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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Bulut, Hamid; Samuel, Robin |
| Abstract: | In the face of climate change, the principles of distributive social justice have become paramount in addressing the implications of resource allocation and the unequal impacts of environmental degradation. Our study explores the relationship between distributive social justice and environmental attitudes among young people in the context of climate change. Using a natural experimental design, we examine how the 2021 European Floods influenced social justice and environmental attitudes. Our results indicate significant shifts in attitudes, particularly regarding social justice, following the flooding. We found a strong and robust relationship between social justice and environmental attitudes. A causal mediation analysis revealed that floods affected environmental attitudes indirectly through social justice attitudes beyond direct effects. Our results emphasise the importance of integrating the principles of justice in addressing climate change and suggest that young people’s perspectives on social justice play a crucial role in shaping environmental policies and responses to climate crises. |
| Date: | 2025–02–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gx4hc_v2 |
| By: | Nidhi Kalra; Edmundo Molina-Pérez (Rand Corporation); James Syme (Rand Corporation); Fernando Esteves; Hermilio Cortés; Mateo Tonatiuh Rodríguez-Cervantes; Víctor Manuel Espinoza-Juárez; Marcela Jaramillo; Richard Baron (2050 Pathways Platform); Claudio Alatorre; Marco Butazzoni; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (Inter-American Development Bank - Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Are development and decarbonization conflicting or complementary goals? In this report, we explore how Latin America and the Caribbean can improve socioeconomic and development outcomes while also reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Specifically, we introduce SiSePuede, an open source decarbonization modeling toolkit that evaluates decarbonization actions costs, benefits, and emissions reductions across the economy. We find that maximizing actions could achieve net-zero emissions in the region before 2050 and net $2.7 trillion in benefits compared to more traditional development. Benefits include massive fuel cost savings; avoided costs from reduced air pollution, congestion, and car crashes; and the value of ecosystem services from forests. Although there are many paths to net-zero emissions, three actions are critical: producing electricity with renewables, electrifying transport, and protecting and restoring forests by halting deforestation and shifting food-production patterns. Economy-wide strategies that implement these actions at scale can reduce emissions dramatically and net enormous benefits to the region even amid deep uncertainties, with a median of $1 trillion in net benefits across all scenarios. These benefits are unevenly distributed across sectors and actors, and across time, so realizing them and ensuring a just transition to net zero requires governments to overcome important financing, regulatory, infrastructure, and other barriers. Each country must tailor its own strategy to address development and emissions goals based on local priorities, capabilities, resources, and technical capacity. SiSePuede provides a robust analytical foundation to support these efforts. |
| Keywords: | decarbonization, long-term strategy, climate mitigation, NDC |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04458161 |
| By: | Hector Pollitt; Migle Petrauskaite |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a “plausible worst-case” scenario for Cambodia to illustrate how a severe, 1-in-10-year flood could trigger cascading impacts, including widespread disease outbreaks and financial instability. The analysis shifts from forecasting to risk management, focusing on the economic consequences at each stage of this disaster chain. As climate change increases the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, Cambodia’s vulnerabilities are likely to intensify, with severe floods leading to disruptions in health care, declines in labor productivity, and risks to financial stability. Although Cambodia’s current financial position provides some resilience, the risk of financial contagion remains, especially due to the growing sovereign-bank nexus. The paper highlights the importance of integrating climate risks into Cambodia’s broader risk management strategies and suggests preemptive interventions, such as improving flood forecasting, health care infrastructure, and exploring disaster risk finance instruments. These measures could help mitigate the cascading impacts of climate-induced disasters and build long-term resilience. The paper concludes that a shift from reactive crisis management to proactive preparedness and adaptation will be crucial for Cambodia’s ability to manage future climate risks and ensure economic and social stability. |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10983 |
| By: | Enrique Aldaz-Carroll; Euijin Jung; Maryla Maliszewska; Iryna Sikora |
| Abstract: | The three major players in the global economy, the United States, the European Union, and China, have been designing climate mitigation policies that will help reduce their carbon emissions but will also likely reshape developing countries’ trade, prices, and access to technology. This paper examines developing countries’ exposure to such changes. Overall, the policies are expected to curtail demand for fossil fuels, energy-intensive manufacturing, and agricultural exports linked to environmental degradation. They are also expected to open export opportunities in critical minerals, electric vehicles and their components, and renewable energy technologies and components. The exposure of affected export sectors and the overall economy to these changes will vary across countries based on the orientation of their export sectors to the markets in the European Union, the United States, and Chinese as well as the weight of affected exports in their economies. The climate policies will also likely reduce oil prices and raise critical mineral prices, help reduce the cost of green technologies, and increase green foreign investment. The paper draws recommendations for developing countries, the European Union, the United States, and China, as well as the international community, on how best to help developing countries lessen the potential negative competitiveness effects of these climate policies and make the most of the opportunities for a faster green transition and economic development. |
| Date: | 2024–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10988 |
| By: | Albanese, Marina; Busato, Francesco; Ulloa Severino, Claudia; Varlese, Monica |
| Abstract: | The transition from fossil fuels to sustainable solutions remains a significant challenge, primarily due to path dependence which affects many economies. This calls for a new approach to economic growth that fully accounts for environmental costs. Consequently, understanding the factors that influence GDP growth is essential for achieving sustainable economic development. This study contributes to the existing literature by examining how greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, and urbanization impact GDP growth across various economic contexts. Employing a balanced panel comprising the US, EU27 and the BRICS economies from 1990 to 2022, it is among the first ones to incorporate the expanded BRICS+ economies into the analysis. Key empirical results are the following: First, Greenhouse gas emissions have a unidirectional effect on GDP growth across all panels, driven by emissions-intensive sectors like manufacturing; Second, in BRICS+ countries, urbanization and GDP are strongly interconnected, with emissions-driven growth posing future sustainability challenges; Third, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is supported, indicating that while economic growth initially leads to greater pollution, higher incomes eventually promote investment in renewable sources. Hence, policies promoting the energy transition underscore the importance of integrating the economic growth and environmental sustainability in pursuing multidimensional well-being. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, Economic growth, GHG emission, Panel data regression. |
| JEL: | C23 E60 E66 F64 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123550 |
| By: | Lin, Fan; Xie, Danyang |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium integrated assessment model (DGE-IAM) with endogenous technological changes to explore strategies for China to optimize social welfare, mitigate climate change, and transition to green development. We analyze three solutions and provide corresponding projections of their outcomes: market solution (no intervention), carbon tax solution (carbon taxes and rebates), and green technology solution (induced R\&D investment in green knowledge). While the temperature rise will reach $4.2^\circ C$ in market solution by the next century, it is reduced to $4.0^\circ C$ in the carbon tax solution with social welfare gains. In the green technology solution, economic growth pattern is almost intact with welfare gains while carbon emission approaches net-zero and climate change is curbed and even repairs consistently lower than $1^\circ C$ in centuries. Our results highlight the potential of R\&D investment in green knowledge, e.g., the modern new energy sector, as crucial for China's green transition in the long run with possibly welfare gains. We emphasize the need for immediate and intensive actions and offer valuable insights for policymakers addressing climate change and promoting a sustainable future for China. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Endogenous Technological Changes, Induced R\&D, China |
| JEL: | E27 O33 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123556 |
| By: | Koul, Sanjay |
| Abstract: | This paper explores global, regional, and national initiatives aimed at achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, focusing on progress made at each level. The global push for decarbonization has seen over 130 countries committing to net-zero targets, driven by international agreements and the growing urgency to mitigate climate change. Major global players, including the United States, the European Union, and Japan, have made legally binding commitments, while financial projections suggest that approximately $275 trillion will be required globally to transition to sustainable energy systems by 2050. This includes investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and carbon capture technologies. The Middle East, historically reliant on fossil fuels, is undergoing a significant transformation, with nations like Saudi Arabia and the UAE setting ambitious net-zero goals. Saudi Arabia has pledged to achieve net-zero by 2060, while the UAE has set its target for 2050. These countries are leading the region in renewable energy investments, focusing heavily on solar power, with projects such as the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park and Saudi Arabia’s NEOM city project. This paper analyzes the economic, technological, and policy frameworks supporting these net-zero initiatives across the globe, with a specific focus on the Middle East’s unique challenges and progress. It highlights the growing reliance on renewable energy, the role of international collaborations, and the hurdles that remain for regions heavily dependent on hydrocarbons. The analysis underscores the importance of sustained financial investments, innovation in green technologies, and multilateral cooperation to meet net-zero targets by 2050. |
| Date: | 2025–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ek3gd_v1 |
| By: | Stacciarini, João Henrique Santana (Federal University of Goiás); Gonçalves, Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges, social pressures, and international agreements underscore the need for a transition to renewable energy sources. This shift is driven by the economic feasibility of technologies such as solar and wind power. However, the transition to renewable energy faces significant obstacles: its lower energy density compared to fossil fuels requires larger structures to produce equivalent amounts of energy. Additionally, these sources have a shorter lifespan than conventional ones, leading to increased demand for minerals, which are often extracted in Global South countries. This dynamic may exacerbate the socio-environmental conflicts and impacts associated with mining. Based on data collection and analysis from various global reports, complemented by academic studies from different regions, this study explores the intrinsic connection between renewable energy sources and the expansion of mining activities, highlighting the implications of this process. |
| Date: | 2025–02–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jdfyw_v1 |
| By: | Dasol Kim; Luke M. Olson; Toan Phan |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how banks adjust their risk models and lending in response to the emergent risk of climate change following Hurricane Harvey (Working Paper no. 24-03). |
| Keywords: | Banks, climate risk, real estate, natural disasters, competition, moral hazard |
| Date: | 2024–06–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:wpaper:24-03 |
| By: | Samuel Appiah Ofori; Frederick Asante; Tessia Ama Boatemaa Boateng; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas |
| Abstract: | Mangrove ecosystems are recognised as one of the nature-based solutions to a changing climate. Notwithstanding the socio-ecological benefits of mangrove ecosystems, they are increasingly being destructed in some regions of the world. In Ghana, several studies have reported on the status, use, and management strategies of mangrove ecosystems in different sites of the country. However, these studies do not make it possible to appreciate the broader picture of Ghana's mangrove ecosystems since they are not synthesized into a single comprehensive report. This study uses the ROSES method for systematic reviews to report on Ghana's mangrove ecosystem distribution and species composition, as well as their socio-economic benefits, the anthropogenic and natural impacts on Ghana's mangrove ecosystems, and the management strategies and/or practices on Ghana's mangrove ecosystems. The study reveals there is no existing management strategy for Ghana's mangrove ecosystems, and therefore recommends the need to develop and implement policies and regulations that specifically target the protection and sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems in Ghana. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Ecosystem management; Mangroves; Socio-ecological systems; Species distribution; Systematic evidence syntheses |
| Date: | 2023–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/372900 |
| By: | Müting, Luisa; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | In the African Sahel region, arable land is being increasingly threatened by the implications of climate change. Agroforestry offers opportunities to adapt to these challenges by enhancing ecological 4 resilience and food production through intensification and/or diversification by integrating fertilizer and/or fruit trees. While previous studies have explored agroforestry adoption broadly, little is known about how smallholders’ tree species selection aligns with their perceptions of climate change. This study investigates whether Senegalese smallholders plant trees and how they select fertilizer and/or fruit tree species to adapt their food production to perceived climate change effects. Using survey data from 606 smallholders in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin, we grouped reported tree species into fertilizer and fruit tree categories and applied a Heckman regression model for our analysis. Our results show that resource constraints, such as limited access to wells, secure land tenure, agroforestry knowledge, or financial resources are main barriers to tree planting. Climate change perceptions, however, affect species selection, with fruit trees likely being selected when for instance land degradation or shortened rainy seasons are perceived as threats. The perception of soil salinization discourages fertilizer and fruit tree planting. Policy efforts should focus on improving resource access, promoting salt-tolerant tree species, and encouraging smallholders to integrate both, fertilizer and fruit trees into cropping systems to enhance intensification and diversification of food production as holistic adaptation strategy to climate change effects. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:350117 |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Alina Velias; Lydia Papadaki; Lazaros Antonios Chatzilazarou; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Efficient and sustainable water management is imperative due to the mounting pressure on global water supplies from over-exploitation, desertification, and pollution. Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) strategies have demonstrated efficacy in decision support; however, a more comprehensive integration of participatory and economic methodologies is required. The objective of this research is to enhance water resource management through collaborative, stakeholder-driven innovation by integrating experimental economics with Living Labs (LLs). Living Labs offer genuine environments for collaborative creation, enabling scientists and stakeholders to resolve water-related concerns such as supply, demand, and scarcity. These environments establish a connection between controlled experimental conditions and real-world applications, offering a comprehensive understanding of policy formulation and behavioral reactions. We use the Limassol Water Futures Living Lab (LWFLL) as a case study that is dedicated to the creation of a comprehensive, intelligent decision-making framework that will enable the effective management of water resources in the presence of unpredictable climate conditions. LLs can be strengthened and improved by economic methodologies, particularly in water valuation, through integrated frameworks that account for environmental externalities and opportunity costs. Real-time input is provided by technological innovations such as smart meters, desalination technologies or soil moisture sensors, which enables dynamic pricing models to accurately depict the economic and environmental costs associated with water consumption. Experimental economics' external validity is enhanced by the integration of behavioral insights and experimental approaches into LLs, which places interventions in real-world settings. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral Microeconomics, Field Experiments, Water Resource Management, Water Supply and Demand, Analysis of Collective Decision-Making |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2521 |
| By: | Mar Delgado-Téllez (EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK); Javier Quintana (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Daniel Santabárbara (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | An increase of €100 per tonne in the EU carbon price reduces the carbon footprint but lowers GDP due to higher energy costs and carbon leakage. Using a dynamic multi-sector, multi-country model augmented with an energy block that includes endogenous renewable energy investment, we analyze the macroeconomic and emissions effects of a carbon price. Investment in renewable energy mitigates electricity price increases in the medium term, leading to a smaller GDP loss (up to -0.4%) and a larger emissions reduction (24%) in the EU. Neglecting renewable energy investment overestimates the negative economic impact. We also find that a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) reduces carbon leakage but slightly hurts GDP and inflation as the competitive gain is offset by the higher costs of imported intermediate inputs. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, renewable energy investment, carbon border adjustment, production networks |
| JEL: | C6 H2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2506 |
| By: | Gadea Rivas, María Dolores |
| Abstract: | Climate is a long-term issue, and as such, climate forecasts should be designed with a long-term perspective. These forecasts are critical for crafting mitigation policies aimed at achieving one of the primary objectives of the Paris Climate Agreement (PCA) and for designing adaptation strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of climate change. Furthermore, they serve as indispensable tools for assessing climate risks and guiding the green transition effectively. This paper introduces a straightforward method for generating long-term temperature density forecasts using observational data, leveraging the realized quantile methodology developed by Gadea and Gonzalo (JoE, 2020). This methodology transforms unconditional quantiles into time series objects. The resulting forecasts complement those produced by physical climate models, which primarily focus on average temperature values. By contrast, our density forecasts capture broader distributional characteristics, including spatial disparities that are often obscured in mean-based projections. The proposed approach involves conducting an outof-sample forecast model competition and integrating the forecasts from the resulting Pareto-superior models. This method reduces dependency on any single forecast model, enhancing the robustness of the results. Additionally, recognizing climate change as a non-uniform phenomenon, our approach emphasizes the importance of analyzing climate data from a regional perspective, providing differentiated predictions to address the complexities of a heterogeneous future. This regional focus underscores the necessity of accounting for spatial disparities to better assess risks and develop effective policies for mitigation, adaptation, and compensation. Finally, this paper advocates that future climate agreements and policymakers should prioritize analyzing the entire temperature distribution rather than focusing solely on average values. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Long-run climate forecast; Density forecast; Realized quantiles; Trends; Forecast combination; Global warming; Heterogeneous climate change |
| JEL: | C31 C32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:45946 |
| By: | Santiapichi, Giulio; Akcija, Zelena |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamics of EU Environmental policy enforcement and the issue of ensuring compliance from foreign companies operating in the EU's waste management sector. The analysis will discuss the impact of China's 2017 ban on importing plastic waste for the EU, particularly looking at its implications for the EU waste management sector. The paper will suggest that China's ban ultimately dismantled the EU waste management framework, forcing it to begin treating low-quality plastics domestically. Through highlighting inconsistencies in the EU's environmental regulations, the study will suggest that the current domestic treatment of low-quality plastics in the EU has triggered instances of environmental and health damage to vulnerable local communities. The case study of Phaten Plastic recycling will underscore a critical instance of non-compliance to EU Environmental standards, yet this will serve to outline regulatory issues with ensuring that waste management companies comply with the EU’s environmental regulations. The paper will ultimately advocate for the need of a more robust EU accountability framework, in order to deter waste management companies from causing environmental damage to local environments and communities and adhere to Eu environmental standards. |
| Date: | 2024–11–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:x8jyz_v1 |
| By: | Hauer, Mathew; Hardy, Dean (University of Maryland College Park); Zagheni, Emilio; Jorgenson, Andrew |
| Abstract: | Rarely are those most impacted by climate change the same as those most responsible for global carbon emissions. Assignment of responsibility for carbon emissions typically differentiates emissions across space and time but not birth cohort. Including young birth cohorts complicates assessments as they have yet to emit as much as older cohorts. Using formal demographic methods, we develop an approach to estimate carbon emissions across space, across time, and across the life course, creating a unified carbon emissions identity, comparable to other well-known carbon identities. We estimate the birth cohorts born between 1850 and 2020 with the highest lifetime carbon emissions. We show that globally, cohorts born between 1970 and 1990 have the highest lifetime emissions under a moderate carbon emissions pathway and those born since 2000 under a high emissions pathway. Our results suggest that carbon emissions pathways play the strongest role in determining which cohorts will be associated with the highest lifetime carbon emissions, with lower pathways suggesting earlier cohorts and higher pathways suggesting later cohorts. |
