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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Alamanos; Giannis Arampatzidis; Stathis Devves; Konstantinos Dellis; Christopher Deranian |
| Abstract: | Achieving climate-neutrality is a global imperative that demands coordinated efforts from both science and robust policies supporting a smooth transition across multiple sectors. However, the interdisciplinary and complex science-to-policy nature of this effort makes it particularly challenging for several countries. Greece has set ambitious goals across different policies; however, their progress is often debated. For the first time, we simulated a scenario representing Greece's climate-neutrality goals drawing upon its main relevant energy, agricultural and water policies by 2050. We follow a systems-nexus approach that encompasses the FABLE Calculator, the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP), and the tools WaterReqGCH, LandReqCalcGCH and BiofuelGCH. The results indicate that most individual/sector policies have the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions across all sectors of the economy (residential, industrial, transportation, services, agriculture, and energy production). However, their implementation seems to be based on governance assumptions that often overlook sectoral interdependencies and infrastructure constraints, hindering progress towards a unified and more holistic sustainable transition. |
| Keywords: | Climate Neutrality, Energy-emissions modelling, LEAP, FABLE Calculator, WaterReqGCH, Decarbonization, Greece |
| Date: | 2025–06–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2544 |
| By: | Lydia Papadaki; George Halkos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 deg C-ideally 1.5 deg C-is central to the Paris Agreement; however, recent projections by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) suggest that current trajectories place the world on course for over 3 deg C of warming by the end of the century. Ports play a critical dual role in this climate crisis. On one hand, they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through port operations, waste management, and worker mobility. On the other, they are highly vulnerable to climate impacts such as sea level rise and changing wave dynamics, which threaten the integrity of infrastructure and disrupt the global flow of goods-80-90% of which pass through ports. This study investigates the effectiveness of a targeted seminar series implemented in 2023 to enhance the understanding of sustainable development principles among Greek port stakeholders, including port authorities, municipal port funds, and marina operators. The seminars aimed to build capacity in areas such as blue growth, green energy, circular economy, and digital transitions. In addition, this research captures stakeholder preferences for climate mitigation and adaptation technological solutions through a DCE. Solutions presented were drawn from the MENA Maritime Accelerator and grouped into five key action areas: circular economy, clean energy production and storage, water quality, and air quality. The findings contribute to assessing both the awareness-raising potential of such training interventions and the prioritisation of climate-resilient innovations in the port sector. |
| Keywords: | ports infrastructure, pairwise comparison, innovations, decision-making, climate change |
| Date: | 2025–06–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2543 |
| By: | Kinuthia, Dickson; Oingo, Balentine; Bryan, Elizabeth; Davis, Kristin E.; Wallin, Elsa; Bukachi, Salome A. |
| Abstract: | Agricultural intensification that prioritizes profits over people and the environment is increasingly recognized as harmful to people’s wellbeing and the sustainability and resilience of smallholder farming systems. Nature-based solutions are part of nature-positive eco-agrifood systems and are critical for restoring ecosystems and preventing further biodiversity loss and environmental degradation during a climate crisis. To support more widespread adoption of nature-based solutions, it is important to understand dynamics within local communities where these solutions will be applied. This includes deeper understanding of environmental challenges, institutional and governance arrangements, current farming practices, gender relations, and perceptions of nature-based solutions. This study draws on qualitative data on these topics collected from smallholder farmers and key informants in three counties of Kenya. The discussion centers on the potential for nature-based practices to place agricultural production systems on a more sustainable path. |
| Keywords: | agricultural production; gender; natural resources; nature-based solutions; smallholders; sustainability; Kenya; Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:169362 |
| By: | Reda, Milan Jakob; Gawel, Erik; Lehmann, Paul |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of carbon pricing on residential heating affordability using a theoretical household model with endogenous choice of a renewable heating technology. We compare two compensation policies: a renewable heating subsidy and a lump-sum transfer. The subsidy is the most effective policy to reduce the household's burden if the renewable heating technology is the optimal choice with carbon pricing alone. Otherwise, the relative effectiveness of the compensation policies depends on whether they shift the household's choice towards renewable heating. Overall, our study emphasizes the need of considering technological adjustment when analyzing how carbon pricing affects heating affordability. |
| Keywords: | residential heating, affordability, climate policy, environmental taxes and subsidies |
| JEL: | D63 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:319624 |
| By: | Eßer, Jana; Frondel, Manuel; Holtz, Leander; Vance, Colin |
| Abstract: | Germany has implemented a range of measures to mitigate climate change. The implementation of such measures results in the imposition of financial burdens and restrictions on residents. Consequently, individual attitudes toward the fairness and effectiveness of such measures are a critical factor in ensuring policy acceptance. In order to formulate effective and widely supported climate policy, continuous individual-level data is needed. Nevertheless, there is a shortage of high-quality data in this field in Germany. The Green SÖP represents a rare exception in this regard, providing individual data on climate policy measures since 2012. This data description outlines the recent extension of the Green SÖP, which received financial support from the E.ON Foundation. A newly recruited household panel was surveyed in 2021 on their attitudes toward climate change, energy costs and usage, energy and transport transition, and carbon pricing. In addition, experiments on sustainable shopping and emission allowances were included in the survey. This data description provides a comprehensive overview of the content and methodology of the first of four survey waves, conducted in 2021, along with empirical evidence regarding its representativeness for the German population. |
| Abstract: | Deutschland hat eine Reihe von Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels umgesetzt. Die Umsetzung dieser Maßnahmen führt zu finanziellen Belastungen und Einschränkungen für die Bürger. Daher sind die individuellen Einstellungen zur Fairness und Wirksamkeit dieser Maßnahmen ein entscheidender Faktor für die Akzeptanz der Politik. Um eine wirksame und breit abgestützte Klimapolitik zu formulieren, sind kontinuierliche Daten auf individueller Ebene erforderlich. Allerdings mangelt es in Deutschland an hochwertigen Daten in diesem Bereich. Der Grüne SÖP stellt in dieser Hinsicht eine seltene Ausnahme dar, da er seit 2012 individuelle Daten zu klimapolitischen Maßnahmen liefert. Diese Datenbeschreibung gibt einen Überblick über die jüngste Erweiterung des Grünen SÖP, die von der E.ON Stiftung finanziell unterstützt wurde. Ein neu rekrutiertes Haushaltspanel wurde 2021 zu seinen Einstellungen zu Klimawandel, Energiekosten und -verbrauch, Energie- und Verkehrswende sowie CO2-Bepreisung befragt. Darüber hinaus wurden Experimente zu nachhaltigem Einkaufen und Emissionszertifikaten in die Umfrage aufgenommen. Diese Datenbeschreibung bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über den Inhalt und die Methodik der ersten von vier Umfragewellen, die 2021 durchgeführt wurden, sowie empirische Belege für ihre Repräsentativität für die deutsche Bevölkerung. |
| Keywords: | Household panel, energy transition, transport transition, climate change, policy preferences, fairness, acceptance |
| JEL: | D12 D63 D83 H23 Q48 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:319638 |
| By: | Marco A. Hernandez Vega; Eduardo Martínez González |
| Abstract: | Since the 2016 Paris Agreement, countries and companies have been increasingly pressured to adopt appropriate response measures to climate change. However, it is not clear what factors drive firms to undertake climate change actions. Using a correlated random effects panel probit model, this paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the influence of advances in climate policies, as measured by the Climate Change Performance Index, on firms committing to set a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions target. We find that advances in national climate policies are associated with a higher probability of firms committing, particularly for firms in the non-financial sectors and, among them, for those that do not belong to sectors considered as the largest producers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Lastly, the availability of funding for green projects, indirectly measured by the issuance of green bonds per country, also positively contributes to the probability of firms committing. |
| Keywords: | Binary response models;Climate policy;GHG emissions |
| JEL: | C35 G38 M14 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2025-08 |
| By: | Berniell, Inés (University of La Plata); Marchionni, Mariana (Universidad Nacional de la Plata); Pedrazzi, Julián (Universidad Nacional de la Plata); Viollaz, Mariana (CEDLAS-UNLP) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how female political leaders impact environmental outcomes and climate change policy actions using data from mixed-gender mayoral races in Brazil. Using a Regression Discontinuity design, we find that, compared to male mayors, female mayors significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This effect is driven by a reduction in emissions intensity (CO2e/GDP) in the Land Use sector, without changes in municipal economic activity. Part of the reduction in emissions in the Land Use sector is attributable to a decline in deforestation. We examine potential mechanisms that could explain the positive environmental impact of narrowly electing a female mayor over a male counterpart and find that in Amazon municipalities, female elected mayors allocate more space to the environment in their government proposals and are more likely to invest in environmental initiatives. Differences in the enforcement of environmental regulations do not explain the results. |
| Keywords: | Brazil, Amazon, mayoral elections, climate change, gender, Latin America |
| JEL: | J16 D72 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17920 |
| By: | Le Ngoc, Anh (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City); Heshmati, Almas (University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the dual impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on sustainable economic growth in Asia, focusing on its effects on Green GDP, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). Using data from 38 Asian countries spanning 1999 to 2022 and employing a two-step GMM regression analysis, the findings reveal that while FDI positively influences Green GDP growth, it concurrently exacerbates GHG emissions and reduces EPI scores. These results underscore the paradoxical role of FDI in fostering economic growth while posing environmental challenges. The study highlights the importance of robust environmental policies, investment in green technologies, and regional cooperation to align FDI with sustainability goals. It also emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to leverage FDI's economic benefits without compromising environmental integrity. This research contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of FDI's environmental and economic implications in the Asian context, offering policy recommendations for achieving sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | sustainable economic growth, green economy, foreign direct investment, Asia |
| JEL: | F20 F21 O11 O44 O53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17900 |
| By: | Forest Service |
| Abstract: | The 2020 Resources Planning Act (RPA) Assessment summarizes findings about the status, trends, and projected future of the Nation’s forests and rangelands and the renewable resources that they provide. The 2020 RPA Assessment specifically focuses on the effects of both socioeconomic and climatic change on the U.S. land base, disturbance, forests, forest product markets, rangelands, water, biodiversity, and outdoor recreation. Differing assumptions about population and economic growth, land use change, and global climate change from 2020 to 2070 largely influence the outlook for U.S. renewable resources. Many of the key themes from the 2010 RPA Assessment cycle remain relevant, although new data and technologies allow for deeper and wider investigation. Land development will continue to threaten the integrity of forest and rangeland ecosystems. In addition, the combination and interaction of socioeconomic change, climate change, and the associated shifts in disturbances will strain natural resources and lead to increasing management and resource allocation challenges. At the same time, land management and adoption of conservation measures can reduce pressure on natural resources. The RPA Assessment findings and associated data can be useful to resource managers and policymakers as they develop strategies to sustain natural resources. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:358937 |
| By: | Ridha Nouira; Leila Ben Salem; Sami Saafi; Christophe Rault |
| Abstract: | This study explores the connection between renewable energy consumption and international trade, with a particular focus on the influence of climate policy. We argue that this relationship is nonlinear and subject to threshold effects. Using a dynamic threshold model developed by Seo and Shin (2016), we analyze data from 1990 to 2023 for a panel of 29 developed and developing countries. Our findings reveal that climate policy plays a crucial role in shaping the renewable energy–trade nexus, with effects varying according to policy stringency and a country's development level. In developing countries, renewable energy consumption consistently enhances exports, regardless of policy stringency. In contrast, in developed countries, strict policies reduce import dependence, indicating a move toward energy independence, but they may also dampen the positive trade effects of renewable energy due to higher compliance costs and regulatory barriers. These results underscore the need for tailored policy strategies: developed countries should balance ambitious environmental goals with trade efficiency by streamlining regulations and fostering international policy harmonization, while developing countries can leverage renewable energy adoption as a tool to enhance exports, attract investment, and strengthen technological capabilities. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy consumption, international trade, climate policy stringency, dynamic threshold model, sustainable development |
| JEL: | C5 F1 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11934 |
| By: | Arinc, Ibrahim Said (SOCAR Türkiye) |
| Abstract: | This study presents the first academically grounded framework for developing a national biomethane strategy in Türkiye, addressing a critical gap in renewable gas governance. Using Italy as a comparative reference within a Most Similar Systems Design (MSSD) framework, the paper applies a structured policy transfer approach supported by multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), a policy comparability matrix, cosine similarity scoring (0.964), SWOT analysis, and the OECD’s Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) principles. The framework integrates qualitative and quantitative tools to assess alignment in agricultural potential, infrastructure capacity, market regulation, and institutional governance. Key transferable elements from Italy include green certificate schemes, incentive structures for production with grid injection, and stakeholder mechanisms enabling biomethane scale-up. Türkiye’s strengths (e.g., biomass availability), weaknesses (e.g., institutional fragmentation), and opportunities (e.g., EU-aligned reforms) are examined alongside key threats, particularly the intrinsic complexities of its natural gas market and coordination gaps. Italy’s experience further informs broader strategic insights: prioritizing biomethane over biomass-based electricity generation, leveraging models like Biogasdoneright to integrate agriculture and energy, and positioning biomethane as a decarbonization tool for transport and industry—especially under the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This transition logic emphasizes biomethane in hard-to-electrify sectors, where it adds more systemic value than traditional biomass-to-electricity uses increasingly served by solar and wind. The paper contributes to comparative energy governance literature by offering a replicable framework for institutional lesson-drawing. It provides actionable insights for emerging economies aiming to align bioenergy policy with long-term energy security, circular economy integration, and sustainability transitions. |
