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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Timilsina, Govinda R.; Sebsibie, Samuel |
| Abstract: | Developing countries are increasingly giving attention to carbon pricing to reduce their emissions, particularly in meeting their nationally determined contribution under the Paris Climate Agreement. However, they would like to understand the potential economic, distributional, and environmental impacts of carbon pricing policies before they consider implementation. Using a computable general equilibrium model of Ethiopia, this study examines the effects of a hypothetical carbon tax (US$20/total carbon dioxide) under several alternative schemes to recycle carbon tax revenue to the economy. The study finds that a carbon tax would be regressive in all schemes considered except those when the tax revenue is recycled, as a cash transfer, to household income groups either equally or inversely proportional to their incomes. The schemes that make the carbon tax progressive also cause a higher reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, thereby ensuring the alignment of equity and environmental outcomes of the carbon tax. However, these schemes are not necessarily economically efficient because they cause higher reductions of gross domestic product compared to other options considered. |
| Date: | 2023–06–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10476 |
| By: | Agnolucci, Paolo; Fischer, Carolyn; Heine, Dirk; Montes De Oca Leon, Mariza; Pryor, Joseph Dixon Callisto; Hallegatte, Stephane |
| Abstract: | While countries increasingly commit to pricing greenhouse gases directly through carbon taxes or emissions trading systems, indirect forms of carbon pricing—such as fuel excise taxes and fuel subsidy reforms—remain important factors affecting the mitigation incentives in an economy. Taken together, how can policy makers think about the overall price signal for carbon emissions and the incentive it creates This paper develops a methodology for calculating a total carbon price applied to carbon emissions in a sector, fuel, or the whole economy. It recognizes that rarely is a single carbon price applied across an economy; many direct carbon pricing instruments target specific sectors or even fuels, much like indirect taxes on fossil fuels; and carbon and fuel taxes can be substituted one for another. Tracking progress on carbon pricing thus requires following both kinds of price interventions, their coverage, and specific exemptions. This inclusive total carbon pricing measure can facilitate progress in discussions on minimum carbon price commitments and inform assessments of the pricing of carbon embodied in traded goods. Calculations across 142 countries from 1991 to 2021 indicate that although direct carbon pricing now covers roughly a quarter of global emissions, the global total carbon price is not that much higher than it was in 1994 when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force. Indirect carbon pricing still comprises the lion’s share of the global total carbon price, and it has stagnated. Taking these policy measures into account reveals that many developing countries—particularly net fuel importers—contribute substantially to global carbon pricing. Tackling fuel subsidy reform and pricing coal and natural gas emissions more fully would have a profound effect on aligning carbon prices across countries and sectors and with their climate costs. |
| Date: | 2023–06–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10486 |
| By: | D, Silva S. K. B.; K.G.D, Piyumali; Perera, Rasitha Thilini Suranjana; Kaluarachchi, K.D. K. G; Munagamage, Thilini; R.M.R, Ahammed; P, Piyankarage C. S.; Shahmy, Seyed (National Science and Technology Commission); Karunaratne, Veranja |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy, energy storage, and green hydrogen (EES) in Sri Lanka have a significant relationship with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This commentary aims to provide a critical perspective on the report's recommendations of the National Science and Technology Commission's Biennial Conference 2023 on Science and Technology (BISOST IX), the sub-thematic technical report on Clean Energy, and their alignment with the UN SDGs in the Sri Lankan context. The technical report provides insightful recommendations for Sri Lanka's energy sector under three main sections: renewable energy, energy storage, and green hydrogen. Also, it explores the potential of various renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and green hydrogen as sustainable solutions to address the country's energy challenges with spill over effects that contribute the enterprise's job creation to the development of the economy. |
| Date: | 2023–10–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:72g43_v1 |
| By: | Jayan, Vishnu |
| Abstract: | Due to climate change, all countries in the world are trying to change energy production from fossil fuel to renewable energy resources. Solar is the most acceptable energy alternative because of the cheap cost of Solar Photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity and the availability of sunlight which is the energy source. India also brings some policy interventions to change the energy production paradigm from fossil fuels to renewable fuels. The study briefly discusses solar parks, an idea of a centralized solar energy production system to generate more energy from renewable, echo-friendly ways to fight against climate change, and its distribution and progress using available data and tools like GIS. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4nurv_v1 |
| By: | Nie, Ou; Regelink, Martijn Gert Jan; Wang, Dieter |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental risks are increasingly recognized as a concern for financial authorities, yet empirical evidence of the damage for bank balance sheets is relatively scant. This paper provides preliminary estimates of the aggregate impact of physical risks from climate and environmental-related natural disasters on bank balance sheets across 184 countries over nearly 40 years. Using the local projection method, the analysis finds that severe disaster episodes lead to an increase in the level of systemwide non-performing loans, which is persistent over time. The paper complements the cross-country results with a country-specific example, which finds that typhoon damages lead to a significant increase in non-performing loans in the Philippines between 2011 and 2018. The results suggest a role for financial policy and supervision to monitor, assess, and mitigate climate and environmental related physical risks to the banking sector. |
| Date: | 2023–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10326 |
| By: | Vagliasindi, Maria |
| Abstract: | Meeting the dual challenge of providing reliable and affordable energy and transport to a growing population while reducing environmental impacts, including mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, requires a deep understanding of both the unit- and system-level responses. These responses arise from the ongoing energy and transport system evolution, such as the transition toward lower carbon fuels and the expanded deployment of new low-carbon generation technologies. This literature review takes stock of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative approaches, by offering a taxonomy of the current modeling approach, focusing inter alia on the characteristics of the models. Current analyses often employ integrated assessment models to quantify the effects (for example, economywide greenhouse gas emissions) of various policies and decision processes on representative unit operations. The accuracy of the modeling approaches used to estimate these costs depends on several factors: for example, modeling approaches (ranging from partial equilibrium energy-land models to computable general equilibrium models of the global economy, from myopic to perfect foresight models, and from models with or without endogenous technological change), covered area, time horizon, determination of baseline scenarios, detailed sectoral representation, emissions sources, inclusion of efficiency and renewable energy options, and so forth. Some of the biggest challenges for improving the design and use of integrated assessment models include accounting for the trade-off between efficiency and equity, capturing interactions between impact sectors and feedbacks to the climate system, and dealing with uncertainty and risk. This review focuses on the treatment of the energy and transport sectors. |
| Date: | 2023–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10357 |
| By: | Du, Xinming; Maruyama Rentschler, Jun Erik; Russ, Jason Daniel |
| Abstract: | The world's over 3, 800 coal-fired power plants are sources of substantial emissions of toxic air pollutants. This study explores people's unequal exposure to air pollution from these coal plants. It simulates the wind dispersion of pollutants originating from each coal power plant using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) with Gaussian dispersion. The study generates three-dimensional pollution trajectories and provide a global map of nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particle pollution from coal plants and their contributions to overall pollution levels. The study estimates that 2.3 billion people globally are exposed to SO2 and particle pollution from coal plants; 247.5 million of them are exposed to transboundary pollution from foreign coal plants. The findings show that pollution increases with income levels, though at a diminishing rate at high income levels. In the proximity of coal power plants, downwind areas are associated with higher pollution and lower income levels compared to areas upwind. These findings are consistent with strategic location choices that cause or reinforce environmental injustices associated with air pollution. |
| Date: | 2023–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10400 |
| By: | Glenk, Gunther; Maier, Rebecca; Reichelstein, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Companies in various industries are under growing pressure to assess the costs of decarbonizing their operations. This paper develops a generic abatement cost concept to identify the cost-efficient combination of technological and operational changes firms would need to implement to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions from current production processes. The abatement cost curves resulting from our framework further serve as a decision tool for managers to determine the optimal abatement levels in the presence of environmental regulations, such as carbon pricing. We calibrate our model in the context of uropean cement producers that must obtain emission permits under the European Emission Trading System (EU ETS). We find that a price of €85 per ton of carbon dioxide (CO2), as observed on average in 2023 under the EU ETS, incentivizes firms to reduce their annual direct emissions by about one-third relative to the status quo. Yet, this willingness to abate emissions increases sharply if carbon prices were to rise above the €100 per ton of CO2 benchmark. |
| Keywords: | marginal abatement cost, carbon emissions, industrial decarbonization, cement production |
| JEL: | M1 O33 Q42 Q52 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312180 |
| By: | Lenihan, Helena; Perez-Alaniz, Mauricio; Rammer, Christian |
| Abstract: | Firm-level Climate Action Response Plans (CARPs) are strategic plans comprising firms' climate change mitigation and adaptation commitments. Given the importance of CARPs for meeting climate change targets, encouraging firms to develop CARPs is paramount. When designing evidence-based approaches to drive firm-level CARPs, it is essential to know the resources and capabilities that enable firms to develop CARPs. Drawing on novel and highly detailed data on firms in Ireland, and using a direct matching approach, our study examines the characteristics that distinguish firms that develop and do not develop CARPs. We find that firms developing CARPs: (1) Exhibit strong market performance, in terms of productivity and sales; (2) Engage in international markets; (3) Are highly R&D and innovation active; and (4) Already use digital technologies. Such insights suggest that CARPs require firms to have high levels of resources and skills when designing their responses to climate change. The paper proffers potential policy and managerial implications, in terms of encouraging firms to develop CARPs. |
| Keywords: | Firm-level climate action, Climate Action Response Plans, Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change Mitigation, Firms' R&D and innovation, Greenwashing |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q57 L21 M14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312182 |
| By: | Chiappinelli, Olga; Dalò, Ambrogio; Giuffrida, Leonardo M. |
| Abstract: | Governments can support the green transition through green public procurement. Despite its strategic importance, the impact of this policy on firms remains unclear. Using US data, this paper provides the first empirical analysis of the causal effects of green contracts on corporate environmental and economic performance. We focus on an affirmative program for sustainable products, which represents one-sixth of the total federal procurement budget, and publicly traded firms, which account for one-third of total US emissions. Our results show that securing green contracts reduces emissions relative to firm size and increases productivity, with these effects persisting in the long run. We find no evidence that the program selects greener firms, nor that green public procurement sales crowd out private sales. We propose that increased R&D investment, incentivized by the program's requirements, is a key mechanism behind these improvements. |
| Keywords: | Public Procurement, Environmental Policy, Firm Performance, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, R&D, Recycled materials, Staggered Difference-in-difference |
| JEL: | D22 D44 H32 H57 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312179 |
| By: | Dietz, Simon; Lanz, Bruno |
| Abstract: | As the climate is changing, the global economy is adapting. This paper describes a novel method of estimating climate adaptation globally. We quantify how much the global economy has adapted to climate change historically, how much it has cost, and how much it has reduced the direct impacts of climate change. The method is based on a structurally estimated model of long-run growth, which identifies how changes in consumption, fertility, innovation, and land use allow the economy to adapt to climate change. Agriculture plays a key role, because it is vulnerable to climate change and food cannot be perfectly substituted. We estimate that adaptation has been highly effective in reducing negative climate impacts on agricultural production. However, the cost of adaptation has been a reallocation of resources out of the rest of the economy, which has in effect slowed down the process of structural change out of agriculture into manufacturing and services. We also use the model to estimate optimal future carbon taxation. Because adaptation is effective but costly, reducing future greenhouse gas emissions would improve welfare substantially. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; climate change; directed technical change; economic growth; energy; population growth; structural change; structural estimation; uncertainty |
| JEL: | C51 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127218 |
| By: | Christian Gollier (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Any global temperature target must be translated into an intertemporal carbon budget and its associated cost-efficient carbon price schedule. Under the Hotelling's rule without uncertainty, the growth rate of this price should be equal to the interest rate. It is therefore a puzzle that many cost-efficiency IAM models yield carbon prices that increase at an average real growth rate above 7% per year, a very large return for traders of carbon assets. I explore whether uncertainties surrounding the development of green technologies could solve this puzzle. I show that future marginal abatement costs and aggregate consumption are positively correlated. This justifies doing less for climate change than in the safe case, implying a smaller initial carbon price, and an expected growth rate of carbon price that is larger than the interest rate. In the benchmark calibration of my model, I obtain an equilibrium interest rate around 1% and an expected growth rate of carbon price around 3.5%, yielding an optimal carbon price above 200 USD/tCO within the next few years. I also show that the rigid carbon budget approach to cost-efficiency carbon pricing implies a large uncertainty surrounding the future carbon prices that support this constraint. I show that green investors should be compensated for this risk by a large risk premium embedded in the growth rate of expected carbon prices, rather than by a collar on carbon prices as often recommended. |
| Keywords: | Carbon budget, Risk-adjusted Hotelling’s rule, Climate finance, Climate beta |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04938709 |
| By: | Zaveri, Esha Dilip; Damania, Richard; Engle, Nathan Lee |
| Abstract: | As climate change intensifies, dry rainfall shocks and droughts are a growing concern. At the same time, scientific evidence suggests that the world has surpassed the safe planetary boundary for green water, which is water stored in biomass and soil that is crucial for maintaining climate resilience. Yet, evidence at the global scale of these combined forces on economic growth is poorly understood. This paper attempts to fill this gap by using data on annual subnational gross domestic product for 82 countries from 1990–2014. Using rainfall shocks as plausibly exogenous variations in a spatially specific panel at the grid level, the analysis finds that the global effects of droughts on economic activity are substantial. Moderate to extreme droughts reduce gross domestic product per capita growth between 0.39 and 0.85 percentage point, on average, depending on the level of development and baseline climatic conditions, with low- and middle-income countries in arid areas sustaining the highest relative losses. In high-income countries, moderate droughts have no impact, and only extreme droughts have adverse effects, reducing growth by about 0.3 percentage point, a little less than half the impact felt in the low- and middle-income country sample for the same intensity of drought. Crucially, the impact of a dry shock of a given magnitude also depends on antecedent green water availability. The results show that increases in soil moisture in previous years can neutralize the harmful impacts from a dry shock, with suggestive evidence that local and upstream forest cover are key channels through which these impacts manifest. These findings have important implications for measuring the economic impact of droughts and can inform adaptation investments. |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10453 |
| By: | Abankwah, Stephen Asare; Afriyie, Samuel Osei |
| Abstract: | The collective goal of achieving net-zero emissions in the coming decades has sparked considerable debate in recent years. The nature of the energy transition in fossil fuel-dependent economies suggests the presence of both implicit and explicit gaps in country-level commitments to the transition. Utilizing data from 1996 to 2019 from the BRICS+ bloc, this study investigates the heterogeneous effects of key economic and environmental factors on energy transition across the distribution of energy transition levels using a smoothed quantile instrumental variable regression model with common correlated effects (CCE) adjustments. The analysis incorporates macroeconomic, environmental and governance variables, while addressing endogeneity through instrumental variables, such as fossil fuel reserves and temperature anomalies. The results reveal significant heterogeneity in the relationships across quantiles. Specifically, CO2 emissions exhibit a consistently negative impact on energy transition, with the effect fluctuating across the distribution. GDP and population growth negatively influence energy transition, with stronger effects at higher quantiles, indicating structural constraints in high-transition countries. Notably, the heterogeneity of inflation effects, though insignificant, suggests dynamic economic pressures at varying energy transition levels. These findings underline the importance of targeted, quantile-specific policy interventions to accelerate energy transition, emphasizing decarbonization and market reforms. The CCE adjustments ensure robustness by accounting for cross-sectional dependence, and sensitivity analyses confirm the validity of the results. This study contributes to the growing literature on sustainable energy by providing novel insights into the distributional dynamics of energy transition drivers. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition analysis, CO2 emissions policies, instrumental variables, common correlated effects, quantile regression |
| JEL: | Q43 Q5 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123758 |
| By: | Fronteddu, Antonio |
| Abstract: | The pursuit of global carbon neutrality makes the energy transition process no longer procrastinable. The switch towards renewable-based energy systems is paving the way for new forms of energy governance that prioritise the role of commons by demarketising access to energy. However, governments’ strategies worldwide seem to prioritise innovation in the raw materials (sun, wind, etc.) rather than in governance – favouring the continued extraction of energy from resource-rich regions. This work will analyse the case of Sardinia as an example where these two phenomena intersect contradictorily, by comparing the bottom-up nature of energy communities (ECs) vis-á-vis the top-down nature of public-private initiatives, alongside their policymaking trajectories. The key insights that will stem from this thesis elucidate a continuum with prior top-down policies of economic extractivism operated by the Italian government in Sardinia. Such top-down policies are conceptualised thanks to core and energy periphery theories and can explain the current mainstream regime of energy transition. Alternative strategies to pursue policy are conceptualised thanks to the energy democracy theory. Such theory envisions an active citizen engagement alongside the sustainable consumption of renewable energy and resources within the realm of energy communities. Therefore, the thesis will conclude that although large-scale top-down policies are being operated in the island, with special reference to the energy transition, energy communities can forge bottom-up alternative examples of policymaking, enabling an energy transition that can cross-tackle long-standing problems of Sardinian society, such as a stagnant economy, depopulation, self-determination, issues of land, landscapes, and pollution. |
| Date: | 2023–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:pgv78_v1 |
| By: | Alexander C. Abajian; Cassandra Cole; Kelsey Jack; Kyle C. Meng; Martine Visser |
| Abstract: | A near-catastrophic drought in Cape Town, South Africa illustrates three general implications of climate change for publicly-provided utility services. First, to reduce aggregate water demand, the public utility increased prices, leading to large demand reductions by richer households. Prior to the drought they use twice the public piped water of poorer households. At the peak of the drought, they use less. Second, some of the differential demand reduction comes from richer households substituting away from public water toward privately financed groundwater. This private adaptation both lowers the public utility's total revenue and shifts costs onto poorer households, consequences that persist after the drought abates. Third, policy interventions mitigate some of the fiscal and distributional impacts of private adaptation. These findings highlight how climate adaptation, in the context of publicly provided goods and services, can create pecuniary and environmental externalities with equity consequences. |
| JEL: | H42 O13 Q25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33468 |
| By: | Neupert-Zhuang, Menglu; Schenker, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Investments in energy technologies are substantially governed by climate policy. We demonstrate analytically that price-based instruments, such as carbon-taxes, and quantity-based regulations, like emission trading systems, have distinct effects on the (co-)variance of power plant profits. If investors are risk-averse, these differ- ences lead to divergent investment portfolios, breaking the equivalence of price- and quantity-based policy instruments under risk-neutrality. Using the European power sector as a case study, we calibrate an electricity market model with stochastic de- mand and find that, compared to a carbon tax, emissions trading pushes up the share of fossil fuel assets in a representative investor's portfolio since counteracting effects of permit and electricity prices reduce the covariance with other technologies, thereby enhancing the diversification value of these assets. Uncertainty about the stringency of carbon taxes leads to lower shares of fossil fuel assets with increasing risk aversion. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, Investment under uncertainty, Modern Portfolio Theory, Risk aversion |
| JEL: | D81 E22 G11 P48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312183 |
| By: | Lokshin, Michael M.; Widmar, Eduardo Martin |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a new Green Government IT index to assess the environmentally responsible use of computers and other resources by the information technology departments of government institutions and nonprofit organizations. The methodology used in the paper relies on the established literature on index construction and the existing models for evaluating the environmental sustainability of information and communications technologies. The paper discusses the conceptual and theoretical foundations behind the new index and defines a set of verifiable, comparable, and transparent indicators for index construction. This framework allows for future index revisions as the green agenda evolves. The new index could be the first step before more resource-intensive assessments to inform an organization’s long-term environmentally sustainable strategy. |