| Date: | 2024–12–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:pv2n5_v1 |
| By: | Lécureur, Clairelou |
| Abstract: | This first issue of the Enseignements du Lab collection provides a transversal reading of the results of four collective projects linked to the ecological transition in working-class neighbourhoods. It focuses on the sociological dimension of the climate crisis and, more specifically, on environmental inequalities. The link between environmental issues and inequalities is not new, but it is increasingly being studied, mainly through the prism of working-class neighbourhoods. Indeed, residents of low-income urban areas are more vulnerable to the consequences of climate change. And this, even though they contribute to it the least, through their consumption. After presenting the specific context and potential of working-class neighbourhoods to contribute to the social and ecological transition, this publication answers the following question: what actions are possible in working-class neighbourhoods to address environmental inequalities and move towards greater environmental justice? |
| Date: | 2024–10–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:d4pwh_v1 |
| By: | Timilsina, Govinda R.; Malla, Dr. Sunil; Heger, Martin |
| Abstract: | The brick industry is one of the primary sources of carbon dioxide emissions and local air pollutants in Nepal. Coal, which accounts for one-third of the current national carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources and is entirely imported, is the primary fuel in the brick industry. The brick industry accounts for 27 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions from coal consumption. The adoption of clean technologies or fuels in the brick industry is crucial for improving air quality, enhancing energy independence, and meeting the country’s nationally determined contribution under the Paris Climate Accord and the net-zero emission target set for 2045. Substitution of imported coal with domestic energy resources in the brick industry substantially reduces the country’s import bills. This study examines the economics of various alternatives to reduce coal consumption and corresponding emissions from the brick industry. The study considers a range of carbon taxes (US$10 to US$100 per ton of carbon dioxide), an environmental fiscal policy. The US$10 per ton of carbon dioxide tax would increase brick production costs by 2 to 6 percent, depending on the energy efficiencies of the technologies. If the carbon tax were US$100 per ton of carbon dioxide, the cost of bricks would increase by 12 to 36 percent. However, implementation of the policy may not be successful without enabling lower cost, clean alternatives. For example, replacing more coal with biomass provides direct cost and environmental savings but would require relaxing strict forest protections. The study recommends various promotional policies for non-fired alternative bricks. It also argues that since using electricity for firing bricks is an ideal option for reducing emissions from the brick industry in Nepal, the government and development partners should prioritize pilot projects for electric kilns. |
| Date: | 2024–06–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10833 |
| By: | Francisco E. Ilabaca; Robert Mann; Philip Mulder |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that when natural disasters hit low-income countries, banks operating in those countries reduce their cross-border lending (Working Paper no. 24-05). |
| Keywords: | International Lending, Global Banks, Climate Finance, Natural Disasters, Information Frictions |
| Date: | 2024–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:wpaper:24-05 |
| By: | Andrew L. Dabalen; Aparajita Goyal; Ruozi Song |
| Abstract: | Regenerative agriculture, a farming approach that focuses on soil health and ecosystems, has recently received considerable attention, particularly as an essential element of sustainable agriculture in the context of climate change. This paper reviews quantitative evidence of regenerative agriculture’s impact on productivity, resilience, and climate change mitigation—through carbon sequestration in soil. The effectiveness of regenerative agriculture depends on local climate conditions and existing practices. In addition, large-scale adoption of regenerative agriculture faces multiple challenges, such as the trade-off between short-term loss and long-term gains, smallholder farmer profitability, and other common market failures in agriculture. These challenges are especially salient in African agriculture. However, payments for ecosystem services, though yet to be carefully designed, can potentially incentivize farmers to adopt regenerative agriculture and create an additional source of income. Finally, further empirical evidence on the causal impacts of regenerative agriculture is needed to support policy design and recommendations. The paper concludes with open questions on regenerative agriculture for future study. |
| Date: | 2024–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10919 |
| By: | Jérôme Ballet (GRETAH, Groupe de recherche en économie théroriqe appliquée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Damien Bazin (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Emmanuel Petit (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, to the rhythm of the various IPCC reports—the most recent of which has just been published on March 20, 2023—the media has been particularly interested in ecoanxiety, this anguishing fear in the face of the multiplication of environmental disruptions, climate warming in mind. |
| Keywords: | Action, ecology of anger, ecology of fear, economics of emotions, hope. |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04357777 |
| By: | König, Christian (WZB Berlin Social Science Center); Salomo, Katja; Helbig, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Exposure to environmental burdens, such air and noise pollution or the lack of available green spaces, has been linked to a multitude of detrimental outcomes. Previous evidence indicates that poor residents and foreign minorities in European cities are disproportionately exposed to environmental burdens. However, there are substantial but ill-understood differences between European countries and between cities within countries. To address this limitation, we utilise fine-grained 1km-by-1km neighbourhood grid data on objective air and noise pollution as well as green space availability, enriched with administrative data on poverty rates and foreign minority shares from all German cities with at least 100, 000 inhabitants in 2017. We examine whether poor residents and foreign minorities are more often affected by environmental burdens, how their exposure to environmental burdens differs between cities, and what city-specific contextual factors contribute to these between-city differences. We find evidence that foreign minorities are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens, but poor residents are predominantly not. However, there is considerable variation between cities. The strongest explanatory factor for this variation is the extent to which disadvantaged groups live in central neighbourhoods, less so residential segregation of poor and foreign residents, or the scarcity of ‘clean and healthy’ neighbourhoods in a city. Against these results, we further explore empirically how the current wave of inner-city gentrification might ease environmental inequality in German cities. |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j4tf2_v1 |
| By: | Rousseau, Lola; Næss, Jan Sandstad; Carrer, Fabio; Amini, Sara; Brattebø, Helge; Hertwich, Edgar (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Resource efficiency strategies are key to reduce material use and help limit global warming to below 2°C in 2100. Understanding the role of such strategies at municipal-level requires a localized approach. Here we evaluate a ramp-up of resource efficiency strategies and their associated effects on vehicle usage and climate benefits towards 2050 for 19 individual sub-regions within the Greater Oslo region in Norway. In our scenarios, material stocks increase from 344 megatonnes (Mt) in 2022 to 349-367 Mt in 2050 driven by population growth, with low-end estimate relying on a sufficiency scenario limiting floor area per capita and banning new single-family houses. The sufficiency (SUF) scenario reduces total material consumption until 2050 (48 Mt) with 28% relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario (66.3 Mt) with continuation of ongoing trends, thereby reducing GHG emissions from material production by 17% (BAU: 12.44 MtCO2-eq, SUF: 10.36 MtCO2-eq). If resource efficiency strategies are combined with rapid material production decarbonization in-line with a 2°C scenario, a 30% reduction in emissions is achievable (8.67 MtCO2-eq). Car ownership rates and traveled distance per capita decrease in the sufficiency scenario compared to 2022 with 6.4%. Assuming the current relationship between settlement characteristics and transport demand, total driving distance fails to decline due to population growth. Limiting the floor-area per capita in residential buildings significantly decreases material demand. Resource efficiency strategies including densification need to be complemented with a rapid decarbonization of material supply and stronger incentives to move away from car driving to maximize climate change mitigation. |
| Date: | 2025–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9ek48_v1 |
| By: | Ham, Andrés; Vazquez, Emmanuel; Monica Yanez Pagans |
| Abstract: | Transitioning toward sustainable development practices is expected to result in broad changes to economic activity, which will subsequently impact labor markets and change the demand for skills. India established the Skill Council for Green Jobs to identify green jobs and define the skills required for these occupations. This paper applies the Skill Council for Green Jobs definition of green jobs and an international definition of brown jobs to data from the 2019-20 Periodic Labour Force Survey to estimate the size of green and brown employment, document patterns between and within occupations, characterize workers by attributes and skills, and study wage differentials. The results highlight the importance of monitoring green and brown jobs with robust labor market monitoring systems to guide decisions on the sustainability transition and suggest key aspects to consider when investing in green skills and the potential distributive consequences of sustainability policies on the population. |
| Date: | 2024–09–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10927 |
| By: | A. Patrick Behrer; Jonah Matthew Rexer; Siddharth Sharma; Margaret Triyana |
| Abstract: | Climate change is increasing household exposure to extreme heat, floods and other natural disasters. This paper examines the differential exposure of poorer households to heat and floods in South Asia. The use of spatially detailed data on climate shocks and relative wealth allows the analysis in this paper to capture highly localized variation in wealth, heat and floods. It finds that poorer South Asian households experience more heat than better-off ones. In urban areas, poorer households also experience more recurrent flooding. Using spatially detailed data on the universe of firms in India, this paper also finds that smaller firms are more exposed to heat and flooding. The paper concludes by discussing potential mechanisms that could explain these disparities in exposure to climate shocks. |
| Date: | 2024–10–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10947 |
| By: | Karen Clay; Edson R. Severnini; Xiao Wang |
| Abstract: | This paper uses U.S. Toxic Release Inventory data on air lead emissions to provide IV estimates of the effects of air lead concentration on infant mortality. The causal effect of lead on infant mortality is identified by annual variation in air fugitive lead emissions interacted with wind speed near reporting plants, which together determine local ambient lead concentration. Unlike stack emissions, which occur routinely and may prompt avoidance behavior, fugitive emissions are intermittent and influenced by both historical and current factors, such as wind speed variation, making them difficult to avoid. The paper has two main findings. First, higher air lead concentration causes higher infant mortality in the first month and in the first year, suggesting that both in utero and environmental exposures matter. Second, higher lead concentration increases deaths from low birthweight, sudden unexplained infant death (SUID), and respiratory and nervous system causes, which is consistent with findings from animal studies, even when accounting for behavioral responses. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that declines in fugitive lead emissions prevented 34-59 infant deaths per year, generating benefits of $380-$670 million annually in 2023 dollars. |
| JEL: | I14 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33447 |
| By: | Amrita Goldar (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Rajesh Chadha; Siddharth Goel; Rishabh Jain |
| Abstract: | This report provides a national roadmap for India to secure CETMs needed for its clean energy transition by addressing immediate and long-term challengesthrough strategic policy interventions and international cooperation. The primary objective of this report is to improve awareness across stakeholders involved in the climate and minerals sectors of government, civil society organisations, and industries about the importance of CETMs. While stakeholders have developed a basic understanding of the issue, there is a need for greater knowledge about market dynamics, finance, contracting, environmental and social issues, and institutional frameworks related to CETMs. |
| Keywords: | clean energy, CETMs, low carbon, supply chai, value chain, miniral policy, icrier |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:report:25-r-04 |
| By: | Fisera, Boris; Martin Melecky; Dorothe Singer |
| Abstract: | Financial deepening contributes to economic development, but its effect on the carbon intensity of production is an open empirical question. If banks finance investments in new, greener technologies, they can contribute to lowering carbon dioxide emissions per unit of output. But if they finance investments in more traditional, carbon-intensive technologies, they can contribute to increasing carbon dioxide emissions per unit of output. This paper studies the impact of financial deepening—an increased provision of bank credit as a share of gross domestic product—on carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of gross domestic product in a global sample of 125 economies from 1990 to 2019. Using a local projections approach, the paper finds that, on average, financial deepening leads to a relative increase in carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of gross domestic product, indicating that financial institutions finance relatively more carbon-intensive investments and consumption. However, a better institutional environment mitigates this adverse effect of financial deepening: conditional local projections reveal that in countries with more environmental regulations, a stronger rule of law, and a financial system that is relatively more market- than bank-based, financial deepening does not lead to higher carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of gross domestic product. Specifically, the results show that countries with an initially lower carbon intensity of production can mitigate the average adverse effect of financial deepening on carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of gross domestic product by improving their general institutional environment proxied by adherence to the rule of law, and, to some extent, by developing their financial markets. By contrast, countries with an initially higher carbon intensity of production are better off focusing on environmental regulations to mitigate the unconditional adverse effect of financial deepening on carbon dioxide emissions per dollar of gross domestic product. |
| Date: | 2024–10–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10948 |
| By: | Zuffinetti, Guillaume; Meunier, Simon |
| Abstract: | Photovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening the groundwater-dependent ecosystems that rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, groundwater-dependent ecosystems hold significant socioeconomic and environmental importance. This study maps the risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa from uncontrolled access to photovoltaic groundwater pumping using the analytic hierarchy process. It evaluates risks using data on irradiance, groundwater, and population, and novel data on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Two scenarios are analyzed to improve the robustness of the findings. The results show that 92 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s groundwater-dependent ecosystems risk overexploitation if photovoltaic water pumping is implemented without proper controls. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Southern and Eastern Africa, particularly in South Africa and Namibia, are found to face higher risks, while those in Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and southern Nigeria tend to be less at risk. Comparing these results with populations relying on unimproved water sources highlights regions like southern Nigeria and South Sudan, which could be prioritized for potential photovoltaic water pumping system investments due to their higher groundwater development needs and lower risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Conversely, areas like Namibia and South Africa, with lower groundwater development needs but higher risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, should require targeted investments and very close groundwater monitoring. These findings can help policy makers in targeting investments in photovoltaic water pumping systems and identifying regions needing careful monitoring to ensure sustainable groundwater use and minimal impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10935 |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel PhD; Pahwa, Anmol PhD; Saphores, Jean-Daniel PhD; Hyland, Michael PhD |
| Abstract: | As online shopping nears its third decade, it is clear that its impacts on urban goods flow are profound. Increased freight traffic and related negative externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution can impede sustainability goals. In response, e-retailers are exploring innovative distribution strategies to enhance last-mile delivery sustainability and efficiency. They use urban consolidation centers with light-duty vehicles like electric vans and cargo bikes, establish alternative customer pickup points, and deploy crowdsourced delivery networks. Advanced technologies that may streamline deliveries, such as autonomous delivery robots and unmanned aerial vehicles, are being tested. University of California Davis and Irvine researchers have investigated these strategies under economic viability, environmental efficiency, and social equity frameworks. Different modeling approaches were implemented to evaluate last-mile network designs and the potential for decarbonizing delivery fleets by switching to electric vehicles. Key findings suggest that while these innovative strategies offer substantial environmental benefits and reduce operational costs, they also present challenges like higher initial investments and operational hurdles. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing innovation and careful strategy implementation to balance sustainability with urban delivery systems’ economic and service reliability demands. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, First and last mile, electronic commerce, delivery service, delivery vehicles, electric vehicles, vehicle fleets, sustainable transportation, social equity |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt98x6z26j |
| By: | Carolyn Fischer; Qu, Chenfei; Goulder, Lawrence H. |
| Abstract: | Jurisdictions that rely on emissions trading to control emissions often utilize other environmental or energy policies as well, including policies to support renewable energy and reduce energy consumption. Overlapping policies produce economic interactions that can lead to quite different outcomes from what might be predicted after examining individual policies separately. Prior literature on policy interactions has primarily focused on cap-and-trade systems, where aggregate emissions are fixed by regulation but emissions prices respond. However, jurisdictions are increasingly turning to alternative forms of emissions markets, including a range of rate-based emissions trading systems, in which both emissions quantities and prices are flexible and the significance of policy interactions is less understood. This paper extends the literature by considering the outcomes under a range of emissions trading systems—not only cap-and-trade, but also several forms of tradable performance standards—and under a variety of overlapping policies, including subsidies to renewables and taxes on electricity. An analytical model stylized on the electricity sector demonstrates that an overlapping subsidy to renewable energy drives down emission prices and expands output under all types of emissions trading systems, but emissions quantities differ with tradable performance standards—emissions increase with renewable subsidies under a uniform, sectorwide tradable performance standard but decrease when the performance standard only covers emitters, excluding clean sources from receiving tradable credits. Taxing electricity consumption reduces emission prices and total output under all types of emissions trading systems and reduces emissions under all tradable performance standards. With cap-and-trade, the presence of an overlapping renewables subsidy or electricity consumption tax implies higher efficiency costs. Under certain tradable performance standards, however, these measures can reduce distortions and enhance cost-effectiveness. A numerical general equilibrium model offers quantitative assessments of the impacts of overlaps on emissions, production, prices, and costs, under China’s planned emissions trading system and alternative designs. The overlaps in China’s current stated policy for 2020 to 2035 reduce the cost per ton of abatement of its system of differentiated emitter performance standards by 20–30 percent; optimizing renewable portfolio standards could further reduce costs by 10 percent, and transitioning to uniform benchmarks for emitting power generators could save another 10–15 percent. Still, cap-and-trade without overlapping policies would be most cost-effective. The findings highlight the need to consider the choice of emissions trading systems and overlapping policies together when undertaking reforms. |
| Date: | 2024–08–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10872 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Conrad Landis; Nikitas Pittis (University of Piraeus, Greece) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) momentum and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) integration within international equity markets. Leveraging a robust dataset spanning 2002-2023, we identify pronounced ESG momentum effects in stock returns across 63 global markets. Our ESG momentum factor, derived through monthly rebalancing, demonstrates an impressive, annualized Sharpe ratio of 0.7, underscoring its financial viability. Beyond returns, the study highlights the pivotal role of ESG controversies in shaping short-term financial performance. We advanced the discourse by integrating ESG principles with the SDG framework, proposing a novel model to calculate the SDG footprint of financial portfolios. This alignment between ESG momentum and SDG implementation emerges as a significant tool for investors and policymakers, particularly considering regulatory advancements like the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2523 |
| By: | Alexandru Cojocaru; Michael M. Lokshin; Ivan Torre |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates trends in willingness to pay higher taxes to combat climate change in countries of Eastern and Central Europe and Central Asia between 2016 and 2023. Using data from the Life in Transition Survey, it shows that despite increasing attention from policy makers, scientists, and the media, the average shares of respondents willing to pay to combat climate change declined over this period. The paper tests several hypotheses that could explain the deterioration of public readiness to support climate change policies. The most likely explanation is the growing politicization of the climate change agenda in the region. |
