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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Kinuthia, Dickson; Oingo, Balentine; Bryan, Elizabeth; Davis, Kristin E.; Wallin, Elsa; Bukachi, Salome A. |
| Abstract: | Agricultural intensification that prioritizes profits over people and the environment is increasingly recognized as harmful to people’s wellbeing and the sustainability and resilience of smallholder farming systems. Nature-based solutions are part of nature-positive eco-agrifood systems and are critical for restoring ecosystems and preventing further biodiversity loss and environmental degradation during a climate crisis. To support more widespread adoption of nature-based solutions, it is important to understand dynamics within local communities where these solutions will be applied. This includes deeper understanding of environmental challenges, institutional and governance arrangements, current farming practices, gender relations, and perceptions of nature-based solutions. This study draws on qualitative data on these topics collected from smallholder farmers and key informants in three counties of Kenya. The discussion centers on the potential for nature-based practices to place agricultural production systems on a more sustainable path. |
| Keywords: | agricultural production; gender; natural resources; nature-based solutions; smallholders; sustainability; Africa; Eastern Africa; Kenya |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2319 |
| By: | Ricardo Cris\'ostomo |
| Abstract: | We estimate the loss of value that companies might suffer from nature overexploitation. We find that global equities shed 26.8% in a scenario of unabated nature decline, while the worst-performing firms lose ~75% of their value. Our risk framework considers five environmental hazards: biodiversity loss, land degradation, climate change, human population and nature capital. We also introduce two metrics to assess nature-related risks: a Country Degradation Index that tracks the damage caused by environmental hazards in specific territories, including nonlinear dynamics and tipping points; and a Nature Risk Score that summarizes the risk that companies face due to the decline of nature and its services. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.14391 |
| By: | Abdullah Al Abrar Chowdhury; Azizul Hakim Rafi; Adita Sultana; Abdulla All Noman |
| Abstract: | The escalating challenge of climate change necessitates an urgent exploration of factors influencing carbon emissions. This study contributes to the discourse by examining the interplay of technological, economic, and demographic factors on environmental sustainability. This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) innovation, economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption, and urbanization on CO2 emissions in the United States from 1990 to 2022. Employing the ARDL framework integrated with the STIRPAT model, the findings reveal a dual narrative: while AI innovation mitigates environmental stress, economic growth, energy use, FDI, and urbanization exacerbate environmental degradation. Unit root tests (ADF, PP, and DF-GLS) confirm mixed integration levels among variables, and the ARDL bounds test establishes long-term co-integration. The analysis highlights that AI innovation positively correlates with CO2 reduction when environmental safeguards are in place, whereas GDP growth, energy consumption, FDI, and urbanization intensify CO2 emissions. Robustness checks using FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR validate the ARDL findings. Additionally, Pairwise Granger causality tests reveal significant one-way causal links between CO2 emissions and economic growth, AI innovation, energy use, FDI, and urbanization. These relationships emphasize the critical role of AI-driven technological advancements, sustainable investments, and green energy in fostering ecological sustainability. The study suggests policy measures such as encouraging green FDI, advancing AI technologies, adopting sustainable energy practices, and implementing eco-friendly urban development to promote sustainable growth in the USA. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2501.14747 |
| By: | Claire Alestra (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gilbert Cette (NEOMA - Neoma Business School); Valérie Chouard (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France); Rémy Lecat (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | We employ the ACCL model for climate policy simulation to investigate the feasibility of achieving climate targets in the context of global economic convergence. Our findings indicate that, in a scenario with moderate economic convergence, the world does not reach these targets solely with ambitious, although realistic, energy price policies. Our estimates underscore the importance of combining global carbon taxation with the widespread deployment of green technologies to help reconcile economic convergence and climate objectives. Hence, initiatives that focus on accelerating the global energy transition and supporting its implementation in low- and middle-income countries are crucial with regard to this challenge. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Environmental policy, Economic convergence, Green technologies |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04743613 |
| By: | Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future); Palmer, Karen (Resources for the Future); Shih, Jhih-Shyang (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | System-level design that integrates hydrogen production with the electricity system may improve market uptake and enable green hydrogen to contribute significantly to a sustainable energy future. Government policies, incentives, and funding opportunities provide the necessary support and financial backing to foster technological advancements.In this paper, we develop a decision-making model to simultaneously optimize capacity investments and system operations in electricity generation and hydrogen production. We investigate the optimal deployment and operation of electrolyzers to produce green hydrogen using grid-connected sources of electricity, an off-grid system that couples variable renewable energy (VRE) resources with long duration energy storage (LDES), or a mix of both. We assess the economic and environmental performance of the hydrogen production system under carbon pricing and various tax incentive policy We evaluate scenarios accounting for the Section 48 Energy Credit, known as the Investment Tax Credit (ITC), of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), as well as the Section 45V Clean Hydrogen Production Tax Credit (PTC). We note that Section 48 was expanded under the IRA of 2022. Previously, the ITC applied to energy storage only when it was installed in connection with a solar generation facility. The IRA has broadened this to include stand-alone energy storage projects, making them eligible for a tax credit of up to 30 percent of investment cost (Shah et al. 2024; IRS 2024). The ITC is available for renewable energy technologies even if they are not grid-connected. The ITC can be claimed for off-grid renewable energy systems, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, and other qualifying technologies, as long as they meet the eligibility criteria set by the IRS (DOE 2024). scenarios—in particular, the Section 45V Production Tax Credit (PTC) for green hydrogen and the Section 48 Investment Tax Credit (ITC) for VRE and LDES—along with sensitivity analysis on LDES capital costs.Eleven scenarios showcase the model’s capability and highlight the complexity of interactions between system components. We calculate the unit net cost of hydrogen production for each scenario and decompose the unit cost into four components: electricity cost, capital investment, social cost of carbon dioxide emissions, and tax revenue. We find, for example, that the ITC and PTC could potentially reduce unit hydrogen production cost from $10.62 per kilogram in a no-policy scenario to $0.96 per kilogram. This model provides a foundation for further investigation of the full integration of hydrogen infrastructure within the electricity system. |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-25-04 |
| By: | Kauer, Pia |
| Abstract: | The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), passed under the Biden administration in August 2022, is the biggest US climate bill to date. Its focus on subsidy-driven decarbonization incentives marks a potential turning point in US industrial policy and might prevent its repeal under the upcoming Trump administration. This paper closely examines how the IRA aims to address the crisis of US capitalism with a particular emphasis on its ecological, geopolitical, and social objectives. Central to the IRA are strategies for decarbonizing the power and transport sectors, enhancing US competitiveness in the clean energy and battery industries, and linking subsidies to workers' rights. Despite its transformative potential to advance renewable energy and generate 'green' jobs, the IRA also includes concessions to the fossil fuel industry and incorporates protectionist measures that could heighten international tensions, especially with China. This analysis situates the IRA within the broader context of the crisis of post-Fordism and explores its role in a potential 'state-interventionist turn' towards a greener capitalism, while critically assessing its adequacy in addressing the urgency of climate action. |
| Keywords: | Inflation Reduction Act, Industrial Policy, Decarbonization, Energy Transition, Regulation Theory |
| JEL: | H23 J58 O25 P18 Q42 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:311195 |
| By: | Neuhoff, Karsten; Sato, Misato; Ballesteros, Fernanda; Böhringer, Christoph; Borghesi, Simone; Cosbey, Aaron; Das, Katsuri; Ismer, Roland; Johnston, Angus; Linares, Pedro; Matikainen, Sini; Pauliuk, Stefan; Pirlot, Alice; Quirion, Philippe; Rosendahl, Knut Einar; Sniegocki, Aleksander; van Asselt, Harro; Zetterberg, Lars |
| Abstract: | Context and problem • The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) was introduced to prevent carbon leakage, and to incentivise global carbon pricing. The UK is set to introduce a CBAM in 2027 for the same reasons. However, this policy measure will face limitations in a fragmented geopolitical environment if progress on global carbon pricing remains slow. • The reliance on international progress in carbon pricing exposes European climate and industrial policies to external risks, threatening investment certainty and decarbonisation goals. • The current transition period for the EU’s CBAM, in which free allocation of emissions allowances is in place until 2034, creates funding and incentive gaps for green industrial investments. Proposal for a climate contribution • A straightforward charge in the form of a ‘climate contribution’ would complement emissions trading and the CBAMs. It would be non-discriminatory, as it would be levied on domestically produced and imported carbon-intensive basic materials like steel, cement and plastic, and be based on standardised values equal to the value of free allowance allocation to conventional production. • Unlike a CBAM, the climate contribution would be product-based, thus a relief for exports would be possible, in line with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The standardised value avoids resource shuffling and allows consistent application along the value chain. • The climate contribution could help fill the funding gap left by free allocation, ensuring stable revenues to finance, for example, Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs), which are critical for green industrial investments. • It offers the flexibility to extend free allocation if progress in advancing global carbon pricing proves slow, without compromising climate and industrial objectives. • We recommend introducing the climate contribution as a bridging instrument to complement emissions trading and ensure investment stability and incentives for green industry during the CBAM transition period. • In summary, the climate contribution provides a practical, WTO-compliant solution to address carbon leakage risk, ensure investment stability, and support industrial decarbonisation in the face of global policy fragmentation. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:311220 |
| By: | Castellini, Marta; D'Alpaos, Chiara; Fontini, Fulvio; Moretto, Michele |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy production plays a crucial role in the energy transition. However, many renewable energy sources (RES) are intermittent, and there is often a mismatch between energy production and consumption, which can be partially solved by storage. In this paper, we investigate the investment decision in a photovoltaic (PV) power plant coupled with a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), namely an Energy Storage System (ESS). We aim to investigate the relationship between the net present value (NPV) of the investment and the technical implications related to the maximum amount of energy to be stored while also accounting for the impact of energy prices. In our setting, the BESS is connected to the national power grid and the PV plant. Energy can be produced, purchased from the grid, stored, self-consumed, and fed into the grid. PV production and energy consumption loads evolve stochastically over time. In addition, as BESS are costly, energy stored has an opportunity cost, which depends on the prices of energy purchased from the grid and energy fed in and sold to the grid, respectively. However, BESS can significantly contribute to increase ESS managerial flexibility and, in turn, ESS value. In detail, we investigate the optimal BESS size that minimizes ESS net operating costs. We also provide insights on ESS optimal management strategy. Our results show that ESS net operating costs are relatively small. They reduce for increasing selling prices of energy, whereas they increase for increasing volatility of the stock of energy stored in the battery. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Dairy Farming, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–02–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:349431 |
| By: | Rubén Veiga Duarte (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Samuel Hurtado (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Pablo A. Aguilar García (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Javier Quintana González (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Carolina Menéndez Álvarez (BANCO DE ESPAÑA) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces CATALIST, a production network model developed to evaluate the economic effects of energy transition risks. Building upon Aguilar, González and Hurtado (2022) and Izquierdo, Moral-Benito, Prades and Quintana (2023), CATALIST incorporates a multi-country setting and an investment network and models greenhouse gas emissions and carbon taxes. The model places special emphasis on energy inputs by accounting for renewables and energy commodities and by differentiating their use from other intermediates in production and final consumption. Our findings reveal substantial heterogeneity in the impact of regulatory shocks relating to emissions across sectors and under different schemes. Specifically, a shock to the price of emissions and an expansion of the ETS system yield similar aggregate impacts, but the latter results in greater electrification, which can be further accelerated with increased renewable energy capacity. We also find that the aggregate impact is significantly influenced by how the additional revenues from carbon taxes are utilized, with recycling through a reduction in labor taxes proving more beneficial than through lump-sum transfers. Finally, while some sectors may respond to regulatory shocks with notable declines in investment, our simulations indicate a low risk of stranded assets, at least for shocks of a size compatible with the current medium-term emissions targets. |
| Keywords: | climate change, transition risks, stress test, production networks, input-output, carbon tax, energy transition |
| JEL: | Q43 Q48 Q52 Q54 C67 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Giorgos Galanis; Giorgio Ricchiuti; Ben Tippet |
| Abstract: | Most countries are expected to become more vulnerable to climate change over the coming decades. Existing literature suggests that increasing vulnerability might incentivize mitigation, as climate-induced disasters often act as ``focusing events'' that spur action. This viewpoint is somewhat optimistic, implying more action due to increases in damages. However, there is limited empirical support for this. Conversely, wealthy countries (which are generally less vulnerable) are expected to take greater action under the principle of \emph{Common But Differentiated Responsibilities} due to their high incomes and historic responsibility for climate change. These two observations raise the research question of whether the negative relationship between vulnerability and climate action holds, even when controlling for countries' income per capita. Using relevant vulnerability data and controlling for output per capita, we find a strong negative association between vulnerability and three proxies of climate action (pledges, mitigation laws, and growth rate of emissions). Our findings challenge the ``focusing events'' argument, highlighting the importance of not relying on damages and vulnerability increases to foster action. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risk, Vulnerability, Mitigation Laws, Global Warming |
| JEL: | C1 C4 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2025_04.rdf |
| By: | Jérémie GILBERT |
| Abstract: | The fight against the ecological crisis and the protection of human rights are interdependent challenges that require collective efforts from governments, international organizations, civil society, businesses, and individuals. Most human rights are negatively affected by the ecological crisis. However, in a more positive sense, the international human rights normative framework highlights numerous pathways to ensure an effective, sustainable, just, and equitable ecological transition. Not only does environmental protection contribute to the realization of human rights, but the protection of human rights also plays a role in environmental preservation and provides avenues for ecological transition.The right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment encompasses fundamental rights such as access to clean air, a safe climate, potable water, healthy and sustainably produced food, non-toxic environments, as well as healthy biodiversity and ecosystems.As this study emphasizes, a human rights-based approach encourages states to commit to transitioning towards agroecological food systems, halting and reversing deforestation and land degradation, and improving adaptive capacities, particularly for vulnerable and marginalized populations. By adopting an approach centered on the role of human rights in addressing the ecological crisis, this report provides insights into how human rights can serve as a guiding principle to ensure that the ecological transition is just, sustainable, and equitable.Many rights are directly affected, particularly several economic and social determinants of the right to health, such as access to nutritious food, drinking water, sanitation, and housing. Addressing the global ecological crisis from a human rights perspective helps highlight the principles of universality and non-discrimination while underscoring that these rights must be guaranteed for all, including members of vulnerable groups.While nearly all individuals experience the effects of environmental degradation, the consequences are more severe for those already in situations of marginalization or vulnerability. The most exposed populations often include children and young people, the elderly, persons with disabilities, those living in poverty, ethnic, racial, or other marginalized minorities, Indigenous peoples, displaced persons—whether within a country or across borders—refugees and migrants, as well as human rights defenders.Fighting inequalities in the face of the ecological crisis requires a human rights-based approach that incorporates environmentally, socially, and economically just solutions to ensure that no one is left behind in the transition to a more sustainable future. This report analyzes how, in response to the various impacts of the ecological crisis on human rights, both human rights doctrine and case law are rapidly evolving to promote a human rights-based approach that aligns with the ecological transition.By aligning the principles of a just transition with human rights, policymakers and stakeholders can work together to ensure that the shift toward sustainability is socially just and does not compromise the rights and well-being of individuals and communities. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en16769 |
| By: | Labhard, Vincent; Lehtimäki, Jonne |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a global-scale structural change, affecting economies across the world, alongside global fragmentation, digitalisation and demographics. This paper analyses the diffusion of climate policies and technologies and the role of institutions and governance in that process. It discusses theory, models and data available to date, and the empirical evidence for the 20 European Union and all 40 countries covered by the OECD’s Environmental Policy Stringency index. The results indicate that institutions and governance have significant effects towards a greater speed and spread of diffusion of climate policies and technologies, and that separating the speed and spread effects is essential for assessing the green transition. JEL Classification: E02, O11, Q20, Q55, Q58 |
| Keywords: | adaptation, mitigation, renewability, sustainability, transition |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253027 |
| By: | Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics Queen’s University, Canada, and Cambridge Resource International Inc.); Owotomiwa C. Olubamiro (Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Madagascar is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, facing a range of climate hazards such as tropical cyclones, droughts, floods, and rising sea levels. These hazards have profound effects on key sectors including agriculture, water and sanitation, health, education, and infrastructure, exacerbating poverty and food insecurity. The agricultural sector, which employs 80% of the population and contributes 25% to GDP, is particularly affected by erratic rainfall and extreme weather events, leading to significant crop losses and increased food insecurity. Water resources are under stress due to irregular rainfall patterns and contamination from cyclones, impacting both rural and urban populations. The health sector faces challenges from malnutrition, vector-borne diseases, and damage to healthcare infrastructure caused by extreme weather events. Education is disrupted by the destruction of school infrastructure and increased absenteeism due to food shortages and health issues. Infrastructure, particularly roads and energy systems, suffers from frequent damage due to cyclones and floods, hindering economic development and access to essential services. To address these challenges, Madagascar has implemented various adaptation strategies and policies, supported by international organizations. These include enhancing agricultural resilience, improving water resource management, climate-proofing health and educational infrastructure, and strengthening road and energy systems. Despite these efforts, the country's limited economic capacity and high poverty rates continue to hinder its ability to fully adapt to the changing climate. This report underscores the urgent need for continued and enhanced support to build climate resilience and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on Madagascar's key sectors. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Madagascar, Climate Hazards, Agriculture, Food Insecurity, Climate Resilience |
| JEL: | I15 O13 H84 R11 Q18 Q25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4626 |
| By: | Delgado-Téllez, Mar; Quintana, Javier; Santabárbara, Daniel |
