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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Jamie Hansen-Lewis; Michelle M. Marcus |
| Abstract: | Targeting distributional impacts is gaining importance in the design of environmental policy. To achieve this, policy makers are adopting advances in air transport models to predict the benefits of air emissions regulation. These models offer policy makers accuracy in the spatial distribution of ambient air quality improvements for a given emissions reduction, but do not take into account behavioral responses to environmental policies. We consider how the failure to account for behavioral responses when making policy predictions may have important implications for the ultimate distributional impact of such policies. We compare the distributional impacts of maritime emission regulation predicted from the policy maker's air transport model to the realized distributional impacts. We then decompose the prediction error from two components: model error, whereby the predictions of air transport models fail to account for behavioral responses of polluting firms, and sorting error, whereby the targeted population migrates. |
| JEL: | Q5 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34055 |
| By: | Perez Dominguez Ignacio (European Commission - JRC); Barbosa Ana Luisa (European Commission - JRC); Fellmann Thomas (European Commission - JRC); Weiss Franz (European Commission - JRC); Hristov Jordan (European Commission - JRC); Witzke Heinz Peter; Kesting Monika; Basnet Shyam; Koeble Renate; Schievano Andrea (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Climate Law mandates the European Union’s climate neutrality objectives by 2050, aligning with the European Green Deal and interim greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. The Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sectors play a crucial role due to their dual function in sequestering carbon and emitting GHGs. This report assesses the potential contribution of the AFOLU sectors to the EU's 2050 targets using CAPRI model scenarios. Recent model enhancements enable a more integrated analysis of GHG emissions and carbon removals, allowing for a detailed assessment of land-based mitigation options. The scenarios assess increased afforestation, sustainable forest management, protection of peatlands, and pricing of AFOLU GHG emissions and removals. Results indicate that reversing GHG emission trends requires significant action, particularly enhanced soil carbon sequestration and climate-smart agricultural practices. The protection of histosols and land conversion towards grassland and forest areas significantly increase carbon dioxide removals, while lower livestock and crop production reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Policies strengthening forest protection and afforestation further enhance the carbon sink capacity of the AFOLU sectors, potentially achieving negative net emissions by 2050. However, it is important to note that emission leakage (i.e., increases in emissions outside the EU) could limit global net reductions. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136684 |
| By: | Cenacchi, Nicola; Petsakos, Athanasios; Robertson, Richard D.; Song, Chun; Mishra, Abhijeet |
| Abstract: | Food systems face dire challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource overuse. To ensure their long-term sustainability and resilience they need urgent transformation, while continuing to support livelihoods and address rising food insecurity. The design and management of multifunctional agricultural landscapes offer a pathway to address these challenges; and improved understanding of landscape complexity, including a diverse mix of natural and cropland covers, can help advance achievement of multiple food system goals. As land managers and decision makers plan for the future of our landscapes, they need to recognize that powerful forces outside their control will have a strong influence on the final outcome. This study explores the interplay between global drivers—such as population growth, economic trends, climate change—and landscape complexity, using a modeling system linking a global agricultural economic model to a land-use model. Global trends are described, and Kenya serves as a case study, representing broader local dynamics. Results indicate that the majority of agricultural landscapes, globally and in Kenya, are projected to experience increased complexity by 2050, primarily through cropland expansion at the expense of natural habitats. However, there are a few instances where an expansion in cropland may be liked to a decrease in landscape complexity. Patterns also vary under alternative scenarios of agricultural development. Where greater complexity is achieved through policies that further concentrate agricultural land in some areas, this is mainly associated with net gains in natural habitats and a contraction of cropland. Overall, this preliminary research underscores the need for integrated landscape management and more comprehensive scenarios to inform sustainable land-use planning aligned with global food security and environmental objectives. |
| Keywords: | landscape; socioeconomics; climate change; agricultural policies; land-use change; modelling |
| Date: | 2025–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:175363 |
| By: | Souryabrata Mohapatra (Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur); Amit Mitra (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Sanjib Pohit (National Council of Applied Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | India is facing a looming water crisis driven by rapid urbanisation, population growth, groundwater depletion, and climate variability. Despite receiving over 3, 800 billion cubic metres of annual precipitation, the country utilises less than one-third effectively due to uneven rainfall distribution, inadequate storage infrastructure, and poor water governance. Per capita water availability has declined sharply, while demand is projected to double by 2030. Agriculture remains the dominant water consumer, though industrial and domestic demands are rising rapidly. Groundwater over-extraction—particularly in states like Punjab, Rajasthan, and Delhi—has led to critical depletion, with 22% of groundwater blocks categorised as overexploited. Climate change further exacerbates water stress through erratic monsoons, glacial retreats, and increasing droughts and floods. This paper assesses systemic challenges across the water sector in India, from source sustainability to end-use efficiency. It also highlights policy evolution, institutional bottlenecks, and emerging governance initiatives. The study emphasises the urgent need for integrated water resource management, investment in wastewater recycling, demand-side interventions, and climate-resilient infrastructure to ensure water security. A multi-pronged strategy is essential for safeguarding livelihoods, supporting economic development, and achieving long-term sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Water scarcity, Groundwater depletion, Climate change, Urbanisation, Water governance and management, India |
| JEL: | O21 Q25 Q53 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–04–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nca:ncaerw:182 |
| By: | De Miguel, Carlos J.; Lorenzo, Santiago; Ferrer, Jimy; Gómez García, José Javier; Alatorre, José Eduardo |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing is one of the public policy options for discouraging production activities and consumption patterns that generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study provides an overview of carbon pricing in Latin America and the Caribbean, along with other associated economic policies. It reviews the situation regarding explicit carbon pricing via carbon taxes and emissions trading systems and the use of implicit pricing through the inclusion of the social price of carbon in public investment project evaluation procedures. It draws attention to the fact that very little use is being made of these pricing instruments in the region and that, even where they are in use, their coverage of GHG emissions is quite limited. What is more, the use of fossil fuel subsidies (negative carbon prices) is widespread: budget allocations for such subsidies in 2013–2022 were almost 10 times greater than the allocations for climate financing. The study also looks at two different scenarios for the reform of fossil fuel subsidization policies and what their economic, social and environmental effects would be. |
| Date: | 2025–01–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:81239 |
| By: | Landini, Fabio; Lunardon, Davide; Marzucchi, Alberto |
| Abstract: | We investigate the perceived meaning of green jobs. Theoretically, we extend the standard meaningful work framework, by introducing a social esteem component, which depends on both the green content of occupations and the socio-political awareness of environmental issues. To identify green jobs, we employ a task-based indicator based on ESCO data, which is then merged with individual-level data from the 2015 and 2021 waves of the European Working Conditions Survey. Moreover, we proxy the degree of environmental consciousness at the country level through the Environmental Policy Stringency index from the OECD. In line with our theoretical framework, we find that workers' perceptions of meaningful work increase with the green content of their occupation and are amplified in countries exhibiting higher levels of environmental consciousness. These results highlight the role of social esteem, derived from the contribution to what is considered a socially valuable objective (i.e. the fight against climate change), in shaping the experience of meaningful work. To allow a more 'causal' interpretation of the results, we employ an instrumental variable approach which corroborates the main findings. |
| Keywords: | Meaningful Work, Green Jobs, Social Esteem, Green Transition, EWCS |
| JEL: | J24 J28 O31 O33 Q20 Q40 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1639 |
| By: | Todd D. Gerarden; Mar Reguant; Daniel Xu |
| Abstract: | Renewable electricity generation technology costs have fallen dramatically, investment has grown rapidly, and renewables are now a pillar of climate and decarbonization policy. Part of the credit for these trends goes to environmental policy efforts to support renewable energy as a substitute to fossil energy. The recent rise in protectionism, industrial policy, and geopolitical tensions has the potential to either undermine or enhance these environmental policy objectives. In this paper, we provide an overview of renewable energy economics and policy, with a focus on solar and wind power. We outline theoretical rationales for industrial policy and review recent empirical research, paying particular attention to how renewable energy policies have generated spillovers across firms and countries. We close by highlighting how this recent evidence can inform ongoing industrial policy debates. |
| JEL: | L52 Q42 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34079 |
| By: | de Bruin, Kelly C; Kyei, Clement Kweku; Henry, Loïc |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp786 |
| By: | Leonie P. Meissner |
| Abstract: | I study the role of green research and development (R&D) subsidies under different environmental policies. Using a stylized equilibrium model calibrated to the European electricity sector, I analyze the effects of R&D subsidies under (1) an emission tax, (2) an emission cap, and (3) no environmental policy, focusing on competitiveness, environmental outcomes, and welfare. I find that increasing R&D subsidies increases knowledge accumulation and clean-sector output, displacing dirty-sector production. This raises overall output, lowers production costs, and enhances sectoral competitiveness. However, environmental benefits from R&D subsidies occur only under an emission tax or in the absence of environmental policy. Under an emission cap, emission prices fall from an increase in the R&D subsidy, reducing compliance costs without lowering total emissions. Our calibration further reveals interaction effects between environmental policy stringency and the effectiveness of the R&D subsidy under an emission tax, emission cap, or in the absence of an environmental policy. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, R&D support, innovation policy, renewable energy, environmental innovation |
| JEL: | D50 H23 O38 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12002 |
| By: | Mercer, Leo; Burke, Josh; Rodway-Dyer, Sue |
| Abstract: | Alongside actions to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide will need to be removed from the atmosphere if the world is to meet the Paris Agreement climate goals. The proliferation of net zero targets, and by extension the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR), has led to increased attention on the governance of CDR. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) is a central component of the governance architecture. This report examines the cost of MRV for different CDR methods, the extent to which the cost of MRV for different methods is perceived as a barrier to their upscaling, where opportunities lie to reduce the cost of MRV and what factors influence the choice of MRV protocol. It provides recommendations for the UK government but which are more widely applicable. |
| Keywords: | oceal alkalinity enhancement; BECCS; biochar; bioenergy; carbon dioxide removal; CCUS; CDR; DACCS; DESNZ; direct air capture; MRV; UK |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–10–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129071 |
| By: | Kalmey, Tim; Rausch, Sebastian; Schneider, Jan |
| Abstract: | We examine the welfare effects of removing explicit and implicit fossil fuel subsidies, the latter entailing Pigouvian pricing of local externalities from fossil energy consumption. We map a multi-region, multi-sector general equilibrium model to granular data on subsidies, local marginal external costs, and national income and product accounts. On average, unilateral Pigouvian pricing improves a country's welfare by 3.7%, generates fiscal revenues equal to 2.5% of consumption, and reduces the carbon price needed to meet the Paris climate target by 76%. Non-market welfare gains exceed market-related losses, benefiting most countries. Local air pollution pricing accounts for 90% of net benefits. About one third of countries would already meet their climate targets, making additional policies like carbon pricing redundant. For all countries combining Pigouvian energy pricing with carbon pricing increases welfare compared to relying on carbon pricing alone. Removing explicit subsidies has a minor impact on welfare and emissions. Global Pigouvian energy pricing would reduce global emissions by 32%, while increasing global welfare by 2.4%. Our findings underscore the potential of Pigouvian energy pricing to align economic, fiscal, and climate goals. |
| Keywords: | Fossil Fuels, Subsidies, Externalities, PigouvianTaxation, Climate Policy, Co-Benefits, General Equilibrium |
| JEL: | C68 H23 Q43 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:321869 |
| By: | Bryan Campbell; Michel Magnan; Robert Normand; Elizabeth Labonté; Léo Lamy-Laliberté |
| Abstract: | According to a recent report by KPMG International (KPMG, 2022), the success in achieving global and national carbon neutrality targets depends largely on the decisions and actions of cities regarding climate risk management. Municipal administrations' efforts to manage carbon neutrality can have a significant ripple effect on both the population and the private sector. Unfortunately, few cities have implemented systematic processes to measure carbon emissions, primarily due to a lack of resources. A CIRANO report (Campbell et al., 2025) proposes the development of a carbon emissions dashboard that reflects the activities directly related to the management of a city. This tool could prove highly valuable for any municipal organization seeking to identify the most appropriate measures to reduce its emissions. Selon un récent rapport de KPMG International (KPMG, 2022), le succès dans l’atteinte des cibles mondiales et nationales de carboneutralité repose en grande partie sur les décisions et actions des villes en matière de gestion des risques climatiques. La gestion de la carboneutralité par les administrations municipales peut avoir un effet d’entraînement important sur la population et le secteur privé en général. Malheureusement, peu de villes ont mis en place des processus systématiques de mesure des émissions de carbone, faute de ressources. Un rapport CIRANO (Campbell et coll. 2025) propose un tableau de bord des émissions de carbone qui découlent des activités propres à la gestion d’une ville. Cet outil pourrait s’avérer être d’une grande valeur pour tout organisme municipal qui désire déterminer les mesures les plus appropriées à prendre pour réduire ses émissions. |
| Keywords: | Dashboard, greenhouse gases (GHG), emissions, municipalities, financial policy, Tableau de bord, gaz à effet de serre (GES), émissions, municipalités, politique financière |
| Date: | 2025–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2025pj-11 |
| By: | Kazi Abdul, Mannan; Khandaker Mursheda, Farhana |
| Abstract: | This study examines the historical presence, ecological functions, and extinction of elephants in the Canaan region, encompassing modern-day Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, through an interdisciplinary zoological and forestry-based survey. Drawing on archaeological records, paleontological findings, historical texts, and ecological reconstructions, the research explores how elephants once inhabited and shaped the Levantine landscapes. The paper examines their role as keystone herbivores, their integration into regional cultures through trade, warfare, and symbolism, and their eventual disappearance due to climatic shifts, deforestation, and anthropogenic pressures. Cultural memory of elephants, preserved in religious scriptures and place names, offers insights into human–animal relations and the ecological consciousness of ancient societies. The study highlights how lessons from the extinction of elephants can inform current biodiversity strategies, forest management, and conservation outreach in the Levant. It also proposes future research directions, including ecological rewilding, public education, and regional conservation collaboration. By contextualising elephants within the broader environmental history of the region, the study underscores the importance of integrating lost megafauna into modern ecological narratives. |
| Keywords: | Elephant extinction, megafauna, ecological memory, habitat loss, historical ecology, forestry survey |
| JEL: | Q0 Q5 Q54 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125202 |
| By: | Higham, Ian; Chan, Tiffanie; Reyes, Joy |