| Date: | 2023–03–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10361 |
| By: | Yedong Zhang; Han Hua |
| Abstract: | Under the guidance of the dual-carbon target, the development of the carbon financial system is of great significance to compensate for the gap between green and low-carbon investment. Considering the current state of the development of carbon financial system, China has initially formed a carbon financial system, including participants, carbon financial products and macro and micro operation structures, but the system is still in the initial development stage. Given the current restrictions on the development of carbon finance, it can be seen that there are still problems such as unreasonable economic structure, insufficient market construction, single product category, low utilization rate and urgent construction of relevant judicial guarantee system. Therefore, the system should be improved at the economic level and the legal level. The economic level includes adjusting the layout of economic development structure, strengthening the construction of market infrastructure, encouraging the diversification of carbon financial products and strengthening publicity and education promotion strategies. The legal level includes improving the top-level design, formulating judicial interpretation to promote carbon financial trading, promoting commercial law amendment, and promoting the linkage mechanism between specialized environmental justice and carbon finance and other safeguard measures. Finally, improving the carbon finance system is required to promote and protect the orderly development of carbon finance. To promote the reform of the pattern of economic development, the concept of ecological and environmental protection in the financial sector needs to be implemented to form an overall pattern of pollution reduction, carbon reduction and synergistic efficiency improvement. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.15807 |
| By: | Ambasz, Diego; Gupta, Anshuman Kamal; Patrinos, Harry Anthony |
| Abstract: | As climate change and its impact on the physical environment become increasingly evident, its relationship with human development outcomes is becoming a key area of research. While numerous researchers have studied the ways in which the immediate environment affects human capital, literature on the impact of human capital on the environment remains scarce. Despite the heightened interest in understanding the linkages between human development outcomes and environmental factors, most studies of this relationship are theoretical, correlational, or observational, thus lacking causality. This paper surveys the literature and explores how evidence can be established for policies focusing on human development and environmental outcomes. The paper presents a conceptual framework incorporating direct and indirect pathways – including cognitive and noncognitive factors through which improved education can lead to better environmental behaviors. Of the 31 studies reviewed, a majority (27 studies) present observational findings, while only a few (four studies, or 13 percent) use a quasi-experimental design to establish causality. The few causal studies suggest that it is possible to change attitudes but more difficult to change environmental behaviors. The review raises the key question of whether policies aimed at improving climate change awareness through education can effectively produce long-lasting changes in pro-environmental behaviors. Much more work is needed to advance understanding of how human capital policy can help mitigate or promote adaptation to climate change. |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10438 |
| By: | Schoder, Christian; Tercioglu, Remzi Baris |
| Abstract: | This paper employs an estimated dynamic stochastic open-economy macro framework to identify policy interventions that allow Türkiye to achieve net-zero emissions by 2053 while respecting important feasibility constraints such as fiscal consolidation and sovereign debt stability as well as compensation of low-income households. The policy mix includes a carbon tax, a renewable energy subsidy, transfer payments, public infrastructure investments, a bad bank for stranded fossil fuel assets, and the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies and public investment. Although the proposed policy package has only moderate effects on gross domestic product, transition risks involve declining exports and fossil asset stranding. The paper highlights the importance of transparent policy communication and a credible commitment to the net-zero agenda to ensure an orderly transition. Improving the rule of law and access to green finance considerably support the private sector-led low-carbon transition. |
| Date: | 2023–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10551 |
| By: | Alberto González-García (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Fédération OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Ignacio Palomo (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Fédération OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Anna Codemo; Mirco Rodeghiero; Titouan Dubo; Améline Vallet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sandra Lavorel (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Fédération OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Nature-based solutions offer multiple benefits for ecosystems and societies, supporting their inclusion in policy and practice. This study contributes to closing the gap in quantifying the multiple outcomes of nature-based solutions by assessing 83 nature-based solutions in the Alps. We assessed biodiversity co-benefits and the monetary value of four ecosystem services (heatwave mitigation, flood regulation, climate regulation, and landslide protection) provided by these nature-based solutions to their respective beneficiaries. Forest nature-based solutions showed high values for the four ecosystem services, river and wetland nature-based solutions showed high values for biodiversity, and urban nature-based solutions contributed a lower biodiversity value but were highly cost effective, benefiting a larger population. We estimated a 2.8:1 return on investment benefiting a total of 91, 324 persons. We highlight the need for integrating biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services for future nature-based solutions funding and implementation, together with their role to mitigate and adapt to climate change. |
| Date: | 2025–02–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04963043 |
| By: | Mercer-Blackman, Valerie Anne; Milivojevic, Lazar; Victor Mylonas |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the effects of gradually introducing a US$25/ton CO2-equivalent carbon tax in South Asian economies using the Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT). The results for South Asia suggest that monetized welfare co-benefits net of efficiency costs from such a tax—regardless of what other economies or regions do—are resoundingly positive, at 1.4 percent of GDP in 2030. Revenues from the carbon tax are estimated at 1.3 percent of GDP in 2030, which is substantial for a region with a low tax-to-GDP ratio. Once these revenues are recycled, the Keynesian multiplier effect through increased public investment and transfers to households is associated with slightly positive net economic growth rate effects. Household incidence analysis shows that the carbon tax can be designed as an equity-enhancing policy, given net reductions in the Gini coefficient for consumption from revenue recycling. The carbon tax is also associated with a 2 percent weighted average input cost increase across economic sectors in 2030. Finally, the paper discusses selected results on and the political economy of a comprehensive energy price reform package (fossil fuel subsidy phaseout and carbon tax), with broad guidance on its implementation. Overall, the paper provides supportive evidence for the green transition, showing that there need not be a trade-off between inclusive growth and going green in South Asia. |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10462 |
| By: | Lamia Saidane (Laboratoire de Recherche en Economie et Finance Islamiques - Institut Supérieur de Théologie-ISTH) |
| Keywords: | Blue economy, Islamic Blue Financing, climate change, sustainable development, Economie bleue, Financement Islamique bleue, changements climatiques, développement durable |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04949157 |
| By: | Johannes Stangl; Andr\'as Borsos; Stefan Thurner |
| Abstract: | While many national and international climate policies clearly outline decarbonization targets and the timelines for achieving them, there is a notable lack of effort to objectively monitor progress. A significant share of the transition from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy will be borne by industry and the economy, requiring both the decarbonization of the electricity grid and the electrification of industrial processes. But how quickly are firms adopting low-carbon electricity? Using a unique dataset on Hungary\textquotesingle{}s national supply chain network, we analyze the energy portfolios of 27, 067 firms, covering more than 80% of gas, 70% of electricity, and 50% of oil consumption between 2020 and 2023. This enables us to objectively measure the trends of decarbonization efforts at the firm level. Although more than half of firms have increased their share of low-carbon electricity, many have reduced it. Extrapolating the observed trends, we find a transition of only 20% of total energy consumption to low-carbon electricity by 2050. The current speed of transition in the economy is not sufficient to reach climate neutrality by 2050. If firms would adopt the same efforts as the decarbonization frontrunners in their industry, a low-carbon energy share of up to 86% could be reached, putting climate targets within reach. As a key barrier, we identify a \textquotesingle{}lock-in\textquotesingle{} effect, where firms with a high ratio of fossil fuel costs per revenue are less likely to transition. Accelerating the energy transition will require targeted policies that address these barriers, ensuring that firms can align their decarbonization strategies with best practices. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.01572 |
| By: | Stéphane Gorsse (ICMCB - Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - INC-CNRS - Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Théo Langlois (Deakin University [Burwood]); An-Chou Yeh (NTHU - National Tsing Hua University [Hsinchu]); Matthew R Barnett (Deakin University [Burwood]) |
| Abstract: | this work introduces a comprehensive dataset and framework for assessing the sustainability of high entropy alloys (HEas) and other metallic alloys. the dataset includes nine crafted indicators-raw material price, supply risk, normalized vulnerability to supply restriction, embodied energy, water usage, rock-to-metal ratio, human health damage, human rights pressure, and labor rights pressurefor 18 elements: Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Re, Ru, Si, Ta, Ti, V, W, and Zr. This methodology evaluates economic viability, environmental impact, and societal implications using alloy compositions as input. the Python package, alloySustainability, streamlines indicator computation and enables users to benchmark alloys against a database encompassing 340 HEAs and over 240 conventional steels and Ni-based superalloys. By integrating these tools with principles of responsible and informed design, this work promotes transparency and fosters innovative alloy development. the dataset and tools, freely available on GitHub, empower the scientific community to advance sustainable practices in metallurgy. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04955080 |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord); Ahmed Khalid (Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan) |
| Abstract: | The global economy is experiencing a major transformation which requires countries, specifically developing countries, to adopt new policies for economic development. Many developing economies need policies to cope with the emerging challenges of environmental change, technological revolution, the high volume of globalised trade and financial flows, cross-border labour movement, rising inequality, and frequent occurrences of economic crises and natural disasters. The United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) suggests that economic development should have a multidimensional context that includes economic, social and environmental aspects and not just income. Given the recent trends of globalisation, such development is also linked to regional and global factors. Although the development experience of some emerging economies since the 1990s suggests that the fast pace of economic reforms has led to high gross domestic product (GDP) growth, the benefits are not equally distributed. As a consequence, the notion of ‘development in transition' (DiT) requires not only a mix of well-designed policies but also timely implementation, enforcement and monitoring of such policies, as well as international cooperation to ensure sustainable development and distribution of benefits on an equitable basis. This introductory chapter discusses the evolution of development models suggested in the literature and practised by developing countries. It then provides an overview of Brunei Darussalam's transitions towards development. Finally, it presents a summary of all the chapters in this volume. The deliberations suggest that more commitments towards policy implementation would help the country achieve the targets set out in its Wawasan Brunei 2035 development blueprint. |
| Abstract: | L'économie mondiale connaît une transformation majeure qui oblige les pays, en particulier les pays en développement, à adopter de nouvelles politiques de développement économique. De nombreuses économies en développement ont besoin de politiques pour faire face aux nouveaux défis que sont le changement environnemental, la révolution technologique, le volume élevé des échanges commerciaux et des flux financiers mondialisés, les mouvements de main-d'œuvre transfrontaliers, la montée des inégalités et la fréquence des crises économiques et des catastrophes naturelles. L'Agenda 2030 des Nations Unies pour les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) suggère que le développement économique doit s'inscrire dans un contexte multidimensionnel qui inclut les aspects économiques, sociaux et environnementaux et pas seulement les revenus. Compte tenu des tendances récentes de la mondialisation, ce développement est également lié à des facteurs régionaux et mondiaux. Bien que l'expérience de développement de certaines économies émergentes depuis les années 1990 suggère que le rythme rapide des réformes économiques a conduit à une forte croissance du produit intérieur brut (PIB), les bénéfices ne sont pas répartis de manière égale. En conséquence, la notion de « développement en transition » (DTT) requiert non seulement un mélange de politiques bien conçues, mais aussi une mise en œuvre, une application et un suivi opportuns de ces politiques, ainsi qu'une coopération internationale pour assurer un développement durable et une répartition équitable des bénéfices. Ce chapitre introductif examine l'évolution des modèles de développement suggérés dans la littérature et pratiqués par les pays en développement. Il donne ensuite un aperçu des transitions du Brunei Darussalam vers le développement. Enfin, il présente un résumé de tous les chapitres de ce volume. Les délibérations suggèrent que davantage d'engagements en faveur de la mise en œuvre des politiques aideraient le pays à atteindre les objectifs fixés dans son plan de développement Wawasan Brunei 2035. |
| Keywords: | Brunei Darussalam, economic development, Asia, globalisation |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965807 |
| By: | R.M.R, Ahammed; Perera, Rasitha Thilini Suranjana; K.G.D, Piyumali; Kaluarachchi, K.D. K. G; D, Silva S. K. B.; Munagamage, Thilini; P, Piyankarage C. S.; Shahmy, Seyed (National Science and Technology Commission); Karunaratne, Veranja |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in Sri Lanka occupies 46% of the land and consumes over 80% of the country's freshwater resources. Rice farming is the most prominent agricultural practice, with 1.8 million families engaged in it. The annual tea production contributes to 285, 877 metric tons of export volume, which accounts for nearly 38% of the total agricultural products, with a target of $2, 044 million in income by 2025. Climate change and natural resources significantly impact agriculture, with irregular rainfall patterns, temperature variation, and drought causing substantial challenges as a whole. The proposed interventions at BICOST IX 2023 under the food crops, plantation, and export crops sectors include enhancing certified seed production, promoting value-added products, and developing training and awareness programs for low-carbon lifestyles with the view of addressing them all in all. Also, food security is another area that has negative consequences linked to climate change impacts in the sector, with nearly 26% of the population expected to be affected by food security by 2050. The COVID-19 pandemic consequences and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine might worsen the situation further. From a Sri Lankan perspective, the implications of proposed strategic interventions could help sustain a healthy national economy while committing to the universal goals of SDGs 1, 2, and 13, the Paris Accords, and the Milan Urban Food Policy Fund. However, more concerns can be put forward to minimise or eliminate diseases in the agriculture sector due to climate change and minimise food waste or loss, which is lacking in the report. |
| Date: | 2023–10–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:64grs_v1 |
| By: | Nell, Andrew David; Herszenhut, Daniel; Knudsen, Camilla; Nakamura, Shohei; Saraiva, Marcus; Avner, Paolo |
| Abstract: | Urban transport is a major driver of global carbon dioxide emissions. Without strong mitigation policies, rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries, is expected to exacerbate the problem. There is a growing consensus on the fundamental role of carbon pricing for achieving reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon pricing policies are frequently criticized and resisted for having adverse distributional impacts, which could hinder their implementation, particularly when implemented as a fuel levy—which would impact private vehicle usage but may also affect transit services such as buses. Currently, there is a lack of evidence that quantifies these negative impacts, especially on people’s ability to reach economic opportunities and services. To this end, this paper studies the impact of a uniform carbon price, as one of the most commonly discussed climate policies, on access to employment opportunities via transit services in Kinshasa and Rio de Janeiro. Reduced access to jobs would contribute to fragmented urban labor markets and thus lead to negative social outcomes. Unlike most previous studies, this study defines access as being constrained by both travel time and travel budget. The results indicate that fuel price increases (simulating increases induced by a carbon tax) reduce accessibility, but the effect is lower in more compact and walkable cities as well as in cities that have green transit options. The paper also shows that fuel price increases have spatially and socially disparate outcomes, with the lowest income communities not necessarily being the most affected, in part because even in the absence of carbon pricing, they are found to be priced out of using transit services. The results demonstrate the importance of strategies and investments, such as land use planning and decarbonized transit services, but also possibly complementary social protection programs (such as targeted subsidies, or even cash transfers), to mitigate the negative distributional consequences of carbon pricing policies. |
| Date: | 2023–03–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10341 |
| By: | Hauer, Mathew |
| Abstract: | The warnings of potential climate migration first appeared in the scientific literature in the late 1970s when increased recognition that disintegrating ice sheets could drive people to migrate from coastal cities. Since that time, scientists have modelled potential climate migration without integrating other population processes, potentially obscuring the demographic amplification of this migration. Climate migration could amplify demographic change – enhancing migration to destinations and suppressing migration to origins. Additionally, older populations are the least likely to migrate and climate migration could accelerate population aging in origin areas. Here, we investigate climate migration under sea-level rise (SLR), a single climatic hazard, and examine both the potential demographic amplification effect and population aging by combining matrix population models, flood hazard models, and a migration model built on 40 years of environmental migration in the US to project the US population distribution of US counties. We find that the demographic amplification of SLR for all feasible RCP-SSP scenarios in 2100 ranges between 8.6M - 28M [5.7M - 53M] – 5.3 to 18 times the number of migrants (0.4M - 10M). We also project a significant aging of coastal areas as youthful populations migrate but older populations remain, accelerating population aging in origin areas. As the percentage of the population lost due to climate migration increases, the median age also increases – up to 10+ years older in some highly impacted coastal counties. Additionally, our population projection approach can be easily adapted to investigate additional or multiple climate hazards. |
| Date: | 2023–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:24tjr_v1 |
| By: | Calice, Pietro; Diaz Kalan, Federico Alfonso; Dunz, Nepomuk Max Ferdinand; Miguel Liriano, Faruk |
| Abstract: | Economic activity depends on a flourishing biodiversity and intact environment through the provision of ecosystem services. The depletion of these services poses physical risks for the financial sector. This paper attempts to measure the potential exposure of the banking systems in 20 emerging markets to nature loss through their lending portfolio. The results show that banks in emerging markets allocate around half of their credit portfolio to firms whose business processes are highly or very highly dependent on one or more ecosystem services. The results also provide initial and preliminary evidence that points to a negative correlation between country income level and dependency on ecosystem services. Accounting for indirect dependencies on ecosystem services via supply chains and trade could change this observed relationship, however. Furthermore, the highest dependencies on ecosystem services across countries tend to be on climate regulation and flood and storm protection, indicating the interconnectedness of climate change and nature loss. |
| Date: | 2023–05–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10432 |
| By: | Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]); Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Maxime Sebbane (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates French chefs' perceptions and knowledge of horse meat as a sustainable alternative in gastronomy. The research addresses the dual challenges of reducing the environmental impact of traditional meat production and reviving horse meat consumption, which has declined significantly in France due to cultural shifts and accessibility issues. Using semi-structured interviews with 12 chefs, including trainers and practicing professionals, the study explores their attitudes, personal consumption patterns, and professional willingness to incorporate horse meat into menus. The findings reveal that horse meat is valued for its nutritional and organoleptic properties, as well as its lower environmental impact compared to ruminant meats such as beef. However, barriers such as cultural taboos, limited knowledge, and insufficient culinary traditions impede its adoption. The chefs are categorized into three profiles—connoisseur, pragmatic, and reluctant—based on their personal and professional attitudes toward horse meat. The study concludes that promoting horse meat in select restaurants through education, recipe development, and targeted communication could enhance its acceptability and sustainability credentials. This work highlights the potential of horse meat to diversify protein sources in line with environmental and societal goals while addressing the specific needs of the equine sector. |
| Keywords: | restaurant, chefs, market, sustainable food systems, gastronomy, meat consumption, horse meat |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04950952 |
| By: | Barron, Patrick John; Cord, Louise J.; Cuesta Leiva, Jose Antonio; Espinoza, Sabina Anne; Larson, Gregory Michael; Woolcock, Michael |