| Date: | 2025–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:k46wj_v1 |
| By: | Pienkowski, Thomas; Clark, Matt; Mascia, Michael B.; Rivera-Hechem, María Ignacia; Gelcich, Stefan; Cook, Carly; Watrobska, Cecylia M.; Jagadish, Arundhati; Mills, Morena |
| Abstract: | This year marks the halfway point for multiple global environmental goals, including plans to nearly double the extent of area-based conservation to 30% of the world’s surface by 2030 (1). To date, this coordinated international effort has been inadequate to halt global biodiversity loss. A major but unaccounted-for cause of the shortfall between policy ambitions and real-world outcomes is the abandonment of conservation initiatives, including both informal abdication of resource management responsibilities and formal reversal of governing rules and boundaries (Fig. 1). The US$200 billion annually committed to conservation is spent on a wide diversity of conservation measures, increasingly beyond traditional national parks and other protected areas (PAs), including community-based conservation, eco-certification, and payments for ecosystem services (2). The scant monitoring of conservation abandonment, derived almost entirely from PAs, demonstrates widespread informal abandonment of management responsibilities (i.e., “paper parks” (e.g., 3, 4)) and formal abandonment through protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) (e.g., 5, 6). |
| Date: | 2025–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:49kbx_v1 |
| By: | Kerkhofs, Ruben; Bernhofen, Mark; Borsuk, Marcin; Baer, Moritz; Ranger, Nicola; Schoutens, Wim; Shrimali, Gireesh |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events pose a risk to the economic and financial system. To understand the materiality of these risks, financial institutions are beginning to conduct climate stress testing exercises. This requires climate risk models to be integrated with financial risk models. In this paper, we introduce an open, modular, and reproducible framework for the assessment of asset-level physical risk and the translation of these risks into portfolio-level impacts. The proposed framework addresses key limitations of previous research by including multiple financial transmission channels, and the incorporation of spatial correlations between weather events for bottom-up, asset-level, estimation of portfolio-level tail risks. By incorporating direct capital damages, business disruptions, and insurance coverage, we provide an overview of the direct financial impact of extreme weather events. Through an application of the framework for the assessment of flood risk to a portfolio of power firms located in India, we show that these extensions have material impacts on the risk estimates. We further show how different assumptions related to spatial correlations can lead to large under- or overestimations of portfolio-level tail risks. |
| Keywords: | spatial correlations; financial tail risk; extreme weather events; copulas |
| JEL: | N0 F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128395 |
| By: | Dragan Savic; Barbara Hammer; Marios Polycarpou; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Amid a perfect storm of climate emergency, runaway urban growth and crumbling pipes, it�s clear that our traditional engineering-based, technical approach to water infrastructure planning requires improvements. It is time to replace the outdated approach driven by unreliable long-term forecasts and adopt a smarter, adaptive framework that includes socio-economic considerations to build sustainable cities our communities deserve. |
| Date: | 2025–06–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2545 |
| By: | Fekria Belhouichet; Guglielmo Maria Caporale; Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana |
| Abstract: | This paper applies a fractional integration framework to investigate the behaviour of the stock returns of two sets of representative US companies with different environmental profiles, namely green versus polluting firms, as well as of the widely used CPU (Climate Policy Uncertainty) index over the period from January 2017 to March 2025. This time span includes the first Trump administration and the following Biden one, with very different attitudes towards the environment. The analysis suggests that (i) the financial performance of stock returns of polluting companies was generally worse under the Biden administration, whilst there was no significant positive impact on green companies, as implied by the estimated time trend coefficients: (ii) the effects of shocks tend to fade away more quickly in both types of companies under the Biden administration, as implied by the estimates of the differencing parameter, though only in two cases they eventually vanish. Finally, CPU appears to have been decreasing under the Biden administration, whilst the effects of shocks seem to be transitory in both periods. On the whole, the Biden policies to combat climate changes appear to have reduced climate uncertainty and to have led to a better financial performance of environmentally friendly companies. Their reversal could have damaging effects on the environment. |
| Keywords: | time series, trends, persistence, fractional integration, green and polluting firms, Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU) index, Trump administration, Biden administration |
| JEL: | C22 K42 O51 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11959 |
| By: | Benmir, Ghassane; Roman, Josselin; Taschini, Luca |
| Abstract: | Using a two-sector structural model, we identify abatement, energy prices, transition demand for permits, and regulatory supply shocks as the key drivers of permit prices in the third phase of the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). Through an innovative approach, we estimate unobservable abatement shocks and quantify the contribution of each factor to carbon price variability, which we find t o b e approximately eighty times greater than it would be under an optimal carbon pricing scenario aligned with the social cost of carbon. To address this, we propose the Carbon Cap Rule (CCR) – a rule-based cap adjustment mechanism that dynamically responds to deviations in emissions and abatement costs. The CCR reduces volatility by 55% compared to the current EU ETS cap, and cuts welfare losses in consumption equivalence terms by 40%. |
| Keywords: | EU ETS; contingent permit allocation; social cost of carbon; Bayesian estimation; carbon central bank |
| JEL: | Q58 G12 E32 |
| Date: | 2025–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128515 |
| By: | Niftiyev, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | Rapidly changing global economic conditions and geopolitical tensions are prompting countries to rethink their energy and food security strategies more rigorously than ever before. This urgency is particularly evident in many developing countries, especially those of the former Soviet Union (FSU), which have intensified their efforts to reconceptualize agro-industrial complexes (AICs) concerning energy efficiency and renewable energy. The aim of this study is to conduct an integrative literature review to provide a systematic and comprehensive perspective on this subject. An analysis based on the Scopus and Google Scholar databases shows that AICs have attracted considerable interest in recent years due to their potential to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural sectors. The main issue with AICs is the urgent need to scale up their application in conjunction with sustainable development practices such as green growth, circular economy and energy transition. The integration of renewable energy sources into AICs can improve agricultural development by promoting the production and integration of sustainable energy into the agricultural sector. The literature review concludes with theoretical and conceptual implications on the studied topic that will be of interest to scholars, policy makers and businesses. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, integrative literature review, renewable energy integration, sustainable agriculture, synthesis, agro-industrial complexes, circular economy |
| JEL: | Q42 Q16 O13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:319683 |
| By: | Campiglio, Emanuele; Deyris, Jérôme; Romelli, Davide; Scalisi, Ginevra |
| Abstract: | We study climate-related central bank communication using a novel dataset containing 35, 487 speeches delivered by 131 central banks from 1986 to 2023. We employ natural language processing techniques to identify and trace the evolution of key climate-related narratives centred around (i) green finance, and (ii) climate-related financial risks. We find that central bank public communication strategies are primarily driven by underlying institutional factors, rather than exposure to climate-related risks. We then study the impact of climate-related communication on financial market dynamics through both a portfolio and a firm-level analysis. We find that equity returns of ‘green’ firms outperform those of ‘dirty’ firms when central banks engage more frequently and intensely with climate-related topics. |
| Keywords: | central banking; climate change; low-carbon transition; central bank communication; climate-related risks; green finance; text analysis; topic modelling; asset pricing |
| JEL: | E44 E58 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–01–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128518 |
| By: | Filewod, Ben; Brutti, Giulia; Atkinson, Giles |
| Abstract: | Efforts to balance national economic development and global environmental sustainability in the forests of the Congo Basin can be informed by natural capital accounting. We contribute an initial estimate of the gross value of the Congo Basin forests (in 2019) for four provisioning services (industrial timber, artisanal timber, fuelwood, and bushmeat), one cultural service (tourism), and one regulating service (carbon sequestration). We estimate the distribution of ecosystem service values across land use categories, based in part on mapping customary tenures using a cumulative cost method, thus tying value production and associated incentives to the economic agents who manage forest natural capital. We find a total (i.e. regional) gross annual value for the Congo Basin forests of 2019 USD$ 7.8 billion (equivalent to 6.3% of regional GDP; comparisons with GDP are indicative only because our figures include the value of intermediate inputs). Total gross value is evenly split between lands under legally recognized statutory tenure and areas under alternative tenure arrangements. Values per unit land range from a high of $159.16/ha in community forests to a low of $0.10/ha in Pygmy areas. For carbon services, we compare three prominent approaches for estimating volumes. We find marked variation in both total volumes and the distribution of volumes across public and private economic agents, with significant implications for ongoing efforts to monetize carbon services in the Congo Basin. Our approach and results address critical issues not only of the value of forest assets in the Congo Basin (as well as attendant ambiguities), but also to whom this natural capital value might accrue if demonstrated value is aligned with value realization. |
| Keywords: | carbon; Congo Basin rainforest; distribution; ecosystem services; natural capital accounting |
| JEL: | Q57 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128510 |
| By: | Khezri, Mohsen |
| Abstract: | This study explores the impacts of 11 diverse entrepreneurship indicators on green technology innovation (GTI) to determine the optimal environmental regulatory framework that fosters green entrepreneurship. Additionally, the study investigates the impacts of environmental regulations on GTI by utilizing nonlinear panel smooth threshold regression (PSTR) models on data collected from 18 countries from 2002 to 2020. By identifying a critical regulatory threshold of 1.89, the research reveals how varying levels of environmental regulations significantly influence GTI dynamics. The estimation results emphasize that GDP per capita and financial development are critical in fostering GTI. However, stringent environmental regulations can counteract these positive effects. Urbanization and trade openness also positively influence GTI, with environmental regulations complementing their impacts. The transition to a service-oriented industrial structure positively affects GTI. The results underscore the negative impact of entrepreneurship indicators, potentially diverting resources away from GTI. Nonetheless, environmental regulations with stringent enforcement mechanisms can counterbalance the negative impacts of specific entrepreneurship metrics. Among the entrepreneurship indicators analyzed, financing for entrepreneurs, governmental support and policies, and governmental programs exhibit an inverted U-shaped impact pattern, peaking at specific levels of environmental regulation. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurial indicators; environmental regulations; GTI; Green Technology Innovation; panel smooth threshold regression; PSTR |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128368 |
| By: | Felix Schmidt; Alexander Roth; Wolf-Peter Schill |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen-based long-duration electricity storage (LDES) is a key component of renewable energy systems to deal with seasonality and prolonged periods of low wind and solar energy availability. In this paper, we investigate how electrified heating with heat pumps impacts LDES requirements in a fully renewable European energy system, and which role thermal storage can play. Using a large weather dataset of 78 weather years, we find that electrified heating significantly increases LDES needs, as optimal average energy capacities more than quadruple across all weather years compared to a scenario without electrified heating. We attribute 75% of this increase to a leverage effect, as additional electric load amplifies storage needs during times of low renewable availability. The remaining 25% are the result of a compound effect, where exceptional cold spells coincide with periods of renewable scarcity. Furthermore, heat pumps increase the variance in optimal storage capacities between weather years substantially because of demand-side weather variability. Long-duration thermal storage attached to district heating networks can reduce LDES needs by on average 36%. To support and safeguard wide-spread heating electrification, policymakers should expedite the creation of adequate regulatory frameworks for both long-duration storage types to de-risk investments in light of high weather variability. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.21516 |
| By: | Alexander Alexandrovich Golub; Marek Hanusch; Bardal, Diogo; Bruce Ian Keith; Daniel Navia Simon; Cornelius Fleischhaker |
| Abstract: | Achieving global net zero carbon emissions requires stopping deforestation and making full use of tropical forests as carbon sinks. Market instruments for the sale and purchase of emission outcomes coming from Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation framework programs could play a very significant role in achieving this goal. The development of these markets has been insufficient so far: their scale as of today is much lower than what would be required to generate meaningful resources for the countries that host tropical forests, and the quality of existing instruments is generally insufficient to allow a scaling up in demand. However, efforts to improve the transparency and integrity of these instruments are accelerating, particularly around jurisdictional Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation framework programs. In parallel with these efforts, innovations in financial instruments suited for the framework’s carbon markets are also taking place, but their scale is limited so far. This paper looks beyond the current state of the framework’s carbon markets to consider a set of innovative financial instruments that would allow completing the infrastructure of emissions trading, enhancing its utility for both issuers and buyers of carbon credits in the framework’s jurisdictional programs. The paper shows how a combination of forest carbon bonds, where countries sell forward (or commit) their emission reduction outcomes, as well as call and put options can be used to de-risk and encourage early investment in jurisdictional Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation framework programs. To quantify the value of these innovations, the paper evaluates the potential scale of these instruments for the case of Brazil. The estimates suggest that the amounts that could be mobilized would represent a critical contribution to effective forest conservation. The proposed instruments and methods can be used by other tropical nations that are prepared to implement a large-scale jurisdictional program. Although the paper acknowledges that the current state of carbon markets would still not allow their deployment in the short term, the conclusion is that these instruments have significant potential, and their future development could be an impor tant contribution to the establishment of successful markets for the conservation of tropical forests. |
| Date: | 2025–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11114 |