| Abstract: | This submission was made in response to an open consultation by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on climate change on advancing understanding on how to respect, protect and fulfil all human rights, as well as prevent harm and ensure non-discrimination, in the context of a just transition away from fossil fuels and the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies. The submission is informed by research conducted at LSE, including at the Grantham Research Institute, and also the authors’ established expertise in the law and governance of climate change and human rights. It responds to questions relating to the human rights impacts of the fossil fuel-based economy, the transition away from and phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies, relevant international law, transferable insights from other sectors, contributions to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and proposals for scaling up action. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2025–07–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129040 |
| By: | Cohen, François; Glachant, Matthieu; Söderberg, Magnus |
| Abstract: | Little is known about how households adapt to climate change. Previous research has focused on geographical differences in fuel choice and air conditioning. Using a 28-year panel of homes, we conducted the first longitudinal analysis of eight categories of adaptations and their impact on electricity, gas, and water expenditures. Exposure to cold or warm days correlates with increased spending on doors, windows, equipment, insulation, energy, and water. Our findings suggest cooling costs will rise, offset by lower heating costs. We predict a significant increase in electricity and water use during summer, leading to seasonal utility adjustments. |
| Keywords: | climate change; adaptation; housing; energy; water |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–07–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129047 |
| By: | Ezeofor, Vivian Kaife |
| Abstract: | This article explores how the mineral wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC), particularly its critical raw materials such cobalt, coltan and tantalum, compounded with the proliferation of demand for this minerals due to the green transition has exacerbated local conflict, environmental decadence and gross human rights abuses in the DRC. It also traces the historic genesis of armed conflict and the smokescreen behind the militarization of mining sites and thus critiques existing policy responses such as the OECD Due Diligence Guidance, Dodd-Frank Act, and ICGLR Certification Mechanism, contending that they constitute an over- focus on militarization while neglecting corruption and abuse by state actors. The article calls for more holistic, inclusive policies that address structural governance failures and protect both people and the environment amid the rush for green energy resources. |
| Date: | 2025–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:q39ph_v1 |
| By: | Lu, Hongyu; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | This project employs the outputs from MOVES-Matrix 4.0 to generate a data set that can be employed by users of the 2018 Fuel and Emissions Calculator (Version 3.0) to update energy use and emission rates to reflect the latest outputs from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA’s) MOVES 4.0 energy use and emission rate model for the Atlanta, Georgia summer scenario. The data employed in this project were generated as part of the National Center for Sustainable Transportation project entitled MOVES-Matrix 4.0 for High-Performance On-road Energy Use and Emission Rate Modeling Applications (Lu, et al., 2025). As described in this report, the team queried more than 90 billion cells within full MOVES-Matrix 4.0 data set to generate MOVES 4.0 data that can be substituted for the older MOVES 2014 data in Fuel and Emissions Calculator (FEC) Version 3.0 for Georgia. The query output data are contained in an Excel spreadsheet, allowing users to update their personal copies of the FEC. Should technology transfer funds become available in 2025 from another source, the research team will update and release the next full version of the FEC model, which will be accompanied by an updated user manual. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Fuel and Emissions Calculator, MOVES 4.0 Energy Use and Emission Rate Model, Energy Modeling, Environmental Assessment |
| Date: | 2025–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3671j460 |
| By: | Beyer, Andreas; Nobile, Lorenzo |
| Abstract: | Using a novel worldwide dataset of 5, 264 syndicated loans issued to 329 firms from 2006 to 2021, we study how climate-related litigation risk affects firm’s cost of borrowing. We find robust empirical evidence that firms targeted by climate lawsuits pay significantly higher spreads on their bank loans. These effects are more pronounced for firms with weaker environmental performance and higher ESG controversies. The results suggest that lender’s view climate litigation as a material risk factor, which is increasingly priced into debt contracts. JEL Classification: G21, G32, Q56, K32 |
| Keywords: | bank loans, climate lawsuits, litigation risk, loan spreads |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253087 |
| By: | Mikolajczak, Katarzyna; Gannon, Kate; Vincent, Katharine; Taing, Lina; Ingram, Will; de Bont, Chris; Damiba, Lucien; Shreedhar, Ganga; Kanyumba, Gloria; Truelove, Julie; Conway, Declan |
| Abstract: | This brief explores how behavioural research can better address complex, ‘wicked’ problems such as inclusive water security and climate adaptation by integrating systems thinking, human-centred design and critical social sciences. The BASIN project argues that behavioural research can be advanced by integrating systems thinking, human-centred design and critical social sciences. This expanded approach to applying behavioural research to wicked problems aims to foster more holistic, equitable and sustainable solutions to water insecurity in a changing climate. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129046 |
| By: | Dertwinkel-Kalt, Markus; Wey, Christian |
| Abstract: | To support the green transition in the automotive sector, the EU has introduced CO2 emission performance standards, also known as the excess emissions premium (EEP) regulation, which will tighten until 2035. Manufacturers exceeding their average fleet emission targets must pay a penalty. The regulation also allows pooling of fleets, enabling manufacturers to combine fleets. We analyze how this affects market outcomes. The EEP creates a positive externality of electric on conventional cars. Pooling eases compliance but may weaken competition among existing market players, while simultaneously encouraging the entry of electric-only manufacturers into the EU. |
| Keywords: | Green regulation, automotive industry, excess emissions premium |
| JEL: | D04 L11 L50 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:323231 |
| By: | König, Leonard Maximilian |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the role of language and discursive strategies in constructing and legitimizing truth claims about climate change as a security issue within the European Union (EU), focusing on European Parliament decisions and key Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) documents. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative computational linguistic techniques with qualitative critical discourse analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of how climate change is framed as a security threat in the EU's CFSP and its implications for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The findings reveal an increased emphasis on security implications of climate change, a higher focus on the relationship between climate change and security, and a shift in focus from topics such as migration, energy, and economic issues to human and environmental aspects, as well as defence and regional issues. The study also highlights the interconnectedness of securitisation and riskification framings in constructing climate change as a security issue within CFSP policy documents. These insights contribute to existing literature on climate change securitisation, critical discourse analysis, and policy-making within the EU context. The research underscores the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach to address climate change-related security risks, prioritizing actions that address both direct impacts of climate change on ecosystems and societies, enhancing collaboration with various stakeholders, and developing policies that encompass a wide range of strategies for mitigation and adaptation efforts. |
| Date: | 2025–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zfywa_v1 |
| By: | Till Köveker; Robin Sogalla |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing policies are usually combined with compensation for exposed firms to prevent adverse competitiveness effects. In cap-and-trade systems, this carbon cost compensation mostly occurs through free allocation of emission permits. Using an administrative panel of German manufacturing firms, this paper investigates how free allocation in the European Union Emissions Trading System affects firms’ competitiveness and their incentives to reduce emissions. Leveraging a reform of free allocation rules in a continuous difference-in-differences design, we find that that a reduction of freely allocated emission permits decreased firms’ emission intensity. Our results suggest that this decrease is driven by energy efficiency improvements instead of outsourcing of emission intensive production. On the other hand, we do not find statistically significant effects on firms’ employment, sales, value added, investments and exports – indicating that the reduction in free permits did not reduce firms’ competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | Cap and trade, permit allocation, industry compensation, greenhouse gas emissions, competitiveness, manufacturing firms |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 H23 D22 F18 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2133 |
| By: | de Bruin, Kelly C; Kyei, Clement Kweku; Henry, Loïc |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp788 |
| By: | Melisa Kurtis (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn); Axel Ockenfels (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn); Rastislav Rehák (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Despite widespread concern about climate change, voluntary mitigation efforts often fail to maximize impact. In two online experiments (n = 1, 500), we elicit willingness to mitigate (WTM) by allowing subjects to delete actual CO2 allowances and examine how they allocate the WTM between their own and another’s footprint. While 75% contribute a nonzero WTM, allocations are often inefficient, and many avoid freely available footprint information, suggesting limited efficiency concerns. Self-reported motives show that only half prioritize impact, while others cite fairness, personal responsibility, or intuition. Moreover, both WTM and efficiency are malleable by impact-unrelated nudges: a video emphasizing personal responsibility increases both, whereas social image based on the own footprint raises WTM but reduces efficiency. Our results suggest that voluntary climate action is shaped as much by psychological and social factors as by concern for impact. |
| Keywords: | climate change, pro-environmental behavior, climate action, willingness to mitigate, impact, efficiency, consequentialism, warm glow, fairness, online experiment |
| JEL: | C90 D01 D61 D62 D64 D83 D91 H41 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2025_13 |
| By: | Mario Liebensteiner; Alex Mburu Kimani |
| Abstract: | The gas price explosion during the 2021/22 European energy crisis prompted a shift from gas- to coal-fired electricity production. Empirical evidence on the environmental and health consequences of such a fuel-price shock - as opposed to policy reforms - is scarce. We fill this gap by quantifying how exogenous gas price surges reorder coal-gas marginal costs and, in turn, affect emissions and health outcomes. Using daily data (2015-2023) for six EU countries with substantial gas-to-coal switching potential, we estimate a two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) model to obtain causal effects of days on which gas is more expensive than coal. During the 510 days of the 2021/22 gas price surge when coal was cheaper, coal-fired generation rose by 23% (53 TWh, 95% CI: 43-63), driving a 10% increase in CO2 (36 Mt, 95% CI: 28-45 Mt), 19% in PM2.5 (187 t, 95% CI: 152-222 t), 10% in NOx (8, 442 t, 95% CI: 6, 573-10, 715 t), and 24% in SO2 (16, 238 t, 95% CI: 10, 947-21, 658 t). Applying literature-based damage factors, we find indicative increases in premature deaths and serious illnesses, with additional external health costs exceeding one billion EUR(2021). All figures are computed relative to a model-based counterfactual in which gas remained the cheaper option and represent short-term effect that disregard longer-term structural adjustments. The results highlight the substantial welfare costs of fuel price shock-induced switching and inform the design of policies that internalize these externalities. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, CO2 emissions, energy crisis, gas price shock, gas-to-coal switch, health effects |
| JEL: | I15 Q41 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12037 |
| By: | Hao Li; Tom Coupé (University of Canterbury); Andrea Menclova (University of Canterbury); Weihong Zeng |
| Abstract: | Wintertime ambient air quality in northern China has improved markedly over the past decade, yet the role of the household sector in this improvement remains unclear. This study evaluates the impact of an energy transition policy targeting the household sector—namely, the coal-to-gas policy—on wintertime air quality in northern China. Using balanced panel data covering the period from 2015 to 2023, we adopt a staggered difference-in-differences approach as our baseline empirical strategy to examine the policy’s effects across five implementation phases, and report results using heterogeneity-robust estimators to address the “forbidden comparison” issue. The results show that the policy significantly improved the Air Quality Index (8.3–12.5 %) and reduced concentrations of PM2.5 (9.8–15.6 %, ), PM₁₀ (8.2–12.7 %), SO₂ (26.4–33.6 %), and NO₂ (7.4–10.5 %), though this was accompanied by an increase in ozone concentrations (8.3–12.9 %). To explore channels, we analyze household-level data from both urban and rural areas. We find that the policy has significantly increased urban clean energy infrastructure, promoted the expansion of centralized heating systems, and raised the likelihood of households adopting clean energy in rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution; Coal-to-gas Policy; Energy transition; China |
| JEL: | Q53 Q48 Q42 C23 |
| Date: | 2025–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:25/11 |
| By: | Saha, Krishnendu; Das, Bijoy Chandra |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between CEO optimism and firm-level decarbonisation performance using a longitudinal dataset of 1, 600 publicly listed U.S. firms from 2010 to 2020. Drawing on Upper Echelons Theory (UET) and behavioural strategy, we examine how executive disposition shapes environmental outcomes across three key indicators: absolute greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, emissions intensity, and emissions disaggregated by scope (Scopes 1, 2, and 3). CEO optimism is operationalised through stock option-based measures of forward-looking executive behaviour. Our empirical analysis, employing fixed effects and instrumental variable estimations, reveals that optimistic CEOs are significantly associated with lower absolute emissions and improved emissions efficiency. The effect is most substantial for Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, areas under direct managerial control, while Scope 3 reductions exhibit weaker associations, indicating the limits of individual leadership traits in addressing complex, value chain-wide challenges. We argue that CEO optimism functions as a behavioural enabler of decarbonisation, facilitating long-term strategic investment and adaptive risk-taking. However, optimism also carries potential drawbacks, including miscalibrated ambition and overextension. The findings contribute to emerging scholarship on executive cognition and corporate climate action, offering theoretical and practical insights into how psychological traits influence organisational sustainability trajectories. |
| Date: | 2025–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:akf:cafewp:37 |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | Carbon emissions, or CO2 emissions, is an important but often overlooked factor affecting financial stability and bank profitability in non-crisis years. The effect of carbon emissions on financial stability and bank profitability in non-crisis years has not been examined in the literature. It is argued that carbon emissions can bring about changes in the environment that create health challenges and financial risks which affect bank profitability and pose a threat to the stability of the financial system in non-crisis years. This study examines the effect of carbon emissions on bank profitability and financial stability in non-crisis years. Twenty-two diverse countries were analysed in non-crisis years. The findings reveal that higher carbon emissions impair financial stability by decreasing banking sector solvency and capital buffer which impair financial stability. Institutional quality mitigates the adverse effect of carbon emissions on financial stability by ensuring greater banking sector solvency in carbon-intensive environments. Institutional quality also reinforces the positive relationship between carbon emissions and bank profitability, particularly banking sector non-interest income. Lagged nonperforming loans, institutional quality, economic growth and regulatory capital ratio are significant determinants of financial stability in non-crisis years while the determinants of bank profitability in non-crisis years are lagged return on asset, the efficiency ratio, institutional quality, inflation rate and unemployment rate. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, carbon emissions, climate change, financial stability, bank profitability, enviornment, economic growth, unemployment, inflation, pollution |
| JEL: | G21 G28 Q01 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125566 |
| By: | Henrik Egbert (Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines whether conspicuous destruction—typically observed in small groups or individuals—can emerge as a behavioral pattern in large, democratic societies. Using Germany’s energy transition as a case study, it explores how politically legitimized decisions lead to the dismantling and devaluation of existing energy infrastructure, including nuclear power plants and fossil fuel systems. This visible devaluation and destruction serve as political and social signals of Germany’s commitment to a green economy. The paper identifies three interrelated motives driving this process: the pursuit of status, the demonstration of power, and the display of economic wealth. These motives, commonly observed in small groups, help explain similar behavioral patterns in national policymaking within the energy sector. |