| Abstract: | Development debates frequently focus on making economic growth sustainable or ensuring that natural resources are used sustainably; such debates rest on longstanding scholarship and largely shared understandings of how such problems should be addressed. Increasingly, there are also calls for development to be socially sustainable. Yet the theory and evidence undergirding this third “pillar” are comparatively thin, focusing primarily on high-income countries and mapping only partially onto a coherent policy agenda. This paper seeks to help close these gaps by providing (a) a brief history and literature review of social sustainability, emphasizing its distinctiveness from economic and environmental sustainability; (b) a definition and conceptual framework, identifying social sustainability’s key components; (c) empirical evidence linking these components to mainstream development outcomes; and (d) operational insights for promoting social sustainability—on its own and as a complement to economic and environmental sustainability. The scale and intensity of the world’s current development challenges—and their impacts not just on economies and the environment but entire societies—requires a more robust understanding of their social dimensions, what policies and programs should be enacted in response, and how such efforts can be implemented with local legitimacy and sustained politically over time. |
| Date: | 2023–06–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10487 |
| By: | Mayr, Kentaro Florian; Maruyama Rentschler, Jun Erik |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuel combustion is a major contributor to urban air pollution, which in turn can lead to negative health outcomes. While the relationship between fuel prices and consumption has been extensively documented, the knock-on impact on air quality is less studied. Detailed knowledge on the price-pollution channel is valuable in designing effective pollution reduction measures. This paper analyzes the impact of gasoline, diesel, and coal prices on air pollution in 133 countries over a 19-year period. The dataset combines prices, consumption, country-specific variables, and annual average fine particulate matter concentrations in each country’s capital city. Using the common correlated effects estimator, the analysis finds a robust negative relationship between gasoline and diesel prices and particle concentrations. A US$1 increase in the average annual retail price of these common transport fuels is associated with at least a 22.2 microgram per cubic meter decrease in annual average fine particulate matter concentrations. In contrast, there is no significant effect for coal, which is often used in power generation and industrial applications, making it less responsive to short-term price variations. Overall, the results are in line with earlier studies, as price increases are correlated with improved urban air quality for transport fuels. |
| Date: | 2023–04–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10397 |
| By: | Behrer, Arnold Patrick |
| Abstract: | This paper uses an exogenous shock to wages from the world’s largest anti-poverty program to show that higher wages can lead to increased air pollution, likely by inducing farmers to shift into a labor-saving and mechanized production process. Using a difference-in-differences approach on the staggered roll-out of India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), combined with data on nearly 1 million fires, the paper shows that the frequency of agricultural fires increases by 21 percent after the shock. The increase in fires is concentrated in districts that appear more likely to mechanize the harvest. MNREGA did not lead to changes in area planted or tonnage produced in fire intensive crops. The estimates show that nationally, the shock increased the rate of particulate emissions from biomass burning by 30 to 50 percent. The results suggest that absent policies to correct for environmental externalities of mechanization at all stages of development, labor market shocks may lead to inefficient levels of mechanization. |
| Date: | 2023–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10376 |
| By: | See, Priti |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the potential of biomimetics to revolutionize medical and food waste management systems in the United States. By forging circular economies in these fields, biomimetics can provide robust financial benefits. Furthermore, biomimetics can mitigate waste accumulation and related health hazards from such systems. In light of this paper’s findings, ongoing and long-term financial investments in biomimetic technology are recommended to create sustainable medical and food waste systems on a nationwide scale. |
| Date: | 2023–08–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:x62k5_v1 |
| By: | Fruttero, Anna; Halim, Daniel Zefanya; Broccolini, Chiara; Dantas Pereira Coelho, Bernardo; Gninafon, Horace Mahugnon Akim; Muller, Noel |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the defining challenges of our time. While the impacts of climate change on people’s well-being can hardly be denied, it may not be as obvious that the impacts could differ by gender. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, a shock can impact men and women differently due to social norms and pre-existing gender differences. This paper reviews the economic literature linking weather shocks (such as floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures, among others) and a large range of outcomes (from endowments to economic opportunities and agency). Men and women indeed have specific vulnerabilities and exposures. Specific physiological vulnerabilities are relatively minor: boys are more vulnerable to shocks in utero and girls and women to heat. The biggest gendered impacts are due to existing gaps and social responses to shocks. In places with strong boy preferences, families facing scarcity due to disasters are more likely to give food and other resources to boys, take their daughters out of school or marry them young, or withdraw women from agricultural work so they focus on household chores. During or after weather shocks, boys can also be taken out of schools to be put at work and men working in agriculture are often forced to migrate to find alternative sources of income. Unless climate policy acknowledges and accounts for these differences, climate change will remain an amplifier of existing gender inequalities. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10442 |
| By: | Moustafa, Khaled (Founder & Editor of ArabiXiv) |
| Abstract: | Wildfires are a growing global threat that require effective prevention and control strategies. A novel fire suppression system is proposed, using a fleet of specialized and interconnected “firecraft” that pump water from nearby sources—such as rivers, lakes, seas, or dedicated fire hydrants—and disperse it through a continuous downpour over and around wildfire areas to effectively suppress the blaze. Key advantages of such a system include its potential for rapid response capability, making it particularly effective for controlling large wildfires in remote and inaccessible areas. While developing such a system may present technical and logistical challenges, these obstacles can be addressed through careful planning and innovation, without undermining its overall feasibility. Beyond its ability to quickly suppress fires, the system offers the potential to protect critical environmental resources, wildlife habitats, and biodiversity, making it a viable option that warrants exploration and investment to mitigate the broader ecological impacts of wildfires. |
| Date: | 2025–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t7qz8_v3 |
| By: | Klaiber, Christoph Michael; Maruyama Rentschler, Jun Erik; Dorband, Ira Irina |
| Abstract: | Governments around the world continue to subsidize fossil fuel use, incentivizing unsustainable consumption levels with consequences for the global climate and human health. However, governments have proven reluctant to reform fossil fuel subsidies (FFS). This is mainly due to concerns over potential adverse effects on poverty and equity; the positive effects on air quality and health are often overlooked. This study offers new insights on the distributional consumption incidence of FFS reforms and expected benefits through improved air quality and health outcomes. Using the World Bank-International Monetary Fund Climate Policy Assessment Tool, we conduct country-level analyses of a complete removal of domestic FFS, considering 19 countries for the distributional consumption analysis, and 25 countries for the health benefits analysis. Our findings suggest that across countries, the absolute consumption burden of FFS reform on the richest decile would be 13 times larger than on the lowest-income decile, supporting evidence that FFS are an extremely inefficient way of supporting lower-income groups. In relative terms, however, the disparity is much smaller, with the richest decile bearing a relative consumption burden that is just 1.1 times larger than that borne by the lowest-income decile. In terms of positive health effects, removing FFS in 25 countries could save a total of 360, 000 lives by 2035. The magnitude of the health effect depends on country-specific factors, such as the size of initial subsidy programs, and the extent to which these cover the most polluting fuels. FFS reforms can be a first step in improving air quality and reducing the burden of disease associated with air pollution. |
| Date: | 2023–04–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10398 |
| By: | Dizon, Felipe Jr Fadullon; Sherwani, Hina Khan; Su, Rui |
| Abstract: | Where and how cities grow will influence food production and the risks to food production. This paper estimates the overlap of future urban expansion in 2040 and 2100 with current crop and livestock production under different climate scenarios. First, it finds that urban areas will expand most into areas with fruits, vegetables, and chickens, and urban areas will expand most under a scenario with significant challenges to climate change mitigation. Second, the share of food producing areas that will overlap with urban expansion will be largest in Africa, particularly under a scenario of significant challenges to climate change adaptation. Third, across all scenarios, urban expansion is likely to take place in areas with higher crop or livestock production, but even more so when there are significant challenges to both mitigation and adaptation. |
| Date: | 2023–04–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10411 |
| By: | Verschuur, Jasper; Becher, Olivia Rose Elizabeth; Schwantje, Tom; Mathijs Van Ledden; Kazi, Swarna; Urrutia Duarte, Ignacio M. |
| Abstract: | It is widely recognized that climate hazards impact the poor disproportionately. However, quantifying these disproportionate hazard impacts on a large scale is difficult given limited information on households’ location and socioeconomic characteristics, and incomplete quantitative frameworks to assess welfare impacts on households. This paper constructs a household-level multidimensional poverty index using a synthetic household dataset of 43 million people residing in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. Households are spatially linked to the critical infrastructure networks they depend on, including housing; water, sanitation, and hygiene; electricity; education; and health services. Combined with detailed cyclone hazard data, the paper first quantifies risks to households, agriculture, and infrastructure. It then presents a novel framework for translating critical infrastructure impacts into the temporary incidence of service deprivations, which can contribute to temporary deprivations and hence multidimensional poverty. The paper uses this framework to evaluate the benefits of various adaptation options. The findings show that asset risk due to flooding is US$483 million per year at present, increasing to US$750 million per year in 2050 under climate change. Households face an average infrastructure service disruption of two days per year, which is expected to increase to 4.6 days per year in 2050. This, in turn, would incur a temporary increase in multidimensional poverty (7.2 percent of people are multidimensionally poor at the baseline) of up to 94 percent (2.9 million people) 30 days after an extreme cyclone event (a 1-in-100 years event) at present and 153.9 percent (4.8 million people) in the future. The paper quantifies the large welfare benefits of upgrading embankments, showing how apart from significant risk reduction, these interventions reduce service disruptions by up to 70 percent in some areas and can help up to 1.6 million (0.23 million under current and proposed programs) people from experiencing some form of temporary poverty. Overall, the paper identifies poor households exposed to climate impacts, as well as those prone to falling into poverty temporarily, both of which could help to mainstream equity considerations in new adaptation programs. |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10373 |
| By: | Behrer, Arnold Patrick; Choudhary, Rishabh; Sharma, Dhruv |
| Abstract: | Exposure to fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) increases mortality and morbidity and reduces human capital formation and worker productivity. As a consequence, high levels of particulate pollution may adversely affect economic activity. Using a novel dataset of changes in the annual gross domestic product of Indian districts, this paper investigates the impact of changes in the level of ambient PM2.5 on district-level gross domestic product. Using daily temperature inversions as an instrument for pollution exposure, this paper finds that higher levels of particulate pollution reduce gross domestic product. The effect is non-trivial—the median annual increase in the level of PM2.5 reduces year-to-year changes in gross domestic product by 0.56 percentage points. |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10515 |
| By: | Brooks, Weston |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the interplay between environmental challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic, and economic dynamics across the American continent, utilizing the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework to explain how economic growth interacts with environmental degradation amid unprecedented market volatility. By synthesizing empirical research from Latin and North America, diverse responses in environmental policies and economic performance are noticed, highlighting shifts in sustainable investments and disruptions in food supply chains. The analysis underscores the critical need for coordinated, data-driven policy efforts that align short-term recovery measures with long-term environmental sustainability in a post-pandemic landscape. |
| Keywords: | Covid; Enviroment; Financial; Economic growth; data-driven |
| JEL: | E61 G29 H0 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123708 |
| By: | Wang, Zhuanlin; Wang, Jinxia; Huang, Kaixing |
| Abstract: | Leveraging exogenous government irrigation investments and longitudinal household survey data over 15 years, we investigate how irrigation affects agricultural productivity under climate change. We find that the irrigation investment increased the share of irrigated farmland by 11.0%, which, in turn, increased per-area output by 14.9%, net agricultural income by 15.6%, agricultural TFP by 13.7%, and per-labor output by 36.2%. These effects are driven by four key mechanisms: increased use of high-productivity inputs, expanded cultivation area, labor reallocation from farm work to off-farm work, and mitigation of drought damage. The induced land expansion and labor reallocation explain the much larger increase in per-labor output. A cost-benefit analysis suggests a high rate of return to irrigation investment, with about half of the return stemming from labor reallocation that increased off-farm income. This study highlights the policy relevance of irrigation investments in improving agricultural productivity and accelerating rural transformation under climate change. |
| Keywords: | irrigation investment, agricultural productivity, labor reallocation, climate change |
| JEL: | C23 O13 O15 Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123705 |
| By: | Jedwab, Remi Camille; Haslop, Federico; Zarate Vasquez, Roman David; Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos |
| Abstract: | Empirical studies of the economic effects of climate change largely rely on climate anomalies for causal identification purposes. Slow and permanent changes in climate-driven geographical conditions, that is, climate change as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have been relatively less studied, especially in Africa, which remains the most vulnerable continent to climate change. This paper focuses on Lake Chad, which used to be the 11th largest lake in the world. Lake Chad, which is the size of El Salvador, Israel, or Massachusetts, slowly shrank by 90 percent for exogenous reasons between 1963 and 1990. While the water supply decreased, the land supply increased, generating a priori ambiguous effects. These effects make the increasing global disappearance of lakes a critical trend to study. For Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria, and Niger—25 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s population— the paper constructs a novel data set tracking population patterns at a fine spatial level from the 1940s to the 2010s. Difference-in-differences show much slower growth in the proximity of the lake, but only after the lake started shrinking. These effects persist two decades after the lake stopped shrinking, implying limited adaptation. Additionally, the negative water supply effects on fishing, farming, and herding outweighed the growth of land supply and other positive effects. A quantitative spatial model used to rationalize these results and estimate aggregate welfare losses, which accounts for adaptation, shows overall losses of about 6 percent. The model also allows studying the aggregate and spatial effects of policies related to migration, land use, trade, roads, and cities. |
| Date: | 2023–09–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10561 |
| By: | Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Editorial on the Research Topic Strategies of digitalization and sustainability in agrifood value chains |
| Keywords: | digitalization, sustainability, agrifood value chains, innovation, strategies, food production, food distribution, digital literacy |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04965786 |
| By: | Ankush Agarwal; Christian Ewald; Yihan Zou |
| Abstract: | We determine forest lease value and optimal harvesting strategies under model parameter uncertainty within stochastic bio-economic models that account for catastrophe risk. Catastrophic events are modeled as a Poisson point process, with a two-factor stochastic convenience yield model capturing the lumber spot price dynamics. Using lumber futures and US wildfire data, we estimate model parameters through a Kalman filter and maximum likelihood estimation and define the model parameter uncertainty set as the 95% confidence region. We numerically determine the forest lease value under catastrophe risk and parameter uncertainty using reflected backward stochastic differential equations (RBSDEs) and establish conservative and optimistic bounds for lease values and optimal stopping boundaries for harvesting, facilitating Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical experiments further explore how parameter uncertainty, catastrophe intensity, and carbon sequestration impact the lease valuation and harvesting decision. In particular, we explore the costs arising from this form of uncertainty in the form of a reduction of the lease value. These are implicit costs that can be attributed to climate risk and will be emphasized through the importance of forestry resources in the energy transition process. We conclude that in the presence of parameter uncertainty, it is better to lean toward a conservative strategy reflecting, to some extent, the worst case than being overly optimistic. Our results also highlight the critical role of convenience yield in determining optimal harvesting strategies. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.05340 |
| By: | Karayalcin, Cem; Onder, Harun |
| Abstract: | Climate change will impose large and differentiated tolls across countries. This paper suggests that economic fragility and resilience against climate change-driven natural shocks are shaped by: (i) the elasticity of input substitution in resource-intensive sectors, (ii) the trade regime, and (iii) the property rights regime in nature-based assets. Using a structural transformation model, the paper shows, inter alia, that openness increases resilience against natural shocks, regardless of the property right regime. Additionally, openness reduces fragility when a social planner internalizes the social cost of natural resource degradation. However, it increases fragility in a decentralized economy with incomplete property rights in nature-based assets. |
| Date: | 2023–03–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10362 |
| By: | Vincent Pradier (GREGOR - Groupe de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Abstract: | Alors que le sixième rapport d'évaluation du GIEC démontre que « la vulnérabilité des écosystèmes et des populations au changement climatique varie considérablement d'une région à l'autre […], sous l'effet […] des schémas historiques et permanents d'inégalités tels que le colonialisme », et que l'aide internationale est de plus en plus appelée à se localiser, voire à se décoloniser, quels en sont les enjeux pour la gestion des ONG occidentales ? En présentant rapidement les approches décoloniales, notamment l'écologie décoloniale, nous tenterons de montrer comment celles-ci peuvent s'avérer utiles aux ONG, pour répondre à cette double injonction coloniale et environnementale à transiter. |
| Keywords: | ONG, Transition écologique, Décolonial, CMS |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04957174 |
| By: | Thomas W. Bodey (School of Biological Sciences [Aberdeen] - University of Aberdeen); Ross N. Cuthbert (School of Biological Sciences [Belfast] - QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Christophe Diagne (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Clara Marino (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CESAB - Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse sur la Biodiversité - FRB - Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité); Anna Turbelin (GLFC - Great Lakes Forestry Centre - NRCan - Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA)); Elena Angulo (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [España] = Spanish National Research Council [Spain]); Jean Fantle-Lepczyk (AU - Auburn University, Forest Economics and Policy, School of Forestry and Wildlife Science - AU - Auburn University); Daniel Pincheira-Donoso (School of Biological Sciences [Belfast] - QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emma J. Hudgins (University of Melbourne, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Carleton University - Department of Biology [Ottawa] - Carleton University) |
| Abstract: | Highlights: • Global economic costs of invasive tetrapods conservatively sum to >US$55 billion. • Costs are predicted by species traits — longevity, female maturation age, diet and invasion pathway. • Directionality of predictions can differ between ecto- and endothermic invaders. • Significant discrepancies exist between databases documenting ecological and economic impacts. • Profiling of life history traits can help to identify and mitigate future costs. Abstract: Globalisation has accelerated rates of biological invasions worldwide, leading to widespread environmental perturbations that often translate into rapidly expanding socio-economic costs. Although such monetary costs can be estimated from the observed effects of invasions, the pathways that lead invasive species to become economically impactful remain poorly understood. Here, we implement the first global-scale test of the hypothesis that adaptive traits that influence demographic resilience predict economic costs, using invasive terrestrial vertebrates as models given their well-catalogued impacts and characteristics. Our results reveal that total global costs of invasive tetrapods are conservatively in the tens of billions of dollars, with the vast majority due to damage costs from invasive mammals. These monetary impacts are predicted by longevity, female maturation age, diet and invasion pathway traits, although the directionality in the association between impacts and these drivers varied across classes. Alarmingly, costs remain unknown for >90 % of recorded established alien tetrapods worldwide, and across the majority of invaded countries. These huge socio-economic costs demonstrate the necessity of mitigating tetrapod invasions and filling knowledge gaps. Effective identification of traits predictive of costs among and within these groups can facilitate the prioritisation of resources to efficiently target the most damaging existing and emerging invasive tetrapod species. |
| Keywords: | Amphibian, Bird, Mammal, Monetary impact, Reptile, Ecological trait profiling |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04963316 |
| By: | Sandra Aguilar-Gomez; Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Matthew J. Neidell |
| Abstract: | Extreme heat imperils health and results in more emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Since temperature affects many individuals within a region simultaneously, these health impacts could lead to surges in healthcare demand that generate hospital congestion. Climate change will only exacerbate these challenges. In this paper, we provide the first estimates of the health impacts from extreme heat that unpacks the direct effects from the indirect ones that arise due to hospital congestion. Using data from Mexico’s largest healthcare subsystem, we find that ED visits rise by 7.5% and hospitalizations by 4% given daily maximum temperatures above 34◦C. As a result, more (and sicker) ED patients are discharged home, and deaths within the hospital increase. While some of those hospital deaths can be directly attributed to extreme heat, our analysis suggests that approximately over half of these excess deaths can be viewed as spillover impacts due to hospital congestion. Additional analyses also reveal an increase in the share of deaths occurring outside hospitals, consistent with congestion-related health harms arising from the discharge of sicker patients from the ED. Our findings highlight an important new avenue of adaptation to climate change. If hospital congestion contributes to excess health damages from a changing climate, then expanding labor and capital investments and improving surge management tools can help reduce those damages. |
