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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Marzouk, Osama A. |
| Abstract: | An environment with reduced pollution from road vehicles and decarbonized transportation is one of the dimensions of smart cities. In this regard, new sales of vehicles intended for urban use should be oriented toward cleaner (greener) vehicles with less harmful environmental impacts. In the current study, two environmental rating variables provided by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) for model year 2023 vehicles (U.S. market) in 6 broad classes are employed to identify the best 10 models in each class. These classes are: two seaters (sports cars), cars, SUVs (sport utility vehicles), vans, station wagons (estate cars), and pickups (pickup trucks). The method used in these ratings is based on a combination of emissions life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental economics. The first ACEEE rating variable is the environmental damage index (EDX), representing an estimated environmental damage cost (in U.S. cents per driving mile). The second ACEEE rating variable is the Green Score, which is a non-dimensional number (0–100 scale) derived from EDX. According to version 4 of the green building certification program LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), green vehicles are defined as those having a Green Score of 45 or higher. In the current study, 85 selected top models were found to have a Green Score range from 41 to 67. Only 55 models of them (64.7% portion) are LEED compliant (classified as green vehicles), and thus are more recommended for use within smart cities than other models. |
| Date: | 2024–02–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bjx3q_v1 |
| By: | Artikova, Aziza; Egamberdiev, Bekhzod; Khamidov, Imomjon; Primov, Abdulla |
| Abstract: | Kazakhstan represents one of the largest economies in the Central Asian region. Over recent years, Kazakhstan has experienced a rise in temperature and pollution levels due to its overreliance on fossil fuels in energy industries. The rise in temperature and pollution levels has contributed to the rise of extreme weather conditions, including floods, and the increase in health issues and mortality rates. This working paper analyses the current condition in the Oskemen region of Kazakhstan in terms of air pollution indicators. The manuscript also provides related consequences and solutions to the current environmental problems in the region. |
| Keywords: | Environment, Economic analysis, Central Asia |
| JEL: | F64 N5 O1 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:316141 |
| By: | Simone Borghesi; Jacopo Cammeo |
| Abstract: | The severe upheavals caused by anthropogenic climate change have led to an increasing global effort to mitigate the negative effects of global warming. In this, the European Union has taken the lead in pioneering initiatives to achieve carbon neutrality as a continent by 2050. The climate policies put in place follow a deep decarbonization approach, aiming at a quick response to the climate crisis through the pursuit of stringent goals. These numerous and ambitious policies have led to some encouraging results, but they look challenging for their potential impact on the socio-economic system.The existing literature and the work of relevant research centers on environmental economics find that the paradigm shift should not lead to significant effects on macroeconomic variables such as GDP, inflation, employment, investment, and industrial production. However, it is clear that the qualitative transformation required to move from a fossil fuel-based society to a net-zero carbon one is not painless. At least in the short term, stringent climate policies may take on the contours of a real shock, with potentially unfavorable and, above all, unfair macroeconomic repercussions. If not properly guided, the phasing out of fossil fuels and the extension of carbon markets to new sectors not previously covered by the mechanism might impact the most vulnerable segments of the population, squeezing economic development, negatively affecting employment, and undermining consumption.To avoid the adverse effects of decarbonization, Europe has several mechanisms at its disposal, such as the Just Transition Mechanism, the redistribution of EU ETS2 revenues to the Social Climate Fund, and plans for clean industrial production and green technologies. However, further efforts will be needed to mitigate the impact of the net-zero strategy on citizens’ purchasing power, avoid stranded assets, sustain green conversion efforts of the industrial system, and support the development of new technologies such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage.The new European Commission will have to deal with a complex macroeconomic situation already geared toward stringent but fair climate policies. The hope is to meet the planned timetable without compromising the socio-economic system, respecting the motto “leave no one behind” and at the same time coming close to the stringent goals of the Paris Agreement. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpr:_55 |
| By: | Quan-Hoang Vuong; Minh Hoang Nguyen |
| Abstract: | In response to escalating environmental crises, this paper introduces Nature Quotient (NQ) as a distinct and essential form of intelligence that enables humans to comprehend, adapt to, and harmonize with complex natural systems. Grounded in Granular Interaction Thinking Theory (GITT), NQ is defined as the capacity to perceive, process, and organize information about ecological interconnections—thereby fostering deeper ecological consciousness and guiding sustainable behavior. The paper posits that cultivating high NQ can counteract the anthropocentric biases inherent in conventional intelligence models and catalyze a socio-cultural shift from an eco-deficit paradigm to an eco-surplus culture. The conceptualization of NQ opens promising directions for interdisciplinary research, environmental education, and policy-making aimed at biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and ecological resilience. Developing robust theoretical and empirical tools to measure NQ remains an urgent and necessary endeavor. |
| Keywords: | Nature Quotient; NQ; ecological intelligence; environmental sustainability; biodiversity conservation; human-nature interactions; eco-surplus culture |
| JEL: | Q01 Q00 |
| Date: | 2025–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/390547 |
| By: | Shawhan, Daniel (Resources for the Future); Peplinski, McKenna (Resources for the Future); Robson, Sally; Russell, Ethan; Ziegler, Ethan (Resources for the Future); Domeshek, Maya; Palmer, Karen (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Electricity transmission and generation investments are necessary for maintaining a reliable power grid and achieving air pollution and climate goals. However, in the United States in recent years, the typical development time for additions to the electricity transmission system has been 10 years (Solomon 2023). For new generation facilities, the typical development time from interconnection request to commercial operation is 5 years, up from 2 years in 2008 (Rand et al. 2024). There has been much recent discussion of factors that contribute to these lengthy timelines and of potential reforms to reduce them. In this paper, we estimate the extent to which lengthy development timelines, or delays, affect the power system and consequently emissions, public health, and people’s pocketbooks. We also estimate how these costs and benefits accrue to different demographic groups.To estimate the impacts of such delays, we simulate the power system in the year 2032 three times: with no delays, with transmission delays, and with generation delays. We then compare the results. The comparison indicates that the lengthening of transmission and generation capacity development times in recent years increases emissions enough to cause hundreds of premature deaths for each year that the long development times persist. Low-income households, Black-headed households, and Hispanic-headed households are disproportionately harmed by the delays. Rural households are disproportionately low-income.We use a detailed model of the US and Canadian power sector, the Engineering, Economic, and Environmental Electricity Simulation Tool (E4ST). The model incorporates a natural gas market model and projects generator construction, retirement, and hourly operation, as well as other outcomes, in each scenario. We then use a detailed air pollution model to estimate the effects on fine airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅) concentrations and on the deaths caused by those PM₂.₅ changes. Finally, we use the RFF Incidence Model to estimate the value of the economic and mortality impacts for different demographic groups.To represent the transmission and generation delays, we shift a set of transmission system additions and a set of generation capacity additions from being completed by 2032 to being completed after 2032. We shift a set of real, anticipated new transmission lines in the transmission delay scenario. In the generation delay scenario, we shift 20 percent of four generator types’ new generation capacity that our model predicts would otherwise be built between 2028 and 2032. The 20 percent reduction applies to each major type: wind, solar, gas, and energy storage. The delayed transmission system additions have an annualized cost of approximately $5 billion, creating an annual investment cost savings benefit from each year of delay that will be compared with other costs and benefits of the delay. With our central set of background assumptions—that is, in our central case—the delayed generation capacity additions also have an annualized cost of $5 billion. The set of delayed additions that we model represents only a fraction of total transmission or generation infrastructure projects currently in various stages of development in the United States and Canada.Our central set of background assumptions includes the US Inflation Reduction Act tax credits for new nonemitting generators and existing nuclear generators. It omits the 2024 EPA greenhouse gas rules and the 2023 Good Neighbor Plan for NOx emissions, both of which are expected to be revised under the current administration. In three alternative sets of background assumptions (sensitivity cases), we employ different policy assumptions or technology costs.Both the transmission and generation delays result in a net increase of emitting generation, which causes negative health and other environmental outcomes. In our central case, the transmission delays have the following estimated effects (compared with the scenario without the delays):These delays increase power sector emissions of greenhouse gases in 2032 by 9 percent, NOₓ by 10 percent, SO₂ by 8 percent, and PM₂.₅ by 9 percent. For comparison, the average annual rate of greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the US power sector from 2005 through 2023 was 3 percent.The increased 2032 emissions cause an estimated increase in premature deaths from PM₂.₅ and ground-level ozone by 350 and 370, respectively.The increased 2032 emissions increase estimated net environmental damage by $31 billion, of which $9 billion is due to health damage from particulate matter and ground-level ozone and $22 billion is due to climate damage.Across the central and sensitivity cases, the effects of the transmission and generation delays are similar to each other. In our central case, the generation delays have the following estimated effects:These delays increase power sector emissions of greenhouse gases by 7 percent, NOₓ by 7 percent, SO₂ by 6 percent, and PM₂.₅ by 7 percent.The increased 2032 emissions cause an estimated increase in premature deaths from PM₂.₅ and ground-level ozone by 290 and 250, respectively.The increased 2032 emissions increase estimated net environmental damage by $24 billion, of which $7 billion is due to health damage from particulate matter and ground-level ozone and $17 billion is due to climate damage.Our companion paper presents the economic costs and benefits. When we consider the economic and environmental costs and benefits of our central case together, we find that the total net cost of the transmission delays in 2032 is $24 billion, and the total net cost of the generation delays is $23 billion, after subtracting the $5 billion capital cost savings from each. The transmission delays we model increase environmental damage more than the generation delays we model, but they increase energy bills less. In addition, the effects of the delays on electric supply reliability are likely to be substantial and create additional costs, as discussed in our first paper.We find that the net costs of the delays are not uniformly distributed. Rather, the delays disproportionately harm low-income, Black, and Hispanic individuals. In our central case, the delays are not just regressive; they are hyper-regressive: Not only do the households in the highest income quintile bear a smaller cost; on average, they benefit from the delays at the expense of the households in the other quintiles, which are harmed by the delays. The delays increase energy producer profits and reduce taxes. Those effects disproportionately benefit the top income quintile and are larger than the health and utility bill costs for that quintile. Once reliability and climate change are taken into account, the delays might be net harmful for the highest income quintile as well, but we do not produce monetary estimates of those costs broken out by demographic groups.Black- and Hispanic-headed households are disproportionately harmed mainly because their health is more sensitive to a given increase in airborne particulate matter and because they benefit relatively little from increased energy producer profits and reduced taxes. Black individuals also tend to live in locations where the delays increase airborne particulate matter more than the average. On average, a Black individual is more than four times as likely to die prematurely because of increased particulate matter caused by transmission or generation delays as a White individual. Black and Hispanic-headed households, which constitute just 31 percent of the population and have lower average incomes, bear more total estimated net costs from delays than White-headed households, which constitute approximately 60 percent of the population.The results of the sensitivity cases are similar to the central case results. While the transmission and generation development delays produce some benefits in terms of higher energy producer profits and lower taxes, the costs via higher prices, shorter lives, and environmental harms are considerably larger. Black, Hispanic, and low-income people are, on average, the most harmed. |
| Date: | 2025–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-25-15 |
| By: | Brita Bye; Taran Fæhn; Lars Gulbrandsen; Kevin R. Kaushal; Christian Wilhelm Mohr; Gunnhild Søgaard; Asbjørn Torvanger; Jørgen Wettestad; Knut Øistad; Taran Faehn |
| Abstract: | Norway has positioned itself as a climate policy forerunner by aiming to reach net-zero emissions already by 2030. However, the net-zero ambition is not well-defined, not legally binding, nor substantiated by action plans. In a first, interdisciplinary, analysis we scrutinise the net-zero concept and discuss unilateral options. Second, we provide an economic analysis with a global computable model, SNOW, of the costs and macroeconomic impacts of various policy scenarios. It explores how the net-zero ambition interacts with other 2030 goals and quantifies the impacts of emphasising domestic abatement and carbon removal measures vs. paying for emission mitigation abroad. Finally, the 2030 results are revisited to assess how well they align with Norwegian and global climate targets for 2050.The main findings are that pursuing the net-zero ambition, on top of other binding 2030 goals Norway is already committed to, will increase costs by 25-100% depending on the use of domestic measures. On the margin, domestic measures are found to have only small, uncertain, and costly mitigation potential, thus, buying international carbon credits will be inevitable. Besides being significantly cheaper, carbon trading can have the potential benefits of developing the credit markets and the individual projects’ qualities. Even if domestic measures can play but a modest part in the net-zero strategy towards 2030, we identify several steps governments unilaterally can take today to expand abatement opportunities towards mid-century. We also find measures that seem cost-effective in pursuing 2030 goals but look less attractive against a global 2050 backdrop. |
| Keywords: | net-zero emissions, climate change mitigation, abatement policies, nationally determined contributions, carbon credits, emissions trading system, effort-sharing regulation, LULUCF. |
| JEL: | Q40 Q50 R40 H20 H30 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11834 |
| By: | Adita Sultana; Abdullah Al Abrar Chowdhury; Azizul Hakim Rafi; Abdulla All Noman |
| Abstract: | The current paper investigates the influences of AI innovation, GDP growth, renewable energy utilization, the digital economy, and industrialization on CO2 emissions in the USA from 1990 to 2022, incorporating the ARDL methodology. The outcomes observe that AI innovation, renewable energy usage, and the digital economy reduce CO2 emissions, while GDP expansion and industrialization intensify ecosystem damage. Unit root tests (ADF, PP, and DF-GLS) reveal heterogeneous integration levels amongst components, ensuring robustness in the ARDL analysis. Complementary methods (FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR) validate the results, enhancing their reliability. Pairwise Granger causality assessments identify strong unidirectional connections within CO2 emissions and AI innovation, as well as the digital economy, underscoring their significant roles in ecological sustainability. This research highlights the requirement for strategic actions to nurture equitable growth, including advancements in AI technology, green energy adoption, and environmentally conscious industrial development, to improve environmental quality in the United States. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.19933 |
| By: | Adam Smerigan; Rui Shi |
| Abstract: | Transitioning to green energy technologies requires more sustainable and secure rare earth elements (REE) production. The current production of rare earth oxides (REOs) is completed by an energy and chemically intensive process from the mining of REE ores. Investigations into a more sustainable supply of REEs from secondary sources, such as toxic phosphogypsum (PG) waste, is vital to securing the REE supply chain. However, conventional solvent extraction to recover dilute REEs from PG waste is inefficient and has high environmental impact. In this work, we propose a treatment train for the recovery of REEs from PG which includes a bio-inspired adsorptive separation to generate a stream of pure REEs, and we assess its financial viability and environmental impacts under uncertainties through a "probabilistic sustainability" framework integrating life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA). Results show that in 87% of baseline scenario simulations, the internal rate of return (IRR) exceeded 15%, indicating that this system has the potential to be profitable. However, environmental impacts of the system are mixed. Specifically, the proposed system outperforms conventional systems in ecosystem quality and resource depletion, but has higher human health impacts. Scenario analysis shows that the system is profitable at capacities larger than 100, 000 kg*hr-1*PG for PG with REE content above 0.5 wt%. The most dilute PG sources (0.02-0.1 wt% REE) are inaccessible using the current process scheme (limited by the cost of acid and subsequent neutralization) requiring further examination of new process schemes and improvements in technological performance. Overall, this study evaluates the sustainability of a first-of-its-kind REE recovery process from PG and uses these results to provide clear direction for advancing sustainable REE recovery from secondary sources. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.10495 |
| By: | Bojan Shimbov (University Jaume I, Institute of International Economics & Department of Economics); Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso (University Jaume I, Institute of International Economics & Department of Economics); Maite Alguacil (University Jaume I, Institute of International Economics & Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The main goal of this paper is to analyze the impact of carbon pricing, as a means to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, on international trade in goods using a pane dataset of OECD and other developing countries with data over the period 2007 to 2018. We use Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood regressions (PPML) with multi-dimensional fixed effects to estimate a gravity model of trade with panel data. To conduct our empirical analysis, we combine data on emissions from fuel combustion, which account for approximately 80 percent of global human-induced CO2 emissions and have been the main target of carbon pricing, with detailed international trade data using the HS 6-digit codes and information on the market-based policies applied by the countries over the sample period. Our findings confirm that, regardless of the environmental stringency variable used, pollution constraints have a significant impact on trade flows, with this effect being particularly pronounced in the most polluting industries. |
| Keywords: | Environment and trade, Environmental policy, Pollution haven hypothesis, Gravity models, OECD |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q52 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:62-87 |
| By: | Francesca Larosa; Fermin Mallor; Alberto J. Conejero; Javier Garcia-Martinez; Francesco Fuso Nerini; Ricardo Vinuesa |