| Date: | 2024–09–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10914 |
| By: | Zack Dorner (Lincoln University); Steven Tucker (University of Waikato); Abraham Zhang (Adam Smith Business Svchool, University of Glasgow); Anna Huber (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna) |
| Abstract: | Information represents the "third wave" of environmental policy. Existing evidence shows consumers increase their willingness to pay (WTP) for environmentally friendly products with clear labelling. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding whether consumers have a willingness to engage (WTE) with detailed information, for example, through a Digital Product Passport (DPP). This technological innovation is part of the European Union's new circular economy action plan. In our theoretical model, a green consumer decides whether to invest in information on how to mitigate their environmental damage, but at a cognitive cost. We test the model in a lab experiment selling an environmentally friendly toothbrush, but information about its environmental credentials is only available through a DPP. We find education on the DPP's purpose is key to increasing revealed WTE when a DPP is available. Participants with a high stated WTE engage with the DPP regardless; the increase in revealed WTE comes from those with a lower stated WTE. Engagement with the DPP, in the case that it contains positive environmental information, increases WTP. The policy implications of our results are that education about the purpose of the DPP is required in order to increase the likelihood of actual consumer engagement with it, as long as it is user friendly. However, engagement with a DPP may not lead to further shifts in environmental orientation and behavior. Our study also demonstrates novel measures of WTE, and how these can be used to understand pro-environmental consumer behavior in a theoretically informed manner. |
| Keywords: | Circular economy; digital product passport; consumer behavior; ecolabel; green consumerism; information-based instruments; pro-environmental behavior |
| JEL: | C92 D12 D18 D63 D64 D91 |
| Date: | 2025–02–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:25/03 |
| By: | Patricia Justino; Gabriel Monteiro; Rodrigo Oliveira; Edson Severnini |
| Abstract: | Mozambique is highly vulnerable to climate change. It faces frequent cyclones, floods, and droughts while having limited revenue collection capacity and social protection programmes. This paper assesses the distributional effects of climate shocks on household consumption and explores adaptation strategies using consumption survey data from 2008 to 2022, combined with district-level climate data. |
| Keywords: | Mozambique, Consumption, Inequality, Climate shocks, Poverty |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-3 |
| By: | Duden, Christoph; Böhner, Hannah; Kuhnert, Heike; Lampkin, Nicolas; Offermann, Frank; Röder, Norbert; Tegetmeyer, Inga |
| Abstract: | This report provides initial quantitative analyses of the use of eco-schemes in the 2023 to 2027 CAP programming period in Germany. These analyses were supplemented by a literature-based analysis of the environmental impacts of the eco-schemes and a discussion of selected aspects of the role of the eco-schemes in the so-called "Green Architecture of the CAP". The report thus contributes to the evaluation of the instruments for supporting environment, climate and animal welfare provided for in the GAP-Direktzahlungen-Gesetz (CAP Direct Payments Act). As part of the quantitative evaluation, application data available nationwide for the years 2023 and 2024 were analysed by federal state. In addition, an in-depth analysis of the utilisation of the eco-schemes was carried out according to selected operational characteristics of the agricultural enterprises. This was based on pseudonymised individual farm IACS data from Bavaria, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate for the application year 2023. The results were summarised in factsheets for each eco-scheme. There are strong regional and farm differences in the utilisation of the eco-schemes. The participation rate was comparatively high for farms of the type "other fodder production" (cattle and sheep farms excluding dairy). In addition, organic farms made above-average use of several measures. Special influencing factors must be taken into account when interpreting the results of the first two application years. These include learning costs due to the introduction of the eco-schemes and exceptional price fluctuations on agricultural markets as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The qualitative analysis of the environmental impacts of the eco-schemes shows that these vary depending on the specific measure and the respective context. While some eco-schemes primarily serve to stabilise the current state of the environment, others, such as ÖR 1 (fallow land) and ÖR 3 (agroforestry), offer significant potential for improving biodiversity as well as soil and climate protection. However, particularly in the case of measures with high potential for environmental improvement, uptake fell short of the targets set. The integration in the Green Architecture of Pillar 1 eco-schemes with Pillar 2 agri-environmental and climate measures is made more difficult by administrative complexity and federal differences. The advantages of the eco-schemes compared to the agri-environmental and climate measures of the 2nd pillar are shorter commitment periods and simplified application procedures. Based on the analyses and experiences of the first two years of the current funding period, initial recommendations for the further development of the eco-schemes are derived. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:350169 |
| By: | Farnham, David; Eisenberg, Ross Marc; Bonnafous, Luc Marius Jacques |
| Abstract: | As the world endeavors to decarbonize and shift toward sustainable energy sources, power systems will become increasingly dependent on weather conditions. This dependence creates the challenge of managing fluctuations in both power supply and demand (particularly for cooling), which can jeopardize system reliability, particularly during extreme weather events. To what extent will the increases in peak cooling demands manifest more frequent power system disruptions, posing risks to human health and economic activity This paper focuses on urban centers in Southeast Europe and utilizes state-of-the-art climate simulations to estimate changes in the magnitude of extreme heat events. It also estimates the frequency of potential associated power system disruptions and their ensuing impacts on economic activity by assuming an idealized design methodology. The analysis reveals that between 2021 and 2070, urban centers in Southeast Europe may be at risk of an estimated four to nine power system disruptions per decade due to increasing trends in extreme heat events. These disruptions have the potential to incur annual economic costs of up to tens of millions of dollars in some cities. The projected disruptions highlight the challenges of adapting power systems to climate change, even with idealized regular redesign and maintenance efforts. To mitigate power system fragility during heat waves, the paper recommends implementing measures such as securing reserve power capacity, promoting urban cooling through greening initiatives, adopting demand-side management with smart-grid infrastructure, and increasing the deployment of solar power, which typically has high generation potential during heat waves. |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10858 |
| By: | Teresa Janz; Gassmann, Franziska; de Ervin, Lyliana Gayoso |
| Abstract: | In Paraguay, poverty reduction has stalled since 2014 due to a deceleration in economic growth, which has been argued to be partly due to a series of climate-related events. Nevertheless, little is known about the impacts of climate-related shocks on the poor. This study analyzes the extent to which short-term weather shocks have affected incomes and poverty in Paraguay. It combines data from the yearly household survey series, the Permanent Continuous Household Survey; the fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate temperature data; and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data from 2004 to 2019. The research design exploits variation in weather shocks across districts and time, using ordinary least squares pooled regression analysis. The results show that heat shocks led to significant household income reductions: 5 percent in urban areas and up to 8.8 percent in rural areas, on average. Heat shocks also increased poverty by 1.7 and 4.2 percentage points in urban and rural areas, respectively. Floods primarily affected urban areas, increasing poverty by 1.9 percentage points. The impacts vary substantially across regions and household characteristics: female-headed households in rural areas are particularly vulnerable to heat shocks, while households that are active in the primary sector suffer most from both heat and drought shocks. These findings evidence the disproportional impacts of short-term weather shocks on income and poverty across regions and household characteristics. The results highlight the need to consider actions to promote adaptation and climate risk strategies tailored to subpopulations that are vulnerable to climate, to enhance overall resilience in the country. |
| Date: | 2024–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10970 |
| By: | Mark Freeman; Ben Groom; Frikk Nesje; Gernot Wagner |
| Abstract: | We assess how changes in the scientific consensus around equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS), as captured by the IPCC’s Fifth (AR5) and Sixth (AR6) Assessment Reports, impact policymakers’ willingness to take climate action. Taking the IPCC’s reports at face value, the ECS estimates in AR6 would have lowered a policymaker’s willingness to act on climate relative to AR5 due to a narrower “likely” range. However, Bayesian updating may reverse this conclusion. An accuracy-motivated policymaker who was not convinced to take greater climate action by the evidence in AR5 may be more likely to strengthen their policy views by the evidence in AR6. |
| Keywords: | equilibrium climate sensitivity, Bayesian updating, climate policy |
| JEL: | Q54 H51 D83 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11668 |
| By: | , Ashokkumar Palaniyandi (PSG COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE); P, Sangeetha C |
| Abstract: | Tourism has become a vital driver for economic growth and cultural exchange in Tamil Nadu, particularly in rural areas where traditional customs and livelihoods coexist with increasing visitor numbers(N. et al., 2024). This study employs qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observations, to assess the socio-cultural and economic effects of tourism on rural communities. Findings reveal that while tourism generates economic benefits such as increased income and job creation, it also presents challenges like seasonal fluctuations and over-reliance on the industry. Socio-culturally, tourism fosters cultural interaction and empowers marginalized groups, especially women, through entrepreneurship. However, concerns arise regarding the erosion of traditional values and customs. Environmental impacts are evident, with increased pressure on natural resources and infrastructure, although eco-tourism initiatives have spurred conservation efforts. The study underscores the need for community-focused and sustainable tourism frameworks that align economic benefits with cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. Inclusive policies that engage local stakeholders in decision-making are essential for ensuring tourism development aligns with community priorities and long-term sustainability. |
| Date: | 2025–02–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7eqjh_v1 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Conrad Landis; Georgios Feretzakis |
| Abstract: | Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have become powerful tools for overcoming complex global challenges in harmony with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. In this article, we illustrate ML and AI technology's contribution to sustainable development through theoretical and practical examples in a variety of sectors. In this article, AI-powered interventions in healthcare, agriculture, greenhouse gas emission reduction, environment tracking, and education have been analyzed. Generative AI technology has changed access to education and personalized learning, and environmental tracking and conservation have been aided through machine learning algorithms. Despite such positive development, considerable obstacles include a lack of data, algorithm bias, ethics, and interpretability of complex AI algorithms. All such impediments remind us of multi-sectoral collaboration and responsible AI intervention for delivering equitable and sustainable development. According to the article, overcoming obstacles necessitates transparent and participatory frameworks and deliberate collaborations between governments, private industries, academe, and civil society groups. With full realization of ML and AI through ethics and participatory policies, we can mobilize effective, evidence-guided interventions and hasten success towards attaining the SDGs. With a demand for ongoing studies in case files for responsible AI interventions with a strong bias for equity, consideration, and humanity, in this article, a clarion call for such studies is placed. |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2522 |
| By: | Alexandru Cojocaru; Nikandrova, Arina; Michael M. Lokshin |
| Abstract: | A widely held view in the media and among some researchers is that younger people are more worried about climate change and more willing to support the climate agenda than older generations. Such a “climate change age gap” is often explained by the longer time younger people expect to live under worsening climatic conditions. This paper develops a theoretical model that proposes an alternative explanation for the relationship between age and attitudes toward climate change. The empirical analysis is based on data from 38 countries in Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East from the 2023 round of the Life in Transition Survey. The findings demonstrate a positive relationship between the respondents’ age and their concerns about climate change. Older people are more likely to object to higher taxes to finance public policies in general, including climate change policies, but even this result is sensitive to the framing of climate action questions. |
| Date: | 2024–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10918 |
| By: | Adam Michael Bauer; Stephane Hallegatte; Florent McIsaac |
| Abstract: | When leaders face political economy constraints, is it best to delay all decarbonization initiatives until a sectorally coordinated strategy can be implemented, or is it preferable to implement an approach where sectors’ decarbonization strategies are uncoordinated? This question underscores a crucial trade-off – here coined the “timing versus allocation” trade-off – for politically constrained climate policymakers: (i) to sacrifice the optimal timing of climate policies to preserve the optimal allocation of emissions across economic sectors, or (ii) to preserve the optimal timing of abatement investment to the detriment of the allocation of emissions across sectors. This paper systematically explores this trade-off by presenting a modeling framework that elucidates the economic implications of various sub-optimal policy approaches to decarbonization that involve relaxing or delaying decarbonization efforts in a subset of sectors or economy-wide. The paper shows that the cost difference between an economy-wide, coordinated decarbonization strategy and an uncoordinated approach with heterogeneous carbon prices is smaller than the cost of delaying action and implementing a coordinated policy in the future. This implies that it is preferable to implement some policy in each sector, insofar as this is politically feasible, with less politically challenged sectors compensating with a marginal increase in policy ambition. The paper further elucidates how sectors with high annual emission rates, such as energy, are more costly to delay in comparison to their mid- to low-emission counterparts, such as industry, despite these sectors being nominally more costly sectors to decarbonize. |
| Date: | 2024–11–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10971 |
| By: | Restrepo, Laura; Fulton, Lewis; Wernert, Lukas |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews and analyzes the hydrogen-related targets and policies set for 2030 in California and the European Union, particularly related to the transportation sector. Both regions have strongly committed to decarbonizing transportation and transitioning toward clean energy sources, including hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology. We examine the projected hydrogen demand for light and heavy-duty vehicles, plans for hydrogen production and use, and infrastructure needed, such as refueling stations. We also review announced policy frameworks and strategies driving the transition to clean hydrogen energy in California and the EU. We also consider the impact of US-level policies on California and its hydrogen/fuel cell vehicle efforts. This paper reflects the situation in these jurisdictions as of December 2024. Potential changes in policy given the change in US administration in January of 2025 are not considered. Our investigation finds that concerning vehicles, both jurisdictions have adopted an ambitious yet largely technology-neutral approach, allowing for the coexistence of battery-electric and fuel-cell electric vehicles. However, each has some policies and targets specific to promoting fuel cell vehicles; support for developing hydrogen systems is also typically fuel-specific in both jurisdictions and includes regulations and incentives. The policies address challenges such as sourcing low-carbon hydrogen, achieving cost competitiveness, and meeting the growing demand for clean electricity. Additionally, based on the targets set by California and the EU for 2030 regarding light and heavy-duty vehicles, buses, and hydrogen refueling stations (HRS), on a per-capita basis, California demonstrates somewhat greater ambition in both vehicles and HRS than the EU, by 2030. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–02–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9ps607c7 |
| By: | Khan, Amjad Muhammad; Kuate, Landry; Pongou, Roland; Zhang, Fan |
| Abstract: | Vulnerability to climate change and water scarcity is increasing globally. How this affects individual employment outcomes is still not well understood. Using survey data collected from approximately half a million individuals across Sub-Saharan Africa over from 2005 to 2018, this paper examines the causal relationship between water availability and labor market outcomes. It combines georeferenced household survey data with a drought index that captures the exogenous effects of both rainfall and temperature on water availability. The findings suggest that extremely dry periods decrease employment by 2.5 percentage points on average, and wet periods with an abundance of soil moisture (not flooding) increase employment by 4 percentage points. The negative effects of dry shocks are larger in rural, poorer, and agriculture-dependent areas and for individuals who hold low-skilled jobs or work as farmers. Moreover, the paper finds that the burden of dry shocks disproportionately falls on women, while the benefits of wet shocks accrue more to men. The presence of irrigation infrastructure and the historical evolution of local livelihood strategies—historical mode of subsistence—partly mediate the impacts of water shocks. |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10823 |
| By: | Galanis, Giorgos (Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Economic Theory and its Applications, University of Warwick); Ricchiuti, Giorgio (Università degli Studi di Firenze, Complexity Lab in Economics (CLE), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano); Tippet, Ben (King’s College London, University of London) |
| Abstract: | Countries respond differently to climate change, and while this resulting behavioral heterogeneity is empirically observed, its impact on the evolution of global climate action has not been analyzed. This leads to two related questions that we address: (i) what is the role of the variation of preferences in the global political economy of climate action ; and (ii) what are the necessary conditions for sustained high levels of global action? We develop an evolutionary political economy integrated assessment model where heterogeneous countries, in each period, choose whether to take action to reduce emissions or not. Countries’ choices are influenced by their current level of emissions, total participation in climate action, and other idiosyncratic factors capturing their heterogeneity, which depends on income inequality across countries, vulnerability to climate damages, and other political economy factors. Our model shows the possibility of various outcomes, where high levels of sustained global action is only one possibility. The key result is that sustained high levels of global action are achieved only if there is a low degree of heterogeneity in countries’ preferences for action and a strong peer pressure effect. |
| Keywords: | Climate action ; Heterogeneous agents ; Evolutionary dynamics ; Integrated assessment JEL Codes: C62 ; E71 ; F5 ; Q54 ; Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wcreta:91 |
| By: | Rezai, Armon; Franz Ulrich Ruch; Rishabh Choudhary; John Nana Darko Francois |
| Abstract: | The impacts of climate change on developing economies are becoming increasingly severe, creating challenges for risk management and requiring enhanced levels of resilience. This paper explores how to mitigate the effects of such climate shocks on developing economies, placing a particular focus on the role fiscal policy in creating and strengthening an economy’s resilience. Using data on natural disasters, the analysis shows that economies with constrained fiscal space experience more pronounced negative effects. In an application to a small open economy, the paper tests the presence of the non-linearity of short- and long-run disaster impacts in the World Bank’s macroeconomic and fiscal model and illustrates the importance of fiscal policy in mitigating shocks. |
| Date: | 2024–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10982 |
| By: | Samuel Rosenow; Alvaro Raul Espitia Rueda; Ana Margarida Fernandes |
| Abstract: | Addressing climate change requires the deployment of green technologies. Using novel transaction-level import data from firms in 35 emerging markets in a firm-level structural gravity model, this paper examines the trade policy determinants of firms' imports of products associated with green value chains of solar photovoltaic, wind power, and electric vehicles. The panel estimates indicate that firms' import response to tariffs is particularly adverse for products associated with green value chains relative to average imports, driven by the solar value chain and downstream segments across all green value chains. This effect is pervasive for both the values and quantities imported by firms as well as for the probability of firms importing these products. Moreover, the effect is even more negative for undiversified firms. In contrast, import regulations have a smaller and more varied impact on firms' imports of products associated with green value chains. The findings suggest that governments in emerging markets should avoid adopting protectionist policies that are increasingly used in high-income countries, as their local firms rely on imports for the short-term diffusion of green technologies. |
| Date: | 2024–11–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10977 |
