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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2024–12–16
fifty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Hambur Wang |
| Abstract: | Air pollution has emerged as a serious challenge for China, posing a threat to public health and hindering the progress of sustainable economic development. In response to air pollution and other environmental issues, the Chinese government introduced a new Environmental Protection Law in 2015. This paper investigates the impact of the new Environmental Protection Law's implementation and corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments on air pollution and public subjective well-being. Using panel data at the macro level, we employ a difference-in-differences (DID) model, with Chinese provinces and municipalities as units of analysis, to examine the combined effects of the new Environmental Protection Law and changes in corporate ESG investment intensity. The study evaluates their impacts on air quality and public subjective well-being. Findings indicate that these policies and investment behaviors significantly improve public subjective well-being by reducing air pollution. Notably, an increase in ESG investment significantly reduces air pollution levels and is positively associated with enhanced well-being. These results underscore the critical role of environmental legislation and corporate social responsibility in improving public quality of life and provide empirical support for promoting sustainable development in China and beyond. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.06110 |
| By: | Fiegenbaum, Hanna |
| Abstract: | Carbon credits are a key component of most national and organizational climate strategies. Financing and delivering carbon credits from forest-related activities faces multiple risks at the project and asset levels. Financial mechanisms are employed to mitigate risks for investors and project developers, complemented by non-financial measures such as environmental and social safeguards and physical risk mitigation. Despite these efforts, academic research highlights that safeguards and climate risk mitigation measures are not efficiently implemented in some carbon projects and that specification of environmental safeguards remains underdeveloped. Further, environmental and social risk mitigation capacities may not be integrated into financial mechanisms. This text examines how ecosystem capacities can be leveraged and valued for mitigation of and adaptation to physical risks by complementing carbon credits with biodiversity insurance and resilience value. |
| Date: | 2024–11–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:buvzy |
| By: | Jacob Kim-Sherman; Lee Seltzer |
| Abstract: | In contrast with findings in climate science, economists often treat losses from natural disasters as statistically independent of one another. To better incorporate scientific insights into economic research, we introduce a methodology to identify spatial and temporal clusters in datasets on losses from natural disasters. We find that expected damage increases non-linearly with relative cluster size. Additionally, county-level damage is correlated with the damage experienced by other counties in the same cluster. Our findings suggest that accounting for clustering allows for a more complete understanding of the economic consequences of natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters; clustering; climate |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:99082 |
| By: | Pierre Coster; Julian di Giovanni; Isabelle Mejean |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how firms adapt their sourcing of clean and dirty inputs in response to changes in climate policy. We use information from the European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to create a new classification of clean and dirty products based on whether they are subject to a domestic or a border carbon tax. We then combine this dataset with French firms’ product-level import data over 2000–2019 and estimate that firms’ propensity to import dirty inputs from non-EU countries increased in the 2010s, reflecting carbon leakage. A heterogeneous firm model is then used to quantify the impact of changes in firms’ sourcing of clean and dirty inputs given the implementation of a carbon tax and a carbon tariff. The simulated ETS carbon tax scenario is able to match leakage observed in the data and leads to a higher price level and a modest decline in emissions. The scenario that further includes the CBAM carbon tariff reverses carbon leakage at the cost of an additional rise in prices. Overall, household welfare declines because the higher costs associated with the carbon policies outweigh the benefits of reduced emissions. |
| Keywords: | firm sourcing; supply chain adaptation; carbon tax; carbon tariffs; carbon leakage; environment |
| JEL: | F14 F18 F64 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:99085 |
| By: | Victor Cardenas |
| Abstract: | The document addresses the essential role of financial regulatory frameworks in mitigating climate-related risks within the financial sector. The assessment evaluates Canada's efforts to establish a regulatory framework for financial climate risk disclosure, compares it to international standards, and identifies areas for improvement. The regulatory framework, fiscal impact, and incentives to relinquish investments in fossil fuel projects and transition to renewable energies swiftly and seamlessly are the primary challenges that Canada faces in achieving energy net zero targets. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.02668 |
| By: | Nigar Hashimzade; Limor Hatsor; Artyom Jelnov |
| Abstract: | Recent antitrust regulations in several countries have granted exemptions for collusion aimed at achieving environmental goals. Firms can apply for exemptions if collusion helps to develop or to implement costly clean technology, particularly in sectors like renewable energy, where capital costs are high and economies of scale are significant. However, if the cost of the green transition is unknown to the competition regulator, firms might exploit the exemption by fixing prices higher than necessary. The regulator faces the decision of whether to permit collusion and whether to commission an investigation of potential price fixing, which incurs costs. We fully characterise the equilibria in this scenario that depend on the regulator's belief about the high cost of green transition. If the belief is high enough, collusion will be allowed. We also identify conditions under which a regulator's commitment to always investigate price fixing is preferable to making discretionary decisions. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.06095 |
| By: | Lint Barrage |