| By: | Magaletti, Nicola; Notarnicola, Valeria; Di Molfetta, Mauro; Mariani, Stefano; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the complex relationship between the performance of logistics and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance drawing upon the multi-methodological framework of combining econometric with state-of-the-art machine learning approaches. Employing IV panel data regressions, viz. 2SLS and G2SLS, with data from a balanced panel of 163 countries covering the period from 2007 to 2023, the research thoroughly investigates how the performance of the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) is correlated with a variety of ESG indicators. To enrich the analysis, machine learning models—models based upon regression, viz. Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, Boosting Regression, Decision Tree Regression, and Linear Regressions, and clustering, viz. Density-Based, Neighborhood-Based, and Hierarchical clustering, Fuzzy c-Means, Model Based, and Random Forest—were applied to uncover unknown structures and predict the behaviour of LPI. Empirical evidence suggests that higher improvements in the performance of logistics are systematically correlated with nascent developments in all three dimensions of the environment (E), the social (S), and the governance (G). The evidence from econometrics suggests that higher LPI goes with environmental trade-offs such as higher emissions of greenhouse gases but cleaner air and usage of resources. On the S dimension, better performance in terms of logistics is correlated with better education performance and reducing child labour, but also demonstrates potential problems such as social imbalances. For G, better governance of logistics goes with better governance, voice and public participation, science productivity, and rule of law. Through both regression and cluster methods, each of the respective parts of ESG were analyzed in isolation, allowing to study in-depth how the infrastructure of logistics is interacting with sustainability research goals. Overall, the study emphasizes that while modernization is facilitated by the performance of the infrastructure of logistics, this must go hand in hand with policy intervention to make it socially inclusive, environmentally friendly, and institutionally robust. |
| Keywords: | Logistics Performance Index (LPI), Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) Indicators, Panel Data Analysis, Instrumental Variables (IV) Approach, Sustainable Economic Development. |
| JEL: | C33 F14 M14 O18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124746 |
| By: | Trump, Benjamin D.; Mitoulis, Stergios-Aristoteles; Argyroudis, Sotirios; Kiker, Gregory; Palma-Oliveira, Jose; Horton, Robert; Pescaroli, Gianluca; Pinigina, Elizaveta; Trump, Joshua; Linkov, Igor |
| Abstract: | Critical infrastructure is not indestructible. Interdependencies between infrastructure systems and the environment compound consequences at vulnerable locations but can be harnessed to maximize operational efficiency, recovery capability, and long-term sustainability. Threats, both emergent and systemic, have propagated beyond historical norms, exposing the limitations of hazard-specific resilience approaches. These approaches, by their nature, rely on predefined scenarios that fail to capture the full complexity of cascading failures, novel threat combinations, and the dynamic evolution of risks over time, especially in the cases where environment is affected. This leaves critical gaps in planning, response, and recovery, as systems designed around specific hazards are often unable to adapt to disruptions that fall outside their narrowly defined parameters, resulting in unanticipated vulnerabilities and slower recovery trajectories. We propose a paradigm shift toward threat-agnostic resilience, emphasizing adaptability to unforeseen hazards through modularity, distributedness, diversity, and plasticity. These principles foster system-wide robustness by enabling critical functions to persist despite unpredictable challenges. This framework also accounts for the interdependencies between resilience strategies and environmental outcomes, ensuring that adaptability to unforeseen hazards is balanced with sustainability goals. Resilience characteristics, such as modular design and distributed systems, shape patterns of resource use, energy efficiency, and ecological impacts across systems. By identifying methods to assess and optimize these trade-offs, we provide actionable insights for designing infrastructure that simultaneously enhances resilience and minimizes environmental burdens. Challenges exist in developing methodological foundations for these principles within practical applications to prevent sunk cost and over-constraining operational procedures. |
| Keywords: | compounding threats; critical infrastructure; environment; resilience; sustainability; threat agnostic |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128144 |
| By: | Zivin, Joshua Graff; Singer, Gregor |
| Abstract: | We examine how exogenous changes in exposure to air pollution over the past two decades have altered the disparities in home values between Black and White homeowners. We find that air quality capitalization rates are significantly lower for Black homeowners. In fact, they are so much lower that, despite secular reductions in the Black-White pollution exposure gap, disparities in housing values have increased during this period. An exploration of mechanisms suggests that roughly two-thirds of this difference is the result of direct discrimination while the remaining one-third can be attributed to systemic discrimination. |
| Keywords: | house prices; environmental justice; air pollution; race; discrimination |
| JEL: | Q51 R30 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128520 |
| By: | Bakhtmina Zia |
| Abstract: | The impacts of climate change, conflicts, the spread of infectious diseases, and global economic downturns have greatly affected food production, disrupted supply chains, and hindered access to affordable, nutritious food. It poses risks to both local and global food security, in addition to agricultural market competitiveness. Given the increasing concerns about climate change and its implications for global agriculture and food security, evaluating agricultural competitiveness via a composite scale to measure the effects of climate change would be beneficial. This study examined a global agricultural competitiveness index (GACI) framework developed through a systematic review and an expert survey. The results show that most countries experienced a decline in their competitiveness scores with agricultural assessment in the context of the impact of climate change. This framework can serve as a global benchmark for assessing and comparing national and international standing. Furthermore, it can help policy development aimed at promoting sustainable and inclusive agriculture, ultimately contributing to improved global food security. Keywords: Agriculture, Competitiveness, Pillars, Global Agricultural Competitiveness, Index, Climate Change |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.05508 |
| By: | Kejriwal, Mayank |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the potential health impacts of implementing a hypothetical Congestion Charging Scheme (CCS) in Los Angeles (LA), a city facing significant traffic-related air pollution. Traffic emissions are a major source of pollutants like particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which have been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Utilizing intervention-based epidemiological study designs, the research estimates the effects of a proposed 25% traffic reduction in downtown LA. Simulated results indicate a substantial decrease in NO2 and PM10 levels, with predicted increases of 1, 263.58 years of life gained (YLG) in the greater LA area over a decade. The discussion highlights the potential of CCS to not only reduce pollution but also address socio-economic disparities in health outcomes. This model could serve as a blueprint for other urban areas considering similar policy interventions. |
| Date: | 2025–06–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fk9wm_v2 |
| By: | Hultgren, Andrew; Carleton, Tamma; Delgado, Michael; Gergel, Diana; Greenstone, Michael; Houser, Trevor; Hsiang, Solomon; Jina, Amir; Kopp, Robert; Malevich, Steven; McCusker, Kelly; Mayer, Terin; Nath, Ishan; Rising, James; Rode, Ashwin; Yuan, Jiacan |
| Abstract: | Climate change threatens global food systems 1 , but the extent to which adaptation will reduce losses remains unknown and controversial 2 . Even within the well-studied context of US agriculture, some analyses argue that adaptation will be widespread and climate damages small 3, 4 , whereas others conclude that adaptation will be limited and losses severe 5, 6 . Scenario-based analyses indicate that adaptation should have notable consequences on global agricultural productivity 7-9 , but there has been no systematic study of how extensively real-world producers actually adapt at the global scale. Here we empirically estimate the impact of global producer adaptations using longitudinal data on six staple crops spanning 12, 658 regions, capturing two-thirds of global crop calories. We estimate that global production declines 5.5 × 10 14 kcal annually per 1 °C global mean surface temperature (GMST) rise (120 kcal per person per day or 4.4% of recommended consumption per 1 °C; P 10, 11 , we find that global impacts are dominated by losses to modern-day breadbaskets with favourable climates and limited present adaptation, although losses in low-income regions losses are also substantial. These results indicate a scale of innovation, cropland expansion or further adaptation that might be necessary to ensure food security in a changing climate. |
| Keywords: | Crops, Agricultural, Temperature, Acclimatization, Internationality, Agriculture, Food Supply, Income, Climate Change, Crop Production |
| Date: | 2025–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt9r6850k1 |
| By: | Berland, Ondine; Leroutier, Marion |
| Abstract: | Understanding the distribution of carbon footprints across population groups is crucial for designing fair and acceptable climate policies. Using granular consumption data from France, we quantify the gender gap in carbon footprints related to food and transport and investigate its underlying drivers. We show that women emit 26% less carbon than men in these two sectors, which together account for half of the average individual carbon footprint. Socioeconomic factors, biological differences and gender differences in distances traveled explain part of the gap, but up to 38% remains unexplained. Red meat and car — high-emission goods often associated with male identity — account for most of the residual, highlighting the role of gender differences in preferences in shaping disparities in carbon footprints. |
| Keywords: | gender; carbon footprints |
| JEL: | Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128512 |
| By: | Amund Norland; Lasse Skare; Ole Jakob Viken; Stian Backe |
| Abstract: | The global energy transition toward net-zero emissions by 2050 is expected to increase the share of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) in the energy mix. As a result, industrial actors will encounter more complex market conditions, characterized by volatile electricity prices, rising carbon costs, and stricter regulations. This situation calls for the industry to capitalize on opportunities in both spot-price arbitrage and reserve market participation, while also meeting future regulatory demands. This paper presents a multi-stage optimization framework that supports investment decisions in flexible assets and enables reserve market participation by delivering ancillary services. The framework incorporates investment decisions, spot- and reserve-market bidding, and real-time operation. Uncertainty in market prices and operational conditions is handled through a nodal formulation. A case study of a large industrial site in Norway is performed, comparing the investment decisions with future technology- and carbon pricing scenarios under varying market conditions. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.08638 |
| By: | Budría, Santiago (Universidad Nebrija); Betancourt-Odio, Alejandro (Universidad Pontificia Comillas); Fonseca, Marlene (Universidad Nebrija) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is intensifying the frequency and severity of weather-related natural disasters. These events generate significant monetary and non-monetary costs, undermining individual and societal well-being. Using a nationally representative longitudinal dataset from Australia, this study explores the dynamics of well-being before, during, and after natural disasters, with a particular focus on the mediating role of social capital. We employ an event-study design with individual fixed effects to capture both immediate and long-term effects of natural disasters on four critical dimensions of well- being: financial satisfaction, safety satisfaction, mental health, and psychological distress. Our findings reveal that the adverse impacts of natural disasters are profound and long-lasting, persisting in some cases for over 6–7 years, with well-being implications exceeding $1, 500, 000 in equivalent losses. We find that social capital emerges as a powerful buffer, significantly mitigating declines in safety satisfaction and mental health while reducing psychological distress both during and after disasters. |
| Keywords: | well-being, panel fixed-effects, hedonic adaptation, mental health, psychological distress |
| JEL: | J21 I31 G50 C23 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17907 |
| By: | Zhang, Xin (Beijing Normal University); Chen, Xi (Yale University); Sun, Hong (Jiangsu Provincial CDC); Yang, Yuanjian (Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to provide one of the first population-based causal estimates of the effect of air pollution on suicidal ideation—a key precursor to suicide attempt and completion—among school-age children. We use daily variations in the local wind direction as instruments to address endogeneity in pollution exposure. Matching a unique risk behavior survey of 55, 000 students from 273 schools with comprehensive data on air pollutants and weather conditions according to the exact date and location of schooling, our findings indicate that a 1% decline in daily PM2.5 is associated with a 0.36% reduction in the probability of suicidal ideation. Moreover, the dose-response relationship reveals that the marginal effects increase significantly and non-linearly with elevated concentration of PM2.5. The effect is particularly pronounced among younger, male, students from low-educated families, and students with lower grades. |
| Keywords: | suicidal ideation, air pollution, school-age children, risky behaviors, China |
| JEL: | I31 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17961 |
| By: | Benmir, Ghassane; Mori, Aditya; Roman, Josselin; Tarsia, Romano |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of incorporating natural capital dynamics on optimal allocation in an economy subject to uncertainty. We present new estimates on climate damages to natural capital and elasticities of substitution between natural capital and other production inputs. Using these estimates, we examine how shadow prices vary across model specifications and parameter calibrations. Our findings indicate that the social cost of carbon is 12 percent higher in a model incorporating natural capital compared to a standard DICE-type model. Furthermore, the social cost of carbon is highly sensitive to the elasticity of substitution in the final output production f unction. Accounting f or t he stochastic nature of productivity further increases the social cost of carbon by 0.13 percent to 39 percent, depending on the inclusion of habit formation. |
| Keywords: | natural capital; shadow prices; social cost of carbon; uncertainty |
| JEL: | E60 Q20 Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128516 |
| By: | Metcalfe, Robert; Roth, Sefi |
| Abstract: | Exposure to ambient air pollution has been shown to be detrimental to human health and productivity, and has motivated many policies to reduce such pollution. However, given that humans spend 90% of their time indoors, it is important to understand the degree of exposure to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP), and, if high, ways to reduce it. We design and implement a field experiment in London that monitors households’ IAP and then randomly reveals their IAP in real-time. At baseline, we find that IAP is worse than ambient air pollution when residents are at home and that for 38% of the time, IAP is above World Health Organization standards. Additionally, we observe a large household income-IAP gradient, larger than the income-ambient pollution gradient, highlighting large income disparities in IAP exposure. During our field experiment, we find that the randomized revelation reduces IAP by 17% (1.9 µg/m3 ) overall and 34% (5 µg/m3 ) during occupancy time. We show that the mechanism is households using more natural ventilation as a result of the feedback (i.e., opening up doors and windows). Finally, in terms of welfare, we find that: (i) households have a willingness to pay of £4.8 ($6) for every 1 µg/m3 reduction in indoor PM2.5; (ii) households have a higher willingness to pay for mitigation than for full information; (iii) households have a price elasticity of IAP monitor demand around -0.75; and (iv) a £1 subsidy for an IAP monitor or an air purifier infinite marginal value of public funds, i.e., a Pareto improvement. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128514 |