| Abstract: | We explore the integration of climate action and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in nationally determined contributions (NDCs), revealing persistent synergies and trade-offs across income groups. While high-income countries emphasize systemic challenges like health (SDG3) and inequality (SDG10), low-income nations prioritize the water-energy-food nexus (SDGs 6-7-12) and natural resource management (SDG15) due to vulnerabilities to climate impacts. Harnessing an innovative artificial intelligence routine, we discuss what these diverging development trajectories imply for the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development in terms of global inequality, the climate and sustainable finance flows and multilateral governance. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.17373 |
| By: | Bonhoure, Isabelle; Guba, Beate; Peer, Christian; Labastida, Ignasi (Universitat de Barcelona); Perelló, Josep |
| Abstract: | This systematic literature review explores the role of citizen science (CS) in fostering sustainable urban transformation and urban sustainability. Our findings indicate a significant surge in academic interest, especially between 2022 and 2024, highlighting the growing recognition of CS as a valuable approach to urban sustainability. Using a tool for constructing and visualising bibliometric networks, VOSviewer, we identified three primary thematic clusters: (1) biodiversity, ecology, and conservation; (2) methodologies and practices; and (3) humans and communities. These clusters underscore the diverse contributions of CS, ranging from environmental monitoring to participatory urban planning or community-based research. The review identifies established topics, particularly in biodiversity and conservation, where CS initiatives focus on species monitoring, conservation efforts, and food production. Emerging trends point to interdisciplinary CS applications, integrating community science and citizen engagement, public and environmental health and climate change studies to address complex sustainability challenges. However, underdeveloped niches remain, particularly in the integration of CS with policymaking, the inclusion of underserved or disadvantaged communities in sustainability research and the framing of the later studies within an environmental and climate justice perspectives. This review highlights CS potential to address the complexity of sustainable urban development and urban sustainability challenges, promoting inclusive participation and orienting the effort to actionable solutions. Future trends are likely to further emphasize community science, citizen engagement, and the intersection of human health and climate change. |
| Date: | 2025–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zc7w4_v1 |
| By: | Amigues, Jean-Pierre; Moreaux, Michel |
| Abstract: | The theme of the ’energy transition’ away from fossil fuels toward clean renewable energy has attracted a lot of attention in the context of climate change mitigation. However the emergence of a new energy system raises its own problems. An aggressive carbon pricing or a renewables subsidisation policy can result in fast investment in poor performing energy conversion capacities. Once installed the industry will remain locked-in in these inferior technical options especially if capital investments are submitted to adjust-ment costs. With the help of a stylized fully dynamic model, we show the following. Without an access cost to primary energy (e.g. solar radiation) the industry can run more performing equipments even if they are both more costly to operate and more costly to build provided a suÿciently strong en-ergy demand. With this preliminary result in hands we assume next convex access costs to primary energy, due for example to limited space access con-straints. The high performing energy conversion technique has now a produc-tivity advantage. However for a small energy demand it can remain optimal for the industry to first deploy high performance equipments together with low performing ones before dismantling their stock of high performing equip-ments. Despite the increase of the marginal access cost to primary energy coming alongside the deployment of production capacities, thus inducing a fall of the cost gap between the two technologies, the capital price of the high performing equipments can fall down to zero before the capital price of low performing ones because of the building costs gap, implying that the industry should scrap in the end its high performing equipments while still investing in low cost (and low performing) ones. This ’transition inside the transition’ problem provides also interesting insights concerning the regulation of the energy transition towards renewable energy. It suggests that avoiding lock-in in renewable energy provision is more a matter of speed of increase of the carbon price than just the fixation of its level at any moment. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130530 |
| By: | Katsuhito Nohara; Akira Hibiki; Shinsuke Uchida; Jun Yoshida |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the intensification of disasters associated with climate change has posed an increasing threat to agricultural production. Especially, damage to agricultural products caused by disasters can be a significant source of perceived management risk, potentially affecting future farm operations. Meanwhile, adaptation strategies may offer farmers a viable approach to mitigating the management risks associated with the intensification of climate-related disasters. Accordingly, this study employs structural equation modeling to clarify how experiences with past disasters and the resulting perception of management risks affect farmers’ decisions to adopt adaptation strategies. Furthermore, the characteristics of farmers who have adoptedadaptation measures are analyzed using the New Ecological Paradigm scale. The results of this study suggest that it is important to understand in detail the factors that influence farmers' decisions, as well as their attributes and regional characteristics, in order to promote the adoption of adaptation measures. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:70 |
| By: | Jimenez Lopez, Grace Annette |
| Abstract: | Green Public Procurement (GPP) refers to a policy that enables governments to reduce their environmental impact regarding the purchase process. These policies are based on giving recognition on the value that buying “green” offers gives, in reference to products or services that are backed up with the presence of certification of international labels (World Bank, 2021, p. 3). In essence, the final objective of GPP is to make the process of obtaining public goods more sustainable. In this context, it is important to analyze how developing countries are approaching GPP, as most of them will be the most prone to climate change effects. In the case of the Latin American region, it is generally tackled through implementation of laws. However, they are not established as proper programs, as is the case of some countries of the northern hemisphere. In the case of Peru, the most prominent effort towards sustainable consumption in the public sector is the Law of Public Contracts (Ley de Contrataciones del Estado) which, in 2019, established a special focus in the prioritizations of sustainable approaches in purchases of the State. This law incentivizes the purchase of goods with international certification and sustainable labels to moderate the consumption and to make the involved stakeholders more aware of their decisions and aims to advocate in favor of sustainable infrastructure projects. |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6vsmf_v1 |
| By: | Alexander C. Abajian; Tamma Carleton; Kyle C. Meng; Olivier Deschenes |
| Abstract: | Many behavioral responses to climate change are carbon-intensive, raising concerns that adaptation may cause additional warming. The sign and magnitude of this feedback depend on how increased emissions from cooling balance against reduced emissions from heating across space and time. We present an empirical approach that forecasts the effect of future adaptive energy use on global average temperature over the 21st century. We find energy-based adaptation will lower global mean surface temperature in 2099 by 0.12 degrees Celsius (0.07 degrees Celsius) relative to baseline projections under RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) and avoid 1.8 (0.6) trillion USD ($2019) in damages. Energy-based adaptation lowers business-as-usual emissions for 85% of countries, reducing the mitigation required to meet their unilateral Nationally Determined Contributions under the UNFCCC by 20% on average. These findings indicate that while business-as-usual adaptive energy use is unlikely to accelerate warming, it raises important implications for countries’ existing mitigation commitments. |
| JEL: | Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33531 |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Lydia Papadaki; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The Black Sea possesses significant potential for a thriving blue economy; nonetheless, it encounters distinct hurdles in achieving sustainable growth of marine businesses. DOORS Black Sea, a European Union-funded initiative, seeks to tackle these challenges by creating an open research support system. DOORS implements a system of systems (SoS) to mitigate the effects of human activity and climate change on the marine ecology, fostering 'blue economy' opportunities and revitalising the Black Sea. Engagement with stakeholders is essential for the effectiveness and usefulness of DOORS, as it links residents, research, and industry. Multi-Actor Forums (MAFs) assemble national stakeholders from Bulgaria, Georgia, Moldova, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine to aid scientists in prioritising Black Sea concerns. This paper delineates the MAF findings in the formulation of sectoral innovation paths for the Black Sea, integrating the outputs of the MAFs from all Black Sea nations. This approach facilitates the co-design of the region's System of Systems, equipping researchers with the requisite datasets to tackle environmental challenges and promote the sustainability of the Blue System. This study investigates the potential implications of the findings on the long-term development of the blue economy and associated policies in the region. |
| Keywords: | Black Sea, Stakeholder Engagement, Multi-Actor Forums, Innovation Pathways, Blue Economy, participatory approaches |
| Date: | 2025–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2533 |
| By: | Johansson, Eleanor (The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Norbäck, Pehr-Johan (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Persson, Lars (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | It has been suggested that an intensified trade war between China and the US could reduce CO2 emissions associated with exports. We develop an export-greenfield-endogenous merger model, showing that significantly increased tariffs can enable domestic firms to undertake entry-deterring acquisitions. This forces foreign firms to remain exporters, which, in turn, leads to higher emissions. Strong competition policies and support for green technologies can help address this issue, resulting in lower emissions. Furthermore, we show that implementing an emissions trading system combined with a carbon border adjustment mechanism has effects comparable to those of increased tariffs. |
| Keywords: | Tariff war; CO2 emissions; M&A; Endogenous mergers emission trading system; Carbon Border Adjustments; Competition policy |
| JEL: | F23 L40 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1526 |
| By: | Calel, Raphael; Dechezlepretre, Antoine; Venmans, Frank |
| Abstract: | Carbon markets have emerged in recent decades as one of the most important tools for curbing industrial greenhouse gas emissions, but they present a number of novel enforcement challenges as compared to more conventional pollution regulations. To shed light on the practical issues involved in policing carbon markets, this study presents the first comprehensive analysis of the EU Emissions Trading System, a single programme that was policed by up to 31 different national regulators. Since 2006, 98.8% of installations in the EU ETS have complied with the regulation according to official data. The observed non-compliance should have resulted in €13 billion in total fines, but only €2.1 billion appear to have been collected. More generally, variation in the probability and severity of fines across national jurisdictions and time explain just one-tenth of the variation in compliance rates. This pattern of high rates of compliance coupled with low rates of enforcement is known in the literature as ‘Harrington’s paradox’. Meanwhile, other enforcement strategies that have been pointed to as resolutions to Harrington’s paradox in other applications, such as ‘naming and shaming’, appear to have had little discernible effect. Therefore, resolving Harrington’s paradox in the context of cap and trade regulation remains a fruitful area for future research. |
| Keywords: | pollution control; compliance; enforcement; cap-and-trade |
| JEL: | Q50 Q52 C14 |
| Date: | 2025–03–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127242 |
| By: | Daisuke Murakami; Pavel V. Shevchenko; Tomoko Matsui; Aleksandar Arandjelovi\'c; Tor A. Myrvoll |
| Abstract: | We examine future trajectories of the social cost of carbon, global temperatures, and carbon concentrations using the cost-benefit Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE) model calibrated to the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) under two mitigation scenarios: achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 and by 2100. The DICE model is calibrated to align industrial and land-use carbon emissions with projections from six leading process-based integrated assessment models (IAMs): IMAGE, MESSAGE--GLOBIOM, AIM/CGE, GCAM, REMIND--MAgPIE and WITCH--GLOBIOM. We find that even with aggressive mitigation (net-zero by 2050), global temperatures are projected to exceed $2^\circ\text{C}$ above preindustrial levels by 2100, with estimates ranging from $2.5^\circ\text{C}$ to $2.7^\circ\text{C}$ across all SSPs and IAMs considered. Under the more lenient mitigation scenario (net-zero by 2100), global temperatures are projected to rise to between $3^\circ\text{C}$ and $3.7^\circ\text{C}$ by 2100. Additionally, the social cost of carbon is estimated to increase from approximately USD 30--50 in 2025 to USD 250--400 in 2100. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.11721 |
| By: | Luis-Felipe Arizmendi |
| Abstract: | By studying the Inca Empire's agricultural accomplishments, we learn how ancient civilizations adapted to their circumstances, used natural resources effectively, and sustained agriculture for millennia. This understanding affects global food production systems as we face land degradation, climate change, and sustainable farming. Inca terrace farming is a sustainable and innovative food production method still relevant today. By studying the past and applying its ideas to modern agriculture, we can make global food production more sustainable and resilient. Keywords: Inca Empire, Terrace farming, Agricultural innovation, Food production, ancient civilizations, Crop diversity |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.15059 |
| By: | Capucine Chapel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Hilal Mohamed (CESAER - Centre d'économie et de sociologie rurales appliquées à l'agriculture et aux espaces ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Julie Le Gallo (CESAER - Centre d'économie et de sociologie rurales appliquées à l'agriculture et aux espaces ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Green spaces provide a variety of ecosystem services to society and the environment. This paper provides an overview of the literature on the valuation of green spaces, focusing on their advantages and limitations. We conclude with a number of challenges ahead. |
| Abstract: | Les espaces verts fournissent une variété de services écosystémiques à la société et à l'environnement. Ce document présente une vue d'ensemble de la littérature sur l'évaluation des espaces verts, en mettant l'accent sur leurs avantages et leurs limites. Nous concluons en évoquant un certain nombre de défis à relever. |
| Keywords: | green spaces non-market valuation environmental gentrification JEL Classification Codes: Q01 Q51 Q57, green spaces, non-market valuation, environmental gentrification JEL Classification Codes: Q01, Q51, Q57 |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05022473 |
| By: | Liam Welsh; Udit Grover; Sebastian Jaimungal |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a major threat to the future of humanity, and its impacts are being intensified by excess man-made greenhouse gas emissions. One method governments can employ to control these emissions is to provide firms with emission limits and penalize any excess emissions above the limit. Excess emissions may also be offset by firms who choose to invest in carbon reducing and capturing projects. These projects generate offset credits which can be submitted to a regulating agency to offset a firm's excess emissions, or they can be traded with other firms. In this work, we characterize the finite-agent Nash equilibrium for offset credit markets. As computing Nash equilibria is an NP-hard problem, we utilize the modern reinforcement learning technique Nash-DQN to efficiently estimate the market's Nash equilibria. We demonstrate not only the validity of employing reinforcement learning methods applied to climate themed financial markets, but also the significant financial savings emitting firms may achieve when abiding by the Nash equilibria through numerical experiments. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.11258 |
| By: | Katerina Fotova Čiković (University North, Croatia); Damira Keček (University North, Croatia); Violeta Cvetkoska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics - Skopje) |
| Abstract: | The main objective of this study is a systematisation of relevant published scientific papers on green finance and green transition economy published in the renowned scientific databases Scopus and Web of Science. For this purpose, PRISMA guidelines have been applied. Scientific databases were surveyed with the keywords "green finance" and "green transition", with an emphasis on economy and business-related studies. Areas of application of green finance and literature related to green transition are identified and presented, and in this way, trends over the years, publication year, types of documents, and, most importantly, research gaps are illuminated to provide guidelines for future work. |
| Keywords: | Green finance, Green transition, Systematic literature review, PRISMA |
| JEL: | E44 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:264-273 |
| By: | Jacob T. Bradt; Joseph E. Aldy |
| Abstract: | Flood protection infrastructure investments, such as Army Corps of Engineers levees, can enhance resilience to flood risks amplified by climate change. We estimate levees’ benefits by exploiting repeat residential property transactions. In areas protected by levees, home values increase 3-4 percent. Levees impose adverse spillover flood risks that reduce home values in nearby areas by 1-5 percent. Capitalized benefits in protected areas are progressive, but adverse spillover impacts are regressive. Capitalized benefits at levee construction do not vary by race, but racial sorting occurs post-construction. The local political economy of levee construction can explain the distribution of winners and losers. |
| JEL: | H22 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33633 |
| By: | Serebriakova, Alexandra (Sasha); Polzin, Friedemann; Sanders, Mark |
| Abstract: | A swift transition to renewable energy sources in the European Union is necessary for mitigating climate change. However, in a period of higher ECB policy rates meant to combat inflation, it is unclear how monetary policy impacts renewable energy installation. Prior research shows heterogeneous effects of policy rates on sectors with varying industrial characteristics, meaning that renewable technologies may be hit disproportionately by monetary contractions due to their investment requirements, life-cycle stage, and/or dependence on external finance. This paper uses fixed effects panel analysis of 27 European countries to look at the interactions between installed capacity of 10 utility-scale energy technologies, their characteristics, and monetary policy. Over the period of 2001-2021, fossil fuel, hydropower and nuclear technologies were positively affected by monetary contractions, while a 25 basis point rise in policy rates was associated with an 8% decrease in the new installed capacity of wind offshore plants, and a 26.5% decrease for solar PV. Significant interaction effects using measures of investment intensity and external finance dependence for energy technologies, yield evidence in favour of the interest rate and balance sheet channels of monetary policy transmission. To address endogeneity concerns, we use a two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach in an LCOE specification for the interest rate channel in the energy sector which confirms these findings. Our results suggest the existence of an unintended bias in contractionary monetary operations and central banks should consider flanking policies (such as preferred interest rates) to offset the disadvantage for renewables. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy, renewable energy, interest rates, transmission channels, energy transition |
| JEL: | E43 Q42 O16 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:316394 |
| By: | Paul Simshauser; Evan Shellshear |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Zones, renewables, battery storage, Shapely value |