| Abstract: | This article reviews a rapidly growing literature on how climatic risks and events affect public finances around the world. This literature includes empirical evaluations of how past climatic events have affected fiscal outcomes, empirical and model-based assessments of how climatic risks affect public borrowing costs, and macro-fiscal-climate models that investigate the policy and welfare implications of fiscal climate risks. This article highlights five stylized facts that emerge from this literature and points to important knowledge gaps for future research. Key findings include the facts that (i) the fiscal costs of climatic risks are economically significant overall, (ii) lower-income and credit-constrained regions are especially vulnerable and poorly insured against growing climatic fiscal risks, but that (iii) fiscal policy responses to climatic risks can mitigate their economic impacts substantially. |
| Keywords: | climate change, fiscal costs, public budgets, sovereign debt, natural disasters, climate adaptation, social cost of carbon, integrated assessment |
| JEL: | Q54 H20 H50 H60 H70 H84 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11443 |
| By: | Khanna, Nina; Lin, Jiang; Liu, Xu; Wang, Wenjun |
| Abstract: | China, the worlds largest methane emitter, is increasingly focused on methane mitigation in support of its climate goals, but gaps exist in the understanding of key methane sources, as well as mitigation opportunities and their associated uncertainties. We use a bottom-up modeling approach with updated methane emission projections and abatement cost analysis to account for additional sources, uncertainties, and mitigation measures in Chinas energy and agricultural sectors. Here we show the significant cost-effective potential for reducing methane emissions in China by 2030, with 660 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent possible with average negative abatement costs of US$6.40 per tonne CO2e. Most of this potential exists in the energy sector, particularly coal mining, but the greater potential will shift towards agriculture by 2060. Aquaculture and biochar applications in rice cultivation have net economic benefits but need greater support for deployment, while new mitigation measures will be needed for remaining emissions from enteric fermentation, rice cultivation, and wastewater. |
| Date: | 2024–11–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt8n18g4mz |
| By: | Teevrat Garg; Ryan Hanna; Jeffrey Myers; Sebastian Tebbe; David G. Victor |
| Abstract: | To minimize the environmental costs of electric vehicles (EVs) and support decarbonizing electric grids, drivers must charge their EVs when renewable energy generation is abundant. To induce a shift in charging behavior toward daytime hours with ample solar energy, we conducted a field experiment (n = 629) at a large workplace to measure the influence of environmental nudges and financial incentives on the usage and timing of workplace charging. Environmental nudges led drivers to shift from early to later morning charging, whereas discounts to charge at work increased total workplace charging and prompted a shift from daytime to early morning and overnight charging. We identify three clusters of mechanisms explaining these temporal shifts: the utilization and reliability of the charging network, concerns about charger scarcity, and driver characteristics. Finally, we compute the societal effects of CO2 emissions and marginal electricity costs of these shifts in workplace charging sessions. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11445 |
| By: | Aditya Dave; Mengchen Zhu; Dapeng Hu; Sachin Tiwari |
| Abstract: | Corporate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission targets are important metrics in sustainable investing [12, 16]. To provide a comprehensive view of company emission objectives, we propose an approach to source these metrics from company public disclosures. Without automation, curating these metrics manually is a labor-intensive process that requires combing through lengthy corporate sustainability disclosures that often do not follow a standard format. Furthermore, the resulting dataset needs to be validated thoroughly by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), further lengthening the time-to-market. We introduce the Climate Artificial Intelligence for Corporate Decarbonization Metrics Extraction (CAI) model and pipeline, a novel approach utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) to extract and validate linked metrics from corporate disclosures. We demonstrate that the process improves data collection efficiency and accuracy by automating data curation, validation, and metric scoring from public corporate disclosures. We further show that our results are agnostic to the choice of LLMs. This framework can be applied broadly to information extraction from textual data. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.03402 |
| By: | Ndione, Y. C.; Tall, L.; Sall, S.; Ciss, P. N.; Rousseau, E.; Amarnath, Giriraj (International Water Management Institute); Okem, Andrew (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Climate change adaptation; Intervention; Climate resilience; Food security |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052504 |
| By: | Xiaoxuan Hou; Jiayi Yuan; Joel Z. Leibo; Natasha Jaques |
| Abstract: | InvestESG is a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) benchmark designed to study the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure mandates on corporate climate investments. Supported by both PyTorch and GPU-accelerated JAX framework, the benchmark models an intertemporal social dilemma where companies balance short-term profit losses from climate mitigation efforts and long-term benefits from reducing climate risk, while ESG-conscious investors attempt to influence corporate behavior through their investment decisions. Companies allocate capital across mitigation, greenwashing, and resilience, with varying strategies influencing climate outcomes and investor preferences. Our experiments show that without ESG-conscious investors with sufficient capital, corporate mitigation efforts remain limited under the disclosure mandate. However, when a critical mass of investors prioritizes ESG, corporate cooperation increases, which in turn reduces climate risks and enhances long-term financial stability. Additionally, providing more information about global climate risks encourages companies to invest more in mitigation, even without investor involvement. Our findings align with empirical research using real-world data, highlighting MARL's potential to inform policy by providing insights into large-scale socio-economic challenges through efficient testing of alternative policy and market designs. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.09856 |
| By: | Sarkar, Anindita (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Agrifood systems; Agricultural policies; Food security; Political aspects; Economic aspects; Decision making; Water resources; Groundwater; Irrigation; Climate change; History |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052518 |