| By: | Gonzales, Teresa; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Madero, Ana; Mittrick, Caitlin; Myers, Emily; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Rapadas, Amica |
| Abstract: | As floods increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change, anticipatory action (AA) programs offer a promising approach to mitigate their impacts. However, there is limited research about how AA programming can address the specific needs of women, who often face heightened vulnerabilities during disasters. This paper applies the Reach, Benefit, Empower, Transform (RBET) framework to examine gender dynamics in AA programming through case studies in Nepal and Nigeria—two flood-prone countries where AA initiatives have been piloted. Using data from key informant interviews and focus group discussions with stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, local advocacy groups, and direct beneficiaries of flood programs, we assess barriers and enabling conditions for AA to reach, benefit, and empower women and broader opportunities for transformation of gender norms and social inequalities. Our findings reveal key implementation challenges, including limited funding, weak integration with broader disaster risk reduction efforts, and inadequate early warning systems. However, we also identify practical strategies for improving AA’s gender responsiveness, such as relying on individual rather than household-level data, providing accessible early warning information, offering aid modalities that meet women’s specific needs (such as dignity kits), ensuring women’s participation in community decision-making, and facilitating ongoing inclusive household and community dialogues in flood-prone communities rather than only responding to specific flood warnings. The paper concludes with recommendations for scaling up gender-inclusive AA programming to enhance resilience and reduce the disproportionate impacts of flooding on women. |
| Keywords: | disaster risk management; flooding; gender; vulnerability; women; climate change adaptation; Nepal; Nigeria; Asia; Southern Asia; Africa; Western Africa |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:162956 |
| By: | Pal, Barun Deb; Kapoor, Shreya; Rashid, Shahidur |
| Abstract: | Salt water intrusion and rising soil salnity are threatening food and livelihood security of paddy farmers in coastal Bangladesh. Visible manifestations of these challenges are degraded soils and chronic decline in tradtional farming, as it is becoming an increasingly infeasible means of livelihood. Promoting saline-tolerant paddy varieties (STRV) has been one of the major focuses of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and the attention to the problem has been intensified in recent years through a partnerhsip with a consortium of CGIAR centers. Howewer, robust empirical analysis has hitherto been limited. Using farm level data, this paper analyzes the determinants and impacts of the adopting these new varieties. We use a multi-variate logit model to identify the constraints to adoption, and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogeneous Switching Regression methods to assess the impacts on yeilds, and net income of the paddy farmers. Results show that adopting saline-tolerant rice varieties raises crop yield by an average of 1 to 2 tons per hectare, equivalent to a net income increase of about US$100 per hectare of cultivated land. Yet, adoption rates remain low due to several institutional constraints and perhaps a lack of nudging farmers in the scaling up strategies. Robustness of the results are tested, and the implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | climate change adaptation; impact; livelihoods; saltwater intrusion; rice; seeds; soil; technology adoption; Bangladesh; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024–11–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:159540 |
| By: | Merrill, Nathaniel; Vinhateiro, Nathan; Uchida, Emi; Reiblich, Jesse; Torell, Elin; Schechter, Sarah; Feldman, Leah; Weitman, Claudia; Powell, Drew |
| Abstract: | Sea level rise poses significant risks to coastal infrastructure and recreational activities, limiting public coastal access. In this study, we evaluate the current use and measure the recreational value of coastal access areas in Bristol County, Rhode Island, while assessing the vulnerability of those areas to rising sea levels. By combining measurements of non-market economic value derived from cellular device location data with modeled future sea level projections, we quantify the economic value at risk under different inundation scenarios. We produce site-level results which provide context and quantifiable measurements of social value that can guide prioritization of mitigation strategies to address future impacts. We discuss the benefits and challenges of integrating social and environmental data and methods. |
| Date: | 2025–06–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:cegy4_v1 |
| By: | Raphaël Chiappini (University of Bordeaux); Enea Gerard (University of Bordeaux) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of environmental regulations on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) using a novel index that distinguishes between the implementation and enforcement of environmental policy across 111 countries from 2001 to 2018. Leveraging bi- lateral FDI data and a structural gravity model, we find robust evidence of a Pollution Haven Effect: stricter environmental regulations in host countries are associated with lower inward FDI. The effect is more pronounced in emerging markets and in environments with higher corruption. Importantly, we show that FDI responds more strongly to policy implementation, capturing formal regulatory commitment, than to enforcement, measured as deviations be- tween predicted and actual emissions. In addition, bilateral FDI patterns are shaped by the environmental stringency gap between source and host countries, consistent with regulatory arbitrage behavior. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation, foreign direct investment, Pollution Haven Hypothesis |
| JEL: | F Q |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2025.9 |
| By: | Kapoor, Shreya; Sma, Abdelkarim; Pathak, Himanshu; Pradhan, Mamata |
| Abstract: | Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is pivotal in combating the impacts of climate change on global agriculture and food security. It has increasingly gained prominence as an adaptation strategy against the adverse impacts of climate change on agriculture, particularly in South Asia. However, scaling up the adoption of CSA interventions becomes critical, due to predominantly small and marginal nature of landholdings in the region, various institutional and policy constraints, and trade regulations and barriers. Another significant challenge lies in categorizing and prioritizing the multitude of technologies considered to be climate smart. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the different CSA technologies within the socio-economic context of six South Asian countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, with the main objective of proioritization and scaling-up of these methods. The study begins by compiling an inventory of existing technologies and subsequently prioritizing them by using the World Bank (WB) CSA Technology Index. Secondly, the study tries to address the key challenges and propose policy measures to upscale the adoption of CSA technologies in these countries using participatory research conducted with the key stakeholders in these countries. The participatory research provided valuable insights, revealing critical policy and institutional barriers, and providing a basis for framing strategies and policy solutions to facilitate wider adoption of CSA technologies in the region. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate-smart agriculture; prioritization; scaling up; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:155261 |
| By: | Leight, Jessica; Bahiru, Kibret Mamo; Buehren, Niklas; Getahun, Tigabu; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene |
| Abstract: | Sustainable land management (SLM) technologies including composting and agro-forestry are widely promoted as strategies to counter land degradation and enhance resilience against adverse weather shocks. Given that women are disproportionately vulnerable to such shocks, promoting their uptake of these technologies may be particularly important. We conducted a randomized trial in rural Ethiopia analyzing a bundled intervention providing training and inputs designed to encourage uptake of three interrelated SLM technologies: fruit tree planting, composting, and home gardening. The trial included 1900 extremely poor households in 95 subdistricts, randomly assigned to treatment arms in which women only or couples were included in the intervention. The findings one year post-baseline suggest a positive and large effect on take-up of all three technologies: the probability of reporting any trees increased by eight percentage points, and the probability of reporting a garden and/or composting increased by 20 to 30 percentage points, symmetrically across treatment arms. There are also significant reported increases in household vegetable production and consumption as well as in women’s dietary diversity. There is, however, some evidence that tree survival rates and tree health are weakly lower in intervention households compared to control households who spontaneously planted trees. Some positive effects on equitable intrahousehold decision-making and task-sharing are observed, especially in the couples’ training arm, but in general there is no robust evidence that either intervention significantly shifted intrahousehold gender dynamics. |
| Keywords: | climate change; land management; gender; social protection; sustainable land management; Ethiopia; Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:168513 |
| By: | Roni Blushtein-Livnon; Tal Svoray; Itai Ficshhendler; Havatzelet Yanel; Emir Galilee; Michael Dorman |
| Abstract: | Understanding the dynamics of renewable energy adoption is essential for designing strategies that accelerate its spread - an urgent priority for advancing climate goals and improving well-being, especially in off-grid regions facing energy poverty. This study introduces a time-series-based analytical framework that quantifies and classifies adoption behaviors of geographic entities within a region. A novel metric, the Adoption over Time Index (ATI), captures cumulative adoption intensity and identifies shifts in adoption trends, improving the ability to distinguish between fundamental adoption paths. By combining ATI with three key features found to be indicative of adoption dynamics, we define a typology of eight distinct paths, including two newly identified trajectories - the decelerating path and the declining moderate path. Applying this framework to a case study of an off-grid Bedouin population in southern Israel reveals that these retreating paths exist in substantial proportions. Identifying such trends is critical for addressing stagnation and preventing backsliding in the diffusion process. The leaping path, by contrast, was nearly absent. We also identify behavioral diversity within both front-runner and trailing groups. Differentiating among these groups can help tailor acceleration strategies. The analysis further reveals significant disparities in adoption levels across the region, with lagging clusters being widespread and overall adoption falling short of the region's potential. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.22456 |
| By: | Philippe Aghion; Timo Boppart; Michael Peters; Matthew Schwartzman; Fabrizio Zilibotti |
| Abstract: | We develop and quantify a novel growth theory in which economic activity endogenously shifts from material production to quality improvements. Consumers derive utility from goods with differing environmental footprints: necessities are material-intensive and polluting, while luxuries are more service-based and emit less. Innovation can be directed toward either material productivity or product~quality. Because demand for luxuries is more sensitive to quality, the economy gradually becomes “weightless”: growth is driven by quality improvements, services become the dominant employment sector, and material production stabilizes at a finite level. This structural transformation enables rising living standards with declining environmental intensity, providing an endogenous path to degrowth in material output without compromising economic progress. Policy can accelerate the transition, but its burden is uneven, falling more heavily on the poor than on the rich. |
| JEL: | E0 O41 O44 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33634 |
| By: | Fernando Arranz Gozalo (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Clara I. González Martínez (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Mercedes de Luis López (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático presenta desafíos para el crecimiento global y la estabilidad financiera, y tiene efectos en las rentabilidades de los activos. Cada vez es mayor el número de inversores que incorporan criterios de inversión sostenible y responsable en la gestión de sus carteras y en el ejercicio activo de la propiedad. Para ello, es relevante el desarrollo y aplicación de diferentes métricas climáticas para identificar y gestionar la exposición al riesgo financiero relacionado con el clima. Este documento contribuye a aportar mayor claridad sobre las distintas métricas climáticas; en particular, para su aplicación a una cartera con activos soberanos, dada la falta de armonización existente en esta clase de instrumento. Existe un debate abierto sobre las variables a utilizar, así como la normalización de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El documento propone métricas específicas para activos soberanos que permitan caracterizar el riesgo de transición de la inversión, permitiendo al mismo tiempo que sean empleadas para la divulgación de este tipo de información. Además, el artículo evalúa su aplicación práctica en carteras modelo y analiza las ventajas y limitaciones de cada métrica. Se termina identificando los desafíos futuros, como la disponibilidad de datos, la armonización de divulgaciones y la adaptación de métricas para carteras mixtas, y se subraya la importancia de desarrollar metodologías prospectivas para evaluar el cumplimiento de los objetivos climáticos a largo plazo. |
| Keywords: | cambio climático, divulgación, activos soberanos, inversión sostenible |
| JEL: | E58 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2512 |
| By: | Bézy, Thomas; Rozer, Viktor Rozer |
| Abstract: | In many parts of the world the costs of flooding are projected to rise sharply due to climate change and urbanization in flood-prone areas. This study compares the rate of construction in high-risk zones across France and the UK, and discusses the impact of insurance and urban planning policies. In both France and the UK, the housing stock in flood-prone areas keeps growing substantially every year, and new construction in flood risk areas has not shown any sizeable sign of slowing down in recent years. In France, second homes are overrepresented in flood-risk zones, contrasting with the UK. Both countries show higher rates in low-income neighbourhoods, raising concerns about the emergence of socially deprived areas at high risk of flooding that may not have access to insurance, sometimes called “flood ghettos”. While insurance is subsidized in both countries, a key distinction is that new build homes at risk do not benefit from subsidized rates in the UK, whereas they do in France. However, this difference does not appear to substantially deter construction in risky areas in the UK compared to France. These findings highlight challenges in balancing risk reduction, affordability, and sustainable development. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2025–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128511 |
| By: | Ayalew, Hailemariam; Berhane, Guush; Wondale, Meseret; Breisinger, Clemens |
| Abstract: | The recent surge in violent conflicts, intertwined with climate-induced drought risks, is jeopardizing decades of development progress in many low- and middle-income countries. This study investigates the compounded effects of armed conflicts and climate-induced disruptions on agricultural input use in Ethiopia, a country experiencing significant fragility due to both factors. Using a unique household- and plot-level panel dataset collected before (2019) and after (2023) the onset of a widespread conflict, we examine how these disruptions affect the use of key agricultural inputs, such as inorganic fertilizers, improved seeds, agrochemicals, compost, and manure. The analysis reveals that exposure to conflict significantly reduces the likelihood of using both inorganic and organic inputs. Conflict-affected households are 9 percentage points less likely to use both inorganic fertilizers and improved seeds, and 14 percentage points less likely to use organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure. Exposure to recurrent rainfall variability by inducing uncertainty of use of inputs further exacerbates these negative impacts, reducing fertilizer use by an additional 3 percent among drought-exposed households. These findings highlight the multifaceted challenges faced by smallholder farmers in fragile settings, where both conflict and environmental stressors undermine agricultural productivity and threaten food security. The study underscores the need for targeted anticipatory (pre-conflict) and resilience building (post-conflict) interventions to support resilience in agricultural practices within conflict-affected regions, particularly those facing climate-induced weather risks. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; armed conflicts; climate change; weather hazards; inputs; Ethiopia; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:168640 |