| JEL: | D52 D53 G12 L94 Q40 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2506 |
| By: | David Franzmann; Thora Schubert; Heidi Heinrichs; Peter A. Kukla; Detlef Stolten |
| Abstract: | The expansion of renewable energy sources leads to volatility in electricity generation within energy systems. Subsurface storage of hydrogen in salt caverns can play an important role in long-term energy storage, but their global potential is not fully understood. This study investigates the global status quo and how much hydrogen salt caverns can contribute to stabilizing future renewable energy systems. A global geological suitability and land eligibility analysis for salt cavern placement is conducted and compared with the derived long-term storage needs of renewable energy systems. Results show that hydrogen salt caverns can balance between 43% and 66% of the global electricity demand and exist in North America, Europe, China, and Australia. By sharing the salt cavern potential with neighboring countries, up to 85% of the global electricity demand can be stabilized by salt caverns. Therefore, global hydrogen can play a significant role in stabilizing renewable energy systems. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.12135 |
| By: | Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Lyfe Research & Innovation Center (ex-Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center) - LYFE - Institut Lyfe (ex-Institut Paul Bocuse)); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Ophélie Mugel (École Grégoire-Ferrandi (Paris), IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel); Maxime Michaud (Institut Lyfe Research & Innovation Center (ex-Institut Paul Bocuse Research Center) - LYFE - Institut Lyfe (ex-Institut Paul Bocuse)) |
| Abstract: | Faced with increasing recommendations for a more plant-based diet, the catering sector is particularly affected. This study investigates how future chefs' representations and identities (professional or otherwise) influence their intentions to offer less meat-based and more plant-based menus, either by reducing meat in dishes or replacing meat-based dishes with vegetarian options. Theories of representations and multiple identities were chosen to study how future chefs may or may not consider to reduce the amount of meat in their menus, in relation to the literature that shows links between representations, identities, and relationship with meat. Culinary students from two French schools (n = 286) were investigated. Participants' representations of the effectiveness of pro-environmental measures in restaurants were analysed using t-tests, while the association of identities on intentions to reduce meat was examined with bivariate and multivariate regressions. The results indicate that future chefs perceive meat reduction in favour of plant-based products in the offer (dishes, menu) less favourably than other measures (e.g., favouring local sourcing, limiting waste, etc.). Furthermore, environmental, food, and cultural identities are associated to future chefs' intentions to reduce meat in favour of plant-based products. Theoretical and managerial implications are suggested, as well as perspectives for future research. |
| Keywords: | Professional representations, Multiple identities, Professional identity, Sustainable cuisine, Sustainable food system |
| Date: | 2025–04–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05042097 |
| By: | Wang, Hanyi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines carbon leakage through supply chain recalibration in response to European carbon policies. Using input-output data and a high-frequency identification approach for carbon policy shocks, this paper investigates whether stringent carbon regulations in Europe affect the imports of carbon-intensive inputs from major emerging economies lacking similar policies. The findings reveal a temporary increase in the rate of change of imports from emerging countries relative to all inputs in the carbon-intensive sectors following carbon policy shocks, with effects peaking after two years before dissipating. While not directly quantifying emissions transfer, this study suggests some evidence of short-term input substitution patterns consistent with carbon leakage through international supply chains. |
| Keywords: | trade & investment, climate change |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:316405 |
| By: | Régis MARODON; Thomas Marois; Jacob Woolford; Ali Rıza Güngen |
| Abstract: | The world’s public development banks cannot avoid confronting the global environmental and climate finance crises. Nor should they. This research paper asks, ‘What do national development banks (NDBs) need from multilateral development banks (MDBs) to help foster a more catalytic public development bank response to financing the 2030 SDGs at the pace, scale, and on the terms appropriate for global green and just transitions? The paper draws three conclusions: NDB and MDB collaborations are intensely risk and cost sensitive, as well as too slow and complex; NDBs derive real benefit from MDB technical assistance; and NDBs have a sense of being unequal and subordinate partners to the MDBs. Four recommendations arise: (1) the expansion of dramatically more attractive climate financing and grants by the multilateral community; (2) the rethinking of MDB technical assistance; (3) the need for NDBs to build a robust pipeline of domestic projects; and (4) a call for UN Member States to foster a global public development bank ecosystem. The Finance in Common Summit (FiCS) 2025 in Cape Town, South Africa offered advance opportunity to debate and discuss these recommendations in the lead up to the 2025 United Nations Fourth Finance for Development Conference (FfD4) in Sevilla, Spain. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025–04–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en18092 |
| By: | Mei Lu; Michael G Pollitt |
| Keywords: | Carbon price, carbon trading, CBAM, energy price elasticity |
| JEL: | L94 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2508 |
| By: | Guo, Sida; Zhong, Ziqi |
| Abstract: | With the growing severity of global climate change, achieving carbon neutrality has become a central focus worldwide. The intersection of population studies and carbon neutrality introduces significant challenges in predicting and optimizing energy consumption, as demographic factors play a crucial role in shaping carbon emissions. This paper proposes a model based on a Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), enhanced with a dual-stage attention mechanism for optimization. The model automatically extracts key features from complex demographic and carbon emission data, leveraging the attention mechanism to assign appropriate weights, thereby capturing the behavioral patterns and trends in energy consumption driven by population dynamics more effectively. By integrating multi-source data, including historical carbon emissions, population density, demographic trends, meteorological data, and economic indicators, experimental results demonstrate the model's outstanding performance across multiple datasets. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–03–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127570 |
| By: | Aid, René (Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld University); Federico, Salvatore (Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld University); Ferrari, Giorgio (Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld University); Rodosthenous, Neofytos (Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld University) |
| Abstract: | We study the problem of optimal investment in brown (carbon-intensive) production amid climate change and the impact of rising global temperatures. Our approach is based on a mean-field model of firms that produce goods whose productivity is adversely affected by temperature-related damages, which are in turn linked to the global stock of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Each firm controls its investment rate in view of increasing its capital stock, which evolves stochastically due to idiosyncratic Gaussian shocks and is subject to exponential depreciation in the absence of investment. Firms aim to maximize their expected discounted profits, net of investment costs, by choosing investment strategies that respond to the level of aggregate GHG emissions and their adverse impact. We constructively establish the existence and uniqueness of a mean-field equilibrium, by characterising it as the unique solution to a bespoke three-dimensional system of forward-backward ordinary differential equations. This characterisation enables the implementation of the model to support numerical analyses for exploring the implications of climate damage on equilibrium outcomes and policy design in terms of taxes and phase-out dates for brown production. |
| Keywords: | mean-field games, climate change, optimal investment, mean-field equilibrium, forward-backward ODEs |
| Date: | 2025–05–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bie:wpaper:705 |
| By: | Mundt, Juliane; Kemper, Marina |
| Abstract: | On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection (BMWK), the ad hoc working group (AhG) "Decarbonisation of the Automotive Value Chains" of the expert group "Transformation of the Automotive Industry" (ETA) developed recommendations for action to help make PCFs more standardised and comparable. This discussion paper summarises the methodological harmonisation requirements and the resulting recommendations for action that were developed on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) as part of the accompanying research for the AhG. |
| Keywords: | Product carbon footprint (PCF), Greenhouse gas (GHG), Harmonisation of accounting methods, Automotive industry |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hirdps:317063 |
| By: | Snezana Ristevska-Jovanovska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Ivona Serafimovska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Irena Bogoevska-Gavrilova (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje) |
| Abstract: | Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential positive relationship between attitudes toward green advertising and consumer purchase intention and its influence on shaping the brand image of green products. By investigating these relationships, the research aims to provide insights into how attitudes toward green advertising can effectively drive consumer behaviour and contribute to the development of a strong, sustainable brand image. Green marketing is used as an alternative strategy to meet consumer needs and as a form of concern for environmental sustainability (Genoveva and Samukti, 2020). According to Chen and Chang (2012), green marketing also reshapes market rules by expanding product offerings and influencing nearly all of a company's activities. These include product modifications, changes in production processes, updates to product packaging, and adjustments in advertising (Ulfiah et al., 2023). Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour by Ajzen (1991), the combination of attitudes toward behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control guides the formation of intention, and thus intention is assumed to be an antecedent of actual behaviour (Conner and Sparks, 2005). This research focuses specifically on the dimension of attitudes as the primary internal determinant guiding customer choice. By isolating this aspect, the aim is to provide a more reliable assessment of customers' internal motivations, which are crucial in understanding decision-making processes. The previous research results, as conducted by Nagar (2015), suggest that people tend to behave in ways consistent with their attitudes. Kotler et al. (2016) added that brand image is the perception and belief held by consumers, as reflected in the association embedded in consumer memory. If a product has a good image, then consumers will use the product. Researchers describe the brand image in terms of brand benefits, which are the "personal value" consumers associate with a brand, based on what they perceive the product's attributes will do for them, as noted by Nagar (2015). Alamsyah et al. (2020) suggest that increased awareness of green products can enhance a company's brand image, particularly through effective advertising strategies. In this regard, green advertising not only influences brand image but also plays a significant role in shaping consumers' intention to purchase ecological (green) products. Intention to purchase ecological products is conceptualized as a person's likelihood and willingness to give preference to products with ecological characteristics over other traditional products in one’s purchase considerations (Ali and Ahmad, 2012). In another case, Chan (2001) defines the intention to purchase this type of product as "consumers' behaviour towards a specific type of eco-friendly product to express their concern for the environment". In the context of environmentally friendly products, the basic consumer motivation can be reviewed from the information on environmentally friendly products owned by consumers (Rashid, 2009). Patel and Chugan (2015) highlighted the importance of advertisements focusing on the product's green features, as consumers are more likely to purchase items that offer personal relevance and benefits, rather than those that simply make green claims. Previous studies have confirmed that green advertising can improve consumer purchase intention (Davis, 1994; Haghjou et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2014; Alamsyah et al., 2020; Amallia et al., 2021; Chaniago and Nupus, 2021; Ramadhan et al., 2024) and affect brand image (Nagar, 2015; Chaniago and Nupus, 2021) From here, we propose the following research hypotheses: H1: Attitudes toward green advertising positively affect brand image. H2: Attitudes toward green advertising positively affect purchase intention. Design/methodology/approach. The questionnaire used in this study was adapted from Kong et al. (2014). To test the hypotheses, we employed multiple linear regression in SPSS on a sample of 69 respondents. To validate the factors as conceptualized in the literature, we assessed construct validity through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis with Promax rotation. Three factors were extracted, purchase intention (4 items), green brand image (3 items), and attitudes toward green advertising (2 items), accounting for 74.680% of the variance. One item from the green advertising factor was removed due to cross-loading issues. All retained items in the EFA model exhibited standardized factor loadings above the recommended threshold of 0.5, as suggested by Hair et al. (2010). Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for purchase intention (0.862), brand image (0.763), and green advertising (0.634) indicate strong internal reliability, with values above the 0.7 threshold recommended by Hair et al. (2010), though the green advertising coefficient, while below 0.7, is still considered acceptable according to Griethuijsen et al. (2014). Normality, linearity, and homoscedasticity were confirmed through the examination of standardized residual plots (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2012). Moreover, the variables adhered to acceptable values for VIF and Tolerance (Hair et al., 1995), and the Durbin-Watson test indicated no autocorrelation in the residuals from the regression analysis (Durbin and Watson, 1971). Findings. We created two models to apply multiple linear regression: the first model explores the relationship between attitudes toward green advertising and purchase intention, while the second model investigates the impact of attitudes toward green advertising on brand image. Both overall models are statistically significant. The R square and Adjusted R square values show that attitudes toward green advertising account for 24.1% and 22.9% of the variation in consumers’ purchase intention, respectively, and 11.5% and 10.2% of the variation in brand image. According to the p-value for both regression models, we confirm hypotheses H1 (p-value = 0.004) and H2 (p-value = 0.000). The standardized beta coefficients, as presented in Table 1, indicate that attitudes toward green advertising have the most significant positive impact on purchase intention (0.491), followed by its effect on brand image (0.339). This is supported by the findings of Davis (1994), who believes that environmentally-themed corporate advertising improves both the environmental reputation of companies and their product image, thereby increasing consumers' intent to purchase their products. According to H1 of this research, there is a significant relationship between attitudes toward green advertising and brand image, as also found in previous studies (Nagar, 2015; Chaniago and Nupus, 2021) Therefore, as mentioned in Nagar (2015), initiative by the firm in the form of green advertising, communicating its environmental concerns to the consumers is likely to spill over to the sponsor brand, leading to a positive opinion about the brand’s image, as confirmed by our results. Amallia et al. (2021) confirmed the positive relationship between green advertising and purchase intention, stating that an increased frequency of advertisements can enhance potential consumers' engagement with the ads and increase their knowledge of environmentally friendly products, influencing purchasing decisions based on advertising content. However, the results of the present study contradicted the study by Kong et al. (2014), who found that green advertising did not significantly influence green purchase intention. Instead, Kong’s research identified green corporate perception, eco-labels, and product value as the three most significant determinants of green purchase intention. Originality/value. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of how attitudes toward green advertising affect consumer behaviour and influence the intention to purchase eco-friendly products by building a positive brand image. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the impact of certain factors on purchase intention, including green marketing, brand image, advertising, and price (Ramadhan et al., 2024); perception of green products, which is conceptualized as a multidimensional variable comprised of green corporate perception, eco-label, green advertising, green packaging, and green product value (Kong et al., 2014). Alamsyah et al. (2020) reviewed the positive correlation among green advertising, green brand image, and customer green awareness of environment-friendly products and their impacts on purchase intention, while Patel and Chugan (2015) pointed out that environmental knowledge, company image, product feature improvisation, and ethical impact are the aspects of green advertising that had positive significant influences on consumers green purchase intention. As well, some researchers have investigated the direct relationship between brand image and purchase intention (Kong et al. 2014; Ramadhan, et al., 2024), or the influence of green marketing on consumers’ purchase decisions mediated by brand image (Genoveva and Samukti, 2020; Chaniago and Nupus, 2021; Ulfiah et al., 2023;). Research has primarily focused on the impact of green advertising on purchase intention (Davis, 1994; Haghjou et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2014; Alamsyah et al., 2020; Amallia et al., 2021; Chaniago and Nupus, 2021; Ramadhan et al., 2024) or the effect of brand image on purchase intention (Kong et al., 2014; Ramadhan et al., 2024). However, there is a research gap regarding the direct influence of attitudes toward green advertising on brand image keeping in mind that the research base that has explored the relationship between green advertising and brand image is scarce (Nagar, 2015; Chaniago and Nupus, 2021). Therefore, the originality of this study is grounded in its focus on attitudes toward green advertising as a driving factor that shapes the brand image and consequently influences the purchase intention of eco-friendly products. However, further research may be conducted by examining a particular type of green advertisement, such as online advertising and social media activities. The results provide valuable insights for marketers, encouraging them to continue investing in environmental responsibility and developing effective advertising strategies for their products. Therefore, to create a favourable attitude toward eco-friendly products, more intensive marketing communications, and green advertising strategies should be employed. |
| Keywords: | Green advertising, Purchase intention, Brand image |
| JEL: | M31 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:23-27 |
| By: | David Newbery; Chi Kong Chyong |
| Keywords: | Variable renewable electricity, marginal curtailment, least-cost expansion |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2505 |
| By: | Cremer, Helmuth; Borsenberger, Claire; Joram, Denis; Lozachmeur, Jean-Marie; Malavolti, Estelle |
| Abstract: | The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved since Milton Friedman’s 1970 assertion that a business’s sole responsibility is profit. Today, global frameworks like the UN Global Compact and EU regulations emphasize corporate accountability, particularly regarding social and environmental impacts. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become central in discussions of firm behavior, governance, and public goods provision. CSR however varies across firms. Some adopt basic strategic CSR (b-CSR), considering social and environmental issues only to the extent that they affect consumer demand and profitability. Others practice environmentally committed CSR (e-CSR), internalizing the full social cost of emissions. A few pursue fully committed CSR (w-CSR), aiming to maximize overall social welfare. The paper analyzes CSR’s effects on firm behavior through economic modeling. It first examines a single firm producing CO2 emissions, where reducing emissions increases costs but appeals to environmentally conscious consumers. Three firm types—b-CSR, e-CSR, and w-CSR—are considered. The study then extends to a competitive market with two firms engaged in Cournot competition. It examines scenarios where firms have different CSR commitments, analyzing how competition, emissions, and profits are affected. Finally, the paper compares these outcomes to an ideal scenario where firms are regulated to maximize social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Motivation and sustainability of CSR under competition; mission oriented; firms, consumers’ environmental awareness and profit maximization; differentiated duopoly; duopoly. |