| By: | Yu, Shuo; Falco, Nicola; Patel, Nivedita; Wu, Yuxin; Wainwright, Haruko |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we developed an open-source package to analyze the overall trend and responses of both carbon use efficiency (CUE) and corn yield to climate factors for the contiguous United States. Our algorithm enables automatic retrieval of remote sensing data through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) agricultural production data at the county level through application programming interface (API). Firstly, we integrated satellite products of net primary productivity and gross primary productivity based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, and climatic variables from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Secondly, we calculated CUE and commonly used climate metrics. Thirdly, we investigated the spatial heterogeneity of these variables. We applied a random forest algorithm to identify the key climate drivers of CUE and crop yield, and estimated the responses of CUE and yield to climate variability using the spatial moving window regression across the U.S. Our results show that growing degree days (GDD) has the highest predictive power for both CUE and yield, while extreme degree days (EDD) is the least important explanatory variable. Moreover, we observed that in most areas of the U.S., yield increases or stays the same with higher GDD and precipitation. However, CUE decreases with higher GDD in the north and shows more mixed and fragmented interactions in the south. Notably, there are some exceptions where yield is negatively correlated with precipitation in the Missouri and Mississippi River Valleys. As global warming continues, we anticipate a decrease in CUE throughout the vast northern part of the country, despite the possibility of yield remaining stable or increasing. |
| Keywords: | Earth Sciences, Geoinformatics, Climate Action, Zero Hunger, carbon use efficiency, yield, climate change, machine learning, remote sensing, CESD-Sustainable Agriculture, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt0tw2k914 |
| By: | Chris McElroy (University of Vermont; University of Leeds); Daniel W. O'Neill (University of Leeds; Universitat de Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | We use multi-regional input-output analysis to calculate the paid labour, energy, emissions, and material use required to provide basic needs for all people. We calculate two different low-consumption scenarios, using the UK as a case study: (1) a "decent living" scenario, which includes only the bare necessities, and (2) a "good life" scenario, which is based on the minimum living standards demanded by UK residents. We compare the resulting footprints to the current footprint of the UK, and to the footprints of the US, China, India, and a global average. Labour footprints are disaggregated by sector, skill level, and region of origin. We find that both low-consumption scenarios would still require an unsustainable amount of labour and resources at the global scale. The decent living scenario would require a 26-hour working week, and on a per capita basis, 89 GJ of energy use, 5.9 tonnes of emissions, and 5.7 tonnes of used materials per year. The more socially sustainable good life scenario would require a 53-hour working week, 165 GJ of energy use, 9.9 tonnes of emissions, and 11.5 tonnes of used materials per capita. Both scenarios represent substantial reductions from the UK's current labour footprint of 68 hours per week, which the UK is only able to sustain by importing a substantial portion of its labour from other countries. We conclude that reducing consumption to the level of basic needs is not enough to achieve either social or environmental sustainability. Dramatic improvements in provisioning systems are also required. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.06337 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region has significantly increased its issuance of Green, Social, Sustainability, and Sustainability-Linked (GSSS) bonds, growing from 9.3% of total bond issuance in 2020 to almost 35% in 2023. The share of GSSS in sovereign bonds also rose markedly from 36% in 2022 to 50% in 2023. LAC countries are at the forefront globally in Sustainability-Linked Bond (SLB) issuance, leveraging innovative structures to attract a wider pool of investors. However, effective supervision and regulation of GSSS issuances remain a critical challenge: enhanced oversight is needed through sustainable finance frameworks. While the market in LAC has evolved from self-labelling to adopting external reviews, further improvements in pre- and post-issuance evaluations are necessary to ensure meaningful impacts on sustainable and inclusive development. Additionally, harmonising and interoperating national sustainable taxonomies across LAC countries is key to boosting regional and international investor interest. |
| Keywords: | Emerging markets, Financing for development, Green Finance, Green, Social, Sustainability and Sustainability-linked bonds, Latin America and the Caribbean |
| JEL: | F3 O16 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024–11–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:56-en |
| By: | Wentao Wang; Guoping Li; Andreas Kontoleon; Yiming Ma; Weishan Guo |
| Abstract: | To achieve sustainable development, there is widespread of the need to protect natural resource and improve government oversight in achieving China's economic security and ecological civilization. Compilation of natural resources balance sheet (NRBS) and enhancement of resources management are becoming an important topic in China. How to compile NRBS to affix the responsibility for government and officials for inadequate supervision is still not resolved satisfactorily. This paper proposes the NRBS to enable governments to identify the importance of natural resource restoration and to hold leading cadres accountable for a lack of adequate supervision. The NRBS consist of three accounts: natural resource assets, natural resource liabilities, and net worth. Important components of the NRBS for the liabilities account with a property rights regime are developed to measure and assign responsibility. The compilation of an NRBS is applied to the Chinese province of Shaanxi as an illustration to demonstrate that the accounting framework and the compilation steps are tractable using financial methods and available data. The accounting results of natural resource assets and liabilities unveil the threat to resource management and the policy implications to government and officials. Finally, the advantages and limitations of NRBS are discussed. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.09869 |