| By: | Menon, Siddharth |
| Abstract: | Recently, large parts of India and the global South have witnessed widespread sand extraction from rural sites for urban infrastructure projects, causing extensive environmental damage. Critical scholarship has theorized these sites as new extractive frontiers that facilitate the needs of green energy transitions and planetary urbanization. In this article, I offer a postcolonial decentering of this narrative by examining the commodity chain of ‘m-sand’ or manufactured sand, which binds urban infrastructures in Kochi city in Kerala, India to sand extraction sites in the rural Western Ghat mountain ecologies of southwest India. I argue that sand extraction sites are better analyzed through the lens of ‘plantation urbanism’, a concept that accounts for the failure of colonial-era Western Ghat plantation economies in the free-market era and their ensuing conversion to sand extraction sites. Plantation urbanism also foregrounds how colonial plantation logics shape the production of urban space in Kochi via sand's commodity chain. |
| Keywords: | global South; green extractivism; plantation logics; rural-urban entanglements; sand; urban political ecology |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–06–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128542 |
| By: | Lydia Papadaki; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Social sciences, particularly business and management, are now adopting hackathons, traditionally used in IT, to enhance entrepreneurship skills. These co-creative activities, lasting one or two days, involve teams generating ideas or facing challenges. Climathons aim to empower citizens to combat climate change through local activation and collaboration. This study investigates the effectiveness of a Climathon in promoting sustainable entrepreneurial mindsets. Two Climathons were held in Greece in 2023, Lavrio and Agia Paraskevi, to assess the effectiveness of these events. A self-assessment survey was developed and disseminated, with the Climathon participants seeking to provide answers to two research questions: first, whether a Climathon can be utilised as a mechanism to enhance awareness and motivate participants to embrace sustainable practices, and second, which soft skills essential for an entrepreneurial attitude are activated during a Climathon. Results indicated an increased participants' comprehension of sustainability after taking part in the Climathon. The study also found that awards and team leadership experience were significant predictors of sustainability education, which could impact workforce development and corporate training. Problem-solving skills were found to be non-significantly associated with sustainability education. Improving one soft skill could promote the development of additional talents, such as time management and collaboration. Finally, the study identified operational gaps in organising ideathons and suggested areas where future Climathons should focus, such as workshops, team challenges, and solution-creation sessions over expert talks. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, entrepreneurship, Ideathon, soft-skills, competition, education |
| Date: | 2025–06–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2542 |
| By: | Banerjee, Aparajita |
| Abstract: | Research suggests that the impacts of climate change are felt more acutely by women than men, given their specific socioeconomic roles. It is crucial to recognise the differentiated impacts of climate change on women and the importance of their inclusion in mitigation and adaptation policies, where their voices are often unheard and their concerns remain unaddressed. As international development assistance constricts, crucial lifelines on which many projects that address gender equality rely are disappearing. Winding down such projects can also jeopardise the fragile progress made to address the structural socioeconomic conditions that create gender inequality. Increased gender mainstreaming in national climate plans under the Paris Agreement, for example, the nationally determined contributions (NDCs), can be one way to effectively address gender inequality in climate action. Countries can develop specific climate change mitigation and adaptation plans to address gender inequality. As a new set of updated NDCs will be submitted in 2025 by the countries committed to the Paris Agreement, it is an opportune time to enhance gender mainstreaming in the next round of NDCs (NDC 3.0) based on concrete policies and actions. This policy brief explores how gender was addressed in the previous round of NDCs (NDC 2.0) of the least developed countries (LDCs) with high gender inequality. A content analysis was conducted to explore how different gendered policy approaches were mentioned in NDC 2.0 of the LDCs. Based on the findings, this policy brief provides key policy insights for better gender mainstreaming in the next round of NDCs. Key policy insights: • Gender mainstreaming needs to be integrated at all policy-making stages and within society, not as an add-on as it is in many NDCs. • Women in LDCs, particularly those at greater risk of climate disasters, should be prioritised, reaching the farthest away and the most affected first in any international support for climate action projects. • Gender mainstreaming in climate change mitigation would be essential to creating oppor-tunities for all genders to participate in the tech-nological transformation to a low-carbon society that pursues gender transformative changes. • Projects with gender transformative plans take time and require long-term consistent funding, and greater focus is needed to choose the right projects to address structural inequalities. • Research is required to develop evidence-based solutions, and often LDCs lack research funds for long-term studies. Research funding support from developed countries can help LDCs to improve research in LDCs and produce evidence to inform policy action. • Gender-disaggregated data needs to be collected and used to design, evaluate, implement and fund targeted transformative policies to tackle gender inequality. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:319686 |
| By: | Janet Currie; Soodeh Saberian |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between wildfires and mental health-related hospitalizations in Canada from 2006 to 2018. Most previous estimates of the mental health costs of wildfire have focused on the impacts of exposure to PM₂.₅. We break new ground by highlighting other pathways for wildfires to affect mental health, including evacuation orders, direct local costs of fires, and climate anxiety, which is proxied using wildfire-related Twitter activity. We find that all these mechanisms affect mental health-related hospitalizations, with especially large impacts on hospitalizations for anxiety and substance abuse. Conditional on air quality, wildfire events that draw national attention worsen the mental health of susceptible people, even when they live far away. Elderly people and those with pre-existing health conditions that make them more vulnerable, are more strongly affected. The results indicate that climate anxiety stoked by wildfire events may account for much of the overall mental health cost. Accounting for these additional mechanisms does little to diminish the estimated effect of PM ₂.₅ from wildfire smoke, however, suggesting that the additional factors have effects on mental health that are in addition to those of PM₂.₅. |
| JEL: | I1 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33912 |
| By: | Eissler, Sarah; Heckert, Jessica |
| Abstract: | We present findings from a qualitative study conducted as part of an impact assessment of the Programme to Reduce Vulnerability in Coastal Fishing Areas (PRAREV) , supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and implemented from 2013 to 2021. This study was designed to focus solely on the gender aspects of PRAREV, which overall aimed to support fishing communities and actors in the fishing sector in Djibouti, specifically those living in rural coastal areas affected by climate change, by reducing their vulnerability to the effects of climate change and promote co-management of marine resources. The program targeted those who are poor and who rely on fishing, particularly women involved in fish processing and marketing. The qualitative findings shared in this paper complement findings from an accompanying quantitative study, which found positive effects of the program on incomes, production, women’s influence on decisions, and food security, but not on resilience or nutritional status. We used multiple qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with program staff and men and women leaders and members of fishing organizations to examine the following research questions focused on the gender component of the program: 1) How the program was delivered from multiple perspectives; 2) How the program strengthened the fishers’ and fishmonger associations; and 3) The benefits and costs of the program in the areas of climate change resilience, livelihoods, and changes in the fishing sector. While PRAREV aimed to take a gender-sensitive approach, the gender strategy and its delivery could have been improved. PRAREV mainly reached women by intentionally including women fishing organizations so that they could benefit from access to collective resources, training, and knowledge. PRAREV trainings often were not communicated to women members of fishing organizations, which led to women’s relative exclusion compared to men members. However, participants shared both positive and negative feedback on the PRAREV program. They generally agreed that when delivered, the trainings were well received and increased knowledge and awareness of climate change and knowledge of upgrading techniques in the fishing sector. The climate change trainings developed awareness about the drivers of climate change and taught best practices on the preservation of local marine resources. However, these trainings did not address adaptation to depleted fish populations in mangroves or reefs. Other trainings focused on value chain upgrading were well received and when delivered, increased relevant knowledge. However, their reach was limited, particularly among women fishing organization members. Finally, PRAREV provided organizations key resources for value chain upgrading and integration in the fishing sector in a way that preserved the local marine environment (e.g., boats, knives, fishing wires, nets). While fishing organization members spoke positively of these resources, there were challenges in delivering them. They were delivered late in the project, often without training or a sustainability plan, or were often not delivered as promised, creating frustration and tension among group members. They were also often delivered in smaller quantities than originally communicated and as such, the recipient fishing organizations limited their use. Overall, group members felt there was limited transparency in delivering these resources. Based on these findings, we share recommendations for PRAREV and similar programs. We suggest conducting formative research on the local fishing sector to identify how men and women want to participate and the key barriers they face in doing so. With respect to resource provision, programs should provide resources earlier and should deliver them with a sustainability plan that has community buy in. Implementers should aim to understand how groups could make use of high-value common property to enable transparency and sustainability. Trainings should also be tailored to the local context and be more in-depth. Importantly, program staff should ensure that all intended beneficiaries, especially women, are invited and able to participate in program trainings so that all members can benefit from the knowledge, awareness, and skill building gained at each training event. Programs should implement a more robust monitoring plan to ensure resources are adequately used and equitably distributed, and that all intended beneficiary groups benefit equitably. Finally, although PRAREV was designed to undertake a gender-sensitive approach, further refinement of this approach could likely improve program delivery and impact. A gender accommodative approach would have supported and empowered women from within the traditional gender roles that they feel more comfortable with to participate and upgrade in their respective fishing activities. |
| Keywords: | fishing; gender; vulnerability; women's empowerment; Djibouti; Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024–10–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:155277 |
| By: | Amal, Nair; Sabyasachi, Tripathi |
| Abstract: | Rapid urbanization has catalyzed economic growth, especially for developing nations, and their urban populations have seen a dramatic rise, hence requiring an understanding of and policymaking on socioeconomic issues. The paper presents important factors that determine the population growth in major urban agglomerations around the world with over 5 million inhabitants. The determinants of urban population size in 2020 and population growth rates from 2010-2020 were analyzed using OLS and quantile regression models based on data with geographical, environmental, demographic, political, and infrastructural variables. The main results show that proximity to transportation infrastructure, annual temperature, initial population size, population density, and the number of educational institutions are essential facilitating factors for urban populations. In contrast, port city status, annual precipitation, and CO2 emissions show negative impacts. Many of these same factors are also significant in population growth rates, though state capital status and congestion in traffic flow negatively relate to growth. The results indicate a complex variety of factors that shape global urban growth and imply some policy directions for sustainable urban development investments in education, environmental protection, and transport infrastructure. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of global urbanization. |
| Keywords: | Urban population growth, Demographic factors, Environmental variables, Infrastructure, Sustainable urban development. |
| JEL: | O18 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124672 |
| By: | Bagnoli, Lisa (Inter-American Development Bank); Delgado, Lucía (Inter-American Development Bank); Luza, Jerónimo (Inter-American Development Bank); Mitnik, Oscar A. (Inter-American Development Bank); Pasman, Clara (Bocconi University); Serebrisky, Tomás (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Over the past decades, Latin America and the Caribbean have experienced a significant increase in natural disasters, posing significant threats to infrastructure and economic activity, particularly in regions with poor infrastructure. Understanding the patterns in recovery time after disasters is key to designing accurate responses to natural hazards. In this paper, we develop a methodological approach and use Hurricane Odile, which struck Baja California Sur, Mexico, in September 2014, as a case study to understand the recovery paths following such disasters. We rely on nighttime lights data to capture the initial impact and eventual recovery of electricity service and economic activity in the area of impact of the hurricane. We find that the average luminosity dropped to 78% of pre-hurricane levels immediately after the event and did not fully recover within a year. Impacts are heterogeneous, with localities such as Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo experiencing more severe impacts and slower recovery compared to La Paz, which recovered faster. These results suggest that disaster evaluation, mitigation policies, and preventive measures against disaster impacts should be tailored to local realities. |
| Keywords: | resilience, natural disasters, electricity service, economic activity recovery, nighttime light, hurricane, Mexico |
| JEL: | O13 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17909 |
| By: | Burger, Maximilian Nicolaus; Nilgen, Marco; Vollan, Björn |
| Abstract: | Citizens’ Juries (CJs) are increasingly implemented as a means to engage citizens in deliberation on complex policy challenges, yet their effectiveness can be undermined by cognitive biases and limited value-driven reasoning. This study evaluates the impact of bias alleviation and value activation exercises on deliberative quality and civic engagement in four CJs conducted in Bogotá, Colombia. Two juries incorporated these exercises as treatment interventions, and two served as controls with extended deliberation time. Results reveal that deliberation itself modestly reduced confirmation bias compared to non-participants, while the structured interventions enhanced participants’ awareness of biases and value-based reasoning. However, the interventions did not significantly reduce the occurrence of biases and led to a perceived trade-off with deliberation time. Participation in CJs also showed improved trust in science and political self-efficacy, demonstrating their potential to foster civic engagement. These findings highlight the nuanced benefits and limitations of integrating debiasing interventions into mini-publics to enhance deliberative quality and equity in policymaking. |