| JEL: | H23 L13 L31 G50 |
| Date: | 2025–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130533 |
| By: | Dominguez, Alvaro; Li, Jiaqi; Mendez, Carlos |
| Abstract: | Relying on a novel satellite dataset, we examine the spatial distribution of air pollution, specifically PM2.5, and income across 285 Chinese prefectural and above-level cities. A static spatial dependence analysis reveals the locations of high-value clusters (hot spots) and low-value clusters (cold spots), highlighting a strong negative assosiation between income and air pollution. Then, through dynamic spatial clustering techniques, we study the intertemporal relationship between air pollution and income and find a polarization effect between different regions. Our integrated approach demonstrates how these analyses complement each other in identifying regions where policies to enhance air standards can improve the population's quality of life. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, China, Local Indicators of Spatial Association |
| JEL: | C15 O33 P11 P18 Q42 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:02000084 |
| By: | Muhammad Zakir Abdullah ("School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia" Author-2-Name: Shri Dewi Applanaidu Author-2-Workplace-Name: "School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia." Author-3-Name: Kirttana Kalimuthu Author-3-Workplace-Name: "School of Economics, Finance and Banking, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia." Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study simulates paddy productivity across Malaysia's granary areas over a 10-year period, with a focus on the non-linear effects of climate change, particularly rainfall and temperature variability. This study examines how each granary area evolves and reaches its optimal point as climate variability risks increase over time. Methodology/Technique - Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, the analysis estimates the impact of these climate factors on paddy yields. The findings reveal that rainfall has a positive effect on productivity in areas with low rainfall, such as IADA BLS, IADA PP, and MADA, while excessive rainfall has a detrimental, non-linear impact across all regions. Temperature variability has mixed effects, enhancing productivity in IADA PP and IADA KETARA but negatively affecting areas such as IADA MADA and IADA SEM. Findings - A key finding from the simulation is that each granary area reaches its optimal productivity at different times. IADA PP is projected to achieve the highest yield (6.47 tonnes/hectare) in the 10th year, whereas IADA KER is expected to reach the lowest maximum productivity (5.45 tonnes/hectare) in the 5th year. Notably, IADA BLS and IADA KER achieve peak productivity within just 5 years, faster than other regions. Novelty - IADA KEM exhibits the largest improvement, with a 58.7% increase in productivity over a 10-year period, despite its vulnerability to climate variability. These findings highlight the diverse impacts of climate change on paddy yields and the need for region-specific adaptive strategies. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Granary areas, Markov Chain Monte Carlo, Paddy Productivity. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr238 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Sotiris Georganas; Alina Velias; Anna Triantafyllidou |
| Abstract: | This study examines the dynamics of citizens' policy attitudes for the allocation of public resources for natural disaster prevention and response, with a focus on the role of experience with extreme environmental events and perceived probability of future events. Through a nationally representative survey currently underway in three US states (California, New York, and Texas), we investigate the influence of geographic and emotional proximity to extreme events in shaping relevant preferences. The results presented are from the first wave of the study (Wave 1), with subsequent waves already planned to be incorporated into the final version of the study. The preliminary analysis suggests that individuals prioritise resource allocation towards recently experienced shocks, and that this prioritization is not driven by subjective risk assessment alone. The final phase of the research, through the collection of data from subsequent waves, will allow us to investigate the temporal duration and dynamics of the impact of external shocks on citizens' political attitudes. |
| Date: | 2025–05–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2534 |
| By: | Tamara Kaftandjieva (School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana); Metka Tekavčič (School of Economics and Business, University of Ljubljana); Atanas Kočov (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – Skopje, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje) |
| Abstract: | The wine industry in the Balkans holds significant potential for fostering sustainable regional development, but it also faces numerous environmental, economic, social, and regulatory challenges. Through a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with professionals in the Balkan wine industry, this article explores the most pressing sustainability challenges and proposes strategic solutions for overcoming these barriers. Grounded in sustainability theories, including the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework and Stakeholder theory, the findings highlight the collaborative initiatives, technological innovation, implementation of circular economy principles, policy reform, and social initiatives as pivotal to fostering sustainable practices. This research contributes to the literature on regional sustainable development by offering new insights into industry-specific challenges and solutions, providing a conceptual framework for further exploration and policy formulation in the context of the Balkans. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Balkan wine industry, Regional development, Qualitative study |
| JEL: | Q13 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:211-219 |
| By: | Carolina Castaldi; Milad Abbasiharofteh; Sergio Petralia |
| Abstract: | The sustainability transition is high on the European agenda, with an emerging understanding that focusing on green technologies is not enough to achieve disruptive sustainability. An overall green transformation of current systems of production and consumption also requires market formation processes whereby green markets become viable economic opportunities for regions to specialize in. In this study, we draw on insights from evolutionary economic geography and geography of transitions to understand how regions develop green market specializations. To do so, we investigate two key sets of factors. First, we consider the evolutionary capability development process whereby new specializations emerge from existing related regional capabilities, in a path-dependent way. Second, we account for green public procurement initiatives to capture path-creation efforts in the form of deliberate regional policy directed towards green market formation. Our empirical analysis focuses on European regions in the period 2000-2020. We employ original trademark-based metrics to capture regional specializations in green markets and combine them with patent data to construct relatedness linkages between technologies and markets. Our results reveal that only a few regions have been able to develop specializations in green markets. We find that both prior capabilities in related technological domains and markets are positively associated with the emergence of these regional specializations. In addition, we also find that green public procurement is positively associated with the emergence of regional green market specializations. Our findings bear relevance for policy and research alike. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; regions; green markets; relatedness; public procurement; trademarks; patents |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2512 |
| By: | Kimberly A. Clausing; Jonathan M. Colmer; Allan Hsiao; Catherine Wolfram |
| Abstract: | We study carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) policies, as currently being implemented by the EU and UK. Policy discussions have cited three motivations and one concern. CBAMs can improve domestic competitiveness in regulated markets, reduce emissions leakage to unregulated markets, and encourage other countries to tax carbon. But CBAMs may particularly disadvantage lower-income trading partners. We evaluate these forces with a quantitative equilibrium model and plant-level data on aluminum and steel production worldwide. Our data cover the most emissions-intensive and heavily traded sectors targeted in the first phase of EU and UK implementation. We find that CBAMs can effectively boost competitiveness, curb leakage, and encourage regulation, while also avoiding disproportionate impacts on lower-income countries. |
| JEL: | F13 H23 O19 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33723 |
| By: | Dugoua, Eugenie; Gerarden, Todd D. |
| Abstract: | We study how individual inventors respond to incentives to work on “clean” electricity technologies. Using natural gas price variation, we estimate output and entry elasticities of inventors and measure the medium-term impacts of a price increase mirroring the social cost of carbon. We find that the induced clean innovation response primarily comes from existing clean inventors. New inventors are less responsive on the margin than their average contribution to clean energy patenting would indicate. Our results strengthen the rationale for government intervention to expedite the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | inventors; energy technology; induced innovation |
| JEL: | O31 Q55 Q40 |
| Date: | 2025–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124461 |
| By: | Pinilla Alarcón, Diana (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of narrow changes in temperature exposure during pregnancy on maternal morbidity in Colombia. Using administrative individual-level health service records and high-resolution daily weather data at the municipality level, I find that the rate of healthcare utilization during pregnancy and delivery increases monotonically with temperature. Services like hospitalizations increase by 1.69% with each additional day above 29◦C compared to the reference bin of [21, 23)◦C. In contrast, services requiring less time under direct observation or that are primarily outpatient (i.e., emergency room visits, consultations, and medical procedures) increase by 1%. In a two-month exposure window, each additional day in the highest temperature bin is associated with nearly a 2% increase in hospitalizations, which is double the impact observed for other health services. Women from low socioeconomic conditions and living in rural areas seem to be more affected by temperature shocks, especially in high-level morbidity outcomes, like hospitalizations. |
| Keywords: | temperature; climate change; maternal health; pregnancy |
| JEL: | I10 I12 I18 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021370 |
| By: | Klüh, Ulrich; Naji, Ilias |
| Abstract: | What defines the role of public savings banks("Sparkassen") in tackling the socio-ecological challenges related to planetary boundaries, such as climate change and loss of biodiversity? A clear answer to this question is still lacking, in spite of that fact that the German Sparkassen have recently become more ambitious with respect to their role in the sustainability transformation. Taking these recent developments into account, we provide a qualitative empirical analysis of the institutional logics that shape the savings banks' response to repeated calls to deepen their involvement in ecological sustainability efforts. We argue that the lack of transformative potential that many observers have criticized is due to a specific combination of institutional logics, that emphasize compliance, competitiveness and controlling activities. Moreover, savings banks appear to be following a strategy of conservative transformation, consistent with the approaches they have followed in recent decades, to survive in a climate hostile to public ownership of financial institutions and relationship banking. We observe tendencies to make climate finance a vehicle to become relationship-orientated again, and identify the obstacles standing in the way of such a twist. |
| Keywords: | Savings Banks, Climate Finance, Sustainability, Institutional Logics, Financialization |
| JEL: | B15 B25 B26 B52 E02 E58 N2 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:znwudp:316457 |
| By: | Nicol\`o Barbieri; Kerstin H\"otte; Peter Persoon |
| Abstract: | Green patents are a key indicator to track technological efforts aimed at fighting climate change. Using an original dataset that merges different Patstat releases, we identify three mechanisms that may bias green patent statistics, potentially leading to contradictory findings. First, patent reclassifications due to updates in (green) classification codes result in an 9.2\% increase in the number of green patents when using the most recent classification structure. Second, delays in the adoption of the Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) system introduce regional biases, as approximately 10\% of green patents from late-adopting countries remain undetected in less recent versions of the database. Third, we provide evidence that quality thresholds used to identify high-value inventions significantly shape observed trends in green patenting. Analyzing these mechanisms, our paper reveals that in many studies a substantial number of green patents is systematically overlooked, with the strongest effects observed for recent years and patents originating from Asian patent offices. These findings lead to relevant policy implications. Our results indicate not only that the global rate of green innovation has accelerated, but also that its epicenter has shifted, with an increasing share of green patents originating from emerging technological leaders, particularly in Asia. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.21310 |
| By: | Oto-Peralías, Daniel (Universidad Pablo de Olavide); Cuberes, David; Lacuesta, Aitor; Moreno, Carlos |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between land ownership concentration and the likelihood of hosting large green energy facilities, specifically mega-photovoltaic (PV) plants, defined as those exceeding 50 hectares. Focusing on Spain, we find that municipalities with a higher proportion of agricultural land concentrated in large farms are significantly more likely to accommodate mega PV plants. This effect remains robust after accounting for key factors influencing PV deployment, including terrain ruggedness, solar potential, and proximity to transmission lines and urban centers. To further neutralize unobserved factors that jointly influence land concentration and PV plant location, we leverage cadastral (parcel) data to conduct an intra-municipal analysis at the 0.5×0.5 km grid-cell level. Our findings reveal that grid cells with larger cadastral parcels have a substantially higher probability of being part of a mega PV facility. A simple theoretical model explains this pattern by highlighting the coordination challenges faced by small landowners. Unlike large ones, fragmented landholders struggle to meet developers’ land requirements, which are necessary to cover fixed project costs. Consistent with this mechanism, we also show that areas with irrigated agriculture are less likely to host mega PV plants and exhibit more unequal distributions of plant locations by land size. Finally, we provide external validity by confirming a similar positive association between mega PV plants and land concentration across U.S. counties. These findings underscore the implications of land inequality for the spatial distribution of renewable energy projects, shedding light on the limited local benefits of such investments and the growing opposition from rural communities. |
| Date: | 2025–03–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hakt5_v2 |
| By: | Dominguez, Alvaro |
| Abstract: | We investigate the spatial distribution of air pollutants in Japan, South Korea, and China for the year 2021. Our analysis utilizes satellite data on fine particulate matter at the municipal/county level, along with population density, vegetation difference, and night lights. Using dependence analysis and a clustering method to classify municipalities and counties based on geographical and similar attributes, we delineate distinct clusters within each country. Furthermore, through this spatial examination, we identify consistent positive correlations between air pollution and economic activity in each country. These methods allow us to detect areas where targeted policies can effectively enhance air quality for the population. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Japan, South Korea, China, Spatial analysis |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:02000199 |
| By: | Ruiyu Zhang; Lin Nie; Ce Zhao; Xin Zhao |
| Abstract: | We examine whether higher eco-efficiency encourages local governments to co-produce environmental solutions with citizens. Using Chinese provincial data and advanced textual analysis, we find that high eco-efficiency strongly predicts more collaborative responses to environmental complaints. Causal inference suggests that crossing a threshold of eco-efficiency increases co-production probabilities by about 24 percentage points, indicating eco-efficiency's potential as a catalyst for participatory environmental governance. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.13290 |
| By: | Luyao Zhang |
| Abstract: | Large language models (LLMs) are transforming global decision-making and societal systems by processing diverse data at unprecedented scales. However, their potential to homogenize human values poses critical risks, similar to biodiversity loss undermining ecological resilience. Rooted in the ancient Greek concept of ethos, meaning both individual character and the shared moral fabric of communities, EthosGPT draws on a tradition that spans from Aristotle's virtue ethics to Adam Smith's moral sentiments as the ethical foundation of economic cooperation. These traditions underscore the vital role of value diversity in fostering social trust, institutional legitimacy, and long-term prosperity. EthosGPT addresses the challenge of value homogenization by introducing an open-source framework for mapping and evaluating LLMs within a global scale of human values. Using international survey data on cultural indices, prompt-based assessments, and comparative statistical analyses, EthosGPT reveals both the adaptability and biases of LLMs across regions and cultures. It offers actionable insights for developing inclusive LLMs, such as diversifying training data and preserving endangered cultural heritage to ensure representation in AI systems. These contributions align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 11.4 (Cultural Heritage Preservation), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions). Through interdisciplinary collaboration, EthosGPT promotes AI systems that are both technically robust and ethically inclusive, advancing value plurality as a cornerstone for sustainable and equitable futures. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.09861 |
| By: | Hochstetler, Kathryn |
| Abstract: | The idea of a “green economy” is one of the latest attempts to bridge the environment and development aims, with a focus on economic growth that makes it appealing to countries that still see a significant development gap to make up. Yet the green economy—most often studied in the Global North and made the target of explicit policy initiatives there, often with substantial public and private resources—also presents additional challenges for the diverse states and populations of the Global South. In this commentary, I sketch a research agenda on three questions that reflect those challenges: (1) To what extent are the promises of the green economy credible in the national conditions of the Global South? (2) Will the green economy reduce poverty and reach the poorest populations of the Global South? and (3) How do the green economy activities of the Global North reverberate in the Global South? |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–02–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127335 |