| Keywords: | conspicuous destruction; energy transition; wealth; climate status; Germany |
| JEL: | P17 Q42 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sko:wpaper:bep-2025-03 |
| By: | Scheer, Antonina; Tyson, Judith; Plyska, Sasha; Charkowska, Zuzanna; Dagnino Contreras, Valeria |
| Abstract: | This report presents a novel methodology to assess the presence of just transition elements in green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked (GSS+) bond frameworks. This methodology demonstrates how GSS+ bonds can be leveraged for the just transition, which can inform both issuers’ bond design and investor decision-making. The authors classify certain GSS+ bond framework characteristics – eligible expenditures, performance targets and post-issuance reporting – as just transition-related where activities cover both climate change mitigation and one of the following social themes: education, employment or equality. Where there is a causal link between the mitigation and social activities in question, the expenditure, target or reporting is considered just transition-focused. Using this methodology, they assess nearly all existing sovereign GSS+ bond frameworks, amounting to 68 in total, finding moderate evidence that just transition elements are present. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2025–04–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128998 |
| By: | Mikołajczak, Katarzyna; Mikolo Yobo, Christian; Chehoski, Eric; Tshibangu, Claudel; Schutgens, Maurice |
| Abstract: | Human–elephant conflict is a common problem in places where human activities and elephant habitats overlap, posing a serious threat to livelihoods and elephant conservation. In Gabon, the growing intensity of these conflicts in recent years has made it a key political issue. In 2022, Space for Giants, an international conservation non-governmental organisation, in support of the Ministry of Water, Forests, the Sea and the Environment, introduced a national mobile electric fencing programme to protect farmers from crop devastation by elephants. This report outlines the findings from our study of farmers’ experiences with Gabon’s mobile electric fencing programme. It also provides recommendations aimed at reducing the programme’s chance of failure and promoting a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between humans and forest elephants. |
| Keywords: | Africa; agriculture; behaviour change; behavioural insights; conservation; elephants; Gabon; research insight; service design |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–10–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129073 |
| By: | Felipe Córdova; Pablo García Silva; Federico Natho; Josué Perez; Mauricio Salas; Francisco Vásquez |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses significant challenges to economies worldwide, including Chile, where adverse effects are already evident and expected to worsen. To assess the financial impact of climate change, understanding agents' exposure to natural events is crucial yet challenging due to data scarcity. This paper focuses on evaluating exposure to physical risks in Chile, utilizing a novel approach that combines micro-level administrative sales data, firm-level debt information, and physical risk scenarios at the municipality level. The dataset covers all invoice transactions at the firm level in Chile, enabling precise computation of physical risk exposures. This granular approach provides unprecedented insights into climate change's potential impacts on economic sectors, agents, and regions. There is a high concentration of sales and banking debt in municipalities with high physical risks. About half of sales and debt are in municipalities that might face extreme heat episodes in the future, this number decreases to 15% when dealing with urban fire risk. The study contributes to closing data gaps in climate-related research, offering a comprehensive evaluation of physical risk exposures in all 345 municipalities in Chile. Results highlight the diverse economic landscape of Chile and sheds light on the country’s unique challenges, including water safety, extreme heat, urban fires, hydroelectric generation, and heat mortality, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance economic resilience. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchee:144 |
| By: | de Bruin, Kelly C; Henry, Loïc; Kyei, Clement Kweku; Yakut, Aykut Mert |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp790 |
| By: | Brune, Niclas; Vetter, Oliver A.; Walter, Phillip; Buxmann, Peter |
| Abstract: | The paper reports the results of a design science research study that develops design principles for information systems (IS) supporting environmental sensemaking by generative artificial intelligence (AI) in the use case of a personal assistant for sustainability reporting. We identify initial design principles based on the concept of sensemaking and related prior research on generative AI assistants. Afterward, we revise the design principles in two rounds of developing, demonstrating, and evaluating a prototypical implementation. Through the second round, we incorporate the knowledge of experts about the requirements of small and medium-sized organizations for which the technology stands to be particularly valuable. We thus contribute to research on incorporating generative AI-powered IS to foster corporate sensemaking, a process crucial for organizations’ sustainability reporting activities and climate change mitigation practices. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:155719 |
| By: | Nicholls, Mark |
| Abstract: | In March 2024, Climate Investment Funds (CIF) approved a US$85 million investment plan to support and accelerate coal phase-out in the West Balkans nation of North Macedonia. The plan, under CIF’s Accelerated Coal Transition Investment Program (ACT IP), is designed to trigger almost US$600 million in funding from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Bank and other public and private investors. This in turn will mobilise a total of €3 billion (US$3.4 billion) into the country’s wider Just Energy Transition Investment Platform (JETIP) by 2030. This case study explores the just transition elements of the ACT IP in the context of its wider investments in clean energy in North Macedonia. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 E6 |
| Date: | 2025–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128976 |
| By: | Sinclair, Maddie (University of Glasgow); Combet, Emilie; Papies, Esther K. |
| Abstract: | Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) communicate government-supported nutrition guidance and can support people in making sustainable food choices. However, FBDGs rarely contain explicit references to environmental sustainability. Here, we report the results of a mixed-methods survey to understand how UK participants (n = 305) interpret guidelines in the Eatwell Guide concerning sustainability, particularly the consumption of animal-based and plant-based foods. To contextualise findings through participants’ lifestyles, we also assessed dietary habits and priorities, and how they access nutrition information. Participants reported high familiarity with, but low use of, the Eatwell Guide, accessing nutrition information instead through online sources and food labels. Most participants felt the Eatwell Guide recommended a diet including plant-based foods and lower in animal-based foods; however, meat-eaters found the guidelines consistent with their diet and interpreted a diet supporting the consumption of animal-based foods. Participants were motivated to eat sustainably while prioritising food prices and animal welfare. Furthermore, participants struggled with accessing, trusting, and processing information about sustainability and food. These findings highlight a unique opportunity for the Eatwell Guide, and possibly other countries’ FBDGs, to convey consistent and accessible nutrition guidelines that integrate health and sustainability. Featuring clearer information in FBDGs to increase capacity in adopting sustainable dietary practices should happen alongside other initiatives (e.g. food labelling, prioritising plant-based foods in public procurement, subsidising fruits and vegetables) to support people in the transition towards environmentally sustainable diets. |
| Date: | 2025–08–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fu5a8_v1 |
| By: | Caggese, Andrea; Chiavari, Andrea; Goraya, Sampreet Singh; Villegas‑Sanchez, Carolina |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a general equilibrium framework to examine the effects of temperature on firm-level demand, productivity, and input allocation efficiency, deriving an aggregate damage function for climate change. Using data from Italian firms and detailed climate data, it uncovers a sizable negative effect of extreme temperatures on firm-level productivity and revenue-based marginal product of capital. Based on these estimates, the model generates aggregate productivity losses from local temperature fluctuations that are higher than previously thought, ranging from 0.60 to 6.82 percent depending on the scenario and the extent of adaptation. Notably, these losses are approximately four times greater than those estimated by averaging firm-level losses in a representative firm model, which does not capture frictions that alter allocative efficiency in a heterogeneous firm setting. Therefore, incorporating our framework into Integrated Assessment Models is likely to revise upwards the estimated economic costs of climate change. JEL Classification: Q54, D24, D22, O44 |
| Keywords: | aggregate productivity, allocative efficiency, climate change, firms |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253084 |
| By: | Gorjian, Mahshid |
| Abstract: | BACKGROUND: More U.S. communities are pushing for urban greening to make cities more sustainable and better able to handle climate change. Still, there is growing worried that greening efforts can make gentrification worse and force individuals who are already at risk to move. A recent study shows that improvements to the environment and changes in the housing market in rapidly changing urban areas are connected in many ways. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to empirically look at the order and factors that affect the connection between urban greening and gentrification in Denver, Colorado. The goal is to improve fair urban sustainability policies by looking at both numerical and descriptive data about how neighborhoods change, how people in those neighborhoods feel, and how policies respond. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was used, which included longitudinal geographic analysis, fieldwork, interviews with stakeholders, surveys of the community, and analysis of policy documents. The study looks at neighborhoods in Denver that are getting a lot of new green infrastructure and are seeing changes in their populations. Difference-in-differences modeling, theme coding, and triangulation of various data sources are all parts of data analysis. RESULTS: The results show that gentrification often happens before major urban greening projects, which sets the stage for future environmental investments that make exclusion and displacement worse. Quantitative models show big increases in eviction filings and rent burden after investments in green infrastructure. Qualitative statistics, on the other hand, show that vulnerable groups are likely to be displaced and that participatory planning is lacking. 1 IMPACT STATEMENT: This study gives new real-world data about how green gentrification changes over time, showing that both market factors and government policies affect how neighborhoods change. The study shows how policies should include anti-displacement strategies in programs to improve the environment and stresses the need for urban planning that is proactive and focused on fairness. Researchers and legislators who want to create fair and long-lasting cities are given suggestions. |
| Date: | 2025–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rnkbf_v1 |
| By: | Zehao Lin; Ying Liu; Congrong Pan; Lutz Sager |
| Abstract: | We estimate the effect of air pollution on sentiment using social media data from a panel of Japanese cities. To address concerns about potential endogeneity from unobserved simultaneous determinants of air pollution and sentiment, as well as measurement error, we instrument for air pollution using plausibly exogenous variation in atmospheric wind patterns. We find that a one-standard-deviation increase in fine (PM2.5) and small (PM10) particle concentrations reduces overall sentiment by 0.79% and 1.64% standard deviation respectively, which is composed of a more pronounced increase in negative sentiment and a smaller decrease in positive sentiment. Our unique dataset allows us to separately estimate effects on negative sentiment categories including anger, anxiety, and sadness. Our results suggest sentiment as one candidate mechanism, besides physiological and cognitive pathways, to explain the increasingly evident non-health damages from air pollution exposure on work productivity, road safety, sleep and crime. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, Twitter, sentiment, Japan |
| JEL: | I31 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12030 |
| By: | Perez Lopez Paula (European Commission - JRC); Delre Antonio (European Commission - JRC); Faraca Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); Wolf Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | "The Commission performed an assessment to verify the current suitability and relevance of EU Ecolabel criteria for printed paper, stationery paper, and paper carrier bag products in Commission Decision 2020/1803. The assessment concludes that the criteria for this product group are still up to date. However, the User Manual needs to be updated to clarify some unclear points according to the questionnaire feedback received from respondents. The analysis suggests that the established EU Ecolabel criteria should be revised in synergy with the development of ecodesign criteria in the framework of the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR). Although JRC recommendations for the first ESPR Working Plan excluded ‘Books and printed paper’ product group, main environmental impacts for paper were covered by the shortlisted intermediate product group Pulp, paper and board. Ecodesign criteria for the Commodity chemicals intermediate product group, which ranked second in the JRC recommendations, should also be considered. However, the first ESPR and Energy Labelling Working plan adopted and published in April 2025 has excluded both ‘pulp, paper and board’, and ‘chemicals’ for the period 2025-2030. In this context, criteria for printed paper, stationery paper and paper carrier bag products should be revised based on the knowledge generated by the BREF for pulp, paper and board and by the BREF for surface treatment using organic solvents. Since it is not known yet when both BREFs and ecodesign criteria will be developed neither for pulp, paper and board nor for chemicals related to the assessed product group, it is suggested to maintain the validity of the Commission Decision 2020/1803 as currently formulated until the expiration date on 31 December 2028." |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc141221 |
| By: | Hepburn, Cameron; Ives, Matthew C.; Loni, Sam; Mealy, Penny; Barbrook-Johnson, Pete; Farmer, J. Doyne; Stern, Nicholas; Stiglitz, Joseph |
| Abstract: | Reaching net-zero emissions will involve a structural transformation of the global economy. The transition is complicated by deep uncertainty about the new economic configurations that will emerge, coordination challenges, and non-linear dynamics amidst shifting political winds, where nation states are actively intervening to gain comparative advantage in key technologies. Here, we consider key economic questions about the net-zero transition that are of interest to finance ministries, based on a recent survey. Specifically, this paper asks: ‘What is the most effective way economic models and frameworks can help guide policy, given the complexity and uncertainty involved?’ We suggest five general criteria that models and frameworks should meet, and provide some guidance on how to select the right model for the question at hand—there is no single model to rule them all. A range of examples are offered to illustrate how models can be used and abused in the provision of economic advice to policy-makers. We conclude by noting that there are several gaps in our collective modelling capability that remain to be addressed. |
| Keywords: | carbon price; carbon tax; climate; climate policy; economy; finance ministry; integrated assessment models |
| JEL: | Q54 Q55 Q58 C63 C68 |
| Date: | 2025–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129031 |
| By: | Kirill Borissov; Nigar Hashimzade |
| Abstract: | We examine a green transition policy involving a tax on brown goods in an economy where preferences for green consumption consist of a constant intrinsic individual component and an evolving social component. We analyse equilibrium dynamics when social preferences exert a positive externality in green consumption, creating complementarity between policy and preferences. The results show that accounting for this externality allows for a lower tax rate compared to policy ignoring the social norm effects. Furthermore, stability conditions permit gradual tax reductions or even removal along the transition path, minimising welfare losses. Thus, incorporating policy-preference interactions improves green transition policy design. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.17415 |
| By: | Magacho, Guilherme; Spinola, Danilo |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a continuous-time behavioural ecological macroeconomic model grounded in the dynamic input–output (IO) framework, named ESTEEM, and applies it to the Brazilian economy. The model is calibrated using Brazil’s IO matrix, and its primary goal is to serve as a policy and scenario-building toolbox, illustrated here through the Brazilian Economic Transformation Plan (Plano de Transformação Ecológica), announced at COP28 in 2023. Tailored for open developing economies, the model extends traditional IO analysis by integrating dynamic feedback loops, sectoral investment behaviour, inventory dynamics, wage and price formation, environmental pressures and constraints, and a range of policy instruments. Combining structuralist foundations with system dynamics, ESTEEM captures both short-term disequilibrium and long-term development paths, allowing simulations of industrial policy, fiscal and monetary interventions, structural change, and ecological transitions. Key innovations include the endogenisation of capital accumulation, adaptive expectations, and green technological change. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic input-output; Ecological macroeconomics; Brazilian economy; Structuralism; Sustainable finance; Balance-of-Payment constraints; Green industrialization. |
| Date: | 2025–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:akf:cafewp:38 |