| Keywords: | democracy; environmental economics; food systems; participatory research; public participation; sustainability; Colombia; Americas; South America |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:169372 |
| By: | Khakimov, Parviz; Ashurov, Timur; Goibov, Manuchehr; Aliev, Jovidon |
| Abstract: | This study examines the growth and challenges in Tajikistan’s agriculture sector, highlighting its role as a key driver of the country’s development despite significant constraints and challenges, including inputs scarcity and climate change. The agriculture sector has seen an increase in gross outputs and sectoral value added, contributing to domestic needs due to population and income growth. However, Tajikistan still has the lowest agricultural value added per worker in Central Asia and remains a net importer of agrifood products, primarily due to the underdevelopment of the food processing sector. Key growth drivers include sectoral reforms, shifts in land allocation, and government incentives. Despite these efforts, regional disparities in productivity persist, and access to inputs such as fertilizers and mechanization remains limited. The paper emphasizes the need for improved access to finance, agricultural inputs, and extension services to ensure sustainable development and food security. Recommendations include enhancing the capacity of national agricultural research and development institutions, promoting climate-smart agriculture, and improving water and irrigation management. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of developing the livestock sector through improved feeding, breeding, and veterinary services. Overall, a comprehensive approach addressing policy, institutional, economic, and technological gaps is crucial for the sustainable advancement of Tajikistan’s agriculture sector. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; development; policy analysis; reforms; Tajikistan; Asia; Central Asia |
| Date: | 2024–12–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:168997 |
| By: | Narayanan, Sudha; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Gautam, Aditi |
| Abstract: | Despite significant improvements in poverty and standard of living over the last two decades, India continues to face challenges, including slow improvements in health and nutrition indicators and in aspects of women’s empowerment and in generating opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. At the same time, climate-related events are increasing in frequency with associated risks. Women and other marginalized populations are often at greater risk from these events due to their relatively lower access to resources, lower mobility and greater dependence on common property resources. Social protection can be an effective instrument to promote resilience. One such large social protection program with significant potential is India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, or the MGNREGA, one of the largest public works programs in the world. This report provides insights from four case studies linked to the MGNREGA and implemented under the Indo-German Enhancing Rural Resilience through Appropriate Development Actions, or ERADA project. ERADA was implemented in 8 blocks of 4 large Indian states, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand. The ERADA project had three broad objectives - of enhancing natural capital, green recovery through green enterprises, and convergence of resources and networks - and identified the MGNREGA as a critical social safety net on which to base its activities. While much has been written on the impact of the MGNREGA on “first-order” outcomes such as wages, employment, rural-urban distress migration and other household welfare outcomes, we know considerably less about the use of the assets created under the program, and even less about the potential of these assets to support and sustain value chain activities. |
| Keywords: | public works; sustainability; resilience; livelihoods; social protection; value chains; India; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:169341 |
| By: | Krämer, Christine; Köder, Lea; Röder, Norbert; Rechenberg, Jörg; Walter, Anne-Barbara; Ehlers, Knut |
| Abstract: | As part of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), farmers who receive payments are obliged to comply with the standards for good agricultural and environmental condition of land (GAEC), among others. If farmers do not apply for payments, they no longer have to comply with GAEC standards, but only with the relevant regulatory law. Against the background of the abolition or reduction of direct payments, the question arises as to what extent the provisions of national regulatory law currently ensure a similar level of protection for the environment as the GAEC standards. The question arises as to what extent the provisions of national regulatory law currently ensure a similar level of protection for the environment as the GAEC standards. This study this question with regard to abiotic resource protection. The study is based on a very detailed comparison of the environmental protection arising from the GAEC standards and the applicable regulatory law (Lübke et al. 2025). This comparison includes the relevant legal foundations, case law and legal commentary. GAEC standards 1 (Maintenance of permanent Grassland), 2 (Protection of wetland and peatland), 4 (Establishment of buffer strips along water courses) and 5 (Tillage management, reducing the risk of soil degradation and erosion) are analysed, for which regulatory law exists at federal and state level. As a result, the comparison of the GAEC standards and the regulatory law in Germany shows a very differentiated picture of the various regulations. If society wishes to maintain the level of environmental protection ensured by these GAEC standards if direct payments are to be reduced, the regulatory law must be adapted. To this end, it generally makes sense to harmonize the definitions of terms in funding and regulatory law and to improve the congruence between regulatory and funding law. Irrespective of this, it must be ensured that when direct payments are ‘phased out’, adequate enforcement of regulatory law is guaranteed independently of funding law. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2025–06–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:358867 |
| By: | Yongyang Cai; Anastasios Xepapadeas; Aart de Zeeuw |
| Abstract: | Many resources are provided by an ecological system that is vulnerable to tipping when exceeding a certain level of pollution, with a sudden big loss of ecosystem services. An ecological system is usually also a common-pool resource and therefore vulnerable to suboptimal use resulting from non-cooperative behavior. An analysis requires methods to derive cooperative and non-cooperative solutions for managing a dynamical system with tipping points. Such a game is a differential game which has two well-defined non-cooperative solutions, the open-loop and feedback Nash equilibria. This paper provides new numerical methods for deriving open-loop and feedback Nash equilibria, for one-dimensional and two-dimensional dynamical systems. The methods are applied to the lake game, which is the classical example for these types of problems. Especially, two-dimensional feedback Nash equilibria are a novelty of this paper. This Nash equilibrium is close to the cooperative solution which has important policy implications. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.06646 |
| By: | Rausch, Sebastian; von Ditfurth, Jakob |
| Abstract: | For investors, the decision to install photovoltaic (PV) systems largely depends on whether the investment proves worthwhile. Subsidies play an important role in this context. Currently, the German subsidy programme is based on feed-in tariffs: Property owners are guaranteed a fixed price for 20 years at which the electricity they generate can be sold. This ZEW policy brief studies the German subsidy programme, considering the different effects on homeowners and landlords. Homeowner investors are will- ing to pay only 67 cents for every euro of total discounted future benefits from electricity production. Despite similar investment costs and feed-in revenues, landlords adopt considerably fewer PV installations systems for tenant electricity (Mieterstrom) due to high administrative costs. For purposes of economic policy, the undervaluation of future benefits from PV investments leads to an important conclusion: Had the investment costs been subsidised in advance, over one third of the subsidies spent in the past could have been saved. If landlords are to invest more, bureaucratic hurdles within the tenant electricity programme need to be removed - which would also result in cost savings. Electric vehicles and heat pumps are key elements of the energy tran- sition and crucial for achieving climate neutrality |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:319709 |
| By: | Krämer, Christine; Köder, Lea; Röder, Norbert; Rechenberg, Jörg; Walter, Anne-Barbara; Ehlers, Knut |
| Abstract: | Im Rahmen des Förderrechts der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik der Europäischen Union (GAP) sind Landwirt*innen, die Zahlungen erhalten, dazu verpflichtet u. a. die Standards für den guten landwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Zustand von Flächen (GLÖZ) einzuhalten. Beantragen die Landwirt*innen keine Zahlungen, müssen die GLÖZ-Standards nicht eingehalten werden, sondern nur das entsprechende Ordnungsrecht. Vor dem Hintergrund der diskutierten Abschaffung bzw. Abschmelzung der Direktzahlungen stellt sich die Frage, inwiefern Regelungen des nationalen Ordnungsrechtes gegenwärtig ein ähnliches Schutzniveau für die Umwelt absichern wie die GLÖZ-Standards. Für den abiotischen Ressourcenschutz wird dieser Frage in der vorliegenden Studie nachgegangen. Ferner wird der notwendige Anpassungsbedarf im Ordnungsrecht identifiziert, wenn ein vergleichbares Schutzniveau erhalten werden soll. Die Studie basiert auf einem sehr detaillierten Vergleich der rechtlichen Umweltschutzanforderungen der GLÖZ-Standards und des geltenden Ordnungsrechtes (Lübke et al. 2025). Dieser Vergleich umfasst die einschlägigen rechtlichen Grundlagen, Rechtsprechung und juristische Kommentierung. Betrachtet werden die GLÖZ-Standards 1 (Erhaltung von Dauergrünland), 2 (Mindestschutz von Feuchtgebieten und Mooren), 4 (Schaffung von Pufferstreifen entlang von Wasserläufen) und 5 (Vorgaben zur Bodenbearbeitung zur Begrenzung von Erosion). Für diese liegen ordnungsrechtliche Regelungen auf Bundes- und Länderebene vor. Im Ergebnis zeigt der Vergleich der untersuchten GLÖZ-Standards und des Ordnungsrechtes in Deutschland ein sehr differenziertes Bild bei den unterschiedlichen Regelungen. Besteht der gesellschaftliche Wunsch, das Schutzniveau dieser GLÖZ-Standards weiterhin beizubehalten, wenn die Direktzahlungen abgebaut werden sollten, so ist das Ordnungsrecht anzupassen. Hierfür ist es u. a. generell sinnvoll, die Begriffsdefinitionen im Förder- und Ordnungsrecht zu vereinheitlichen und die Kongruenz zwischen Ordnungs- und Förderrecht zu verbessern. Unabhängig davon ist sicherzustellen, dass beim "Auslaufen" der Direktzahlungen ein hinreichender Vollzug des Ordnungsrecht unabhängig vom Förderrecht sichergestellt ist. |
| Abstract: | As part of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), farmers who receive payments are obliged to comply with the standards for good agricultural and environmental condition of land (GAEC), among others. If farmers do not apply for payments, they no longer have to comply with GAEC standards, but only with the relevant regulatory law. Against the background of the abolition or reduction of direct payments, the question arises as to what extent the provisions of national regulatory law currently ensure a similar level of protection for the environment as the GAEC standards. The question arises as to what extent the provisions of national regulatory law currently ensure a similar level of protection for the environment as the GAEC standards. This study this question with regard to abiotic resource protection. The study is based on a very detailed comparison of the environmental protection arising from the GAEC standards and the applicable regulatory law (Lübke et al. 2025). This comparison includes the relevant legal foundations, case law and legal commentary. GAEC standards 1 (Maintenance of permanent Grassland), 2 (Protection of wetland and peatland), 4 (Establishment of buffer strips along water courses) and 5 (Tillage management, reducing the risk of soil degradation and erosion) are analysed, for which regulatory law exists at federal and state level. As a result, the comparison of the GAEC standards and the regulatory law in Germany shows a very differentiated picture of the various regulations. If society wishes to maintain the level of environmental protection ensured by these GAEC standards if direct payments are to be reduced, the regulatory law must be adapted. To this end, it generally makes sense to harmonize the definitions of terms in funding and regulatory law and to improve the congruence between regulatory and funding law. Irrespective of this, it must be ensured that when direct payments are 'phased out', adequate enforcement of regulatory law is guaranteed independently of funding law. |
| Keywords: | Agrarpolitik, Ordnungsrecht, Landwirtschaft und Umwelt, Agricultural Policy, Regulation and Business Law, Agriculture and Environment |
| JEL: | Q18 K2 Q15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:319636 |
| By: | Leonelli, Giulia Claudia |
| Abstract: | This article enquires into the extent to which the elusive Chapeau of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) may constrain the ability of regulating Members to tackle environmental externalities via unilateral regulatory action. It employs an analysis of recent European Union regulatory measures to assess the rationale of different ‘indicators’ of compliance with the Chapeau and unpack their implications. The article illustrates that a good faith–centred interpretation of the Chapeau criteria helps identify aspects in the practical application of a measure that may afford protection to domestic products or result in country-based discrimination. It also preserves the margins of action of regulating Members and can improve the regulatory design and environmental effectiveness of unilateral measures. An expansive interpretation of ‘situational’ discrimination and ‘coercion’, by contrast, captures significant distortions of competitive opportunities between ‘like’ products, broadening market access and stretching the Chapeau beyond a good faith–centred focus. Furthermore, this interpretative approach can indirectly impact the regulatory design of the measures and undermine their environmental effectiveness. Against this backdrop, the article argues that the dispute settlement organs should carefully delimit the scope of the Chapeau conditions and adhere to a good faith–centred interpretative approach. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120315 |
| By: | McCloskey, PJ; Malheiros Remor, Rodrigo |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the economic viability of decentralised solar systems in Abu Dhabi. By analysing levelised cost of electricity (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR) across customer groups, it finds that while rooftop solar generation is not yet cost-effective for heavily subsidised sectors, it remains viable for industrial and commercial users. The study suggests that subsidy reform could significantly improve the financial appeal of decentralised systems, aligning with Abu Dhabi’s decarbonisation targets under the UAE Energy Strategy 2050. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy, solar energy, decentralised solar, centralised solar, LCOE, Abu Dhabi |
| JEL: | Q2 Q42 Q47 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124740 |
| By: | Ragasa, Catherine; Kyle, Jordan; Yasmin, Sabina; Pande, Harshita; Sharma, Aanshi; Basu, Sampurna; Najjar, Dina |
| Abstract: | Women’s equal participation and leadership in political and public life can boost a country’s long-term economic growth, foster social inclusion, and help countries reach the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Beyond these important outcomes, women’s inclusion in public life is a basic human right: Women deserve a role in making decisions, controlling resources, and shaping policies. Despite the importance of women’s voices and their empowerment in policy and decision-making processes, available metrics show that women’s policy and political empowerment remains low. Moreover, these metrics are inadequate in systematically tracking women’s voices and empowerment across different levels of decision-making. IFPRI developed an assessment framework—Women’s Empowerment in Agrifood Governance (WEAGov)—to assess women’s voices and empowerment in national policy processes in agrifood systems. This paper presents results from the pilot testing of WEAGov in India from January to March 2024. In this paper, we present how the WEAGov tool works in the Indian context, analyze trends in the data that we collected during the pilot, and provide an overview of the status of women’s voices and empowerment in the agrifood policy process as of March 2024. The pilot testing in India provides useful lessons on improving the measurement of these outcomes and offers valuable policy insights on critical entry points for increasing women’s voices and empowerment in the national agrifood policy process, design, implementation, and evaluation. |