| By: | Arnone, Massimo; Drago, Carlo; Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | The current study addresses political party trust and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principle application in Italian regions. Trust in political parties is a principal driving force in governance performance, compliance with policies, and citizen trust in institution-made choices. With political and economic diversity in its regions, Italian regions present a case study for testing whether political institution trust increased creates increased ESG use and whether ESG policies have an impact in shaping political trust in reciprocity. Empirical evidence confirms that in high political trust regions, ESG programs have a high opportunity for effective implementation, particularly in social welfare and conservation of environment. In contrast, political institution trust weakness is accompanied with poor ESG pledges, an expression of inefficient governance and reduced accountability in companies. ESG policies actually have an impact on political trust—effective and transparent ESG actions establish institution trust, but shallow and political ESG actions produce mistrust. The observations have a function of projecting the contribution towards balancing institution trust with sustainability through governance quality. Policymakers can contribute towards leveraging political stability in driving ESG integration in a manner that keeps such programs effective and credible for long-term development in regions and for democratic legitimacy. |
| Keywords: | Political Trust, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), Institutional Governance, Regional Disparities, Sustainability Policies. |
| JEL: | D72 G34 M14 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2025–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123494 |
| By: | Hoffmann, Bridget; Sveta Milusheva |
| Abstract: | While populations in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to some of the highest levels of air pollution and its consequences, the majority of economics research on the topic is focused on high-income settings where there is greater data availability. This paper compares and evaluates the three principal sources of air pollution data (regulatory-grade monitors, satellites, and low-cost monitors) in a Sub-Saharan African context in terms of the accuracy of measurements of inhalable fine particulate matter across spatial and temporal frequencies and their performance when studying policy impacts. Satellite data is closely aligned with data from the regulatory-grade monitors at lower temporal frequencies. The low-cost monitors underestimate the amount of fine particulate matter relative to the other data sources. Calibration, especially context-specific calibration, of the low-cost monitors' data improves its alignment with other data sources. The paper uses each data source to evaluate the air pollution externality of mobility reduction policies using a difference-in-differences design and finds similar results, especially in terms of percent reduction. The paper considers policy makers' constraints to air pollution monitoring in low-income settings and demonstrates that co-locating one regulatory-grade monitor in a network of low-cost monitors can capture the spatial variation of pollution across an urban area and achieve better accuracy than either of these data sources alone. This provides a framework for policy makers to generate the data needed to evaluate environmental policies and externalities. |
| Date: | 2024–10–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10957 |
| By: | Karima Ben Bih; Chloe Genevieve Helene Desjonqueres; Bramka Arga Jafino; Blanc, Elodie; Masson, Solene |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the differentiated economic impact of natural hazard-related disasters (the specific disasters and climate shocks studied here being floods) when they occur in conflict versus non-conflict affected areas. Existing literature shows that disasters and climate shocks can cause significant distress to countries and people on an institutional and household level. However, assumptions are made that their impact tends to be larger in conflict-affected areas, with little evidence available on the differentiated extent of these damages. This paper investigates whether, and to what extent, the presence of conflicts has amplified the impacts of floods on economic activity and people, and hampered recovery. The paper applies a “top-down” approach to estimating the differential impacts of disasters and climate shocks between conflict and non-conflict affected areas using satellite-derived imagery of nightlight radiance as a proxy for economic activity, along with geospatial footprints of floods. The analysis considers two case studies: the 2019 tropical cyclones Idai and Kenneth and subsequent floods in Mozambique, and the July 2022 floods in Nigeria. Using difference-in-difference estimations, the analysis finds that there are significant differences in disaster and climate shock impacts and recovery between conflict and non-conflict affected areas. Particularly, there is a greater decline in economic activity and a longer recovery time in conflict affected areas, as proxied by the greater change in the intensity of nightlight radiance. |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10995 |
| By: | Lopera, Diana Carolina; Ordoñez, Juan Camilo; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E. |
| Abstract: | This study is part of the CGIAR Research Initiative on Nature-Positive Solutions for shifting agrifood systems to more resilient and sustainable pathways" (NATURE+), which aims to promote sustainable agricultural productivity through nature-positive solutions (NPS) by addressing three critical challenges |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; sustainable agriculture; land degradation; surveys; policies; Americas; South America; Colombia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:172753 |
| By: | Michael M. Lokshin; Hannon, Michael; Miguel Purroy; Ivan Torre |
| Abstract: | This study explores the relationship between perceptions of catastrophic events and beliefs about climate change. Using data from the 2023 Life in Transition Survey, the study finds that contrary to conventional wisdom, more accurate knowledge about past catastrophes is associated with lower concern about climate change. The paper proposes that heightened threat sensitivity may underlie both the tendency to overestimate disaster impacts and increased concern about climate change. The findings challenge the assumption that a more informed citizenry necessarily leads to better climate policy decisions. Instead, they suggest that psychological factors, like anxiety and risk perception, play crucial roles in shaping climate attitudes. Illuminating these dynamics can help societies to foster a more nuanced and constructive public dialogue about the urgent challenges facing our planet and our species. |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10921 |
| By: | Setondé Constant Gnansounou; Valère Kolawolé Salako; Corentin Visée; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Romain Glèlè Kakaï; Patrick PK Kestemont; Sabine Henry |
| Abstract: | Customary laws and traditional beliefs are progressively used in conservation and management of natural resources. However, their effectiveness has received limited attention. This case study from the Benin Republic (West Africa) examines how local deities and traditional beliefs can reduce manmade threats to mangroves. Data were collected from three categories of mangroves (sanctuary, sacralised, and non-deity mangroves) via direct observations, informal interviews (n = 5), in-depth interviews (n = 10), focus group discussions (n = 3) and household surveys (n = 200). We used twelve indicators including the quantity of resources collected, the use value and the perceived diversity of fish and plant species to characterize each category of mangroves. Eight of these twelve indicators showed significant variation among the categories of mangroves. Highly destructive uses were generally associated with non-deity mangroves, whereas moderately and less destructive uses were mostly associated with sacralised and sanctuary mangroves, respectively. Local deities can thus assist to limit unsustainable use of mangrove forests. Among the mangrove users, salt producers and residents with many children collect and commercialise more mangrove resources than others and should be continually involved in sensitization and community engagement to foster the sustainable use of mangroves. |
| Keywords: | Customary laws; Local governance; Sacralised mangroves; Sanctuary mangroves; Traditional beliefs |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/371723 |
| By: | Esteban Ferro; Davide Salvatore Mare; Faruk Miguel Liriano; Fausto Andres Patino Pena; Rodriguez Quezada, Maria Gabriela; Federica Zeni |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of implementing a carbon tax on aggregate total factor productivity in the Dominican Republic through the resource allocation channel. It incorporates energy inputs—electricity and fuel—into firms’ production functions, allowing predictions of potential changes in resource allocation due to the carbon tax. The theoretical implications of the model indicate that the carbon tax has a heterogeneous effect on firms’ input choices, contingent on the level of firms’ existing input market distortions. Moreover, the model suggests that in economies in which more productive firms are less distorted, the carbon tax can decrease aggregate total factor productivity. In contrast, when more productive firms are more distorted, the carbon tax can increase or decrease aggregate total factor productivity. Utilizing detailed firm-level data from 2009 to 2018, covering up to 118, 000 firms, this paper finds that a carbon tax is more effective when levied on fuels rather than electricity. For the majority of sectors in the sample, the paper finds that existing distortions in energy consumption are positively correlated with firm-level productivity. Moreover, the quantitative results show that the introduction of the carbon tax shifts the burden of market distortions from high productivity firms to low productivity ones, generating aggregate total factor productivity gains for most sectors in the Dominican Republic. Overall, this study underscores the importance of considering existing input market distortions when analyzing the impact of environmental taxes. |
| Date: | 2024–10–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10944 |
| By: | Grimm, Sven; Reiners, Wulf; Braun, Mara; Donath, Laura; Hörbelt, Sophia; Lampert, Sophie; Wich, Marcel |
| Abstract: | The study investigates the governance and understanding of digitalisation for sustainability among Brazilian civil servants, emphasizing their pivotal role in leveraging digital tools to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Focusing on Brazil, a global leader in digital public services and sustainability initiatives, the research explores governance approaches and perceptions among civil servants at federal and municipal levels. The study draws on qualitative and quantitative data collected from multiple cities in Brazil in 2023, employing a mixed methods approach that includes interviews, focus groups, and surveys. The findings highlight that Brazilian civil servants generally view digitalisation positively, recognizing its potential to enhance economic, social, and ecological sustainability. However, their understanding of related ecological challenges remains limited, with most knowledge gained informally through personal interest or on-the-job learning. The research also identifies key governance challenges, such as the need for system interoperability and cohesive digital policy frameworks. Key recommendations include developing targeted training programmes to address knowledge gaps, improving data protection standards, and fostering interoperability. The study also highlights opportunities for international collaboration, particularly with Germany, to share policies and develop partnerships. By shedding light on civil servants' perceptions, the research provides actionable insights for policymakers and international partners to promote a digitally enabled, sustainable future in Brazil. |
| Keywords: | Digitalisation, sustainable development, Brazil, civil service, E-Governance, E-Government, perceptions, discourse, digital policy, capacity-development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:311820 |
| By: | Muhsin Ciftci; Ms. Christina Kolerus |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of climate-related news on asset prices in eight Latin American countries. We use both newspapers and official announcements to construct daily, country-specific indices via textual analysis, reflecting media coverage of transition risks, climate opportunities, regulatory actions, and physical risks. Leveraging an unbalanced daily panel data set of 628 firms from 2000 to 2023, we find a significant and robust climate risk premium in Latin America, which is higher for "browner" firms and has increased in more recent years. Focusing on major climate policies announced in official gazettes after the legislative process has been completed, we show that the publication of the laws is associated with a protracted decline in the relative stock prices of high-emission firms. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Climate Risk Premium; Financial Asset Pricing; Textual Analysis |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/037 |
| By: | Tosin Kolajo Gbadegesin; Bo Pieter Johannes Andree; Ademola Braimoh |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of climate and weather shocks on Afghanistan's agricultural economy, with an emphasis on food security, prices, and wages. By utilizing a dynamical model and a unique data set that includes monthly global and local food prices, agricultural wages, unofficial exchange rates, and local climate data, the research provides econometric estimates of the impacts of droughts and floods. The findings reveal that both flooding and drought significantly increase food insecurity, directly and indirectly. Directly, these climatic shocks are linked to heightened risks of food insecurity in the following months, even when controlling for price and wage fluctuations. Indirectly, droughts and floods drive up food prices and depress agricultural wages, further exacerbating food insecurity. The study suggests that enhancing climate resilience in the agriculture sector could mitigate these risks, stabilize local food prices and wages, and strengthen food security and the broader agricultural economy. The results also show that price data effectively capture food security shocks from various non-economic sources, and can serve as a versatile monitoring tool in situations where detailed data on food security are unavailable. |
| Date: | 2024–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10999 |
| By: | Amini, Sara; Rousseau, Lola; Hertwich, Edgar (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | As buildings become more energy efficient due to construction and technological improvements and stricter regulations, the impact of construction and maintenance materials is gaining prominence in the life cycle emissions of buildings. In high-income countries like Norway, renovation of the existing building stock is crucial for reducing overall environmental impacts. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of Norwegian buildings, especially concerning material use and embodied emissions. Building archetypes offer a solution by providing structured background data to enhance LCA studies. This paper addresses this gap by examining the space heating demand and material use of residential building archetypes in Norway, categorized by type and construction cohort. Dynamic energy simulations were conducted using EnergyPlus, combined with the BuildME Python package for material aggregation and calculation. Our results show that structural components dominate the material intensity (MI) of most archetypes, particularly in buildings with basements. Multi-family houses (MFHs) built after 1991 outperform single-family houses (SFHs) and apartment blocks (ABs) in both MI and material per person (MpP). Renovating SFHs to accommodate more occupants could reduce their MpP while maintaining a comfortable living environment. The higher MI in ABs, driven by concrete floor decks, suggests that using wood in future constructions could significantly lower both MI and MpP, reducing resource use and embodied emissions. This work links energy performance with material efficiency, offering valuable data for improving policy and practices in the Norwegian building sector. |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:emsa4_v1 |
| By: | Baquie, Sandra; Behrer, Arnold Patrick; Du, Xinming; Fuchs Tarlovsky, Alan; Nozaki, Natsuko Kiso |
| Abstract: | Middle-income countries host the majority of the world’s population exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution, and the majority of this population lives in urban environments. This study investigates the impact of information provision on household behavior in connection with indoor and outdoor air pollution in a middle-income country’s major urban center — Tbilisi, Georgia. The study implemented a randomized controlled trial to assess whether providing households with different levels of pollution information changes their knowledge of air pollution and avoidance behavior with respect to air pollution, and improves their health outcomes. The study evaluates three treatments: a pamphlet with general information on pollution, the pamphlet combined with daily text messages about local outdoor pollution, and the pamphlet with messages about both indoor and outdoor pollution levels, supplemented with an indoor air pollution monitor. The findings show that while the pamphlet alone did not lead to behavioral change, daily text messages significantly enhanced knowledge about pollution, led to increased avoidance behaviors, and improved health outcomes. The study also examined infiltration rates throughout the city and document three facts: indoor air pollution levels are generally higher than outdoor ones, infiltration rates are high on average, and their variation is driven primarily by behaviors. |
| Date: | 2024–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10852 |
| By: | Pennick, Chelsea (University of Idaho) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the role of front-line workers in collaborative environmental management. Using an institutional work lens and actor narratives, we reveal how collaborative institutions are created, modified and disrupted amidst conflicting logics. The results indicate that government actors engage in critical institution-building and boundary spanning practices that create opportunities for citizen influence, demonstrate responsiveness, fill institutional voids and overcome organizational barriers. These findings suggest that attention to the routines and practices of street-level bureaucrats is critical for understanding and theorizing the connection between governance design and outcomes and have important implications for the study of institutional and organizational change. |
| Date: | 2024–08–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:akz3w_v1 |
| By: | Susmita Dasgupta; Brian Blankespoor; Wheeler, David |
| Abstract: | The world is experiencing a severe loss of biodiversity, highlighting the need for a strong global conservation strategy. Effective conservation depends on accurate information about where endangered species live and the local threats they face. Using data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, this paper creates threat and protection indicators for more than 600, 000 species, including animals, plants, and fungi. The indicators include habitat size, level of protection, nearby population density, and specific threats like population encroachment for land species and fishing activity for marine species. The paper then uses an ordered logit model to analyze the relationship between these indicators and the extinction risk categories assigned by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The model is based on 87, 731 species in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database that have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The results are used to predict threat levels for 512, 675 species without International Union for Conservation of Nature ratings, revealing many more potentially threatened species and changing the maps of “conservation hotspots.” The paper concludes by noting that its methods can support rapid updates of species maps and threat indicators as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database continues to grow. |
| Date: | 2024–06–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10822 |
| By: | Zhang, Yuan |
| Abstract: | This research aims to examine the progression of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives at China Construction Bank (CCB) from the year 2014 to 2023. The study seeks to assess the evolution of CCB's CSR reporting, with a particular emphasis on environmental sustainability, employee well-being, and the impact of government policies. This research employs a longitudinal study approach, incorporating case studies, content analysis, and a thorough review of annual CSR reports. It scrutinizes quantitative indicators such as green financing and employee statistics to discern trends and patterns in CSR engagement. Our findings indicate a substantial enhancement in both the quantity and quality of CSR disclosures by CCB during the period under review. A significant upsurge in green financing is observed, signifying CCB's dedication to environmental sustainability. There is also a noticeable improvement in employee welfare and diversity, evidenced by an increase in the proportion of female and younger staff. The correlation analysis reveals a positive relationship between CSR initiatives and financial outcomes, implying that CSR may be instrumental in achieving business prosperity. Furthermore, government policies are found to have a substantial influence on the CSR strategies adopted by CCB. This research offers an in-depth examination of a decade of CSR practices within a prominent Chinese commercial bank. It underscores the pivotal role that government regulations play in directing CSR initiatives and illustrates the beneficial effects of CSR on financial performance. The insights gained are of significant value to policymakers, industry participants, and scholars intrigued by CSR within the banking industry. |
| Date: | 2025–02–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nphqm_v1 |
| By: | Kim, HyeJin; Peterson, Garry; Kim, Hyeonjeong; Kim, Sanha; Pereira, Laura; Cho, Youngcheol; Ahn, SoEun; Harrison, Paula A.; Kim, Junsoo; Koo, Kyung Ah |
| Abstract: | Korea's rapid economic development has positioned it as a key player in Asia's economy and globally, albeit with significant environmental and societal consequences. The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), serving as a buffer between North and South Korea, holds immense historical, cultural, and ecological value and conservation and transformation potential. This study presents visioning-based exploration of ecologically diverse and peaceful futures of the Korean peninsula with its DMZ as a potential global commons. Through a visioning workshop, stakeholders used the Nature Futures Framework and Seeds of Good Anthropocene to develop four visions that reflect diverse value and meanings of nature for sustainable and wellbeing-oriented futures. The co-developed visions emphasize the importance of harmonizing human activities with nature, envisioning the DMZ as a space for peaceful coexistence and ecological restoration. They offer citizens’ perspectives on sustainable and inclusive futures with existing initiatives as levers and inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary collaboration as mediums. This visioning highlights the role of science-policy-society interface, diverse stakeholder engagement, integration of history and culture, and convergence of ideas across generations. This paper reflects on the lessons from this process and the implications for the future development of scenarios that can identify policy options and societal transformations to catalyse nature-positive futures in Korea and beyond. |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g3zb4_v1 |
| By: | Nicholas K.W. Jones; Asmita Tiwari; Natsuko Kikutake; Takacs, Sacha; Souverijns, Niels |