| By: | Shawhan, Daniel (Resources for the Future); Peplinski, McKenna (Resources for the Future); Robson, Sally; Russell, Ethan; Ziegler, Ethan (Resources for the Future); Palmer, Karen (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | The United States is entering a period of rapid electricity demand growth spurred by electrification of buildings and transport, a renewed emphasis on domestic manufacturing, and a booming data center market. At the same time, a combination of challenges has extended typical development timelines to 10 years for transmission and 5 years for generation infrastructure (Solomon 2023; Rand et al. 2024). These long timelines slow cost-reducing system additions and compound the difficulty of meeting the new demand. Delaying the build-out of energy infrastructure also increases system congestion and thereby reduces the resilience and reliability of the grid. In this paper, we estimate some of the major effects of having longer development timelines like the current ones, which we term “delays.”We estimate the effects of such delays on the generation resource mix, costs for electricity and natural gas customers, profits of the electricity and natural gas supply industries, government revenue, and network congestion for the entire US and Canadian power system. We find that these delays cause electricity scarcity, which leads to increased energy bills and system congestion. The resulting changes to the generation mix increase the emissions from the power sector. Delays also have some positive economic effects, such as increased energy producer profit and higher government tax revenue. We find that the effects of the transmission development delays are similar to those of the generation development delays, per billion dollars of investment (levelized cost) delayed. Our results indicate that shortening the development times for transmission and generation in the United States and Canada would be likely to save energy customers tens of billions of dollars per year and reduce transmission congestion considerably.For our analysis, we use the Engineering, Economic, and Environmental Electricity Simulation Tool (E4ST), a detailed simulation model of the US and Canadian electricity sector. E4ST predicts hourly system operation, generator construction, generator retirements, system costs, and other outcomes under each simulated set of circumstances. We focus on outcomes that are realized in the year 2032. To estimate the effects of delays, we simulate the future with and without a shift in a set of transmission or generation investments that would have occurred by 2032 to after 2032. In the simulations with delays, we allow existing generators to defer their retirements but limit what generators can be constructed that are not built in the no-delays simulation. The set of delayed transmission investments represents 6 percent of US and Canadian transmission megawatt-miles (MW-miles). This deferred investment represents between one and several years’ worth of transmission investments, depending on the period of comparison. We represent generation development delays by reducing wind-, solar-, and gas-fueled generation capacity added between 2028 and 2032 (“new capacity”) by 20 percent each. The delayed generation investments equal 4 percent of total generation capacity, or approximately one year of projected generation capacity additions. Our results can be used in the evaluation of the costs and benefits of policy changes or regulatory or process changes that would shorten or lengthen development times.Our central set of background assumptions includes the US Inflation Reduction Act tax credits for new nonemitting generators and existing nuclear generators. It omits the 2024 EPA greenhouse gas rules and the 2024 Good Neighbor Plan for NOx emissions, as they are likely to be revised under the current administration. In three alternative sets of background assumptions (sensitivity cases), we employ different policy assumptions or technology costs.Our results show that delays have a negative impact on the development of both emitting and nonemitting generators. While the magnitude of prevented capacity additions is greater for wind and solar, this is mainly because, in all scenarios, investors choose to build more wind- and solar-powered capacity than natural gas–fueled capacity. Across all cases, we find that the transmission and generation delays reduce the construction of generation facilities powered by wind, sun, and natural gas approximately in proportion to their shares of new capacity additions (all between 20 and 29 percent). This means that transmission capacity additions are approximately as likely to be important for a given new gas-fueled generator as for a given new wind or solar generation farm.Despite reducing new wind-, solar-, and gas-powered capacity by similar proportions, the delays increase gas-fueled (and coal-fueled) generation and reduce wind- and solar-powered generation. The main reason is that gas- and coal-fueled generators are the existing generators that can most commonly generate more, through a higher utilization rate or deferral of retirement. In the transmission-delays scenario, gas- and coal-fueled generation rises by 9 percent, while wind- and solar-powered generation decreases by 7 percent, compared with the scenario without the delays. In the generation-delays scenario central case, gas- and coal-fueled generation increases by 7 percent, while wind- and solar-powered generation decreases by 6 percent, compared with the scenario without the delays.Transmission and generation delays can also increase system congestion, meaning transmission lines are being operated at their limits more frequently. Transmission line congestion can reduce the efficiency, reliability, and resilience of the power system and lead to higher electricity costs. We find that transmission and generation delays increase system congestion across all cases. With our central background assumptions, the transmission delays increase system congestion by 14 percent, and the generation delays increase it by 7 percent.Changes to the mix of grid resources and to system operation are consequential for costs and prices in the power system. They affect the economic outcomes for consumers, producers, and the government. Different generation facilities have different capital and operation costs, and transmission and generation constraints increase electricity scarcity and prices. Further, higher natural gas demand within the electric power sector increases the cost of natural gas for both power plants and other gas users. The delays affect government tax revenue mainly by changing the amount of generation capacity built that qualifies for federal tax credits.The deferral of transmission and generation investments produces the effects described in this paper, some of which are costs. It also results in what we describe as capital cost savings, which simply refers to the savings associated with not building new transmission and generation. The estimated annual capital cost savings from either the transmission development or generation investment delays are $5 billion. We assume that the transmission capital cost savings accrues to electricity users and the generation capital cost savings to generation investors. This benefit of the delays can be compared with the costs for electricity users:The modeled transmission delays increase the cost of electricity and natural gas together by $22 billion (or $27 billion before counting the transmission capital cost savings). Hence the net cost to energy users is more than four times the capital cost savings. A $22 billion increase is $55 per capita, which represents a 3 percent increase of economy-wide retail spending on electricity and natural gas. The electricity price increase is a third of a cent per kilowatt-hour (kWh).The modeled generation delays increase the cost of electricity and natural gas together by $28 billion. This cost to energy users is more than five times the capital cost savings. A $28 billion increase is $70 per capita, which represents a 4 percent increase of economy-wide retail spending on electricity and natural gas. The electricity price increase is 0.45 cents per kWh.The model estimates of price increases from the delays are not unreasonably large; in 2024, capacity prices in PJM, which serves one-sixth of the US and Canadian population, increased by $12 billion.We also find that certain stakeholders benefit from the delays across all cases. In the central case, we estimate the following:The transmission delays increase the total profits of electricity and gas producers together by $19 billion, through higher electricity and natural gas prices.The generation delays increase the total profits of electricity and gas producers together by $22 billion (or $17 billion before counting the generation capital cost savings), through higher electricity and natural gas prices.Transmission and generation delays increase government tax revenue by $10 billion and $7 billion, respectively, because there are fewer generators that receive government incentives.The results are similar in the sensitivity cases. The largest difference is that the costs, benefits, and net costs of the delays are larger in the sensitivity case with higher wind and solar costs, and the delays increase tax revenue much less in the sensitivity case without the Inflation Reduction Act incentives for clean generation.In our second paper, we estimate and incorporate the effects of the delays on air pollution, mortality from air pollution, climate change damages, and disadvantaged Americans to better characterize the full net costs of transmission and generation delays. Other effects we have not included in this paper include the costs of financing projects longer before they start producing, the costs of projects canceled because of delays, the effects of slowed technology advancement, and the detriment to customers that must delay expansion plans (e.g., new data center, factory, or home) as a result of the transmission or generation delays. |
| Date: | 2025–05–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-25-14 |
| By: | bin Haimid, Mohd Tarmizi; Tanrattanaphong, Borworn |
| Abstract: | The shrimp farming industry plays a vital role in the economies of both Malaysia and Thailand. In particular, Thailand has historically led shrimp production and exports. However, the industry's growth in Thailand and Malaysia has slowed, with emerging competitors like Vietnam and Indonesia gaining ground. This paper aims to compare the policy frameworks and regulatory measures implemented in Malaysia and Thailand to promote sustainable shrimp farming. It begins by examining the significance of sustainability in minimizing environmental impact while fulfilling global food demands. The study then explores the current status of shrimp farming in each country, evaluates relevant policies and institutional responses, and assesses each country’s comparative advantage in export competitiveness. By analyzing these policies and sustainability practices, this paper identifies strengths, challenges and opportunities for improvement to support a more resilient and competitive shrimp farming sector in both nations. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–01–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:kuaewp:356883 |
| By: | Sager, Lutz; Singer, Gregor |
| Abstract: | We assess the U.S. Clean Air Act standards for fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅). Using high resolution data, we find that the 2005 regulation reduced PM₂.₅ levels by 0.4μg/m³ over five years, with larger effects in more polluted areas. Standard difference-in-differences overstates these effects by a factor of three because time trends differ by baseline pollution, a bias we overcome with three alternative approaches. We show that the regulation contributed to narrowing Urban-Rural and Black-White PM₂.₅ exposure disparities, but less than difference-in-differences suggest. Pollution damages capitalized into house prices, on the other hand, appear larger than previously thought when leveraging regulatory variation. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121984 |
| By: | Marine Robuchon (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]); Camille Bernery (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ana Cristina Cardoso (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]); Cheikh Abdou Khadre Mbacké Dia (UCAD - Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar [Sénégal]); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christophe Diagne (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Eugenio Gervasini (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]); Gustavo Heringer (UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras, Nürtingen-Geislingen University, Thünen Institute of Biodiversity); Sandrine Pavoine (CESCO - Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); David Renault (ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR - Université de Rennes - INEE-CNRS - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSERen - Observatoire des sciences de l'environnement de Rennes - UR - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vanessa Theodoro Rezende (UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais = Minas Gerais State University); Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR - Université de Rennes - INEE-CNRS - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSERen - Observatoire des sciences de l'environnement de Rennes - UR - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Céline Bellard (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Highlights: • 10 invasive alien species (IAS) with economic costs are also threatened. • 27 IAS with economic costs are among the most distinctive species of their group. • One IAS with economic costs, the koala, is both threatened and distinctive. • Those 36 IAS with economic costs are in need of priority protection in their native ranges. • Coordinated management at population-level would maximise conservation outcomes. Abstract: Several studies have revealed species that constitute conservation paradoxes because they are invasive in some areas and threatened in others. However, those studies only considered ecological impacts of invasions and species' threat category as a criterion that makes them conservation priorities. Here, our aim was to highlight further species that cause economic costs because of their invasiveness in some areas while being in need of priority protection in their native ranges. We used the InvaCost database to calculate an economic cost for each invasive alien species (IAS) in this database and explored the threat category, as well as the phylogenetic and functional distinctiveness of these IAS. We also focused on the costliest IAS to reveal their threat category and distinctiveness. Among the 355 species of mammals, birds, and plants constituting IAS with sufficient data on economic costs, we found that 10 species are also conservation priorities because they are threatened in their native range, therefore constituting conservation paradoxes. We further found that 27 IAS with economic costs are also conservation priorities because they are among the most phylogenetically or functionally distinctive, thus constituting conservation challenges. One IAS with economic costs is a conservation priority both because it is threatened in its native range and phylogenetically distinctive: the koala. Finally, we found three conservation paradoxes or challenges among the costliest IAS. Our work stresses to an unprecedented level that some species simultaneously need to be controlled in their invasive range and protected in their native range. |
| Keywords: | Coordinated management, Functional distinctiveness, InvaCost, Phylogenetic distinctiveness, Threat category |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04993757 |
| By: | Dominguez, Alvaro |
| Abstract: | We study the spatial distribution of air pollutants in Honshu and Kyushu, before and after the Fukushima incident in 2011. For this, we use satellite data at the municipal level of fine particulate matter and ozone concentrations, along with population density, accessibility to cities, and night lights. We rely on dependence analysis and an algorithm to endogenously partition and classify municipalities into different clusters, based on their geographic andsimilar attributes, for the period under study. From the spatial analysis we are able to observe the specific locations of the hot spots (high-value clusters) and cold spots (low value clusters). These clusters reveal high positive correlations between air pollution and economic activity, throughout the years that we study. Furthermore, the regionalization analysis we perform partitions Honshu and Kyushu into different geographical regions that are intertemporally robust, allowing us to detect locations where targeting policies can improve the air quality of the population. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Japan, Regionalization, Spatial analysis |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:02000198 |
| By: | Smith, Vincent H.; Pardey, Philip G.; Joglekar, Alison B.; Runck, Bryan C. |
| Abstract: | Governments and donors frequently subsidize crop insurance to mitigate agricultural risks from weather and pests. This approach is costly, with taxpayers funding significant subsidies that often benefit financial services providers more than farmers. Efforts to reduce program costs by triggering payments on area-wide or related indexing schemes are impeded by basis risk—compensating unaffected farmers while failing to pay some farmers whose crops failed. Access to accurate weather data is crucial for addressing basis risk and properly aligning indemnity pools with actual crop failures across regions and seasons. We argue that investing in timely, locally relevant weather data collection, access, and associated informatic services offers greater potential returns than subsidizing conventional crop insurance. These investments yield both immediate and long-term benefits through enhanced informatics products that help farmers prevent or minimize crop losses as their current and future seasons unfold. Over time, these informatics also help better align research and seed system development with variable cropping environments. Moreover, unlike insurance, well-calibrated crop informatic products not only reduce risk (by potentially lowering crop yield and profit variability), they can also increase farm productivity (thereby increasing crop output or profits) and thus enhance farm families’ economic well-being over the long-term. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2025–05–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:356830 |
| By: | Fiona Burlig; Amir Jina; Anant Sudarshan |
| Abstract: | Over 2 billion people lack clean drinking water. Existing solutions face high costs (piped water) or low demand (point-of-use chlorine). Using a 60, 000 household cluster-randomized experiment we test an increasingly popular alternative: decentralized treatment and home delivery of clean water to the rural poor. At low prices, take-up exceeds 90 percent, sustained throughout the experiment. High prices reduce take-up but are privately profitable. Self-reported health measures improve. We experimentally recover revealed-preference measures of valuation. Willingness-to-pay is several times higher than prior indirect estimates; willingness-to-accept is larger and exceeds marginal cost. On a cost-per-disability-adjusted-life-year basis, free water delivery regimes appear highly cost-effective. |
| JEL: | O13 Q25 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33557 |
| By: | Castells-Quintana, David; Dominguez, Alvaro; Santos-Marquez, Felipe |
| Abstract: | We study the diffusion of adoptions of green technologies in Japan after the 2011 Fukushima incident. We find that, on average, municipalities within a 120 km radius of a given nuclear power plant adopted green technology at a higher rate than those outside that radius. We then rely on a network diffusion model to analyze the direction, speed, and order in which municipalities adopted said technology. Next, we perform a counterfactual analysis by targeting key spreaders to alter the diffusion process. Finally, we propose a novel targeting method accounting for possible "bottlenecks" preventing the propagation process in the network. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Networks, Technology Diffusion |
| JEL: | C15 O33 P11 P18 Q42 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agi:wpaper:02000083 |
| By: | Onur Polat (Department of Public Finance, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkiye); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Elie Bouri (School of Business, Lebanese American University, Lebanon); Mariem Brahim (Paris School of Business, Paris, 75013, France) |
| Abstract: | We use a k-th order nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test, we predict rare earth stock returns and volatility due tobased on physical and transition climate risks over the period of 2nd January 2008 to 31st January 2025. The results indicate that, even though linear Granger causality fail to show any evidence of prediction of rare earth stock returns, due to model misspecifications from nonlinearity and structural breaks, the nonparametric framework depicts statistically show significant evidence of predictability over the entire conditional distribution of returns and volatility. They are robust to alternative choices of rare earth stock indexes, measures of climate risks, conditional estimates of volatility, and various macroeconomic and financial control variables. Further analyses involving the signs of the causality and rolling-window estimation tend to reveal that rare earth stock index returns are negatively impacted at lower conditional quantiles till the median, corresponding to bearish market conditions; volatility, however, is positively impacted (i.e., it increases) over its entire conditional distribution. |
| Keywords: | Rare earth stock returns and volatility, Physical and transition climate risks, Higher-order nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test, Condition distribution |
| JEL: | C22 C32 G10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202517 |
| By: | Nafisa Lohawala; Mohammad Arshad Rahman |