| Keywords: | women's empowerment; gender; agrifood systems; governance; policies; measurement; India; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:168968 |
| By: | Adeyanju, Dolapo; Amare, Mulubrhan; Andam, Kwaw S.; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Gelli, Aulo; Idowu, Ifetayo |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Nigeria’s Home-Grown School Feeding Program (HGSFP), an initiative that enhances traditional school feeding by supporting local agriculture. Operating across federal, state, and school levels, the HGSFP sources meals from local smallholder farmers, aiming to stimulate rural economies and improve food security. The program creates demand for locally grown food, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and adopt sustainable practices while providing them with stable income. The HGSFP has successfully expanded its impact beyond students to benefit farmers, communities, and local businesses; despite these achievements, the program still faces challenges including funding constraints, logistical issues, and monitoring difficulties. By analyzing successful implementations in other countries that are characterized by strong government support, well-developed supply chains, and active community participation, the paper offers insights for improvement. The discussion concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and program administrators. These suggestions aim to enhance the HGSFP’s effectiveness, efficiency, and long-term sustainability, ultimately contributing to Nigeria’s broader agricultural and economic development goals. |
| Keywords: | school feeding; efficiency; sustainability; agricultural development; Nigeria; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Africa |
| Date: | 2024–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:158431 |
| By: | Tomoya Mori; Daisuke Murakami |
| Abstract: | This study develops a statistical model that integrates economic agglomeration theory and power-law distributions of city sizes to project future population distribution on 1-km grid cells. We focus on Japan -- a country at the forefront of rapid population decline. Drawing on official population projections and empirical patterns from past urban evolution in response to the development of high-speed rail and highway networks, we examine how ongoing demographic contraction and expected reductions in distance frictions may reshape urban geography. Our analysis suggests that urban economies will consolidate around fewer and larger cities, each of which will experience a flattening of population density as the decentralization of urban populations accelerates, while rural areas are expected to experience further depopulation as a result of these spatial and economic shifts. By identifying sustainable urban cores capable of anchoring regional economies, our model provides a framework for policymakers to manage population decline while maintaining resilience through optimized infrastructure and resource allocation focused on these key urban centers. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.08333 |
| By: | Glauber, Joseph W.; Mamun, Abdullah |
| Abstract: | Rice is a major food crop supplying, on average, 516 kcal per capita per day or roughly 17.3% of total calories consumed globally in 2022. Rice production and consumption is concentrated in Asia though rice has grown as an important staple crop outside of Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa currently accounts for 7 percent of global rice consumption but account for over 28 percent of total rice imports. Rice is a thinly traded crop compared to other staples like wheat and maize. Rice imports account for about 10 percent of total consumption today but import penetration is expected to grow to about 11 percent by 2033. India is the world’s largest exporter accounting for about 40 percent of total exports in recent years. Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam and the United States account for an additional 40 percent of world exports. Mid-range projections for the next 10 years suggest that trends in place will likely continue. Yields are assumed to keep pace with global consumption trends. Sub-Saharan Africa will account for a significant share of the overall growth in consumption. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) forecasts that Sub-Saharan Africa will account for 27 percent of the growth in global rice consumption and 47 percent of the growth in global imports over the next 10 years. Climate and government distortions remain the single largest vulnerabilities to the rice market. Because of the large concentration of rice production in South and Southeast Asia, crop production is vulnerable to El Niño and other climatic events like the Indian Ocean Dipole which can bring hot and dry weather and disrupt the monsoon season. Since rice is so thinly traded, market restrictions imposed by one of more of the major exporting countries can cause large price impacts. In 2007/08, export bans affected as much as 80 percent of rice trade which caused global prices to almost triple. In July 2023, India imposed export restrictions fearing that domestic production would be harmed by a developing El Nino event. Global rice prices rose by 30 percent as a result. Importing countries bore much of the brunt of those increases, particularly poorer countries in the rice-importing areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Other potential vulnerabilities include logistical issues, particularly bottlenecks in the major shipping lanes of Asia. |
| Keywords: | climate; rice; risk; trade; vulnerability |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:168523 |
| By: | Iraoya, Augustine Okhale; Balana, Bedru; Thomas, Timothy S.; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Bryan, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | This country brief supports GCAN's goal of integrating gender, climate resilience, and nutrition considerations into policy by providing policymakers, program officers, and researchers with an analysis of Nige ria’s current situation and policy objectives in these areas. A recent study from Andam et al. (2023) underscores the vital role of Nigeria’s agrifood system in the country's economy. In 2019, Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) stood at $469.3 billion, supported by a workforce of 66.8 million people (Andam et al. 2023). The agrifood sector made a substantial contribution, generating $175.3 billion in GDP and providing employment for 41.9 million individuals. This sector encompasses both primary agriculture and off-farm activities, including processing, trade, transport, food services, and input supply. Primary agriculture alone contributed $103.3 billion to GDP and employed 32.2 million people. Off-farm agrifood activities contributed approximately 40 percent of the agrifood GDP and 20 percent of agrifood employment (Andam et al. 2023). |
| Keywords: | gender; climate change; nutrition; resilience; agrifood systems; Nigeria; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Africa |
| Date: | 2025–05–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gcanfs:174789 |
| By: | Muhil Nesi (Environmental Social Science Department, Swiss Federal institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland); Bernhard Truffer (Environmental Social Science Department, Swiss Federal institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Sustainability transitions in complex consumer product sectors pose several analytical challenges. A key characteristic is that technological and institutional innovation strategies have to cope with a variety of competing value demands from vastly distributed markets and regional manufacturing contexts. By building on recent innovation systems and sociology literatures, we claim that transitions in such sectors require changes in valuation structures, i.e. the institutional structures and processes that leverage particular values in the selection environment of the sector. We apply this framework to the dyeing industry in the Tiruppur textile cluster, India’s largest exporter of cotton garments, which was confronted with severe regulatory pressure to stop polluting the local river. In a process spanning over twenty years, the industry has largely managed to endorse wastewater recovery, adopting the concept of ‘zero liquid discharge’ by leveraging an increasing number of industry-internal technological and institutional innovations. Methodologically, we apply process tracing to support our core claim that for the transition to be successful, it was necessary for valuation structures to become increasingly endogenized, i.e. aligned with the industry’s core routines and rationales. |
| Keywords: | Valuation, sustainable transitions, technological innovation systems, textile industry, zero liquid discharge (ZLD) |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Robinson, Elizabeth; Howarth, Candice; Zhou, Zoe; Dasgupta, Shouro |
| Abstract: | Climate change is already having a measurable impact on labour forces across the globe, with far reaching implications for economic growth, in addition to worker health, firm profitability, poverty and inequality, and food security, to name but a few. This study quantifies the impacts of heat stress on the UK labour force, focusing on labour supply, labour productivity, the health of workers, and the extent to which and how adaptation and adaptive capacity is reducing the negative impacts of extreme heat. We collected data in 2024 during the UK summer, just after a period of anomalous heat, surveying over 2, 000 people in the UK labour force, when their recollection of the heat episode was fresh in their memories. Using microeconometric analysis and controlling for a rich set of demographic, occupational, and adaptation covariates, our results clearly show that workers do perceive their health to be harmed by heat stress, and workers and employers rely on a wide range of adaptation measures to protect their health that are at least partially effective. Our results suggest that a 1°C positive temperature anomaly from the long-term average increased the probability of a worker reducing their hours by 9.9% and their effort by 9.5%. However, for workers who received advanced alerts of heat episodes, those probabilities are 6.2% and 6.7% respectively, suggesting that adaptation is only partially effective. In the case of worker health, advanced alerts reduced the probability of workers reporting adverse health effects due to heat episodes by approximately 5 percentage-points. |
| Keywords: | heat stress; labour fource; temperature; adaptation |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2025–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128513 |
| By: | Hidrobo, Melissa; Mueller, Valerie; Roy, Shalini; Fall, Cheikh Modou Noreyni; Lavaysse, Christophe; Belli, Anna |
| Abstract: | Weather shocks can affect men and women differently, due in part to differences in their adaptive capacities. We merge weather data with survey data from a randomized control trial of a cash transfer program in Mali to describe how men and women cope with weather shocks and the role of cash transfer programs in supporting adaptive responses. We find that heavy rainfall reduces household’s consumption but that the cash transfer program mitigates these impacts, primarily by allowing households to draw down both men’s and women’s savings, increasing the value of livestock and farming assets held jointly by men and women, and facilitating a reallocation of men’s and women’s labor to livestock production and women’s labor to domestic work. |
| Keywords: | cash transfers; gender; men; rainfall; shock; women; social protection; Mali; Africa; Western Africa |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:163076 |
| By: | Eva Caly Simbou (FST - Université de La Réunion - Faculté des Sciences et Technologies - UR - Université de La Réunion, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR PVBMT - Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UR - Université de La Réunion - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane Ramin-Mangata (UMR PVBMT - Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UR - Université de La Réunion - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphanie Javegny (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Philippe Laurent (UMR PVBMT - Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UR - Université de La Réunion - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane Poussier (UMR PVBMT - Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UR - Université de La Réunion - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yann Pecrix (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Extraction et caractérisation des bactériocines produites par le complexe d'espèces Ralstonia solanacearum |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05093351 |
| By: | Kirui, Oliver K.; Ahmed, Mosab; Raouf, Mariam; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the determinants of access to safe water and reliable energy for households in Sudan using nationally representative data from a recent labor market survey. The results show that urbanization, education, and wealth significantly enhance the access households have to these essential services, while rural areas and less developed regions, particularly in the Darfur and Kordofan regions, face substantial challenges. Access to reliable energy correlates with better food security and health outcomes within households, and improved access to safe water significantly enhances the health of household members. Policy recommendations supported by these research results include targeted rural infrastructure investments, educational improvements, and regional interventions to address disparities in household access to safe water and reliable energy across Sudan. |
| Keywords: | energy policies; food security; health; households; socioeconomics; water; water policies; Sudan; Africa; Northern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–05–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:174711 |
| By: | Kirui, Oliver K.; Ahmed, Mosab; Raouf, Mariam; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the determinants of access to safe water and reliable energy for households in Sudan using nationally representative data from a recent labor market survey. The results show that urbanization, education, and wealth significantly enhance the access households have to these essential services, while rural areas and less developed regions, particularly in the Darfur and Kordofan regions, face substantial challenges. Access to reliable energy correlates with better food security and health outcomes within households, and improved access to safe water significantly enhances the health of household members. Policy recommendations supported by these research results include targeted rural infrastructure investments, educational improvements, and regional interventions to address disparities in household access to safe water and reliable energy across Sudan. |
| Keywords: | energy policies; food security; health; households; socioeconomics; water; water policies; Sudan; Africa; Northern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–05–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:174711 |
| By: | Balana, Bedru; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Arega, Tiruwork; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Yami, Mastewal; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Wondwosen, Abenezer |
| Abstract: | Between 2017 and 2021, the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA) of the United States Agency for International Development supported public works in the areas of watershed rehabilitation and small-scale irrigation under Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP). The investments aimed to improve food security and nutrition and to increase the resilience capacities of households through improved natural resource systems and asset development. However, there is little evidence about how these water-related investments supported household food security, nutritional outcomes, and resilience. This study used a mixed-methods approach to fill some of these knowledge gaps. Econometric results show that households in BHA intervention areas had smaller food gaps, and this association is statistically significant. Similarly, households that adopted small-scale irrigation and water harvesting techniques on their own plots show significantly better nutritional outcomes than those that did not. The results further suggest that in general the households in BHA areas are more resilient than those in non-BHA woredas. However, higher resilience capacities are associated with agricultural water management on own plots rather than with public works in communal lands. Thus, if household security, nutrition and resilience are key goals of program interventions, then programs need to grow intentionality in developing assets, and particularly irrigation. |
| Keywords: | public works; public investment; watershed management; small-scale irrigation; nutrition; resilience; social safety nets; food security; Ethiopia; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gsspwp:168643 |
| By: | Moritz Breul; Miguel Atienza; Markus Grillitsch; Rhiannon Pugh |
| Abstract: | A major reason for the great interest in regional industrial path development (RIPD) is the associated hopes for positive regional development outcomes. However, up to now we know surprisingly little about the often mixed economic, social, and ecological effects of RIPD for regions. Existing studies on RIPD tend not to link to these outcomes. This special issue aims to improve our understanding of the conditions under which RIPD contributes to determining what kind of regional development and for whom. The introductory paper provides impulses how future research can link RIPD-dynamics to its broader developmental outcomes and poses urgent open questions. |