| Abstract: | Although deaths and economic losses due to extreme heat are rising globally, heatwaves remain a "hidden hazard" whose impacts are underrecognized due to measurement and valuation challenges. Cities in India are developing Heat Action Plans that combine physical cooling measures (such as urban greening and reflective roofs) with public health measures (such as heat-health early warning systems). However, there is a key knowledge gap on the relative efficacy of these actions. To inform debate on how scarce public funds could most efficiently be allocated to reduce deaths and productivity loss due to extreme heat, this paper develops spatially explicit heat risk maps for Lucknow, Chennai, and Surat under climate scenarios; models future health and economic losses under a “no intervention” scenario; and estimates the costs and benefits of alternative sets of heat mitigation actions. The modeling suggests that by 2050, the number of heat-related deaths could rise by one-third for the case study cities, while labor productivity losses could affect between 2 and 4 percent of their economic output. Among the interventions typically considered in city Heat Action Plans, benefit-to-cost ratios are favorable but vary significantly. Urban greening investments more than cover their costs based on the health and labor productivity benefits of the heat stress reduction they yield (benefit-cost ratio of 3:1). However, heat-health early warning systems offer the greatest harm reduction per dollar invested (benefit-cost ratios exceeding 50:1), suggesting that they are “low-hanging fruit” whose wider implementation across Indian and global cities should be prioritized. |
| Date: | 2024–10–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10960 |
| By: | Palinski, Michal; Asik, Günes; Gajderowicz, Tomasz; Jakubowski, Maciej; Efsan Nas Ozen; Dhushyanth Raju |
| Abstract: | This study expands the inventory of green job titles by incorporating a global perspective and using contemporary sources. It leverages natural language processing, specifically a retrieval-augmented generation model, to identify green job titles. The process began with a search of academic literature published after 2008 using the official APIs of Scopus and Web of Science. The search yielded 1, 067 articles, from which 695 unique potential green job titles were identified. The retrieval-augmented generation model used the advanced text analysis capabilities of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4, providing a reproducible method to categorize jobs within various green economy sectors. The research clustered these job titles into 25 distinct sectors. This categorization aligns closely with established frameworks, such as the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Information Network, and suggests potential new categories like green human resources. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of advanced natural language processing models in identifying emerging green job roles, contributing significantly to the ongoing discourse on the green economy transition. |
| Date: | 2024–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10908 |
| By: | Petre Caraiani (Bucharest University of Economic Studies and Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy, Romania); Onur Polat (Department of Public Finance, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkiye); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Elie Bouri (Corresponding author. School of Business, Lebanese American University, Lebanon) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we relate physical and transition climate risks of the United States (US) to systemic risk of its banking sector. We start by estimating the systemic risk of 128 bank stock prices of the US over the period 26th May 2008 to 30th June 2023, taking the time-varying financial risk meter (FRM) approach, which relies on the Lasso quantile regression model. The FRM for the overall system of banks, as well as for large, medium, and small banks separately, exhibits notable peaks during COVID-19 in particular, and the global financial and European sovereign debt crises. Subsequently, using a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test, which is robust to misspecification due to nonlinearity and structural breaks, we show that news-based metrics of physical and transition risks can significantly predict the entire conditional distribution of the FRMs over the full-sample and in a time-varying manner, with strongest causal impacts derived from news on international summits, compared to those on natural disasters, global warming, and US climate policies. Further analysis shows that all four climate risk factors consistently exert a positive impact on the conditional quantiles of the FRMs, supporting the premise that climate risks can damage assets and augment operating costs in the banking sector. Our findings have important policy implications which concern the stability of the banking sector. |
| Keywords: | US bank stocks, financial risk meter (FRM), climate risks, nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test, predictability |
| JEL: | C21 C22 G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202507 |
| By: | Iqbal, Razi |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the importance of adaptation in dealing with an increase in climate risk. The paper studies adaptation along two margins: changes in crop choices, and reallocation of workers across sectors. Using long-term data on cyclones and flooding in Bangladesh, I find that the increase in propensity of both cyclones and floods affect crop choice, but only cyclones affect sectoral employment, shifting employment out of agriculture. The paper develops a structural model to study the welfare implications of adaptation and calculate the Value of adaptation i.e. how much worse welfare would be if both adaptation channels were shut off. I find that the Value of adaptation is informed by the nature of the shocks: both the intensity of future shocks and their correlatedness across crops and regions influence the Value of adaptation. The Value of adaptation is 20% in the case in which intensity of both flooding and cyclones doubles relative to the 2000s average, and such increases are correlated within regions. |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j43sk_v1 |
| By: | Benjamin Dennis; Gurubala Kotta; Caroline Norris |
| Abstract: | The correlation of the spatial distribution of banking exposures with changes in spatial patterns of economic activity (e.g., internal migration, changes in agglomeration patterns, climate change, etc.) may have financial stability implications. We therefore study the spatial distribution of large U.S. banks' commercial and industrial (C&I) lending portfolios. We construct a novel dataset that augments FR Y-14Q regulatory data with borrower microdata for a more granular understanding of where banks' exposures are located by looking beyond headquarters to the location of facilities. We find that banks are exposed to almost all U.S. counties, with clustered exposure in certain geographies. We then use our dataset for a climate-related application by analyzing what fraction of C&I loans have been extended to firms that operate in areas vulnerable to physical risks, identifying, for example, counties where both (i) banks are highly exposed via their lending portfolios, and (ii) physical risks have historically resulted in large losses. Results of this kind can help inform risk management and be used to improve resilience to future stresses. |
| Keywords: | Bank lending to firms; Climate risks; Mapping of firm facilities; Spatial lending patterns |
| JEL: | R32 R11 Q54 G21 |
| Date: | 2025–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2025-06 |
| By: | Lécureur, Clairelou |
| Abstract: | Ce premier numéro des Enseignements du Lab apporte une lecture transversale des résultats de quatre projets collectifs liés à la transition écologique dans les quartiers populaires. Il se concentre sur la dimension sociologique de la crise climatique, et plus particulièrement sur les inégalités environnementales. Le lien entre enjeux environnementaux et inégalités n’est pas nouveau, mais il est de plus en plus étudié, notamment à travers le prisme des quartiers populaires. En effet, on observe une fragilité accrue des habitants des zones de concentration urbaine de populations à bas revenus aux conséquences du dérèglement climatique. Et ce, alors qu’ils y contribuent, par leur consommation, le moins. Après avoir présenté le contexte spécifique et le potentiel des quartiers populaires pour contribuer à la transition sociale et écologique, cette publication répond à la question suivante : quelles actions sont envisageables dans les quartiers populaires pour faire face aux inégalités environnementales et aller vers plus de justice environnementale ? |
| Date: | 2024–09–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4jqy7_v1 |
| By: | Nabil Daher |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the nonlinear impact of natural disasters on economic growth. Using the Quantile Local Projections (QLP) method on a panel of 68 developing countries over the period 1970-2021, we find that natural disasters have an overall nonlinear effect across economic states. In particular, while some disasters exacerbate economic downturns in low-income countries, high-income developing ones tend to exhibit more resilience to adverse impacts. We argue that the state-dependent effects of natural disasters may be influenced by business cycle phases and structural economic weaknesses, such as sectoral interdependencies and limited economic diversification, especially in low-income countries. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, Quantile Local Projections, Developing Economics |
| JEL: | C23 E32 O11 O57 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2025-9 |
| By: | Hanqin Chen; Ye Lu; Huaqin Huang |
| Abstract: | Trade policy uncertainty has become a significant feature of today's global economy. While its impact on free trade is evident, its microeconomic effects remain open to debate. This study explores the influence of trade policy uncertainty on corporate ESG performance and its underlying mechanisms, using data from A-share listed companies in China from 2010 to 2020. The findings reveal that increased trade policy uncertainty significantly and robustly enhances corporate ESG performance. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that high-tech enterprises are better equipped to improve their ESG performance in response to trade policy uncertainty. Furthermore, strengthening internal controls and appointing CEOs with environmental backgrounds also help firms seize the opportunities arising from trade policy uncertainty. In terms of mechanisms, trade policy uncertainty intensifies industry competition, compelling firms to enhance their ESG performance to gain market share. Additionally, it stimulates green technological innovation, further optimizing ESG outcomes. Therefore, efforts should focus on improving the ESG standards system, establishing ESG incentive policies, increasing the transparency and predictability of trade policies, and promoting corporate green development to advance national sustainable development goals. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.01640 |
| By: | Ashlynn Broussard; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Jean Huge |
| Abstract: | Conflicts of interest often undermine conservation initiatives against biodiversity decline. Effective decision-making requires a deeper understanding of the positions, criteria, concerns, and perspectives of stakeholders. However, managing so many perspectives can be difficult, and if not done well, conflicts arise which make it difficult to achieve conservation goals. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that identifying areas of consensus is a good starting point to generate more effective debates and address complex issues. To do this, we investigate the diversity of perspectives regarding biodiversity conservation schemes among stakeholders in the studied ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam. Using Q-methodology, a semi-quantitative technique that enables us to systematically study the subjective views of stakeholders involved in a topic, we identified and organized a range of shared perspectives into three groups, known as factors. A total of 20 participants sorted 45 statements according to their perceptions and objectives, from −4 ‘most disagreeable’ to 4 ‘most agreeable’. Then, respondents explained their rankings in a post-sorting interview. Next, the data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative analysis was conducted in two parts: (i) Dividing respondents into groups based on similar perspectives and (ii) coupling distinguishing statements with one of the factors characteristic of that viewpoint. Finally, in a qualitative analysis, we used the distinguishing statements and insights from interviews to create narratives and titles for the three factors: (1) Ports are key for our economic wealth, hence port development should continue, (2) Nature first, and (3) Multi-actor governance. Our findings confirm consensuses in three areas: policy, land use, and mitigation tactics. Interestingly, all narratives unanimously agreed on the importance of regulating port development and land use changes via legislation and environmental impact assessments. However, they debated the rigidity of legislation and whether offsetting port expansion (and associated land and resource use claims) should take place locally or internationally. We also found that decision-making mostly followed a human-centered perspective, where economic values were more relevant than intrinsic ones. These insights can serve as a baseline for stakeholders to form coalitions around areas of consensus to depolarize debates and avoid decision-making gridlocks. |
| Keywords: | Decision support tools; Port land use; Q-methodology; Stakeholder participation; Sustainability; Value pluralism |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/371524 |
| By: | Böhringer, Christoph; Carolyn Fischer; Rivers, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates alternative options for rebating revenues from a unilateral emissions price, focusing on energy-intensive and trade-exposed industries. A theoretical model is developed to demonstrate that conditional rebating policies---which would be distortionary in a first-best world---may be welfare-improving. For example, this could occur in a context where emissions leakage and terms-of-trade changes are associated with the introduction of an emissions price, or when political constraints prevent the emissions price from fully reflecting the social cost of the emissions. A numerical simulation model is used to quantify the differences in welfare, leakage, terms of trade, output, and emissions across carbon prices with alternative rebating options for these leakage-prone industries. The different situations of the European Union and the United States are used as examples. The findings indicate that from a domestic perspective, rebating emissions revenues proportionately to firm output is typically superior to other rebating options when the emissions price is set close to the social cost of emissions. Rebating emission revenues to reward reductions in emissions intensity is typically superior when emissions are significantly under-priced. A country that is more emissions-intensive and less exposed to leakage may prefer to rebate in proportion to total abatement when the emissions price is sufficiently low. The quantitative results indicate that there are significant welfare losses for incorrect choices of the rebating option. |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10922 |
| By: | Fabianek, Paul (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we propose an assessment framework for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) in Germany using economic and customer-relevant criteria, with a focus on the mobility needs of individuals. Developing this framework required data obtained from four different sources: (1) literature, (2) semi-structured interviews, (3) a survey, and (4) market research. First, we derived the criteria relevant to assessing ZEVs from the literature and from semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted with individuals who have driving experience with both battery and fuel cell electric vehicles. Seven criteria were found to be particularly relevant for assessing ZEVs: greenhouse gas emissions, infrastructure availability, charging/refueling time, range, spaciousness, total costs, and driving dynamics (in descending order of importance). Second, we conducted a survey among ZEV drivers and ZEV-interested individuals in order to weight these seven criteria. This survey was based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process approach. We then used market research to assign value scores to each criterion, representing the extent to which a particular ZEV meets a given criterion. Finally, we combined the value scores with the criteria weights to create the assessment framework. This framework allows for a transparent assessment of different ZEVs from the perspective of (potential) customers, without the need to repeatedly involve the surveyed participants. In an exemplary application of this multi-criteria framework, a battery electric vehicle clearly scored higher than a fuel cell electric vehicle. Our study is primarily useful for mobility planners, policymakers, and car manufacturers to improve ZEV infrastructure and support transportation systems’ transition towards low-carbon mobility. |
| Keywords: | Zero emission vehicles; Sustainable mobility; Transportation infrastructure; Purchase criteria; Multi-criteria analysis |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2023_002 |
| By: | Cull, Robert J.; Gill, Indermit S.; Pedraza Morales, Alvaro Enrique; Ruiz Ortega, Claudia; Zeni, Federica |
| Abstract: | This paper summarizes evidence on financial instruments and regulatory approaches to spur private investment in pursuit of the 2030 Sustainable Developments Goals. Starting from a theoretical framework demonstrating that raising the marginal product of capital is the key to crowding in private investment, it uses Robert Merton’s functional approach to financial intermediation to assess the track record and prospects for five types of instruments/regulatory approaches: guarantees, public-private partnerships, syndicated loans, sustainable financial contracts, and climate and banking regulations and policies. Despite considerable gains in the amount of private investment mobilized by these vehicles, the volumes still fall short of the trillions of dollars estimated to be necessary to achieve the Sustainable Developments Goals. Efforts to share relevant data, encourage more academic research, and publicize and demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches, much of which is already being undertaken by the World Bank and other multilateral development banks, could be crucial to scale up private capital mobilization. |
| Date: | 2024–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10838 |
| By: | Mohebbian, Mana |
| Abstract: | This report investigates the feasibility of developing a holistic indicator to assess and communicate the social sustainability and quality of life in Vancouver. Despite the availability of various specific metrics, there is a noted absence of a comprehensive framework that integrates these metrics to provide a singular, actionable view of the city's progress towards its social sustainability goals. The City of Vancouver currently employs 45 population-level indicators under its Healthy City Strategy, demonstrating the city's commitment to transparent and data-driven governance. However, these indicators, while effective individually, do not collectively provide a complete picture of the city's overall health across various dimensions such as public health, housing, education, and environmental sustainability. The aim of this research was to identify a holistic indicator that encompasses multiple dimensions of social sustainability to simplify assessments and improve strategic planning. Through a desktop review of 70 existing indicators and consultations with experts, two models were identified as particularly promising: the Greater London Authority's (GLA) Wellbeing and Sustainability Measure, and the City of Calgary's Equity Index (CEI). These models offer robust frameworks that prioritize equity, accessibility, and stakeholder involvement, aligning closely with Vancouver's urban development goals. This work highlights the need for an overarching metric that reflects the interdependencies among various domains, ensuring that progress in one area does not undermine another. By leveraging insights from this research, Vancouver can enhance its policy implementation and community engagement, moving closer to achieving a balanced and sustainable urban environment. The proposed holistic indicator will also support the city in benchmarking against other urban centers and refining its strategic initiatives based on quantifiable metrics. |
| Date: | 2024–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:dmqbr_v1 |
| By: | Wong, Quincy J. J.; Onie, Sandersan; McGillivray, Lauren; Burnett, Alexander; Theobald, Adam; Shand, Fiona; Torok, Michelle; Larsen, Mark |
| Abstract: | Background. There is a paucity of research that has examined how significant health, social, and environmental crises impact suicidal ideation, particularly where these events co-occur and have potentially synergistic adverse effects. The aim of this study was to identify the unique and cumulative contributions of mental health, social, and environmental risks on 12-month trajectories of suicidal ideation. Methods. A community-based sample of 1928 Australians (aged ≥16 years) completed online surveys measuring mental health, social, and environmental risk factors, and suicidal ideation at baseline, and the suicidal ideation measure was repeated at four follow-up timepoints. Results. Analyses showed five different trajectories of suicidal ideation (one stable low ideation trajectory; four vulnerable trajectories). A different set of risk factor variables predicted each vulnerable trajectory relative to the low trajectory. A cumulative risk index representing the combined effects of the mental health, social, and environmental risk factors also predicted each vulnerable trajectory relative to the low trajectory. Conclusions. While adversity resulting from exposure to health and environmental crises was associated with suicidal ideation, the heterogeneity in how patterns of mental health, social, and environmental factors related to trajectory classes suggests that people experience these events differently. A cumulative risk index may be a potentially useful indicator of risk. |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:kmscy_v1 |
| By: | Dr. Ghamz E Ali Siyal; Dr. Adeel Ahmed (Assistant Professor, School of Economics and Social Sciences (SESS), Institute of Business Administration (IBA), Karachi.; Lecturer, Economics and Finance, RMIT, Vietnam.) |
| Abstract: | Globally, production and waste generation have been increasing for several decades. The flow of recyclable waste from developed to developing countries has also risen. Notably, China was the primary importer of recyclable waste for recycling and reuse. However, to reduce the burden of recycling and solid waste management, China has begun restricting the import of low-quality waste. This study analyzes the impact of trade restriction policy, specifically the National Sword Policy (NSP), on waste exports, with a focus on plastic waste scrap . This waste is exported to China from the rest of the world. The analysis relies on two major data sources: the Center for Prospective Studies and International Information (CEPII) database and GDP per capita (GDPPC) from the World Development Indicators (WDI). Using the Gravity model, this study examines trade patterns over a 24-year period from 1995 to 2018, deliberately excluding the pandemic years to avoid bias in the results. The findings indicate that the NSP reduced plastic waste scrap exports to China by 177% while increasing the flow of low-quality plastic waste scrap to the rest of the world by 135%. Considerably, countries with poor environmental regulations received more (339%) plastic, compared to the top 20 importers, which saw an increase of 285%. These findings highlight the need for further analysis of trade patterns, particularly through a multi-product approach and an intensive and extensive margin analysis of all types of plastic waste scrap. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aho:ibaess:wpsil7 |
| By: | Poltoratskaia, Viktoriia; Quintero, Maria Fernanda; Fazekas, Mihaly; Marc Tobias Schiffbauer |