| By: | Christina M. Andersen; Jørgen Brandt; Jesper H. Christensen; Lise M. Frohn; Camilla Geels; Timo Hener; Marianne Simonsen; Lars Skipper |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of daily outdoor air pollution variation on student test scores. Using Danish register data for all elementary and lower secondary students, we link home addresses to a 1 km x 1 km pollution grid to measure test day and lifetime pollution exposure. An increase in fine particles (PM2.5) from a very clean to an average day reduces math scores by 1.8% and reading by 0.9% of a standard deviation. Even at low pollution levels, student performance is harmed, especially in math. We find no evidence of heterogeneity by health, socio-economic status, or lifetime exposure. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, cognition, test scores |
| JEL: | Q53 I21 I18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11434 |
| By: | Leonardo Bortolan; Atreya Dey; Luca Taschini |
| Abstract: | We establish the financial materiality of temperature variability by demonstrating its impact on US firms and investors. A long-short strategy that sorts firms based on exposure earns a market-adjusted alpha of 39 basis points per month. This variability metric is related to aggregate decreases in firm profitability, with asymmetric effects across industries. These outcomes are driven by reductions in consumer demand and labor productivity coupled with changes in media and investor attention. The geographically scalable statistical framework provides a reference for assessing the quantitative effects of climate-related physical risks, offering a metric for improving the disclosure of material climate risks. |
| Keywords: | corporate climate reporting, climate attention, temperature variability, stock returns, firm performance |
| JEL: | C21 C23 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11438 |
| By: | Daryl Fairweather; Matthew E. Kahn; Robert D. Metcalfe; Sebastian Sandoval Olascoaga |
| Abstract: | Climate change presents new risks for property in the United States. Due to the high cost and sometimes unavailability of location-specific property risk data, home buyers can greatly benefit from acquiring knowledge about these risks. To explore this, a large-scale nationwide natural field experiment was conducted through Redfin to estimate the causal impact of providing home-specific flood risk information on the behavior of home buyers in terms of their search, bidding, and purchasing decisions. Redfin randomly assigned 17.5 million users to receive information detailing the flood risk associated with the properties they searched for on the platform. Our analysis reveals several key findings: (1) the flood risk information influences every stage of the house buying process, including the initial search, bidding activities, and final purchase; (2) individuals are willing to make trade-offs concerning property amenities in order to own a property with a lower flood risk; (3) the impact of the flood risk information on behavior is more pronounced for users conducting searches in high flood risk areas, but does not differ significantly between buyers in Republican and Democrat Counties; and (4) the information resulted in changes to property prices and altered the market's hedonic equilibrium, providing a new finding that climate adaptation can be forward-thinking and proactive. |
| JEL: | Q54 R2 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33119 |
| By: | Eléonore Disse; Tiphaine Gautier; Maya Mokeddem; Soline Ralite |
| Abstract: | Pour atteindre l'objectif de l'Accord de Paris de limiter le réchauffement à 1, 5°C, la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et la neutralité carbone sont essentielles. Cela nécessite le maintien des capacités de stockage de carbone, qu'elles soient naturelles (puits terrestres et océaniques) ou technologiques (CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage). En notant que l’efficacité des puits naturels est de plus en plus mise à mal par le changement climatique, tandis que les puits technologiques ne sont pas encore matures et éprouvés à grande échelle. Selon le GIEC, ces puits sont nécessaires pour compenser les émissions résiduelles des secteurs difficiles à décarboner (hard to abate activities). Parmi les outils de gestion des puits, les crédits carbone (CC) jouent un rôle complémentaire aux politiques climatiques publiques, mais reposent sur un marché volontaire non réglementé (MVC), souvent utilisé par les entreprises pour des stratégies de compensation.Au-delà des débats sur l’efficacité des projets individuels (permanence, additionnalité, fuites...), cette étude propose une analyse critique du MVC, en identifiant ses limites structurelles et conceptuelles. Elle propose un nouveau cadre, centré sur les notions de « budget carbone » et de « dette climatique ». L’étude constate l'absence d'un cadre de suivi permettant d'articuler les MVC avec les politiques publiques et les objectifs nationaux (CND) ou mondiaux.À travers le cadre de comptabilité socio-environnementale C.A.R.E, l’étude introduit la notion de « solvabilité climatique », attribuant la responsabilité de l’endettement et offrant un panorama des options de gestion de cette « dette climatique ». Ce cadre distingue les activités de réduction des émissions, de maintien et de développement des puits de carbone, tout en remettant en question le modèle actuel d'arbitrage coût-bénéfice entre réduction et compensation, qui tend à confondre leurs effets climatiques. A travers son approche gestionnaire, il favorise une meilleure valorisation des coûts nécessaires pour les projets de maintien et de développement des puits, indépendamment des prix du MVC. Il fournit également un « diagnostic partagé » de l’état des engagements climatiques individuels et agrégés et permet enfin de lier les MVC avec les politiques climatiques nationales et les objectifs globaux. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr17603 |
| By: | Woongchan Jeon; Lint Barrage; Kieran James Walsh |
| Abstract: | How are financial markets responding to anticipated climate-driven wildfire risk increases? Combining high-resolution meteorological predictions and land use pattern maps with detailed US municipal bond data, this paper finds that municipalities facing higher future wildfire risk increases are already having to pay substantially higher borrowing costs as a result. A one standard deviation increase in future wildfire exposure is associated with a 23-basis point rise in school district bond spreads, corresponding to 42% of the sample mean. Borrowing cost impacts are significantly larger in areas with higher minority population shares and heavier reliance on local revenue sources. |
| Keywords: | wildfires, climate risk, municipal bond, fiscal costs of climate change |
| JEL: | G12 H74 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11447 |
| By: | Eléonore DISSE; Tiphaine GAUTIER; Maya MOKEDDEM; Soline RALITE |