| Abstract: | An increase of e100 per tonne in the EU carbon price reduces the carbon footprint but lowers GDP due to higher energy costs and carbon leakage. Using a dynamic multi-sector, multi-country model augmented with an energy block that includes endogenous renewable energy investment, we analyze the macroeconomic and emissions effects of a carbon price. Investment in renewable energy mitigates electricity price increases in the medium term, leading to a smaller GDP loss (up to -0.4%) and a larger emissions reduction (24%) in the EU. Neglecting renewable energy investment overestimates the negative economic impact. We also find that a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) reduces carbon leakage but slightly hurts GDP and inflation as the competitive gain is offset by the higher costs of imported intermediate inputs. JEL Classification: C6, H2, Q5 |
| Keywords: | carbon border adjustment, carbon pricing, production networks, renewable energy investment |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253020 |
| By: | Yedong Zhang |
| Abstract: | Although "climate litigation" is not an indigenous term in China, localizing it is essential to support the development of an independent environmental legal knowledge system in China. Rooted in China's judicial tradition, which emphasizes substantive rationality, traditional legal theories have primarily focused on environmental law. However, the contemporary practices in the rule of law have created an unclear trajectory for climate litigation. Research in this area has long been trapped in a paradigm that relies on lawsuits for ecological environmental damage compensation and environmental public interest litigation, leading to a significant disconnect between theoretical frameworks and practical application. With the advancement of the "dual carbon" strategic goals-carbon peaking and carbon neutrality-it has become imperative to redefine the concept of climate litigation within the Chinese context. We need to establish a theoretical framework that aligns with the "dual carbon" objectives while providing theoretical and institutional support for climate litigation, ultimately contributing to the international discourse on climate justice. Additionally, Hong Kong's proactive climate governance and robust ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) practices provide valuable insights for developing comprehensive climate litigation mechanisms. Based on this analysis, we propose concrete plans for building a climate litigation system in China, establishing a preventive relief system and a multi-source legal framework at the substantive level and developing climate judicial mechanisms for mitigation and adaptation at the procedural level. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.03906 |
| By: | Viral V. Acharya; Stefano Giglio; Stefano Pastore; Johannes Stroebel; Zhenhao Tan; Tiffany Yong |
| Abstract: | We build a general equilibrium model to study how climate transition risks affect energy prices and the valuations of different firms in the energy sector. We consider two types of fossil fuel firms: incumbents that have developed oil reserves they can extract today or tomorrow, and new entrants that must invest in exploration and drilling today to have reserves to potentially extract tomorrow. There are also renewable energy firms that produce emission-free energy but cannot currently serve non-electrifiable sectors of the economy. We analyze three sources of climate transition risk: (i) changes in the probability of a technological breakthrough that allows renewable energy firms to serve all economic sectors; (ii) changes in expected future taxes on carbon emissions; and (iii) restrictions on today's development of additional fossil fuel production capacity. We show that different transition risks—and, importantly, uncertainty about their realizations—have distinct effects on firms' decisions, on their valuations, and on equilibrium energy prices. We provide empirical support for the heterogeneous effects of different transition risks on energy prices and stock returns of firms in different energy sub-sectors. |
| JEL: | G0 Q0 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33413 |
| By: | Innocentus Alhamis |
| Abstract: | Public policy shapes the economic landscape, influencing everything from corporate behavior to individual investment decisions. For Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investors, these policy shifts can create opportunities and challenges as they navigate an ever-changing regulatory environment. The contrast between the Trump and Biden administrations offers a striking example of how differing political agendas can affect ESG investments. Trump's first term was marked by deregulation and policies favoring fossil fuels, which created an uncertain environment for sustainable investments. When Biden assumed office, his focus on climate action and clean energy reinvigorated the ESG sector, offering a more stable and supportive landscape for green investments. However, with Trump's return to power in his second term, these policies are being reversed again, leading to further volatility. This paper explores how such dramatic shifts in public policy influence economic strategies and directly impact ESG investors' decisions, forcing them to constantly reassess their portfolios in response to changing political climates. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.02627 |
| By: | Khlil, Brahim (Independent researcher) |
| Abstract: | This white paper delineates Mauritania’s strategic economic and social blueprint for 2024-2030, aimed at fostering sustainable growth, economic diversification, and resilience. It underscores the nation’s initiative to leverage its rich natural resources and the strategic pivot towards diversifying its economy, with special emphasis on the emerging gas sector and renewable energy ventures. Central to this strategy are pivotal initiatives such as the Tekavoul program, TAAZOUR’s comprehensive health insurance project, and SNDP’s role in bolstering the fisheries sector, each playing a crucial role in enhancing the living standards of Mauritania’s populace and steering the country towards its ambitious 2030 vision. Through these strategic endeavors, Mauritania is poised to navigate the complexities of global economic shifts, underscoring its commitment to sustainable development and prosperity. This document serves as an essential guide for stakeholders and investors looking into Mauritania’s concerted efforts towards a resilient and prosperous future. |
| Date: | 2024–03–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:hgn46_v1 |
| By: | F. Funke (TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin); L. Mattauch (TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin); T. Douenne (UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam); A. Fabre (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); J E Stiglitz (Columbia University [New York]) |
| Abstract: | To accept carbon pricing, citizens desire viable alternatives to fossil fuel-based options. As inflation and higher interest rates have exacerbated access barriers for capital-intensive green substitutes, the political success of carbon pricing will be measured by how well policy design enables consumers to switch. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04664777 |
| By: | Fronteddu, Antonio |
| Abstract: | The pursuit of global carbon neutrality makes the energy transition process no longer procrastinable. The switch towards renewable-based energy systems is paving the way for new forms of energy governance that prioritise the role of commons by demarketising access to energy. However, governments’ strategies worldwide seem to prioritise innovation in the raw materials (sun, wind, etc.) rather than in governance – favouring the continued extraction of energy from resource-rich regions. This work will analyse the case of Sardinia as an example where these two phenomena intersect contradictorily, by comparing the bottom-up nature of energy communities (ECs) vis-á-vis the top-down nature of public-private initiatives, alongside their policymaking trajectories. The key insights that will stem from this thesis elucidate a continuum with prior top-down policies of economic extractivism operated by the Italian government in Sardinia. Such top-down policies are conceptualised thanks to core and energy periphery theories and can explain the current mainstream regime of energy transition. Alternative strategies to pursue policy are conceptualised thanks to the energy democracy theory. Such theory envisions an active citizen engagement alongside the sustainable consumption of renewable energy and resources within the realm of energy communities. Therefore, the thesis will conclude that although large-scale top-down policies are being operated in the island, with special reference to the energy transition, energy communities can forge bottom-up alternative examples of policymaking, enabling an energy transition that can cross-tackle long-standing problems of Sardinian society, such as a stagnant economy, depopulation, self-determination, issues of land, landscapes, and pollution. |
| Date: | 2023–05–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:zxd95_v1 |
| By: | Maureen L. Cropper; Mengjia Hu; Yongjoon Park; Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | A large literature uses nonattainment status under the U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) to measure regulatory stringency and to instrument for air pollution in studies of the impact of the CAA on health and other endpoints. Since 1978 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulated ambient air quality at the county level; however, prior to 1978 nonattainment status was imposed on Air Quality Control Regions, contiguous counties that comprise an airshed. This is not the definition of nonattainment used in the literature. Using county-level data, we examine the impacts of EPA’s definition of nonattainment status for TSP, CO, ozone, and SO2 in 1972 on ambient air quality and manufacturing employment between 1969 and 1976 and EPA’s definition of nonattainment in 1978 on air quality and manufacturing employment between 1975 and 1988. Nonattainment status in 1972 had no significant impact on either ambient TSP or on the ratio of dirty manufacturing to total employment between 1969 and 1976. We do, however, find significant impacts on ambient TSP using 1978 nonattainment status, and significant impacts of TSP, CO, ozone and SO2 nonattainment in 1978 on the fraction of employment in dirty manufacturing industries from 1975 to 1988. We discuss the implications of these findings for EPA’s decision regarding the geographic level at which to regulate air pollution. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33412 |
| By: | Tatjana Dahlhaus; Thibaut Duprey; Craig Johnston |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events contribute to increased volatility in both economic activity and prices, interfering with the assessment of the true underlying trends of the economy. With this in mind, we conduct a timely assessment of the impact of natural disasters on Canadian gross domestic product (GDP). |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Domestic demand and components; Fiscal policy; Regional economic developments; Econometric and statistical methods |
| JEL: | B23 C13 C23 E17 E37 E62 H6 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocsan:25-5 |
| By: | Tiziano Distefano; Raphael Porcherot; Benedetto Rocchi; Gino Sturla; Mauro Viccaro |
| Abstract: | As global warming intensifies, the availability of water poses an increasing challenge for countries such as Italy. Italy's socioeconomic structure places significant pressure on domestic and international water resources, especially through imports. In 2014, more than half of Italy's total water footprint (WF, 126, 453 Mm³) was sourced from abroad. The agricultural sector is the largest contributor, accounting for 78.6% of the WF---70.9% domestically and 83.7% externally. As climate change concerns grow, efficient water management is crucial, yet research often overlooks the complex interactions between socio-economic factors and water resources. To address this gap, we extend the EUROGREEN model by integrating a new hydrological module that explores the water-economy nexus. This module evaluates feedback loops and the effects of policy measures on both water and economic outcomes, providing a comprehensive view of their interdependencies. The model introduces an Extended Water Exploitation Index (EWEI), considering variations in water stress by fully accounting for grey water demand and supply constraints. We present initial results from a base scenario and several alternatives, analyzing the impact on agricultural productivity, industrial output, and regional water scarcity. The base scenario suggests that endogenous growth and climate change could exacerbate water stress, underscoring the need for integrated water management strategies to ensure socioeconomic stability. |
| Keywords: | System Dynamics; Ecological Macroeconomics; Policy Scenario Analysis; Climate Change |
| JEL: | Q54 H68 C63 C67 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2025_02.rdf |
| By: | Emmanuel Salim (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne, CERTOP - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ISTHIA - Institut supérieur du tourisme, de l'hôtellerie et de l'alimentation (Toulouse) - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse); Jeanne Fournier (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne); Abraham Ephraim Gerber (HES-SO - Haute École spécialisée de Suisse occidentale = HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland = Fachhochschule Westschweiz [Schweiz]); Emmanuel Fragnière (HES-SO - Haute École spécialisée de Suisse occidentale = HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland = Fachhochschule Westschweiz [Schweiz]); Leila Kebir (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of climate change on the sustainability of summer glacier skiing (SGS) in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. Summer glacier skiing (SGS) is a niche tourism activity that is particularly vulnerable to climate change. This is evidenced by the notable reductions in snowpack and glacier retreat, which are affecting the viability of SGS. By applying the valuation system framework, the study examines the relationship between the production and consumption systems of SGS and how climate-induced transformations influence sustainability. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative approach, integrating fieldwork, direct observations, and semistructured interviews with key stakeholders, including tourism operators, local authorities, and ski athletes. The findings demonstrate that climate change intensifies the scarcity of resources, necessitating augmented investments in infrastructure and modifying consumer behaviour, which in turn affects the economic and environmental sustainability of the activity. Notwithstanding these challenges, the existence of institutional cooperation within Saas-Fee offers the region the opportunity to transition towards more sustainable practices. The paper emphasises the necessity for a comprehensive approach to comprehend and oversee the sustainability of SGS in the context of ongoing climate change. |
| Abstract: | Niniejszy artykuł analizuje wpływ zmian klimatu na zrównoważony rozwój letniej turystyki narciarskiej na lodowcu (SGS) w Saas-Fee w Szwajcarii. Letnia jazda na nartach na lodowcu (SGS) to niszowa działalność turystyczna, która jest szczególnie podatna na zmiany klimatu. Dowodem na to jest znaczne zmniejszenie pokrywy śnieżnej i cofanie się lodowca, które wpływają na rentowność SGS. Stosując ramy systemu wyceny, badanie analizuje związek między systemami produkcji i konsumpcji SGS oraz wpływ transformacji spowodowanych zmianami klimatu na zrównoważony rozwój. Metodologicznie, badanie wykorzystuje podejście jakościowe, integrując badania terenowe, bezpośrednie obserwacje i częściowo ustrukturyzowane wywiady z kluczowymi interesariuszami, w tym operatorami turystycznymi, władzami lokalnymi i sportowcami narciarskimi. Wyniki pokazują, że zmiany klimatyczne nasilają niedobór zasobów, wymagając zwiększonych inwestycji w infrastrukturę i modyfikując zachowania konsumentów, co z kolei wpływa na zrównoważony rozwój gospodarczy i środowiskowy tej działalności. Niezależnie od tych wyzwań, istnienie współpracy instytucjonalnej w Saas-Fee oferuje regionowi możliwość przejścia na bardziej zrównoważone praktyki. Dokument podkreśla konieczność kompleksowego podejścia do zrozumienia i nadzorowania zrównoważonego rozwoju SGS w kontekście zachodzących zmian klimatycznych. |
| Keywords: | climate change, qualitative research, summer glacier skiing, sustainability, tourism adaptation |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04789645 |
| By: | Yedong Zhang |
| Abstract: | After the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) revised its Environmental and Social Framework, it has committed to certain climate-related objectives, yet an independent climate accountability mechanism has not been established. The absence of clear evaluation principles and procedural rules presents challenges in effectively addressing environmental investment disputes. This article reviews both domestic and international literature related to AIIB's climate accountability mechanism, identifying that the current Environmental and Social Framework's principled content and reliance on traditional approaches have resulted in issues of enforceability and the absence of an independent accountability institution. To enhance the effectiveness of AIIB's climate accountability mechanism, a reassessment of its development path is necessary. Future developments should transition from an additive path to a substitutive path, focusing on the application of international environmental and social standards, increasing stakeholder recognition and participation, promoting comprehensive reforms within AIIB, and establishing a coordinated independent accountability system. These measures aim to support the robust development of AIIB's climate accountability mechanism. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.03893 |
| By: | Francesco Lamperti; Elisa Palagi; Tommaso Perniola |
| Abstract: | Does a more unequal society emit more CO2? The nexus between carbon emissions and income inequality has been at the core of a vast literature, which has yielded conflicting results. Leveraging panel econometric techniques, we provide robust evidence of a non-linear relationship that depends on the structural composition of the economy. Specifically, we document a positive association between income inequality, measured with five different indicators, and per capita carbon emissions in highly tertiarized countries. In contrast, the relationship in non-service-intensive economies turns negative. We provide evidence for plausible mechanisms mediating this non-linear association: the carbon footprint of the richest individuals -particularly when linked to investment- and the employment share in industry are key factors underlying the observed patterns. Our results point to the stage of "development" as a crucial factor shaping the emission-inequality nexus. Indeed, it helps identify countries for which fighting inequality comes with climate-related benefits. |
| Keywords: | income inequality, climate change, emissions, carbon, mitigation |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2025/04 |
| By: | Noureddine Abdelbaki (UIT - Université Ibn Tofaïl) |
| Abstract: | Le monde a connu de profonds changements économiques, sociaux, politiques et environnementaux. Ces transformations marquées notamment par les crises économiques et les catastrophes naturelles ont impacté le développement des territoires dans l'espace et dans le temps. Des inégalités entre territoires sont observées dans de nombreux domaines différents, notamment l'économie, la démographie, l'éducation, la santé… L'objectif du développement territorial durable est d'harmoniser la croissance économique, la justice sociale et la protection de l'environnement sur le long terme. Néanmoins, devant les disparités régionales, ce problème devient particulièrement difficile. Les disparités et inégalités territoriales entre différentes régions ou au sein d'une même région résultent de nombreux facteurs et peuvent affecter la qualité de vie, les opportunités économiques et l'accès aux services publics dans ces zones. Cette communication examine les disparités territoriales en abordant les dimensions économiques, sociales, environnementales, et politiques. Elle étudie les éléments qui affectent la croissance des territoires, comme la compétitivité, l'attrait, la gestion et la durabilité. Notre intérêt pour le cas du Maroc est inhérent au fait que le développement territorial est au cœur des politiques publiques du pays, notamment à travers des stratégies comme la régionalisation avancée, la décentralisation et la mise en œuvre de projets structurants. Néanmoins, le pays fait face à des défis spécifiques, tels que les disparités entre les régions urbaines et rurales, la gestion des ressources naturelles (eau, terres agricoles) et les impacts du changement climatique. Étudier ces défis dans un cadre territorial peut apporter des pistes de réflexion sur la résilience et l'adaptation. A travers une revue de littérature se basant sur les écrits se rapportant au sujet du développement territorial ainsi que les rapports et les études officiels concernant le cas du Maroc, l'article met en lumière l'évolution historique du développement territorial au Maroc (I), la persistance des disparités territoriales en matière de déficits sociaux (II) et la nouvelle dynamique du développement territorial au Maroc (III). |
| Abstract: | Abstract : The world has experienced profound economic, social, political and environmental changes. These transformations, marked in particular by economic crises and natural disasters, have had an impact on the development of territories in space and time. Inequalities between territories are observed in many different areas, including the economy, demography, education, health... The objective of sustainable territorial development is to harmonize economic growth, social justice and environmental protection in the long term. However, given the regional disparities, this problem becomes particularly difficult. Territorial disparities and inequalities between or within different regions result from many factors and can affect the quality of life, economic opportunities and access to public services in these areas. This article examines territorial disparities by addressing economic, social, environmental and political dimensions. It studies the elements that affect the growth of territories, such as competitiveness, attractiveness, management and sustainability. Our interest in the case of Morocco is inherent in the fact that territorial development is at the heart of the country's public policies, particularly through strategies such as advanced regionalization, decentralization and the implementation of structuring projects. However, the country faces specific challenges such as disparities between urban and rural areas, natural resource management (water, agricultural land) and climate change impacts. Studying these challenges in a territorial context can provide insights into resilience and adaptation. Through a literature review based on the writings relating to the subject of territorial development as well as official reports and studies concerning the case of Morocco, the article highlights the historical evolution of territorial development in Morocco (I), the persistence of territorial disparities in terms of social deficits (II) and the new dynamics of territorial development in Morocco (III). |
| Keywords: | Territorial development Sustainable development Territorial inequalities Factors of territorial development, governance, Morocco, Territorial development, Sustainable development, Territorial inequalities, Factors of territorial development |
| Date: | 2024–12–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04878977 |
| By: | Bacil Lourenço Ferreira, Fabianna (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance); Black, Anthony; Domingues, Marina; Jin, Jun; Lema, Rasmus (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn); Robbins, Glen; Scholvin, Sören |