| By: | Abeeb Olaniran (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, South Africa); David Gabauer (Department of Financial and Business Systems, Lincoln University, New Zealand); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Onur Polat (Department of Public Finance, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | Climate-related risks have become a growing source of market disruption, with potential behavioral implications for investor decision-making. This study investigates whether and how climate risks influence risk aversion among market participants. Using a quantilogram approach, we examine the predictive power of different climate risk measures, covering both physical and transition risks, for a behavioral proxy of investor risk aversion. The analysis yields three key findings. First, climate risks significantly increase risk aversion, particularly in the lower and median quantiles of climate risk and the upper quantiles of risk aversion. Second, physical risks exert a stronger influence than transition risks, with global warming and U.S. climate-related policy uncertainty emerging as the most impactful within their respective categories. Third, the observed effects remain robust after controlling for other sources of macroeconomic and financial uncertainty. These findings suggest that climate risks can dampen investor risk appetite, a result with important implications for financial market stability and the design of disaster-related financial policy interventions. |
| Keywords: | Climate-related risks, Quantilogram frameworks, Quantiles, Predictability, Risk aversion |
| JEL: | C21 C22 G32 G41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202524 |
| By: | Toni Mora (Research Institute for Evaluation and Public Policies (IRAPP), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya.); Manuel Flores (Serra Hunter Fellow, Department of Applied Economics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.); David Roche (Research Institute for Evaluation and Public Policies (IRAPP), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya.) |
| Abstract: | To what extent does air pollution in low-pollution settings affect children’s health? Which children benefit most from further reductions, and what factors moderate this relationship? We address these questions using the universe of administrative medical records from the universal public healthcare system in Catalonia (Spain) between 2013 and 2017. We combine these data with spatio-temporal kriging techniques to construct complete time-by-location data on several air pollutants and environmental confounders. We then instrument for local PM10 concentrations—the main reference pollutant for air quality policies at the time—using variation in local wind direction in a multiple fixed effects model. Our primary outcome is respiratory-related healthcare visits, a measure of child morbidity. We find that even at relatively low ambient levels, increases in PM10 concentrations raise the incidence of respiratory-related visits. Our preferred instrumental variables estimate indicates that a 1 µg/m³ (or 4.5%) increase in PM10 leads to a 0.5% increase in overall respiratory visits, driven mainly by lower respiratory illnesses, which carry more serious health implications than other respiratory illnesses. We also find evidence of heterogeneous effects, with the youngest children (ages 0–5) and those exposed during hot or drier months being most affected. We estimate that the observed decline in PM10 concentrations during our sample period may have prevented approximately 16 million respiratory-related visits and saved around €800 million in direct healthcare costs. The results highlight the value of targeted public health interventions, particularly for young children and during periods of elevated environmental risk. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; low-pollution setting; healthcare use; respiratory illnesses; children; spatio-temporal kriging; instrumental variables. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2507 |
| By: | Grimm, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The research presented in this PhD thesis examines various aspects of oyster mushroom cultivation and food security, focusing on production, sustainability and adaptation in the case of Uganda. Due to population growth, decreasing crop land availability, depletion of agricultural resources and climate change, landless food production and circular agricultural systems could play a more important role in the future. It is particularly important to develop sustainable production techniques adapted to the context of sub- Saharan Africa, where the challenges are the greatest. Oyster mushrooms are protein-rich, high-yielding, can by cultivated on a wide range of crop residues and are the most commonly cultivated mushroom in Uganda and many other African countries. This makes them an important subject to study in the context of food security. A review of the scientific literature on mushroom cultivation in the context of recycling discusses several pathways in which mushroom cultivation can contribute to the agricultural system as a whole, in addition to the primary objective of producing mushrooms. The use of spent mushroom substrate for vermicomposting to produce high quality compost and earthworms that can be used as animal feed may be the most promising circular model. However, there are many other options, such as using the mushrooms themselves as animal feed or producing several mushroom species in succession on the same substrate. Since sustainable mushroom production requires an integration with crop and livestock production within a circular system, it is an important question which substrates to use for cultivation. The use of nutrient- poor straw from cereals and legumes for oyster mushroom cultivation is a good option, as these substrates only have very limited value as animal feed. The productivity of four different types of straw was determined experimentally. Maize and soy straw were particularly productive, yielding 9.2 and 8.6 g of dry mushrooms per 100 g of dry substrate. Faba bean straw was significantly less productive, with only 6.6 % of the substrate being converted into mushrooms. However, faba bean straw, which had the highest nitrogen content of the four straw types that were compared, also produced mushrooms with a higher protein content. Wheat straw, on the other hand, was found to be an inferior substrate, yielding only 3.8 g of dry mushrooms per 100 g of dry substrate. Approximately 60 - 80 % of the dry matter, carbon and nitrogen is retained in the spent mushroom substrate after cultivation and between 3.5 kg (on wheat straw) and 2.6 kg (on soy straw) of carbon is emitted per kg of mushroom produced. Despite promising prospects, some aspects of current mushroom production are not sustainable. In particular, the pasteurization or sterilization of mushroom substrates uses a lot of energy and water. In an experimental comparison of four different methods, hot air pasteurization emerges as the most sustainable option. However, it was also found that sterilization can significantly increase oyster mushroom yields compared to pasteurization. The first harvest was up to 50 % higher when the substrate was autoclaved, while no significant difference could be found between the different pasteurization methods. Adapting the use of sustainably sourced substrates and of resource-efficient pasteurization or sterilization methods to Uganda, was found to be challenging but ultimately have great potential for improving local food security. In a case-study, including field work, key-informant interviews and a mushroom cultivation experiment, maize stover was found to be an underutilized resource. 13 % more food and 33 % more protein could be produced on the same land if maize stover was used for mushroom cultivation instead of being burned, which is currently a common practice in Uganda. The main challenges to realizing this potential are infrastructural barriers for collecting and preparing maize straw for mushroom cultivation and for distributing cheap, high-quality mushroom spawn. It is also important to enable Ugandan mushroom farmers to use more sustainable pasteurization practices if mushroom production is to be promoted in the country. Given the great potential of mushroom production to increase food security and improve the 59 sustainability of the agricultural production, more resources should be devoted to researching mushroom cultivation in circular food systems and developing solutions that are applicable to the sub-Saharan African context. |
| Abstract: | Die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellte Forschung untersucht verschiedene Aspekte des Austernpilzanbaus und der Ernährungssicherheit mit Schwerpunkt auf Produktion, Nachhaltigkeit und Anpassung am Beispiel Ugandas. Aufgrund des Bevölkerungswachstums, der abnehmenden Verfügbarkeit von Ackerland, der Erschöpfung landwirtschaftlicher Ressourcen und des Klimawandels könnten landlose Nahrungsmittelproduktion und zirkuläre landwirtschaftliche Systeme in Zukunft eine wichtigere Rolle spielen. Es ist besonders wichtig, nachhaltige Produktionstechniken zu entwickeln, die an den Kontext sub- Sahara Afrikas angepasst sind, wo die Herausforderungen am größten sind. Austernpilze sind proteinreich, ertragreich, können auf einer Vielzahl von Ernterückständen angebaut werden und sind die am häufigsten angebauten Pilze in Uganda und vielen anderen afrikanischen Ländern. Dies macht sie zu einem wichtigen Studienobjekt im Kontext der Ernährungssicherheit. Bei der Analyse der wissenschaftlicher Literatur zum Pilzanbau in Recycling-Kontexten wurden mehrere Möglichkeiten diskutiert wie der Pilzanbau neben dem primären Ziel der Pilzproduktion zum landwirtschaftlichen System insgesamt beitragen kann. Die Verwendung von verbrauchtem Pilzsubstrat für die Wurmkompostierung zur Erzeugung von hochwertigem Kompost und Würmern, die als Futter verwendet werden können, könnte das vielversprechendste Kreislaufmodell sein. Aber auch viele andere Optionen, wie die Verwendung der Pilze selbst als Tierfutter oder die Produktion mehrerer Pilzarten nacheinander auf demselben Substrat, sind erwähnenswert. Da eine nachhaltige Pilzproduktion eine Integration mit Pflanzen- und Tierproduktion innerhalb eines zirkulären Systems erfordert, ist es eine wichtige Frage, welche Substrate für den Anbau verwendet werden sollen. Die Verwendung von nährstoffarmem Getreide- und Leguminosenstroh ist für den Austernpilzanbau ist eine gute Option, da diese Substrate nur einen sehr begrenzten Wert als Tierfutter haben. Die Produktivität von vier verschiedenen Strohsorten wurde experimentell ermittelt. Mais- und Sojastroh waren besonders produktiv und lieferten 9, 2 bzw. 8, 6 g Trockenpilz pro 100 g Trockensubstrat. Ackerbohnenstroh war signifikant weniger produktiv, wobei nur 6, 6 % des Substrats in Pilze umgewandelt wurden. Ackerbohnenstroh, das den höchsten Stickstoffgehalt der vier verglichenen Strohtypen hatte, produzierte jedoch auch Pilze mit einem höheren Proteingehalt. Weizenstroh hingegen erwies sich mit nur 3, 8 g Trockenpilz pro 100 g Trockensubstrat als minderwertiges Substrat. Zwischen 60 - 80 % der Trockenmasse, des Kohlenstoffs und Stickstoffs blieben im verbrauchten Pilzsubstrat nach dem Anbau zurück, und zwischen 3, 5 kg (bei Weizenstroh) und 2, 6 kg (bei Sojastroh) Kohlenstoff wurden pro kg produzierter Pilze emittiert. Trotz vielversprechender Aussichten sind einige Aspekte der derzeitigen Pilzproduktion nicht nachhaltig. Insbesondere die Pasteurisierung oder Sterilisierung von Pilzsubstraten verbraucht viel Energie und Wasser. Im experimentellen Vergleich von vier verschiedenen Methoden erwies sich die Heißluftpasteurisierung als die nachhaltigste Option. Es wurde jedoch auch festgestellt, dass Sterilisierung mit einem Autoklaven die Erträge von Austernpilzen im Vergleich zur Pasteurisierung signifikant erhöhen kann. Die erste Ernte war bis zu 50 % größer, wenn das Substrat autoklaviert wurde, während zwischen den verschiedenen Pasteurisierungsmethoden kein signifikanter Unterschied festgestellt werden konnte Die Verwendung nachhaltig produzierter Substrate und ressourceneffizienter Pasteurisierungs- oder Sterilisierungsmethoden erwies sich im ugandischen Kontext als herausfordernd, birgt jedoch großes Potenzial zur Verbesserung der Ernährungssicherheit. In einer Fallstudie, die Feldarbeit, Interviews und ein Experiment zur Pilzzucht umfasste, wurde festgestellt, dass Maisstroh häufig unproduktiv genutzt wird. 13 % mehr Nahrungsmittel und 33 % mehr Protein könnten auf der gleichen Fläche produziert werden, wenn 60 Maisstroh für den Pilzanbau verwendet würde, anstatt es zu verbrennen, was derzeit in Uganda weit verbreitet ist. Die Hauptprobleme bei der Realisierung dieses Potenzials sind infrastrukturelle Barrieren bei der Sammlung und Aufbereitung von Maisstroh für den Pilzanbau und bei der Bereitstellung von preiswerter, hochwertiger Pilzbrut. Es ist auch wichtig, ugandische Pilzbauer in die Lage zu versetzen, nachhaltigere Pasteurisierungspraktiken anzuwenden, wenn die Pilzproduktion im Land gefördert werden soll. Angesichts des großen Potenzials der Pilzproduktion die Ernährungssicherheit zu erhöhen und die Nachhaltigkeit der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion zu verbessern, sollten mehr Mittel für die Erforschung des Pilzanbaus in zirkulären Ernährungssystemen und für die Entwicklung von Lösungen die auf den Kontext in Subsahara-Afrika anwendbar sind, bereitgestellt werden. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:323200 |
| By: | Reena Singh (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Purvi Thangaraj (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Ashok Gulati |
| Abstract: | Agrifood systems are vital for the achievement of 2030 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) Targets 2030, particularly Target 18 "Repurpose detrimental incentives for biodiversity". This report inform about the general linkages between agrifood incentives and their potential adverse effects on the agrobiodiversity. The report synthesizes, calculates, and assesses the extent and impact of Agrifood Budgetary Support (AFBS) provided at the national and state (Punjab, Madhya Pradesh and Telangana) levels. India's AFBS increased from ₹ 355 billion to ₹6328 billion per annum between FY01 to FY25. In TE 2024, it was ₹ 7076 billion, which is 17.3 per cent of the total budget expenditure and 2.7 per cent of the country's GDP. As this report demonstrates that the unconditional subsidies linked to the inputs can lead to negative environmental and biodiversity outcomes. Of the total AFBS, 28 per cent of the support was found to be detrimental to biodiversity. Instead of incentivizing biodiversity harmful practices, India should assess options to repurpose subsidy policies to neutralize their effects on biodiversity. This is also critical to the resource mobilization to implement the KM-GBF. |
| Keywords: | Agrifood, biodiversity, AFBS, harmful practices, icrier, UNDP, food-policies |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:report:25-r-17 |
| By: | Cloé Garnache; Elisabeth Isaksen; Maria Nareklishvili |
| Abstract: | The transition to a low-carbon economy requires a contraction of fossil fuel sectors, raising questions about the labor market costs of reallocation. We study the 2014 oil price shock as a natural experiment to examine the contraction of Norway’s oil industry. Using matched employer–employee data, we estimate long-run effects on earnings and employment using two complementary approaches. A difference-in-differences design shows moderate losses for all oil workers, while an event study reveals substantially larger and more persistent losses among displaced workers—up to 10% in earnings and 5% in employment nine years after displacement, especially for those with lower educational attainment. Although few displaced workers transition into green jobs, they are equally likely to enter green and brown (non-oil) sectors when accounting for the size of each destination sector. Earnings losses are larger for those entering green jobs rather than brown (non-oil) jobs, but smaller than for those entering other sectors. Decomposition results indicate that differences in establishment wage premiums—rather than skill mismatch—explain most of the observed gaps. |
| Keywords: | green transition, oil industry, job displacement, distributional effects, establishment wage premium, skills mismatch |
| JEL: | Q32 Q52 J24 J63 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12057 |
| By: | Nicholls, Mark |
| Abstract: | Spain’s Just Transition Institute (ITJ) has developed a series of innovative tenders linking grid access for renewables to job creation and social and environmental programmes. The first will see utility Endesa investing €1.5 billion in the municipality of Andorra, Aragón. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–02–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129002 |
| By: | Li, Zikai (University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | Can targeted tax credits designed to stimulate renewable energy development in areas vulnerable to economic decline shift voters’ support? While advocates argue that economic gains from such incentives can realign political preferences by altering local communities' cost-benefit calculations, competing mechanisms such as disruptions to these communities and ideological resistance may offset these effects or even trigger backlash. Focusing on the Energy Community Tax Credit Bonus (ECTCB) under the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, I use a two-dimensional regression discontinuity (2DRD) design to estimate its impact on the Democratic share of the two-party vote in the 2024 presidential election. The analysis suggests a small negative effect (point estimate: −0.0039; 95% confidence interval: [−0.0078, −0.0002]). These findings contribute new causal evidence to the debate on the electoral effects of place-based climate policies. This paper also makes methodological contributions by improving a recently proposed 2DRD estimator with bagging and the delta bootstrap. Through Monte Carlo simulations, I show the refined estimator exhibits less bias and greater efficiency than common alternatives. |
| Date: | 2025–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:s4nje_v1 |
| By: | Matteo Crosignani; Emilio Osambela; Matthew Pritsker |
| Abstract: | Are carbon emissions priced in equity markets? The literature is split with different approaches yielding conflicting results. We develop a stylized model showing that, if emissions are priced, stock returns depend on expected emissions and the product of the innovation in emissions and the price-dividend ratio. Building on this insight, we derive and test new predictions. We find that emissions are priced in equity markets, but the magnitude of such pricing is highly sensitive to the inclusion of a few “super emitters” (mostly operating in electric power generation). Our theoretical insight also helps reconcile seemingly divergent results in the literature. |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions; stock returns; cost of capital; ESG |