| Abstract: | Pour atteindre l'objectif de l'Accord de Paris de limiter le réchauffement à 1, 5°C, la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et la neutralité carbone sont essentielles. Cela nécessite le maintien des capacités de stockage de carbone, qu'elles soient naturelles (puits terrestres et océaniques) ou technologiques (CCS - Carbon Capture and Storage). En notant que l’efficacité des puits naturels est de plus en plus mise à mal par le changement climatique, tandis que les puits technologiques ne sont pas encore matures et éprouvés à grande échelle. Selon le GIEC, ces puits sont nécessaires pour compenser les émissions résiduelles des secteurs difficiles à décarboner (hard to abate activities). Parmi les outils de gestion des puits, les crédits carbone (CC) jouent un rôle complémentaire aux politiques climatiques publiques, mais reposent sur un marché volontaire non réglementé (MVC), souvent utilisé par les entreprises pour des stratégies de compensation.Au-delà des débats sur l’efficacité des projets individuels (permanence, additionnalité, fuites...), cette étude propose une analyse critique du MVC, en identifiant ses limites structurelles et conceptuelles. Elle propose un nouveau cadre, centré sur les notions de « budget carbone » et de « dette climatique ». L’étude constate l'absence d'un cadre de suivi permettant d'articuler les MVC avec les politiques publiques et les objectifs nationaux (CND) ou mondiaux.À travers le cadre de comptabilité socio-environnementale C.A.R.E, l’étude introduit la notion de « solvabilité climatique », attribuant la responsabilité de l’endettement et offrant un panorama des options de gestion de cette « dette climatique ». Ce cadre distingue les activités de réduction des émissions, de maintien et de développement des puits de carbone, tout en remettant en question le modèle actuel d'arbitrage coût-bénéfice entre réduction et compensation, qui tend à confondre leurs effets climatiques. A travers son approche gestionnaire, il favorise une meilleure valorisation des coûts nécessaires pour les projets de maintien et de développement des puits, indépendamment des prix du MVC. Il fournit également un « diagnostic partagé » de l’état des engagements climatiques individuels et agrégés et permet enfin de lier les MVC avec les politiques climatiques nationales et les objectifs globaux. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr17533 |
| By: | Hertwich, Edgar (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Empirical research from a top-down perspective employing input-output analysis suggests that we use one third of the metals to produce machinery and equipment and that their production causes 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, our empirical understanding of how much different types of machinery and equipment contribute is limited. Machines are not represented explicitly in climate change mitigation models. There is limited research on mitigation opportunities related to machinery and equipment, and the practice and potential for circular material flows has yet to be explored. It is a very diverse category. For an overview, economic statistics and input-output models building on these are essential. Mitigation opportunities, however, can only be understood through engineering research of specific types. We identify several data sources available for empirical research and indicate options to combine these. We present a dozen propositions for further research. A machinery and equipment scenario model would represent cohorts of machinery archetype parameterized based on empirical parameters derived from statistical data, as well as application- and machine-specific engineering models. It could help us understand investment dynamics, future metal demand, and mitigation opportunities. |
| Date: | 2024–11–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t35aw |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Suvy Qin; John Voorheis; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationships between air pollution, income, wealth, and race by combining administrative data from U.S. tax returns between 1979-2016, various measures of air pollution, and sociodemographic information from linked survey and administrative data. In the first year of our data, the relationship between income and ambient pollution levels nationally is approximately zero for both non-Hispanic White and Black individuals. However, at every single percentile of the national income distribution, Black individuals are exposed to, on average, higher levels of pollution than White individuals. By 2016, the relationship between income and air pollution had steepened, primarily for Black individuals, driven by changes in where rich and poor Black individuals live. We utilize quasi-random shocks to income to ex-amine the causal effect of changes in income and wealth on pollution exposure over a five-year horizon, finding that these income-pollution elasticities map closely to the values implied by our descriptive patterns. We calculate that Black-White differences in income can explain ~10 percent of the observed gap in air pollution levels in 2016. |
| Keywords: | income, inequality, air pollution |
| Date: | 2024–11–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2051 |
| By: | Xinming Du; Lei Li; Eric Zou |
| Abstract: | This paper shows a cascading mechanism through which international trade-induced deforestation results in a decline of health outcomes in cities distant from where trade activities occur. We examine Brazil, which has ramped up agricultural export over the last two decades to meet rising global demand. Using a shift-share research design, we first show that export shocks cause substantial local agricultural expansion and a virtual one-for-one decline in forest cover. We then construct a dynamic area-of-effect model that predicts where atmospheric changes should be felt – due to loss of forests that would otherwise serve to filter out and absorb air pollutants as they travel – downwind of the deforestation areas. Leveraging quasi-random variation in these atmospheric connections, we establish a causal link between deforestation upstream and subsequent rises in air pollution and premature deaths downstream, with the mortality effects predominantly driven by cardiovascular and respiratory causes. Our estimates reveal a large telecoupled health externality of trade deforestation: over 700, 000 premature deaths in Brazil over the past two decades. This equates to $0.18 loss in statistical life value per $1 agricultural exports over the study period. |
| JEL: | F18 O13 Q23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33143 |
| By: | Tong Su (Baoding University, China / Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi); Qichen Zhang (WARM HOUSE COMPANY); Liping Zhang (Baoding University, Hebei); Poh-Chuin Teo (Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi) |