| Abstract: | Green hydrogen is widely recognized as a promising solution for reconciling economic growth with environmental sustainability. It holds significant potential for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel and chemicals, and for fostering industrial development, job creation, and technological learning. However, the pathways through which emerging economies can effectively seize these opportunities remain underexplored. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing the green hydrogen strategies of Brazil, Chile, China, and South Africa. Drawing on extensive data, including stakeholder interviews, governmental documents, and academic sources, it uncovers marked contrasts in how these countries approach this window of opportunity. While Chile and South Africa prioritize green hydrogen, and Chile adopts an export-oriented agenda, Brazil and China adopt more technology-agnostic approaches that emphasize domestic markets. These variations reflect differences in natural resource endowments, energy infrastructure, and market dynamics. The analysis reveals that industrial policies across these countries focus predominantly on supply-side measures, with demand-side incentives lagging behind. Moreover, private sector responses often diverge from national strategies, illustrating the challenges of aligning policies with market realities. The findings emphasize the need for tailored, context-sensitive approaches to green hydrogen development, challenging the notion of a universal blueprint. For policymakers in the Global South, this study offers critical insights for leveraging green hydrogen for industrial transformation. |
| JEL: | E61 L52 O25 O38 O57 Q01 |
| Date: | 2025–01–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2025001 |
| By: | Ivo Steimanis; Natalie Struwe; Julian Benda; Esther Blanco |
| Abstract: | Interrelated global crises - climate change, pandemics, loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity - pose risks that demand collective solutions. Uncertainty about others’ behavior, coupled with the dependence on some to take collective efforts to mitigate risks for all (e.g. conservation of natural habitats by those living at wildlife boarders to reduce risk of zoonoses), complicates collective action. We extend the experimental collective risk social dilemma to consider that some individuals (’beneficiaries’) cannot protect themselves and must rely on others (’providers’) for collective protection. Our approach allows to disentangle the relevance of self-interest and uncertainty over the actions of others in explaining self-reliance by providers. Our findings show that reducing strategic uncertainty leads to more collective solutions, with more beneficiaries protected, less resources wasted, and lower inequality. Moreover, we show that institutions inspired by payments for ecosystem services that allow beneficiaries to make compensation transfers to providers of protection are highly effective in fostering collective solutions. Indeed, these voluntary institutions are similarly effective in alleviating the social dilemma as (the hypothetical case of) fully removing strategic uncertainty. Thus, we show that understanding the reasons for self-reliance in collective risk social dilemmas can help develop better institutions to enhance the use of collective solutions, and thereby enhancing social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Collective risk social dilemma, cooperation, mitigation, adaptation, strategic uncertainty, selfinterest, public good, donation, laboratory experiment |
| JEL: | D70 H41 C92 D64 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inn:wpaper:2025-02 |
| By: | Pedro Henrique Batista de Barros; Ariaster Chimeli |
| Abstract: | Assessing the impact of economic development on the environment depends on a number of factors that have plagued the empirical literature for decades and led many economists to focus on more microeconometric and RCT studies on the underlying forces behind income and environmental quality. The micro-level literature has produced a number of insights on the growth-environment nexus, but its conclusions are viewed with caution in policy making due to the difficulty in accounting for general equilibrium effects that often evade these studies. We take advantage of the recent microeconometric literature on the determinants of environmental quality along the development path to revisit the aggregate relationship between income and deforestation with a focus on deforestation and ecosystem health of the Brazilian Amazon region. Our results indicate a significant, negative, and non-linear relationship that is mediated by factors such as urbanization, poverty, policies to combat extreme poverty, access to both local and national markets and more efficient production in the agricultural frontier. Heterogeneity tests shows that this relationship is significant only in middle- and high-income municipalities, aligning with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. |
| Keywords: | Economic Development; Deforestation; Amazon |
| JEL: | Q23 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2025wpecon2 |
| By: | Ramaharo, Franck Maminirina (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); Razanajatovo, Yves Heritiana Mihaja (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the macroeconomic determinants of renewable energy consumption in Madagascar, using annual data from 1990 to 2021 and the ARDL bounds testing approach. Our results reveal that, in the long run, domestic investment, financial development, trade openness and foreign direct investment have a significant and positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Conversely, increased economic growth, industrial development, income distribution, and carbon emissions lead to a reduction in renewable energy consumption. Therefore, to achieve its ambitious goal of generating 85% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030, the government must carefully monitor and continually analyze these interconnected macroeconomic factors. This will enable effective tailoring of policies and interventions, paving the way for a successful transition to clean and renewable energy. |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:dfk2c_v1 |
| By: | Constantin, Tea |
| Abstract: | This work provides an ecosystem analysis of the past, present, and future of the biogas industry, from its environmental implications, to market dynamics, and future market expansion prospects. It is structured in four main sections: context, historical roots, market transitions, and future growth. Context presents climate implications of waste-related emissions, introduces biogas as a potent solution, and dives into the present-day favourable market ecosystem for this industry. Historical Roots highlights early drivers and policy instruments that favoured the industry’s nascence, however, also shaped its development in a way that later hindered growth. Market Transitions dives into the industrialization of biogas, detailing key factors that stimulated a transition to market-based approaches. Previously unidentified barriers for non-fossil-fuel industry players are presented. It then outlines recent global events’ favourable influence on stimulating increased attention to this sector. Future Growth delves into the expanded valorization routes for the inputs and outputs of biogas, alongside the mandates that will stimulate exponential demand for this sector’s future. In this, we conclude with how biogas can provide a cost competitive pathway to hydrogen when compared to the electrolysis pathway, which is currently standing at the forefront of global energy transition policy. In sum, this manuscript offers an ecosystem analysis of the biogas industry through the lens of its evolution across time, from past to future, particularly focusing on legal and market perspectives, to highlight this industry’s pivotal role in meeting future energy demands. |
| Date: | 2024–04–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:2znby_v1 |
| By: | Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Climate policy is often described by economists as an intertemporal consumption trade-off: consume all you want today and face climate damages in the future, or sacrifice consumption today to implement costly climate policies that will bring future benefits through avoided climate damages. If one assumes enduring technological progress, a society that is more averse to intertemporal inequalities should postpone climate policies and let future, richer generations pay more. Growing evidence however suggests that the trade-off is more complex: abrupt, extreme, irreversible changes to the climate may cause discontinuities to socio-economic systems, possibly leading to a sharp decline of human population and consumption per capita. In this paper, we show that, when accounting for a very small risk of catastrophic climate change, it is optimal to pursue stringent climate policies to postpone the catastrophe. Our results conform with the well-known conclusion that tight carbon budgets are preferred when aversion towards inequalities between generations is low. However, by contrast with previous studies, we show that stringent policies are also optimal when inequality aversion is high. The non-monotonicity of the influence of inequality aversion is due to the fact that, for a given investment in abatement, a higher inequality aversion gives a smaller weight to avoided future non-catastrophic damages, but a larger weight to the catastrophic outcome. We also explore the role of population ethics, and show that the size of the optimal carbon budget decreases with the social preference for large populations, although this parameter plays almost no role at extreme levels of inequality aversion. Our result demonstrates that views from opposite sides of the ethical spectrum in terms of inequality aversion converge in terms of climate policy recommendations, warranting immediate climate action. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Catastrophic risk, Equity Population, Climate-economy model |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04158009 |
| By: | Rieger-Fels, Markus |
| Abstract: | The changing climate requires businesses to take adaptive action. A key prerequisite for optimal adaptive action is that businesses are aware of the climate risks that they face. This, in turn, necessitates that businesses do not base their risk perception solely on prior experience, or a lack thereof, but take objective risk factors into account. I use data from a large-scale survey of German businesses to investigate how they assess the acute physical climate risk presented by the increased frequency of natural hazards: droughts, storms, extreme heat, heavy precipitation, and floods. I find experience to have a large effect on the perceived probability of hazard events, but no effect on their perceived consequences. Objective risk criteria such as firm size, industry, and location characteristics inform expectations independent of experience and, depending on the hazard, even to a larger extent than experience. The results suggest that it might not be a lack of risk awareness that underlies any adaptation gap. |
| Abstract: | Auf Basis von Daten einer großen Befragung deutscher Unternehmen wird untersucht, wie Unternehmen das physische Klimarisiko durch häufiger werdende Naturgefahren einschätzen: Dürren, Stürme, Extremhitze, Starkniederschläge und Hochwasser. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Erfahrungen mit Klimarisiken einen starken Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Wahrscheinlichkeit, aber keinen Einfluss auf die erwartete Konsequenz von Schadensereignissen hat. Objektive Risikofaktoren, wie Unternehmensgröße, Branche und lokale Gegebenheiten des Unternehmensstandorts beeinflussen die Erwartungen der Unternehmen, unabhängig von und zum Teil in stärkeren Maß als Erfahrungen mit Klimarisiken. |
| Keywords: | Risk perception, risk management, climate risks, natural hazards |
| JEL: | D22 D83 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmwps:311218 |
| By: | Jesús Arellano-González; Miriam Juárez-Torres |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we estimate the effect of temperature on the economic activity of Mexico using 42 years of quarterly panel data on economic growth at the state level. Our findings reveal a concave relationship between quarterly economic growth and quarterly average temperature that is maximized at around 20 degrees Celsius. Average temperatures above this level are associated with lower economic growth rates with sharper declines for agricultural and low-income states. Temperature affects aggregate economic growth mainly through the effect it has on the growth of the primary and secondary sectors. The findings of this paper suggest that by 2100, in the absence of adaptation and under an intermediate scenario of climate change, global warming might cause a statistically significant reduction of quarterly economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Quarterly economic growth;Temperature;Climate change;Panel data |
| JEL: | O44 Q51 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2025-02 |
| By: | Arkebe Oqubay |
| Abstract: | This paper, included in the report "Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics.", was originally published on:https://cebri.org/en/doc/356/cebri-and-rio-g20-committee-publish-urban-sustainable-development-governance-finance-and-politics © Vormittag, Pedro, Marianna Albuquerque & Eugénie Birch (Eds.). 2024. Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI. The article discusses the role of sustainable and productive cities as drivers of global transformation. Cities, as the heart of human civilizations, not only propel economic development and serve as technological and innovation hubs but also inspire hope and optimism for the future. They contribute over 80 percent of the global economy and nearly 100 percent to all scientific and technological breakthroughs. Rapid urbanization has been a primary force in the demographic shift that impacts global transformation. With their unparalleled resilience and innovation ability, cities are also at the forefront of significant global challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, finding sustainable solutions. Cities are not just essential to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Climate Agreement, endorsed by all United Nations member countries, but are the subject and primary actors in implementing it. By recognizing the importance of making “cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” (Goal 11), the 2030 Agenda underscores the importance and impact of cities in shaping the future. However, in shaping global transformation, cities face significant challenges in releasing their full potential, including financial, governance, and political constraints. A G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro led by Brasil could be instrumental in promoting city transformation and urban sustainable development as essential components of the development agenda, empowering cities to take charge of their transformation. The objectives of the paper are: (1) to present urbanization and urban transformation as a framework; (2) to explain why and how cities should strive to be not only productive but also sustainable to promote their national development strategies, to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the net zero agenda; (3) to further discuss the dynamics of city transformation with a focus on Addis Ababa’s transformation as a case study; and (4) to learn from city leadership experiences. The article will explore critical questions: What specific strategies can cities implement to become productive and sustainable cities? What examples of successful city transformation and leadership experiences can be learned from? Given the urbanization wave, population growth, and the lagging structural transformation, these questions have significant implications for cities in emerging and developing economies or the Global South. This article is enriched by the author’s over three decades of experience in development policymaking and transformation, including serving as the former mayor of Addis Ababa and former minister of urban development. This unique perspective, combined with extensive scholarly and research work drawing from development economics, urban development, and international political economy, provides a comprehensive understanding of the issues at hand. The paper is structured into four sections covering the above mentioned themes, supplemented by an introduction and conclusion. The author’s unique perspective is a critical element that makes this paper a valuable resource for understanding urban transformation. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:part_201 |
| By: | Marie-Laure Lambert (AMU - Aix Marseille Université, LIEU - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); François Briens (LIEU - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire En Urbanisme - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | Energy sobriety or sufficiency, and more broadly, of all consumption of natural resources, is a goal of climate policies, inscribed in law. The document presents examples of regulations that push towards sobriety but reinforces social inequalities, and on the contrary, regulations that begin to seek a just and equitable sobriety. To achieve this, it is possible to rely on a qualification of uses, as defined by the "Négawatt" approach, to guarantee vital and essential uses, and regulate or prohibit extravagant or harmful uses. To achieve this, the law still has many questions to answer. However, recent court decisions relaxing activists show that climate inaction justifies warnings by citizens or scientists. |
| Abstract: | La sobriété énergétique, et plus largement, de toutes les consommations de ressources naturelles, est un objectif des politiques climatiques, inscrit dans le droit. Le document présente des exemples de régulations qui poussent vers une sobriété qui renforce les inégalités sociales, et au contraire, des régulations qui commencent à rechercher une sobriété plus juste et équitable. Pour y parvenir, il est possible de s'appuyer sur une qualification des usages, telle que définie par la démarche "Négawatt", pour garantir les usages vitaux et essentiels, et réguler ou interdire les usages extravagants ou nuisibles. Pour y parvenir, le droit doit encore faire face à de nombreuses questions. Pour autant, de récentes décisions de justice relaxant des activistes montrent que l'inaction climatique justifie les alertes portées par les citoyens ou les scientifiques. |
| Keywords: | sobriety, climatic justice, social inequities, sobriété énergétique, sobriété numérique, justice climatique, Droit de l'énergie, Inégalités sociales et environnementales |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04837255 |
| By: | Aurélie Ringeval-Deluze (CRIEG - Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Economie Gestion - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, REGARDS - Recherches en Economie Gestion Agroressources Durabilité et Santé - CRIEG - Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Economie Gestion - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | In a context of strong evolution of ecologic concerns, we study the motivations and obstacles of champagne producers to the environmental transition and certification through the prism of the value chain. We highlight the individual strategies at work. We also raise the difficulties inherent to organic certification, which is not adapted to the constraints of champagne production. Finally, we identify levers of action in order to better take into account the specificities of the industry and thus favour the transition. |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte de forte évolution des préoccupations écologiques, cet article présente les motivations et freins des producteurs champenois à la transition environnementale et à la certification au prisme de la chaîne de valeur. Il met en lumière les stratégies individuelles à l'oeuvre. Il soulève également les difficultés inhérentes à la certification biologique, peu adaptée aux contraintes liées à la production de champagne. Enfin, il identifie des leviers d'action permettant de mieux prendre en compte les spécificités de la filière et ainsi favoriser la transition. |
| Keywords: | Value chain, environmental strategy, environmental certification, organic viticulture, champagne industry, Chaîne de valeur stratégie environnementale certification environnementale viticulture biologique filière champagne JEL Codes : L1 L66 M31 Q57 R11 Value chain environmental strategy environmental certification organic viticulture champagne industry, Chaîne de valeur, stratégie environnementale, certification environnementale, viticulture biologique, filière champagne JEL Codes : L1, L66, M31, Q57, R11 Value chain |
| Date: | 2024–01–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04384564 |
| By: | Dorothée Brécard (LEAD - Laboratoire d'Économie Appliquée au Développement - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | How do environmental information and awareness interact to improve environmental quality by changing consumer behavior and firm strategies? This article provides theoretical insights using an original differentiation model within a general framework whose specific cases have been studied previously. On the demand side, only informed consumers differentiate brown from green product quality, while uninformed consumers consider these perfect substitutes. Moreover, all informed consumers value the green product and devalue the brown product as a result of an aversion effect but are heterogeneous in their environmental awareness. On the supply side, two firms offer different environmental qualities and compete on price. We consider two types of environmental campaigns: one that increases the number of informed consumers and one that increases the environmental awareness of informed consumers. We show that these campaigns crucially determine three market configurations: segmented; fragmented, with a brown product that appeals to both uninformed consumers and a fraction of informed consumers; and covered. Assuming that the greenest consumer behavior is abstention, we find that both campaigns do not always lead to better environmental quality; that is, a situation in which all consumers are informed and some highly environmentally aware is not necessarily the greenest situation. Depending on the aversion effect, the budget of the campaign organizer, and their relative cost-effectiveness, information and awareness-raising campaigns must be carefully combined to achieve the best possible environmental quality. |
| Keywords: | Information campaign, NGO campaign, Environmental awareness, Environmental quality, Vertical product differentiation |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04883877 |
| By: | John Heilbron; Kevin Zhao |
| Abstract: | This brief documents the uneven distribution of climate risk and risk pricing in real estate at the property-level (Brief no. 24-01). |
| Date: | 2024–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:briefs:24-01 |
| By: | David Dosso (University of Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of climate change with a focus on climate vulnerability. In recent decades, climate change has emerged as a significant concern for governments, policymakers, and international institutions, highlighting its universal threat. Countries across all continents are susceptible to its impacts. While various indicators have been proposed to assess the extent of vulnerability to climate change, many of these are closely tied to the level of economic development, which may not accurately reflect the experiences of both developed and developing nations. Additionally, reliance on indicators that correlate strongly with economic conditions can introduce biases in empirical research. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a new indicator denoted “CV03†that is less influenced by a country’s economic status. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate change vulnerability, economic development |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inf:wpaper:2025.2 |