| JEL: | D62 G11 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:101379 |
| By: | Neuhoff, Karsten; Sato, Misato; Ballesteros, Fernanda; Böhringer, Christoph; Borghesi, Simone; Cosbey, Aaron; Das, Katsuri; Ismer, Roland; Johnston, Angus; Linares, Pedro; Matikainen, Sini; Pauliuk, Stefan; Pirlot, Alice; Quirion, Philippe; Rosendahl, Knut Einar; Sniegocki, Aleksander; van Asselt, Harro; Zetterberg, Lars |
| Abstract: | This report argues that Europe’s climate policymakers must prepare options to ensure the resilience of its industrial strategy in a global context of increasing fragmentation, and proposes a ‘climate contribution’ approach. In particular, the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) may not be sufficient to provide a level playing field if other countries do not pursue comparable carbon pricing strategies. The report is authored by a group of academics from institutions across Europe, [i] led by Karsten Neuhoff and Misato Sato, and published by the Grantham Research Institute with DIW Berlin and the Centre for Economic Transition Expertise (CETEx). |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–01–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129054 |
| By: | Sithole, Mixo Sweetness |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the impact of extreme climate change on inflationary expectations and its implications for macroeconomic policy in South Africa over the period 1970 to 2023. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the analysis explores both the short run and long run relationships between inflation and key climate and macroeconomic indicators, including temperature anomalies, agricultural output, food production, broad money supply, real interest rates, and carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. The ARDL bounds test confirmed the existence of a long run cointegration relationship among the variables. Empirical findings revealed that rising temperatures and C02 emissions exert significant inflationary pressures in both the short run and long run. Conversely, increases in agricultural output and money supply are associated with disinflationary effects. The error correction term is negative and statistically significant, indicating a rapid adjustment towards equilibrium following short-term shocks. Diagnostic tests confirmed the stability and robustness of the model. These findings underscored the macroeconomic significance of climate change and highlighted the need for the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) to incorporate climate-related risks into its inflation-targeting framework and broader policy formulation. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, inflation, temperature, central bank, microeconomic policy, South Africa |
| JEL: | Q11 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125395 |
| By: | António Afonso; José Alves; Najat Bazah; A. J. Sánchez-Fuentes |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the efficiency of public expenditure in the 27 European countries in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we map performance over the period 1995-2023, incorporating Musgravian functional spending – redistribution, allocation, public services, and private activities – as input variables, and constructing synthetic indices for the five pillars of the 2030 Agenda –people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership – as outputs. Results indicate that input efficiency scores range from 0.77 to 0.95, while output scores range from 0.88 to 0.93, suggesting a potential 5%-23.5% increase in inputs or a 7%-11.7% improvement in outputs. Denmark, Ireland, and Finland are efficient throughout the entire period, with strategic reductions in public spending correlating with high SDG performance. Sweden also has high efficiency and leads in multiple pillars by 2023. Conversely, the peace pillar remains the least achieved, while the people pillar shows the greatest progress. |
| Keywords: | public spending, sustainable development goals (SDGs), data envelopment analysis (DEA), government spending efficiency |
| JEL: | C61 H11 H72 O57 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12036 |
| By: | Paul Stainier; Manisha Shah; Alan Barreca |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of temperature during the growing season on household diets in the subsequent year in rural India, a setting with a high prevalence of small family farms. High growing season temperatures reduce crop yields, which would presumably reduce incomes and home-grown food for consumption. However, household adaptation could mitigate how the reductions in yields affect diets. We find that heat increases the number of strongly undernourished households in the subsequent year, as measured by the consumption of calories, iron, zinc, thiamine, and niacin. We also find suggestive evidence that households adapt to heat-induced losses of home-grown crops by purchasing more food. |
| JEL: | O13 Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34047 |
| By: | Owen Kay; Michael David Ricks |
| Abstract: | Pigouvian subsidies are efficient, but output subsidies with uncertain or limited durations are not Pigouvian. We show that optimal “time-limited” policies must also subsidize investment to correct externalities generated after the output subsidy ends. Furthermore, an output subsidy’s optimal duration is characterized by the change in production when it ends. In the wind-energy industry, we find that power generation decreases by 5-10% after the end of facilities’ ten-year eligibility for the Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit. This behavioral response has implications for energy transitions and highlights how time limits could cause larger distortions in more elastic industries. |
| Keywords: | energy taxes and subsidies; renewable energy; optimal taxation; policy uncertainty |
| JEL: | H23 H21 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:101407 |
| By: | Diego R. Känzig; Maximilian Konradt; Lixing Wang; Donghai Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between green innovation and the business cycle, revealing that while non-green innovation is procyclical, green innovation is countercyclical. This pattern holds unconditionally over the business cycle and conditional on economic shocks. Motivated by these findings, we develop a business cycle model with endogenous green and non-green innovation to explain their distinct cyclical behavior. The key mechanism operates through a ‘green is in the future’ channel: green patents are expected to generate higher profits in the future, making green patenting less sensitive to short-term economic fluctuations. In general equilibrium, this channel is reinforced, making green and non-green innovation effective substitutes. We provide direct evidence supporting the model mechanism using data on market-implied values of green and non-green patents. |
| JEL: | E32 O31 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34041 |
| By: | Iimi, Atsushi |
| Abstract: | Many developing cities are facing rapid population growth and extreme climate events. This paper examines the link between job accessibility and climate vulnerability, using data from Antananarivo, Madagascar, which frequently experiences flooding. As in other countries, the analysis finds that men’s commutes are longer than women’s, who tend to walk to work or use public transport. Even after controlling for observables and the potential endogeneity bias associated with commute time, the findings show that climate vulnerability negatively impacts wages, as people avoid commuting long to work due to anticipated potential climate risks. Building climate resilience into urban transport is therefore essential. As predicted by theory, the evidence also shows that the value of commuting is positive, and walking is disadvantageous. Motorized commuting yields higher returns, which could lead to overuse of private cars and taxis, posing decarbonization challenges. |
| Date: | 2025–08–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11180 |
| By: | António Afonso; José Alves; Alessio Ferrara; Sofia Monteiro |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the fiscal multipliers of green public spending using a linear Bayesian Panel VAR and a Smooth Transition VAR framework, with quarterly data for the period 1995Q1–2022Q4 for EU member states. We group EU member states based on similarities in debt trajectories and green spending intensity, forming three regional aggregates: Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Northern Europe. Our results show that green spending multipliers on GDP are generally below one, but the response of private investment is significantly stronger — particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe. Multipliers tend to be larger in periods of high public debt, suggesting that green fiscal expansions may be more effective during downturns. Another key finding is that in response to green spending shocks, both long-term interest rates and public debt tend to decline — especially in high-debt regimes — indicating improved market expectations about fiscal sustainability. In contrast, when we estimate the effects of a shock to total public spending net of green spending, we find that both interest rates and debt increase. This suggests that economic agents perceive green spending more favorably than undifferentiated fiscal expansions, likely due to its role in mitigating climate risks, lowering long-term energy costs, and signaling credible long-term policy commitments. |
| Keywords: | green fiscal multipliers, debt trajectories, interest rates, Bayesian Panel Vector Autoregression (BVAR) |
| JEL: | C23 E44 E62 G15 H62 H63 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12039 |
| By: | Gardner, Benjamin (University of Surrey); Walker, Ian (Swansea University); Daly, James Edward Michael; Brown, Julia (University of Portsmouth); Voss, Sofie; Pereira-Doel, Pablo (University of Surrey) |
| Abstract: | The UK water sector wants to embrace behavioural science to alleviate water scarcity. We co-created, with over 100 individuals from 60 organisations within the UK water sector, an agenda to identify behaviour change priorities. Three activities were undertaken: a workshop, online survey, and webinar. Written input (workshop, webinar) was synthesised to identify and thematise key questions. Survey data quantified the prioritisation of questions. Of seven themes identified, five focused on consumers (identifying behaviour change targets, understanding water use perceptions and behaviour, navigating public acceptability, developing behavioural solutions, contextualising behaviour change), and two on the water sector (building capacity and knowledge, moving beyond behaviour change). Fixing leaks, showering, and toilet-flushing were deemed the most important behaviours to change. Prioritised knowledge gaps focused on identifying behaviours to target, and delivering effective and acceptable water efficiency initiatives. The agenda can be used to guide future domestic water efficiency behaviour change research and action. |
| Date: | 2025–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9j6zk_v1 |
| By: | Gardner, Benjamin (University of Surrey); Walker, Ian (Swansea University); Daly, James Edward Michael; Brown, Julia (University of Portsmouth); Voss, Sofie; Pereira-Doel, Pablo (University of Surrey) |
| Abstract: | The UK water sector wants to embrace behavioural science to alleviate water scarcity. We co-created, with over 100 individuals from 60 organisations within the UK water sector, an agenda to identify behaviour change priorities. Three activities were undertaken: a workshop, online survey, and webinar. Written input (workshop, webinar) was synthesised to identify and thematise key questions. Survey data quantified the prioritisation of questions. Of seven themes identified, five focused on consumers (identifying behaviour change targets, understanding water use perceptions and behaviour, navigating public acceptability, developing behavioural solutions, contextualising behaviour change), and two on the water sector (building capacity and knowledge, moving beyond behaviour change). Fixing leaks, showering, and toilet-flushing were deemed the most important behaviours to change. Prioritised knowledge gaps focused on identifying behaviours to target, and delivering effective and acceptable water efficiency initiatives. The agenda can be used to guide future domestic water efficiency behaviour change research and action. |
| Date: | 2025–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9j6zk_v3 |
| By: | Mahshid Gorjian |
| Abstract: | 1.1 Background Parks and the greening of schoolyards are examples of urban green spaces that have been praised for their environmental, social, and economic benefits in cities all over the world. More studies show that living near green spaces is good for property values. However, there is still disagreement about how strong and consistent these effects are in different cities (Browning et al., 2023; Grunewald et al., 2024; Teo et al., 2023). 1.2 Purpose This systematic review is the first to bring together a lot of geographical and statistical information that links greening schoolyards to higher property prices, as opposed to just green space in general. By focusing on schoolyard-specific interventions, we find complex spatial, economic, and social effects that are often missed in larger studies of green space. 1.3 Methods This review followed the PRISMA guidelines and did a systematic search and review of papers that were published in well-known journals for urban studies, the environment, and real estate. The criteria for inclusion stressed the use of hedonic pricing or spatial econometric models to look at the relationship between urban green space and home values in a quantitative way. Fifteen studies from North America, Europe, and Asia met the requirements for inclusion (Anthamatten et al., 2022; Wen et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019; Mansur & Yusuf, 2022). |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.19934 |
| By: | Timmons, Shane; Shier, Adam Joachim; Poluektova, Olga; Lunn, Pete |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp792 |
| By: | Chowdhury, Emon |
| Abstract: | The rapid industrialization and economic growth of Bangladesh, particularly in the ready-made garment sector, have raised significant concerns about sustainability. This study investigates how businesses and consumers in Bangladesh are incorporating sustainability into their practices and decision-making. By exploring factors influencing the adoption of these practices, their impact on financial performance, and consumer attitudes toward sustainability, the research contributes to understanding the sustainability scenario of Bangladesh. Data from 225 businesses and 639 consumers were analyzed. Findings reveal a growing emphasis on these factors among businesses, linked to improved financial outcomes. However, challenges such as consumer price sensitivity and limited knowledge about sustainability persist. While consumer awareness of sustainability is increasing, a significant segment remains willing to pay a premium for sustainable products. The study highlights the importance of businesses embracing these practices and the need for supportive policies to foster a sustainable future. |
| Keywords: | ESG; sustainability; Bangladesh; consumer behavior; SDG |
| JEL: | F0 M2 P4 |
| Date: | 2025–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125326 |
| By: | Weltersbach, Marc Simon; Lewin, Wolf-Christian; Haase, Kevin; Funk, Steffen Christian; Ferter, Keno; Strehlow, Harry Vincent |
| Abstract: | Plattfische wie Scholle (Pleuronectes platessa), Flunder (Platichthys flesus) und Kliesche (Limanda limanda) zählen zu den wichtigsten Zielfischarten der Angelfischerei in der Nord- und Ostsee. In der Ostsee werden jährlich erhebliche Mengen Plattfische durch die Angelfischerei gefangen, wobei rund ein Viertel der gefangenen Fische zurückgesetzt wird. Trotz dieser hohen Rücksetzraten fehlten bisher Studien über die Überlebensraten von zurückgesetzten Plattfischen und mögliche nicht-letale Auswirkungen des Zurücksetzens. Diese Wissenslücke erschwerte sowohl eine genaue Einschätzung der durch die Angelfischerei verursachten fischereilichen Sterblichkeit als auch die Entwicklung eines nachhaltigen Fischereimanagements. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, das Selektionsverhalten und die Fangcharakteristika verschiedener Hakengrößen bzw. -typen zu untersuchen, die Überlebensraten von zurückgesetzten Plattfischen zu ermitteln sowie Faktoren zu identifizieren, die die Rücksetzsterblichkeit beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus sollten spezifische Empfehlungen für Angler und Bewirtschafter entwickelt werden, um die Rücksetzsterblichkeit zu verringern und das Fischwohl in der Plattfischangelfischerei zu verbessern. Im Rahmen einer Citizen-Science-Studie beteiligten sich 195 freiwillige Angler an einer sechsmonatigen Angeltagebuchstudie und angelten mit standardisierten Vorfächern, um das Selektionsverhalten und die Fangcharakteristika von kleinen (Hakengröße 2) und großen (Hakengröße 2/0) Haken in der Plattfischangelfischerei unter realistischen Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Sie dokumentierten 623 Angeltage mit einem Gesamtfang von 1.763 Schollen, 883 Klieschen und 1.370 Flundern. Zusätzlich wurde ein Feldexperiment in der westlichen Ostsee mit freiwilligen Anglern auf einem Angelkutter von März bis August 2023 durchgeführt. Auf dem Angelkutter wurde mit denselben standardisierten Vorfächern mit kleinen (Hakengröße 2), großen (Hakengröße 2/0) und einem neu entwickelten Haken mit Schluckbarriere (Hakengröße 2) geangelt. Für die Untersuchung der Überlebensraten nach dem Zurücksetzen wurden in sechs Versuchsdurchgängen insgesamt 1.474 Schollen, 378 Klieschen und 49 Flundern in ein 6- bis 7- tägiges Hälterungsexperiment einbezogen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass weder die Hakengröße noch der Hakentyp signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Einheitsfänge (Anzahl Plattfische pro Angler und Angeltag) hatten. Mit größeren Haken wurden jedoch signifikant größere Plattfische gefangen, wenngleich die Unterschiede in der Praxis gering blieben. Größere Haken und insbesondere die Haken mit Schluckbarriere führten zu einer signifikanten Verringerung des Anteils von Fischen mit tief geschluckten Haken. Das Feldexperiment ergab, dass die Rücksetzsterblichkeit von Plattfischen mit 6, 9 % insgesamt gering war, wobei Flundern die niedrigste Sterblichkeitsrate (4, 1 %) aufwiesen, gefolgt von Schollen (6, 6 %) und Klieschen (8, 7 %). Faktoren wie das tiefe Verschlucken des Hakens, eine lange Luftexposition, die Verwendung kleiner Haken und hohe Wassertemperaturen beim Fang erhöhten die Sterblichkeit nach dem Zurücksetzen signifikant. Diese Studie zeigt, dass die meisten zurückgesetzten Plattfische in der Angelfischerei überleben und somit dem Bestand erhalten bleiben. Um die Sterblichkeit weiter zu reduzieren, sollten Angler Zusammenfassung 4 die richtigen Haken wählen (Hakenbogenbreite > 13 mm), aufmerksam bei der Bisserkennung sein und schnell anschlagen, eine lange Luftexposition vermeiden und das Zurücksetzen bei hohen Wassertemperaturen minimieren. Ein spezieller Plattfischhakenlöser (Drehmethode) könnte die Überlebensraten bei tief geschluckten Haken zusätzlich erhöhen. Auch die Entwicklung und Erprobung von speziellen Haken (z.B. Haken mit Schluckbarriere oder Kreishaken) oder Systemen, um das tiefe Verschlucken des Hakens in der Plattfischangelfischerei zu verhindern, sollte vorangetrieben werden. Die vorliegende Studie soll dazu beitragen, eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Plattfischbestände zu fördern und Aspekte des Fischwohls in der Angelfischerei auf Plattfische zu verbessern. |