| JEL: | I15 I18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33491 |
| By: | Cristiano Cantore; Giovanni Di Bartolomeo; Francesco Saverio Gaudio |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how household heterogeneity affects the level and cyclical behavior of the optimal carbon tax in a real economy. We demonstrate that an equity-efficiency trade-off arises due to income inequality and heterogeneity in the marginal disutility of pollution. Two scenarios are analyzed: one with unrestricted income redistribution to mitigate inequality and another where redistribution is constrained to carbon tax revenues. Our findings reveal that household heterogeneity and redistribution policies significantly shape the level and cyclical behavior of the optimal carbon tax, decoupling it from the social cost of carbon. When the planner prioritizes redistribution towards poorer households, the optimal tax rate is lower than in the unconstrained scenario, and its fluctuations are amplified by countercyclical inequality. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.00142 |
| By: | Ockenfels, Axel; Gallier, Carlo; Sturm, Bodo |
| Abstract: | International climate negotiations have so far failed to produce ambitious climate cooperation. We combine laboratory experiments with simulations to investigate the performance of two negotiation design features to address this failure: The Paris Agreement's ratchet-up mechanism, which requires countries to gradually increase their ambition, and a new policy proposal to negotiate more frequently. We find that more frequent interactions allow subjects to build trust and cooperation more safely over time. Conversely, subjects in a ratchet-up design tend to become more cautious to protect themselves from free riders. Thus, more frequent revisions of commitments promote cooperation, but the ratchet-up design fails to achieve the same result. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate negotiations, cooperation, laboratory experiments, simulations |
| JEL: | C72 C91 C92 D02 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312184 |
| By: | Allen, Franklin; Barbalau, Adelina; Zeni, Federica |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the conditions under which debt securities that make the cost of debt contingent on the issuer's carbon emissions, similar to sustainability-linked loans and bonds, can be equivalent to a carbon tax. The paper proposes a model in which standard and environmentally-oriented agents can adopt polluting and nonpolluting technologies, with the latter being less profitable than the former. A carbon tax can correct the laissez-faire economy in which the polluting technology is adopted by standard agents, but requires sufficient political support. Carbon-contingent securities provide an alternative price incentive for standard agents to adopt the nonpolluting technology, but require sufficient funds to fully substitute the regulatory tool. Absent political support for the tax, carbon-contingent securities can only improve welfare, but the same is not true when some support for a carbon tax exists. Understanding the conditions under which the regulatory and capital market tools are substitutes or complements within one economy is an important steppingstone in thinking about carbon pricing globally. It sheds light, for instance, on how developed economies can deploy finance to curb carbon emissions in developing economies where support for a carbon tax does not exist. |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10539 |
| By: | Englander, Aaron Gabriel Ratliffe; Zhang, Jihua; Villaseñor-Derbez, Juan Carlos; Jiang, Qutu; Hu, Mingzhao; Deschenes, Olivier; Costello, Christopher |
| Abstract: | Input subsidies in natural resource sectors are widely believed to deplete the natural capital on which these sectors depend. However, estimating the causal effect of subsidies on resource extraction has been stymied by identification and data challenges. China’s fishing fleet is the world’s largest, and in 2016 the government changed its fuel subsidy policy for distant water vessels to one that increases with predetermined vessel characteristics. Regression discontinuity estimates imply a long-run elasticity of fishing hours with respect to fuel subsidies of 2.2. Consequently, reducing Chinese fuel subsidies by 50 percent could eliminate biological overfishing in several ocean regions. By demonstrating the substantial impact of fuel subsidies on fishing activity and fish stocks, the findings inform ongoing subsidy reform in China, other nations with subsidized fishing vessel fuel, and the World Trade Organization. |
| Date: | 2023–04–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10412 |
| By: | Pede, Valerien; Valera, Harold Glenn; Mishra, Ashok; Balié, Jean |
| Abstract: | To meet the rice demand 2050, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) estimates that an extra 75 million tons of rice will need to be produced worldwide compared to 2020. This represents a substantial leap forward when rice yields are plateauing in most countries. Several factors are likely to drive the supply response, including the actual surface planted to rice when the competition for land is fierce, the extent of adoption of high-yielding varieties when variety turnover has remained low, farmer's access to and price of inputs especially fertilizers as the price of fossil energy soars, rapidly changing consumers preference with a growing rice market segmentation that calls for shorter and more responsive value chains, evolving public incentives to address production but also consumption environmental policy objectives, and the more or less rapid integration of rice market in Asia but also the rice market outlook in Africa. Authors borrow from foresight methods and rely on quantitative models such as the IRRI Global Rice Model (IGRM) to analyze projections in terms of supply, demand, trade, and prices. Under the climate change adaptation and mitigation imperative, the paper also discusses the likely tradeoffs between food and nutrition security and methane emission reduction and higher water use efficiency in Asian rice-based agri-food systems. |
| Keywords: | Rice, food security, foresight, Asia |
| JEL: | Q11 Q17 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123639 |
| By: | Malin Niemi; Nicklas Nordfors; Anna Tompsett |
| Abstract: | What happens to pollution when developing countries open their borders to trade? Theoretical predictions are ambiguous, and empirical evidence remains limited. We study the effects of the 1991 Indian trade liberalization reform on water pollution. The reform abruptly and unexpectedly lowered import tariffs, increasing exposure to trade. Larger tariff reductions are associated with relative increases in water pollution. The estimated effects imply a 0.12 standard deviation increase in water pollution for the median district exposed to the tariff reform. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.09289 |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Nguyen, Minh Cong; Trinh, Trong-Anh |
| Abstract: | Despite a vast literature documenting the harmful effects of climate change on various socio-economic outcomes, little evidence exists on the global impacts of hotter temperature on poverty and inequality. Analysis of a new global panel dataset of subnational poverty in 134 countries finds that a one-degree Celsius increase in temperature leads to a 9.1 percent increase in poverty, using the US$1.90 daily poverty threshold. A similar increase in temperature causes a 0.8 percent increase in the Gini inequality index. The paper also finds negative effects of colder temperature on poverty and inequality. Yet, while poorer countries—particularly those in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa—are more affected by climate change, household adaptation could have mitigated some adverse effects in the long run. The findings provide relevant and timely inputs for the global fight against climate change as well as the current policy debate on the responsibilities of richer countries versus poorer countries. |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10466 |
| By: | Cotte Poveda, Alexander; Pardo Martínez, Clara Inés |
| Abstract: | This study examines the opportunities in the international carbon market to commercialise coal offsets from the forest economy for compliance schemes and the voluntary market within carbon-neutral and economic diversification strategies using Colombia as a case study due to the importance of coal for the country’s economy and its position as a producer. Consideration is given to opportunities in the international carbon markets that can serve as an instrument to decrease global greenhouse emissions. In recent years, the two modalities (compliance and voluntary) of carbon markets have been growing. To the extent that more drastic policies are generated against emissions and the price of credits and/or offsets, the market price of a credit is above US$20. It is estimated that credits based on nature and generate co-benefits will have the greatest commercialisation potential. In this regard, Colombia has multiple possibilities that could generate a competitive advantage when connected with the commercialisation of carbon. Country-level analyses indicate that the Colombian neutral coal industry has great potential among the regions and countries studied when considering the objectives of the established emissions trading scheme, which in most cases includes the electricity generating sector with a maximum of compensation. Conservatively, this could generate demand for Colombian neutral coal of 5%–10% of the credits and/or required offsets. In the voluntary market, the expectations are positive since many companies that use coal as an input and/or that rely on emission reduction objectives could opt for this strategy to enjoy the co-benefits that this innovative way of marketing coal offers. Colombian carbon neutrality has potential both in the voluntary and regulated carbon markets; efforts could start in the voluntary market and then carry out specific negotiations with countries that have a regulated market. In addition, including projects based on nature, especially reforestation and REDD, will be very beneficial since this sector is expected to experience the greatest growth in the creation of bonds. In addition, with the new rules of the COP26, there will be greater security and certainty in integrity and accounting issues, will be positive for the carbon neutral and economic diversification strategy. Furthermore, how the agreements are implemented to identify opportunities and strategies in their implementation should also be monitored. These elements will be fundamental in the analysis of carbon neutrality strategies in Colombia. |
| Keywords: | compliance carbon market; voluntary carbon market; offsets; Colombian coal |
| JEL: | O10 O14 O18 |
| Date: | 2024–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123620 |
| By: | Dato, Prudence Zowadan; Krysiak, Frank; Nolde, Christian; Timilsina, Govinda R. |
| Abstract: | Green technologies, such as renewable energy, often require adaptation to local conditions, such as high humidity, high altitudes or the specifics of a country’s infrastructure, to achieve a maximal technical efficiency and a long lifetime of investments. This poses a problem for green technology transitions, as adaptations usually imply protected intellectual property rights and thus market imperfections that can lead to higher prices and thereby a lower uptake of the green technology. An alternative could be to use state-owned enterprises to adapt and promote green technologies, such as public utilities, which are more easily steered toward pursuing societal objectives. However, many empirical studies find state-owned enterprises to be less efficient. This theoretical contribution investigates the question whether a green technology transition that requires research and development is better driven by private firms or state-owned enterprises. The paper adapts a model to this setting, derives possible market outcomes from this model, investigates research and development and production decisions of private firms and a state-owned enterprise, and compares the welfare implications of the two options. The results show that there are cases where the cost inefficiency of the state-owned enterprise dominates (for example, if competition of directly importing firms reduces possible markups of private innovating firms), but also cases where a state-owned enterprise is the preferred choice (for example, if several private firms would adapt the technology, causing over-innovation). Most importantly, this is not solely a question of comparing costs, but rather of comparing market outcomes. For example, the use of a state-owned enterprise can avoid the often found problem of overinvestment in research and development by private firms and, in many cases, a state-owned enterprise will induce a wider diffusion of the green technology. |
| Date: | 2023–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10506 |
| By: | Ahmed Khalid (Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan); Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This is an Open Access book. The international political economy is confronted by a number of overlapping crises. These include the climate emergency, rapid technological advancement, the high volume of globalised trade and financial flows, cross-border labour movement, rising inequality, geopolitical tensions, and frequent economic crises and natural disasters. Many developing countries are going through a period of urgent transformation and transition to adopt new policies to cope with such challenges and achieve and maintain sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development. This path-breaking volume explores the issues shaping the response of Brunei Darussalam, long dependent on its oil and gas sector, to these challenges. The discussions presented here are framed by the notion of ‘development in transition'—a mix of well-designed policies driven by timely implementation, enforcement and monitoring, as well as international cooperation to ensure sustainable development and distribution of benefits on an equitable basis. Through fine-grained analyses of key economic sectors—including natural resources, employment patterns, financial services, global value chains, international trade, tourism and the role of the public sector—the contributors offer a critical assessment of Brunei's policy responses. This transitional policy mix is situated in relation to the overarching development strategy called Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), which broadly maps onto the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Academic scholars, university students and others interested in the study of contemporary Brunei and broader questions of economic transition in Asia will find this volume an invaluable resource for a deeper understanding of how development paths and priorities are being managed to meet pressing global and local challenges. |
| Abstract: | Il s'agit d'un ouvrage en libre accès. L'économie politique internationale est confrontée à un certain nombre de crises qui se chevauchent. Il s'agit notamment de l'urgence climatique, des progrès technologiques rapides, du volume élevé des échanges commerciaux et des flux financiers mondialisés, des mouvements de main-d'œuvre transfrontaliers, de la montée des inégalités, des tensions géopolitiques et des crises économiques et catastrophes naturelles fréquentes. De nombreux pays en développement traversent une période de transformation et de transition urgente pour adopter de nouvelles politiques afin de faire face à ces défis et d'atteindre et de maintenir un développement socio-économique durable et inclusif. Ce volume novateur explore les questions qui façonnent la réponse du Brunei Darussalam, longtemps dépendant de son secteur pétrolier et gazier, à ces défis. Les discussions présentées ici sont encadrées par la notion de « développement en transition » – un mélange de politiques bien conçues, guidées par une mise en œuvre, une application et un suivi opportuns, ainsi que par une coopération internationale pour assurer un développement durable et une répartition des bénéfices sur une base équitable. À travers des analyses détaillées des principaux secteurs économiques – notamment les ressources naturelles, les modèles d'emploi, les services financiers, les chaînes de valeur mondiales, le commerce international, le tourisme et le rôle du secteur public – les auteurs proposent une évaluation critique des réponses politiques du Brunei. Ce mix de politiques de transition s'inscrit dans la stratégie de développement globale appelée Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035), qui s'inscrit dans les grandes lignes dans le cadre des objectifs de développement durable à l'horizon 2030 de l'Agenda 2030 des Nations Unies. Les universitaires, les étudiants et les autres personnes intéressées par l'étude du Brunei contemporain et les questions plus larges de la transition économique en Asie trouveront dans cet ouvrage une ressource inestimable pour mieux comprendre comment les voies et les priorités de développement sont gérées pour répondre aux défis mondiaux et locaux urgents. |
| Abstract: | Ini adalah buku Akses Terbuka. Ekonomi politik internasional dihadapkan pada sejumlah krisis yang saling tumpang tindih. Krisis-krisis ini meliputi darurat iklim, kemajuan teknologi yang pesat, tingginya volume perdagangan global dan arus keuangan, pergerakan buruh lintas batas, meningkatnya ketimpangan, ketegangan geopolitik, serta krisis ekonomi dan bencana alam yang sering terjadi. Banyak negara berkembang sedang menjalani periode transformasi dan transisi yang mendesak untuk mengadopsi kebijakan-kebijakan baru guna mengatasi tantangan-tantangan tersebut dan mencapai serta mempertahankan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dan inklusif. Volume yang inovatif ini mengeksplorasi isu-isu yang membentuk respons Brunei Darussalam, yang telah lama bergantung pada sektor minyak dan gasnya, terhadap tantangan-tantangan ini. Pembahasan-pembahasan yang disajikan di sini dibingkai oleh gagasan 'pembangunan dalam transisi'—campuran kebijakan-kebijakan yang dirancang dengan baik yang didorong oleh implementasi, penegakan, dan pemantauan yang tepat waktu, serta kerja sama internasional untuk memastikan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan distribusi manfaat secara adil. Melalui analisis mendalam terhadap sektor-sektor ekonomi utama—termasuk sumber daya alam, pola ketenagakerjaan, layanan keuangan, rantai nilai global, perdagangan internasional, pariwisata, dan peran sektor publik—para kontributor menawarkan penilaian kritis terhadap respons kebijakan Brunei. Campuran kebijakan transisi ini terkait dengan strategi pembangunan menyeluruh yang disebut Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Visi Brunei 2035), yang secara luas memetakan Agenda PBB 2030 untuk Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Cendekiawan akademis, mahasiswa, dan pihak lain yang tertarik pada studi tentang Brunei kontemporer dan pertanyaan yang lebih luas tentang transisi ekonomi di Asia akan menganggap volume ini sebagai sumber yang sangat berharga untuk pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana jalur dan prioritas pembangunan dikelola untuk memenuhi tantangan global dan lokal yang mendesak. |
| Abstract: | Ini ialah buku Akses Terbuka. Ekonomi politik antarabangsa berhadapan dengan beberapa krisis yang bertindih. Ini termasuk kecemasan iklim, kemajuan teknologi pesat, jumlah perdagangan global dan aliran kewangan yang tinggi, pergerakan buruh rentas sempadan, ketidaksamaan yang semakin meningkat, ketegangan geopolitik, dan krisis ekonomi dan bencana alam yang kerap. Banyak negara membangun sedang melalui tempoh transformasi dan peralihan segera untuk menerima pakai dasar baharu bagi menghadapi cabaran tersebut dan mencapai serta mengekalkan pembangunan sosioekonomi yang mampan dan inklusif. Jumlah pemecah laluan ini meneroka isu yang membentuk respons Negara Brunei Darussalam, yang telah lama bergantung kepada sektor minyak dan gasnya, terhadap cabaran ini. Perbincangan yang dibentangkan di sini dirangka oleh tanggapan 'pembangunan dalam peralihan'—campuran dasar yang direka bentuk dengan baik didorong oleh pelaksanaan tepat pada masanya, penguatkuasaan dan pemantauan, serta kerjasama antarabangsa untuk memastikan pembangunan mampan dan pengagihan faedah secara saksama. Melalui analisis terperinci sektor ekonomi utama—termasuk sumber asli, corak pekerjaan, perkhidmatan kewangan, rantaian nilai global, perdagangan antarabangsa, pelancongan dan peranan sektor awam—penyumbang menawarkan penilaian kritikal terhadap tindak balas dasar Brunei. Campuran dasar peralihan ini terletak berhubung dengan strategi pembangunan menyeluruh yang dipanggil Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Wawasan Brunei 2035), yang secara amnya dipetakan ke Agenda 2030 Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan. Cendekiawan akademik, pelajar universiti dan lain-lain yang berminat dalam kajian Brunei kontemporari dan persoalan yang lebih luas tentang peralihan ekonomi di Asia akan mendapati jilid ini sebagai sumber yang tidak ternilai untuk pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana laluan pembangunan dan keutamaan diuruskan untuk menghadapi cabaran global dan tempatan yang mendesak. |
| Keywords: | Brunei Darussalam, Economic development, social development, demographics, History, Geopolitics, China, tourism, Economic diversification, Ressource curse, Rentier State |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965913 |
| By: | Daniel Grainger |
| Abstract: | Natural capital accounting is important to efforts that attempt to measure the value of nature to decide on how best to trade-off natural resource productive use and conservation. Much work on measuring reciprocal physical stocks and flows of natural resources between nature and the economy has occurred. However, the current open problem of translating natural resource physical stocks and flows into monetary ones presents a barrier to estimating opportunity costs to inform resource allocation decisions. The research reported here extends a theoretical model on economic sustainability and derives a novel asset beta notion for nature. Like traditional firm asset beta notions, this underpins corporate finance notions for nature. Supply and demand curves estimating the exchange value of the natural resource are possible. A real-world data set is utilised for a preliminary proof of concept test. The results show promise, but future research is suggested investigating the sensitivity of the estimates. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.20706 |
| By: | Chattopadhyay, Debabrata; Tabassum, Durreh |
| Abstract: | Transmission is a key enabler of clean generation as the lines and substations need to be built first to encourage investments in generation. However, there has been limited attention to readying the grid through upgrades of existing transmission lines/substations and expansion of the grid. As a result, transmission has become a major bottleneck, not only in developing countries, but also in their developed counterparts, including the United States, which has seen accumulation of 930 gigawatts of clean generation “queued up” waiting for transmission to be built. To prioritize upgrading and expansion of the transmission grid, there is a need to adopt a more holistic systemwide view from a long-term perspective and develop a methodology that recognizes transmission as an enabler of clean generation. Such a methodology can be devised around a composite generation-transmission co-optimization model. This paper sets the context within which “green transmission” needs to be viewed and further proposes a modeling framework that brings together the critical elements in generation and transmission planning, including system security constraints as a mixed-integer linear programming problem. The model formulation attempts to strike a reasonable balance between the technical rigor of a network model and computational tractability. There are also important implementation details such as making the planning period sufficiently long to elicit the value of transmission. The shadow prices of key constraints extracted from the model can be useful in prioritizing transmission projects, especially if the duals of transmission capacity and carbon dioxide limits are combined. These issues are discussed around a set of illustrative examples. It is expected that the model and associated discussion would provide a starting point to refine the model further and apply it to practical case studies to develop a holistic definition of green transmission and sustainable generation-transmission plans. |
| Date: | 2023–07–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10517 |
| By: | Shih, Wan-Yu (National Taiwan University) |
| Abstract: | 本研究探討台北盆地夏季的風場、溫度變化並提出相對應的土地規劃策略，以期了解盆地都市發展區的自然通風機制，為都市高溫減緩和風廊指認…等提供科學證據參考。本文彙整2011至2020年間，台北盆地及周遭地區共28個中央氣象局地面測量氣象站的夏季風向、風速和溫度資訊，透過描述統計、風瑰圖製作以及空間分析將風紋、溫度分布與地理特徵進行視覺化的呈現。結果顯示，夏季盛行風受海陸循環和地形的交互作用影響，在大部分地區以東風出現的機率為最高，但各地在風向、風速上都存在時空差異。盆地北側淡水河周遭有明顯的海陸風轉換現象；淡水河以西有局部輻合的風場特徵；而盆地南側則受到較顯著的南風影響。溫度分析顯示，下風處的蘆洲、社子、石牌一帶是夏季高溫盤據的地區。據此，建議城市氣候規劃考量盆地通風機制的整體性並針對區域風紋調整開發強度、劃設風廊及開放空間：對於上風處地土地使用與熱氣排放也需要有所管制，避免高溫風險轉嫁至下風處。This study explores the variation of wind field and air temperature of Taipei Basin in summer, thereby proposes corresponding land planning strategies. It aims to understand the mechanism of natural ventilation of the urban development areas inside the basin so as to inform urban heat mitigation and wind corridor designation with scientific evidence. This paper adopts wind direction, wind speed and temperature between 2011 and 2020 summer from 28 weather stations across the space of Taipei Basin. Through descriptive statistics, wind rose making and spatial analyses, this study visualises the spatial pattern of wind and temperature against topography. The result shows, the dominant wind in summer is influenced by the interaction of sea-land circulation and terrain. Eastern is the dominant wind direction for the most areas, but there are spatial-temporal differences on wind direction and speed. Sea-land wind was obvious around northern basin near the Tam-shui river; convergence pattern was found on the west side of the Tam-shui river; and southern basin have more frequent southern wind. The result of temperature analysis showed that the downwind area, such as Luzhou, Shezi, and Shipai, are subjected to high summer temperature. Accordingly, this study suggests considering ventilation mechanism of Taipei basin as a whole system and adjusting development intensity, allocating wind corridors and open spaces based on specific local wind pattern. It is also necessary to control land use and heat emission at upwind areas to avoid transferring heat risk to downwind areas. |