| By: | Pierre‐louis Stenger (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Audrey Léopold (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Kelly Dinh (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Pierre Mournet (UMR AGAP - Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, Cirad-BIOS - Département Systèmes Biologiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Nadia Robert (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Julien Drouin (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Jacques Wamejonengo (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Sylvie Russet (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Thomas Ibanez (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [Occitanie] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Laurent Maggia (UMR AGAP - Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, Cirad-BIOS - Département Systèmes Biologiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Fabian Carriconde (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation (SolVeg) - IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien) |
| Abstract: | Soil health and One Health are global concerns, necessitating the development of refined indicators for effective monitoring. In response, we present the Anaconda R Package, a novel tool designed to enhance the analysis of eDNA data for biomonitoring purposes. Employing a combination of different approaches, this package allows for a comprehensive investigation of species abundance and community composition under diverse conditions. This study applied the Anaconda package to examine the impact of two types of duration fire-fallow cropping systems, using natural forests as a reference, on soil fungal and bacterial communities in Mare ´Island (New Caledonia). Condition-specific taxa were identified, particularly pathogenic fungi and bacteria, demonstrating the importance of long-term fallowing efforts. Notably, this package also revealed the potential contributions of beneficial soil microbes, including saprophytes and plant-endophyte fungi, in suppressing soil-borne pathogens. Over-represented microbial ASVs associated with both plant and animal pathogens, including those of potential concern for human health, were identified. This underscores the importance of maintaining intrinsic balance for effective disease suppression. Importantly, the advanced analytical and statistical methods offered by this package should be harnessed to comprehensively investigate the effects of agricultural practice changes on soil health within the One Health framework. Looking ahead, the application of this method extends beyond the realm of One Health, offering valuable insights into various ecological scenarios. Its versatility holds promise for elucidating complex interactions and dynamics within ecosystems. By leveraging this tool, researchers can explore the broader implications of agricultural practice modifications, facilitating informed decisions and sustainable environmental management. |
| Keywords: | Fungi, Agricultural soil science, Plant fungal pathogens, Fungal pathogens, Taxonomy, Fungal structure, Community structure, Islands |
| Date: | 2025–01–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04904826 |
| By: | Arkebe Oqubay |
| Abstract: | This paper, included in the report "Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics.", was originally published on:https://cebri.org/en/doc/356/cebri-and-rio-g20-committee-publish-urban-sustainable-development-governance-finance-and-politics © Vormittag, Pedro, Marianna Albuquerque & Eugénie Birch (Eds.). 2024. Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI. Sustainable urban development is vital for Africa, offering opportunities for a better future that requires political commitment and a collective response to global challenges. A shared perspective and productive debate on Africa’s challenges and future are essential to enhance economic transformation, urban sustainability, and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. This commentary presents a compelling conversation among African policymakers, leaders, practitioners, and specialists on this pressing theme conducted in September 2024. The conversation was based on a semi-structured qualitative survey featuring a qualitative format, targeted at a spectrum of African mayors, national policymakers, leaders of continental organizations, and development practitioners—urban specialists. The respondents play a critical role in shaping public policy and practice and include Prime Ministers and the African Union Commission Chairperson, offering a snapshot of their perspectives and concerns. Of the fifty invited participants, nearly 50% completed the survey, including eight ministers, seven officials of continental organizations, five development and urban experts, and the mayors of Rabat, Freetown, Windhoek, and Cape Town. Cities are vital in attaining the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the net-zero goals endorsed in 2015 under the Paris Agreement. The questionnaire comprised questions underpinned by cities’ contributions as innovation and economic growth engines, as well as Africa’s commitment to the common aspiration of the global community. African countries made a significant stride by unanimously adopting Agenda 2063, a 50-year road map with a theme of “Africa We Want, ” which places sustainable urban development at its core. Most recently, in September 2024, the African Union Commission successfully organized an African Urban Forum in Addis Ababa. This pivotal forum delved into African urbanization and the challenges of financing to achieve sustainable and resilient urban development. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:part_202 |
| By: | Mélanie Gittard (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Irène Hu (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In the midst of Africa's mining boom, communities downstream from industrial mines face increased exposure to toxic waste. Yet, the effects of induced water pollution on the local population's health have not been quantified at the continental scale of Africa, due to data limitation and non-random exposure. This paper investigates this question using a new quasi-experimental design and a novel dataset detailing the location and opening dates of all known industrial mines, obtained through intensive manual data collection. We combine geo-coded information on 2, 016 industrial mines with health outcomes from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 1986 to 2018 in 26 African countries. Through a staggered difference-in-difference strategy, we compare villages downstream and upstream of mines before and after their opening and find a 25% increase in 24-month mortality rates downstream. The effect is mainly observed among children who were no longer breastfed, confirming that water pollution drives the results. Our analysis rules out other mechanisms like fertility changes, access to facilities, in-migration, conflicts and income effects. The impact intensifies during mine operation and high international mineral prices, is higher in densely mined regions, and fades out with distance. From a public policy perspective, this paper underscores the significant local costs of mine openings on the environment and the health of the surrounding populations. |
| Keywords: | Health, Water Pollution, Natural Resource, Environmental Degradation, Africa, Industrial Mining |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04685390 |
| By: | Tenbrock, Sebastian; Gries, Christin-Isabel; Wernick, Christian |
| Abstract: | Die Studie analysiert die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen zur ökologischen Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung europäischer Telekommunikationsunternehmen. Die Berichterstattung ist nicht nur ein Instrument der Transparenz, sondern auch in weiten Teilen eine rechtliche Verpflichtung, die durch europäische und nationale Vorschriften geregelt wird. Insbesondere die EU-Richtlinien zur nichtfinanziellen Berichterstattung (NFRD) und deren Nachfolgeregelung, die Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) sowie die EU-Taxonomie-Verordnung sind zentrale Vorgaben, die Unternehmen verpflichten, detaillierte Informationen zu ihren ökologischen Auswirkungen und Zielen zu veröffentlichen. Zusätzlich spielen freiwillige internationale Standards und deren branchenspezifische Leitlinien eine wichtige Rolle bei der Gestaltung der Berichterstattung. Die CSRD bringt deutlich strengere Anforderungen mit sich und ersetzt die NFRD, um eine umfassendere und vergleichbarere Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung zu gewährleisten. Sie fordert detailliertere Datensammlungen und führt den neuen ESRS-Standard (European Sustainability Reporting Standards) ein. Bislang beruht die Berichterstattung zur ökologischen Nachhaltigkeit von vielen europäischen Telekommunikationsunternehmen auf global verbreiteten, freiwilligen Standards, wie GRI, SASB oder TCFD. Der Übergang zur verpflichtenden Anwendung der neuen Standards stellt Unternehmen vor erhebliche Herausforderungen in Bezug auf Komplexität und Detailtiefe der Datenerfassung. Weiterhin gibt es Bedarf zur stärkeren Vereinheitlichung der Indikatoren unter Berücksichtigung der TK-spezifischen Besonderheiten. Diesem soll mit der aktuell laufenden Erarbeitung eines Code of Conduct als freiwillige Selbstverpflichtung begegnet werden, der bis 2025 finalisiert werden soll. Ein zentrales Anliegen der Branche ist, dass der Beitrag ihrer Netzwerkinfrastruktur zur Digitalisierung und Klimaneutralität stärker von der EU-Taxonomie anerkannt wird, da diese Leistungen bisher nicht als nachhaltige Aktivitäten deklariert sind. Darüber hinaus steht die Umsetzung der CSRD in nationales Recht in vielen EUMitgliedsländern, darunter Deutschland, noch aus: Verzögerungen könnten rechtliche Unsicherheiten und Vertragsverletzungsverfahren der EU nach sich ziehen. Eine rasche Umsetzung bietet den Unternehmen dagegen Planungssicherheit und erleichtert den Übergang zu einer umfassenderen Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung. |
| Abstract: | The study analyzes the legal framework for environmental sustainability reporting of European telecommunications companies. This reporting is not only an instrument of transparency, but also to a large extent a legal obligation ruled by European and national regulations. In particular, the EU Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) and its follow-up regulation, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) as well as the EU Taxonomy are key requirements that oblige companies to publish detailed information on their environmental impact and objectives. In addition, voluntary international standards and their industry-specific guidelines play an important role in the design of reporting. The CSRD introduces significantly stricter requirements and replaces the NFRD to ensure more comprehensive and comparable sustainability reporting. It requires more detailed data collection and introduces the new ESRS standard (European Sustainability Reporting Standards). The current reporting on environmental sustainability of many European telecommunications companies is based on globally widespread, voluntary standards such as GRI, SASB or TCFD. The transition to a mandatory application of the new standards thus represents considerable challenges in terms of the complexity and level of detail of data collection. Furthermore, there is still a need for greater standardization of the indicators, taking into account the specific characteristics of telecommunications. This is to be addressed with the current development of a Code of Conduct as a voluntary commitment, which is to be finalized by 2025. A central target of the telecommunications industry is that the large contribution of its network infrastructure to digitalization and climate neutrality should be recognized by the EU taxonomy, as these services have not yet been declared as sustainable activities. In addition, the CSRD has yet to be transposed into national law in many EU member states, including Germany: Delays could result in legal uncertainties and EU infringement proceedings. A future rapid implementation, on the other hand, offers companies planning security and facilitates the transition to more comprehensive sustainability reporting. |
| Keywords: | Telekommunikationssektor, Nachhaltigkeitsbericht, EU-Staaten, Unternehmenspublizität |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wikdps:311853 |
| By: | William A. Brock (Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison); J. Isaac Miller (Department of Economics, University of Missouri) |
| Abstract: | Nearly one half of the positive feedback mechanisms that are identified in the literature as potential tipping elements in the climate system and are of serious concern within the next century are located in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. Improving forecasts of northern temperatures is therefore critical to improving our understanding and perhaps early detection of tipping points. We propose forecasting northern temperatures using a structural geophysical model of polar amplification, which is defined as the acceleration of warming in regions closer to the poles and the North Pole in particular, that uses anthropogenic forcing and southern temperatures as covariates. We show using pseudo-out-of-sample forecasts over a range of time periods that this geophysical model improves medium-run forecasts over otherwise similar benchmark forecasting models. Using this model, we forecast temperature anomalies in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere to increase from 1.861C (over the 1961-1990 baseline) in 2023 to 2.214C with a 95% forecast interval of (1.399, 3.147) C by 2035. |
| Keywords: | climate change, polar amplification, moist energy balance model, statistical forecasting |
| JEL: | C32 C33 C53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2502 |
| By: | Lucas Chancel (Harvard Kennedy School - Harvard Kennedy School, Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yannic Rehm (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | What is the carbon footprint of capital and how are emissions associated with asset ownership distributed across the population? We address this question by developing a novel framework to systematically measure individual carbon footprints, taking into account both consumption and ownership-related emissions to varying degrees. Our framework is both comprehensive and exclusive, encompassing all emissions associated with economic activity, while ensuring no double-counting, thereby enhancing comparability between different countries and wealth groups. We apply the framework by constructing distributional environmental accounts for France, Germany and the US, yielding the following results. First, taking into account emissions from capital ownership increases the carbon footprint of the wealthiest 10% of the population by 2-2.8x as compared to consumption-only estimates, depending on the country. Second, for this group, 75-80% of emissions stem from asset ownership, not from direct energy consumption. Financial assets such as equity are found to emit, on average, 75-150 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per million dollars or euros. Third, emissions from capital ownership appear to be more concentrated than capital itself, with the top 10% of the population emitting 70-85% of all emissions linked to capital ownership. These findings suggest that policies targeting the carbon content of individuals' assets and investments, rather than focusing only on individual consumption decisions, can be critical to reduce emissions and particularly so at the top of the distribution. We explore policy options consistent with this perspective. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04423785 |
| By: | Joaquin Blaum; Federico Esposito; Sebastian Heise |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of climate risk on how firms organize their supply chains. We use transaction-level data on U.S. manufacturing imports to construct a novel measure of input sourcing risk based on the historical volatility of ocean shipping times. Our measure isolates the unexpected component of shipping times that is induced by weather conditions along more than 40, 000 maritime routes. We first document that unexpected shipping delays induced by weather shocks have significant negative effects on importers’ revenues, profits, and employment. We then show that more exposed firms actively diversify the risk of weather delays by using more routes and sourcing from more foreign suppliers, although their total imports decline. To rationalize these findings, we introduce shipping time risk into a general equilibrium model of importing with firm heterogeneity. Our quantitative analysis predicts substantial costs for the U.S. economy associated with different sources of supply chain risk. |
| Keywords: | supply chains; Climate shocks; shipping time risk; input sourcing |
| JEL: | F10 F15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:99545 |
| By: | Cylus, J; Siciliani, L |
| Abstract: | While there is considerable research and policy interest into how factors outside the health system (i.e. social determinants) influence health outcomes, there has historically been less interest in how health and health systems affect other economic and societal objectives. Such evidence can be useful to health policymakers making the case for investing in health systems to demonstrate that health systems do more than just improve health. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies has put together a special issue of the journal Health Policy to explore the evidence on how health and health systems advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provides a helpful conceptual framework for considering economic and societal objectives. The articles each consider a particular SDG and review relevant literature with an emphasis on causal studies to explore the ways in which health and health systems have causal effects on key societal objectives such as poverty reduction, gender equality, climate change, and responsible consumption. In this presentation we will provide a summary of the findings from the special issue, highlighting areas with the strongest (and weakest) evidence and discuss how this work can be factored into budget negotiations and decisions about resource allocation. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–10–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127119 |
| By: | Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future); Zhu, Yuqi (Resources for the Future); Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Wildfires in California have become increasingly severe and costly, prompting a significant policy focus on reducing the risk through forest fuel treatments. We provide a novel spatially explicit analysis of the costs associated with achieving forest resilience in California. Our approach integrates empirical models of treatment choice and treatment costs, generating site-specific estimates of the costs of, and the likelihood that managers would choose, two treatment strategies.With data from the US Forest Service (USFS) Forest Activity Tracking System and landscape data from the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools program, we use hierarchical clustering methods to aggregate USFS activities into two primary treatment types: mechanical thinning and prescribed burns. We then use a choice model to predict which treatment type is selected at each site based on site-specific landscape characteristics. Finally, we estimate per-acre treatment costs for each treatment type by linear regression. To address sample selection bias, we apply a Heckman two-step correction procedure to the cost models.Our results highlight variability in treatment costs across locations and landscape conditions. On average, mechanical thinning and prescribed burns cost $577 and $170 per acre, respectively. We find that mechanical thinning is more commonly applied in areas with higher slopes and elevation; prescribed burns are more likely in flatter areas farther from populated zones. Our cost models indicate that proximity to populated areas, vegetation type, and topography significantly influence treatment costs.We use our models to project statewide treatment costs for policy scenarios that vary in ambition and identify areas for treatment based on wildfire hazard potential (WHP) and proximity to the wildland–urban interface (WUI). Treating 17 million acres in high-WHP areas is projected to cost $9.7 billion, and treating only high-WHP areas near the WUI (8.7 million acres) is estimated to cost $5.0 billion. A hybrid scenario, which includes all moderate-WHP areas near the WUI and high-WHP areas elsewhere, would require treating 30.7 million acres at an estimated cost of $16.8 billion.Our analysis is subject to several important limitations. The cost data we use come from 2 USFS-administered projects, and although they are the most comprehensive available, they may not fully capture costs on private or state lands. Additionally, we do not account for permitting or environmental review costs, which are a major component of overall treatment costs. Moreover, as treatment capacity scales up, increased demand for labor and equipment could raise per-acre treatment costs.Despite these limitations, our study provides policymakers with critical insights into the spatial heterogeneity and key cost drivers of forest fuel treatments. By offering granular, site-specific cost projections, we aim to support more efficient and cost-effective wildfire mitigation strategies. Our findings suggest that current levels of state and federal funding may be sufficient to achieve the lowest-cost treatment goals, but more ambitious strategies would require substantial increases in funding. |
| Date: | 2025–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-25-03 |
| By: | Heng-fu Zou |
| Abstract: | The interplay of liberalism, conservatism, and progressivism has pro foundly shaped the economic and social development of the United States. Liberalism, driving innovation and market expansion, fosters entrepreneur ship and technological progress. Conservatism, emphasizing stability and tradition, ensures sustainable growth and institutional continuity. Progressivism, advocating for equity and systemic reform, addresses market failures and social inequalities, pushing for broader distribution of economic benefits. This dynamic interaction combines tension and synergy. Liberal reforms challenge conservative traditions, while progressive calls for systemic change often clash with both liberal and conservative principles. However, these tensions foster compromise and collaboration, resulting in policies that balance innovation, stability, and equity. His torical milestones, such as the New Deal and modern environmental re forms, highlight how these ideologies collectively drive progress. As the nation faces modern challenges like climate change, technological disrup tion, and inequality, this ideological interplay remains essential for fostering resilient, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth. |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cuf:wpaper:736 |
| By: | Christopher Sichko; Ariell Zimran; Aparna Howlader |
| Abstract: | We study racial differences in internal migration responses to one of the most severe climatic shocks in US history—the drought of the 1930s. Using data from the 1940 census on 65 million adults, we find that individuals exposed to more severe drought between 1935 and 1940 were more likely to make an inter-county move and that this responsiveness was greater for black individuals than white individuals. This racial difference was particularly pronounced among the rural population. Black individuals' migration premium came despite their systematic disadvantage in the economy of the 1930s and evidence along dimensions other than race that disadvantage limited individuals' ability to adapt to the drought through migration. Federal relief spending under the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) magnified this racial difference, reducing the migration response to drought for white individuals and increasing it for black individuals. These results help to better understand how the reaction of different groups aggregate to determine the magnitude and composition of migration responses to natural disasters, as well as the roles of migration and government policy in disadvantaged groups' responses to natural disasters. |