| Abstract: | Flatfish such as plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), flounder (Platichthys flesus), and dab (Limanda limanda) are among the most important recreational fisheries target species in the North and Baltic Sea. In the Baltic Sea, significant quantities of these species are caught by recreational fishing, with approximately one-quarter of the caught fish being released. Despite these high release proportions, there have not been previous studies on the survival or potential sublethal impacts for these species when released in recreational fisheries. These knowledge gaps have hindered both accurate assessment of recreational fishing mortality and the development of sustainable fisheries management. The aim of this study was to investigate the selectivity and catch characteristics of different hook sizes and types in the recreational flatfish fishery, determine the survival rates of recreationally caught and released flatfish, and identify factors influencing post-release mortality. Furthermore, the study sought to develop species- and fishery-specific recommendations for anglers and fisheries managers to reduce post-release mortality and improve fish welfare. As part of a citizen science project, 195 volunteer anglers participated in a six-month angling diary study and fished with standardized flatfish rigs to investigate the selectivity and catch characteristics of small hooks (size 2) and large hooks (size 2/0) in the recreational flatfish fishery. They reported 623 fishing days, resulting in a total catch of 1, 763 plaice, 883 dab, and 1, 370 flounder. Additionally, a field experiment was conducted with volunteer anglers on a charter vessel in the western Baltic Sea between March and August 2023. Onboard, the anglers used the same standardized rigs as the diarists with small hooks (size 2), large hooks (size 2/0), and a newly developed hook (size 2) with a swallow barrier. To investigate post-release survival rates, a total of 1, 474 plaice, 378 dab, and 49 flounder were included in six net cage holding experiments (6-7 days holding period). The study showed that neither hook size nor hook type had significant effects on catch rates. However, large (2/0) hooks yielded significantly larger flatfish, although the differences in practice were small. Large hooks, and especially hooks with swallow barriers, significantly reduced the proportion of deep hooking. The field experiment revealed that the overall post-release mortality across all species was low (6.9%), with flounder exhibiting the lowest mortality rate (4.1%), followed by plaice (6.6%) and dab (8.7%). Factors such as deep hooking, prolonged air exposure, the use of small hooks, and high water temperatures during capture significantly increased post- release mortality. The study demonstrates that most released flatfish survive and thus remain part of the population. To further reduce post-release mortality, anglers should choose appropriate hooks (hook gape > 13 mm), be attentive when detecting bites and strike as fast as possible, avoid prolonged air exposure, and minimize releasing fish at high water temperatures. A special flatfish hook remover could further improve survival rates for fish that are deep hooked. The development and testing of special hooks (barrier or circle hooks) or systems to prevent deep hooking in recreational flatfish Summary (Englisch) 6 fisheries should also be promoted. This study aims to contribute to the sustainable management of flatfish stocks and to improve fish welfare in recreational flatfish fishing. |
| Keywords: | Angelfischerei, Citizen Science, Flunder, Kliesche, Ostsee, Rückwürfe, Scholle, Sterblichkeit, Baltic Sea, Catch-and-Release, discard, flatfish, post-release mortality, recreational fishing |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:323207 |
| By: | Sandra Bilek-Steindl; Thomas Url (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | Die 17 "Sustainable Development Goals" (SDG) der Vereinten Nationen streben eine globale nachhaltige Entwicklung auf ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Ebene an. Der vorliegende Research Brief liefert eine Aktualisierung des frühzeitigen Monitorings von SDG 8 für Österreich. Aufbauend auf dem jährlichen SDG-Monitoring von Eurostat und unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Entwicklung in Österreich auf Basis der WIFO-Konjunkturprognose und von Nowcasts wird eine Einschätzung der Zielerreichung für 2025 vorgenommen. Diese wird weiterhin durch die schwache konjunkturelle Dynamik beeinflusst, wenngleich mit der Aktualisierung das von der COVID-19-Pandemie geprägte Jahr 2020 als Vergleichsgrundlage herangezogen wird, und sich damit die Bewertung der Entwicklung des realen BIP pro Kopf sowie der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit verbessert. Während sich die mittelfristige Tendenz der tödlichen Arbeitsunfälle und die Armutsgefährdungsquote von Erwerbstätigen verschlechtert, bleibt die aktuelle Bewertung hinsichtlich der Erwerbstätigenquote, der Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit sowie dem Rohstoffverbrauch unverändert positiv, jene der Investitionsquote bleibt negativ. |
| Date: | 2025–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2025:i:10 |
| By: | Sherry, Maeve; Kassian, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | The Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) legislation came into effect in England from February 2024 and represents a significant shift in planning regulations. Now that the legislation exists – and a new government is in place – this policy report presents the case for integrating BNG and natural flood management to enhance urban resilience, including integration of BNG funding with local authorities’ natural flood risk management projects. This can best be achieved through appropriate policy measures, better leveraging of insurance underwriting solutions, and research and collaboration. The report sets out recommendations for national government, local authorities, the insurance sector and others, intended to help amplify the legislation’s impact. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 E6 |
| Date: | 2024–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129057 |
| By: | Landini, Fabio; Lunardon, Davide; Rinaldi, Riccardo; Tredicine, Luigi |
| Abstract: | The need to achieve a safe and just ecological transition is a key target of European policy makers. Green jobs are often presented as key levers to achieve this objective, as they enable the creation of new employment opportunities across a wide spectrum of occupations, including low skill ones. In this paper we investigate if and how these opportunities are seized by one of the most vulnerable segment of the labor force, namely migrants. By relying on detailed administrative data covering more that 12 million contract activations in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) we document that, after controlling for potential confounders, migrants are less likely than natives to find employment in green jobs. Moreover, when they do, they have higher chances to be hired with either a fixed-term or an agency contract. Heterogeneity analysis across industries and occupations reveals that such precarious employment patterns are driven primarily by firm attempts to reduce green costs. These results are rationalized through the lenses of institutional segmentation theory. Related policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Green Jobs, Migrant Workers, Precarious Employment, Institutional Segmentation |
| JEL: | Q52 J24 J15 J41 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1636 |
| By: | Christopher R. Knittel; Juan Ramon L. Senga; Shen Wang |
| Abstract: | Data centers are among the fastest-growing electricity consumers, raising concerns about their impact on grid operations and decarbonization goals. Their temporal flexibility—the ability to shift workloads over time—offers a source of demand-side flexibility. We model power systems in three U.S. regions: Mid-Atlantic, Texas, and WECC, under varying flexibility levels. We evaluate flexibility's effects on grid operations, investment, system costs, and emissions. Across all scenarios, flexible data centers reduce costs by shifting load from peak to off-peak hours, flattening net demand, and supporting renewable and baseload resources. This load shifting facilitates renewable integration while improving the utilization of existing baseload capacity. As a result, the emissions impact depends on which effect dominates. Higher renewable penetration increases the emissions-reduction potential of data center flexibility, while lower shares favor baseload generation and may raise emissions. Our findings highlight the importance of aligning data center flexibility with renewable deployment and regional conditions. |
| JEL: | D61 L94 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34065 |
| By: | Mercer, Leo; Mikolajczak, Katarzyna; Chan, Tiffanie |
| Abstract: | This submission was made in response to an open consultation by the UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), on land use in England to support design of a future Land Use Framework (LUF) for England. It integrates insights from across the research expertise at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129039 |
| By: | Ingram, Will; Dookie, Denyse; Mikolajczak, Katarzyna; Vincent, Katharine; Brewer, Tim; Barry, Djibril; Komakech, Hans; Degange, Abel; Chinangwa, Walter; Taing, Lina; Mhando, Christina; Thorseth, Astrid; Truelove, Julie; Lalika, Christossy; Gungulundi, Vitus Tondelo; Punch, Alastair; Kaiser, Jeanette L.; Joshua, Miriam; Casey, Vincent; Conway, Declan; Gannon, Kate |
| Abstract: | The BASIN project – Behavioural Adaptation for Water Security and Inclusion – is breaking new ground by bringing behavioural research into the challenging area of climate change adaptation and water insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. BASIN is a large transdisciplinary research project made up of four universities, three NGOs across seven country offices, and an intermediary knowledge broker organisation, with up to 50 team members at any one time. The process of designing the project is therefore new and exploratory, both in terms of the subject matter and the priorities of the partners. From its conception, BASIN has followed an integrated, synthesised approach to co-designing research to reconcile the different priorities and cultures of research and practice. This co-design process is outlined within this brief. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129045 |
| By: | Nima Taheri Hosseinkhani |
| Abstract: | With the increasing frequency of major natural disasters, understanding their political consequences is of paramount importance for democratic accountability. The existing literature is deeply divided, with some studies finding that voters punish incumbents for disaster-related damages, while others find they reward them for relief efforts. This paper investigates the electoral consequences of natural disasters for incumbent mayors, broader electoral dynamics, and the long-term political ambition of officeholders. The study leverages a comprehensive panel dataset of over 10, 000 candidate-election observations in U.S. mayoral races from 1989 to 2021, combining detailed election data with a global registry of disaster events. To identify causal effects, the analysis employs a robust dynamic two-way fixed-effects event-study design, validated by extensive pre-trend and placebo tests. The findings reveal that the electoral impact of disasters is highly conditional on their timing. A disaster that strikes in the same quarter as an election provides a significant electoral boost to incumbents, increasing their vote share by over 6 percentage points. However, disasters consistently suppress voter turnout, reducing it by an average of 1.4 percentage points. In a novel finding, the analysis demonstrates that the experience of managing a disaster significantly increases an incumbent's likelihood of seeking re-election in the subsequent cycle by as much as 12 percentage points. These findings help reconcile conflicting theories of retrospective voting by highlighting the critical role of voter myopia and salience. They also reveal a previously undocumented channel through which crises shape political careers, suggesting that disaster management is not only a test of governance but also a catalyst for political ambition. [The current version is a preprint.] |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.14331 |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Just six years away from the date set for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals established in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an unprecedented level of concerted action is called for. All stakeholders will have to strengthen their resolve to find and put in place lasting solutions. Although the Sustainable Development Goals are global in scope, their achievement will hinge on the ability to make their attainment a reality at the subnational, local and territorial levels, including individual towns, cities and regions. The purpose of this manual is to share lessons learned and to support local governments’ efforts to territorialize the 2030 Agenda based on the preparation of voluntary local reviews. |
| Date: | 2025–03–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:81387 |
| By: | Laura Álvarez-Román (Banco de España); Sergio Mayordomo (Banco de España); Carles Vergara-Alert (IESE Business School); Xavier Vives (IESE Business School) |
| Abstract: | We study a model of the impact of climate risk on credit supply and test its predictions using data on all wildfires and corporate loans in Spain. Our findings reveal a significant decrease in credit following climate-driven events. This result is driven by outsider banks (large and diversified), which reduce lending significantly to firms in affected areas. By contrast, due to their access to soft information, local banks (geographically concentrated) reduce their loans to opaque affected firms to a lesser extent without increasing their risk. We also find that employment decreases in affected areas where local banks are not present. |
| Keywords: | wildfire, asymmetric information, bank heterogeneity, firm lending. |
| JEL: | Q54 G21 G32 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2406 |
| By: | Taheri Hosseinkhani, Nima (Auburn University) |
| Abstract: | With the increasing frequency of major natural disasters, understanding their political consequences is of paramount importance for democratic accountability. The existing literature is deeply divided, with some studies finding that voters punish incumbents for disaster-related damages, while others find they reward them for relief efforts. This paper investigates the electoral consequences of natural disasters for incumbent mayors, broader electoral dynamics, and the long-term political ambition of officeholders. The study leverages a comprehensive panel dataset of over 10, 000 candidate-election observations in U.S. mayoral races from 1989 to 2021, combining detailed election data with a global registry of disaster events. To identify causal effects, the analysis employs a robust dynamic two-way fixed-effects event-study design, validated by extensive pre-trend and placebo tests. The findings reveal that the electoral impact of disasters is highly conditional on their timing. A disaster that strikes in the same quarter as an election provides a significant electoral boost to incumbents, increasing their vote share by over 6 percentage points. However, disasters consistently suppress voter turnout, reducing it by an average of 1.4 percentage points. In a novel finding, the analysis demonstrates that the experience of managing a disaster significantly increases an incumbent's likelihood of seeking re-election in the subsequent cycle by as much as 12 percentage points. These findings help reconcile conflicting theories of retrospective voting by highlighting the critical role of voter myopia and salience. They also reveal a previously undocumented channel through which crises shape political careers, suggesting that disaster management is not only a test of governance but also a catalyst for political ambition. [This version is a preprint.] |
| Date: | 2025–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tyr9a_v1 |
| By: | Chan, Tiffanie; Soubeyran, Éléonore; Gannon, Kate; Heckwolf, Anika; Hizliok, Setenay; Cristancho-Duarte, Camila; Monsignori, Giorgia; Scheer, Antonina; Feyertag, Joseph; Higham, Catherine; Averchenkova, Alina; Vélez-Echeverri, Juliana |
| Abstract: | This submission draws on research conducted at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment to present eight key recommendations for Parties to the UNFCCC which address the priorities of the second dialogue of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP) and relate to its three focus areas: Approaches for empowering all actors and segments of the society for a fair and inclusive workforce transition to meet Paris Agreement goals. Unpacking the full range of means of implementation (finance, technology and capacity building) for a just transition of the workforce: exploring current approaches, opportunities and gaps. International cooperation and partnerships for people-centric and equitable just transitions. |
| Keywords: | gender; workers; just transition; legislation; low-carbon transition; Ministries of Finance; NDC; UAE JTWP; UNFCCC |
| JEL: | R14 J01 E6 |
| Date: | 2024–10–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129076 |
| By: | Misra, Shashank; Kulshreshtha, Shobhit |
| Abstract: | India consistently ranks among the countries with the highest levels of ambient air pollution worldwide. At the same time, it faces significant challenges in neonatal health, with newborns having low average birth weights and a high incidence of being born within the low birth weight (LBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) category. Using data from the Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we examine the impact of in-utero exposure to particulate matter on a number of birth weight indicators. We exploit variation in wind direction during the in-utero period to capture quasi-random variation in particulate matter exposure for each child. We find that reducing in-utero PM2.5 exposure by one standard deviation would lead to 1.3% increase in average birth weight, a 2.7 percentage point decrease in the incidence of LBW births and a 0.6 percentage point decrease in the incidence of VLBW births respectively. Drawing on estimates from prior studies, we find that the observed improvements in both average birth weight and reductions in LBW incidence from meeting WHO air quality standards could yield substantial long-run economic benefits, potentially amounting to billions of dollars annually in addition to broader gains in child health, cognition, and educational outcomes. |