| Keywords: | regional industrial path development; path creation; sustainable development; regional development; Evolutionary Economic Geography |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2518 |
| By: | Claude Nzoundja Fapi; Yacine Boufkhad (IRIF (UMR_8243) - Institut de Recherche en Informatique Fondamentale - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité); Steeve Reisberg; Laurent Royon; Xiaofeng Guo (LIED (UMR_8236) - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité) |
| Abstract: | Intégration des énergies renouvelables au bâtiment de l'IUT de Paris Pajol : Vers une autonomie énergétique durable |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05093358 |
| By: | Bealem, Tigist Endashaw; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Thomas, Timothy S.; Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Bryan, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | This brief provides an overview of Ethiopia’s climate risks, gender dynamics, and nutrition challenges and includes discussion of how these issues are intertwined, an overview of the policy landscape, and recommendations for strengthening the integration of gender, climate change and nutrition in the country. With a population of approximately 126.5 million people as of 2023, Ethiopia ranks as the second most populous country in Africa and stands out as one of the region's fastest-growing economies, with an economic growth rate of almost 10% per year over the last 15 years (World Bank, 2024). Ethiopia’s agrifood system accounted for 48% of Ethiopia’s national GDP and 77.2% of employment in 2019. Pri mary agriculture alone contributed more than 1/3 of GDP and 2/3 of employment, while other parts of the agrifood system such as processing, trade, and input supply contributed 12.8 percent to GDP and 9.4 percent to employment (Diao et al., 2023). The sector is dominated by smallholder farmers who cultivate a diverse array of crops, including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, and vegetables (Dawid & Mohammed, 2021). Women make up more than 40% of the agriculture labor force and head approximately 25% of all farming households in the country (World Bank, 2019). |
| Keywords: | climate change; gender; nutrition; economic growth; agrifood systems; Ethiopia; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2025–06–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:gcanfs:174904 |
| By: | Thirumarpan, Krishnal; Robinson, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Though a rich literature addresses the theory of park pricing, less attention has been paid to the practical realities. In this narrative review article, we ask why the setting of national park entry fees varies in practice, and we link this back to the underlying theory, the empirical academic literature, and practical realities. Park entry pricing strategies tend to differ considerably in higher and lower-income countries, reflecting practical realities of how to fund a national park system. Parks in higher-income countries are often free at the point of entry, consistent with the efficient pricing of global public goods. In contrast, differential pricing for local and foreign tourists is common in lower-income countries, an example of price discrimination that increases overall park revenues. We highlight a number of areas for further research. First, the concept of fairness and equitable access is an important practical consideration, linked to who benefits from visiting parks versus who pays, but much more attention needs to be paid to this in the literature. Second, while there is increasing recognition of the importance of green spaces for health and well-being, the literature largely ignores how health considerations might influence park entry fees, suggesting that more research is needed at the nexus of pricing, health and well-being, and equitable access. Finally, many lower-income countries that have a high dependence on foreign visitor fees to fund their national park systems are vulnerable to global shocks, suggesting research is needed into how to increase long-term sustainability of funding sources. |
| Keywords: | health and well-being; national parks; park pricing |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127991 |
| By: | Ludovic Cassely (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Ysé Commandré (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Médéssè Gandegnon (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Gaëlle Angelergues (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Rodrigue Codjovi Dogble (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse) |
| Abstract: | Le défi des stations de montagne face au dérèglement climatique : présentation d'un projet d'étude exploratoire sur la transition des stations Hautes-Pyrénéennes |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05093365 |
| By: | Reid, Ysaline; Ferrando, Tomaso; Vecchione Gonçalves, Marcela |
| Abstract: | This policy brief explores how the EU Deforestation-Free Products Regulation (EUDR) plays out in real-world contexts across Brazil, Indonesia, and Colombia. Drawing on field-based research, it highlights the need to align implementation with local realities, rights, and aspirations. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, EUDR |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:apbrfs:2025006 |
| By: | Laura-Lou Zwick; Marie Lasserre; Josephine Huot; Jérôme Roy (NuMéA - Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Karine Gontier; Stéphane Panserat (NuMéA - Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marianne Houssier (UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | Impact d'une programmation thermique embryonnaire sur le métabolisme hépatique des canards mulards dans un contexte de protocole d'engraissement sans gavage |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05093355 |
| By: | Arima Júnior, Mauro Kiithi; Fernandes, Magali Favaretto Prieto |
| Abstract: | O artigo tem como objetivo oferecer uma análise introdutória ao conceito de geoeconomia, contextualizando seu ressurgimento, formas de utilização e os modos como vem sendo aplicado na atualidade. Para isso, inicialmente apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sob perspectiva histórica e interdisciplinar, abrangendo precedentes das escolas realista e liberal das Relações Internacionais, da Geografia e da Política Internacional Econômica. A partir de revisão anterior feita por Braz Barachuy, destaca quatro gerações de autores e teóricos relevantes ao desenvolvimento conceitual da geoeconomia. Em seguida, o artigo concentra-se nas duas gerações mais recentes, abordando a dinâmica do sistema multilateral de comércio e suas transformações à luz da geoeconomia. Por fim, discute alguns dos principais instrumentos geoeconômicos e como têm sido mobilizados por autores contemporâneos. O artigo conclui ressaltando a relevância da perspectiva geoeconômica para a compreensão das complexas dinâmicas atuais de poder global e reconfiguração da ordem internacional em um contexto multipolar, pautado por acirrada competição tecnológica e disputa pelo controle de recursos estratégicos. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:576 |
| By: | Thurlow, James; Holtemeyer, Brian; Jiang, Shiyun; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee |
| Abstract: | Transformation of the agrifood system is a cornerstone of many governments’ national development plans. This reflects the importance of agrifood systems for the livelihoods and wellbeing of poor populations as well as the continued strong association of agricultural transformation with longer-term economic development and structural change. Agrifood transformation is also key to healthier diets and more sustainable production systems. However, adopting an agrifood system perspective is not trivial—it requires looking “beyond agriculture” when prioritizing policies and tracking outcomes by also considering upstream and downstream agrifood-related activities, such as agro-processing and food distribution. Measuring transformation therefore requires economywide data and innovative metrics. This study introduces two such metrics: AgGDP+, which captures the total value-added across the on- and off-farm sectors of the agrifood system, and AgEMP+, which reflects the employment generated across its various components. It further explains how consistent estimates of AgGDP+ and AgEMP+ were produced for 211 and 186 countries, respectively, over the period between 2000 and 2021, and demonstrates how this Agri-Food System Dashboard—a publicly available resource—can be used to monitor transformation, prioritize investments, and better understand the evolving role of agrifood systems in national economies or at regional or global scales. |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; economic development; investment; livelihoods; healthy diets; sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–05–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:174848 |
| By: | Nikolay Gospodinov; Ignacio Lopez Gaffney; Serena Ng |
| Abstract: | Temperature data have low- and high-frequency variations that may have distinct impacts on economic outcomes. Analyzing data from a panel of 48 states in the U.S., and a panel of 50 countries, we find slowly evolving, low-frequency components with periodicity greater than 32 years. These components have a common factor that trended up around the same time that economic growth slowed. Panel regressions using U.S. data fail to find a statistically significant impact of low-frequency temperature changes on growth, though the impact of high-frequency temperature changes is marginally significant. However, using the international panel (which includes several European countries), we find that a 1{\deg}C increase in the low-frequency component is estimated to reduce economic growth by about one percent in the long run. Though the first-order effect of high frequency changes is not statistically significant in this data, a smaller non-linear effect is detected. Our estimation and inference procedures control for common, business cycle variations in output growth that are not adequately controlled for by an additive fixed effect specification. These findings are corroborated by time series estimation using data at the unit and national levels. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.08950 |
| By: | Cabrales, Sergio (FEDESARROLLO); Benavides, Juan (FEDESARROLLO) |
| Abstract: | Esta Nota 2 de la serie estima el costo fiscal del mayor precio del gas natural en las condiciones de escasez de oferta doméstica y las crecientes necesidades de importación. El aumento del gas importado, cuyo precio es significativamente mayor, plantea retos como el incremento de tarifas para usuarios regulados (hasta 91.5% en algunos escenarios). Se enfatiza que se parte de un esquema de subsidios insostenible e inconsistente con la reducción de la pobreza en Colombia: entre 2005 y 2024, los subsidios para estratos 1 y 2 crecieron un 642%, mientras que las contribuciones de estratos 5 y 6 solo aumentaron un 157%, generando un déficit fiscal que pasó de COP $ 0.17 billones a COP $ 1.25 billones. La Asociación Colombiana de Gas Natural, NATURGAS, estima que se requieren 1.3 billones de pesos del Presupuesto General de la Nación (PGN) para 2025 y 1.4 billones para 2026, con el propósito de cubrir el déficit generado por los subsidios otorgados a los hogares de estratos 1 y 2. Si la mitad de la oferta proviniera de gas importado, la carga fiscal empeoraría y podría incrementarse en COP $ 0.36 billones anuales. En un escenario en el que la canasta esté compuesta exclusivamente por gas importado, los aumentos de esta carga fiscal podrían ser de COP $ 0.72 billones anuales, lo que subraya la necesidad de abordar el esquema de los subsidios y el declive de la oferta nacional. |
| Keywords: | Gas; Gas Natural; Costo Fiscal; Subsidios; Importaciones; Oferta y Demanda; Precios de Gas Natural; Colombia |
| JEL: | L72 L95 O13 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025–06–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:021072 |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera Helena |
| Abstract: | O presente artigo introduz a geoeconomia como um novo referencial analítico para compreender a ordem internacional contemporânea, marcada por múltiplas crises e pela fragmentação do sistema multilateral de comércio. O estudo propõe uma abordagem multidisciplinar que articula Economia Internacional, Direito Internacional e Relações Internacionais, destacando a instrumentalização de políticas comerciais, financeiras e tecnológicas por Estados e empresas em função de objetivos geopolíticos. Enfatiza-se a disputa entre grandes potências, especialmente EUA e China, e a necessidade de identificar os impactos desse cenário sobre países como o Brasil. A geoeconomia é apresentada como ferramenta essencial para interpretar os desafios contemporâneos e orientar políticas públicas e estratégias empresariais em um mundo cada vez mais orientado por considerações de segurança econômica. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:575 |
| By: | Lou, H. K.; Pollitt, M. G.; Robinson, R.; Arcos, A. V. |
| Abstract: | European wholesale power prices increased to an unprecedented level during the energy crisis in 2022. To tackle the adverse impact on consumers, Spain and Portugal implemented the Iberian Exception (IE) in June 2022, intending to decouple power prices from the rest of Europe to reduce consumer energy bills. The IE posed challenges and questions, including the impact of foreign demand for Spanish electricity, whether the policy would subsidise French power prices, and whether it would reduce energy bills for consumers. Given that this was a policy implemented in the middle of a continental gas supply crisis, we focus on the direct impact of the policy on gas demand in Spain and in Europe. This is interesting because other aspects of the IE – such as reducing consumer bills - could have been, and in other countries were, addressed by other policies. The ‘exception’ was allowed by the European Commission (on behalf of the EU27) because it was deemed to be likely to have a limited pan-European impact on electricity prices. By contrast, Spain competes directly with other European countries for LNG supplies on the global gas market and hence large effects in Spain would necessarily spillover to gas prices in the rest of Europe. Our findings suggested that IE successfully lowered the fossil fuel bids with a secondary effect of decoupling the Spanish power markets from France. Decoupled observations increased by +59.2% compared with our reference period. Even the border between Spain and Portugal was decoupled slightly by +0.9%. Daily net outflow to France increased by 2.3 GWh daily. Daily net outflow to Morocco increased 32 times, and outflow to Andorra increased by 25%. The power outflow increased the domestic electricity price by 24.8%, relative to the effect in the absence of interconnection. We also simulated the counterfactual scenario by investigating wholesale electricity prices without the subsidy paid to gas generators. Our demand and supply adjustment scenario shows that the subsidy reduced Iberian electricity day-ahead prices by 35.3%. The model was further used to compare the gas-fired generation between June 2022 and February 2023, when the gas price was above the gas cap. Depending on the scenarios, IE increased the Iberian gas burnt by 19.2%; On the EU level, gas burnt also increased by 1.3%. The total Iberian foreign demand also increased gas for power burnt by +5.47% in Iberia (+0.81% across the EU), relative to the effect in the absence of interconnection. |
| Keywords: | Iberian Exception, Energy Crisis, Gas Price Cap, Electricity Market |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2025–05–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2535 |
| By: | Youness Senhaji (IPREM - Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - INC-CNRS - Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fatima Charrier-El Bouhtoury (IPREM - Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - INC-CNRS - Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Les résines phénol-formaldéhyde (PF) sont généralement synthétisées à l'aide de produits pétrochimiques tels que le phénol et le formaldéhyde, il existe donc une tendance croissante à substituer ces derniers par des composés moins toxiques et plus respectueux de l'environnement. C'est ainsi que la substitution du formaldéhyde peut être réalisée par l'utilisation d'aldéhydes moins toxiques et aux performances similaires et les composés renouvelables de nature phénolique représentent une alternative de substitution du phénol, parmi ceux-ci, les tanins et les lignines sont les plus utilisés. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de produire des résines phénoliques biosourcées en remplaçant totalement le phénol par des lignines, en ciblant des applications dans les domaines des revêtements et des matériaux poreux. La finalité du projet est d'améliorer les formulations développées en effectuant une dépolymérisation partielle de la lignine et en fonctionnalisant les fragments obtenus. Ceci en vue de produire des résines aux caractéristiques maîtrisées afin de mettre en adéquation leurs propriétés avec les domaines d'applications visés. |
| Keywords: | Résine phénolique, lignine, Estérification |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05093559 |