| JEL: | D63 J15 N32 N52 O13 O15 Q12 R11 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33409 |
| By: | Mélanie Gittard (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées) |
| Abstract: | Western African Sahel faced severe droughts in the 1980s, affecting agricultural production and food security. In recent decades, farmers have faced uncertainty in the timing and amount of rainy seasons and are confronted with erratic rainfall with high interannual variations. Can the experience of past dry events reduce the vulnerability of households to short-term rainfall shocks? In this paper, I match three waves of panel household surveys focusing on agriculture in Nigeria (GHS, from 2010-2016) and high temporal resolution precipitation data set from the Climate Hazard Center (CHIRPS). I show evidence of the extreme importance of the long-dry period of the 1980s and identify more recent droughts in 2013/2015, which are in line with a change in the characteristics of the rainfall trends. Through a two-way-fixed effect strategy, I exploit the spatial variation of the exposition to the 2015 drought. First, I look at the short-term effects of being hit by a drought on agricultural production and food security indicators. I show that being hit by a drought decreases yields by 14%, and decreases the food diversity of households by around 1%. Second, I look at the impacts' heterogeneity according to the plot's experience, using the timing of the year of acquisition of the plot. I compare short-term droughts' effects on households that acquired their first plot before the 1980s dry period to those that acquired it after. Results suggest that acquiring the land before 1985 attenuates the harmful effects of a climate shock, as these particular households have only a 3% reduction in their yields due to the 2015 drought. This is especially the case when households were severely hit in the 1980s. This result might suggest that having a long-lasting experience under extreme dry events on cultivated land reduces vulnerability to rainfall variability. |
| Keywords: | Nigeria, Droughts, Climate Change, Agricultural Production, Adaptation |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04685420 |
| By: | Ramaharo, Franck Maminirina (Ministry of Economy and Finance (Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances)); RANDRIAMIFIDY, Michael Fitiavana |
| Abstract: | The aim of this note is to identify the factors influencing renewable energy consumption in Madagascar. We tested 12 features covering macroeconomic, financial, social, and environmental aspects, including economic growth, domestic investment, foreign direct investment, financial development, industrial development, inflation, income distribution, trade openness, exchange rate, tourism development, environmental quality, and urbanization. To assess their significance, we assumed a linear relationship between renewable energy consumption and these features over the 1990–2021 period. Next, we applied different machine learning feature selection algorithms classified as filter-based (relative importance for linear regression, correlation method), embedded (LASSO), and wrapper-based (best subset regression, stepwise regression, recursive feature elimination, iterative predictor weighting partial least squares, Boruta, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms) methods. Our analysis revealed that the five most influential drivers stem from macroeconomic aspects. We found that domestic investment, foreign direct investment, and inflation positively contribute to the adoption of renewable energy sources. On the other hand, industrial development and trade openness negatively affect renewable energy consumption in Madagascar. |
| Date: | 2023–10–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:pfrhx_v1 |
| By: | Charles Labrousse (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INSEE - Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE)); Yann Perdereau (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Distributive effects of carbon taxation are key for its political acceptability. We introduce geographical heterogeneity into a calibrated dynamic general equilibrium heterogeneous-agent model, where energy is both a consumption good and an intermediate input. We evaluate the aggregate and distributive effects of carbon taxation and obtain three key results. First, the distributive effects of carbon taxation are driven by geography more than income, with rural households suffering larger welfare losses. Second, taxing households' direct emissions is regressive, while taxing firms' direct emissions is progressive. Third, we simulate various revenue-recycling policies using targeted transfers. We find that it is possible to reduce emissions and mitigate welfare losses associated with the green transition. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxes, Energy, Fiscal policy, Emissions, Macroeconomic effects, Inequalities, Geography |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04464900 |
| By: | Pedro Henrique Batista de Barros; Ariaster Chimeli |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the Brazilian government has designed policies to promote the palm oil industry and forest protection, limiting oil palm plantations to already degraded areas. As a consequence, oil palm crops have increased rapidly in the eastern Amazon region and contributed to a low-carbon energy transition. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policies in avoiding oil palm-induced deforestation. This paper estimates the impact of oil palm plantations on deforestation and nightlight intensity, a proxy for less land-intensive economic activities that could contribute further to forest protection. We do so in two steps. First, we combined optical spectral bands from Landsat-8 and radar backscatter values from Sentinel-1 to produce a more accurate map of oil palm plantations with a random forest machine learning algorithm. Next, we used the maximum agro-climatically attainable palm oil yield from the Global Agro-Ecological Zoning (GAEZ) as an instrument for oil palm expansion between 2014 and 2020, and estimated the impact of the crop on deforestation and nightlights. Oil palms expanded mainly on pastures, but also contributed to deforestation. We do not find any evidence that the crop stimulates less land-intensive economic activities. |
| Keywords: | Oil Palm; Deforestation; Amazon; Remote Sensing |
| JEL: | Q15 Q23 Q28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2025wpecon3 |
| By: | Wiesener, Sophia; Focke, Christian |
| Abstract: | Um den weltweiten Klimawandel einzudämmen spielt der Gebäudesektor eine entscheidende Rolle. In Deutschland werden zur energetischen Bewertung von Gebäuden verbrauchs- oder bedarfsorientierte Energieausweise ausgestellt. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Unterschied der beiden Datenerhebungsmethoden sowie deren Einfluss in der Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor (CRREM) Analyse. Dafür wird ausgehend von einer Beschreibung der Grundlagen der CRREM-Analyse eine Gegenüberstellung von drei Fallbeispielen durchgeführt. Die Verbrauchsdaten zeigen den "Ist-Verbrauch" und somit die effektive energetische Qualität des Gebäudes im Betrieb durch seinen spezifischen Nutzer. Die Bedarfsdaten spiegeln die bauliche energetische Qualität des Gebäudes wider, abhängig von dessen Art der Nutzung, jedoch unabhängig vom Verhalten des konkreten Nutzers und basierend auf standardisierten Parametern ("Typischer Verbrauch"). Dies führt dazu, dass ein Gebäude je nach verwendetem Ansatz energetisch unterschiedlich bewertet werden kann. Es zeigt sich, dass die beiden Energieausweisarten die Vergleichbarkeit sowie die realistische Bewertung der einzelnen Gebäude in der CRREM Analyse nicht gewährleisten können. Somit besteht dringender Bedarf zur Forschung und Weiterentwicklung der energetischen Gebäudebewertung. |
| Abstract: | The building sector plays a crucial role in mitigating global climate change. In Germany, energy performance certificates are issued using either consumption-based or demand-based approaches. This study examines the differences between these methodologies and their impact on the Carbon Risk Real Estate Monitor (CRREM) analysis. After a description of principles of CRREM-Analysis, the study will conduct this analysis for three buildings and contrast the results. Consumption-based data represent the "actual consumption" and reflect the effective energy performance of a building operated by a specific user. In contrast, demand-based data capture the building's structural energy efficiency, independent of a specific user, using standardised parameters ("typical consumption"). This difference can result in varying energy assessments of the same building depending on the approach chosen. This study concludes that that neither method ensures comparability or realistic evaluation within the CRREM framework and underscores the urgent need for further research and improvement with respect to energy performance assessment methodologies. |
| Keywords: | Energiesparendes Bauen, Energiekonsum, Datenerhebung, Deutschland |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iiwmps:311851 |
| By: | Khakimov, Parviz; Ashurov, Timur; Goibov, Manuchehr; Aliev, Jovidon |
| Abstract: | This study examines the growth and challenges in Tajikistan’s agriculture sector, highlighting its role as a key driver of the country’s development despite significant constraints and challenges, including inputs scarcity and climate change. The agriculture sector has seen an increase in gross outputs and sectoral value added, contributing to domestic needs due to population and income growth. However, Tajikistan still has the lowest agricultural value added per worker in Central Asia and remains a net importer of agrifood products, primarily due to the underdevelopment of the food processing sector. Key growth drivers include sectoral reforms, shifts in land allocation, and government incentives. Despite these efforts, regional disparities in productivity persist, and access to inputs such as fertilizers and mechanization remains limited. The paper emphasizes the need for improved access to finance, agricultural inputs, and extension services to ensure sustainable development and food security. Recommendations include enhancing the capacity of national agricultural research and development institutions, promoting climate-smart agriculture, and improving water and irrigation management. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of developing the livestock sector through improved feeding, breeding, and veterinary services. Overall, a comprehensive approach addressing policy, institutional, economic, and technological gaps is crucial for the sustainable advancement of Tajikistan’s agriculture sector. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; development; policy analysis; reforms; Asia; Central Asia; Tajikistan |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2317 |
| By: | Hwang, Kyung In (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Kwon, Hana Hankyeol (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Europe is a major market for the Korean battery industry. LG Energy Solution was the first of Korea’s three major battery players — LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, and SK On — to enter the European market in 2016, when its battery plant in Wroclaw, Poland went online. It was followed by Samsung SDI cutting the ribbon on a battery plant in G d, Hungary. SK On was the next to launch manufacturing operations in Europe with its first European plant, Kom rom 1, in 2017. These and other Korean battery firms have continued to make major investments in European facilities, and this has resulted in Korean firms having carved out a sizable share of the European battery market. But Chinese firms have quickly come to occupy an enormous slice of the market, surging from just 11.8 percent in 2019 to 45.1 percent by Q2 2024. With Korean firms collectively holding a 51 percent share of the market, we can see that Chinese batterymakers have almost completely closed the gap. China could overtake Korea in as little as two years. We suspect that, given recent trends, Korean batterymakers are likely to face continued headwinds in the European market, and face comparatively more challenges than their Chinese counterparts. In this study, we argue that the most critical factor that will determine the future success of batterymakers in the European market will be how effectively they can respond to the EU Battery Regulation (EUBR) Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) requirements. |
| Keywords: | secondary batteries; rechargeable batteries; car batteries; battery industry; automotive industry; electric vehicles; EVs; EV industry; South Korea; LG Energy Solution; Samsung SDI; SK On; CATL; China; Chinese batteries; battery manufacturing; EU Battery Regulation; KIET |
| JEL: | F13 F18 H23 K32 L60 L62 L65 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2024_029 |
| By: | Kuusela, Olli-Pekka; Ropponen, Olli |
| Abstract: | Abstract Finland’s Strategic Programme for a Circular Economy seeks to increase both resource productivity and circular material use rate twofold by 2035. Evidence suggests that current policies may not be adequate to reach these targets. Consequently, greater efforts are needed to bridge the gap. The purpose of this report is to review policy instruments that have been proposed in the context of circular economy (CE), describe how they operate and differ, while also highlighting existing indicators for evaluating progress in the adoption and use of CE practices. Current indicators for measuring the CE, though still limited in scope, provide valuable insights into the direction of CE development. A range of policy tools have been identified to promote CE, encompassing fiscal measures like taxes and subsidies, standards, informational guidance, and financing. Pricing externalities across the value chain through taxes or fees could serve as a powerful incentive for sustainable production and consumption choices. But implementation of a system with multiple policy interventions requires careful analysis. One potential approach to accelerate the transition is the targeting of R&D subsidies for CE solutions. |
| Keywords: | Circular Economy, Recycling, Indicators, Policy Instruments, Taxes, Fees, Subsidies, Regulations |
| JEL: | H2 H3 Q28 Q38 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:159 |
| By: | David Cayla (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut National de l'Horticulture et du Paysage) |
| Abstract: | La combustion de ressources fossiles pour produire de l'énergie est l'activité humaine la plus émettrice de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Pour limiter son impact environnemental, il serait théoriquement possible d'agir sur deux leviers : diminuer globalement notre consommation d'énergie dans une logique de décroissance ou décarboner sa production. Si une diminution de la consommation est envisageable dans les pays développés, elle ne l'est pas pour les pays en développement ou à l'échelle du monde. Aussi, cette contribution entend étudier les conditions économiques et institutionnelles requises par la décarbonation du secteur énergétique, étant entendu que, dans les pays développés, des efforts de sobriété seront sans doute nécessaires. |
| Keywords: | Transition écologique transition énergétique, néolibéralisme, hétéronomie |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04648571 |
| By: | Jérémie Gilbert |
| Abstract: | In recent decades, initiatives to recognize rights for nature have multiplied, giving rise to a global movement. There are numerous opportunities for synergies between this movement and human rights, as both are rooted in the same philosophical, ethical, and moral framework that recognizes rights based on the inherent and intrinsic values of living entities—both human and non-human.In this context, this research examines the connections between three key legal frameworks: conventional human rights, the right to a healthy environment, and the rights of nature. Its objective is to analyze the interdependence of these categories of rights and explore how development actors can integrate these issues from an ecocentric perspective.This reflection is not merely theoretical—on the contrary. Human rights jurisprudence increasingly incorporates the rights of nature as part of the right to a healthy environment. This right highlights the link between human well-being and the rest of the natural world, emphasizing the intrinsic reciprocity among all these elements. The complementarity of human rights and the rights of nature is also reflected in the efforts of Indigenous environmental and human rights defenders, who connect cultural rights with a relational approach to nature. This approach fosters the emergence of a legal perspective that considers the natural world as an interconnected system, composed of diverse life forms in dynamic relationships with one another, encompassing the biosphere as a whole—both human and non-human.A more relational approach to nature plays an important role in emerging jurisprudence from international and regional courts regarding Indigenous peoples' rights. It highlights the need to move beyond human/nature dichotomies in order to rethink human relationships with non-human entities and revise humanity’s connection to life by incorporating Indigenous perspectives.In this regard, the ambition of this research is to analyze how these links between different legal frameworks can contribute to a new model of truly sustainable development for all living beings. However, this study also examines potential conflicts between human rights and the rights of nature, recognizing that environmental protection measures may restrict individual freedoms and limit the enjoyment of human rights. The principle of proportionality—often central to human rights decisions—could serve as a mechanism to manage such conflicts. This principle places human interests and nature’s interests on an equal footing, rather than imposing a hierarchy between these sometimes-divergent priorities.Finally, this research explores how the complementarity between human rights and the rights of nature can lead to a less anthropocentric approach to the right to development, as well as to international criminal law. Drawing from the significant jurisprudence of several Latin American countries that have already integrated the rights of nature alongside human rights within their legal systems, this study demonstrates how an approach that recognizes and respects both human rights and the rights of nature is essential to building a just, sustainable, and balanced society. Such a society would value and preserve the dignity and interdependence of all forms of life, breaking away from a predominantly anthropocentric and economic conception of nature. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17491 |
| By: | Burger, Maximilian Nicolaus; Nilgen, Marco; Vollan, Björn |
| Abstract: | Citizens’ Juries (CJs) are increasingly implemented as a means to engage citizens in deliberation on complex policy challenges, yet their effectiveness can be undermined by cognitive biases and limited value-driven reasoning. This study evaluates the impact of bias alleviation and value activation exercises on deliberative quality and civic engagement in four CJs conducted in Bogotá, Colombia. Two juries incorporated these exercises as treatment interventions, and two served as controls with extended deliberation time. Results reveal that deliberation itself modestly reduced confirmation bias compared to non-participants, while the structured interventions enhanced participants’ awareness of biases and value-based reasoning. However, the interventions did not significantly reduce the occurrence of biases and led to a perceived trade-off with deliberation time. Participation in CJs also showed improved trust in science and political self-efficacy, demonstrating their potential to foster civic engagement. These findings highlight the nuanced benefits and limitations of integrating debiasing interventions into mini-publics to enhance deliberative quality and equity in policymaking. |
| Keywords: | democracy; environmental economics; food systems; participatory research; public participation; sustainability; Americas; South America; Colombia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2320 |
| By: | Angella Faith Montfaucon; Socrates Kraido Majune |
| Abstract: | The paper examines whether firms in global value chains (GVCs) participate more in green trade relative to non-GVC firms and tests whether importing green goods leads to exporting green goods. We find that imports of green goods far exceed exports, signaling that trade currently serves more as an access to green technologies with limited exports of these products. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:b987176c-c365-47ae-a083-0e62da34ae28 |
| By: | Marc-Antoine Dolet (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INP - PURPAN - Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LRSV - Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse, Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse, ENSAT - École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse) |
| Abstract: | Agronomic biotechnologies have emerged as meaningful tools to cope with challenges set by global food security, global warming and sustainable agriculture for approximately three decades. It was under the impetus of the report delivered by the OECD in Tokyo in February 1999 that the key role played by biological resource centers (BRCs) in the exchange and ex-situ conservation of useful genes for human activity within the framework of research in the natural and medical sciences, in addition to the international regulations to which these structures obey, namely 1992's Convention on Biological Diversity and 2010's Nagoya Protocol for resources of agronomic interest in particular. In the continuity of this recognition followed their institutionalization and their constitution in infrastructural networks in order to pool the means and the knowledge. However, BRCs still come up against funding issues today as well as the promotion of their work linked to cost constraints and the requirement for profitability on the part of the main public funders. In order to elucidate these questions, we will conduct here an analysis of the economic model of a French research infrastructure in agronomy. A qualitative survey will allow us to highlight the mechanisms of open innovation in the value creation process and to interpret the behaviors within this entity as proceeding from a form of collaboration and functionality economy at the service of science commons. |
| Abstract: | Les biotechnologies agronomiques se sont révélées être des outils importants pour faire face aux défis posés par la sécurité alimentaire mondiale, le changement climatique et l'agriculture durable depuis une trentaine d'années environ. C'est sous l'impulsion du rapport rendu par l'OCDE à Tokyo en février 1999 que sera pleinement reconnu le rôle clé joué par centres de ressources biologiques (CRB) dans l'échange et la conservation ex-situ de gènes utiles à l'activité humaine dans le cadre de la recherche en sciences naturelles et médicales, en sus des réglementations internationales auxquelles ces structures obéissent, à savoir la Convention sur la diversité biologique de 1992 et le protocole de Nagoya de 2010 pour les ressources d'intérêt agronomique en particulier. Dans la continuité de cette reconnaissance a suivi leur institutionnalisation et leur constitution en réseaux infrastructurels en vue de mutualiser les moyens et les connaissances. Cependant, les CRB se heurtent toujours aujourd'hui à des problèmes de financement ainsi que de valorisation de leur travail liés à des contraintes de coûts et à l'exigence de rentabilité de la part des principaux bailleurs de fonds publics. Dans l'optique d'élucider ces questions, on mènera ici une analyse du modèle économique d'une infrastructure française de recherche en agronomie. Une enquête d'ordre qualitatif nous permettra de mettre en évidence les mécanismes d'innovation ouverte dans le processus de création de valeur et d'interpréter les comportements au sein de cette entité comme procédant d'une forme d'économie de collaboration et de fonctionnalité au service de communs de la science. |