| Abstract: | Although green public procurement has been established as a desirable policy goal across the globe, especially in the European Union, its scope and impacts remain severely understudied. This paper provides insights into the prevalence and structure of green public procurement in Bulgaria, which is a sustainability laggard within the European Union and hence a least likely champion of green public procurement. The paper also estimates the impacts of green procurement on traditional procurement and economic outcomes: competition, corruption risks, and overall productivity. Using novel data and more comprehensive methods than previous studies, the analysis finds that green public procurement amounted to about 10 to 20 percent of total public procurement spending in Bulgaria in 2011–19. Most descriptors and requirements of green public procurement are found in titles, technical requirements, and product descriptions. Green criteria in award criteria texts, which are mainly used for flagging green public procurement in the literature, have been marginal in comparison. Green public procurement is estimated to improve competition for government contracts among firms, for example by increasing the prevalence of market entrants by 3 to 7 percentage points. Green public procurement contracts are also less prone to corruption risks. For example, they are 0.6 to 1.5 percentage points less likely to receive a single bidder. Finally, green public procurement enhances the efficiency of resource allocation in the economy by helping to channel public resources to more productive firms, for example to those that have 14 percent higher labor productivity. This effect is at least in part explained by the positive interaction between green public procurement and the lower risk of corruption. The findings strengthen the case for pursuing green public procurement goals as they offer synergies with traditional public procurement goals. |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10987 |
| By: | Roberta V. Gatti; Asif M Islam; Maue, Casey; Esha Dilip Zaveri |
| Abstract: | Using global data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys that includes the precise geo-location of surveyed firms, this paper examines how dry spells and precipitation shocks influence firm performance. The study finds that firms in areas that experience dry spells have lower performance in terms of sales. This is particularly true for smaller firms and those in developing economies. A higher number of extreme dry days also increases the chances that a firm will exit the market. The main channels are largely through labor productivity and infrastructure service disruptions such as water and power outages. There is also some evidence of limited access to finance due to negative precipitation shocks. Governance may be an exacerbating factor, with negative precipitation shocks increasing exposure to corruption. Yet, there is also some indication that digitally connected and innovative firms are more resilient to negative precipitation shocks. Process innovation, website ownership, and use of technology licensed from foreign firms mediate the effects of negative precipitation shocks on firm performance. However, there is little evidence of adaptation. Negative precipitation shocks have no effect on the presence of green management practices or green investments for a subset of firms for which such data is available. |
| Date: | 2024–09–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10923 |
| By: | Olusegun Ayodele Akanbi; Jessie Kilembe; Do Yeon Park |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of rising risk of natural disasters on rule-based fiscal frameworks. It explores the extent to which countries adhere to their fiscal rules in the presence of rising risk of natural disasters. To ensure a consistent analysis, we construct an index measuring the strenghth of fiscal rules, utilizing principal component analysis for a panel of 104 countries. The study employs a panel two-stage least squares estimation method to assess the impact of natural disaster risks on fiscal rules. The results, which are robust across various country groupings, suggest that natural disaster risks play a significant role in the determination of rule-based fiscal framework. After controlling for other determinants, the results show that countries with established fiscal rules are strengthening these rules in response to rising natural disaster risks. Nonetheless, the results are mixed across different country groups, with varying magnitude of impact. This suggests that countries currently operating fiscal rules will need to enhance their efforts to more comprehensively integrate natural disaster risks into their fiscal frameworks. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Framework; Fiscal Rules; Natural Disasters; Fiscal sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/038 |
| By: | Carmen Broto (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Olivier Hubert (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | We study whether the process of desertification in Spain has an impact on the volume of credit granted to Spanish non-financial corporations (NFCs). To this end, we use a panel data model at the municipal level from 1984 to 2019 for bank loans obtained from the Banco de España’s central credit register, where the main explanatory variable is the aridity index. Given that aridity is a long-term climatic phenomenon, we also estimate the model with local projections (Jordà, 2005) to disentangle the impact of aridity on credit to NFCs over longer horizons. Consistent with the literature, we find that higher aridity leads to lower credit to firms, at both short and long-term horizons. We also show that the effect of aridity on credit is sector-specific and depends on the climate zone. Credit to the agricultural sector is most negatively affected by this climatic hazard, while this phenomenon leads to more credit to the tourism sector in the most humid regions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, credit, aridity index, non-financial corporations, panel data model, local projections |
| JEL: | Q54 Q51 C33 E51 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2513 |
| By: | John Baffes; Etienne, Xiaoli |
| Abstract: | Understanding global food production and productivity patterns is crucial for policy and in-vestment decisions aimed at addressing poverty, food insecurity, and climate change. This pa-per develops comprehensive calorific-based production and yield indexes for 144 crops, cover-ing 98 percent of global agricultural land and food output. These indexes provide standardized measures across various crops and varieties, facilitating comparison of agricultural productivity and consolidating country and regional contributions to global food production. Utilizing a Box-Cox transformation, the analysis finds that a linear model best approximates yield growth. The findings reveal that, at an aggregate level, there has been no discernable slowdown in global yield growth over the past six decades. This translates into an average annual yield increase equivalent to nearly 33 kilograms of wheat per hectare. These results suggest that any observed deceleration in specific commodities, regions, or countries has been offset by gains in others. While these findings are reassuring from a global food supply perspective, caution is warranted about the sustainability of production and the affordability of food. These concerns are particu-larly relevant as global food demand increases due to population and income growth, and as the pressures from climate change intensify. The study underscores the importance of adopting strategic and sustainable agricultural practices to ensure continued food security in the face of evolving global challenges. |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10990 |
| By: | thomas, anna; Hope, Jessica Elizabeth (Stanford University); Mathur, Maya B |
| Abstract: | We investigated national-level impacts of media advocating plant-based diets. Search volume for popular films explains the majority of variance in searches for plant-based food, but is not associated with consumption. For three health-focused documentaries, we estimated that a standard deviation increase in searches for each film increases searches for plant-based food by up to 43% in the following week. Our findings can inform approaches for raising awareness of sustainable diets. |
| Date: | 2025–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:yh94d_v3 |
| By: | Mercy Gloria Ashepet; Farid Dahdouh-Guebas; Steve Redpath; Simon Pooley; Jean Huge |
| Abstract: | Wildlife conflicts between people and large herbivores or mammalian carnivores are widely researched in Africa, but there is limited work on human-crocodile conflicts (HCC). In Uganda, conservation efforts have enabled the recovery of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) population, yet the expanding human population and activities increasingly overlap with crocodile habitats resulting in negative interactions. This study used a combination of literature review, surveys, and the Nominal Group Technique to investigate the factors underpinning HCC around Murchison Falls Conservation Area. Results indicate that 115 attacks on humans occurred during 2012–2017, 84.3% of these being fatal. Also, 93.1% of the attacks occurred as victims were either fishing or collecting water. Construction of crocodile exclusion enclosures and translocation of problem crocodiles to protected areas were the most preferred mitigation measure. To reduce the prevalence of human injuries and offset local hostility toward crocodiles, conservation actors need to actively engage the affected communities. |
| Keywords: | Attacks; human-wildlife conflicts; Murchison falls National Park; Nile crocodile; nominal group technique; Uganda |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/372259 |
| By: | Simon Fløj Thomsen; Hamid Raza; Mikael Randrup Byrialsen |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to develop an ecological macroeconomic model for the Danish economy that can link the economic and financial system with some key aspects of the climate. To do so, we combine Stock-flow-Consistent approach (SFC) with Input-Output tables (IO) to build a hybrid model, which we call Ecological Stock-Flow-Consistent Input-Output model (E-SFC-IO). Most parameters of the model are estimated using time series data from 1995 to 2019, after which, we carry out simulations. We find that the model (with some minor adjustments) can replicate the dynamics of our key variables pertaining to the economy, financial system, and climate. To further validate the model, we analyse the response of the economy to various shocks, finding that it can capture the stylised facts. The model offers a foundation for providing a reasonable assessment of the climate policies to the relevant stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | Empirical Stock Flow consistent models, Input-Output modelling, Ecological macroeconomics, Denmark |
| JEL: | E12 E17 F41 L16 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:fmmpap:114-2025 |
| By: | Antonio Cabrales; Gema Pomares; David Ramos Muñoz; Angel Sánchez |
| Abstract: | We study experimentally a new model to study the effect of climate externalities and contractual incompleteness on network formation. We model a network where good/green firms enjoy direct and indirect benefits from linking with one another. Bad/brown firms benefit from having a connection with a good firm, but they are a cost to both direct and indirect connections. In efficient networks the green firms should form large connected components with very few brown firms attached. The equilibrium networks, on the other hand, have many more brown firms attached, and components are also smaller than the efficient ones. Our experiments show that empirical results are broadly in line with the theoretical equilibrium predictions, although the precise quantitative outcomes are different from the theory. |
| Keywords: | network formation, climate change, contractual externalities, efficiency and equilibrium |
| JEL: | C92 D62 D85 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11663 |
| By: | Adjlane Sabah (CRSTRA - Center for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions); Khiari Reguia (CRSTRA - Center for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions); Mokhnane Tarek (CRSTRA - Center for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions) |
| Abstract: | Algeria is seeking to achieve sustainable agricultural development due to its increasing effects in providing the growing food needs of the population and providing job opportunities for current and future generations. .The agricultural sector is the main source of food and also contributes to providing inputs for many industries that depend mainly on agricultural products. It is also a source of hard currency through its ability to achieve a surplus for export, in addition to creating new job opportunities through various projects. The aim of this study is to introduce the state of Oued Souf is rich in natural, human and water resources. It is especially known for producing some agricultural crops such as potatoes, wheat, barley, peanuts and more. It also aims at identifying the most important challenges it faces so that we can suggest a number of recommendations that contribute to addressing these challenges. |
| Keywords: | Desert agriculture sustainable agricultural development constituents obstacles JEL Classification Codes: Q1 Q01, Desert agriculture, sustainable agricultural development, constituents, obstacles JEL Classification Codes: Q1, Q01 |
| Date: | 2023–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04521434 |
| By: | Ayan Qu |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how effective an incremental change in the price of fuel, a proxy for fuel carbon tax, is in reducing the emission intensity of road transportation in Brazil through panel analysis at the federative unit level from 2010 to 2020, after offering descriptive insights into Brazil’s automotive fuel market with respect to its products, actors, and external factors. The paper postulates multiple variations of panel analysis models and focuses on dynamic two-way fixed effects models based on statistical results. The findings show that (1) the price of diesel has the most significant and robust impact on reducing emission intensity; (2) the short-run and long-run elasticities of the price of diesel are -0.74 and -2.06, respectively; and (3) both entity and time effects are significant, with the year of 2020 having a consistent effect in reducing emission intensity across the estimated models. |
| Date: | 2024–09–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10926 |
| By: | Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier; Conconi, Adriana; Olivieri, Sergio Daniel; Serio, Monserrat |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first measures of vulnerability to poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean at the household level looking at natural hazards such as floods, landslides, cyclones, earthquakes, and droughts. It considers seven countries in the region: Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, and Peru. The paper constructs a unique data base that links household surveys from the Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean database to data on natural hazards from the ThinkHazard database and Emergency Events Database, which permits the first estimates of how household exposure to natural events raises the probability of being poor. The results suggest that vulnerability to poverty is related to households' coping and adaptation strategies, and there is great heterogeneity depending on the natural hazard assumed. The evidence generated by this approach helps in understanding the lack of coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies among vulnerable households. This understanding can be used to mitigate the effects of natural disasters. The evidence-based approach is useful for identifying specific vulnerable communities in disaster-prone areas. Furthermore, the information can be presented in the most disaggregated representative unit that the data allow so that policy makers can build more efficient management policies in their location. |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10825 |
| By: | Saigal, Manisha; JOHNS, Philip |
| Abstract: | Understanding human-wildlife interactions is crucial for effective urban wildlife management and conservation. This study compared Singapore residents' perceptions and awareness of scenario-based etiquette towards four prominent urban wildlife species: smooth‐coated otters (Lutrogale perspicillata), long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), Malayan water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator) and reticulated pythons (Malayopython reticulatus). Using online surveys (n=399), we investigated how demographic factors and exposure to each species influence perceptions. Our results show significant differences in perceptions and etiquette responses towards each species. Respondents had the highest affinity towards otters, perceived greater property damage from mammals than reptiles, and feared terrestrial more than semi-aquatic species. Respondents’ age, parental status, frequency of park visits, involvement in wildlife programs and frequency of seeing each species significantly influenced perceptions, suggesting a need to engage older people and parents more to improve wildlife perceptions. Notably, the frequency of direct encounters with wildlife only explained 1% of variation in perceptions, suggesting that exposure or familiarity alone do not ensure coexistence with wildlife. Our findings emphasise the need for more public education on wildlife etiquette, especially regarding macaques. We found that wildlife education lowered perceptions of property damage but not fear, suggesting that addressing misconceptions and negative perceptions requires fostering positive emotional connections with wildlife. Our analysis highlights the interplay between urban aesthetics, cultural perceptions, wildlife education, and human and animal behaviour in shaping human-wildlife interactions. Most saliently, our study demonstrates the importance of species-specific approaches to improve relationships between humans and wildlife. |
| Date: | 2024–11–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:kjtp9_v1 |
| By: | Zhang, Yuan; Hu, Qianqian; Mak, Ho Wai; Hu, Yan |
| Abstract: | This research examines the progression of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives at China Construction Bank (CCB) from 2014 to 2023. The study assesses the evolution of CCB's CSR reporting, focusing on environmental sustainability and employee diversity. Using a longitudinal study approach, it integrates case studies, content analysis, and an in-depth review of annual CSR reports, alongside an analysis of quantitative indicators such as green financing and employee statistics, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and regression analysis. This allows for evaluating CSR trends and their relationship to financial and business performance. The findings indicate substantial improvements in both the quantity and quality of CCB’s CSR disclosures during the review period. The data shows a significant rise in green financing, demonstrating CCB's commitment to environmental sustainability, along with improvements in employee diversity, marked by an increased proportion of younger staff and minority staff. The correlation analysis highlights a positive relationship between CSR initiatives and financial outcomes, suggesting that CSR is a crucial factor in driving business success. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of a decade of CSR practices in a leading Chinese commercial bank, emphasizing the importance of regulatory frameworks in guiding CSR activities and demonstrating the positive impact of CSR on financial performance. The insights derived from this study offer valuable implications for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers interested in CSR practices within the banking sector. |
| Date: | 2025–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:47bkr_v1 |
| By: | Neubauer, Sven (RWTH Aachen University); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Morgan, M. Granger (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the factors that influence the manufacturing costs of high-voltage-direct- current (HVDC) cables in the EU, projects price developments through the year 2050, and provides potential measures to stabilize cable production costs. HVDC cables play an important role in the energy transition, because the economic operation of an increasingly decentralized power grid due to renewable energies requires technology with low transmission losses. The paper further identifies the contribution of each cost component and forecasts future values under various scenarios. Since the EU lists copper as a strategic raw material, a partial equilibrium model is employed to reduce uncertainty in price estimates for this commodity, the availability of which is critical for the manufacturing of HVDC cables. In a sensitivity analysis, the contribution of each input variable to our cable cost model is assessed. The results suggest that copper demand due to HVDC cable manufacturing exerts a negligible effect on EU copper prices, although cost trends diverge significantly across relevant Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios. The paper concludes that cable costs are tied to the affordability of copper. Metal availability and regulatory framework impact the timely development of the HVDC connections that will be necessary for the energy transition in Europe. |
| Keywords: | HVDC cable; HVDC costs; partial equilibrium model; copper supply; European Green Deal |
| JEL: | Q31 Q41 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:0000_000 |
| By: | Amrita Goldar (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Rajesh Chadha; Siddharth Goel; Rishabh Jain |
| Abstract: | This report provides a national roadmap for India to secure CETMs needed for its clean energy transition by addressing immediate and long-term challengesthrough strategic policy interventions and international cooperation. This volume aims to provide a detailed understanding of the various factors affecting the supply and demand of the six priority critical energy transition minerals (CETMs) selected for this study: copper, lithium, manganese, nickel, and neodymium. In particular, it covers: Production & Reserves, Processing, Supply Challenges, Geopolitical Dynamics, Key Players in the Supply Chain, Market and Pricing, Recycling, ESG Issues, etc. |
| Keywords: | supply chain, miniral policy, CETMs, clean energy, icrier |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:report:25-r-05 |
| By: | Roosa Lambin; Winnie C. Muangi; Milla Nyyssölä |
| Abstract: | This working paper examines Tanzania's social protection system amidst growing humanitarian crises driven by climate change, health epidemics, and regional conflicts. It explores the social protection needs experienced in humanitarian settings, the challenges in implementation and expansion of social protection schemes, and the opportunities for future policy reform to move towards shock-responsive systems. The study underscores the importance of integrating humanitarian responses into national social protection frameworks and expanding social protection to informal sector groups. |
| Keywords: | Social protection, Crisis, Climate change, Health shocks, Vulnerability, Tanzania |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2025-4 |
| By: | De Grandis, Giovanni (NTNU); Murashova, Natalia; Bonnevie, Tora; Falkenberg, Liv Eggset; Jamtøy, Ann Iren; Arntsen, Trude |
| Abstract: | We report the results of a citizen involvement workshop on sustainable healthy futures in Norway. The workshop was held in Trondheim on November 4-5, 2023 and involved 17 citizens from mid Norway. The good life was the broad theme, and we invited the participants to consider the themes of sustainable health and society within this frame. The participants developed 4 different visions for a sustainable healthy future for Norway. We gave them a mid-term horizon (2070) to leave room for needs- and aspirations-based social imagination, not overly conditioned by the current institutional framework, and to challenge the short-termism of the dominant policy cycles and thinking. The visions developed by the citizens are remarkably consistent in emphasizing the importance of good social integration and community life, interpersonal relations, individual development and an individual’s sense of meaning, contribution, and agency. Noteworthy is also their emphasis on the need to regulate new technologies, and to reduce information overload and unsustainable choices through trusted and transparent governance. The report provides a discussion of the visions, the full text of the 4 visions and a concise background about the method and the project of which the workshop was part. The Sustainable Healthy Futures pilot was a collaboration between the Norwegian centre for responsible research and Innovation (AFINO) and NTNU Health. The main aim of the project was to rethink health in society in the attempt to imagine innovative and sustainable approaches to health in the future. |
| Date: | 2025–01–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:b9qhf_v1 |
| By: | Srivastava, Bhavya; Ifeanyi Nzegwu Edochie; Aparajita Goyal; Andrew L. Dabalen |