| Keywords: | birth weight, air pollution, in-utero exposure, India |
| JEL: | J13 I12 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1635 |
| By: | Kristian S. Blickle; Evan Perry; João A. C. Santos |
| Abstract: | Recent natural disasters have renewed concerns about insurance markets for natural disaster relief. In January 2025, wildfires wreaked havoc in residential areas outside of Los Angeles. Direct damage estimates for the Los Angeles wildfires range from $76 billion to $131 billion, with only up to $45 billion of insured losses (Li and Yu, 2025). In this post, we examine the state of another disaster insurance market: the flood insurance market. We review features of flood insurance mandates, flood insurance take-up, and connect this to work in a related Staff Report that explores how mortgage lenders manage their exposure to flood risk. Mortgages are a transmission channel for monetary policy and also an important financial product for both banks and nonbank lenders that actively participate in the mortgage market. |
| Keywords: | flooding; housing; insurance |
| JEL: | G52 G21 |
| Date: | 2025–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:101400 |
| By: | Resendiz, Jose L.; Ranger, Nicola; Sulaeman, Johan; Broadstock, David C. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Southeast Asia’s sustainability-linked finance (SLF) market—an emerging class of instruments that tie borrowing costs to sustainability outcomes—and its treatment of risks such as deforestation and biodiversity loss. Using market analysis and a retrieval-augmented generation approach to extract corporate-report data, we assess the alignment between Sustainability Performance Targets (SPTs), firms’ disclosed KPIs and the TNFD’s global guidance across 2017-2024, covering over 200 deals worth nearly USD 20 billion. Companies frequently report performance that exceeds their SPTs; although this appears positive, the excess metrics are not subject to SPT-level verification, weakening accountability and increasing greenwashing risk. We find that over 60% of nature-related KPIs—especially water and waste—are omitted from SPTs, exposing inconsistencies between what firms monitor and what their financiers reward. Sustainability-linked loans dominate activity, led by Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia, while other SLF instruments lag behind. We recommend aligning disclosures with SLF SPTs using emerging standards, accrediting financial institutions that act as sustainability coordinators to vet SPTs in the SLF deals, and introducing fiscal incentives like tax exemptions and credit guarantees to mobilise investment and reduce greenwashing risks. |
| Keywords: | nature-related risks; corporate reporting; sustainability-linked finance; key performance indicators |
| JEL: | G18 Q56 G32 K32 Q51 |
| Date: | 2025–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129042 |
| By: | Nicholls, Mark |
| Abstract: | Philippines-based utility ACEN Renewables is planning to use the carbon markets to accelerate its coal plant closure and fund a just transition for workers and the local community. This ‘work in progress’ highlights the practical questions around how to govern and price the just transition in an inclusive way. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129010 |
| By: | Natural Resources Conservation Service; Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory |
| Abstract: | The 1992 National Resources Inventory (NRI) is the latest in a series of inventories conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service. It provides updated information on the status, condition, and trends of land, soil, water, and related resources on the Nation’s nonfederal land. This report presents national and state results from the 1992 NRI for selected data elements. Included in this report are statistics for land cover/use, changes in land cover/use, prime farmland, erosion estimates, earth cover, wetlands, and conservation treatment needs. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:364779 |
| By: | Atta Ul Mustafa |
| Abstract: | This study develops a conceptual simulation model for a tokenized recycling incentive system that integrates blockchain infrastructure, market-driven pricing, behavioral economics, and carbon credit mechanisms. The model aims to address the limitations of traditional recycling systems, which often rely on static government subsidies and fail to generate sustained public participation. By introducing dynamic token values linked to real-world supply and demand conditions, as well as incorporating non-monetary behavioral drivers (e.g., social norms, reputational incentives), the framework creates a dual-incentive structure that can adapt over time. The model uses Monte Carlo simulations to estimate outcomes under a range of scenarios involving operational costs, carbon pricing, token volatility, and behavioral adoption rates. Due to the absence of real-world implementations of such integrated blockchain-based recycling systems, the paper remains theoretical and simulation-based. It is intended as a prototype framework for future policy experimentation and pilot projects. The model provides insights for policymakers, urban planners, and technology developers aiming to explore decentralized and market-responsive solutions to sustainable waste management. Future work should focus on validating the model through field trials or behavioral experiments. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.19901 |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Centre for Econometrics & Applied Research, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Ahamuefula E. Ogbonna (Centre for Econometrics & Applied Research, Ibadan, Nigeria); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Yunhan Zhang (Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the predictive content of climate policy uncertainty (CPU) for forecasting the inflation rate of the United States (US) over the monthly period of 1987:05 to 2024:11. We evaluate the performance of our proposed CPU-based predictive model, estimated via the Feasible Quasi Generalized Least Squares (FQGLS) approach, against a historical average benchmark model, with the FQGLS technique adopted to account for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation in the data. We find statistical evidence in favor of a CPU-based model relative to the benchmark, as well as in case of an extended model involving physical risks of climate change and financial and macroeconomic factors, extracted from a large data set, when CPU is included. The predictive superiority of climate policy-related uncertainties relative to the historical mean continues to be robust under alternative local and global metrics of CPU, as well as in a mixed-frequency set-up, given the availability of high-frequency (weekly) CPU data. Moreover, the importance of local- and global-CPUs is also found to hold in forecasting the inflation rates of 11 other advanced and emerging countries in a statistically significant manner compared to the historical average model. Though across all the 12 economies, own- and global-CPUs perform equally well in forecasting the respective inflation rates. The general importance of uncertainties surrounding policy decisions to tackle climate change in shaping the future path of inflation, understandably, carries implications for the monetary authority. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy Uncertainty, Inflation, Forecasting |
| JEL: | C22 C53 E31 E37 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202525 |
| By: | Zenghelis, Dimitri |
| Abstract: | Drawing on the latest evidence from a range of disciplines, this joint University of Cambridge and London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) policy report aims to assist decision-makers in HM Treasury (HMT) and beyond by offering constructive suggestions on how to help steer the UK economy through this transition, on to a path that boosts productivity, incomes, and employment, while maintaining healthy public finances and sustainable public debt. The report asks fundamental questions: is reaching net zero a growth and prosperity plan? If so, how much do we need to invest, can we afford it, and how do we pay for it? Are there less ambitious options which might be economically expeditious? To answer this, a conceptual understanding of the nature of the challenge and the drivers of innovation and structural change is needed. This further calls for a broadening of the analytical toolkit with profound conclusions for policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | net zero; UK policy; economic growth; green investment; UK |
| JEL: | R14 J01 E6 |
| Date: | 2024–10–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129072 |
| By: | Menéndez de Medina, Maria (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance) |
| Abstract: | Trade worldwide is being reshaped by two major megatrends: advanced digitalization of production and the transition towards environmentally sustainable goods. This chapter examines for the first time the perspective of twin transition export and import diversification within a multi-dimensional economic complexity approach (Nomaler & Verspagen, 2024b, 2024d) and investigate whether this type of productive transformation perpetuates path-dependency processes in 80 countries over 2000-2018. The results suggest that an export/import productive structure based on twin transition products exhibit different economic performance, sustainability, and inequality implications. Productive specialization in these products has been very path-dependent and with a low engagement of developing countries and hence, reinforcing the core-periphery trade division. Furthermore, results suggest that developments in digital and green technological paradigms mainly take place in a selected number of countries that are already highly developed. |
| JEL: | F14 O10 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2024032 |
| By: | Yukihiro Nishimura (Osaka University and CESifo) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a Kantian equilibrium framework that extends the global pollution model with private ownership, where agents condition their contributions on a universalizable moral imperative reflecting both income and preference heterogeneity. For both the Lindahl outcome and other proposed mechanisms, we identify specific proportionality conditions under which Kantian reasoning replicates these solutions as equilibrium behavior. We further show that the provision of public good does not necessarily increase with income inequality, and that some solutions exhibit invariance to inequality. Finally, we demonstrate that tradable permits may fail to achieve sufficient international redistribution to Southern countries to generate Pareto improvements over the voluntary contribution (disagreement) equilibrium. Grandfathering involves a form of proportionality between income and permit endowments, we show that this structure is better motivated by altruism. Our analysis contributes to a reinterpretation of morally grounded mechanisms for global public good provision, bridging normative ethics with economic design. |
| Keywords: | Global externalities, Kantian equilibrium, Income inequality, International emissions trading |
| JEL: | H41 D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:2504r2 |
| By: | Castillo, José Gabriel; Hernandez, Manuel A. |
| Abstract: | Preferences play a key role in decision-making and are generally assumed as time-invariant in economic modeling despite the mixed empirical evidence. We examine the stability of individual and social preferences in rural settings using the COVID-19 pandemic as a major global shock. We employ a unique longitudinal dataset comprising 1, 262 smallholder households, based on interviews with household heads conducted across four survey waves between 2019 and 2022. We find a temporal, two-year shift in risk tolerance, while interpersonal trust and generosity perceptions show a sustained deterioration over three years. We explore possible variations by household characteristics and the degree of exposure to the virus, self-confinement, and extreme weather events. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; decision making; extreme weather events; risk; rural areas; stability; Guatemala; Americas; Central America |
| Date: | 2025–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:175452 |
| By: | Ye Zhang; Eric Zou |
| Abstract: | We develop an experimental framework to identify the belief-based and taste-based drivers of demand for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) partnerships. Our study implements two symmetric experiments with real startup founders and venture capital (VC) investors, who evaluate hypothetical profiles under the understanding that their responses will inform an algorithm generating personalized real-world matches. We find a significant ESG penalty: profiles randomly labeled with ESG attributes receive substantially lower collaboration interest from both founders and VCs. This penalty is primarily driven by negative performance beliefs—ESG-labeled profiles are perceived as less profitable and less accessible. To isolate taste-based preferences, we further implement a willingness-to-pay experiment in which participants may forgo part of a lottery reward to receive additional match recommendations of comparable quality. Participants randomly offered ESG-oriented recommendations are now significantly more likely to pay, revealing a latent preference for ESG once performance concerns are held constant. These findings highlight a tension between financial returns and personal values: in current market conditions, concerns about profitability obscure an underlying taste for ESG. |
| JEL: | C91 C93 G24 L26 M13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34048 |
| By: | Cristhian D. Prieto; Arthur Grimes; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | Disasters adversely affect mental well-being. However, little is known about their causal effects on diagnosed psychological disorders or the mediating role of earnings. This study uses a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences approach (SDID) to examine Cyclone Gabrielle’s impact on workers’ mental health and earnings in New Zealand. By leveraging administrative data on prescribed medications and income tax records, we find that workers residing in heavily damaged areas were more likely to be prescribed medication for treating psychological disorders than those living in similar unaffected areas. Contrary to common belief, income effects played a limited role in mediating the impact of disaster damage on mental health. Instead, physical and emotional trauma due to direct exposure emerged as key mechanisms influencing mental health outcomes. These findings underscore the critical role of non-economic factors in shaping psychological well-being following disasters triggered by natural hazards. |
| Keywords: | cyclone, disaster, mental health, stress, anxiety, medication |
| JEL: | I10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12009 |
| By: | Lucas Woodley; Chung Yi See; Daniel Palmer; Ashley Nunes |
| Abstract: | Preowned vehicles are disproportionally purchased by low-income households, a group that has long been unable to purchase electric vehicles. Yet, low-income households would disproportionally benefit from EV adoption given the operating costs savings offered by electrification. To help realize this benefit, provisions of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act offer preowned EV purchasing incentives. How effective might these efforts be. Leveraging data from the United States Census Bureau, the National Household Travel Survey, and the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies Model, we address this question. Our findings are fourfold. First, we demonstrate that although low-income households are more likely to benefit from preowned EV purchasing incentives offered by IRA, up to 8.4 million low-income households may be ineligible owing to heterogeneity in vehicle procurement pathways. Second, we show that program ineligibility risks preventing up to 113.9 million tons in lifecycle emissions reduction benefits from being realized. Third, we find that procurement pathways depend on vehicle price. More expensive preowned vehicles are purchased directly from commercial dealers, while less expensive preowned vehicles are purchased from private sellers. These procurement pathways matter because qualification for IRA incentives necessitates purchasing solely from commercial dealers. Fourth, we demonstrate that while incentives motivating preowned vehicle purchases from commercial dealers may be effective if the vehicle is expensive, this effectiveness diminishes at higher price points. The implications of our findings on decarbonization efforts and energy policy are discussed. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.15054 |
| By: | de Bruin, Kelly C; Deger, Çagaçan; Yakut, Aykut Mert |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp791 |
| By: | Rosella Castellano (UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]); Roy Cerqueti (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with an intergenerational utility maximization problem for consuming a naturally exhaustible resource. In this context, we are at odds with the unfair standard procedure of applying a time-dependent factor for discounting the utility and introducing a suitable function for penalizing overconsumption. A finite-time horizon dynamic stochastic optimization problem is presented to achieve the desired target. We provide a closed-form solution to the problem which does not lead forcefully to the classical golden rule outcome of not consuming now to save the future. The theoretical findings are validated through extensive numerical experiments, with a parameter set selected based on empirical data. Such experiments highlight that optimal consumption depends strongly on the natural resource regeneration rate and the initial value of the stock. |
| Keywords: | Stochastic optimal control, Simulations, Sustainability, Natural resources |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05108867 |
| By: | Markus Dertwinkel-Kalt; Anna Ressi; Christian Wey |
| Abstract: | To counter the threat of deindustrialization due to soaring energy prices and facilitate a green transition, policymakers have devised new subsidy schemes such as the "bridge electricity price" (BEP). To analyze this, we develop a model, where the principal introduces a subsidy program to prevent the agent from exiting and facilitate green investments, which would end the agent's reliance on the subsidy. We demonstrate that, while successfully mitigating deindustrialization, the subsidy can lead to unintended consequences. First, the principal's commitment problem can lower investment incentives and lead to the subsidy program being everlasting. Second, it can induce a "subsidy trap'", drawing non-targeted agents into the subsidy scheme. Lastly, it can reinforce the exit problem it intended to solve by encouraging opportunistic investments. When applying our results to the BEP, we conclude that the fiscal costs of this subsidy could, therefore, far exceed initial projections. |