| Abstract: | The increasing significance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in business practices has sparked interest in understanding their impact on consumer behavior, particularly in the context of brand attachment and brand loyalty. This conceptual paper proposes a theoretical framework to explore the influence of different dimensions of ESG practices on consumers? emotional connection to brands (brand attachment) and their subsequent behavioral response (brand loyalty). The paper examines the roles of environmental responsibility, social engagement, and governance effectiveness as key drivers of consumer attachment and loyalty. Additionally, the proposed framework considers the mediating effect of brand attachment on the relationships between ESG and brand loyalty. By presenting research propositions, this paper aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on ESG?s role in shaping brand-consumer dynamics, providing a foundation for future empirical investigations. |
| Keywords: | Environmental, Social and governance (ESG), Brand attachment, Brand loyalty, Conceptual paper, Consumer behaviour |
| JEL: | M31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14716500 |
| By: | Amini, Sara; Rousseau, Lola; Hertwich, Edgar (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | As buildings become more energy efficient due to construction and technological improvements and stricter regulations, the impact of construction and maintenance materials is gaining prominence in the life cycle emissions of buildings. In high-income countries like Norway, renovation of the existing building stock is crucial for reducing overall environmental impacts. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of Norwegian buildings, especially concerning material use and embodied emissions. Building archetypes offer a solution by providing structured background data to enhance LCA studies. This paper addresses this gap by examining the space heating demand and material use of residential building archetypes in Norway, categorized by type and construction cohort. Dynamic energy simulations were conducted using EnergyPlus, combined with the BuildME Python package for material aggregation and calculation. Our results show that structural components dominate the material intensity (MI) of most archetypes, particularly in buildings with basements. Multi-family houses (MFHs) built after 1991 outperform single-family houses (SFHs) and apartment blocks (ABs) in both MI and material per person (MpP). Renovating SFHs to accommodate more occupants could reduce their MpP while maintaining a comfortable living environment. The higher MI in ABs, driven by concrete floor decks, suggests that using wood in future constructions could significantly lower both MI and MpP, reducing resource use and embodied emissions. This work links energy performance with material efficiency, offering valuable data for improving policy and practices in the Norwegian building sector. |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:emsa4 |
| By: | Matthias Kalkuhl (PIK Potsdam, MCC Berlin, University of Potsdam, CEPA); Maximilian Kellner (PIK Potsdam, MCC Berlin); Noah Kögel (PIK Potsdam, MCC Berlin, University of Potsdam); Lennart Stern (PIK Potsdam, MCC Berlin) |
| Abstract: | We build a dynamic model in which home owners decide when and how to switch to carbon-neutral heating. Agents differ with regard to carbon intensity and abatement costs, the latter being private information which is non-observable by the government. The heating-related investment model is nested in an overlapping generations Mirrlesian optimal taxation model with heterogeneous home ownership and labor productivity. We develop a compensation mechanism which guarantees a weak Pareto-improvement for every agent when aggregate benefits of climate policy exceed aggregate costs. The mechanism includes carbon pricing with category-based transfers, uniform ad-valorem subsidies on investments that are financed by public debt, and an income tax adjustment based on climate mitigation benefits, used to service debt. We show that exact compensation of homeowners’ dynamic abatement cost requires only minimal information: the interest rate and the future fossil fuel price path. By means of exact compensation, our model utilizes the income-tax system to redistribute heterogeneous transformation costs between households according to any number of normative considerations without efficiency losses. We numerically illustrate subsidy rates and income tax adjustments for Germany. |
| Keywords: | climate policy mix, building sector, heterogeneous abatement, Pareto improvement, compensation, income tax adjustment, subsidies |
| JEL: | H21 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:82 |
| By: | Young, Rachel; Hsiang, Solomon |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters trigger complex chains of events within human societies1. Immediate deaths and damage are directly observed after a disaster and are widely studied, but delayed downstream outcomes, indirectly caused by the disaster, are difficult to trace back to the initial event1, 2. Tropical cyclones (TCs)-that is, hurricanes and tropical storms-are widespread globally and have lasting economic impacts3-5, but their full health impact remains unknown. Here we conduct a large-scale evaluation of long-term effects of TCs on human mortality in the contiguous United States (CONUS) for all TCs between 1930 and 2015. We observe a robust increase in excess mortality that persists for 15 years after each geophysical event. We estimate that the average TC generates 7, 000-11, 000 excess deaths, exceeding the average of 24 immediate deaths reported in government statistics6, 7. Tracking the effects of 501 historical storms, we compute that the TC climate of CONUS imposes an undocumented mortality burden that explains a substantial fraction of the higher mortality rates along the Atlantic coast and is equal to roughly 3.2-5.1% of all deaths. These findings suggest that the TC climate, previously thought to be unimportant for broader public health outcomes, is a meaningful underlying driver for the distribution of mortality risk in CONUS, especially among infants (less than 1 year of age), people 1-44 years of age, and the Black population. Understanding why TCs induce this excess mortality is likely to yield substantial health benefits. |
| Keywords: | Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Atlantic Ocean, Black or African American, Cyclonic Storms, Mortality, Public Health, Time Factors, Tropical Climate, United States |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt3qq1n6t8 |
| By: | Laura Cappellucci; Lan Ha; Jeremy Honig; Christopher R. Knittel; Amy Vetter; Richard Wilner |