| Keywords: | genetic resources, business model, open innovation, ex-situ conservation, biotechnology, social economics, gene banks, knowledge, contracts, networks, banques de gènes, connaissance, contrats, réseaux, Ressources génétiques, modèle économique, innovation ouverte, conservation ex-situ, biotechnologies, socio-économie |
| Date: | 2025–01–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04894390 |
| By: | Eric Vansteenberghe (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | I present the Pioneers Detection Method, a supervisory tool I developed to enhance resilience in insurance markets facing the challenges posed by climate change. Based on a theoretical model of the insurance industry, I consider a scenario in which independent experts determine premiums according to their individual risk assessments. Due to the segmented nature of the private insurance market, accurately estimating the tail parameter of loss distribution is difficult, especially given the rarity of extreme events. My method leverages temporal directional change and convergence to integrate expert opinions, giving greater emphasis to those who effectively identify trend shifts after climatic tipping points. A series of simulations reveals that the Pioneers Detection Method outperforms traditional pooling methods within a Bayesian framework. Furthermore, this approach appears to be notably effective in improving welfare in an insurance market with a limited number of private entities. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Insurance market stability, Opinion pooling |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04350178 |
| By: | Cantone, Giulio Giacomo; Tomaselli, Venera |
| Abstract: | This study checks the hypothesis that sustainable well-being is a determinant factor of fertility through the application of a multiversal method based on the assumptions of Vibration of Effects (VoE) model of multiversal sampling on the Italian Equitable and Sustain- able Well-being (BES) dataset. For 48 social indicators of well-being, adopting the Province as statistical unit, the estimate of linear effect has been systematically sampled 1, 024 times. This multiversal sampling allows to estimate the component of the hypothetical variability of the estimate of the effect size that depends on the theoretical choices of the analysis. This component is commonly underestimated, hidden, or ignored in regular multivariate analysis or classical bootstrapping. Results do not allow to claim that any of the 48 social indicators is a robust linear predictor of fertility. Indicators associated with high statistical significance are also at risk of misleading the causal relationship. Implications for policy-making and the future direction of the research on BES are discussed in the conclusive remarks. |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:metaar:z5msx_v1 |
| By: | Edwige Dubos-Paillard (GC (UMR_8504) - Géographie-cités - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Katrin Millock (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The article estimates flood risk perceptions by exploiting the different release dates of flood risk information around Paris from 2003 to 2012. This period is characterised by the absence of significant floods since 1955, making flood risk less salient. We apply a stacked event study to detailed property transaction data combined with geo-localised amenities. The results show that transaction prices for similar properties are 3-7% lower following the release of information if they are located in a flood risk zone, and that the effect persists, at least over the period we analyse. The results are robust to varying the control group to a neighbourhood at different distances from the flood risk boundary. The effect is more negative for flats on the ground floor. We find no evidence of sorting among buyers along different characteristics, in particular based on past exposure to flooding in their previous municipality. The results indicate a significant effect of flood risk information in a context where we can isolate it from the financial consequences of insurance cover and from flood damage per se. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04850441 |
| By: | Stefano Clò; Gianluca Iannucci; Alessandro Tampieri |
| Abstract: | This paper compares two forms of Renewable Energy Communities by assessing their impact on long-run social welfare from the perspective of a local public administration. By maximising the intertemporal utility of a representative prosumer, we assess how different REC organisations affect utility under different energy market, incentive and technology conditions. The results show that while consumption and pollution levels remain constant across REC types, differences in prosumers’ utility arise due to different financial costs and benefits. In particular, high energy market prices, higher incentive levels and increased energy capacity favour bottom-up RECs, while higher coordination costs and higher prosumer incentive weights favour top-down RECs. Our findings highlight the economic trade-offs that influence REC adoption decisions. |
| Keywords: | Energy community, Mean-variance expected utility, Optimal choice. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2024_29.rdf |
| By: | Zeddies, Hendrik Hilmar; Parlasca, Martin; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Competition for land is a key challenge for decarbonized energy transitions. Open-space solar energy farms are gaining in importance but have large land requirements and displace agricultural production. Agrivoltaics offers a compromise, integrating solar panels into existing farming operations. However, adoption of Agrivoltaics remains limited, as it has lower energy output per hectare and higher installation costs than open-space solar. Here, we compare public attitudes towards Agrivoltaics and open-space solar in Germany, using experimental data from a nationally representative sample. Participants were shown three images of a landscape that only differed in terms of land use, namely an agricultural field without solar, an Agrivoltaics system, and an open-space solar system, together with some technical information. While both solar systems have perceived negative impacts on landscape attractiveness, the impacts are less negative for Agrivoltaics. In comparison to their regular electricity bill, 44% of the participants expressed their willingness to pay more for electricity from Agrivoltaics, compared to 29% for electricity from open-space solar. We also find a higher monetary willingness to pay for Agrivoltaics. These results hold across different agricultural systems, implying that Agrivoltaics could play an important role for socially-acceptable energy transitions. More widespread Agrivoltaics adoption may depend on targeted policy support. |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025–02–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:349432 |
| By: | Yu, Chen |
| Abstract: | This article explores the complex subject of animal consciousness and the philosophical and ethical implications of extending natural rights to non-human species. Assuming that various animals exhibit forms of consciousness, this work explores the cognitive abilities and emotional experiences of primates, cetaceans, birds, mammals, and notably, bees, whose sophisticated behaviors suggest a higher cognitive capacity than traditionally acknowledged. The discourse extends into the moral considerations these cognitive capacities necessitate, discussing the philosophical underpinnings and the practical implications of acknowledging such consciousness in legal and societal contexts. By examining the relationship between consciousness and moral status, the article advocates for a redefined ethical framework that includes natural rights for animals, emphasizing the right to life, liberty, and dignity. The potential benefits of recognizing these rights are analyzed not only from an ethical standpoint but also in terms of broader environmental and societal health. This work calls for a shift beyond anthropocentric views towards a more inclusive, compassionate approach that recognizes the intrinsic value and rights of all conscious beings. |
| Date: | 2024–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:27ayk_v1 |
| By: | Heletjé E van Staden (UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]); Hannah Yee (ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées); Robert N Boute (KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Vlerick Business School [Leuven]) |
| Abstract: | Intermodal transportation planning combines road with more sustainable transportation modes to encour- age a modal shift. To evaluate the impact of a modal shift on transportation cost and emissions, we propose an intermodal transportation planning model to provide transparency in the cost-emissions trade-off. The model incorporates minimum load requirements, time windows, freight consolidation, and stochastic travel times to generate alternative transportation options. It also includes order consolidation to facilitate the utilization of transportation modes that would otherwise be infeasible due to, for instance, minimum load requirements. We also propose a synchromodal planning tool to evaluate re-planning and re-consolidation options in response to disruptions. We numerically illustrate the working of our model using a represen- tative network setting and quantify the trade-offs concerning costs and emissions by evaluating different transportation route options. |
| Keywords: | synchromodal transportation, modal shift, sustainable transportation, decision support, k-shortest path, order consolidation |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04566898 |
| By: | Johannes Emmerling (CMCC - Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna]); Ulrike Kornek (CAU - Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel = Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel = Université Christian-Albrechts de Kiel); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | Welfare, Multidimensional, Climate scenarios, Substitutability |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04524550 |
| By: | Venjakob, Johannes; Reichmann, Aileen; Voigt, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Die Energie- und Klimapolitik der vergangenen Jahre war in Deutschland durch ein Nebeneinander von Erfolgen und Misserfolgen geprägt. So konnte der Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien weiter vorangetrieben werden, gleichzeitig wurden die Ziele im Gebäude- und Verkehrssektor verfehlt. Hinzu kommen kontroverse Debatten (z.B. bzgl. des "Heizungsgesetztes"). Solche Kontroversen um die richtigen Maßnahmen und Instrumente können sich in einer großen gesellschaftlichen Verunsicherung hinsichtlich der weiteren Ausrichtung sowie des richtigen Ambitionsgrads von Energie- und Klimapolitik niederschlagen. Für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Energiewende ist der gesellschaftliche Rückhalt aber notwendige Voraussetzung, insbesondere für anstehende Maßnahmen im Gebäude- und Verkehrssektor. Im Auftrag der Westenergie AG hat das Wuppertal Institut vor diesem Hintergrund im Dezember 2024 eine deutschlandweite quotierte Befragung entwickelt, die sich mit der grundsätzlichen Einstellung zur Energiewende und der Zufriedenheit hinsichtlich des Fortschritts befasst. Ein zentraler Teil der Befragung setzte sich zudem mit den ökonomischen Folgen der Energiewende auseinander. Zudem wurde das Vertrauen der Bevölkerung in verschiedene Akteure hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeit, die Energiewende erfolgreich voranzutreiben, untersucht. Der Energiepolitik fehlt aus Sicht der Befragten eine klare Strategie; die Instrumente und Maßnahmen wirken auf die Menschen intransparent und wenig partizipativ. Besonders gravierend: Eine deutliche Mehrheit der Befragten gibt an, die ökonomischen Lasten der Energiesystemtransformation als ungerecht verteilt zu empfinden. Darüber hinaus haben die Befragten wenig Vertrauen in die politischen Entscheidungsträger, die Energiewende fair, partizipativ und konsensorientiert umzusetzen. Politischen Akteuren, wie auch der Wirtschaft, wird sogar eine Blockadehaltung unterstellt. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln die Ambivalenz und Unsicherheit in der Bevölkerung wider und verdeutlichen den dringenden Bedarf an partizipativer Strategieentwicklung, transparenter Kommunikation und Wissensbildung in Richtung Gesellschaft. Um die öffentliche Akzeptanz für politische Maßnahmen zu erhöhen, scheint es daher dringend geboten, dass die Politik konsistente Transformationspfade festlegt, dabei relevante Stakeholder einbezieht und die Kommunikation der notwendigen Maßnahmen und ihrer erwarteten Wirkung verbessert. |
| Abstract: | Energy and climate policy in Germany in recent years has been characterized by a sequence of successes and failures as well as controversy over the right measures and instruments. These conflicts are reflected in a great uncertainty in society regarding the future direction and the right level of ambition of energy and climate policy. Against this background, the Wuppertal Institute developed a nationwide survey on behalf of Westenergie AG in December 2024. The survey examined public attitudes towards the energy transition and satisfaction with its progress. Additionally, the study assessed public trust in various actors regarding their capability to successfully accelerate the energy transition. From the respondents' perspective, energy policy lacks a clear strategy; its instruments and measures appear opaque and insufficiently participatory. Of particular concern: a significant majority of respondents state to perceive the economic burden of the energy system transformation as being distributed unfairly. Moreover, respondents express low trust in policymakers' ability to implement the energy transition in a fair, participatory and consensus-driven manner. Both political and economic actors are even perceived as obstructing progress. The results reflect the ambivalence and uncertainty among the population, highlighting the urgent need for participatory strategy development, transparent communication, and public knowledge dissemination. In order to enhance public acceptance for policy measures, it seems urgently necessary that policymaker establish consistent transformation pathways, engage relevant stakeholders, and improve the communication of necessary measures and their expected impacts. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuppap:311192 |
| By: | Ogutu, Sylvester; Kikulwe, Enoch; Ajambo, Susan; Ategeka, Stewart; Birachi, Eliud |
| Abstract: | Global agri-food systems face numerous challenges, including the adverse effects of climate change, low productivity, limited adoption of technologies, and restricted access to input and output markets. These constraints contribute to increased food insecurity, decreased income from agriculture, and stagnated growth rates in many agrarian economies. Digitizing the agriculture sector presents a sustainable solution to these challenges by providing critical information that supports optimal decision-making, enhancing efficiency and productivity. However, the widespread adoption of digital innovations in this sector is hindered by low awareness of existing technologies, limited digital literacy, and prevailing social norms and power dynamics affecting various population segments, particularly women and youth. |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; digital innovation; farmers; implementation; Africa; Eastern Africa; Uganda |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:169805 |
| By: | Guilherme Iablonovski; Eamon Drumm; Grayson Fuller; Guillaume Lafortune (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, SDSN - Sustainable Development Solutions Network) |
| Abstract: | The Rural Access Index (RAI) is one of the most important global development indicators in the transport sector. It is currently the only indicator for the SDGs that directly measures rural accessibility, and it does so by assessing rural populations' access to allseason roads. The RAI was developed by the World Bank in 2006, originally as a measure of poverty. The original 2006 methodology based itself on pre-existing household surveys, which had several disadvantages including inconsistency across countries, lack of regular updates and cost constraints, which limited the index's sustainability and accuracy. Following its adoption as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 9.1.1 in 2015, the indicator received a new methodology taking advantage of geospatial techniques, published under the "Measuring rural access using new technologies" report in 2016. The World Bank has since endorsed an additional Research for Community Access Partnership (ReCAP) funded project led by the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL)—the RAI Supplemental Guidelines—which provided detailed guidance for calculating the RAI, notably with an alternative approach to the all-season aspect of RAI, focusing on the changing accessibility profile of road networks rather than relying on road surface quality alone or scarce physical measurements for road conditions. Nevertheless, neither the 2016 nor the 2019 methodologies were implemented globally, with official implementations published by the World Bank being restricted to more in-depth studies for selected countries mostly in Africa and the Middle East due to data source restrictions. Here we seek to fill in this gap by implementing the most up-to-date methodology endorsed by the World Bank's methodology supplemented by TRL's 2019 guidelines) at global scale with free remotely sensed datasets with global coverage. This dataset was produced by UN SDSN's SDG Transformation Center and is, to date, the only publicly available application of this particular method at a global scale. |
| Keywords: | rural access index, SDG 9.1.1, sustainable development, accessibility, Worldpop, Google Earth Engine, raster algebra |
| Date: | 2024–03–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04735789 |
| By: | Steven Goldfinch (Center for Global Development, on secondment from the Asian Development Bank); Sam Huckstep (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Planned relocation of highly climate-vulnerable communities is becoming increasingly necessary as climate shocks become more frequent and intense. It is also becoming more feasible as modelling of future scenarios improves and adaptation limits become clearer. Despite this, many governments are underprepared for planning and implementing planned relocation projects. In the absence of an intergovernmentally agreed framework or set of principles on planned relocation, development finance, and specifically climate finance, is not well positioned to respond to this emerging demand from countries. This is heightened by a widespread absence of coherent domestic policies, and by institutional gaps in international assistance. Multilateral development banks, in particular, could be well-placed to fill this gap. They have extensive experience in undertaking relocation projects, including in contexts of climate adaptation. Multilateral development banks will increasingly field borrower country demand for both technical and financial assistance. They are, however, not yet prepared to meet this demand, nor are countries adequately equipped to make applications for support. This paper outlines emerging public policy regarding planned relocation, draws from existing standards on development-forced displacement and resettlement, and explores entry points for development financiers in providing technical assistance and finance. The paper proposes recommendations to multilateral development banks and the global climate funds on engaging in this emerging area. |
| Date: | 2025–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:352 |
| By: | Carmen Camacho (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rodolphe Desbordes (SKEMA Business School - SKEMA Business School); Herb Kunze (University of Guelph); Davide La Torre (SKEMA Business School - SKEMA Business School) |
| Abstract: | We present a two-stage optimal control model with space and time dimensions to analyze the diffusion of radiations from a nuclear radiation source. The first stage of the model considers the optimal policy to contain the emissions generated from a nuclear radiation source which are diffusing and contaminating the surrounding territories. The second stage, instead, seeks to determine the best location for the nuclear radiation source by minimizing the cost of containment and maximizing the distance from population centers. We illustrate our approach through different numerical examples and we also provide a real case study by using available data from Chernobyl. |
| Keywords: | Nuclear Energy, Health protection, Diffusion |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-04287224 |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business, CUT - Centre for Unframed Thinking - ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Carmen Camacho (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest, CUT - Centre for Unframed Thinking - ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Benteng Zou (uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg = University of Luxembourg = Universität Luxemburg) |
| Abstract: | We propose an alternative dynamic theory of coalition breakdown. Motivated by recent coalition splitting events through unilateral countries' withdrawals, we assume that: i) the payoff sharing rule within coalitions is not necessarily set according to any optimality and/or stability criterion, and, ii) players initially behave as if the coalition will last forever. If the sharing rule is non-negotiable or if renegotiation is very costly, compliance to these rules may become unbearable for a given member |
| Keywords: | Coalition splitting, Environmental agreements, Constitutional vs technological heterogeneity, Differential games, Multistage optimal control |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-04287200 |
| By: | Emmanuel Petit (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Damien Bazin (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur, CHROMATOTEC); Jerome Ballet (Passages - UB - Université de Bordeaux - ENSAP Bordeaux - École nationale supérieure d'architecture et du paysage de Bordeaux - UBM - Université Bordeaux Montaigne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie Lazaric (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Abstract: | On parle souvent des émotions que génère la crise climatique comme l'éco-anxiété, l'éco-colère… Mais quelles émotions peuvent permettre de lutter contre l'inaction climatique ? |
| Keywords: | Communication, Emotions, Urgence climatique, Peur, Action climatique, Inaction climatique |
| Date: | 2024–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04893319 |
| By: | Carmen Camacho (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Cornet (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Weihua Ruan (Purdue University Northwest) |
| Abstract: | We develop a spatial growth model for an agricultural economy where pollution diffuses in the soil. At each location, the only production factor is fertile soil, which is at the same time naturally bounded by the amount of available land, and eventually exposed to pollution diffused from neighboring locations. We develop a novel technique to obtain the policy maker's optimal solution, which is analytical in the case of an homogeneous economy and covers all cases, for impatience rates ranging from almost zero to extremely high. When agents are very patient, the policy maker starts by making fully fertile all land before allowing for positive consumption. For slightly more impatient agents, the policy maker will allow for some consumption from the beginning, in the cleaning-up stage. With time, abatement stops, consumption raises and land becomes fully polluted in the long-term. We provide with some general results for the general spatially heterogeneous economy and its long-run, completing our study with some numerical exercises. Worth noting, simulations reveal that also in the non-homogeneous economy optimal consumption may transit through four different stages in time, responding to changes in fertile land and not necessarily in a smooth manner. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Diffusion, Soil Pollution, Optimal Control, Limited resources |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04582035 |