| Abstract: | The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered critical to achieving climate goals, yet it hinges on consumer interest. This study explores how public intent to purchase EVs relates to four unexamined factors: exposure to EV information, perceptions of EVs' environmental benefits, views on government climate policy, and confidence in future EV infrastructure; while controlling for prior EV ownership, political affiliation, and demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education, and geographic location). We utilize data from three nationally representative opinion polls conducted by the Pew Research Center between 2021 and 2023, and employ Bayesian techniques to estimate the ordinal probit and ordinal quantile models. Results from ordinal probit show that respondents who are well-informed about EVs, perceive them as environmentally beneficial, or are confident in development of charging stations are more likely to express strong interest in buying an EV, with covariate effects--a metric rarely reported in EV research--of 10.2, 15.5, and 19.1 percentage points, respectively. In contrast, those skeptical of government climate initiatives are more likely to express no interest, by more than 10 percentage points. Prior EV ownership exhibits the highest covariate effect (ranging from 19.0 to 23.1 percentage points), and the impact of most demographic variables is consistent with existing studies. The ordinal quantile models demonstrate significant variation in covariate effects across the distribution of EV purchase intent, offering insights beyond the ordinal probit model. This article is the first to use quantile modeling to reveal how covariate effects differ significantly throughout the spectrum of EV purchase intent. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2504.09854 |
| By: | Bourveau, Thomas; Breuer, Matthias; Koenraadt, Jeroen; Stoumbos, Robert |
| Abstract: | We describe the development of public company auditing in the U.S. in the early 20th century to gain perspective on current developments in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) assurance. Using a broad sample of historical annual reports spanning four decades, we document three facts: first, the spread of public company auditing occurred steadily over the span of several decades. Second, audit services were initially heterogeneous but became standardized through the audit profession’s efforts and interactions with private and public actors. Third, the role of regulation in those early developments was seemingly limited to codifying existing practices, as the first federal audit regulation was introduced only late in the development of the profession and did not significantly impact capital markets. Our historical evidence helps us understand how we arrived at today’s widely accepted and highly regulated financial audits. It uncovers parallels to and offers lessons for current developments in ESG assurance. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: G18; G34; M42. |
| Keywords: | public companies; auditing; regulation; securities exchange act |
| JEL: | G18 G34 M42 |
| Date: | 2025–02–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126913 |
| By: | Klingebiel, Stephan (Ed.); Pérez Pineda, Jorge Antonio (Ed.); Berensmann, Kathrin (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | The United Nations financing for development process, including the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) in Seville in 2025, is an important building block to foster global cooperation amid the current geopolitical tensions and multiple crises that have led to increased development financing needs on the one hand, and increased spending on the other, with the OECD estimating that the financing gap in funding required for developing countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals is $3.9 trillion per year. Against this backdrop, a coordinated international effort is essential to increase the scale and effectiveness of development financing and promote sustainable development globally, particularly in line with the 2030 Agenda. The overarching goal of the FfD process, including FfD4, is to mobilise adequate financial resources for the sustainable development of countries in the Global South, and to design appropriate architectures for development and sustainable finance. The FfD process is unique in that it takes a holistic approach, involving all sources of development finance and all public and private stakeholders. In this respect, the FfD process has an extraordinary convening power. The purpose of this Discussion Paper is to provide meaningful input to the preparatory process of FfD4 by offering insights into key challenges, opportunities and innovative approaches. The paper aims to contribute to the broader dialogue on financing for sustainable development and support informed decision-making for a robust and inclusive development agenda beyond 2030. Topics range from reforms of official development assistance, innovative approaches to private-sector and sustainable finance, and innovative reforms of multilateral development banks. |
| Keywords: | Development finance, Financing for Development, United Nations, Sustainable Development goals (SDGs), Official Development Assistance (ODA), Global South, Sustainable Finance, Multilateral Development Banks |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:316407 |
| By: | Addis Gedefaw Birhanu (EM - EMLyon Business School) |
| Abstract: | Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) are vital in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing economies that often lack alternative investment avenues. By leveraging an abundant workforce that is largely unskilled and low-skilled, EMNEs not only provide substantial employment opportunities but also contribute to the eradication of poverty (SDG 1). EMNEs' ambitions to expand into adjacent markets offer SMEs valuable opportunities to integrate into regional and global value chains. This in turn spurs economic growth (SDG 8) and reduces inequalities (SDG 10). The access of EMNEs to leapfrogging and relatable technologies mitigates infrastructural bottlenecks and cultivates innovation (SDG 9) in these economies. For EMNEs to successfully deliver on these goals, key stakeholders, especially NGOs and governments, must take an active role in persuading, enabling, and incentivizing these enterprises. |
| Keywords: | Immigrant University Entrepreneurship Startup Venture capital |
| Date: | 2025–03–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05004689 |
| By: | Hambye-Verbrugghen, Jérôme; Bianchini, Stefano; Brockway, Paul Edward; Aramendia, Emmanuel; Heun, Matthew Kuperus; Marshall, Zeke |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we evaluate the potential of digitalisation to drive structural transformations toward a sustainable economy. We apply an index decomposition analysis (IDA) to understand the factors influencing energy demand in a panel of 31 high-income countries from 1971 to 2019. The IDA framework includes four factors related to the scale and sectoral composition of the economy and technical improvements, accounting for the quality of energy flows and actual work potential through useful exergy measures. We first apply the model at the sector level across 16 productive industries to explore cross-sector heterogeneity in the structure of energy demand. Industries are then classified by digital intensity categories, allowing us to compare results across different levels of digitalisation. We find that value added growth is the primary driver of energy use. While digitalisation alone does not fully explain trends in energy demand, it is associated with substantial value added growth in high digital intensity sectors and amplifies the use of energy. This suggests that digitalisation, if unchecked, may in fact exacerbate economic-ecological tensions rather than alleviate them. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of recent policy actions aimed at accelerating the green and digital- "twin"-transition. |
| Keywords: | Structural Change, Energy, Energy Efficiency, Digitalisation, Technological Change |
| JEL: | Q43 Q55 L16 O44 O13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:penwps:316435 |
| By: | Anton Yang; Jianwei Ai; Costas Arkolakis |
| Abstract: | We introduce a new methodology to detect and measure economic activity using geospatial data and apply it to steel production, a major industrial pollution source worldwide. Combining plant output data with geospatial data, such as ambient air pollutants, nighttime lights, and temperature, we train machine learning models to predict plant locations and output. We identify about 40% (70%) of plants missing from the training sample within a 1 km (5 km) radius and achieve R² above 0.8 for output prediction at a 1 km grid and at the plant level, as well as for both regional and time series validations. Our approach can be adapted to other industries and regions, and used by policymakers and researchers to track and measure industrial activity in near real time. |
| JEL: | Q50 Q53 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33619 |
| By: | Rogers, Ben; da Cruz, Nuno F.; Heeckt, Catarina; Hamilton-Jones, Imogen; Ripa, Francesco; Ellaway, Louise; Charles, Lucie; Kaune, Marie; Li, Sinan |
| Abstract: | Europe’s cities have long been at the cutting edge of civic innovation. But the challenges they are facing – climate crisis, pandemics, growing inequalities, migration, populism, new technologies – can feel increasingly daunting. Over the last two years, LSE Cities has been working on a new initiative to support Europe’s urban governments as they navigate the complex challenges ahead. The European Cities Programme, a research, engagement and capacity building programme supported by Bloomberg Philanthropies, brings together city leaders, policy makers and civil society movements from across the continent to plan pathways towards more just, sustainable and democratic futures. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127634 |
| By: | Tamara Mijovic Spasova (Analytica think tank, Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics-Skopje); Bojana Mijovic Hristovska (Analytica think tank, Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics-Skopje) |
| Abstract: | This comprehensive empirical research examines the landscape of tobacco production in North Macedonia, placing a specific focus on the historical development and economic significance of the tobacco sector within the national and regional agricultural framework. It provides an in-depth analysis of tobacco leaf production, including a comparison with other regional tobacco producers, to contextualize North Macedonia's position in the broader tobacco industry. The study also investigates the dynamics of agricultural imports and exports, with a particular emphasis on raw tobacco, delving into the complex interplay between domestic production and international trade. Central to this empirical research is a critical evaluation of the financial support mechanisms in agriculture, particularly the extensive subsidies directed towards tobacco cultivation. These subsidies are analyzed in terms of their economic rationale and effectiveness, questioning whether the prioritization of tobacco over other crops is justified given the current economic climate and market demands. The empirical research further explores the implications of these subsidy policies in light of North Macedonia's aspirations to align with the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, which presents unique challenges and opportunities for reforming agricultural support systems. By integrating quantitative data with qualitative policy analysis, the empirical research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the economic impacts and sustainability of tobacco subsidies. It assesses whether these subsidies are an economically prudent allocation of national resources, especially considering the potential for aligning with EU standards and the necessity to foster a more diversified and sustainable agricultural sector. The findings are intended to inform policymakers and stakeholders, offering strategic insights and recommendations for future agricultural policy development in North Macedonia. Using a descriptive statistical approach, the study evaluates data on tobacco production, subsidy distribution, and trade dynamics. The findings reveal potential misalignments in subsidy allocations and recommend policy adjustments to foster a diversified agricultural sector in alignment with EU standards. |
| Keywords: | Tobacco Production, Agricultural Subsidies, Tobacco subsidies, Tobacco policy, North Macedonia, EU Common Agricultural Policy |
| JEL: | Q18 Q13 F14 H23 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:134-147 |
| By: | Döttling, Robin; Lam, Adrian (University of Pittsburgh) |
| Abstract: | We document that the stock prices of firms with higher carbon emissions respond more to monetary policy shocks around Federal Open Market Committee announcements. Theoretically, we show that greater emissions-reduction needs can explain high-emission firms’ heightened sensitivity to monetary policy. Consistent with this channel, we find that (i) the valuation results are stronger among capital-intensive and highly levered firms and (ii) high-emission firms reduce emissions relatively faster on average, but disproportionately slow down these efforts when monetary policy is restrictive. We also examine bond price responses to monetary policy shocks to assess the relevance of differential discount rate effects. |
| Date: | 2025–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kqdar_v2 |
| By: | Thanh Nguyen-Xuan,; Dzung Nguyen-Le,; Quan Tran-Anh,; Tung Nguyen-Duy,; Thanh Ngo-Duc |
| Abstract: | This study investigates drought conditions in Vietnam and its seven sub-climatic regions using the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). SPEI was derived from daily, high-resolution (10-km) precipitation and temperature products from the CMIP6-VN dataset, which statistically downscaled CMIP6 global models. Performance evaluation of 22 CMIP6-VN models confirmed their accuracy in representing precipitation and temperature characteristics for the reference period (1985–2014). Regarding the future period (2015–2099) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5), significant warming is projected across Vietnam, while precipitation projections remain uncertain, with most areas anticipated to experience slightly increased rainfall. SPEI results indicate that precipitation significantly influences drought conditions more than temperature, accounting for approximately 70% of the SPEI trend under SSP5-8.5, which consequently introduces substantial uncertainty in drought projections. Drought conditions under different global warming levels (GWLs) were investigated, showing that while drought may not occur more frequently at high GWLs, more extreme drought events are projected. Five models exhibiting the most pronounced increasing drought trends were further analyzed, revealing a eterioration of all drought characteristics, particularly in the Northwest, Northeast, and Central Highlands. Copula statistical analysis reveals that drought events with higher return periods tend to be more prolonged and severe in the future. |
| Keywords: | Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en18043 |
| By: | Block, Simon; Weber, Nora; Viebahn, Peter; Sievering, Christoph; Arnold, Karin; Witte, Katja; Blum, Maximilian; Kling, Alexander; Schmidt, Constanze; Overberg, Moritz; Zeiss, Christoph |
| Abstract: | In diesem Zukunftsimpuls beleuchten Forschende des Wuppertal Instituts das geplante Kohlenstoffmanagement in Deutschland umfassend und praxisnah: Nach einer kompakten Einführung in das Thema - inklusive Lessons Learned aus früheren Debatten - legen sie eine grundlegende Einschätzung relevanter Aspekte rund um den CMS-Prozess vor. Im Hauptteil ihrer Arbeit formulieren sie Handlungsempfehlungen für fünf aus Sicht des Wuppertal Instituts zentrale Bereiche des Carbon Managements: die Entwicklung der CO2-Infrastruktur, das Erschließen von sicheren CO2-Speichern, die Anwendung von CCU (Carbon Capture and Use) als ergänzende Option zu CCS, die Akzeptanz von CCS in der Gesellschaft sowie die Verknüpfung der CMS mit der Langfriststrategie Negativemissionen. Für jeden der fünf Bereiche beschreiben sie die jeweilige Ausgangslage sowie spezifische Herausforderungen und Hemmnisse. Auf dieser Basis formulieren sie konkrete Empfehlungen an die Politik, die bei der Umsetzung der CMS zwingend berücksichtigt werden sollten. |
| Abstract: | In this "Zukunftsimpuls", researchers from the Wuppertal Institute shed light on the planned carbon management in Germany in a comprehensive and practice-oriented manner: After a compact introduction to the topic - including lessons learnt from previous debates - they present a fundamental assessment of relevant aspects relating to the German Carbon Management Strategy (CMS) process. In the main part of their publication, they formulate recommendations for action in five areas of carbon management that are central from the Wuppertal Institute's perspective: the development of CO2 infrastructure, the development of safe CO2 storage facilities, the application of CCU as a complementary option to CCS, the acceptance of CCS in society and the linking of the CMS with Germany's long-term strategy for negative emissions (German: Langfriststrategie Negativemissionen). For each of the five areas, they describe the respective initial situation as well as specific challenges and obstacles. On this basis, they formulate specific recommendations for policymakers that should be taken into account when implementing the CMS. |
| Keywords: | Treibhausgas-Emissionen, CO2-Speicherung, Deutschland |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wupimp:316422 |
| By: | Mika Akesaka (Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN); Hitoshi Shigeoka (Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo, JAPAN, Department of Economics and David Lam Centre, Simon Fraser University, CANADA, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), GERMANY, and National Bureau of Economics Research (NBER), U.S.A.) |
| Abstract: | This study demonstrates that heat disproportionately impairs human capital accumulation among low-performing students compared with their high-performing peers, using nationwide examination data from 22 million students in Japan. Given the strong correlation between academic performance and socioeconomic background, this suggests that heat exposure exacerbates pre-existing socioeconomic disparities among children. However, access to air conditioning in schools significantly mitigates these adverse effects across all achievement levels, with particularly pronounced benefits for lower-performing students. These findings suggest that public investment in school infrastructure can help reduce the unevenly distributed damage caused by heat to student learning, thereby promoting both efficiency and equity. |
| Keywords: | Heat; Distributional impact; Student achievement; Adaptation; Air conditioning; Children; Climate change |
| JEL: | I21 I24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2025-07 |
| By: | Ivana Ivanova (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Elena Makrevska Disoska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to compare North Macedonia as an EU candidate country, to the Western Balkan countries in circular economy movements. It shows that the country still struggles with advancing circularity and is more focused on waste management practices, which also do not function well. Lack of waste separation, weight equipment, and qualitative waste data with limited access to funds, finance, and knowledge are possible reasons. Plastic as a future raw material which is gaining more attention at a global scale is not even a priority in the Macedonian economy. This paper gives for the first time a link between plastic waste and the circular economy in North Macedonia, highlighting the economic sectors and the role that EPR schemes are playing in increasing higher recycling rates, compared with other materials used for packaging. In the end, the authors compare the country with developed EU countries like Slovenia and Germany to examine the effects of higher communal fees would contribute to a more efficient municipal waste system, by using the municipal costs as a percentage of GDP per capita, minimal wage and Income and Living Conditions Indicator. |
| Keywords: | Western Balkan, Municipal waste, Waste management, Circular economy, European Union, Republic of North Macedonia, Plastic, Resource productivity |
| JEL: | F63 Q53 Q52 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:159-173 |
| By: | Gough, Ian |
| Abstract: | This paper outlines a conceptual framework for a sufficiency economy, defining sufficiency as the space between a generalizable notion of human wellbeing and ungeneralisable excess. It assumes an objective and universal concept of human needs to define a ‘floor’ and the concept of planetary boundaries to define a ‘ceiling’. This is set up as an alternative to the dominant preference satisfaction theory of value. It begins with a brief survey of the potential contributions of sufficientarianism and limitarianism to this endeavor before outlining a theory of objective, universal human need. This recognizes the contextual variable nature of need satisfiers and the distinct methodology required to adjudicate necessities. It then turns to the planetary boundaries literature and utilizes a sequence of causal and normative reasoning to derive an operational ceiling and the concept of ungeneralisable luxuries. The final section addresses how the concepts of floors and ceilings might be operationalized via forms of dialogic democracy but noting the absence of any such institutions at the global level. Its policy conclusion is that a safe climate cannot be achieved through supply-side mitigation alone, and that fair demand-side mitigation necessarily requires a clear distinction between necessities and unnecessary luxuries, between which (hopefully) lies a space of sufficiency. |
| Keywords: | sufficiency; value theory; human needs; plentary boundaries; floors; ceilings; demand-side mitigation; sufficientarianism; limitarianism |
| JEL: | Q50 I30 |
| Date: | 2023–10–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120465 |
| By: | Aïd, René; Bonesini, Ofelia; Callegaro, Giorgia; Campi, Luciano |