| Abstract: | We designed and conducted three randomized control trials in partnership with a large biopharmaceutical company operating over 160 plasma donation centers, with the aim of promoting sustainable behaviors in a workplace setting. Specifically, we focused on reducing operational errors that led to dropped collection materials, long freezer door open times, and improper recycling practices. To achieve these goals, we employed social norms to nudge employees towards 1) reducing wasted collection materials, 2) minimizing the duration of freezer door openings, and 3) improving recycling practices. We found an average reduction of roughly 70 percent in plastic waste from dropped collection materials and the costs associated with these materials. The frequency of freezer door alarms decreased by over 80 percent, and the duration of alarms decreased by over 45 percent, depending on the empirical specification. We also observed a roughly 40 percent reduction in uncollapsed cardboard, with no statistically significant results for other types of contaminants. Importantly, for each of the interventions, we do not find evidence that the treatment effects waned over time or affected business operations. Our study provides significant implications for promoting sustainable behaviors in a workplace setting, filling an important gap in the literature on the effectiveness of nudges in the workplace. |
| JEL: | C93 Q40 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33120 |
| By: | Gazdar, H. |
| Keywords: | Agrifood systems; Policies; Agricultural growth; Hunger; Poverty; Land resources; Water resources; Food security; Colonization; Agrarian reform; Green revolution; History; Political aspects |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052517 |
| By: | Lu, Hongyu; Rodgers, Michael O.; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | In this study, a modeling framework was developed to generate high-resolution synthetic fleets, for use with synthetic household modeling in activity-based travel models, by integrating various data sources. The synthetic households were generated by pairing household locations and demographic attributes, and synthetic fleets were assigned to the households so that travel demand model outputs would have vehicles associated with each model-predicted tour for energy and emissions analysis. The CO emissions were modeled for each vehicle and each link traversed by vehicles as predicted by the travel demand model, and the results of the synthetic fleet (by employing Monte Carlo simulations and Bootstrap techniques) were compared with those from standard regional and sub-regional fleet configurations. The results demonstrated that using a traditional sub-regional fleet scenario produced 30% higher predicted emissions than when the synthetic fleet was employed with predicted vehicle trips, and that using a regional average fleet (applied throughout the region) produced emissions that were more than 50% higher than synthetic fleet emissions. Lowest household emissions were associated with low-income and non-working households, and highest emissions were associated with moderate-income households and one-person high income household groups. The results presented in the research are not necessarily conclusive, because the licensed vehicle data procured for Atlanta appear to be biased toward older vehicles. Model year penetration rates are accounted for in these analyses, but the authors believe that the variability in the registration mix for newer vehicles is likely underestimated in the data procured for these analyses. The authors conclude that access to statewide registration data will be required to remove potential biases that exist in licensed private data sets. Nevertheless, the study does demonstrate that properly pairing vehicle model years with the most active households (and their daily trips) significantly impacts energy and emissions analysis. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Synthetic Household, Synthetic Fleet, Emission Modeling, Travel Demand Model |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt20h266r6 |
| By: | Tong Su (College of Economics and Management, Baoding University, China // Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia); Liping Zhang (Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia // College of Economics and Management, Baoding University); Liping Zhang (College of Antiquities and Museums, Baoding University) |
| Abstract: | As the importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices continues to rise in the modern business landscape, understanding their impact on consumer behavior has become a key focus of marketing research. This conceptual paper proposes a framework that examines the determinants of brand happiness within the context of ESG initiatives, with a specific emphasis on Self-Green Brand Congruity (SGBC) as a moderating factor. Building on the foundations of Self-Congruity Theory and the emerging relevance of ESG, this study predicts that brands that align their sustainability efforts with consumer values are more likely to foster positive emotional responses, such as brand happiness. Furthermore, it is proposed that SGBC enhances the strength of the relationship between ESG practices and brand happiness, particularly among consumers with a strong ESG identity. Based on this conceptual framework, research propositions are developed to guide future empirical investigations. |
| Keywords: | Brand Happiness, Self-Green Brand Congruity (SGBC), Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), Conceptual paper |
| JEL: | M31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14716496 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Despite the international community’s resolve to deal with the human outfall of conflicts, violence, persecution, natural disasters, and climate change, forced displacement is increasing, and durable solutions for the displaced – voluntary return in safety and dignity, local integration, and resettlement – are seldom found. While historically, assisting and protecting the forcibly displaced have mostly been handled by the humanitarian sector, a new way of working gained prominence in 2016, with the objective of strengthening collaboration between humanitarian, development, and peace actors: the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (HDP Nexus). This paper reviews 27 initiatives tackling the challenges of forced displacement in low-income and middle-income countries with an HDP Nexus approach, drawing lessons in terms of the programming, co-ordination, and financing. |
| Keywords: | Conflict, Coordination, Development, Development Co-operation, Forced Displacement, HDP Nexus, Human Mobility, Humanitarian, Inclusion, Migration, Official Development Assistance, Peace, Refugees |
| JEL: | F22 F35 F5 F53 O1 O2 H84 |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:57-en |
| By: | St\'ephane Cr\'epey; Mekonnen Tadese; Gauthier Vermandel |