| Abstract: | Sub-Saharan Africa’s low agricultural productivity exacerbates rural poverty. An important investment, the sustainable use of groundwater for irrigation, has the potential to increase agricultural productivity, but the region has been much slower to adopt this irrigation method compared to other regions, despite abundant reserves. This study uses a simulation-driven approach to examine the benefits of sustainably utilizing groundwater for irrigation. By mapping data from 291, 798 global agro-ecological zones to 8, 099 groundwater grids, the study models the production gains from groundwater irrigation for rain-fed croplands. Simulation results indicate that groundwater access could increase output by 27.97 to 129.42 percent, contingent on crop and model conditions. This research facilitates the assessment of the transformative potential of groundwater irrigation and identifies areas in Sub-Saharan Africa where investments can yield significant returns without depleting the groundwater table. |
| Date: | 2024–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10885 |
| By: | Samuel Christopher Hill; Jeetendra Khadan |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and the global shocks that followed have worsened fiscal and debt positions in small states, intensifying their already substantial fiscal challenges—especially the need to manage more frequent climate change–related natural disasters. Forty percent of the 35 emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) that are small states are at high risk of debt distress or already in it, roughly twice the share for other EMDEs. Larger fiscal deficits since the pandemic reflect increased spending to support households and firms, and weaker revenues. To improve their fiscal sustainability and resilience to future shocks, small states need to strike a balance between maintaining adequate fiscal buffers and increasing investments in human capital and climate change–resilient infrastructure. Comprehensive fiscal reforms are essential. First, small states’ revenues, which are highly volatile and dependent on sometimes unreliable sources, should be drawn from a more stable and secure tax base. Second, spending efficiency needs to be improved, especially on transfers to public enterprises, subsidies, and the public wage bill. Third, these changes should be complemented by reforms to fiscal frameworks, including better utilization of fiscal rules and sovereign wealth funds. Finally, to help these countries stay on sustainable fiscal paths, well-coordinated and targeted global policies are also needed. Policies supported by the global community can help to improve fiscal policy management, provide technical assistance, address debt challenges, and bolster funding for small states to invest in climate change resilience and adaptation, and other priority areas. |
| Date: | 2024–09–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10913 |
| By: | Philip Mulder; Yanjun Liao |
| Abstract: | This paper finds that low home equity reduces the flood insurance demand of flood-exposed borrowers (Working Paper no. 24-06). |
| Keywords: | climate risk, disaster insurance, household finance, home equity, housing cycles, implicit insurance |
| Date: | 2024–07–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:wpaper:24-06 |
| By: | Pabico, Jaderick (University of the Philippines Los Baños) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we examined the implications of critical road segment failures on the timely evacuation of Borongan City residents, specifically focusing on the elderly demographics who face unique mobility challenges during emergencies. Building upon our prior work (Pabico, 2024), which utilized isochrone mapping to analyze accessibility, we broaden our approach to examine the impact of critical road segment failures on access to evacuation centers during disaster scenarios. By utilizing network analysis, we simulated potential road segment disruptions to determine the increased evacuation times for affected populations. Our criticality assessment identified those road segments whose failures would lead to significant delays, emphasizing their influence on evacuation efficiency for elderly residents, who represent the slowest-moving demographic and are therefore highly vulnerable in emergencies. Through this analysis, we not only highlight potential bottlenecks but also propose actionable insights for targeted disaster risk reduction strategies, including alternate route planning and prioritization of road maintenance in critical areas. Our findings underscore the need for integrative disaster risk reduction and management planning in Borongan City. We aim to provide local governments and emergency planners with evidence-based recommendations for improving evacuation infrastructure, optimizing emergency response protocols, and enhancing overall community resilience. Ultimately, we advocate for prioritizing vulnerable populations in evacuation planning to ensure that all residents, particularly the elderly, have timely access to safe evacuation centers during disasters. |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:s72zg_v1 |
| By: | Danièle Patier (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Laila Abdelhai (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The scarcity and price of land in the city had led to the remoteness of logistics activities, with low added value, to the large outskirts of the cities. Recently, the Covid crisis, the alarming geopolitical context, ecological disasters have led to a change in purchasing behavior, the explosion of e-commerce. The fragility of our production and supply systems has led to the paralysis of a large part of our economic activities. Today, despite the scarcity of space and the cost of land, new innovative logistics spaces are making a comeback in city centers. The aim of this article is to analyze: - The relevance of new logistics space concepts to meet new expectations - How their integration into the categories of identified logistics spaces completes the network of the territory - The conditions of their return to the heart of the city despite the urban, economic and ecological constraints imposed by the European Climate Plan - The limits and opportunities of new concepts - To enrich the nomenclature of Urban Logistics Spaces by taking into account their radius of action, their functionality and the mode of management. This paper is based on the results of works, carried out within the framework of European urban logistics projects and the French national program Urban Goods Movements", which have given rise to numerous publications. |
| Keywords: | Urban logistics space, Sustainable goods distribution, New urban logistics concepts |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04570628 |
| By: | Emanuele Colonnelli; Timothy McQuade; Gabriel Ramos; Thomas Rauter; Olivia Xiong |
| Abstract: | We examine job-seekers' heterogeneous preferences for nonwage amenities, with a focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices, using an incentivized field experiment in Brazil. Our findings reveal that ESG is the most polarizing nonwage amenity across multiple sociodemographic groups, with the strongest preferences observed among highly educated, white, and politically liberal individuals (Colonnelli et al., 2025). While women report a stronger preference for work-from-home policies, all other nonwage amenities exhibit minimal variation across sociodemographic groups. Our findings highlight the critical role of corporate values in shaping economic outcomes within an increasingly polarized society. |
| JEL: | G0 J0 P0 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33455 |
| By: | Benjamin Cornejo Costas; Nicola Cortinovis; Andrea Morrison; |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between migrant inventors, informal institutions and the development of green technologies in European regions. We argue that migrant inventors act as an unlocking mechanism that transfers external knowledge to host regions, and that informal institutions (i.e. social capital, migrant acceptance) mediate this effect. The work is based on an original dataset of migrant inventors covering 271 NUTS2 regions in the 27 EU countries, the UK, Switzerland, and Norway. The analysis shows that migrant inventors help their host regions to diversify into green technologies. The regions with the highest levels of both measures of social capital show a higher propensity of migrant inventors to act knowledge brokers. Conversely, regions with lower levels of migrant acceptance and social capital do not seem to contribute to this effect. |
| Keywords: | lock-in, international migration, green innovation, social capital, acceptance, regional diversification, EU regions |
| JEL: | F22 J61 O30 R12 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2503 |
| By: | Robayo, Monica; Rude, Britta Laurin |
| Abstract: | Addressing energy poverty has emerged as one of the main challenges for Bulgaria's poverty and social inclusion policy, particularly in the context of the European Green Deal and the current crisis in Ukraine. To tackle the adverse impacts of energy poverty effectively, a crucial initial step involves accurately defining and measuring this issue. Identifying households affected by energy poverty is essential for shaping and implementing targeted policies. This study explores various definitions of energy poverty within the Bulgarian context by (1) systematically reviewing current methodologies and measures employed in the EU context; (2) assessing the feasibility of implementing these measures in Bulgaria based on data availability, comparing the incidence of energy poverty using alternative measures, and presenting characteristics of energy poverty to inform potential policy instruments; and (3) providing policy recommendations for the measurement and monitoring of energy poverty. The way energy poverty is measured and the overlap with income poverty shape the types of policy solutions perceived to be possible and appropriate to address it. The evaluation supports the need to shift from single indicators to multidimensional approaches in measuring energy poverty. Additionally, enhancing the granularity, quality, and frequency of expenditure and income surveys can contribute to easier operationalization of these concepts and a better understanding of the demographics of energy poverty. The study proposes exploring alternative data generation methods, such as smart meters, further to enhance insights into the dynamics of energy poverty. |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10827 |
| By: | Davis, Graham A.; Chadi Bou Habib; Solheim, Gaute; Martin Lokanc |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the determinants of mining projects, with a focus on green minerals. The research question is the effect of political risk on investment decisions, the size of projects, the volume of ore mined, and the ensuing resource rents captured by the host country. The paper shows the challenges of measuring and capturing resource rents, using a mathematical model of resource rent maximization for the host country under the constraint of a positive after-tax cash flow for investors. The analysis finds that the optimal approach for taxing extraction is a progressive profit tax on mining revenues that generates revenues for the country while minimally deterring investment. Alternatively, taxing cash flow, which can be non-distortionary, can be implemented. Using the S&P Capital IQ database, the analysis finds that the low-quality of governance, institutions, infrastructure, skills, and services dampens the exploration and exploitation of copper, a key mineral for green energy. The opportunity cost in terms of unexplored or underexploited deposits translates into suboptimal global copper production and forgone revenues for the poorest host countries. To unlock exploration, the paper proposes measures to mitigate political risk, including investing in geological surveys and institutions and designing stable tax systems. For underexploited projects, it proposes that countries not only invest in infrastructure, skills, and services, but also improve governance and institutions. This would lower the metal grade at which investors would be willing to commit, ultimately producing more metal from identified mineral deposits. Interventions from international financial institutions can help to alleviate all country risks, including political risks, that hinder credible intertemporal commitments between investors and countries. |
| Date: | 2024–11–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10965 |
| By: | Stéphane Gauthier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fanny Henriet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We consider optimal anonymous consumption taxes in situations where the magnitude of an externality varies with individuals who cause it. For instance, urban fuel consumers generate greater pollution damages compared to rural consumers, but both groups are subjected to the same fuel tax. We provide a condition for the validity of the targeting principle, where external concerns are only addressed through the tax imposed on the commodity responsible for the externality. When this condition holds, one can separate the equity/efficiency and environmental components of this tax. An illustration suggests that Pigovian considerations explain most of the fuel tax in France. |
| Keywords: | Targeting principle, Local externality, Pollution, Pigovian tax, Consumption taxes, Fuel, Budget de famille |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04331432 |
| By: | Jinchi Dong; Richard S. J. Tol; Fangzhi Wang |
| Abstract: | Preference heterogeneity massively increases the social cost of carbon. We call this the Weitzman premium. Uncertainty about an exponential discount rate implies a hyperbolic discount rate, which in the near term is equal to the average discount rate but in the long term falls to the minimum discount rate. We calibrate the pure rate of time preference and the inverse of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution of 79, 273 individuals from 76 countries and compute the corresponding social cost of carbon. Compared to the social cost of carbon for average time preferences, the average social cost of carbon is 6 times as large in the base calibration, and up to 200 times as large in sensitivity analyses. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.01394 |
| By: | Kuhnert, Heike; Aulrich, Karen; Bussemas, Ralf; Klinkmann, Dirk; Meyer-Höfer, Marie von; Veit, Christina; Werner, Daniela; Witten, Stephanie |
| Abstract: | Domestic consumption of pork has been declining for some time. It decreased from 50.2 kg per capita consumption in 2010 to 34.5 kg in 2023. The falling demand is accompanied by an ongoing social debate about animal welfare and environmental aspects of pig farming in Germany. The pressure on the whole German pig branch to adapt has been high in recent years and is expected to remain so. Organic livestock farming is generally seen as a possible option that could fulfil society's and consumers' expectations of livestock farming. Within the steadily growing organic production and demand for organic food in Germany, meat products have so far played a comparatively minor role. Pig farming has long led a shadowy existence in organic farming: The share of organically housed pigs in all fattening pigs was around one per cent in 2021 ... |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:350170 |
| By: | Sotiris Georganas; Phoebe Koundouri; Alina Velias |
| Abstract: | This paper utilises natural experiments in Greece to investigate the impact of extreme events on citizen preferences. Leveraging a nationally representative sample (n=5000+), we align multiple data collection waves with extreme events like fires, floods, and train crashes. Analysing the temporal dynamics post-events, we observe fluctuations in preferences akin to hot-cold visceral states. Our findings contribute to the literature on how major events shape individual preferences. Methodologically, we explore the effectiveness of primes in comparison to real-life events, discerning the reliability of primes as proxies for experiences. The study holds implications for policymakers, highlighting the malleability of public sentiment in shaping expectations of government interventions during and after crises, providing valuable insights for effective governance and crisis management. |
| Keywords: | natural experiments, disasters, extreme events, shocks, preferences |
| JEL: | A12 |
| Date: | 2025–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2519 |
| By: | Chávez, Paulo; Daniel Francisco Barco Rondan; Bledi Celiku; Arthur Galego Mendes; Steven Michael Pennings; Elena Resk |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the World Bank Long-Term Growth Model and extensions to study Peru’s long-term growth prospects and its potential to attain high-income economy status. Under a business-as-usual baseline, Peru’s potential GDP growth declines slowly from 2.1 to 1.7 percent over the next two decades, due mostly to demographic factors. In this baseline, it takes more than half a century to reach high income status. To accelerate growth, the paper considers moderate and ambitious reform scenarios for the non-resource sector through faster total factor productivity (TFP) growth, human capital growth, and higher investment rates. The ambitious reform path accelerates growth to an average of 4.3 percent in the simulation period (2024–50), allowing Peru to reach high-income status by 2045. The paper also considers a Global Green Transition scenario, where Peru takes advantage of higher global demand for copper from clean technologies. In that scenario, higher copper prices, greater exploration, improved mining technology, and reinvested copper windfalls increase baseline growth to 3.1 percent by 2035. If Peru were able to harness the global green transition and implement ambitious reforms in the non-resource sector, growth could accelerate to an average of 5 percent, and the country could reach high-income status by 2042. |
| Date: | 2024–09–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10900 |
| By: | O'Brien, Thomas; Warren, Elizabeth; Martinez-Flores, Devin; Orlando Rivera Royero, Daniel; Valencia-Cardenas, Maria C. |
| Abstract: | The Caltrans 2024 Sustainable Freight Academy was held on November 18-21, 2024. The academy consisted of presentations from goods movement professionals and subject matter experts, including those from both public and private organizations. The final group presentation allowed participants to develop their skills in grant writing by applying lessons learned from the course. Participants were divided into eight groups and took on various roles such as Grant Writer, Project Manager, and Industry Partner in order to develop and present a mock Trade Corridor Enhancement Program (TCEP) proposal topic. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Education, Caltrans, Sustainability, Freight, Transportation, Planning |
| Date: | 2025–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4vw8k58t |
| By: | Bickenbach, Frank; Bode, Eckhardt; Dohse, Dirk; Görg, Holger; Heidland, Tobias; Hinz, Julian; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Liu, Wan-hsin; Rickels, Wilfried; Schularick, Moritz |
| Abstract: | Europa: • Deutschland muss sich wieder als wichtiger Teil und als eine der Führungsnationen der EU verstehen. Die neue Bundesregierung sollte in außenwirtschaftlichen Fragen konsequent europäisch denken und handeln. • Nur ein starker EU-Binnenmarkt schafft Augenhöhe mit den USA und China. Gemeinsam hat die EU eine starke Marktmacht, die eingesetzt werden kann, um handelsbeschränkenden Maßnahmen entgegenzuwirken und einen fairen internationalen Wettbewerb zu ermöglichen. • Die Märkte für digitale Produkte, Finanzdienstleistungen und Energie sind in Europa nach wie vor stark fragmentiert. Der Binnenmarkt muss daher endlich vollendet werden. Es bedarf eines starken europäischen Marktes für Risikokapital sowie einer Kapitalmarkt- und Bankenunion. China: • In den Verhandlungen über Ausgleichszölle für in China produzierte Elektroautos sollte sich die EU nicht auf Scheinlösungen wie Mindestpreise oder Importquoten einlassen, sondern auf dem Abbau unfairer Subventionen und einem besseren Schutz europäischer Unternehmen vor Diskriminierung auf dem chinesischen Markt bestehen. Die Bundesregierung sollte der Kommission dabei den Rücken stärken. • Gemeinsam mit den anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten und der Kommission sollte die neue Bundesregierung rasch ein geeignetes regulatorisches Regelwerk erarbeiten, um Gefahren für die nationale Sicherheit, die sich aus dem Einsatz chinesischer Produkte in sicherheitsrelevanten Bereichen und kritischen Infrastrukturen der EU ergeben können, effektiv zu begegnen. USA: • Die angekündigten Importzölle auf europäische Waren würden die deutsche Automobilindustrie und andere exportorientierte Sektoren treffen. Bei zusätzlichen Zöllen von 10% würden die deutschen Exporte in die USA mittelfristig um bis zu 10% fallen. • Geschlossenes Auftreten der EU bei gezielten Gegenmaßnahmen und höhere Investitionen in Verteidigung in Europa sollten Teil der strategischen Antwort auf die unberechenbare Handelspolitik von Trump sein. Sein Streben nach schnellen Deals kann aber auch Chancen bieten. Europa sollte gleichzeitig zum Champion von Offenheit und Liberalisierung gegenüber dem Rest der Welt werden. Handelsabkommen • Pläne der EU-Kommission, mit regionalen Gemeinschaften über Mercosur hinaus Handelsabkommen zu schließen, sollten von der Bundesregierung unterstützt werden. Nachhaltigkeitsstandards der EU sollten an den Entwicklungsstand der Partner von Handelsabkommen angepasst werden. Afrika: • Deutschland muss eine strategische Afrika-Politik entwickeln, die auf langfristige gemeinsame Interessen zielt. Deutschland sollte gegenüber Afrika als langfristiger und verlässlicher Partner auftreten und darin eine Führungsrolle innerhalb der EU übernehmen und Ressourcenpartnerschaften entwickeln. Die Migrationspolitik sollte nicht von Abschottung, sondern von Chancenorientierung geprägt sein. Rohstoffsicherheit: • Die Bundesregierung sollte das von der EU geplante intensive Monitoring der Versorgungslage mit strategisch wichtigen Rohstoffen, Zwischen- und Fertigprodukten unterstützen und in auch in anderen Bereichen wie z.B. bei Antibiotika Kriterien für Versorgungssicherheit definieren. Die Bundesregierung sollte zudem die Erforschung und Entwicklung wirtschaftlich überlegener alternativer Produkte gezielt fördern. Europäische Klimapolitik: • Das EU-Emissionshandelssystem für den Verkehrs- und Gebäudesektor sollte zügig umgesetzt und langfristig als zentrales Klimainstrument mit Anpassung der Zertifikateallokation etabliert werden. Die CO2-Entnahme sollte unterstützt und die entsprechenden Zertifikate für spätere Anrechnungszeiträume gespeichert werden. • An der Einführung des CO2-Grenzausgleichs (CBAM) sollte festgehalten werden, aber gleichzeitig andere Handelshemmnisse abgebaut werden. Entwicklungsländer sollten bei der Erfassung von Emissionsdaten unterstützt werden. |
| Abstract: | Europe: • Germany must once again see itself as an important part of and a leading nation within the EU. The new German government should consistently think and act in a European way on foreign trade issues. • Only a strong EU single market can compete on equal terms with the USA and China. Together, the EU has strong market power that can be used to counteract trade-restricting measures and enable fair international competition. • The markets for digital products, financial services and energy are still highly fragmented in Europe. The single market must therefore finally be completed. Furthermore, a strong European market for venture capital, a capital market and banking union is needed. China: • In the negotiations on countervailing duties for electric cars produced in China, the EU should not engage in sham solutions such as minimum prices or import quotas but should insist on the reduction of unfair subsidies and better protection of European companies against discrimination in the Chinese market. The German government should support the Commission in this. • Together with the other EU member states and the Commission, the new German government should quickly develop an appropriate regulatory framework to effectively counter threats to national security that may arise from the use of Chinese products in safety-related areas and critical infrastructures in the EU. USA: • Trump's announced import tariffs on European goods would affect the German automotive industry and other export-oriented sectors. With additional tariffs of 10%, German exports to the US would fall by up to 10% in the medium term. • The EU's united stance on targeted countermeasures and increased investment in defense in Europe should be part of the strategic response to Trump's unpredictable trade policy. At the same time, Europe should champion openness and liberalization in its relations with the rest of the world. Trade Agreements: • The EU Commission's plans to conclude trade agreements with regional communities beyond Mercosur should be supported by the German government. The EU's sustainability standards should be adapted to the level of development of the partners to trade agreements. Africa: • Germany must develop a strategic Africa policy that aims at long-term common interests. Germany should act as a long-term and reliable partner to Africa, taking a leading role within the EU and developing resource partnerships. Migration policy should not aim at isolation but be orientated towards opportunity. Security of raw materials: • The German government should support the EU's plans for intensive monitoring of the supply situation for strategically important raw materials, intermediate and finished products, and define criteria for security of supply in selected areas, such as antibiotics. In addition, it should promote the research for and development of economically superior alternative products European climate policy: • The EU emissions trading system for the transport and building sector should be implemented swiftly and established as a central climate instrument in the long term by adjusting the initial allocation of allowances. CO2 removal should be supported and corresponding certificates stored for later crediting periods. • The introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) should be maintained, but other trade barriers should be removed at the same time. Developing countries should be supported in collecting emissions data. |
