the high alternative when pumpage declined. The total declines in the water tables were estimated to be about 41 feet in the Mimbres-Uvas Basins, from 102 to 126 feet in the Columbus-Hermanas Area, about 34 feet in the Lordsburg-Animas Basins, and from 6 to 7 feet in the Playas Basin. In addition, there were changes in energy sources for pumping irrigation water, irrigation pumping plant efficiencies and energy costs for pumping irrigation water among the alternative energy prir.e projections. The annual labor requirements and cost as well as the annual operating capital requirements remained constant except under the high alternative when a decline occurred in relation to the decline in acreage. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nmwrri:259769 |
| By: | Xuan, Bui Bich (Nha Trang University, 02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Vietnam); Ngoc, Quach Thi Khanh (Nha Trang University, 02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Vietnam); Armstrong, Claire W. (UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.); Vondolia, Kofi (Department of Applied Economics, School of Economics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana and Centre for Coastal Management - Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana); Nam, Pham Khanh (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | Understanding fishers’ non-compliance behavior is essential for effective management and conservation of small-scale fisheries. Our study took place in Tam Giang Lagoon, central Vietnam, where Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURFs) have been established since 2009. To estimate the proportion of artisanal fishers engaging in illegal fishing, we used a randomized response technique alongside direct questioning to investigate this type of sensitive behavior. We also employed a binary logistic regression model to analyze the factors influencing non-compliance. A combination of RRT and other methods such as direct questioning and regression model gives a more comprehensive understanding of the drivers behind illegal fishing behavior, allowing for tailored interventions that address specific issues within fisheries. Our findings show that awareness of the negative impacts of illegal fishing and the perceived legitimacy of regulations significantly affect compliance, while instrumental incentives and norms do not have statistically significant impacts. Additionally, certain fishers’ characteristics are determinants of noncompliance, such as younger fishers and more experienced fishers are more likely to violate regulations, while those with higher education show better compliance. We also discuss policies to enhance compliance within TURFs. This study enriches the literature on fishing regulation compliance and provides valuable insights for policy design and implementation aimed at improving adherence to regulations. |
| Keywords: | Non-compliance; fishing regulations; randomized response technique; TURF; Vietnam. |
| JEL: | D63 Q22 Q28 |
| Date: | 2025–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_002 |
| By: | Katungi, Enid M.; Larochelle, Catherine; Magreta, Ruth; Banda, Arnold |
| Keywords: | International Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343995 |
| By: | Ferrer, Jimy; De Miguel, Carlos J.; Lorenzo, Santiago; Alatorre, José Eduardo |
| Abstract: | Este documento presenta un panorama regional de las políticas de precios del carbono en América Latina y el Caribe. El documento enfatiza las características de los instrumentos de precios del carbono, tanto explícitos, como el impuesto al carbono y el sistema de comercio de emisiones, como implícitos, como el impuesto a los combustibles, el precio social del carbono y la reducción de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles. El documento también presenta un análisis sobre los efectos de las políticas conexas (subsidios, elasticidades, entre otras) en la efectividad de los precios del carbono. Se incluye la estimación de un modelo econométrico que mide la efectividad del impuesto al carbono para reducir las emisiones. De acuerdo con los resultados del modelo, en los cinco países de la región que implementan un impuesto al carbono, la tarifa del impuesto está estadísticamente asociada con una reducción en las emisiones. Para que el impuesto al carbono sea efectivo como instrumento de política pública para la reducción de emisiones es necesario articularlo con otras políticas y que exista coherencia entre ellas. |
| Date: | 2025–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:83160 |
| By: | Pradesha, Angga; Pauw, Karl; Siddig, Khalid H. A.; Thurlow, James |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343793 |
| By: | Fischer, Brandon Melecio; de la Parra, Ana María; de la Parra, Karen; Williner, Alicia; Riffo Pérez, Luis |
| Abstract: | Este documento ofrece una caja de herramientas para todos quienes elaboran e implementan acciones a través de instrumentos de gestión pública (planes, estrategias, políticas y proyectos, entre otros) a fin de incorporar el enfoque multi- e intercultural en los distintos niveles y sectores del Estado. Además de un breve marco téorico, se analizan los marcos legales y los actores que deberían considerarse, y se propone una guía detallada para transversalizar el enfoque propuesto. Si bien este documento se basa en un análisis relativo al estado de Quintana Roo (México) y su proceso de elaboración del Plan Estratégico para el Desarrollo Sostenible 2025-2050, puede ser también una contribución para otros entes nacionales, subnacionales y locales, para lo que será necesario contextualizar las sugerencias de acuerdo a las posibilidades en cada ámbito. |
| Date: | 2025–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:83183 |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Este documento analiza el impacto económico histórico y proyectado a 2050 del cambio climático en la subregión de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (CAPARD). A partir de una revisión de literatura, se destaca la alta vulnerabilidad climática de la región, junto con su baja contribución a las emisiones globales. Utilizando una metodología econométrica basada en panel de datos con efectos fijos, se estima una función de daño que relaciona variaciones de la temperatura y de la precipitación con el crecimiento del PIB per cápita. Los resultados muestran una relación no lineal significativa entre temperatura y crecimiento económico, con un umbral óptimo de temperatura entre 16.5 °C y 21.5 °C, valores que ya han sido superados en la mayoría de los países analizados. |
| Date: | 2025–11–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:83118 |
| By: | Ramji, Aditya; Jamhar, Jameel |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9j23v00w |
| By: | Squarcina, Margherita |