| Date: | 2023–05–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xa8wj_v1 |
| By: | Mansur Arief; Yasmine Alonso; CJ Oshiro; William Xu; Anthony Corso; David Zhen Yin; Jef K. Caers; Mykel J. Kochenderfer |
| Abstract: | The world is entering an unprecedented period of critical mineral demand, driven by the global transition to renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles. This transition presents unique challenges in mineral resource development, particularly due to geological uncertainty-a key characteristic that traditional supply chain optimization approaches do not adequately address. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel application of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) that optimizes critical mineral sourcing decisions while explicitly accounting for the dynamic nature of geological uncertainty. Through a case study of the U.S. lithium supply chain, we demonstrate that POMDP-based policies achieve superior outcomes compared to traditional approaches, especially when initial reserve estimates are imperfect. Our framework provides quantitative insights for balancing domestic resource development with international supply diversification, offering policymakers a systematic approach to strategic decision-making in critical mineral supply chains. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.05690 |
| By: | Mabon, Leslie |
| Abstract: | Although there is awareness of the ‘green jobs’ opportunity associated with climate mitigation and especially energy efficiency in the built environment, understanding of the potential for jobs associated with adaptation and resilience is more limited. The purpose of this report is therefore to assess awareness of adaptation and resilience within existing policy literature on skills and jobs associated with Scotland’s climate change response, and to link this with international peer-reviewed scholarly literature to identify job and skill areas. The Clyde Corridor area of Glasgow City Region is taken as a focal point, as the launch of the Glasgow City Region Climate Adaptation Strategy and the initiation of the Scottish Government’s Clyde Mission have in recent years given dual impetus towards a just transition towards resilience for the Clyde Corridor and for the Glasgow City Region more widely. Key job areas and workforce/skills requirements that are identified across the literature include jobs in construction, land-based sectors, civil engineering and cross-cutting sectors to support societal transformation. Regional Skills Assessments from Skills Development Scotland and statistics from the Scottish Government were also used to identify opportunities for particular localities or sections of the workforce to be able to benefit from training or upskilling, so that adaptation jobs may contribute to just resilience for the Clyde Corridor. Existing skilled workers in sectors such as manufacturing and utility supply which are projected to see declines may be able to benefit from likely requirements for retrofitting and maintenance/inspection in construction, however expanding existing ideas around ‘skills passports’ to encompass adaptation and resilience jobs may support this. Data and policy documentation/extant research also suggests, however, that in construction- and land-based sectors, there is an ageing workforce and a coming need for replacement labour. Particularly in employment-deprived areas, qualifications in construction, civil engineering and land-based sectors may provide younger people with vocational-level qualifications with an opportunity to develop a sustainable career pathway. Moreover, the significance of cross-cutting skills at community level should not be underestimated as support for putting adaptation action into practice. An audit of existing training provision offered by further- and higher education institutions in the Clyde Corridor area indicates that there is relatively good provision of formal training and education relevant to likely adaptation-related jobs. However, there is an urgent need to ensure that skills for adaptation and resilience are embedded into current curricula for sectors such as construction and civil engineering. Given the likely significance of nature-based solutions to the Clyde Corridor and Glasgow City Region more broadly, it is also notable that there may be need for additional provision of landscape and ecological management training, especially at vocational level. Reflecting key challenges identified in recent policy work, this report argues there is a need for particular attention to, and emphasis on, adaptation and resilience jobs that may be available to sections of the workforce that may be more likely to struggle to find work. In other words, there remains a need for more understanding of adaptation and resilience jobs for those with vocational qualifications, alongside the planning and management-type jobs that are perhaps better understood. Fuller spatial data on workforce skills and adaptation job requirements will help to better understand how the adaptation jobs opportunity links to the existing and future workforce. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fhgm5_v1 |
| By: | Tasnime Adamjy (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Arlette Tchabi (Port Autonome de Cotonou); Philippe Gauthier (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Gualbert Houemenou (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Georg Goergen (IITA-Benin - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [Nigeria] - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Fabrice Gouriveau (IRD (Occitanie) - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD en Occitanie)); Sylvestre Badou (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Henri-Joël Dossou (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Jonas Etougbetche (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Antoine S. Lokossou (CREC - Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou - Ministère de la Santé); Antoine A. Missihoun (UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Mahoutin Kindomissi (IITA-Benin - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [Nigeria] - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); François T. Ouinsou (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Halalou Ali Mamam (Port Autonome de Cotonou); Thomas A. Bagan (Port Autonome de Cotonou); Laurent Faton (Port Autonome de Cotonou); Yao Abotsi (Port Autonome de Cotonou); Richard Akanni-Ediko (Port Autonome de Cotonou); Rock Aikpon (CREC - Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou - Ministère de la Santé); Hervé Akodogbo (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Elie Dannon (IITA-Benin - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITA - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [Nigeria] - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Hervé Corbel (Belgian Cooperation Agency - ENABEL); Gauthier Dobigny (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar - Pasteur Network (Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur)) |
| Abstract: | To our knowledge, this platform is the first laboratory dedicated to the monitoring and management of invasive species to be built inside the walls of an African seaport. Its creation has benefitted from a combination of favorable factors, and its existence has resulted from a long-term, multi-stakeholder and still ongoing process that we here describe and analyze. We believe that the PPSE is an innovative science-guided operational initiative that may be useful to replicate in other settings throughout the world. |
| Keywords: | science society interface, invasive species, transport, science operationalization, Benin |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04934745 |
| By: | Nakamura, Shohei; Abanokova, Ksenia; Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Takamatsu, Shinya; Pei, Chunchen; Prospere, Dilou |
| Abstract: | While urbanization has great potential to facilitate poverty reduction, climate shocks represent a looming threat to such upward mobility. This paper empirically analyzes the effects of climatic risks on the function of urban agglomerations to support poor households to escape from poverty. Combining household surveys with climatic datasets, the panel regression analysis for Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia finds that households in large metropolitan areas are more likely to escape from poverty, indicating better access to economic opportunities in those areas. However, the climate shocks offset such benefits of urban agglomerations, as extreme rainfalls and high flood risks significantly reduce the chance of upward mobility. The findings underscore the need to enhance resilience among the urban poor to allow them to fully utilize the benefits of urban agglomerations. |
| Date: | 2023–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10383 |
| By: | Kuiper, Jan Jurjen; Carpenter-Urquhart, Liam; Berbés-Blázquez, Marta; Rozas, Elisa Oteros; Fredström, Linna; Psiuk, Kinga; Savu, Codruța; Kautsky, Robert; Guerry, Anne; Carpenter, Stephen R. |
| Abstract: | Biosphere Futures (biospherefutures.net) is a new online database to collect and discover scenario studies from across the world, with a specific focus on scenarios that explicitly incorporate interdependencies between humans and their supporting ecosystems. It provides access to a globally diverse collection of case studies that includes most ecosystems and regions, enabling exploration of the multifaceted ways in which the future might unfold. Together, the case studies illuminate the diversity and plurality of people's expectations and aspirations for the future. The objective of Biosphere Futures is to promote the use of scenarios for sustainable development of the biosphere and to foster a community of practice around social-ecological scenarios. We do so by facilitating the assessment, synthesis, and comparative analysis of scenario case studies, pointing to relevant resources, and by helping practitioners and researchers to disseminate and showcase their own work. This article begins by outlining the rationale behind the creation of the database, followed by an introduction to its functionality and the criteria employed for selecting case studies. Subsequently, we present a synthesis of the first 100 case studies included in the scenarios database, highlighting emerging patterns and identifying potential avenues for further research. Finally, given that broader utilization and contributions to the database will enhance the achievement of Biosphere Futures' objectives, we invite the creators of social-ecological scenarios to contribute additional case studies. By expanding the database's breadth and depth, we can collectively foster a more nuanced understanding of the possible trajectories of our biosphere and enable better decision-making for sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2023–05–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v4ukj_v1 |
| By: | George Joseph; Sveta Milusheva; Sturrock, Hugh James William; Kashangura, Faith Maidei; Ayling, Sophie Charlotte Emi; Hoo, Yi Rong |
| Abstract: | Understanding the specific factors associated with cholera outbreaks is an integral part of designing better approaches to mitigate their impact. This paper uses georeferenced case data from the cholera epidemic that occurred in Harare, Zimbabwe, from September 2018 to January 2019. The paper applies spatio-temporal modeling to understand how the outbreak unfolded and the factors associated with higher risk of being a reported case. The study highlighted a number of findings. First, using call detail records to estimate weekly population movement throughout the city, the results suggest that human movement helps to explain the spatiotemporal patterns of the cases observed. In addition, the results highlight a number of sociodemographic risk factors and suggest that there is a relationship between cholera risk and water infrastructure, with populations living in close proximity to the sewer network with high access to piped water being at higher risk. A possible explanation for this surprising observation is that sewer bursts led to the contamination of the piped water network, turning access to piped water, usually assumed to be protective, into a risk factor. Although further studies are required to test this hypothesis, if it is true, it highlights the importance of maintenance for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of improved water and sanitation infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2023–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10327 |
| By: | Gething, Peter William; Ayling, Sophie Charlotte Emi; Mugabi, Josses; Muximpua, Odete Duarte; George Joseph; Kagulura, Solomon Sitinadziwe |
| Abstract: | Urbanization combined with climate change are exacerbating water scarcity for an increasing number of the world’s emerging cities. Water and sanitation infrastructure, which in the first place was largely built to cater only to a small subsector of developing city populations during colonial times, are increasingly coming under excessive strain. In the rapidly growing cities of the developing world, expansion does not always keep pace with population demand, leading to waterborne diseases, such as cholera (Vibrio cholerae) and typhoid (Salmonella serotype Typhi). Funding gaps therefore make targeting for efficient spending on infrastructure upgrades essential for reducing the burden of disease. This paper applies geospatial analysis in Lusaka, Zambia, in the context of the cholera outbreak of October 2017 to May 2018, to identify different water and sanitation infrastructure investment scenarios and their relative impact on reducing the risk of cholera in the city. The analysis presented uses cholera case location data and geospatial covariates, including the location of and access to networked and non-networked Water and sanitation infrastructure, groundwater vulnerability, and drainage, to generate a high-resolution map of cholera risk across the city. The analysis presents scenarios of standalone or combined investments across sewerage coverage and maintenance, on-site sanitation improvements, piped water network coverage and quality, and ensuring the safety of point source water. It identifies the investment most strongly correlated with the largest reduction in cholera risk as the provision of flush to sewer infrastructure citywide. However, it also considers the trade-offs in terms of financial cost versus health benefits and takes note of where the next highest health benefits could be achieved for a much lower cost. Finally, the analysis was done in the context of a considered restructuring of an existing World Bank investment, the Lusaka Sanitation Program. It identifies what appears to be the most efficient combined initiative as partial sanitation investment scale-up and investment in piped water in 10 priority wards where the cholera risk was highest. |
| Date: | 2023–06–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10469 |
| By: | Chlouba, Vladimir; Mukim, Megha; Zaveri, Esha Dilip |
| Abstract: | Existing research points to a possible link between slow-onset symptoms of climate change and migration. It is also known that rates of urbanization are fastest in some of the world’s poorest countries, which are incidentally also at greater risk of climate-induced migration. These separate findings suggest that slow-onset climate phenomena such as droughts have likely become a key driver of urbanization across much of the developing world. While intuitive, this link has not been convincingly established by extant research. This study examines the climate-urbanization nexus by constructing a novel measure of urban growth that uses remotely sensed information from the World Settlement Footprint dataset. Relying on panel data that cover the entire globe between 1985 and 2014, the paper shows that drought leads to faster urban growth. The results indicate that a hypothetical drought lasting 12 months is associated with a 27 percent increase in the average annual increment of built-up area. The paper leverages novel data from several Sahelian cities to illustrate that much of this growth takes the form of non-infill development that extends outward from previously built-up localities. |
| Date: | 2023–04–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10408 |
| By: | Philippe Jourdan (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel, IAE Paris Est Créteil - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Paris Est Créteil - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Jean-Claude Pacitto (UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12, IUT-UPEC - IUT Creteil-Vitry - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12) |
| Abstract: | In a series of exploratory propositions, this research article argues the thesis that sovereign brands make a positive contribution to corporate CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) goals. While sovereignty is commonly associated with national selfishness in the collective unconscious, CSR is linked to positive, virtuous, and transnational values. After carefully defining the sovereign brand and its mode of operation, we demonstrate that it contributes to harmonious development, protects social rights, and aligns with sustainable development goals when operating within the eco-development framework. |
| Abstract: | Dans une série de propositions exploratoires, cet article de recherche défend la thèse selon laquelle les marques souveraines apportent une contribution positive aux objectifs de RSE (Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises) des entreprises. Alors que la souveraineté est couramment associée à un égoïsme national dans l'inconscient collectif, la RSE est liée à des valeurs positives, vertueuses et transnationales. Après avoir soigneusement défini la marque souveraine et son mode de fonctionnement, nous démontrons qu'elle contribue à un développement harmonieux, protège les droits sociaux et s'aligne sur les objectifs de développement durable lorsqu'elle agit dans le cadre de l'éco-développement. |
| Keywords: | CSR brand dependence sovereignty economy sustainable development, CSR, brand, dependence, sovereignty, economy, sustainable development |
| Date: | 2024–01–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04915520 |
| By: | Kilic Celik, Sinem; Kose, Ayhan; Ohnsorge, Franziska Lieselotte |
| Abstract: | Potential output growth around the world slowed over the past two decades. This slowdown is expected to continue in the remainder of the 2020s: global potential growth is projected to average 2.2 percent per year in 2022–30, 0.4 percentage point below its 2011-21 average. Emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) will face an even steeper slowdown, of about 1.0 percentage point to 4.0 percent per year on average during 2022–30. The slowdown will be widespread, affecting most EMDEs and countries accounting for 70 percent of global GDP. Global potential growth over the remainder of this decade could be even slower than projected in the baseline scenario—by another 0.2–0.9 percentage point a year—if investment growth, improvements in health and education outcomes, or developments in labor markets disappoint, or if adverse events materialize. A menu of policy options is available to help reverse the trend of weakening economic growth, including policies to enhance physical and human capital accumulation; to encourage labor force participation by women and older adults; to improve the efficiency of public spending; and to mitigate and adapt to climate change, including infrastructure investment to facilitate the green transition. |
| Date: | 2023–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10355 |
| By: | Rupprecht, Christoph David Dietfried (Ehime University); Gärtner, Nadine; Cui, Lihua; Sardeshpande, Mallika; McGreevy, Steven R.; Spiegelberg, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | The concept of edible landscapes seeks to combine a participatory approach to food production with wider concerns about well-designed, sustainable human-landscape relationships. Despite its decade-long history and seeming potential for holistically addressing multiple intertwined socio-ecological crises, the concept has received much less attention than related ideas such as green infrastructure or nature-based solutions. We conducted a systematic, multilingual review of 79 studies to understand how edible landscapes are defined, what their characteristics are, what trends exist in the literature, and how edible landscapes can be situated in the broader context of food production. Findings suggest that no clear definition of the term ‘edible landscape’ currently exists, although the implicit consensus is that edible landscapes feature food production as well as an aesthetic contribution. The literature holds high expectations but provides only limited empirical evidence for benefits. Edible landscape frames a unique conceptual space, which we visualize by placing it in relation with related concepts. We then propose two concise, genus-differentia definitions as a basis for academic debate, one of which expands the concept to include multispecies agency in designing landscapes. We conclude with a call for more empirical as well as theory-focused research to facilitate edible landscapes’ contributions to more sustainable human-nature relationships. |
| Date: | 2023–03–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:64uvj_v1 |
| By: | Hallegatte, Stephane; Mcisaac, Florent John; Dudu, Hasan; Jooste, Charl; Knudsen, Camilla; Beck, Hans Anand |
| Abstract: | Analyzing the macroeconomic consequences of a transition to a net-zero economy creates specific modeling challenges, including those related to the non-marginal nature of the required transformation, the role of technologies, and the replacement of fossil fuel-based assets with greener ones. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a hybrid modeling approach that starts from a set of sectoral techno-economic scenarios to construct an illustrative resilient and net-zero decarbonization trajectory. It then assesses the macroeconomic implications by linking sectoral dynamics to two macroeconomic frameworks: a multisector general equilibrium framework and an aggregate macrostructural model. This approach combines the advantages of multiple tools and captures the various dimensions of the transition, including the need to tackle simultaneously multiple market failures beyond the carbon externality. The paper illustrates this methodology with Türkiye’s objective to reach net zero emissions by 2053. The multisector general equilibrium framework suggests that the transition could contribute positively to Türkiye’s economic growth despite the large investment needs, especially when indirect mitigation benefits are taken into account and if labor market frictions can be reduced. Improved energy efficiency in the transportation and building sectors drives the growth benefits in the short and medium terms. The growth benefits depend on how transition investments are financed: if they crowd out other productive investments, the benefits are significantly reduced and can even become slightly negative in the long term. The macrostructural model focuses on implications for public debt and the current account, using two extreme scenarios in which additional investments are triggered by higher productivity or a set of budget-neutral incentives (taxes and subsidies). The model concludes that the transition would have moderate impacts on the current account and public debt. With budget-neutral incentives, there is a small increase in gross domestic product (GDP) growth, the debt-to-GDP ratio increases by 1 to 3 percent, and the current account remains unchanged thanks to the reduction in fuel imports. |
| Date: | 2023–03–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10367 |
| By: | Tuomisto, Jouni T (Kausal Ltd); Bliem, Bernhard; Yrjölä, Juha; Tikkanen, Tero; Faehnle, Maija |
| Abstract: | Climate change is the largest global health threat. To protect human welfare locally and globally, municipalities need to take bold actions. However, even in situations with support for ambitious targets, the complexity and conflicting interest in details severely hinder green transition. We combined open policy practice and other decision support methods into a framework that allows for citizen participation and systematic, public description and evaluation of participants’ factual and value basis of their priorities. The similarities and differences of thought are explicated. Particular information objects are used for actions, outcomes, hypotheses, priorities and value profiles. In this proof of concept, we analysed priorities and arguments about climate change from a voting advice application for the Finnish Parliamentary election in 2023. The content was described on the web platform Kausal Watch as it had many of the functionalities that would be needed for the full-blown implementation of the framework. The information objects described fairly well the respondents’ mental models. The approach clarified the nature of disagreements, as some were due to values and some factual beliefs. The framework seems to be able to describe this information in such a structured way that enables further scrutiny and co-development of policies. |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5dpqx_v1 |