| Keywords: | Außenwirtschaft, Bundestagswahl, China, USA, Afrika, Handelsabkommen, Klimapolitik, foreign trade, German federal election, China, USA, Africa, trade agreement, climate policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:311214 |
| By: | Dasgupta, Susmita; Blankespoor, Brian; Wheeler, David J. |
| Abstract: | This paper builds on recent advances in machine-based pattern recognition to estimate species occurrence maps, using georeferenced open-source data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. With currently available data, the estimation algorithm has produced maps for more than 600, 000 vertebrates, invertebrates, other animals, vascular plants, and fungi. The algorithm is designed for rapid map updates and estimation of new maps with continued increases in Global Biodiversity Information Facility occurrence reports. The paper compares the algorithm-produced maps with species-matched sets of expert maps for mammals, ants, and vascular plants. Using comparative species density counts in a high-resolution grid, it finds close similarity in global distribution patterns. It also traces regional differences to technical differences in estimation methods or cases where the boundaries of existing expert maps could be revised to reflect species-level patterns in Global Biodiversity Information Facility reports. The paper uses the estimated Global Biodiversity Information Facility maps to explore the global distributions of endemic species and species whose small occurrence regions increase their extinction risks. It finds a high overall incidence of endemism, with significant variations across major species groups. It also identifies about 118, 000 species whose small occurrence regions create significant extinction risks. For both endemic and small-occurrence region species, the paper finds patterns of spatial clustering that identify candidate areas for cost-effective protection. |
| Date: | 2024–06–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10821 |
| By: | Bickenbach, Frank; Bode, Eckhardt; Dohse, Dirk; Görg, Holger; Heidland, Tobias; Hinz, Julian; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Liu, Wan-hsin; Rickels, Wilfried; Schularick, Moritz |
| Abstract: | Europe: • Germany must once again see itself as an important part of and a leading nation within the EU. The new German government should consistently think and act in a European way on foreign trade issues. • Only a strong EU single market can compete on equal terms with the USA and China. Together, the EU has strong market power that can be used to counteract trade-restricting measures and enable fair international competition. • The markets for digital products, financial services and energy are still highly fragmented in Europe. The single market must therefore finally be completed. Furthermore, a strong European market for venture capital, a capital market and banking union is needed. China: • In the negotiations on countervailing duties for electric cars produced in China, the EU should not engage in sham solutions such as minimum prices or import quotas but should insist on the reduction of unfair subsidies and better protection of European companies against discrimination in the Chinese market. The German government should support the Commission in this. • Together with the other EU member states and the Commission, the new German government should quickly develop an appropriate regulatory framework to effectively counter threats to national security that may arise from the use of Chinese products in safety-related areas and critical infrastructures in the EU. USA: • Trump's announced import tariffs on European goods would affect the German automotive industry and other export-oriented sectors. With additional tariffs of 10%, German exports to the US would fall by up to 10% in the medium term. • The EU's united stance on targeted countermeasures and increased investment in defense in Europe should be part of the strategic response to Trump's unpredictable trade policy. At the same time, Europe should champion openness and liberalization in its relations with the rest of the world. Trade Agreements: • The EU Commission's plans to conclude trade agreements with regional communities beyond Mercosur should be supported by the German government. The EU's sustainability standards should be adapted to the level of development of the partners to trade agreements. Africa: • Germany must develop a strategic Africa policy that aims at long-term common interests. Germany should act as a long-term and reliable partner to Africa, taking a leading role within the EU and developing resource partnerships. Migration policy should not aim at isolation but be orientated towards opportunity. Security of raw materials: • The German government should support the EU's plans for intensive monitoring of the supply situation for strategically important raw materials, intermediate and finished products, and define criteria for security of supply in selected areas, such as antibiotics. In addition, it should promote the research for and development of economically superior alternative products European climate policy: • The EU emissions trading system for the transport and building sector should be implemented swiftly and established as a central climate instrument in the long term by adjusting the initial allocation of allowances. CO2 removal should be supported and corresponding certificates stored for later crediting periods. • The introduction of the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) should be maintained, but other trade barriers should be removed at the same time. Developing countries should be supported in collecting emissions data. |
| Abstract: | Europa: • Deutschland muss sich wieder als wichtiger Teil und als eine der Führungsnationen der EU verstehen. Die neue Bundesregierung sollte in außenwirtschaftlichen Fragen konsequent europäisch denken und handeln. • Nur ein starker EU-Binnenmarkt schafft Augenhöhe mit den USA und China. Gemeinsam hat die EU eine starke Marktmacht, die eingesetzt werden kann, um handelsbeschränkenden Maßnahmen entgegenzuwirken und einen fairen internationalen Wettbewerb zu ermöglichen. • Die Märkte für digitale Produkte, Finanzdienstleistungen und Energie sind in Europa nach wie vor stark fragmentiert. Der Binnenmarkt muss daher endlich vollendet werden. Es bedarf eines starken europäischen Marktes für Risikokapital sowie einer Kapitalmarkt- und Bankenunion. China: • In den Verhandlungen über Ausgleichszölle für in China produzierte Elektroautos sollte sich die EU nicht auf Scheinlösungen wie Mindestpreise oder Importquoten einlassen, sondern auf dem Abbau unfairer Subventionen und einem besseren Schutz europäischer Unternehmen vor Diskriminierung auf dem chinesischen Markt bestehen. Die Bundesregierung sollte der Kommission dabei den Rücken stärken. • Gemeinsam mit den anderen EU-Mitgliedstaaten und der Kommission sollte die neue Bundesregierung rasch ein geeignetes regulatorisches Regelwerk erarbeiten, um Gefahren für die nationale Sicherheit, die sich aus dem Einsatz chinesischer Produkte in sicherheitsrelevanten Bereichen und kritischen Infrastrukturen der EU ergeben können, effektiv zu begegnen. USA: • Die angekündigten Importzölle auf europäische Waren würden die deutsche Automobilindustrie und andere exportorientierte Sektoren treffen. Bei zusätzlichen Zöllen von 10% würden die deutschen Exporte in die USA mittelfristig um bis zu 10% fallen. • Geschlossenes Auftreten der EU bei gezielten Gegenmaßnahmen und höhere Investitionen in Verteidigung in Europa sollten Teil der strategischen Antwort auf die unberechenbare Handelspolitik von Trump sein. Sein Streben nach schnellen Deals kann aber auch Chancen bieten. Europa sollte gleichzeitig zum Champion von Offenheit und Liberalisierung gegenüber dem Rest der Welt werden. Handelsabkommen • Pläne der EU-Kommission, mit regionalen Gemeinschaften über Mercosur hinaus Handelsabkommen zu schließen, sollten von der Bundesregierung unterstützt werden. Nachhaltigkeitsstandards der EU sollten an den Entwicklungsstand der Partner von Handelsabkommen angepasst werden. Afrika: • Deutschland muss eine strategische Afrika-Politik entwickeln, die auf langfristige gemeinsame Interessen zielt. Deutschland sollte gegenüber Afrika als langfristiger und verlässlicher Partner auftreten und darin eine Führungsrolle innerhalb der EU übernehmen und Ressourcenpartnerschaften entwickeln. Die Migrationspolitik sollte nicht von Abschottung, sondern von Chancenorientierung geprägt sein. Rohstoffsicherheit: • Die Bundesregierung sollte das von der EU geplante intensive Monitoring der Versorgungslage mit strategisch wichtigen Rohstoffen, Zwischen- und Fertigprodukten unterstützen und in auch in anderen Bereichen wie z.B. bei Antibiotika Kriterien für Versorgungssicherheit definieren. Die Bundesregierung sollte zudem die Erforschung und Entwicklung wirtschaftlich überlegener alternativer Produkte gezielt fördern. Europäische Klimapolitik: • Das EU-Emissionshandelssystem für den Verkehrs- und Gebäudesektor sollte zügig umgesetzt und langfristig als zentrales Klimainstrument mit Anpassung der Zertifikateallokation etabliert werden. Die CO2-Entnahme sollte unterstützt und die entsprechenden Zertifikate für spätere Anrechnungszeiträume gespeichert werden. • An der Einführung des CO2-Grenzausgleichs (CBAM) sollte festgehalten werden, aber gleichzeitig andere Handelshemmnisse abgebaut werden. Entwicklungsländer sollten bei der Erfassung von Emissionsdaten unterstützt werden. |
| Keywords: | foreign trade, German federal election, China, USA, Africa, trade agreement, climate policy, Außenwirtschaft, Bundestagswahl, China, USA, Afrika, Handelsabkommen, Klimapolitik |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:311213 |
| By: | O'Connor, Ruth; Sanchez, Emerson; Bice, Sara; Jones, Kirsty; Henderson, Hayley |
| Abstract: | There is a growing need to maximise the social benefits achieved from public investment in infrastructure, particularly with the transition to net zero economies. Project Delivery Models (PDMs)—the contractual agreements that set out roles and responsibilities for infrastructure project partners—can underpin the delivery of social benefits, yet the processes involving their selection are largely opaque. In this paper we explore how social considerations inform PDM selection and how this is facilitated by policy. We interviewed highly experienced procurement professionals from the sector about how social benefits and risks are considered. We also examined how the associated regulatory environment supports social considerations through documentary analysis of auditing guidance documents. We found that not only are social benefits sidelined in early project decisions, but social risks are inadequately considered. An entrenched gap in social expertise contributes to this situation while project compartmentalisation presents challenges for inclusion and transparency in decision-making. Current auditing processes provide little incentive for social benefit consideration and reinforce both risk framing and compartmentalisation of major infrastructure projects. The paper offers new and important insights into this early project stage and distils five recommendations for improving social benefit creation from infrastructure investments, particularly in developed economies. |
| Date: | 2025–01–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:6n9qy_v1 |
| By: | Gregory Phelan; David Love |
| Abstract: | This research will help policymakers understand how economic growth, risk, and the financial sector influence sustainability objectives. It provides a useful theoretical framework useful to help assess what policies related to growth and financial depth are likely to affect sustainability (Working Paper no. 23-05). |
| Date: | 2023–05–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:wpaper:23-05 |
| By: | A. Patrick Behrer; Pullabhotla, Hemant |
| Abstract: | Depletion of groundwater is a major challenge in India. This paper examines how a major rural public works program (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005) that financed the construction of surface water infrastructure that may have plausibly increased aquifer recharge rates impacted groundwater levels. Using a difference-in-differences approach on the staggered and heterogeneous rollout of the program, the paper shows that groundwater levels increased after its implementation. These increases were concentrated in states that constructed the largest number of program-financed surface water projects. The observed increases in groundwater appear to have led to increases in the irrigated area of high-value crops and greater overall irrigation during the dry season. |
| Date: | 2024–09–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10886 |
| By: | Hoai Thu Tu Thi (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Gustave Eiffel); Christophe Rizet (AME-DEST - Dynamiques Economiques et Sociales des Transports - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Date: | 2023–06–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04671384 |
| By: | Smith, Tone |
| Abstract: | As the interest in heterodox economic theories increase, so does the demand for overview articles presenting these theories. This article is an attempt to provide a short overview of the most important elements of the field of ecological economics. |
| Keywords: | Ecological economics, social-ecological economics, limits to growth, degrowth, plural values. |
| JEL: | B59 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:123544 |
| By: | Bao We Wal Bambe; Chadi Bou Habib; Joaquin Marandino Peregalli |
| Abstract: | Global oil prices have surged in recent decades, significantly hurting household living standards. In response to rising prices, many governments introduced fuel price subsidy to protect the most vulnerable populations. The literature is almost unanimous that fuel price subsidies are inefficient and generate significant socioeconomic and environmental costs. However, it is also acknowledged that subsidies often represent a significant proportion of poor households' income, so removing them can have devastating effects. Moreover, given that fuel is a key input to economic activity, removing subsidies would alter the cost structure of specific sectors, with impacts on employment, competitiveness, and, ultimately, households’ welfare. One important question then is how policy makers can reduce the distorting effects of fuel subsidies while implementing effective measures to curb the adverse effects of price rises on the economy and poor households. This paper reviews the literature on this issue, discusses alternative policies to fuel subsidies, and provides scenarios that simulate cost and price shocks and fiscal savings for fuel subsidy reforms in Angola. Using an input-output table, the analysis estimates that gradual removal of the subsidies until full removal would result in a cumulative price increase of around 5.0 percent. The highest increases would be in fisheries and transportation (20 percent on average). Fully compensating for the price increase in the two sectors would absorb around 30 percent of the savings (around 1.0 percent of gross domestic product), notwithstanding the form and channel this compensation would take. This sector granularity is crucial to anticipate the potential negative effects of subsidy removals for various social and economic groups involved with a given sector as users or as producers. |
| Date: | 2024–10–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10939 |
| By: | Hunnicutt, Patrick; Denny, Sean; Gabriel Englander |
| Abstract: | Protected areas can conserve wildlife and benefit people when managed effectively. African governments increasingly delegate the management of protected areas to private, non-governmental organizations, hoping that private organizations’ significant resources and technical capacities actualize protected areas’ potential. Does private management improve outcomes compared to a counterfactual of government management? This paper leverages the transfer of management authority from governments to African Parks (AP)—the largest private manager of protected areas in Africa—to show that private management significantly improves wildlife outcomes via reduced elephant poaching and increased bird abundances. The results also suggest that AP’s management augments tourism, while the effect on rural wealth is inconclusive. However, AP’s management increases the risk of armed groups targeting civilians, which could be an unintended outcome of AP’s improved monitoring and enforcement systems. These findings reveal an intricate interplay between conservation, economic development, and security under privately-managed protected areas in Africa. |
| Date: | 2024–08–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10874 |
| By: | John List |
| Abstract: | Contingent valuation is a widely used method for estimating the value of nonmarket commodities. Yet, a persistent issue is whether responses to Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) questions accurately reflect true values. Recent studies indicate that hypothetical bias is a significant factor that creates a gap between intentions and actions. I use a novel approach within non-market valuation - a List Experiment in the field - to test whether it can attenuate the hypothetical bias observed within CVM surveys. Using data from 400 subjects in a field experiment, I find initial promising results. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00809 |
| By: | Pijpers, Kevin |
| Abstract: | This paper offers a situated analysis of infrastructures of surveillance and control in Rotterdam through Latour & Hermant’s concept of the oligopticon. Oligopticons are networked devices and their supporting infrastructures that render the city in extremely narrow but very clear representations, in this case as a city of waste hotspots. In Rotterdam, public management is designing data-hungry oligopticons that map, control and intervene in the illegal disposal of waste and litter. An analysis of two vignettes from the author’s ethnographic fieldwork finds that these oligopticons do more than simply make visible and control these practices of waste disposal: they instead engage in punitive politics that frames those who illegally dispose of waste as exceptions to a normalizing way of life, fighting not waste but difference. Through ethnographic comparison, this paper aims to evoke thought, imagination and reflection in readers regarding the consequences of infrastructures of surveillance and control and the intimate knowledge that may escape these infrastructures. |
| Date: | 2024–09–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bavsy_v1 |
| By: | Paola Marcela Ballon Fernandez; Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva |
| Abstract: | While the concept of social sustainability is growing in salience, there is little consensus on how to measure it. This lack of an accepted measure makes it harder to monitor progress toward sustainable development goals, honor political commitments to leave no one behind, and design effective social development and protection programs. This study proposes an original measure of social sustainability and its associated fragilities in the form of multidimensional social gaps. The measure is anchored conceptually in the new social sustainability in development framework and applied empirically using a counting approach. The study calls this metric the Social Sustainability Index. It was piloted in Peru and South Africa, country contexts with low levels of trust, deep social tensions, and stark inequality. The measure comprises four dimensions—inclusion, resilience, social cohesion, and process legitimacy—measured by 16 indicators. The study finds that roughly two-thirds of the population in Peru and South Africa experience overlapping social gaps in the space of social sustainability. On average, these populations exhibit intensity rates of 47 and 53 percent, respectively, equivalent to experiencing multiple social gaps in seven and eight indicators. Women and ethnic minorities are disproportionally fragile. Weak process legitimacy is the main driver of multidimensional social gaps in both countries. In South Africa, low satisfaction with the way corruption is fought and deficits in government effectiveness are the principal indicators driving multidimensional social gaps. In Peru, inequality before the law and deficits in government effectiveness are the two indicators contributing the most to overall gaps in social sustainability. These findings call for strategies to boost accountability and inclusion beyond access to markets, services, and social benefits. |
| Date: | 2024–08–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10875 |
| By: | Sollis, Kate; Rajeevan, Usitha; van Eeden, Lily; Lee, Kate; Keniger, Lucy; Lin, Brenda; Marsh, Pauline; Flies, Emily |
| Abstract: | Nature connection is an important leverage point for both human wellbeing and planetary health. While previous research has identified associations between nature connection and wellbeing, there has been little examination of how different wellbeing measures are associated with nature connection, and how this correlation varies by population groups. We seek to fill this gap through a survey of 4006 individuals in Australia. We find a strong association between nature connection and two measures of wellbeing: life satisfaction, and health-related quality-of-life. The association between nature connection and life satisfaction was similar to that of income and life satisfaction. The association between nature connection and wellbeing was found to be particularly strong for younger people, and those who speak a language other than English at home. Through developing a measure examining one’s life satisfaction relative to their health-related quality-of-life, we find that those with higher levels of nature connection tend to have greater life satisfaction than health-related quality-of-life. These findings highlight the important role policy can play in enhancing nature connection to improve wellbeing, such as expanding green space development and providing individuals with more opportunities to meaningfully connect with nature. Keywords: Nature connection, wellbeing, life satisfaction, health-related quality-of-life |
| Date: | 2024–09–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:s74k9_v1 |
| By: | Moskos, Megan; Milligan, Vivienne; Benedict, Richard; Habibis, Daphne; Isherwood, Linda; van den Nouwelant, Ryan |
| Abstract: | What this research is about: this research looked at how Indigenous housing is managed, funded and regulated in Australia. It looked at ways to support Indigenous Australians in making their own decisions about their housing. This research report is part of the AHURI Inquiry into developing a long-term governance and resource framework for sustainable and effective Indigenous housing. The research uses the term ‘Indigenous’ to refer to both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia. Why this research is important: the research provides a comprehensive overview of the current Indigenous housing system in Australia. Understanding Indigenous housing requirements is vital for developing future policies. |
| Date: | 2025–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:tucv4_v1 |