| Abstract: | We frame dynamic persuasion in a partial observation stochastic control Leader-Follower game with an ergodic criterion. The Receiver controls the dynamics of a multidimensional unobserved state process. Information is provided to the Receiver through a device designed by the Sender that generates the observation process. The commitment of the Sender is enforced. We develop this approach in the case where all dynamics are linear and the preferences of the Receiver are linear-quadratic. We prove a verification theorem for the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the HJB equation satisfied by the Receiver's value function. An extension to the case of persuasion of a mean field of interacting Receivers is also provided. We illustrate this approach in two applications: the provision of information to electricity consumers with a smart meter designed by an electricity producer; the information provided by carbon footprint accounting rules to companies engaged in a best-in-class emissions reduction effort. In the first application, we link the benefits of information provision to the mispricing of electricity production. In the latter, we show that even in the absence of information cost, it might be optimal for the regulator to blur information available to firms to prevent them from coordinating on a higher level of carbon footprint to reduce their cost of reaching a below average emission target. |
| Keywords: | persuasion; filtering; ergodic control; Stackelberg games; mean field games; smart meters; carbon footprint |
| JEL: | C61 C73 D82 D83 Q51 |
| Date: | 2025–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127889 |
| By: | Olivier Allais (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Johanna Calvarin (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marine Landreau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Virginie Molina (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ghislaine Narayanane (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphan Marette (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Odeline Molle (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Lydiane Nabec (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fanny Sadier (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Louis-Georges Soler (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05025431 |
| By: | Luong-Thanh Tran; Andreas Freytag |
| Abstract: | Vietnam’s path to sustainable and innovative growth increasingly depends on how effectively it diversifies and repositions its export portfolio in the global market, or how the country “brand” itself through its exports to the world. Using data from UN Comtrade, we construct the Product Space model for Vietnam, visualizing the relatedness among the products in the country's export basket. Benchmarking against the Product Income Index (PRODY), the Product Gini Index (PGI), and the Product Complexity Index (PCI), we find that Vietnam’s high-volume export products such as garments and textiles are hindering the country’s development goals of sustainable growth, income equality, and innovation. Conversely, Vietnam has been able to export a number of small machine and precision equipment that yield higher added value in terms of sustainability and innovation, but these industries are lacking investment to scale up production. This suggests expansion strategies toward these precision tools and contraction for garments and textiles. Alternative options include radical innovation by shifting production to most knowledge-intensive products Vietnam is producing like cermet tools, or a moderate approach of pursuing export strategies of countries with slightly higher level of development than Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | product space, product complexity, economic complexity, PRODY, PGI, innovation, sustainability, Vietnam export, export diversification, export product targeting, network analysis. |
| JEL: | F14 F17 L70 O11 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11836 |
| By: | Lucas W. Davis; Jing Li; Katalin Springel |
| Abstract: | The prospect for electric vehicles (EVs) as a climate change solution hinges on their widespread adoption across political lines. This paper uses county-level data to show that from 2012-2023, about half of all new EV registrations in the U.S. went to the 10% most Democratic counties. This correlation remains largely stable over time, though EV trucks show a lower correlation than other EV types. We also conducted a survey, finding no difference in the ability of Democrats and Republicans to identify EVs. Overall, our results suggest that barriers to widespread U.S. EV adoption may be greater than anticipated. |
| JEL: | D12 H23 Q48 Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33591 |
| By: | Harvey, John; Buscheck, Jeffrey; Yu, Justin; Butt, Ali; Deng, Hanyu; Rahman, Mohammad; Guada, Irwin; Bowman, Michael; Brotschi, Julian; Mateos, Angel |
| Abstract: | This report presents data and analysis of a new mix type that has 100% replacement of aggregate and asphalt binder with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and the addition of a recycling agent. The data were collected from construction of a pilot project on Interstate 40 in San Bernardino County, which included the new mix , HyRAP® (a registered trademark owned by Brooks Construction Company, Inc. and licensed to Manhole Adjusting Inc. but produced under a non-proprietary Caltrans Non- Standard Special Provision), the control gap-graded rubberized hot mix asphalt (RHMA-G), and a dense-graded polymer- modified mix (HMA-M) that was used in wheelpath digouts on the project. The report includes performance-related testing, a life cycle assessment, and a summary of observations from the construction of the pilot project. It also includes deflection testing results for the test sections and outside the test sections to check if they have similar underlying support. The life cycle assessment includes identification of the primary sources of greenhouse gas and other emissions in the mix production. A comparison is made between the early field performance of the test sections for rutting and the performance-related laboratory rutting tests. Recommendations are that further development of HyRAP be done on projects with less risk and that they aim to demonstrate the ability to achieve mix consistency during production. It is also recommended that approaches for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from the oxidizer used to reduce volatile organic compounds be explored. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, reclaimed asphalt pavement, recycled asphalt shingles, performance-related, life cycle assessment |
| Date: | 2025–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5877p48t |
| By: | Ravi Jagannathan; Iwan Meier; Valeri Sokolovski |
| Abstract: | Between 2016 and 2023, the top 10% of carbon-emission-intensive firms (heavy emitters) accounted for over 90% of all Scope 1 emissions from U.S. public companies. We observe that about 35% of the market capitalization of ‘Value’ portfolios, compared to 5% of ‘Growth’ portfolios, regardless of how Value and Growth are defined, was comprised of heavy emitters. When we split the Big Value portfolio into heavy- and light-emitter stocks, we find that these two portfolios had similar realized (raw and risk-adjusted) returns and expected returns, as measured by Implied Cost of Capital, suggesting limited incremental compensation for transition risk. We also find that Big Growth low-emitter stocks consistently had lower expected returns than Big Value low-emitter stocks, with the spread widening in recent years, despite similar emission levels. This indicates that factors beyond climate concerns are necessary to fully explain the superior performance of Growth stocks relative to Value stocks over the past decade. |
| JEL: | G1 G11 G12 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33535 |
| By: | Violeta Cvetkoska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Filip Peovski (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Damjan Stojkovski (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Mihael Joshua Vlaisavljevikj (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Jasna Joanidis (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Anastasija Kopcharevska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Institute of Economics – Skopje); Nemanja Marikj (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje) |
| Abstract: | Investigating the impact of socioeconomic factors on infant mortality rates (IMRs) is of key importance to sustainable economic development. The lack of global studies is notable, with previous publications exploring these relationships only in specific regions or countries. Utilizing data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO), we fit a multiple linear regression model to examine the impact of individual variables such as the number of doctors per 1000 people, female literacy rate over 15 years, corruption index, and health expenditure per capita. Our findings reveal significant relationships between the natural logarithm of IMR and the natural logarithm of health expenditure per capita, as well as the number of doctors, suggesting that higher levels of health care expenditure and greater availability of medical workers significantly influence the level of infant mortality rates globally. This research deepens the understanding of the multifaceted determinants of IMR and highlights the importance of targeted interventions to improve health care. Consequently, policymakers and stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to promote long-term sustainable economic development and improve infant health outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Regression, Infant mortality, Socioeconomic factors, Health care system, Sustainable development, Health expenditure |
| JEL: | I15 C20 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:229-243 |
| By: | Oehmke, Martin; Opp, Marcus |
| Abstract: | We characterize the conditions under which a socially responsible (SR) fund induces firms to reduce externalities, even when profit-seeking capital is in perfectly elastic supply. Such impact requires that the SR fund’s mandate permits the fund to trade off financial performance against reductions in social costs—relative to the counterfactual in which the fund does not invest in a given firm. Based on such an impact mandate, we derive the social profitability index, an investment criterion that characterizes the optimal ranking of impact investments when SR capital is scarce. If firms face binding financial constraints, the optimal way to achieve impact is by enabling a scale increase for clean production. In this case, SR and profit-seeking capital are complementary: Surplus is higher when both investor types are present. |
| Keywords: | socially responsible investment; sustainable investing; ESG; Social Profitability Index (SPI); fiduciary duty |
| JEL: | G31 G23 D62 Q52 |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122413 |
| By: | Djedjiga Kachenoura; David CHETBOUN; Marine Lagarde,; Laurent Mélère,; Damien Serra. |
| Abstract: | In 2015, in the run-up to COP21 in Paris, the speech by Mark Carney, then Governor of the Bank of England and mandated by the G20's Financial Stability Board, made history. He warned of the importance of financial climate risks for the stability of financial institutions and the financial system as a whole. The political burden of transition was left to governments, provided it was orderly, while the responsibility for stability fell to regulators and central banks. Finance”, informed by extra-financial disclosure regimes, would drive demand as a provider of capital. These disclosure regimes were to be initiated by private players and supported by regulators. Mr. Carney feared, however, that they would lack coherence, comparability and clarity. Since then, these schemes have proliferated, covering both risks and the alignment of financial flows with the Paris Agreement. Nevertheless, this “theory of change” and the division of responsibilities between players remain unclear and ambiguous. Financial regulators need to work together to make these different regimes interoperable and clarify their objectives. What's more, compliance costs and the disconnection of certain frameworks from national realities are holding back the mobilization of funding, and may lead to the exclusion of the most vulnerable entities, a subject that has received little attention. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025–03–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17673 |
| By: | Ljungqvist, Gunnar; van Kessel, Robin; Mossialos, Elias; Saint, Victoria; Schmidt, Jelena; Mafi, Alexander; Shutt, Alison; Chatterjee, Anuja; Charani, Esmita; Anderson, Michael |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest public health challenges of our time. National Action Plans have failed so far to effectively address socioeconomic drivers of AMR, including the animal and environmental health dimensions of One Health. Objective: To map what socioeconomic drivers of AMR exist in the literature with quantitative evidence. Methods: An umbrella review was undertaken across Medline, Embase, Global Health, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, supplemented by a grey literature search on Google Scholar. Review articles demonstrating a methodological search strategy for socioeconomic drivers of AMR were included. Two authors extracted drivers from each review article which were supported by quantitative evidence. Drivers were grouped thematically and summarised narratively across the following three layers of society: People & Public, System & Environment, and Institutions & Policies. Results: The search yielded 6300 articles after deduplication, with 23 review articles included. 27 individual thematic groups of drivers were identified. The People & Public dimensions contained the following themes: age, sex, ethnicity, migrant status, marginalisation, sexual behaviours, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, household composition, maternity, personal hygiene, lifestyle behaviours. System & Environment yielded the following themes: household transmission, healthcare occupation, urbanicity, day-care attendance, environmental hygiene, regional poverty, tourism, animal husbandry, food supply chain, water contamination, and climate. Institutions & Policies encompassed poor antibiotic quality, healthcare financing, healthcare governance, and national income. Many of these contained bidirectional quantitative evidence, hinting at conflicting pathways by which socioeconomic factors drive AMR. Conclusion: This umbrella review maps socioeconomic drivers of AMR with quantitative evidence, providing a macroscopic view of the complex pathways driving AMR. This will help direct future research and action on socioeconomic drivers of AMR. |
| Keywords: | antibiotic use; antimicrobial resistance; drug resistance; One health; socioeconomic factors; transmission |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127395 |
| By: | Enrico Nichelatti; Abrams M.E. Tagem |
| Abstract: | Climate-related disasters have increased over recent decades, with severe human and economic consequences. While research has examined their macroeconomic effects and impact on households' income and consumption patterns, little attention has been given to their impact on tax morale—taxpayers' intrinsic motivation to comply with tax obligations. This study fills this gap by estimating the impact of climate-related disasters on tax morale in 26 sub-Saharan African countries using Afrobarometer survey data from 2011 to 2021. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters, Economic inequality, Tax morale, Regression analysis, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-30 |
| By: | Nadine Vivier (Académie d'Agriculture de France) |
| Abstract: | Aujourd'hui la notion de communs a pris son essor et touche aussi bien des terres, des forêts, que l'ensemble des ressources naturelles (air, eau) et des productions intellectuelles. Ainsi les communs seraient les ressources en accès partagé, gérées collectivement par une communauté d'usagers dans le but de les préserver. Cette notion apparaît comme nouvelle, née en réponse aux problèmes de l'environnement. Elle est nouvelle dans la mesure où, des années 1750 jusqu'aux années 1970 environ, les biens fonciers communs ont été condamnés du fait même de leur gestion collective et du statut de leur propriété. Comment peut-on expliquer une telle évolution ? Nous reprendrons ici, chronologiquement, l'histoire de ces communs, boisés ou non, dénommés communaux, seuls biens auxquels s'appliquait autrefois cette notion. |
| Keywords: | communs, gestion collective, libéralisme |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05016665 |
| By: | Simona Kovachevska Stefanova (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics - Skopje); Kiril Jovanovski (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics - Skopje) |
| Abstract: | To achieve the international targets for limiting carbon emissions the Emissions Trading System of the European Union (EU ETS) was implemented. Considering the crucial role of this system in the process of decarbonization of the economy, it is essential to investigate whether and to what extent there is an impact on the capital market. To investigate this, the dataset of 38 German companies from 2013 until 2020 is used. The data set consists of paid allowances, free allowances, stock prices, return on assets (ROA) ratio, and dividend payouts. The study uses three econometric methods for panels including the pooled ordinary least squares, the fixed effects model, and the random effects model. In addition, the F-test and Hausman tests are used, to determine which method is more appropriate. The results show that the ordinary least square (OLS) model and fixed effect model are most suitable for the stock price estimation and confirm the negative impact of free allowances on stock prices. A random effect is considered for the ROA and dividend estimation, confirming the negative impact of free allowances on the ROA ratio and the positive on the dividend distributions. |
| Keywords: | EU ETS, Stock price, Dividends, Return on assets, Allowances |
| JEL: | G11 G15 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:287-296 |
| By: | Daniel Jacobi; Elizabeth M. King; Claudio Montenegro; Peter F. Orazem |
| Abstract: | This study examines the role of good governance, ethnic diversity, and exposure to environmental risks on the returns to human capital. To estimate country-level returns to education and experience, the analysis uses labor force and household surveys spanning 33 years and from 145 countries at various stages of economic development. The findings indicate that better governance and greater ethnic diversity are associated with both higher returns to human capital and lower overall income inequality, with narrower wage gaps between men and women. Both urban and rural residents benefit similarly from stronger institutions. Quantile regressions also reveal that stronger socioeconomic institutions help lift incomes at the bottom of the distribution relative to the top, leading to lower overall inequality in well-governed and more diverse countries. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp564 |
| By: | Andrea Lanteri; Adriano A. Rampini |
| Abstract: | We analyze the adoption of clean technology by heterogeneous firms subject to financing constraints. In the model, capital goods differ in terms of their energy needs and age. In equilibrium, cleaner and newer capital requires more financial resources. Therefore, financial constraints induce an endogenous pattern in clean technology adoption: Financially constrained, smaller firms optimally invest in dirtier and older capital than unconstrained, larger firms. The model is consistent with the empirical patterns of technology adoption we document using data on commercial shipping fleets. We use a calibrated version of our model to simulate the aggregate transition dynamics to cleaner technology. |
| JEL: | E22 G31 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33545 |
| By: | Jérémy Lévêque (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Kevin Levillain (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Blanche Segrestin (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | As global crises intensify, businesses face increasing pressure to align their commercial activities with societal and environmental objectives. Among the array of third-party standards aimed at assessing corporate responsibility, the Certified B Corporation label has emerged as a prominent framework, guided by its mission to "Make business a force for good". However, research has extensively studied why companies would engage in this process, much less how the assessment content is related to solving current Grand Challenges. This paper compares the content of an assessment questionnaire to the expectations outlined in literature about how companies should address Grand Societal challenges. We show that while being comprehensive on the ESG agenda, the B Impact Assessment tends to give limited attention to the interdependent and unknown nature of Grand Challenges, thus creating the risk of focusing firms' attention on known visible impacts instead of addressing the complexity of current crises. We then conclude on complementary mechanisms that can significantly improve the contribution of certification labels to making businesses a "force for good". |
| Keywords: | B Corp Third-party Certification Grand Societal Challenges Sustainability, B Corp, Third-party Certification, Grand Societal Challenges, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05015647 |