| Keywords: | deindustrialization, bridge electricity price, electrification, green transition, subsidy trap |
| JEL: | D04 L11 L50 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12012 |
| By: | Surender Raj Vanniya Perumal; Mark Thissen; Marleen de Ruiter; Elco E. Koks |
| Abstract: | Disasters often impact supply chains, leading to cascading effects across regions. While unaffected regions may attempt to compensate, their ability is constrained by their available production capacity and logistical constraints between regions. This study introduces a Multi-Regional Impact Assessment (MRIA) model to evaluate the regional and macroeconomic consequences of disasters, capturing regional post-disaster trade dynamics and logistical constraints. Our findings emphasize that enhancing production capacity alone is inadequate; regional trade flexibility must also be improved to mitigate disaster impacts. At the regional level, disaster-affected areas experience severe negative impacts, whereas larger, export-oriented regions benefit from increased production activity. Additionally, we propose a sectoral criticality assessment alongside the more common sensitivity and incremental disruption analysis, which effectively identifies sectors with low redundancy while accounting for the potential for regional substitution in a post-disaster scenario. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.00510 |
| By: | Maximilian Bernecker; Smaranda Sgarciu; Xiaoming Kan; Mehrnaz Anvari; Iegor Riepin; Felix M\"usgens |
| Abstract: | This study develops a capacity expansion model for a fully decarbonized European electricity system using an Adaptive Robust Optimization (ARO) framework. The model endogenously identifies the worst regional Dunkelflaute events, prolonged periods of low wind and solar availability, and incorporates multiple extreme weather realizations within a single optimization run. Results show that system costs rise nonlinearly with the geographic extent of these events: a single worst-case regional disruption increases costs by 9%, but broader disruptions across multiple regions lead to much sharper increases, up to 51%. As Dunkelflaute conditions extend across most of Europe, additional cost impacts level off, with a maximum increase of 71%. The optimal technology mix evolves with the severity of weather stress: while renewables, batteries, and interregional transmission are sufficient to manage localized events, large-scale disruptions require long-term hydrogen storage and load shedding to maintain system resilience. Central European regions, especially Germany and France, emerge as systemic bottlenecks, while peripheral regions bear the cost of compensatory overbuilding. These findings underscore the need for a coordinated European policy strategy that goes beyond national planning to support cross-border infrastructure investment, scale up flexible technologies such as long-duration storage, and promote a geographically balanced deployment of renewables to mitigate systemic risks associated with Dunkelflaute events. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.11361 |
| By: | Selvaraju, Sangeeth |
| Abstract: | This report highlights key indicators relevant to the just transition from the homegrown Business Responsibility Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) in India and creates a tool that investors and companies can use to signal just transition activities. Based on 2023–24 BRSR disclosures by companies, the report applies its methodology to companies in the steel, cement, power and mining sectors. It analyses how each company demonstrates actions and achievements against the International Labour Organization’s just transition indicators, and where they could make improvements, mapped against the relevant BRSR principles. This illustrates how investors and companies could use information from the BRSR to assess relevant corporate just transition-related activities. |
| JEL: | L81 |
| Date: | 2025–03–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129000 |
| By: | Gupta, Mehul; Kannan, Smruthi Bala; Bhalla, Kavi; Goel, Rahul |
| Abstract: | What are the primary policy and economic barriers to e-bicycle adoption in Delhi, India? In cities in India, individual private mobility is dominated by motorized two-wheelers, with a policy push towards large shifts to electric mobility and, therefore, a sustainable shift in transportation. E-bicycles are at the margins of electric mobility policy and have an ambiguous presence in the policy documents. This paper explores the unique possibilities and challenges that e-bicycles pose in urban India through exploratory qualitative research interviews with current e-bicycle users and retailers in Delhi and other stakeholders such as manufacturers and a policy analyst in Delhi, India. We begin the paper by describing how e-bicycles are defined in the Indian scenario and their place within a spectrum of two-wheelers. Following a description of the research methodology, the paper explores the affordability of e-bicycles, how current taxation and subsidy regimes shape e-bicycle retail, the interviewee’s reflections regarding the safety concerns of using e-bicycles on the city’s roads, its physical health and accessibility benefits, and convenience of charging and repair. We conclude with a discussion on the need for a targeted policy to encourage the adoption of e-bicycles for gains toward reduction in speeds and emissions. |
| Date: | 2025–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rfeuv_v1 |
| By: | Reitmeier, Lea; Makowska-Curran, Agata; Kindness, Jasmine |
| Abstract: | This submission was made in response to a notification by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD) requesting views on additional modalities for the multilateral mechanism for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources, as adopted in Decision 16/2 of the Conference of the Parties in Cali, Colombia in 2024. The response outlines ways in which different stakeholders could be engaged in the conversation to foster a collaborative environment and, ultimately, build a supportive ‘ecosystem’ to incentivise contributions to the Cali Fund — the key international mechanism that explicitly links the economic benefits industries derive from nature with its protection. Potential pathways to improve the availability and quality of sustainability data are outlined, followed by an exploration of how the financial community can actively engage with companies, encourage greater data disclosure, and integrate this information into their decision-making processes. |
| JEL: | N0 F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2025–06–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129043 |
| By: | Arpita Mukherjee (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Trishali Khanna (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Latika Khatwani |
| Abstract: | India, the world's most populous country, suffers from widespread micronutrient deficiencies, with Vitamin D deficiency emerging as a silent epidemic. It affects individuals across all age groups, income groups and professions, from children, sportspersons, and outdoor workers to healthcare workers, leading to severe health conditions such as rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. Beyond its health impacts, it threatens national productivity, diminishes workforce efficiency, and contributes to rising healthcare costs.Given this, the objective of the study is to create a roadmap to eradicate Vitamin D deficiency and help India achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) 2030, particularly SDG 3 of good health and well-being, and SDG 2.2, of eradicating all forms of malnutrition by 2030. The study is based on secondary data and information analysis, systematic and meta-analysis of literature, key informant interviews (KIIs) and a stakeholder consultation. |
| Keywords: | Vitamin D, Vitamin Deficiency, SDG, UNSDG, icrier |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:report:25-r-11 |
| By: | Lorenzo Aldeco; Lint Barrage; Matthew Turner |
| Abstract: | We assemble global, spatially disaggregated panel data on ambient particulates, population, and economic activity, and develop a macroeconomic integrated assessment model of particulate exposure for 30 countries representing 60\% of world population. The data indicate the importance of country level factors in determining particulate exposure. Model results indicate the importance of equilibrium adjustments. For example, uncompensated oil taxes and agricultural burning restrictions may unintentionally raise exposure by shifting labor to dirtier sectors or locations. Model results also showcase the importance of country heterogeneity and fiscal management. Our results suggest that effective particulates policy requires accounting for general equilibrium responses. |
| JEL: | E62 H23 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34081 |
| By: | Dorothee Weiffen; Ghassan Baliki; Tilman Brück; Jan Elfes |
| Abstract: | Households living in humanitarian settings face extreme vulnerability to adverse shocks. Cash transfers can reduce this vulnerability and enhance household welfare. However, the potential of anticipatory cash transfers - delivered before the adverse impacts of a shock unfold - in safeguarding welfare and fostering social stability remains underexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we study the effects of a one-off anticipatory cash transfer provided to internally displaced households in Bentiu, South Sudan, at the onset of severe floods. We examine the short- and medium-term impacts of this cash transfer using a quasi-experimental design that closely resembles a random treatment assignment. We utilize three waves of panel data: shortly before and shortly after the intervention (during the flood onset) and six months after the intervention (after the floods have receded). Despite unsatisfied basic needs, the findings reveal preferences for strategic investment over short-term consumption: The intervention did not improve food security or mental health and immediate health gains dissipated post-flood. Instead, households prioritized investments in shelter reinforcement, which reduced severe flood impacts by 13%. Shelter investment unexpectedly contributed to community cohesion, reducing displacement (24%), theft (18%), and conflict (24%). Key mechanisms are lockable doors, shelters that withstand the water, and generally less flood stress, highlighting the critical role of housing in fostering security and social stability in crisis settings. |
| Keywords: | anticipatory action, cash transfer, community cohesion, forced displacement, humanitarian crisis, natural disasters, risk |
| JEL: | D91 I32 O12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:433 |
| By: | Denise Desjardins (HEC Montréal); Georges Dionne (HEC Montréal) |
| Abstract: | The goal of this research is to assess the insurance industry ability to absorb catastrophe losses and evaluate its capacity to spread risk across insurers. Dionne and Desjardins (2022) showed that the US insurance industry capacity to pay catastrophe losses was higher in 2020 than it was in 1997. Insurers could pay 98% of a $200 billion loss in 2020, compared to 81% in 1997. In this document, we consider the following research question: Is the capacity still adequate after three years of turbulence? Climate risk events have caused average home premiums to increase by 22% from 2020 to 2023 (The Guardian, December 2024). Was it sufficient to maintain market capacity? |
| Keywords: | Catastrophe losses; insurance market capacity; premiums increase; insurer capital; insured losses |
| Date: | 2025–08–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:crcrmw:021461 |
| By: | Ishikawa, Tomoko; Olifirenko, Alla |
| Abstract: | Targeted sanctions directed at climate-harming activities of foreign entities have started to attract attention. While sanctions may deter free-riders from undermining collective climate action, they raise issues of consistency with investment protection obligations. This Perspective emphasises the need to incorporate considerations of IIA-consistency into the design of any sanctions program. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:323907 |
| By: | Abate, Megersa Abera; Barattieri, Alessandro; Brugnoli, Alberto; Porta, Flavio |
| Abstract: | The US-China direct flights in mid-2023 were only 7 percent of those available in mid-2019. This quasi-experiment informs the debate on air transport de-carbonization. An estimated structural model shows that re-establishing the pre-pandemic direct connectivity could increase passengers by 387 percent and reduce prices by 63 percent. Moreover, due to the suppression of flights, carbon dioxine emissions decreased by 80 percent. A counterfactual exercise shows that maintaining pre-COVID connectivity and achieving the same emissions reduction through a market mechanism (i.e. offsetting), would have resulted in more passengers (+365 percent), lower prices (-60 percent), and lower reduction in consumer surplus (-40 percent) than observed in the post COVID-19 equilibrium. |
| Date: | 2025–08–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11183 |
| By: | Mikołajczak, Katarzyna; Mikolo Yobo, Christian; Chehoski, Eric; Tshibangu, Claudel; Schutgens, Maurice |
| Abstract: | Les clôtures électriques mobiles peuvent être utilisées pour favoriser la coexistence paisible entre les hommes et les éléphants, mais la réussite de leur mise en œuvre dépend de nombreux facteurs. Cette section décrit les objectifs et les approches de cette étude, qui se penche principalement sur le programme de clôtures électriques mobiles au Gabon. |
| Keywords: | Africa; agriculture; behaviour change; behavioural insights; conservation; elephants; Gabon; research insight; service design |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–10–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129074 |
| By: | Jeffrey P. Cohen; Jack Fuller; Violeta A. Gutkowski |
| Abstract: | Undamaged houses near the path of a 2023 tornado that struck Little Rock saw a sharp, short-term drop in prices, but this effect lasted less than a year. |
| Keywords: | home values; tornadoes; severe weather events |
| Date: | 2025–08–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:101397 |
| By: | Bravo-Peña, Felipe; Toro-Letelier, Juan José; Alvial Cabrera, Natalia; Hargreaves Méndez, Matías; Alfaro Rojas, Cindy |
| Abstract: | O desenvolvimento sustentável da pecuária na América Latina e no Caribe pode ser potencializado através da adoção de sistemas que contribuam para regenerar os solos. Além de suas vantagens ambientais em comparação com a pecuária convencional, os sistemas regenerativos oferecem oportunidades para aumentar a rentabilidade dos estabelecimentos. Contudo, a falta de consenso sobre uma definição de pecuária regenerativa obstaculiza a articulação e a avaliação de marcos legais nesse âmbito. O presente documento procura atender a essa necessidade. Com base num exame dos principais enfoques referentes à pecuária regenerativa, propõem-se uma definição e um conjunto de indicadores de êxito. A fim de fomentar a implementação desse conceito, propõem-se ações de política para enfrentar os desafios estruturais da transição para a pecuária regenerativa. |
| Date: | 2025–02–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:81357 |
| By: | Kulshreshtha, Shobhit; Bhattacharya, Leena; Ayyagari, Padmaja |
| Abstract: | Previous research, focusing primarily on high income countries, has linked later sunsets to sleep deficits and worse health outcomes. These results might not generalize to low- and middle- income countries, which have different socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions. Using data from the 2015-16 and 2019-21 waves of India's Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and exploiting within-district variation in annual average sunset times, we estimate the causal impact of later sunsets on the long-term health outcomes of individuals. We find that later sunsets leads to a lower prevalence of anemia, diabetes, and thyroid disorders and an improvement in the overall health index. To explore mechanisms, we analyze variation in time allocation due to a later sunset time using the 2019 Time Use Survey. We find that individuals experiencing later sunsets sleep better and exercise more, but do not change their sedentary leisure activities. Additionally, they consume healthier food and increase labor supply. These lifestyle changes may explain the health improvements associated with delayed sunsets in India. |
| Keywords: | health, sunset time, time use, lifestyle, fixed effects |
| JEL: | J22 I12 I14 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1648 |
| By: | de Bruin, Kelly C; Henry, Loïc; Kyei, Clement Kweku; Yakut, Aykut Mert |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp789 |
| By: | Grömling, Michael |
| Abstract: | Klimawandel gilt seit geraumer Zeit als ein globaler Megatrend mit weitreichenden Folgen für das gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Leben. Klimatische Veränderungen führen zu direkten Beeinträchtigungen der Natur. Daraus können vielfältige ökonomische Anpassungslasten entstehen. Im folgenden Beitrag geht es nicht um die mannigfaltigen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels in der kurzen, mittleren und langen Frist. Vielmehr erfolgt ein Überblick über die kurzfristigen und damit konjunkturellen Effekte und Risiken von Klimaereignissen wie Flutkatastrophen (Sommer 2021), Niedrigwasser (Sommer 2018), Hitzewellen (Sommer 2022) oder Orkane (Winter 2007). Folgende Transmissionswege von Klimaereignissen auf die konjunkturelle Entwicklung können dabei identifiziert werden: Beeinträchtigung des Gesundheitszustands, des Arbeitseinsatzes und der Arbeitsproduktivität, Störungen der Energieproduktion und Energieversorgung, Beeinträchtigung der Nahrungsmittelproduktion und Wasserversorgung, Zerstörung von Produktionsanlagen und Beeinträchtigung von Lieferketten, Belastungen für Finanzmärkte und öffentliche Finanzen sowie die Verschärfung bestehender Konjunkturrisiken (z. B. geopolitische Anpassungslasten). Im vorliegenden Beitrag geht es nicht um eine Quantifizierung und Abschätzung bestimmter Risiken, sondern um einen inhaltlichen Überblick über mögliche konjunkturelle Beeinträchtigungen und Folgewirkungen beim Auftreten von Naturkatastrophen und Klimaereignissen. Die hier aufgeführten Klimaereignisse haben mit ihren langfristig strukturellen Wirkungen auch Bedeutung für die Konjunkturforschung und Prognose. Prognosen sind bedingt durch den Informationsstand zum jeweiligen Prognosezeitpunkt - das gilt auch für klimatische Daten und Erwartungen. |
| Keywords: | Konjunktur, Klimawandel, Extremwetterereignisse, Prognose |
| JEL: | E32 Q54 E27 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:321853 |