| Abstract: | In recent years, farmers have faced growing exposure to economic shocks, extreme weather events, and conflicts, threatening their incomes, especially in developing countries. This study investigates whether voluntary sustainability standards help mitigate the economic impact of price shocks, using Rwanda’s 2023 coffee price stabilization policy as a case study. Drawing on a panel of 834 coffee farmers, the study implements a difference-in-differences design with continuous treatment and household fixed effects, complemented by an instrumental variable strategy. Results show that the fixed-price regime reduced coffee revenues, but did not affect overall household income. Income diversification was used as a strategy to stabilize earnings, especially among non-certified farmers. Price premium from certification was insufficient to offset revenue losses. The findings highlight the need for policies that improve coffee sector profitability, secure stable premiums for certified farmers, and support income diversification to sustain rural livelihoods. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2025–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:378988 |
| By: | Alessandra Burgio (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica); Cinzia Castagnaro (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica); Gustavo De Santis (Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica, Applicazioni "G. Parenti", Universita' di Firenze); Vignoli Daniele (Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica, Applicazioni "G. Parenti", Universita' di Firenze); Vitali Agnese (Universita' di Trento) |
| Abstract: | Delayed childbearing is increasingly common in Italy, contributing to rising demand for medically assisted reproduction (MAR). This paper presents nine possible future scenarios of the share of MAR births in total births, based on the latest (2023) official data and three hypotheses on the evolution of maternal mean age at childbirth (no change, slow ageing, rapid ageing) combined with three hypotheses on the MAR share in the fertility schedule (no change, moderate increase, rapid increase). Our projections indicate that changes in the age structure of women of reproductive age have a negligible effect on future MAR prevalence. In contrast, delayed childbearing and continued expansion of MAR use could raise the share of MAR births from 4.3% in 2023 to 11–12% by mid-century, with a plausible upper bound exceeding 15% under sustained trends. These results underscore the growing demographic and social significance of MAR in Italy and highlight important implications for public health planning, resource allocation, and policies aimed at supporting earlier childbearing. |
| Keywords: | Medically assisted reproduction; MAR births; delayed childbearing; fertility projections; Italy; demographic scenarios |
| JEL: | J13 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fir:econom:wp2025_11 |
| By: | Abebe, Meseret B. (Addis Ababa University); Alem, Yonas (University of Cape Town and University of Gothenburg) |
| Abstract: | Extensive previous literature documents that poor households in developing countries reduce food consumption (i.e., calorie intake) in response to a major covariate shock, such as drought. We utilize rich panel data from rural Ethiopia to demonstrate that drought increases calorie consumption and reduces the diversity of households’ diets. We show that a one-standard-deviation decrease in the previous year’s rainfall increases per capita calorie consumption by approximately 5.5%. The key pathway through which drought affects calorie consumption is through households substituting relatively expensive food items (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and pulses) with cheaper alternatives (e.g., grains) and reallocating resources from other basic expenditures, such as health and education, to food consumption. Consistent with this mechanism, we show that a one-standard-deviation decrease in lagged rainfall reduces the household diet diversity score by about 3.1%. Heterogeneous analysis by consumption quartile suggests that households in the highest consumption quartile drive increased calorie consumption in response to drought. We find similar results for urban households who increase their calorie consumption in response to a food price shock. Our findings have important implications for weather forecasts and safety net interventions. |
| Keywords: | Drought; Nutrition; Food Security; Food Inflation |
| JEL: | D12 O13 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2025_007 |
| By: | Ruike Lyu; Anna Li; Jianxiao Wang; Hongxi Luo; Yan Shen; Hongye Guo; Ershun Du; Chongqing Kang; Jesse Jenkins |
| Abstract: | In many countries, declining demand in energy-intensive industries (EIIs) such as cement, steel, and aluminum is leading to industrial overcapacity. Although overcapacity is traditionally seen as problematic, it could unlock EIIs' flexibility in electricity use. Using China's aluminum smelting sector as a case, we evaluate the system-level cost-benefit of retaining EII overcapacity for flexible electricity use in decarbonized systems. We find that overcapacity enables smelters to adopt a seasonal operation paradigm, ceasing production during winter load peaks driven by heating electrification and renewable seasonality. In a 2050-net-zero scenario, this paradigm reduces China's electricity-system investment and operating costs by 15-72 billion CNY per year (8-34% of the industry's product value), enough to offset the costs of maintaining overcapacity and product storage. Seasonal operation also cuts workforce fluctuations across aluminum smelting and thermal-power sectors by up to 62%, potentially mitigating socio-economic disruptions from industrial restructuring and the energy transition. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2511.22839 |
| By: | Ye, Lei; Xu, Meng; Lin, Bin; Wang, Xiaoxi |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea24:343865 |
| By: | Hardman, Scott PhD |
| Abstract: | More than 30 countries and several states and provinces (e.g., California, British Columbia) intend to reach 100% zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) sales by between 2025 and 2040. In 2024, 22% of global vehicle sales were plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), some large auto markets reached 10-30% in PEV sales, and some Nordic nations achieved sales of between 30% and 90%. Little research focuses specifically on challenges in reaching 100% ZEV sales. This policy brief is based on a literature review of the growing body of research on PEVs. The review focuses on understanding challenges in reaching 100% PEV sales and identifies current research questions on issues related to 100% PEV adoption. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0338k1mk |
| By: | Vasary, Viktoria; Hamza, Eszter; Racz, Katalin; Szabo, Dorottya; Varga, Eszter |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icae18:276070 |