| By: | Byczyński, Marcin Jan (Adam Mickiewicz University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the global landscape of Open Access Repositories (OAR) at the national level, drawing on data from the Open Directory of Open Access Repositories and the Registry of Open Access Repositories. The development of transparent OAR infrastructures is analyzed as a reflection of the Open Access (OA) strategy taken and OA infrastructure development. Repository distribution is quantitatively assessed by country and contextualized using metrics such as the number of HE researchers, GDP, and HERD spending. Qualitative part of the research supported by empirical research highlights the impact of OARs’ on the three missions of the university. Trends toward decentralized and institution-driven OAR models are being identified, suggesting a transition toward a polycentric global framework of scientific communication and indicating a potential shift towards noncommercial, academia owned, repository-based Green Open Access for maximizing sustainable institutional agency and democratization of knowledge. |
| Date: | 2025–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ztbxq_v1 |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Bartosz Jusypenko (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Ben White (SurveyEngine GmbH, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This pioneering study employs stated preference methods, specifically discrete choice experiments, to evaluate public preferences for the protection of diverse cultural heritage assets in Victoria, Australia. By analyzing responses to a series of hypothetical policy scenarios, we uncover the economic values the public assigns to various heritage attributes, including condition, accessibility, and protection measures. Our findings emphasize the importance of both use and non-use values in shaping willingness to pay for heritage conservation. These insights are critical for developing more effective, community-aligned heritage policies that reflect the public's valuation of cultural heritage. This research marks a significant advancement in the application of discrete choice experiments for general heritage valuation, offering a robust framework for future studies and policy development in cultural heritage preservation. |
| Keywords: | cultural heritage, historic preservation, built environment, non-market valuation, discrete choice experiment, public preferences |
| JEL: | C51 H43 Z18 Q51 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2025-11 |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Centre for Econometrics and Applied Research, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa); Ahamuefula E. Ogbonna (Centre for Econometrics and Applied Research, Ibadan, Nigeria); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Elie Bouri (School of Business, Lebanese American University, Lebanon) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the predictive ability of the newly developed climate-related migration uncertainty index (CMUI) and its two components, the climate uncertainty index (CUI) and the migration uncertainty index (MUI), for the return volatility of agricultural commodity prices in both futures and spot markets. Employing a GARCH-MIDAS model, based on mixed data frequencies covering the period from 1977Q4 (with the earliest daily observation on October 3, 1977) to 2024Q1 (with the latest daily observation on March 29, 2024), we conduct both statistical and economic evaluations, including the Modified Diebold-Mariano test, Model Confidence Set procedure, and risk-adjusted performance metrics. The results demonstrate that integrating CUI, MUI, and CMUI into the predictive model of the return volatility of agricultural commodity prices significantly improves forecast accuracy relative to the conventional GARCH-MIDAS-RV benchmark. These findings suggest that the climate and migration related uncertainty indices are both statistically significant and economically relevant, offering enhanced predictive power and investment performance. |
| Keywords: | Climate-related Migration Uncertainty Index, Climate Uncertainty Index, Migration Uncertainty Index, Agricultural commodity prices, GARCH-MIDAS, Forecast evaluation, Economic Significance |
| JEL: | C53 D8 F22 Q02 Q13 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202516 |
| By: | Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Lima, Francisco Luis; Nunes, Letícia |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the rapid adoption of mechanical harvesting in São Paulo’s sugarcane industry between 2000 and 2010, following a law banning pre-harvest burning. Using land slope as an instrument for mechanization, we find that mechanization triggered structural transformation --- reducing agricultural and increasing manufacturing employment. However, labor reallocation occurred only in agriculture-related industries, not broadly across sectors. A one-standard-deviation increase in mechanization raised employment in linked manufacturing by 3.5 percentage points, primarily among unskilled workers. This shift generated substantial local economic gains: household incomes rose 19 percent, and poverty fell 14 percent. These findings challenge the view of structural transformation as a shift from agriculture to diverse industries. Instead, technological gains in farming strengthen sectoral linkages, deepening the agro-industrial economy rather than diversifying it. Our results also highlight how environmental regulation can shape industrialization by driving sectoral labor reallocation. |
| Date: | 2025–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:upxkb_v1 |
| By: | Charles I. Jones |
| Abstract: | During the Covid-19 pandemic, the United States effectively “spent” about 4 percent of GDP — via reduced economic activity — to address a mortality risk of roughly 0.3 percent. Many experts believe that catastrophic risks from advanced A.I. over the next decade are at least this large, suggesting that a comparable mitigation investment could be worthwhile. Existing lives are valued by policymakers at around $10 million each in the United States. To avoid a 1% mortality risk, this value implies a willingness to pay of $100, 000 per person — more than 100% of per capita GDP. If the risk is realized over the next two decades, an annual investment of 5% of GDP toward mitigating catastrophic risk could be justified, depending on the effectiveness of such investment. This back-of-the-envelope intuition is supported by the model developed here. In the model, for most of the scenarios and parameter combinations considered, spending at least 1% of GDP annually to mitigate AI risk can be justified even without placing any value on the welfare of future generations. |
| JEL: | O40 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33602 |
| By: | Katerina Toshevska-Trpchevska (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje); Predrag Bjelic (University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics, Belgrade); Elvisa Drishti (University of Shkoder, Faculty of Economics and Business, Shkoder) |
| Abstract: | Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed insight into the digital and sustainable trade component of trade facilitation measures that the Western Balkan Countries can apply to enhance their mutual trade. The analysis in this paper is based on previous research conducted on a set of measures derived by the UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade in 2023 (UN ESCAP, 2023). The UN Global Survey makes available five sets of around sixty trade facilitation measures grouped into transparency, formalities, institutional arrangements and cooperation, paperless trade, and cross-border paperless trade (UN, 2023). A gravity model in trade was applied and the results have shown that for improving trade among the Western Balkans countries the biggest importance and significance have the trade facilitation measures connected to transparency and formalities. The measures from the set: institutional arrangements and cooperation are also significant but with a negative sign. Also, significant but with a lower level (on a 10% significance) are the measures from cross-border paperless trade. The measures grouped in paperless trade have resulted in being insignificant in improving bilateral trade among the Western Balkans countries (Toshevska-Trpchevska et al., 2024). Our goal in this analysis would be to make an in-depth analysis of the reasons for the importance and significance of the specified trade facilitation measures. Additionally, we plan to make a sectoral analysis of the importance of digital and sustainable trade facilitation measures for improving bilateral trade among the Western Balkan countries. The results from the gravity model analysis have shown that digital and sustainable trade facilitation measures, especially measures on transparency and formalities are important for improving trade of the following groups of products: animal products, vegetable products, animal and vegetable bi-products, and foodstuffs; animal hides, wood products, paper goods, textiles, and footwear and headwear; machines, transportation, instruments, and weapons; and chemical products and plastics, and rubber. This sectoral analysis of the importance of trade facilitation measures confirms the sectoral structure of trade among these countries. We plan to make an in-depth analysis of the constraints and barriers that this sectoral group of products faces in bilateral trade. Western Balkans economies are all members of regional trade integration created by the revised central European Free Trade Agreement from 2006 (CEFTA 2006), including the Republic of Moldova. Since some of them are not members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and have not ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement, CEFTA 2006 concluded its own Trade Facilitation Act – Additional Protocol 5. This Protocol goes even beyond TFA with the trade facilitation measures applied. The three countries from the region are members of subregional trade integration - Open Balkan, Albania, Macedonia, and Serbia and apply some specific trade facilitation measures, that will be addressed in the paper. Design/methodology/approach. In this analysis we plan to base the research on interpreting results done with a gravity model and present the results from the sectoral analysis. We will also graphically present the comparative results of the digital and sustainable trade facilitation scores of the separate Western Balkan countries that are analysed. For example, Figure 1 provides a graphical comparison of the Digital and Sustainable trade facilitation measures implemented by the separate Western Balkan countries in 2023. Additionally, in Table 1 the separate scores of the five sets of digital and trade facilitation measures are presented between the Western Balkans countries. This data provides us with insights into the level of implementation of different sets of digital and sustainable trade facilitation measures between the countries. For example, it is visible that Albania has the lowest score on the implementation of cross-border paperless trade and further research could be done on the reasons for this. Findings. The main findings of our analysis are connected to the in-depth analysis of the reasons for the significance of the measures of transparency and formalities and identifying the possible improvements in this sphere that could be done by the trade policy creators of Western Balkans countries. With our analysis, we plan to identify the bottlenecks that exist for improving the transparency of the trading procedures and harmonizing and facilitating the formalities in the trade among these countries. We also plan to identify the reasons for the significance but with negative signs of the measures connected to institutional arrangements and cooperation. Additionally, we plan to investigate the level of implementation of paperless trade measures in these countries as they appear to be insignificant for improving bilateral trade, but at the same time, these are the measures that can be directly identified as digital trade facilitation measures and present the important digital component for enabling sustainable trade nowadays (WTO, 2023). Originality/value. This analysis is a result of a collaboration that came out from a research grant funded by the Western Balkan FUND project titled “Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation in Western Balkans Countries” under protocol number PN: MO-4-024. For this analysis, five Western Balkan countries have been included: Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Kosovo was not included due to a lack of data in the UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation. The originality of this paper comes from the fact the digital and sustainable concept in international trade is a relatively new concept that derived and has been promoted by international organizations, like the United Nations Conference on Climate Change and the World Trade Organization in the last 2 years, after the Covid-19 Pandemic (UN, 2023; UN ESCAP, 2023). We believe that it is of utmost importance to investigate the possibility of applying digital and sustainable trade in the region of Western Balkans countries. That’s why we think that this analysis is valuable. We will try to precisely identify the specific measures that could be undertaken in the field to harmonize the trading formalities and to improve the transparency in the trading procedures among these countries. We suppose that the findings from our research could be suitable as future solutions that can be applied by the trade policy creators. Taking into consideration that to our knowledge only the previously cited published paper deals with modeling the digital and sustainable component of bilateral trade between the Western Balkan countries, this analysis will provide original detailed findings on this issue. We believe that it is important to investigate the trade facilitation measures of Western Balkans countries because these countries have long been striving to become members of the European Union and continuously apply different trade tools, measures, and agreements to integrate and strengthen their position on the international trade scene (Mojsovska and Bjelic, 2022; Markovic et al., 2021). |
| Keywords: | Bilateral Trade, Digital and Sustainable Trade Facilitation Measures, UN Global Survey on Digital and Sustainable Trade, Western Balkans Countries |
| JEL: | F10 F14 C23 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:91-94 |
| By: | Robert Allen |
| Abstract: | The paper uses basic theories of Marx on social structure and Malthus on demography to explain many features of Arabia in terms of the arid environment. The focus is on traditional Arabia, but it is argued that the same consideration continue to apply to modern Arabia. Beginning with the desert, it is argued that the only viable economic activity in ‘traditional’ Arabia was herding, and the only feasible system of property was communal ownership. Malthusian demography implies that the population expanded until the average product of labour equaled subsistence. Since labour was at subsistence and land had no value, neither could provide a tax base for a state. Hence, the social system was tribal–tribes had no budgets. There were two exceptions: International trade could be taxed, as in Yemen. Oasis land could also be taxed. Water meant that the average product of labour exceeded the marginal, which equaled subsistence. The difference was a taxable surplus. Some Bedouin tribes claimed ownership of oases and the implications are analyzed. The Saudi states that emerged beginning in the eighteenth century were Bedouin sheikhdoms writ large. Their finance came from oases like al-Hasa and al-Qatif near the Gulf Coast. With Shiite populations, Wahabism proved a useful ideology to justify their plundering by Sunni tribes from the interior. The finances of the Gulf Sheikhdoms are also analyzed as are the finances and investment strategies of the rulers of Oman as well as the role of slavery. Oman is a good example of a hydraulic civilization. Oil replaces water in modern Arabia, and guest workers replace slaves, but the system continues much as before since it continues to meet many needs. Wahabism continues its useful ideological role since the oil fields happen to be adjacent to the al-Hasa oasis. |
| Date: | 2025–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:esohwp:_220 |
| By: | Capucine Pierrel (UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Adrien Nguyen-Huu (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Cédric Gaucherel (UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Fifty years after the publication of Limits to Growth (LtG), its scenarios predicting global socio-economic collapse are still relevant. In this study, we extracted key components and processes from the LtG narratives to construct a simple qualitative model based on solely 13 variables and 40 qualitative rules. Our modeling framework enables the computation of all possible system trajectories (scenarios) within a single output once the model is accepted. By retracing all scenarios presented in LtG, our model uncovered highly interconnected trajectories leading to either sustainability or collapse. Through this work, we demonstrate that the co-authors of LtG successfully tackled the challenge of exhaustively representing all conceivable trajectories for the global system based on their core assumptions. Furthermore, our study paves the way for exploring alternative scenarios by applying this comprehensive, yet straightforward framework to newly acquired knowledge. |
| Keywords: | Earth system, World3, prospective scenario, structural analysis, discrete-event, limits to growth |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05023744 |
| By: | Paul Simshauser; Joel Gilmore |
| Keywords: | Electrification, renewables, natural gas, energy-only markets, dispatchable plant capacity |
| JEL: | D52 D53 G12 L94 Q40 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2509 |
| By: | Bojana Mijovic Hristovska (Analytica think tank, Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics-Skopje); Tamara Mijovic Spasova (Analytica think tank, Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics-Skopje) |
| Abstract: | Tobacco use in North Macedonia represents a critical public health issue, with one of the highest global smoking prevalence rates at 48.4%. A significant portion of smokers (51.3%) begin smoking between 18 and 24 years, and 44.4% consume over 20 cigarettes daily. Smoking contributes substantially to mortality, with 170.17 deaths per 100, 000 people attributed to smoking in 2019. North Macedonia's low cigarette prices and minimal illicit tobacco trade create significant potential for effective tobacco tax policy improvements. Smoking, a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, underscores the need for comprehensive tobacco control measures to reduce premature mortality and enhance mental health. This study examines tobacco demand in North Macedonia, analyzing consumption patterns, trends, and product types. It underscores the importance of understanding the socio-economic, cultural, and policy dimensions driving tobacco use. The methodology involves a multi-resource desk research approach, drawing on academic literature, government reports, and data from international organizations to provide a comprehensive overview of tobacco demand. Key findings reveal a high smoking prevalence with a slight decline over recent years. Economic factors, especially cigarette prices, significantly influence smoking rates. While the average number of cigarettes smoked per day remains high, there is evidence of reduced smoking prevalence among youth, attributed to increased health awareness and preventive measures. Despite legal restrictions, smoking remains socially accepted, complicating public health efforts. The paper highlights the urgent need for enhanced tobacco control policies, including increased taxes, stricter smoking bans, and targeted interventions to reduce smoking rates, particularly among vulnerable populations. These measures, combined with continuous monitoring and research, are crucial for achieving significant public health improvements and aligning with Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | Tobacco use, North Macedonia, Smoking prevalence, Tobacco tax policy, Smoking patterns, Tobacco consumption trends |
| JEL: | I12 I18 D12 C83 |
| Date: | 2024–12–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoh:conpro:2024:i:5:p:120-133 |
| By: | Julie Labatut (LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel, GABI - Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | Management, Vivant |
| Date: | 2025–04–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05026612 |
| By: | Petri P. Karenlampi |
| Abstract: | Darwinian spreading of vigor, in addition to quality distribution, is introduced in a tree growth model. The size of any tree, within an even-aged stand, is taken as a measure of an inherited productive capacity, and then combined with quality thinning. For sparse cultivation density, the result is forestry without commercial thinnings; large trees cannot be removed since they are the most productive, neither small trees because the unit price of harvesting would be large. For large cultivation density, thinning from above becomes combined with quality thinning of large trees. Darwinian spreading of growth rate may correlate with quality. Quality thinning may enhance growth rate. Such effects combined, large trees still become removed but quality thinning becomes implemented in almost all diameter classes. At financial maturity, Darwinian spreading treated with quality thinning, the weighted mean breast height diameter is in the vicinity of 20 cm within stands of high planting density, and somewhat higher with low planting density. Quality correlating with Darwinian spreading of growth, and growth rate correlating with observed quality, trees grow bigger, the maturity size becoming closer to 25 cm - bigger than in earlier studies without tree-size - dependency of vigor. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.16906 |