| By: | Matthew D Gordon (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yukiko Hashida (University of Georgia [USA]); Eli P Fenichel (Yale University [New Haven]) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the question of how to target aid after a natural disaster. Disaster aid programs often use property damage as a criterion for eligibility. A household's ability to insure against shocks may be harder to observe but more important in determining how the disaster affects welfare. We develop a model of household demand for reconstruction aid and estimate the model parameters using a household survey following the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Key model predictions are validated using a spatial regression discontinuity design. We use the model to estimate welfare from counterfactual targeting strategies. Conditioning aid on property damages does not significantly improve welfare relative to allocating aid randomly. An untargeted approach that divides the aid budget equally among all households in the affected areas yields larger welfare gains. Using resources to assess property damages for targeting purposes may not be cost effective. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, Targeting, Aid, Consumption Smoothing |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04721231 |
| By: | Muhammad, Andrew; Menard, R. Jamey; Hughes, David W.; Taylor, Adam |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:349430 |
| By: | Nguyen, Viet Nguyen-Tien; Zhang, Chengyu; Strobl, Eric A.; Elliott, Robert J. R. |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles are increasingly being adopted in Great Britain and other parts of the world, driven by the perception that they offer a cost-effective alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles while reducing emissions. However, a key element that underpins this perception is the longevity of electric vehicles, which remains relatively under researched. Here we show that although early battery electric vehicles (BEVs) exhibited lower reliability than internal combustion engine vehicles, rapid technological advancements have allowed newer BEVs to achieve comparable lifespans, even under more intensive use. Longevity is also found to be impacted by engine size, location and make of vehicle. We provide parameter estimates for life mileage that can be used to update life cycle assessment and total cost of ownership studies of different vehicle powertrains. Our results also shed light on BEV diffusion patterns, fleet replacement strategies and end-of-life treatment planning, including the increasingly important debate around BEV battery recycling and second-life options. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles; survival analysis; total cost of ownership; life cycle assessment |
| JEL: | Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–01–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126554 |
| By: | Rachael Potter (University of South Australia [Adelaide]); Maureen Dollard (University of South Australia [Adelaide]); Loïc Lerouge (COMPTRASEC - Centre de droit comparé du travail et de la sécurité sociale - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aditya Jain (Nottingham University Business School [Nottingham]); Stavroula Leka (Lancaster University); Aude Cefaliello |
| Abstract: | National occupational health and safety (OHS) policy (e.g., legislation) underpins worker health protection and is imperative for healthy and safe working populations. In the interest of bolstering mental health through decent work, this study undertakes a global analysis of OHS policy for worker mental health and develops and validates a short tool quantifying national policy approaches—the National Policy Index (NPI, for worker mental health). Data were collected across 45 countries from 164 global experts (and/or expert groups) to capture policy presence, priority action areas, and drivers and barriers surrounding policy implementation. Analysis revealed top global psychosocial concerns are harassment, mobbing or bullying, work overload, discrimination, and poor work-life balance. Policy priorities are harassment, mobbing or bullying, discrimination, and physical violence. The psychosocial hazards/risks that are most addressed in policies or regulated are physical violence, discrimination, harassment, mobbing or bullying. The main driver for managing hazards is workplace senior management support and having specific national regulations, and the main barrier is poor resource availability. Further, the NPI was developed through exploratory factor analysis and validated through significant correlation with a national policy audit and to the 2019 European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks data, which reports enterprise level psychosocial safety climate (PSC, organisational policies, practices, and procedures for stress prevention). The correlation between the NPI and enterprise-level PSC highlights the critical role of national policy in protecting worker population mental health. Yet above and beyond national policy, national union density also related to enterprise PSC indicating that social action is also imperative. Findings suggest that global mental health can be reinforced via decent work outlined in national policy approaches, particularly legislation, as well as via senior management support, and collective approaches such as union action. |
| Keywords: | Mental health, National policy, Psychosocial safety climate, International review |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04413944 |
| By: | kilani, bochra hadj |
| Abstract: | Urban spacеs and еvеnt tеmporalitiеs arе oftеn instrumеntalizеd for dеvеlopmеnt and valorization of tеrritoriеs. Howеvеr, this procеss may havе nеgativе impacts on thе еnvironmеnt and thе quality of lifе of local rеsidеnts. This papеr proposеs a framеwork and an action plan for dеvеloping complеx intеrvеntions to improvе urban sustainability in thе contеxt of urban еvеnts. Thе framеwork considеrs thrее lеvеls of concеrn: small-scalе privatе еvеnts, largе-scalе coordinatеd еvеnts, and mеga-еvеnts. Thе action plan involvеs rеviеwing еxisting еvidеncе, drawing on thеoriеs, articulating programmе thеory, collеcting primary data, undеrstanding contеxt, and dеsigning and rеfining intеrvеntions using itеrativе cyclеs of dеvеlopmеnt with stakеholdеr input. Thе papеr arguеs that intеrvеntion dеvеlopmеnt should bе sееn as a dynamic itеrativе procеss that takеs into account thе short, mеdium, and long-tеrm impacts of еvеnts on thе local community and urban еnvironmеnt. Thе papеr also discussеs thе challеngеs and opportunitiеs for implеmеnting and еvaluating such intеrvеntions in thе rеal world. Thе papеr contributеs to thе litеraturе on urban studiеs, еvеnt managеmеnt, and complеx intеrvеntion dеvеlopmеnt by providing a comprеhеnsivе and practical approach to addrеss thе problеm of instrumеntalizing urban spacеs and еvеnt tеmporalitiеs for sustainablе dеvеlopmеnt. |
| Date: | 2023–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:africa:hz7mf_v1 |
| By: | Conefrey, Thomas (Central Bank of Ireland); Staunton, David (Central Bank of Ireland); Walsh, Graeme (Central Bank of Ireland) |
| Abstract: | The output gap measures the difference between the current level of output in the economy and what could be produced if all resources were employed at a sustainable level. Amongst a range of indicators, understanding the size of the output gap is useful for assessing wage and inflation developments and for considerations of the appropriate fiscal policy stance. The output gap is unobserved and must be estimated and is therefore subject to uncertainty. This Letter describes, implements and assesses a range of methods for estimating the output gap for Ireland. The results indicate that the output gap turned sharply positive following the economy’s rapid growth in 2022 and 2023. The size of the positive output gap is estimated to have declined in 2024 but the latest estimates indicate that output is above its long-run sustainable level with a risk of overheating. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:ecolet:2/el/24 |
| By: | Romain Espinosa (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | I propose a framework to evaluate the social gains from policies regarding animals. The model considers both the welfare of animals and humans. The gains in animal welfare are estimated by considering the violations of the animals' fundamental freedoms weighted for each species. I apply this framework to twenty policy proposals targeting wild, domestic, farmed, and laboratory animals. Although the policies benefit from widespread popular support in France (the annual willingnesses-to-pay range between 15 and 39 Euros per person per year), I show that they have very heterogeneous impacts on animal welfare (valued at between 0.013 and 3, 618 Euros per person per year). I further show that humans' willingness-to-pay for policies improving animal welfare is a poor predictor of the effective impact on animal welfare of these policies. I conclude that it is essential to value animal welfare per se in cost-benefit analyses in order to determine the set of welfare-increasing policies. |
| Keywords: | Social welfare, animals, animal welfare, human welfare, public policies, utility potentials, willingness-to-pay, contingent valuation methods |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04369311 |
| By: | Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics Queen’s University, Canada, and Cambridge Resource International Inc.); Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics Queen’s University, Canada, and Cambridge Resource International Inc.); Amin Sokhanvar (Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | This document provides a comprehensive analysis of tax incentives in Madagascar, offering policy recommendations to enhance efficiency, revenue generation, and economic growth. It examines key tax components, including excise taxes, the Value-Added Tax (VAT), trade taxes, and corporate tax incentives, identifying inefficiencies and proposing reforms to streamline administration and improve fiscal outcomes. The report highlights the need to simplify Madagascar’s excise tax system by narrowing the taxable goods range, reducing compliance costs, and improving public welfare. It also addresses VAT inefficiencies, noting that the country’s 359 exemptions undermine revenue potential and complicate tax administration. Recommendations include reducing unnecessary exemptions and enhancing compliance to boost fiscal sustainability. In trade taxation, the document advocates for optimizing import tariffs by eliminating excessive exemptions, thereby strengthening industrial growth and export competitiveness. Corporate tax incentives are assessed through Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) to ensure they generate genuine investment expansion and economic benefits. Additionally, the report emphasizes prioritizing public sector investments for climate resilience over private sector tax incentives, advocating for international support to address climate challenges effectively. By streamlining tax policies and aligning them with economic and social objectives, Madagascar can enhance revenue collection, promote sustainable investment, and strengthen climate resilience. These reforms will contribute to a more efficient, equitable, and growth-oriented tax system, supporting the country’s long-term development goals. |
| Keywords: | Excise Taxes, Impact Analysis, Tax Incentives, Corporate Income Tax (CIT), Revenue Tax Administration, Tax Exemptions, Economic Efficiency, Value-Added Tax (VAT) |
| JEL: | H2 H21 H23 F13 |
| Date: | 2025–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4627 |
| By: | Corona, Sara |
| Abstract: | The interplay between cultural heritage and group identity is a multifaceted phenomenon that gains particular significance in the case of ethnic identities. Nation-building policies of cultural homogenisation haven’t always succeeded in incorporating ethnic minorities within the nation-state by replacing their sense of belonging with that of national identity. The Mediterranean island of Sardinia, a region of Italy, presents a compelling case study in this regard. The Sardinian population’s enduring sense of ethnic identity—distinctive and potentially in conflict with national identity—appears to be ignited around issues of heritage, in particular in response to a perceived threat coming from the outside. This research seeks to investigate the role of heritage in this conflict between Sardinian and Italian identity, taking as a case study the ongoing grassroots mobilisation against large-scale wind energy projects on the island. Here, I focus on the land and landscape as forms of heritage for the Sardinian people and investigate the development of their ethnic identity through this crucial experience of living-in-the-place. With this research, I aim to deepen our understanding of the persistence of ethnic minorities within nation-states, despite national assimilationist policies. |
| Date: | 2024–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:zgpsq_v1 |
| By: | Burschel, Maria |
| Abstract: | Background and Objective: This paper posits that market-oriented economies foster narcissistic behavior due to their focus on profit, private ownership, competition, and free markets. The research presented demonstrates that while overall levels of narcissism remain stable, certain political groups and leaders exhibit higher levels of narcissism compared to the general population. Due to the visibility and attention-seeking nature of narcissistic individuals, values such as self-promotion, prioritizing personal gain, blame-shifting, diminishing others, and populist rhetoric become normalized. These trends contribute to right-wing populism, social injustice, and climate change denial. The paper elaborates on the dynamics of narcissism and the use of gaslighting as a manipulation tactic to scapegoat particularly vulnerable societal groups and the field of Social Work itself. Conclusions will be substantiated with examples from politics and business, highlighting the risks posed by narcissistic leaders. The article aims to offer a framework for understanding the rise of right-wing populism in Europe and the USA, which may hinder progress towards a socially, economically, and ecologically sustainable society. Method: The article is based on an integrative literature review. Conclusion: The article suggests considering human personality when selecting leaders and analyzing political movements. It highlights the role of social work in forming social and economic structures that encourage empathic, responsible, and diligent behavior rather than narcissistic behavior. The article notes the need for further research to support social change and innovation. Additionally, it offers recommendations for policymakers, educators, and social workers. |
| Keywords: | Narcissism, capitalism, transformation, sustainability |
| JEL: | P |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iubhso:311208 |
| By: | Bah, Muhammad Maladoh; Weigt, Hannes |
| Abstract: | The U.S. nuclear industry has overcome a challenging period during which low wholesale market prices threatened the survival of nuclear power plants (NPPs). From 2017 to 2019, several U.S. states initiated out-of-market support schemes to bolster the financial conditions of NPPs. This paper provides a comparative cost assessment between the preservation of three upstate New York NPPs under the zero-emission credit (ZEC) support scheme or an early retirement. In addition, the paper explores future market development scenarios with a carbon price mechanism. A bespoke cost-minimization dispatch model is developed for the New York electricity market along with four neighboring electricity markets. The comparative cost assessment of a nuclear phaseout and ZEC expenditures is not definitive. Results indicate that phasing out upstate NPPs in 2018 and 2021 incurred a slightly higher cost burden for New York consumers compared to the total ZEC expenditures. In contrast, phasing out upstate NPPs in 2030 incurs a lower cost burden compared to the total ZEC expenditure, mainly due to a high credit price. Furthermore, results show that a low carbon price of USD 51/ton would raise average NYISO prices by USD 24.1/MWh, thereby improving the long-term income conditions of NPPs, and ensuring sufficient accumulation of nuclear decommissioning funds. The study provides policymakers with a sequence of optimal policy options taking into account the pace of renewable development. |
| Keywords: | nuclear power plant, ZEC, New York, electricity market, carbon price |
| JEL: | L94 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2025/01 |
| By: | Raszap Skorbiansky, Sharon |
| Abstract: | Organic agriculture is an important agricultural sector, experiencing substantial growth in sales for the past two decades. In 2023, total organic retail sales were $69.7 billion. Despite continued interest in organic products, domestic acreage devoted to organic commodities declined in recent years. This report analyzes current trends in domestic and global organic production, U.S. Department of Agriculture initiatives to remove barriers to transition, imports and exports, price premiums relative to conventional commodities, and value of retail sales. The report also includes a discussion on regenerative agriculture—a term not regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture—which, similarly to organic agriculture, is concerned with improvements in soil health. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Dairy Farming, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:349417 |
| By: | Naixia Mou (Shandong University of Science and Technology); Huanqing Xu (Shandong University of Science and Technology); Yong Liu (Shandong University of Science and Technology); Guoqing Li (AIRICAS - Aerospace Information Research Institute - CAS - Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing]); Lingxian Zhang (Shandong University of Science and Technology); César Ducruet (EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Xianghao Zhang (Shandong University of Science and Technology); Yanci Wang (Shandong University of Science and Technology); Tengfei Yang (AIRICAS - Aerospace Information Research Institute - CAS - Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing]) |
| Abstract: | Traditional studies typically employed random and deliberate attack methods to explore port failure, overlooking real-world factors. In this research, we focus on exploring the reliability of the Maritime Silk Road (MSR) container shipping networks after the failure of Chinese coastal ports due to the impact of typhoons. This article analyzes AIS trajectory data and typhoon occurrence data through entropy weight method and grey correlation analysis, to construct an evaluation model for the failure of Chinese critical ports. Then, we will look at the effects of deliberately removing Chinese critical ports from the MSR container shipping system. The main conclusions drawn are as follows: (1) Except for some of the largest ports (i.e., Ningbo-Zhoushan, Shanghai, and Kaohsiung), the importance of Chinese coastal ports varies slightly in the MSR container maritime network, while it varies widely in their exposure and resistance to typhoons. (2) Ports of Ningbo Zhoushan, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shekou, Kaohsiung, and Yantian rank high in the comprehensive evaluation results. They have a higher probability of failure when affected by typhoon risks. (3) After the failure of Chinese crucial ports, the reliability of the MSR container maritime network successively declined, recovered, and stabilized. This study can offer a valuable reference for relevant actors involved in safeguarding crucial ports, finding alternative ports, optimizing shipping routes, and improving the reliability of maritime networks under typhoons and other major natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | Reliability, Container shipping, Typhoon risk assessment, Maritime silk road, China, Ports |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04665720 |
| By: | Nazar Khalid (University of Pennsylvania); Jere Behrman (University of Pennsylvania); Emily Hannum (University of Pennsylvania); Amrit Thapa (University of Pennsylvania) |
| Abstract: | India has the world’s largest number of school-aged children. The majority live in rural areas, many of which are highly flood-prone. Previous studies document that in such areas, floods are associated with lower enrollments, attendance, and learning, in some cases with differentiation by gender, caste/religion, and family SES. Previous literature suggests that components of community infrastructure have positive associations with children’s learning. However, previous literature has not addressed whether better community physical and social infrastructures are associated with (1) smaller flood-related learning losses on average, (2) different learning for marginalized versus other children in the absence of floods, and (3) different vulnerabilities to floods for marginalized versus other children. This paper finds that (1) most aspects of community physical and social infrastructure are not associated with lower flood-related learning losses on average, but proximity to towns and several components of social infrastructure are associated with lower flood-related learning losses on average, (2) community physical and social infrastructure components have heterogeneous associations, in some cases increasing, in most cases not affecting, and in other cases reducing disparities in learning between marginalized and other children in the absence of floods, and (3) community physical and social infrastructure components have heterogeneous effects, in some cases increasing, in most cases not affecting, and in other cases reducing disparities in learning between marginalized and other children in the presence of floods. |
| Keywords: | Education, learning disparities, climate disasters, floods, infrastructure effects, caste inequalities, Hindu-Muslim inequalities, social stratification |
| JEL: | D63 I24 I25 I28 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:25-002 |
| By: | Paul Dutronc-Postel (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Arthur Guillouzouic (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Clément Malgouyres (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Rachel Paya (ESSEC Business School, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Laurent Bach (ESSEC Business School) |
| Abstract: | Présentation Qui sont les entreprises françaises qui contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 de l'industrie française, et quelles sont leurs caractéristiques ? Quels dispositifs de réduction des émissions de CO2 s'appliquent à elles, et selon quelles modalités ? Quel rôle insoupçonné peuvent avoir les outils fiscaux généraux, a priori sans visée environnementale ? Cette note répond successivement à ces trois questions, et propose un premier cadre d'analyse pour l'évaluation ex ante des mesures de politiques publiques à destination des entreprises. Nous documentons la distribution de l'intensité carbone dans le tissu industriel français, ainsi que les tarifications effectives du carbone auxquelles sont soumis différents types d'entreprises. Enfin, nous examinons le ciblage carbone implicite de différents dispositifs fiscaux sans visée environnementale. Résultats clés Les émissions de CO2 du secteur industriel sont extrêmement concentrées ; 10 % de la valeur ajoutée représentent 75 % des émissions de CO2. Cette forte concentration est en grande partie tirée par des effets sectoriels ; la métallurgie, la chimie, les minéraux métalliques (comme le ciment), et le papier/carton sont les secteurs les plus intenses en CO2. Deux grands régimes de tarification effective du CO2 cohabitent dans l'industrie : celle des établissements soumis au marché du carbone (SCEQE, 70 % des émissions), dont la tarification effective augmente avec le temps ; et celle des établissements hors SCEQE (30 % des émissions), gelée de 2018 à 2024. En 2019, la tarification effective du CO2 des entreprises les plus émettrices est plus faible (31€/tCO2e) que celle des entreprises les moins émettrices (47€/tCO2e). En 2022, elle est plus élevée (84€/tCO2e contre 60€/tCO2e). L'allocation de quotas gratuits, dont le volume représente, en 2022, 90 % des émissions réalisées par le secteur industriel, abaisse considérablement le poids effectif du marché carbone pour les entreprises qui y sont soumises. Par leur ciblage implicite, les dispositifs fiscaux sans visée environnementale peuvent avoir un effet sur les émissions industrielles totales. En 2019, le niveau de la contribution économique territoriale (les « impôts de production », fortement allégés dans le plan France Relance) est substantiellement plus élevé pour les 10 % des entreprises les plus intenses en CO2 (3 % de la valeur ajoutée), que pour les 10 % les moins intenses (1, 2 %). Une suppression de ces impôts bénéficie donc davantage aux entreprises très émettrices. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04439232 |