| By: | J. Pfiffelmann; O. Untilov (Audencia Business School); J. Thogersen; R. Franck |
| Abstract: | In response to regulatory requirements and consumer demand for sustainable products, producers of organic products are beginning to use laser marking to reduce packaging and thereby packaging waste. However, the consumer responses to this "high-tech" eco-innovation remain unexplored. Using a mixed-method approach, we collected qualitative and quantitative data on responses to the laser marking of organic products from 328 French participants. Guided by the theory of consumption values and innovation resistance theory, we conducted thematic analysis of answers to an open-ended question which probed consumers' motives for and barriers to adopting laser marking. The most frequently stated motive was ecological benefits, and the most reported barriers were risks and tradition. Structural equation modeling revealed that attitudes toward laser-marked organic products are positively impacted by social, emotional, and functional values and are negatively impacted by barriers related to image and emotions. Consumers' attitudes toward laser-marked organic products strongly affect their willingness to buy such products. To increase the acceptance of laser marking, managers and policymakers should mitigate false-negative consumer perceptions, including doubts about its eco-friendliness and safety, thereby facilitating greater acceptance of this eco-innovation. |
| Keywords: | Eco-innovation adoption, Laser marking, Mixed-method design, Organic labeling, Theory of consumption values, Innovation resistance theory |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04957879 |
| By: | Song, Ze; Hochman, Gal; Timilsina, Govinda R. |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters—such as flooding, hurricanes, and earthquakes—have, on average, affected 130 million people and caused more than 40, 000 deaths annually worldwide over the past three decades. The average annual value of property damage is estimated at more than 90 billion dollars globally. Corresponding relief and reconstruction packages measuring in billions of dollars over the past three decades have brought large new investments and the formation of new capital assets. The literature has debated the distributional impacts of natural disasters across households by income group. Most studies focus on a specific country or region, and the findings do not converge. Some find that natural disasters reduce income inequality, while others report the opposite. This study adds new empirical evidence on the impacts of natural disasters on income inequality by pooling data from 130 countries for 1990–2017. The study employs the generalized synthetic control method, which involves identifying the causal effects by comparing the actual post-disaster Gini index for treated countries with a counterfactual. The data are from the EM-DAT database maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters and covers 70 percent of natural disasters globally. The key finding of the study is that catastrophic natural disasters have negative relationships with inequality, as measured by the Gini index, in both the short and long run. The study also discusses potential mechanisms, such as physical infrastructure, disruptive creation, institutions, political revolution, and financial aid, to further explain findings from the empirical analysis. |
| Date: | 2023–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10504 |
| By: | Marco Paladini (University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy]); Carlo Romano Marcello Alessandro Santagiustina (médialab - médialab (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Venice International University); Costanza Sartoris (University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy]); Giulia Saya (DVRI - Distretto Veneziano Ricerca e Innovazione); Michele Schiavinato (University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy]); Gabriella Traviglia (DVRI - Distretto Veneziano Ricerca e Innovazione) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to explore how vulnerable communities, scientists and artists can collaborate to construct digital community memories to excavate opinion spaces related to socio-natural events, creating a shared and inclusive ground for mutual understanding and collective action. The proposed approach combines web archeology and digital artivism to construct community memories that can be used for social activation in relation to climate change. The research draws on partici-patory and community-based research techniques, citizen-science approaches, and digital methods to collect dispersed community-memory fragments and create an expressive space for the diverse perspectives and needs of the affected populations. It emphasizes the importance of inclusivity and non-polarizing approaches for reconstructing and interpreting narrative streams that propagate in the physical and virtual world and for representing, through digital art, extreme events and their societal impact. To illustrate the proposed approach, the AquaGranda project is presented here as a case study of community memory related to an extreme event: the high tides that occurred in Venice in November 2019. |
| Keywords: | Artivism, Digital communities, Climate change, Extreme events, New media, Citizen science, New media art, Extreme event, Digital community, Digital community memory, Citizen Participation, Citizen empowerment, Arts, Activism |
| Date: | 2024–01–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04921935 |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel; Niehues, Delia; Peetz, Valerie; Sommer, Stephan; Tomberg, Lukas |
| Abstract: | Based on randomized information treatments that were embedded in a large online survey among more than 6, 000 single-home owners from Germany, we investigate the malleability of attitudes towards water conservation and a variety of conservation policies. While the empirical results indicate that, generally, respondents have a positive attitude towards water conservation, this positive attitude is merely slightly lowered by information treatments that included either nuanced or negatively biased information about the necessity of water conservation. In addition, we find that respondents attribute a higher level of concern for water conservation to themselves than to both people in their personal environment and the population in general. Conservation policies, such as education campaigns, price increases for heavy consumers and comparison reports on water consumption are accepted by the majority of respondents and perceived as fair, whereas smart water tariffs and frequent price increases are largely rejected. |
| Abstract: | Auf der Grundlage von randomisierten Informationsbehandlungen, die in eine große Online-Umfrage unter mehr als 6.000 Einfamilienhausbesitzern in Deutschland eingebettet waren, untersuchen wir die Formbarkeit von Einstellungen zum Wassersparen und zu einer Reihe von Einsparungsmaßnahmen. Während die empirischen Ergebnisse darauf hindeuten, dass die Befragten im Allgemeinen eine positive Einstellung zum Wassersparen haben, wird diese positive Einstellung durch Informationsbehandlungen, die entweder nuancierte oder negativ verzerrte Informationen über die Notwendigkeit des Wassersparens enthielten, nur geringfügig gesenkt. Darüber hinaus stellen wir fest, dass die Befragten sich selbst ein höheres Maß an Sorge um die Wassererhaltung zuschreiben als den Menschen in ihrem persönlichen Umfeld und der Bevölkerung im Allgemeinen. Sparmaßnahmen wie Aufklärungskampagnen, Preiserhöhungen für Großverbraucher und Vergleichsberichte über den Wasserverbrauch werden von der Mehrheit der Befragten akzeptiert und als gerecht empfunden, während intelligente Wassertarife und häufige Preiserhöhungen weitgehend abgelehnt werden. |
| Keywords: | Information experiment, policy approval, water conservation policy |
| JEL: | D12 Q25 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:311191 |
| By: | Dasgupta, Susmita; Lall, Somik V.; Wheeler, David |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies high-priority areas for methane emissions reduction and estimates recent emissions changes in those areas using atmospheric concentration data from the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-5P satellite platform. The modeling approach is illustrated with three case studies: landfills in Spain (Madrid), irrigated rice production in India (Karnal district, Haryana state), and oil production in Iraq (Al Amarah district, Maysan governorate). For each case, the paper estimates two change models by fixed effects: the monthly trend in methane concentration from January 2019 to November 2022, and the difference between mean concentration in 2022 and the previous three years. The paper estimates the change models for 775 high-priority areas and finds that cases with decreasing methane emissions are outnumbered four to one by cases with increasing emissions. The paper also analyzes trends in high-priority areas for seven major methane source sectors (agricultural soils, livestock, gas, oil, coal, landfills, and wastewater) and finds only two where emissions decreases outnumber increases (gas and oil). Among World Bank income groups, decreases outnumber increases in high-income economies but increases are hugely dominant in the other three groups. The paper concludes with a presentation of summary emissions trend reports for all 775 high-priority areas, with accompanying maps and an Excel file. As satellite-based monitoring becomes more widely employed, such reports will provide a useful template for judging further p rogress toward fulfillment of the Global Methane Pledge. |
| Date: | 2023–04–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10391 |
| By: | Giovanni Baiocchetti; Cecilia Castaldo; Ilan Noy; Federico Zampollo |
| Abstract: | Disasters caused by natural hazards, such as earthquakes or hurricanes, have many adverse consequences associated with the physical damage they cause. Here, we show that the very name given to a disaster can also lead to adverse consequences. We argue that the name used for a disaster is significant, and is distinct from the physical event itself. Specifically, we show that the toponyms (place names) used to refer to disaster events by the media and the authorities have consequences if these toponyms do not accurately align with the disaster-affected region. Examples of inaccurate disaster toponyms abound, but the costs of these inaccurate toponyms have yet to be recognized. When a disaster damages area A and not area B, but the toponym adopted for that disaster encompasses both A and B, we show that B experiences a decline in tourism that is unrelated to the hazard event that hit only area A. We also show that once B’s name has been tarnished, it becomes difficult to clear its name. Our examples are three recent Italian earthquakes for which we quantify the impact on tourism of the earthquakes themselves and of the toponyms they were given. Once an area is defined as affected, even when it was not, this designation leads to a statistically significant and economically material decline in tourism – in our examples, this amounts to an unnecessary 10-15 percent decline in tourist arrivals that endures for several years following the event. We finish by making some observations about how disasters should be named. |
| Keywords: | earthquake, tourism, toponyms, media, panel match |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 Z39 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11681 |
| By: | Daniel de Wolf (TVES - Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 - ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale - Université de Lille, ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale); Christophe Magidson (CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain); Jules Sigot (CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain) |
| Abstract: | This work aims to study the technical and economical feasibility of a new hydrogen transport network by 2035 in France. The goal is to furnish charging stations for fuel cell electrical vehicles with hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water using low-carbon energy. Contrary to previous research works on hydrogen transport for road transport, we assume a more realistic assumption of the demand side: we assume that only drivers driving more than 20, 000 km per year will switch to fuel cell electrical vehicles. This corresponds to a total demand of 100 TWh of electricity for the production of hydrogen by electrolysis. To meet this demand, we primarily use surplus electricity production from wind power. This surplus will satisfy approximately 10% of the demand. We assume that the rest of the demand will be produced using surplus from nuclear power plants disseminated in regions. We also assume a decentralized production, namely, that 100 MW electrolyzers will be placed near electricity production plants. Using an optimization model, we define the hydrogen transport network by considering decentralized production. Then we compare it with more centralized production. Our main conclusion is that decentralized production makes it possible to significantly reduce distribution costs, particularly due to significantly shorter transport distances. |
| Abstract: | Ce travail vise à étudier la faisabilité technique et économique d'un nouveau réseau de transport d'hydrogène d'ici 2035 en France. L'objectif est d'équiper les bornes de recharge des véhicules électriques à pile à combustible avec de l'hydrogène produit par électrolyse de l'eau à partir d'une énergie bas carbone. Contrairement aux travaux de recherche antérieurs sur le transport de l'hydrogène pour le transport routier, nous supposons une hypothèse plus réaliste du côté de la demande : nous supposons que seuls les conducteurs parcourant plus de 20 000 km par an passeront aux véhicules électriques à pile à combustible. Cela correspond à une demande totale de 100 TWh d'électricité pour la production d'hydrogène par électrolyse. Pour répondre à cette demande, nous utilisons principalement la production excédentaire d'électricité issue de l'énergie éolienne. Ce surplus satisfera environ 10% de la demande. Nous supposons que le reste de la demande sera produit à partir des surplus des centrales nucléaires disséminés dans les régions. Nous supposons également une production décentralisée, à savoir que des électrolyseurs de 100 MW seront placés à proximité des centrales de production d'électricité. À l'aide d'un modèle d'optimisation, nous définissons le réseau de transport d'hydrogène en considérant une production décentralisée. Ensuite, nous le comparons à une production plus centralisée. Notre principale conclusion est que la production décentralisée permet de réduire significativement les coûts de distribution, notamment grâce à des distances de transport nettement plus courtes. |
| Keywords: | hydrogen transport, fuel cell electrical vehicles |
| Date: | 2025–02–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04953927 |
| By: | Rayane Al Amir Dache (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Gustave Eiffel); Nicolas Coulombel (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the distribution of transport costs borne by the Paris region households and the issues of vertical (income) and horizontal (location) equity. Using the 2018 household travel survey, we estimate the following costs: monetary costs, time costs, air pollution costs (distinguishing between the cost caused and borne by the household) and CO2 emission costs. We study the distribution of each dimension alone, as well as the relationship between them. Results show that monetary costs are regressive and represent the most unequal distributed dimension across income groups and space, with the lowest quartiles living in the outer suburbs (those car dependent) facing the highest effort ratios. Time costs are randomly spread across space, but do increase with income. Pollution costs are the lowest for households living in the outer suburbs, and are almost equal across income quartiles. We do find evidence of (slight) compensation between the various costs as the total private cost -the sum of monetary, time and pollution costs -has a lower Gini index than each cost alone. Time costs contribute the most (around 75%) to private cost inequalities due to their large cost share, while monetary costs contribute to around 25%. Our findings stress the importance of considering 1) both horizontal and vertical equity in policy design as both issues are empirically significant, and 2) all the main cost dimensions (money, time, and environment), and not just only one as it is often the case, as the various costs may (or may not) compensate each other. |
| Abstract: | Cet article étudie la distribution des coûts de transport subis par les ménages franciliens en fonction du niveau de revenu et du lieu de résidence, à partir de l'enquête globale de transport 2018. Les coûts considérés sont : les coûts monétaires, les coûts en temps, les coûts liés à la pollution de l'air (en distinguant la pollution émise et celle subie par les ménages) et les coûts liés aux émissions de CO2. Nous étudions la distribution de chaque dimension seule, ainsi que la relation entre elles. Les inégalités de coûts sont étudiées en comparant les moyennes arithmétiques et l'indice de Gini. La décomposition de Gini par sous-population (quartiles de revenu et départements) et par composantes des coûts privés est appliquée. Les résultats montrent que les coûts monétaires sont régressifs et représentent la dimension la plus inégalement répartie entre les groupes de revenus et les départements, avec les ménages à bas revenu, résidant dans les banlieues extérieures (ménages dépendants de la voiture) confrontés aux taux d'effort les plus élevés. Le coût du temps est aléatoirement réparti entre les départements, mais il dépend du revenu des ménages. La pollution supportée par les habitants des banlieues est la plus faible et presque égale entre les quartiles de revenus. Les coûts sont compensés entre eux puisque le coût privé total (la somme des coûts monétaires, du temps et de la pollution) a un indice de Gini plus faible. Les inégalités de coûts au sein des quartiles de revenus et des départements sont importantes, mais contribuent peu à l'inégalité globale par rapport aux inégalités entre eux. Le coût du temps contribue à 75 % des inégalités de coûts privés en raison de sa part importante dans les coûts, et les coûts monétaires ne contribuent qu'à 25 %. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance cruciale de la prise en compte de l'équité dans la conception des politiques afin d'épargner les personnes défavorisées en matière de transport et d'empêcher l'accroissement des inégalités. |
| Keywords: | Equity, Distributional impacts, Travel costs, Gini index, Équité, Effets redistributifs, Coûts de déplacement, Indice de Gini |
| Date: | 2024–07–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04932291 |
| By: | Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres); Derya Keles (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Les espaces naturels protégés ne sont pas éternels et restent vulnérables aux changements politiques. Ainsi aux États-Unis des liens robustes sont établis entre une majorité républicaine au Congrès et des politiques visant à réduire, supprimer ou déclassifier les aires protégées. Celles-ci sont cruciales pour la préservation de la biodiversité à l'échelle mondiale. La COP 15 de la biodiversité en 2022 aboutissait à la promesse de sanctuariser 30 % de la biodiversité terrestre et marine d'ici à 2030. Alors que la COP16 commence, cet objectif semble loin d'être atteint, avec seulement 8, 35 % des mers et 17, 5 % des terres sont aujourd'hui protégés. Un avancement minime depuis 2022. |
| Date: | 2024–10–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04929256 |
| By: | Sylvestre Badou (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi, UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Karmadine Hima (UAM - Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey = Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey); Clément Agbangla (UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Philippe Gauthier (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Antoine A. Missihoun (UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Gualbert Houéménou (EPAC - Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi - UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi); Anne Loiseau (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Carine Brouat (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Gauthier Dobigny (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, Unité Peste - Plague Unit [Antananarivo, Madagascar] - Institut Pasteur de Madagascar - Pasteur Network (Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur)) |
| Abstract: | Black rat (Rattus rattus), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), and house mouse (Mus musculus) are known to be among the most common anthropophilic rodent species in cities worldwide. These species are responsible for the destruction of domestic and industrial materials, considerable damage to food stocks as well as zoonotic pathogens circulation and transmission to humans and animals. These invasive species have disseminated in all continents following human-mediated exchanges, especially maritime transports. In particular, seaports appear as privileged rats and mice's entry points into new regions, thus making them international regulations' priorities for rodent surveillance and management. Yet, studies on seaport rodents are rare; in particular, investigations on their genetic structure are almost inexistent, thus precluding science-guided interventions. In order to fill such a gap, our study focused on the population genetics of R. rattus, R. norvegicus and M. musculus in the Autonomous Port of Cotonou, Benin. Nine different sites were surveyed for three years. In total, 366 R. rattus, 188 R. norvegicus and 244 M. musculus were genotyped using 18 microsatellites, 16 microsatellites and 17 microsatellites, respectively. Our results show very well-structured genetic clusters in all three species as well as limited impacts of rodent control campaigns. Using comparisons with genotypes from other European, Asian and African countries, we suggest for the first time that settlement of newly introduced individuals may be a rare event. Implications in terms of management units and control and monitoring are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Invasive rodents, Population genetics, Movement, Urban, Rodent management |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04091150 |
| By: | Ying-Hui Shao; Yan-Hong Yang; Wei-Xing Zhou |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the risk spillovers among AI ETFs, AI tokens, and green markets using the R2 decomposition method. We reveal several key insights. First, the overall transmission connectedness index (TCI) closely aligns with the contemporaneous TCI, while the lagged TCI is significantly lower. Second, AI ETFs and clean energy act as risk transmitters, whereas AI tokens and green bond function as risk receivers. Third, AI tokens are difficult to hedge and provide limited hedging ability compared to AI ETFs and green assets. However, multivariate portfolios effectively reduce AI tokens investment risk. Among them, the minimum correlation portfolio outperforms the minimum variance and minimum connectedness portfolios. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.01148 |
| By: | Emile Esmaili; Michael J. Puma; Francis Ludlow; Eva Jobbova |
| Abstract: | The complex interplay between famine, warfare, and climate constitutes a multifaceted and context-dependent relationship that has profoundly influenced human history, particularly in early modern Europe. This study advances the literature on climate-economy interactions by leveraging multi-scale statistical techniques to quantify the compounded effects of climate variability and socio-political factors on food prices, offering novel model-based insights into the historical dynamics of climate and economic systems. Using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), we investigate the influence of temperature fluctuations and drought severity on food prices across 14 European cities from 1565 to 1785. Our findings confirm a persistent negative relationship between temperature and food prices over the long term, while the relationship between drought severity and price dynamics appears positive yet inconsistent. Extending our analysis to higher-frequency patterns, we demonstrate that cold anomalies are strongly associated with food price that caused large-scale famines of the 1590s and 1690s. Likewise, we show that the severe and consecutive droughts of 1634 to 1636, coinciding with the Thirty Years' War, significantly amplified food price volatility, illustrating how climatic shocks can compound socio-economic and political crises. Furthermore, we identify years characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of extreme cold and drought as periods of heightened price instability, underscoring the compounded impact of concurrent climatic stressors on food prices during the early modern period. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.06080 |
| By: | Reyes-Retana, Graciela; Pons, Gonzalo Antonio; Siegmann, Katharina; Afif, Zeina; Gomez-Garcia, Margarita; Soto-Mota, Pablo; Castaneda Farill, Carmen Elena |
| Abstract: | Natural resources management (NRM) helps protect forests and promote sustainable development. Although women are key in strengthening activities in NRM, they are dramatically underrepresented in public funding for forest projects in many countries, such as Mexico, limiting their participation and impact. While structural barriers, such as land tenure and low capacity, cause this problem, this is exacerbated by barriers such as lack of information, complex application processess, gender norms, and rural women’s low aspirations and limited agency and self-efficacy to participate in NRM projects. This paper tests whether additions and modifications to the standard outreach strategies of a call for proposals for NRM grants in Mexico increase the number of applications submitted by localities and the share of women participating. The study uses a randomized controlled trial in 113 rural localities, where the standard outreach approach (control) is complemented with additional information channels and simplified materials (treatment 1), aiming to appeal more directly to inexperienced populations. A second treatment group further modifies the informational materials using insights from behavioral science (loss aversion, norms framing, and others) and adds proactive text message reminders to prompt behavior (treatment 2), hoping to address the barriers to women’s participation. The results suggest that treatment 1 localities had, on average, 2.3 more applications per locality than the control group (increasing the participation of both men and women). Treatment 2 complemented this, having, on average, 6.4 more women per locality participating of these applications than in treatment 1. This shows that women manifested interest in participating in these activities. A representative survey of women in the study localities (1, 485 women in 52 localities) suggests that women in treatment localities were more likely to recognize the name of the project or informational materials. The analysis also suggests that the complementary strategies had no effect on the likelihood of being selected to receive a grant under the project, suggesting that additional support is needed to translate this increased interest into successful applications that would allow participation in NRM. |
| Date: | 2023–04–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10419 |
| By: | Sophia Shen; Xinyi Wang; Nicholas Caros; Jinhua Zhao |
| Abstract: | The overall impact of working from home (WFH) on transportation emissions remains a complex issue, with significant implications for policymaking. This study matches socioeconomic information from American Community Survey (ACS) to the global carbon emissions dataset for selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the US. We analyze the impact of WFH on transportation emissions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing cross-sectional multiple regression models and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, we examine how WFH, commuting mode, and car ownership influence transportation emissions across 141 MSAs in the United States. We find that the prevalence of WFH in 2021 is associated with lower transportation emissions, whereas WFH in 2019 did not significantly impact transportation emissions. After controlling for public transportation usage and car ownership, we find that a 1% increase in WFH corresponds to a 0.17 kilogram or 1.8% reduction of daily average transportation emissions per capita. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition shows that WFH is the main driver in reducing transportation emissions per capita during the pandemic. Our results show that the reductive influence of public transportation on transportation emissions has declined, while the impact of car ownership on increasing transportation emissions has risen. Collectively, these results indicate a multifaceted impact of WFH on transportation emissions. This study underscores the need for a nuanced, data-driven approach in crafting WFH policies to mitigate transportation emissions effectively. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2503.00422 |
| By: | Blanchard, Paul Baptiste; Ishizawa Escudero, Oscar Anil; Humbert, Thibaut; Van Der Borght, Rafael |
| Abstract: | Weather-related shocks and climate variability contribute to hampering progress toward poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Droughts have a direct impact on weather-dependent livelihood means and the potential to affect key dimensions of households’ welfare, including food consumption. Yet, the ability to forecast food insecurity for intervention planning remains limited and current approaches mainly rely on qualitative methods. This paper incorporates microeconomic estimates of the effect of the rainy season quality on food consumption into a catastrophe risk modeling approach to develop a novel framework for early forecasting of food insecurity at sub-national levels. The model relies on three usual components of catastrophe risk models that are adapted for estimation of the impact of rainy season quality on food insecurity: natural hazards, households’ vulnerability and exposure. The paper applies this framework in the context of rural Mauritania and optimizes the model calibration with a machine learning procedure. The model can produce fairly accurate lean season food insecurity predictions very early on in the agricultural season (October-November), that is six to eight months ahead of the lean season. Comparisons of model predictions with survey-based estimates yield a mean absolute error of 1.2 percentage points at the national level and a high degree of correlation at the regional level (0.84). |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10457 |
| By: | Kiril Simeonovski (Independent Researcher); Igor Sazdovski (Independent Researcher); Filip Fidanoski (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Date: | 2025–01–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04964117 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Abstract: | This study offers the first consistent attempt to identify how energy sector decarbonization policies have affected the energy mix over the past four decades across more than 100 developing countries. It applies systematic regression analysis to five energy sector decarbonization outcomes and more than 75 policy instruments aggregated into seven policy packages. Combining instrumental variables with country interactions and country and time fixed effects in regional panels helps address potential endogeneity issues. Only a handful of energy policy packages significantly affect the decarbonization of developing countries' energy mix, and the packages more often achieve a negligible or opposite result than intended three years after implementation. Policies that address counterparty risk have the highest immediate effects. Effects of renewable policies on various decarbonization outcomes improve slightly five and seven years after their implementation. |
| Date: | 2023–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10329 |
| By: | Ebadi, Ebad; Russ, Jason Daniel; Zaveri, Esha Dilip |
| Abstract: | Agricultural subsidies make up a large share of public budgets, exceeding 40 percent of total agricultural production value in some countries. Subsidies are often important components of government strategies to raise agricultural productivity, support agricultural households, and promote fo od security. They do so by reducing production costs, promoting the use of inputs or modern farming techniques, encouraging the production of certain crops, and raising household incomes. Given the magnitude of these subsidies, their distributional implications and the externalities they impose on the environment are of significant consequence. This paper uses a new spatial analysis to explore the distributional implications of agricultural output subsidies across 16 countries/regions and the distributional and select environmental implications of input subsidies across 23 countries/regions. The findings show that, relative to the spatial distribution of income, both types of subsidy are distributionally mixed. Output subsidies are relatively progressive in 10 countries/regions and regressive in six, while input subsidies are relatively progressive in 11 countries/regions, regressive in nine, and neutral in three. The results also show that input subsidy schemes significantly increase fertilizer use, particularly in richer regions within countries, leading to soil saturation of nitrogen, an indicator of accelerated environmental degradation. |
| Date: | 2023–04–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10414 |
| By: | Ahmed M Khalid (Department of Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan); Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This chapter provides a summary of the contributions in this book. One key argument presented throughout is that economies going through a transitional phase face several challenges such as rising unemployment, a lack of entrepreneurial and innovative skills, a dearth of expertise in economic planning and management and more. The recent economic changes experienced by Brunei Darussalam are driven by a structural transformation that occurs in all emerging countries during their development process. This shifting global Asia offers many opportunities for growth if Brunei accelerates policy implementation to innovate and diversify its economy. This is necessary to meet the challenges of the energy transition and the digital economy that are propelled by shocks like climate change and global pandemics. Brunei must also be ready for a demographic change, and invest in and modernise its education system to provide young people with the new skills that companies need. The contributions provide clear evidence that Brunei is increasingly committed to taking on the responsibility of being a more productive state. Oil and gas rents, which are an important driver of the long-run economic growth process, have been increasingly used to finance diversification and socioeconomic development, including generous welfare benefits. This chapter highlights certain niche areas, such as the development of financial sector including a focus on Islamic finance, strengthening agritourism, the services sector, an efficient public sector and more vibrant business sector, which are all key to the future success of Brunei and its ability to meet the anticipated targets as set out in Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035). |
| Abstract: | Ce chapitre résume les contributions de cet ouvrage. L'un des principaux arguments avancés tout au long de ce chapitre est que les économies traversant une phase de transition sont confrontées à plusieurs défis tels que la hausse du chômage, le manque de compétences entrepreneuriales et innovantes, le manque d'expertise en planification et gestion économiques, etc. Les récents changements économiques qu'a connus le Brunei Darussalam sont motivés par une transformation structurelle qui se produit dans tous les pays émergents au cours de leur processus de développement. Cette Asie mondiale en mutation offre de nombreuses opportunités de croissance si le Brunei accélère la mise en œuvre de politiques visant à innover et à diversifier son économie. Cela est nécessaire pour relever les défis de la transition énergétique et de l'économie numérique, propulsés par des chocs tels que le changement climatique et les pandémies mondiales. Le Brunei doit également se préparer à un changement démographique et investir dans son système éducatif et le moderniser pour fournir aux jeunes les nouvelles compétences dont les entreprises ont besoin. Les contributions démontrent clairement que le Brunei est de plus en plus déterminé à assumer la responsabilité d'être un État plus productif. Les rentes pétrolières et gazières, qui sont un moteur important du processus de croissance économique à long terme, sont de plus en plus utilisées pour financer la diversification et le développement socio-économique, y compris des prestations sociales généreuses. Ce chapitre met en évidence certains domaines de niche, tels que le développement du secteur financier, notamment en mettant l'accent sur la finance islamique, le renforcement de l'agritourisme, le secteur des services, un secteur public efficace et un secteur des affaires plus dynamique, qui sont tous essentiels au succès futur du Brunei et à sa capacité à atteindre les objectifs prévus tels qu'énoncés dans Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Brunei Vision 2035). |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965841 |
| By: | Brüggemann, Anke; Grewenig, Elisabeth; Rode, Johannes; Schwartz, Michael |
| Abstract: | The business sector in Germany increased climate-positive investment by 5% in real terms to EUR 85 billion in 2023. These are the findings of the 2024 KfW Climate Barometer. This growth was driven by large enterprises. They expanded their climate investments again considerably on the previous year (+19% in real terms). At the same time, the generally higher price level, rising financing costs and the economic slowdown have put the brakes on SMEs’ investment. Climate investment activity by SMEs decreased by 10% overall on an inflation-adjusted basis last year. Even in challenging times, many enterprises continue to have climate action on their agenda, with 51% having taken climate action into account in their business strategy. Eighty per cent of large enterprises and 24% of larger SMEs aspire to become climate neutral. |
| Date: | 2024–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:153211 |
| By: | Gaël Thébaud (UMR PHIM - Plant Health Institute of Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); César Martinez (BioSP - Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Mabell Tidball (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Most plant disease epidemics spread both within and between farms. However, in the absence of collective action, each farmer generally takes disease control decisions based on personal costs and benefits. It is important to identify under which conditions the combination of such private control decisions can have synergistic or antagonistic effects, and can lead to collective economic inefficiencies. We used the game theory framework to investigate these questions, considering a simplified two-period game where two farmers decide whether or not to control an epidemic on their farm. Taking the example of sharka epidemics, caused by plum pox virus in Prunus orchards, we characterized the game and its outcomes according to initial epidemic conditions and focused on those likely to produce economic inefficiencies. Our results show that depending on the initial infection levels, a broad range of games may arise, some of which involving synergistic or antagonistic control decisions. This means that the nature of strategic interactions between famers may change depending on the state of the epidemic. After a thorough characterization of the epidemic conditions for which private management produces collective economic inefficiencies, we investigated the expected effect of different public policy incentives aiming to reduce such inefficiencies. |
| Keywords: | Epidemiology, Economics, Strategy, Collective action, Plum pox virus |
| Date: | 2025–01–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04957505 |
| By: | Olivier Boissin (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this manual is to transmit knowledge relating to the management of innovation in an industrial production sector. Based on a practical case on sports cycles, the analysis is part of a broad spectrum ranging from the design, production and distribution of industrial goods marketed in large series and seeking to engage in the least possible in terms of sustainability. |
| Abstract: | Ce manuel a pour objet la transmission des connaissances relatives au pilotage de l'innovation dans une filière de production industrielle. Sur la base d'un cas pratique sur les cycles de sport, l'analyse s'inscrit dans un spectre large allant de la conception, de la production et de la distribution de biens industriels commercialisés en grande série et cherchant à s'engager le moins mal possible en soutenabilité. |
| Keywords: | acteur international des énergies renouvelables, ACV, analyse de la valeur, circularité industrielle, Costing, coût objectif, compétitivité, économie circulaire, éco-conception, empreinte matière, empreinte carbone, externalité, industrialisation, OEM-ODM, organisation industrielle, politique d’achat, qualification de fournisseurs, soutenabilité, valeur |
| Date: | 2024–07–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04697577 |
| By: | Beegle, Kathleen G.; Serajuddin, Umar; Stacy, Brian William; Wadhwa, Divyanshi |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goal agenda lays out an ambitious set of 231 indicators to track progress. Countries continue to fall short in terms of reporting on the indicators in general, and this is particularly the case for the subset of 50 gender-related indicators, where countries reported on average on 31 percent of these indicators in at least one year from 2016 to 2020. A closer look at this low coverage reveals four salient fundings. First, this is not just a problem of missing data; lack of reporting on existing data is detected to be a problem. For example, of the 32 gender-related indicators that are sex disaggregated, if countries that had a population estimate also had a sex-disaggregated estimate (which is almost always feasible), the Sustainable Development Goal gender coverage rate would be 43 percent instead of 31 percent. Second, better statistical systems are a major part of the solution, as statistical system strength is correlated with higher coverage. Third, poorer countries are doing no worse in reporting on gender-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators than high-income countries, despite weaker statistical systems. Lastly, sizable over (and under) performance in reporting, conditional on statistical strength, suggests that country-level advocacy and focus can yield wins in Sustainable Development Goal gender indicator coverage. |
| Date: | 2023–08–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10544 |
| By: | Baseler, Travis Andreas; Hennig, Jakob Johannes |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters displace millions of people a year, but little is known about their long-run impacts when institutional capacity to respond to the disaster is low. This paper estimates the long-run impacts of six major landslides in Uganda, where most affected households received little aid. The analysis combines administrative and survey data from nearly the full population of affected and nearby households with e xact landslide paths and a geological model of landslide risk to identify impacts relative to nearby households facing similar risk. Landslides substantially increase long-term displacement and migration, and affected households have significantly worse economic and mental health outcomes years afterward. Displacement worsens long-run outcomes, especially when not administered by the government. These findings contrast with many other studies of natural disaster, and suggest that the positive impacts of displacement require a favorable financial and institutional environment unlikely to be found in many countries. |
| Date: | 2023–08–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10535 |
| By: | Arezki, Rabah; Fernandes, Ana Margarida; Merchán, Federico; Nguyen, Ha; Reed, Tristan |
| Abstract: | Countries with greater commodity export intensity have more concentrated markets for imported goods. Import market concentration is associated with higher domestic prices, suggesting that markups due to greater concentration outweigh any potential cost efficiency. Tariffs, non-tariff measures, and tariff evasion are mechanisms that concentrate import markets. These results suggest a novel channel for the resource curse stemming from the monopolization of imports. |
| Date: | 2023–03–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10339 |
| By: | Dizon, Felipe Jr Fadullon; Imtiaz, Muhammad Saad; Yu, Jisang |
| Abstract: | This paper uses two years of agriculture census data to build a panel dataset that consists of all the small towns in Bhutan. This dataset is used to estimate the impact of irrigation gaps and drought on the yields of paddy, maize, and other crops. The paper compares the estimated impacts from a panel fixed effects model and a spatial first differences model. The findings show that irrigation gaps reduce paddy yields and droughts reduce maize yields. Estimates from the spatial first differences model are found to be consistent relative to those from the panel fixed effects model. The paper further finds that water constraints reduce yields of vegetable crops, and other constraints, such as labor shortages, wild animals, insects, and diseases, also reduce the yields of cereal crops. |
| Date: | 2023–04–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10410 |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (ACT - Analyse des Crises et Transitions - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This chapter looks at the growing mismatch between the labour force and employment in Brunei Darussalam and the policies that could lead to a better fit. The discussion is conducted from an international perspective to better understand the problems common to countries abundant in natural resources and the specificities of Brunei. Section 4.2 starts with an analysis of the demographic trends which shows that the labour force will peak around 2030 and decline slowly afterwards. Unemployment will get less severe in the long term. However, the total dependency rate will become more acute, which raises the issue of financing the social cost of an ageing population. In Sect. 4.3, we describe the highly segmented job structure that has been shaped by the Bruneian growth regime and the social context it has created. We look at unemployment and underutilisation of the labour force and show that labour market segmentation is one of their root causes. Section 4.4 is dedicated to a second driver of unemployment: the lack of diversification of the economy, despite the long-standing efforts of the Brunei government. We conclude with a discussion of the policies that could be adopted to contribute to better diversification of the economy that turns its small size into the basis for a new sustainable growth regime. |
| Abstract: | Ce chapitre examine l'inadéquation croissante entre la main-d'œuvre et l'emploi au Brunei Darussalam et les politiques qui pourraient conduire à une meilleure adéquation. La discussion est menée dans une perspective internationale pour mieux comprendre les problèmes communs aux pays abondants en ressources naturelles et les spécificités du Brunei. La section 4.2 commence par une analyse des tendances démographiques qui montre que la main-d'œuvre atteindra un pic vers 2030 et diminuera lentement par la suite. Le chômage deviendra moins grave à long terme. Cependant, le taux de dépendance totale deviendra plus aigu, ce qui soulève la question du financement du coût social d'une population vieillissante. Dans la section 4.3, nous décrivons la structure d'emploi très segmentée qui a été façonnée par le régime de croissance brunéien et le contexte social qu'il a créé. Nous examinons le chômage et la sous-utilisation de la main-d'œuvre et montrons que la segmentation du marché du travail est l'une de leurs causes profondes. La section 4.4 est consacrée à un deuxième facteur de chômage : le manque de diversification de l'économie, malgré les efforts de longue date du gouvernement du Brunei. Nous concluons par une discussion sur les politiques qui pourraient être adoptées pour contribuer à une meilleure diversification de l'économie qui transforme sa petite taille en base d'un nouveau régime de croissance durable. |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04965740 |
| By: | Bhattarai, Keshav; Adhikari, Ambika P. (Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS)); Gautam, Shiva |
| Abstract: | Nepali government’s official delineation of several human settlements as new urban areas has been questionable because many important criteria such as urban infrastructure and services, open space, population density, and economic viability are not thoroughly analyzed while defining what is urban. Many settlements in Nepal officially defined as urban, often driven by political considerations, are operating in the rural framework forming ruralopolises. This paper analyzes various criteria needed for defining urbanization that are internationally accepted to assess Nepal’s official definition of urban settlements. Urban areas have been expanding in Nepal at the cost of agricultural, forest, and shrubland land uses. We found that using the road as the main variable but keeping agriculture, forest, and shrubland constant, a one percent increase in road length will lead to an increase in the geographical area of urban settlements by 0.47 percent. Spatial visualization of urban expansion and road network clearly indicates that new urban areas that are radiating from the established large urban centers are expanding along the road network on land that is relatively flat with less than 15◦slopes to the horizontal plane. In the mountainous region, undulated landscape, low-density population, and lack of road infrastructure, among other factors, have limited the expansion of urban areas. To develop a sustainable urban development plan, this paper detailed land use and land cover analyses of all seven provinces. Using 10 ×10 m sentinel satellite imagery, the paper presents analyses of land use and cover changes from 2017 to 2021. These years were chosen because rapid urbanization started after the promulgation of the new constitution in 2015. However, its implementation and state restructuring began only after 2017. The urban areas, as defined by the government, expanded rapidly in the Tarai and mid-Hills regions from 23 % in 2014 to 66.08 % in 2015. |
| Date: | 2023–07–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gbwvk_v1 |
| By: | ’t Sas-Rolfes, Michael; Gooden, Jennifer Lynn |