| By: | Zugasti Tom (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFPCNT - Association Française pour la Prévention des Catastrophes Naturelles et Technologiques); Merad Myriam (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AFPCNT - Association Française pour la Prévention des Catastrophes Naturelles et Technologiques); Verrhiest-Leblanc Ghislaine (AFPCNT - Association Française pour la Prévention des Catastrophes Naturelles et Technologiques) |
| Abstract: | The floods in Western Europe in July 2021 have highlighted the inadequacy of flood management. More than ever before, Germany and Belgium witnessed the extreme events that can affect territories in the context of climate disruption, and were directly hit by devastating floods causing tens of billions of euros in material damage, and hundreds of deaths. The violence of the disaster was widely publicized in the media, providing an opportunity to draw up a comprehensive feedback report on the events, and to identify gaps in risk management. A concatenation of sources has enabled us to highlight a phase of crisis management that has been particularly singled out: warning. This phase of risk management is a special one, as it is subject to time constraints and improvised choices and decisions. So, starting with the legislation on alert management in Germany, we will try to understand the gap between what is prescribed in the legal texts and the reality on the ground, which could explain certain shortcomings in the management system. Cooperation and communication between players are the fundamental skills required for optimal information transmission, and this may well hold the key to integrated warning management. |
| Abstract: | Les inondations en Europe de l'Ouest en juillet 2021 ont mis en exergue une gestion lacunaire des inondations. Plus que jamais témoin des événements extrêmes qui peuvent toucher les territoires dans ce contexte de dérèglements climatiques, l'Allemagne et la Belgique ont été frappées directement par des inondations dévastatrices provoquant des dizaines de milliards d'euros de dégâts matériels, et des centaines de morts. La violence de la catastrophe a été très exposée médiatiquement, permettant de dresser un retour d'expérience complet des événements afin d'identifier les points lacunaires dans la gestion du risque. Un travail de concaténation des sources a permis de mettre en avant une phase de la gestion de la crise particulièrement pointée du doigt : l'alerte. Cette phase de la gestion du risque est spéciale car soumise à la contraction du temps et à l'improvisation des choix et des décisions. Ainsi, en partant de la législation sur la gestion de l'alerte en Allemagne, nous tenterons de comprendre quel est le gap entre le prescrit dans les textes de loi, et la réalité du terrain qui pourrait expliquer certaines défaillances dans le système de gestion. La coopération et la communication entre les acteurs sont les compétences fondamentales pour une transmission optimale des informations, ainsi, réside peut-être ici la clé d'une gestion intégrée de l'alerte. |
| Keywords: | Inondation, Alerte précoce, Retour d'expérience, Coordination, Communication, Mots-clefs -Inondation alerte précoce coordination communication retour d'expérience Flooding early warning coordination communication feedback, Mots-clefs -Inondation, alerte précoce, coordination, communication, retour d'expérience Flooding, early warning, feedback |
| Date: | 2024–10–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04878701 |
| By: | Robin Jarry (LIRMM | ICAR - Image & Interaction - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Chaumont (UNIMES - Nîmes Université, LIRMM | ICAR - Image & Interaction - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Laure Berti-Equille (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles - UM - Université de Montpellier); Gérard Subsol (LIRMM | ICAR - Image & Interaction - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Monitoring local socio-economic variations is essential for tracking progress toward sustainable development goals. However, measuring these variations can be challenging, as it requires data collection at least twice, which is both expensive and time-consuming. To address this issue, researchers have proposed remote sensing and deep learning methods to predict socio-economic indicators. However, subtracting two predicted socio-economic indicators from different dates leads to inaccurate results. We propose a novel method for predicting socio-economic variations using satellite image time series to achieve more reliable predictions. Our method leverages both spatial and temporal information to enhance the final prediction. In our experiments, we observed that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods. |
| Keywords: | Remote Sensing, Image Time Series, Deep Learning, Transformer, Socio-economic indicator |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:lirmm-04895134 |
| By: | Michael Tichauer (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SEDDER - Service de Développement des Démarches d’Expertise en Radioprotection - IRSN - Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire); Merad Myriam (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the quest for effective risk governance in a context of poly-crises. It highlights the importance of governance performativity in public decision-making processes, particularly in the context of complex crises such as climate disruption and resource scarcity. Whereas centralized approaches led by a charismatic leader were historically favored, participatory and deliberative models are now seen as more effective and legitimate ways of making decisions in the face of complex issues. However, the choice between representative and participative models remains open to debate, and there is a lack of research on their effectiveness and performativity. The paper also highlights the importance of evaluating decisions and processes to understand their real impact. By adopting a holistic and ecosystemic approach, risk governance aims to transcend anthropocentrism and take into account spatiality and temporality to ensure both the effectiveness and robustness of governance systems in the face of contemporary challenges. |
| Abstract: | L'article examine la quête d'une gouvernance des risques efficace dans un contexte de poly-crises. Il souligne l'importance de la performativité de la gouvernance dans les processus de décision publique, en particulier dans le contexte de crises complexes telles que le dérèglement climatique et la raréfaction des ressources. Alors que les approches centralisées dirigées par un leader charismatique étaient historiquement privilégiées, les modèles participatifs et délibératifs sont désormais considérés comme des moyens plus efficaces et légitimes de prendre des décisions face à des enjeux complexes. Cependant, le choix entre les modèles représentatifs et participatifs reste sujet à débat, et il y a un manque de recherche sur leur efficacité et leur performativité. L'article souligne également l'importance de l'évaluation des décisions et des processus pour comprendre leur impact réel. En adoptant une approche holistique et écosystémique, la gouvernance des risques vise à transcender l'anthropocentrisme et à prendre en compte la spatialité et la temporalité pour assurer à la fois l'efficacité et la robustesse des systèmes de gouvernance face aux défis contemporains. |
| Keywords: | Gouvernance participative et délibérative, gouvernance des risques, évaluation de la performativité, poly-crises, risques |
| Date: | 2024–10–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:irsn-04793642 |
| By: | Bernard Gazier (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Frédéric Bruggeman (Auteur indépendant) |
| Abstract: | This article explores the idea that a possible commitment to an ecological bifurcation requires the coupling of political democracy and social democracy. This recourse to social dialogue is doubly paradoxical. On the one hand, it is very unevenly developed, and on the whole, has been weakened since the 1970s. On the other hand, unions mainly voice the concerns of workers faced with the threat of job losses and impoverishment arising from both the manifestations of the ecological crisis and the measures designed to respond to it. However, the mobilisation of social democracy is essential if all stakeholders, and workers in particular, are to be involved. We set out to show that this requires a broadening and renewal of social dialogue. The argument proceeds in four stages. First, we look back at current difficulties, to show that the aim is in fact to establish a new social contract to replace the one defined and implemented during the Fordist era. We then examine how ecological issues and players are currently being introduced into the existing social dialogue in France and Europe, and show that this process is not up to the challenge. Thirdly, a theoretical perspective is introduced which broadend the discussion by focusing on the "real freedom" of workers and the old and new forms of scarcity facing our societies. Finally, we return to the subject of social dialogue, examining the major transformations that are needed if the emancipation of workers and the ecological transition are to be mutually supportive. |
| Keywords: | Social dialogue, ecological transition, capabilities, Transitional Labour Markets, Dialogue social, transition écologique, capabilités, Marchés Transitionnels du travail |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04490862 |
| By: | Maria Mansanet-Bataller (Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, CRESE, F-25000 Besançon, France); Fernando Palao (Department of Internal Audit, CaixaBank, Madrid, Spain); Ángel Pardo (Department of Financial Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the positions of carbon traders in the European Carbon Futures Market and their predictive power, revealing distinct roles among participants. Investment Firms and Credit Institutions predominantly take short positions, serving as liquidity providers for Compliance Entities and Other Non-financial participants, who mainly hold long positions. Correlation analysis shows that as the number of entities grows, carbon volatility decreases or remains stable, but never increases. In the short term, trader positions have no impact on carbon returns or the bid-ask spread. However, shifts in the net positions of Investment Firms and Credit Institutions and Compliance Entities and Other Non-financial traders increase carbon market volatility over the following two weeks. Finally, while the net positions of Investment Funds and Other Financial Institutions significantly forecast long-term carbon returns, Compliance Entities and Other Non-financial participants offer no predictive insight, despite their considerable compliance-driven market activity. |
| Keywords: | Commitments of Traders reports, EUA, EU ETS, price, volatility |
| JEL: | C73 D43 L13 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crb:wpaper:2025-02 |
| By: | Karim El Aynaoui |
| Abstract: | This paper (see pages: 182-186), included in the report 'Foresight Africa - Top Priorities for the Continent 2025-2030, ' was originally published on brookings.edu In an increasingly fragmented world grappling with common challenges such as the global climate crisis, the Atlantic Ocean can be leveraged for Africa’s climate action, continental integration, contribution to the provision of global public goods, development, improved participation to the global economy, international cooperation, and peace and security. The global context in which this opportunity should be seized is two-pronged. On the one hand, in recent years, geopolitical conflict has blocked multilateral institutions, fueled military expenditures, increased barriers to investment and trade restrictions, and led to a surge in violent deaths and forced displacement. It is against this backdrop that internationalized civil wars in the Great Lakes, Horn, and Sahel regions, the effects of which have often been compounded by climate change, have claimed hundreds of thousands of African lives and displaced millions. Geo-economic fragmentation driven by heightened competition over global influence, technology, and manufacturing jobs and value added adds another layer of complexity. For instance, the disruption of global value chains triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war increased the number of people suffering from acute food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa by 40 million in 2020-22 alone, giving an indication of Africa’s vulnerability to trade imbalances. On the other hand, nations have also demonstrated increased appetites for entering agreements with each other. Minilateralism and multi-alignment are becoming commonplace. New international coalitions, groupings, fora, and organizations have blossomed on topics such as biodiversity, clean energy, economic cooperation, food security, and technology. In the face of global challenges, the contribution of nations to global initiatives aiming at the delivery of global public goods is an increasingly important aspect of policymaking and smart power... |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:for_182 |
| By: | Simon Lévy (TRIANGLE - Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEMCA UMIFRE16 - Centre d'études mexicaines et centroaméricaines - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | While in recent decades neoliberal governments have pursued a policy of conceding the majority of extractive activities to private companies, the government of La Cuarta Transformación is seeking to reaffirm the place of parastatal companies in their implementation. In order to maintain the support of some of the local protest organizations, the government has fully mobilized the indigenous register and has suspended various mining and energy projects. However, far from challenging the intensive extraction of natural resources, those governmental devices, allowing the reproduction of the extractivism in a new form. |
| Abstract: | Si durante las últimas décadas, los gobiernos neoliberales concedieron la mayor parte de las actividades extractivas a empresas privadas, el gobierno de la Cuarta Transformación intenta reafirmar el papel de las empresas paraestatales en su realización. A fin de conservar el apoyo de una parte de las organizaciones contestatarias locales, el gobierno moviliza el indigenismo, y suspende diversos proyectos mineros y energéticos. Sin embargo, lejos de frenar la extracción intensiva de los recursos naturales, estos dispositivos de gubernamentalidad permiten la reproducción del extractivismo bajo una nueva forma. |
| Abstract: | Si dans les dernières décennies, les gouvernements néolibéraux ont mené une politique consistant à concéder aux entreprises privées la majeure partie des activités extractives, le gouvernement de la Cuarta Transformación cherche à réaffirmer la place des entreprises paraétatiques dans leur réalisation. Afin de conserver le soutien d'une partie des organisations contestataires locales, le gouvernement mobilise le registre indigéniste et procède à la suspension de divers projets miniers et énergétiques. Cependant, loin de remettre en cause l'extraction intensive des ressources naturelles, ces dispositifs de gouvernementalité permettent la reproduction de l'extractivisme sous une nouvelle forme. |
| Keywords: | socio-environmental conflicts, State, enterprise, protest, extractivism, Estado, empresa, protesta, extractivismo, conflictos socioambientales, extractivisme, conflits socioenvironnementaux, État, entreprises, contestation |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04695913 |
| By: | Marco Bellandi; Gianluca Fiorindi; Jasna PoÄ ek; Sara Pucci; Silvia Ramondetta |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the Tuscany’s innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem of the Life Sciences. We pay attention to innovative startups and SMEs within more consolidated entrepreneurial fabrics, where large companies have a greater role compared to the typical production sectors of the region. We highlight the role of triple and quadruple helix relationships for innovation, therefore not only between companies, but also between these and research actors, levels of governments, and non-governmental organizations. The features of a dynamic regional ecosystem are thus outlined. Elements of relative weakness also emerge compared to other Italian regions. Finally, we consider policies supporting the development of this ecosystem and some prospects for related in-depth studies and research. |
| Keywords: | Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems; Life Sciences; Tuscany |
| JEL: | O31 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2024_28.rdf |
| By: | Küblböck, Karin |
| Abstract: | Unternehmen, die Tantal, Wolfram, Zinn und Gold in die Europäische Union (EU) importieren und einen bestimmten Schwellenwert überschreiten, müssen seit 2021 Sorgfaltspflichten umsetzen um zu verhindern, durch ihre Beschaffungspraktiken zu Konflikten und Menschenrechtsverletzungen beizutragen. Die ÖFSE hat für die ersten beiden Berichtsjahre Studien zur Umsetzung der Verordnung in Österreich veröffentlicht und setzt dies mit dem vorliegenden Research Report fort. Da im Herbst 2024 erstmals der von der Verordnung vorgegebenen Review-Bericht der EU-Kommission veröffentlicht wurde geht der Research Report im ersten Teil auf Hauptergebnisse dieser Review ein. Im zweiten Teil wird die Umsetzung der Verordnung in Österreich im dritten Jahr der Berichtspflicht untersucht. Der Bericht endet mit Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen. |
| Keywords: | EU-Conflict Minerals Regulation, Raw materials, criticality of resources, conflict minerals |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefser:311859 |
| By: | Jean-Marc Bonnisseau (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Alain Chateauneuf (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Jean-Pierre Drugeon (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article is interested in future allocations of scarce resources in an environment where upper bounds and lower bounds are fixed on the stream of consumptions or extractions of the scarce resource. It is shown that we can compute the optimal planning of consumptions independently from an explicit sequence of discounting factors as soon as they are decreasing at a rate smaller than a bound linked to the concavity of the utility function and the choice of the sequences of lower and upper bounds. The optimal solution is unique and exhibits two regimes with a pivotal period in the middle. Therefore, one gets plans satisfying some kind of intergenerational fairness: while the highest e ort is supported by the first generations, it then decreases for the remaining ones. The argument is then extended to partially renewable resources. Finally, we consider the role of the horizon and of a potential regret after a revision for the bounds. |
| Keywords: | intertemporal allocation, scarce or renewable resources, multiple regimes, discount rates, fairness |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-04916616 |
| By: | Isis Durrmeyer (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Arthur Guillouzouic (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Clément Malgouyres (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Statistique [Bruz] - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz], IPP - Institut des politiques publiques, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Mayer (Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Maxime Tô (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques) |
| Abstract: | Ce rapport s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'évaluation du Plan France Relance. Il vise à évaluer les effets des mesures de soutien à l'achat de véhicules propres, notamment celles mises en place depuis 2020. France Relance prévoit un renforcement du bonus écologique à l'achat ou à la location de longue durée d'un véhicule propre qui consiste principalement en une hausse de de 6 000 à 7 000 euros du 1er juin 2020 au 30 juin 2021 pour les véhicules électriques, et de 2 000 euros pour les véhicules hybrides rechargeables. Le plan prévoit également le renforcement de la Prime à la conversion avec notamment l'extension des véhicules éligibles à la restitution aux Crit'air 3. Les années 2015 à 2021 ont vu se produire de nombreuses réformes du malus écologique, tandis que le barème du bonus a été beaucoup plus stable. Ce projet vise à comprendre l'impact causal des aides à l'achat des véhicules propres décidées dans le cadre du plan de relance sur le marché de l'automobile. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04440553 |
| By: | Jérôme Blanc (TRIANGLE - Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Our current monetary system displays major flaws as to whether it can support the ecological turn. This article stylises them as bank credit, a-territoriality and non-specialisation of money, and commensurability. Yet, the variety of experiences of alternative currencies displays remarkable features like territorialisation, socio-economic specialisation of money, a practical criticism of commensurability and non-bank funding and financing schemes. Considering those features seriously, and making them part of monetary systems, require adapting the existing monetary infrastructure by creating specific circuits through the establishment of boundaries. |
| Keywords: | Ecological turn, monetary infrastructure, territorialisation, alternative currencies |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04513773 |
| By: | Antoine Girard (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Yvonne Giordano (GRM - Groupe de Recherche en Management - EA 4711 - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur); François Damilano |
| Abstract: | RESUME La résilience organisationnelle constitue aujourd'hui un thème de recherche majeur : elle s'intéresse principalement aux organisations qui parviennent à affronter des évènements massifs (catastrophes naturelles, attentats, crises) et à s'en relever. Plus rares sont les travaux qui portent sur la manière dont elle se construit au cours même de difficultés vécues au quotidien. Cette recherche exploratoire s'intéresse à ce que nous appelons la résilience écologique, celle dont dépend le fonctionnement et la survie d'organisations et d'activités particulières : équipages de navires de pêche, groupe d'alpinistes, expéditions, courses d'orientation, autant de collectifs qui constituent des organisations « artisanales » enchâssées dans des contextes naturels. La recherche montre que la résilience écologique d'une organisation immergée en contexte extrême - une expédition, en particulier - émerge des relations tissées à distance entre un prévisionniste météo et le chef d'expédition. Dans un contexte naturel où les risques létaux sont permanents, la résilience écologique s'élabore par des pratiques communicationnelles réciproques éloignées des modalités classiquement usitées. Elles mettent au jour le rôle crucial de la confiance mutuelle et de la capacité à donner et demander du feedback, compétence méta-communicationnelle transverse et activée autant par le prévisionniste que par le chef d'expédition. |
| Keywords: | Résilience écologique, Enchâssement écologique, Organisations artisanales, Pratiques communicationnelles, Confiance |
| Date: | 2024–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04612207 |