| Abstract: | 1. Among factors that threaten wild populations of African megafauna, wildlife trade has gained prominence as a global policy issue, with concerted international campaigns aiming to influence the trade of species such as elephants, rhinos, and lions. Trade policy is strongly contested, confounding attempts to develop coherent approaches across jurisdictions and through international mechanisms such as CITES. This undermines conservation efforts. Understanding the drivers of such conflict may help to address this problem. 2. Scholars of political science increasingly recognize the power of ideas as drivers within policy processes. Guided by this literature, we developed an analytical framework and conducted a thematic analysis to examine the ideas driving wildlife trade policy conflict. Our nested case study approach examined debates over trade policy toward African elephants, rhinos, and lions, at two levels: the international policy arena of CITES and within a single country, South Africa. Informed by earlier literature, we tracked the evolution of international trade policy debates over a four-year period (2016–2019) and analysed submissions to a national policy review process in South Africa that took place during 2020. 3. During the study period, state and non-state actors contributed to vigorous trade policy debates within seven key thematic issues across the case study species. Arguments were driven by both cognitive ideas, which specify cause-and-effect relationships, and normative ideas, which are values-based and especially salient elements of anti-trade stances. 4. Fusing these cognitive and normative ideational elements, we identified three distinct over-arching narratives relating to wildlife trade policy. These three narratives align with broader environmental policy and political narratives and elucidate inherent tensions within the CITES arena. They also reveal differing ethical interpretations and perceptions of risk, precaution, and the role of property rights. 5. Policy implications: Wildlife trade policy conflict is driven at least in part by competing ideological visions, which may be entrenched by the CITES Appendix listing system. The structural role of CITES in perpetuating this polarization—and the consequences thereof—warrants further research. |
| Date: | 2023–06–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bzse5_v1 |
| By: | Wang, Dieter; O'Reilly Gurhy, Bryan; Hanusch, Marek; Kollenda, Philipp |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a new relative evaluation and benchmarking framework for performance linked financing instruments. It argues that the carrots and sticks of sustainability-linked bonds should not use key performance indicators which are solely tied to outcomes. Instead, they should be based on its issuer’s level of performance with respect to a target. The paper defines performance as the part of the outcome that the issuer can influence. Otherwise, the issuer may be rewarded or penalized for factors outside their control. In such a case, principal-agent theory would predict a dilution of the performance-based instrument’s incentives. This framework is then applied to deforestation in Brazil’s Legal Amazon and estimate performance by accounting for the real effective exchange rate, global commodity prices, and prevalent deforestation trends. The results show that policy efforts helped lower deforestation in the 2000s, even after accounting for external factors. The trend reversal and acceleration in deforestation since 2012 are partly due to weaker policy and macroeconomic factors. Based on these results, the paper proposes an Amazon sustainability-linked bond, which could allow for a more effective mechanism to incentivize policy efforts. The paper also introduces the feasibility and ambitiousness matrix to set sustainability performance targets. The matrix is used to define the terms low-hanging fruits and long shots and to discuss why such targets are subject to the risk of greenwashing. |
| Date: | 2023–09–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10558 |
| By: | Sonja Radosavljevic; Ezio Venturino; Francesca Acotto; Quanli Wang; Jie Su; Alexandros Gasparatos |
| Abstract: | Aquaculture has been the fastest growing food production sector globally due to its potential to improve food security, stimulate economic growth, and reduce poverty. Its rapid development has been linked to sustainability challenges, many of which are still unresolved and poorly understood. Small-scale producers account for an increasing fraction of aquacultural output. At the same time, many of these producers experience poverty, food insecurity, and rely on unimproved production practices. We develop a stylized mathematical model to explore the effects of ecological, social, and economic factors on the dynamics of a small-scale pond aquaculture system. Using analytical and numerical methods, we explore the stability, asymptotic dynamics, and bifurcations of the model. Depending on the characteristics of the system, the model exhibits one of three distinct configurations: monostability with a global poverty trap in a nutrient-dominated or fish-dominated system; bistability with poverty trap and well-being attractors; multistability with poverty trap and two well-being attractors with different characteristics. The model results show that intensification can be sustainable only if it takes into account the local social-ecological context. In addition, the heterogeneity of small-scale aquaculture producers matters, as the effects of intensification can be unevenly distributed among them. Finally, more is not always better because too high nutrient input or productivity can lead to a suboptimal attractor or system collapse. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.18488 |
| By: | Deininger, Klaus W.; Goyal, Aparajita |
| Abstract: | In coming decades, Africa’s urban populations will expand, and effects of climate change more keenly felt. In this context, land policies and institutions will be essential to allow urban dwellers to access productive jobs, breathe clean air, and live in decent housing; entrepreneurs, especially women, to leverage land for productive investment; and farmers to diversify, insure against shocks, and accumulate capital. Yet, many African land registries perform poorly, command little trust, and have failed to capitalize on opportunities to improve quality, relevance, and outreach via digital interoperability, use of earth observation, and connectivity. Reform examples and literature suggest that (i) regulatory and institutional reforms are key to building state capacity even in the absence of titling programs; (ii) title issuance in urban areas that aims to improve property tax collection, develop markets for long-term finance, and support infrastructure planning, financing, and construction will have higher returns than rural titling; (iii) issuance of digital georeferenced land use rights can help activate rural factor markets and, if linked to farmer registries, improve subsidy targeting and effectiveness; and (iv) demarcation and transparent decentralized management of public land is essential to attract investment, including climate finance without fueling corruption and manage disputes before they escalate into ethnic violence. |
| Date: | 2023–03–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10389 |
| By: | Nguyen Huy, Tung; Adjognon, Guigonan Serge; van Soest, Daan |
| Abstract: | Forest fires are among the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses remote sensing data on forest fires and remaining tree cover to estimate the effectiveness of a project targeted at reducing fire incidences in twelve protected forests in arid Burkina Faso. The project consisted of two components that were implemented in the villages surrounding the target forests: a campaign aimed at raising community awareness about the detrimental effects of forest fires, and a program to support establishing and maintaining forest fire prevention infrastructures. Using the Synthetic Control Method the paper finds that the project resulted in a 35% reduction in forest fire occurrences in the period of the year when they tend to be most prevalent —in November, at the very end of the agricultural season. However, this impact is short-lived (as the reduction only occurred in the first four years of the program). The reduction in forest fires also did not result in a detectable increase in vegetation cover—because the reduction in November was not sufficiently large to be captured via remote sensing, or because the duration of the reduction was too short for the vegetation to recover. The paper then tries to uncover the underlying mechanisms to shed light on which of the project’s components were effective and to also learn how the program can be improved. |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10336 |
| By: | Nohayla Badrane (ENCGS - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de SETTAT); Zineb Bamousse (Ecole nationale de commerce et de gestion settat) |
| Abstract: | In a rapidly evolving landscape marked by continuous change and complex challenges, effective cash management stands as a cornerstone for ensuring business sustainability and driving performance. To address these pressing demands, cash managersare increasingly turning to innovative financing solutions such as venture capital, green finance, crowdfunding, advanced services from Pan-African banks, and blockchain technology. These cutting-edge tools are pivotal in bolstering resilience against market volatility, ecological transitions, and the accelerating pace of technological change. The present article aims to examine how such innovative financial approaches can serve as strategic drivers, enabling businesses to transform challenges into opportunities. The analysis underscores that rethinking cash management through innovation is a critical pathway toboost the performance of Moroccan companies. Therefore, embracing these forward-thinking strategies unlocks new avenues for development empowering them to adapt with agility amidst the uncertainties of a shifting environment. |
| Abstract: | Sous l'emprise d'un paradigme économique traversé par des mutations constantes et des défis contemporains complexes, la gestion de la trésorerie s'impose la pierre angulaire qui conditionne la pérennité et influe sur la performance des entreprises. Face à ces enjeux, les trésoriers sont appelés à se servir des modes de financement innovants tels que le capital-risque, la finance verte, le Crowdfunding, les solutions avant-gardistes des banques panafricaines, ainsi que les services offerts par la blockchain. Ces outils novateurs agissent comme des catalyseurs majeurs de la résilience face à un paysage imprégné de la volatilité des marchés, des transitions écologiques et des exigences croissantes d'adaptation technologique. A ce propos, le présent article a pour ambition d'investiguer la manière dont ces modes de financements innovants peuvent servir de leviers stratégiques pour transformer ces défis en opportunités. Les résultats mettent en évidence que l'innovation au coeur de la gestion de la trésorerie constitue un vecteur incontestable pour soutenir la compétitivité et booster la performance des entreprises marocaines, Elle ouvre ainsi de nouvelles perspectives de développement en leur permettant de naviguer avec agilité à travers les turbulences d'un environnement en pleine mutation. |
| Keywords: | Innovative cash management, Financial performance, Sustainability, Innovative financing instruments, Resilience, Gestion de trésorerie innovante, Performance financière, Pérennité, Instruments de financement innovants, résilience |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04956625 |
| By: | Uquillas, Carlos Alfredo |
| Abstract: | En este artículo se presenta una propuesta metodológica para el ingreso de los residuos y la materia prima secundaria en la matriz insumo producto visión matriz de contabilidad social que permita la evaluación de la política de gestión residuos. Para el efecto se utilizó como marco teórico la demanda agregada de Kalecki, la metodología para elaborar una MIP y las estimaciones porcentuales de residuos industriales y municipales. Con esta información se alcanzó el objetivo planteado y confirmó el equilibrio entre oferta y demanda agregada y las dos condiciones de consistencia macroeconómica necesarias para este modelo. |
| Keywords: | Residuos, demanda agregada, matriz insumo producto, materia prima secundaria. |
| JEL: | C67 E12 E13 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–01–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123667 |
| By: | Cotte Poveda, Alexander; Pardo Martínez, Clara Inés |
| Abstract: | The tourism industry is economically very important. According to the World Travel Tourism Council, in 2019, the tourism industry accounted for a quarter of all new jobs created worldwide, 10.3% of all jobs, and 9.6×1012 USD of the global gross domestic product. This study aimed to calculate the tourism efficiency index for different Latin American countries from 2010 to 2021 using data envelopment analysis, which analyzes the relationships between input variables (including the number of employees in the tourism industry and the number of hotel-type establishments) and output variables (including tourism expenditures in other countries and public social expenditures in recreation and culture per capita). Additionally, this study aimed to identify the countries with greater tourism development and the factors that may affect the development of the tourism industry through the stochastic frontier production function. The results of the tourism efficiency index for Central America (including Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, and Panama) and South America (including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) exhibited different trends. However, after the global health crisis, the tourism industry recovered, showing new opportunities to promote sustainability. The results of the stochastic frontier production function demonstrated that countries with higher levels of inbound and outbound tourism, contribution of tourism to the economy, natural resources, and literacy rate exhibited more efficient tourism industry, whereas countries with higher pollution levels exhibited less efficient tourism industry. The findings of this study could allow us to formulate suitable public policies to promote tourism, maintain natural resources, and diversify these sectors with more inclusive programmes that can facilitate growth and benefit vulnerable communities. |
| Keywords: | Tourism industry, Tourism efficiency, index Stochastic frontier, production function, Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Latin America. |
| JEL: | O10 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123619 |
| By: | Nelozhin, Sergei |
| Abstract: | The short article is devoted to the burning issue of exclusive danger hanging over Europe. A way out of the situation is achievable only in the case of unprecedented efforts on the part of the EU leadership and the national governments in the Conti-nent, supplemented by the most active participation of the European public. Then the path to required overall social progress will be feasible. |
| Keywords: | Europe, military confrontation, modernizing weapons, inclusive world economic order, sustainable development |
| JEL: | A12 P00 |
| Date: | 2025–02–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123702 |
| By: | Ezran, Irene Anne Sophie; Morris, Stephen David; Rama, Martin G.; Riera-Crichton, Daniel |
| Abstract: | This paper uses satellite readings of nitrogen (NO2) air pollution, a byproduct of combustion, to improve the measurement of global economic activity. The proposed approach improves upon night light measures for countries where data manipulation, conflict, or other factors have led to poor national accounts. The paper also shows that existing country rankings of gross domestic product accuracy over the past 15 years are unreliable, even among advanced economies. For example, the paper shows that during COVID, in France, the UK and Spain gross domestic product in 2020 was underreported by 76, 181, and 205 basis points respectively. The methodological contribution extends previous Error-Measurement frameworks which, suffer from error-in-variables biases, with an objective, data-driven identification strategy exploiting the plausibly orthogonal measurement errors between nitrogen dioxide and night lights, which are measured at different times. |
| Date: | 2023–05–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10445 |
| By: | Valentin Mathieu (AgroParisTech, SILVA - SILVA - AgroParisTech - UL - Université de Lorraine - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Introductory lecture on international wood trade for Master students in Forestry Science and Engineering. The objective of this lecture is to diagnose the current state of the international wood trade and to identify the issues at stake through the following objectives: 1. To define what international timber trade is, its conceptual framework and its scope. 2. To identify the main databases on international timber trade and their limitations. 3. To understand the current structure of the international trade in roundwood and its recent dynamics. 4. To identify the current determinants that drive the international timber trade and explore some perspectives. 5. To identify current issues related to the international timber trade through a series of case studies. |
| Abstract: | Cours d'introduction au commerce international du bois destiné aux étudiants de Master en sciences et ingénierie forestières. L'objectif de ce cours est de diagnostiquer l'état actuel du commerce international du bois et d'en identifier les enjeux à travers les objectifs suivants : 1. Définir ce qu'est le commerce international du bois, son cadre conceptuel et sa portée. 2. Identifier les principales bases de données sur le commerce international du bois et leurs limites. 3. Comprendre la structure actuelle du commerce international de bois rond et sa dynamique récente. 4. Identifier les déterminants actuels du commerce international du bois et explorer certaines perspectives. 5. Identifier les problèmes actuels liés au commerce international du bois à travers une série d'études de cas. |
| Keywords: | International trade, Forest economics, Wood products, Forest science |
| Date: | 2024–11–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04917942 |
| By: | Williams, Logan D. A. |
| Abstract: | Modern industry organizations believe they can create designs that solve problems for people. At one level, that is the bias of privilege and a technocratic outlook. But the bias is deeply embedded in the incentive structure: profits are highest if you externalize the cost of preventing environmental and social harms. Efforts to change perspective can be the first step, but we need to change how we design our organizations -- empowering our technosocial imagination to find strategies that link financial success, changes in technical practice, and harm prevention. These include alternative organizational legal structures, standards, and certifications that support and emphasize a social mission. (Note: This is supplement for the book Because Technology Discriminates: Anti-Racist Counter-Expertise https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27868- 6). |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nhykg_v1 |
| By: | Stokenberga, Aiga; Escalante Hernandez, Cecilia Nallely; Dominguez Gonzalez, Karla; Espinet Alegre, Xavier; Becoulet, Malaika |
| Abstract: | Mobility of goods and people in rural Haiti is constrained by the sparce road network and low maintenance of existing infrastructure. These challenges are further exacerbated by frequent natural disasters, including seasonal floods and earthquakes of significant magnitudes. This study conducted household surveys, qualitative interviews with humanitarian and development organizations on the ground, and spatial and statistical analysis to understand the impact of the relative importance of various constraints to accessing schooling, health care, and livelihood opportunities in rural Haiti, especially focusing on the most marginalized population groups. The various data collected corroborate the conclusion that transport issues—travel time, flooded roads, and lack of continuously functioning public transport services, among others—are central in the local residents’ ability to access services and livelihood opportunities. At the same time, for many marginalized people, such as women and people living with a disability, other significant barriers are present, in terms of lack of affordability, inappropriate design of school and health care facilities, risk of assault, discrimination, and cultural norms. Living in a community where roads where damaged by the August 2021 earthquake is associated with reduced odds of having accessed needed health care or sold any of the produced agricultural harvest in the following months and with higher odds of children having missed school. Overall, the findings point to the need for a broad set of interventions—combining infrastructure and complementary policies—to allow everyone, including the most marginalized groups, to gain full access to health, education, and livelihood opportunities. |
| Date: | 2023–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10550 |
| By: | Bradshaw, Aaron |
| Abstract: | More-than-human, multispecies, and animals’ geographic accounts of the city have tended to focus on large, charismatic, and wild organisms, to the detriment of spatially invisible other-than-humans central to urban reproduction. At the same time, urban microbial geographies have foregrounded embodied interactions between humans and microorganisms, whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic, often marginalising the material contributions of extracorporeal microbiomes to the urban fabric. Building from these two blindspots, this article focuses on microbial ecologies that live constitutively outside of (other-than-)human bodies and which are intimately caught up in the metabolic intensities and infrastructural environments of the urban realm. There are two key aims: 1) to explore different forms of urban microbial ecologies and 2) to examine their relationships with urban infrastructures and reproduction. My disciplinary lenses are animals’ geographies and urban ecology and my case study focuses on urban water metabolism. Thus, based on empirical fieldwork on the urban river Lea in East London, and supplemented by scientific literature and technical documents, I analyse three urban microbial ecologies that correspond to the urban realms ‘extended microbiomes’: those involved in slow sand filtration for the treatment of drinkable water, those involved in sewage treatment via the activated sludge process, and those emerging and evolving in disused urban canal infrastructure. These processes spatially manage microbial growth and modulate the distribution of different forms of microbial agency with important effects for the smooth functioning of urban water metabolism. Yet, considering the specific materiality and ecological agency of microbes points to a more-than-human contingency and indeterminacy at the centre of urban reproduction. Urban human-microbial co-evolution and is mired with uncertainties, ‘black boxes’, and unintended consequences. |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:drcuw_v1 |
| By: | Dobrotic, Ivana (University of Zagreb); Arnalds, Ásdís Aðalbjörg; Dimitrova, Elitsa; Son, Keonhi; Engeman, Cassandra; Valentova, Marie; Mercan, Murat A.; Ilieva, Kalina; Makay, Zsuzsanna; Reimer, Thordis |
| Abstract: | The COST Action „Parental Leave Policies & Social Sustainability” (CA21150) aims to advance and disseminate knowledge about the significance of paid parental leave policies (PPL) for sustainable societies. When assessing whether leave policies are moving towards the social sustainability goals of gender equality, reducing poverty, and increasing health and well-being, it is important to have available data that allows for analysis of inequalities in eligibility, take-up, and outcomes of PPL. Therefore, Working Group 5 (WG5) of CA21150 critically assessed (1) existing comparative surveys, (2) publicly available comparative leave policy indicators databases, and (3) the availability of administrative data at the national level and examples of existing national surveys on PPL use. The aim is to identify PPL data gaps and facilitate thinking about solutions to overcome these gaps and develop recommendations for advancing the data. This report presents the findings of the critical assessment of data availability. |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:8g25k_v1 |
| By: | Choi-Fitzpatrick, Austin |
| Abstract: | This article suggests that humanity may be approaching a critical juncture, since a confluence of macrohistorical changes might—individually or collectively—fundamentally transform the field of human rights, and usher in a second human rights era. In particular, it suggests the confluence of tectonic geopolitical changes, system-wide shifts in climate and energy, and fundamentally new developments in science and technology might lead to a rupture of the same scale as the cluster of events that heralded the onset of the current rights regime. This argument builds on a number of literatures, especially those focused on norms cycles, rights generations, and what is being called the “ontological turn.” Yet the implications extend beyond these conversations in terms of both conceptual scale (the emphasis here is on critical junctures between eras, rather than cycles or generations within eras) as well as temporal scale (the emphasis is on the medium-to-long-range future, rather than the near future). An effort to ground this speculation takes the form of testable hypotheses and practical recommendations. |
| Date: | 2023–09–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:frdhm_v1 |
| By: | Assunção, Juliano; Carlquist Rabelo De Araujo, Rafael; Amorim Braganca, Arthur |
| Abstract: | Investments in transportation infrastructure can impact the environment beyond their immediate surroundings. This paper builds an interregional trade model to estimate the general equilibrium effects of changes in infrastructure on deforestation. Using panel data on the evolution of the transportation network in Brazil and land use data in the Amazon, the paper estimates the model and finds sizable effects of infrastructure on deforestation. Model simulations show that ignoring general equilibrium underestimates the impacts of deforestation by one-quarter. The paper also shows that the model can be used for evaluation of the deforestation induced by individual projects, which is an essential input for public policies. |
| Date: | 2023–04–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10415 |