| Abstract: | Emissions markets play a crucial role in reducing pollution by encouraging firms to minimize costs. However, their structure heavily relies on the decisions of policymakers, on the future economic activities, and on the availability of abatement technologies. This study examines how changes in regulatory standards, firms' abatement costs, and emissions levels affect allowance prices and firms' efforts to reduce emissions. This is done in a Radner equilibrium framework encompassing inter-temporal decision-making, uncertainty, and a comprehensive assessment of the market dynamics and outcomes. The results of this research have the potential to assist policymakers in enhancing the structure and efficiency of emissions trading systems, through an in-depth comprehension of the reactions of market stakeholders towards different market situations. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.06185 |
| By: | Yuan, Boning |
| Abstract: | Using panel data from 35 listed banks' annual reports and corporate social responsibility reports from 2009 to 2022 as a sample, this study empirically examines the impact of green credit on the performance of commercial banks and takes China Merchants Bank as the case analysis object. Based on the theory of green finance, this paper discusses the function mechanism of the effect of green credit on commercial banks by empirical method, heterogeneity analysis and robustness test. Then, using the specific business data of China Merchants Bank in the field of green credit and its business performance data, the paper further reveals the specific impact of green credit on the business performance of the bank. The research shows that commercial banks have improved their asset income ability through green credit, significantly enhanced their operating efficiency in social responsibility and risk control, and positively impacted the overall operating effect. Finally, this paper suggests that green credit can positively promote commercial banks' performance and point out a new path for the sustainable development and social responsibility of commercial banks. This research has not only contributed to theory but also provided important reference for practice. |
| Date: | 2024–11–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xk6ew |
| By: | Gipper, Brandon (Stanford U); Sequeira, Fiona (Stanford U); Shi, Shawn X. (U of Washington) |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of assurance--third-party verification--on carbon accounting quality. We develop a measure of carbon accounting quality based on the deviation of reported emissions from a model-based expected level and use two other survey-based measures. We show that assurance is associated with improved carbon accounting quality. This association cannot be explained by firm type or firm-level transparency, is isolated to the scope-specific emissions being assured, does not relate to financial reporting quality, and is stronger when assurance is more thorough and pervasive. Assurance improves carbon accounting quality by identifying issues in a firm’s carbon accounting system, resulting in fewer omissions and revisions of prior errors. Using the implementation of mandated assurance in three E.U. countries for non-financial reporting, we show that countries with these mandates experience within-firm improvements in carbon accounting quality post-regulation. Together, the findings highlight the importance of external assurance in shaping carbon accounting quality. |
| JEL: | G11 G18 G30 M14 M41 M42 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:stabus:4186 |
| By: | Shrestha, Nirman (International Water Management Institute); Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute); Birhanu, Birhanu Zemadim (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Agricultural production; Crops; Drought; Flooding; Remote sensing; Datasets; Frameworks; Monitoring |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052653 |
| By: | Jaramillo Lizana, Jet Li Jorkaef |
| Abstract: | Regional inequality in Peru represents one of the most significant challenges to achieving sustainable economic growth and social cohesion. This paper explores the historical, economic, social, and institutional causes of regional disparities, examining how geography and resource distribution have led to uneven development across the country. Drawing on the historical legacy of colonialism, the analysis reveals how extractive economic models and centralized governance have perpetuated inequality, disproportionately affecting rural and indigenous regions such as the Andean highlands and the Amazon basin. The study assesses the economic effects of regional inequality, including its impact on national growth, labor market inefficiencies, and vulnerability to external shocks. Social effects are examined in terms of reduced social cohesion, internal migration, and increased social conflicts, particularly in areas rich in natural resources. The paper also evaluates the implications for human development, focusing on gaps in education, healthcare, and quality of life that perpetuate cycles of poverty and limit opportunities for upward mobility. To address these disparities, the paper proposes several strategies aimed at promoting inclusive development. These include investment in sustainable infrastructure to improve connectivity and access to resources, economic diversification to reduce dependence on volatile extractive sectors, strengthening of education and healthcare services to bridge social gaps, and enhancing regional governance to optimize decentralization and resource management. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of reducing regional inequality for the sustainable development of Peru. It argues that equitable development is essential for fostering national unity, economic resilience, and social well-being. Future research directions are also identified, including the impact of climate change on regional inequality, the role of digital technology in bridging gaps, and the potential for community-based approaches to resource management. By understanding and addressing the root causes of inequality, Peru can lay the foundation for a more inclusive and prosperous future for all its citizens. |
| Date: | 2024–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j2mns |
| By: | Wong, Quincy J. J.; Onie, Sandersan; McGillivray, Lauren; Burnett, Alexander; Theobald, Adam; Shand, Fiona; Torok, Michelle; Larsen, Mark |
| Abstract: | Background. There is a paucity of research that has examined how significant health, social, and environmental crises impact suicidal ideation, particularly where these events co-occur and have potentially synergistic adverse effects. The aim of this study was to identify the unique and cumulative contributions of mental health, social, and environmental risks on 12-month trajectories of suicidal ideation. Methods. A community-based sample of 1928 Australians (aged ≥16 years) completed online surveys measuring mental health, social, and environmental risk factors, and suicidal ideation at baseline, and the suicidal ideation measure was repeated at four follow-up timepoints. Results. Analyses showed five different trajectories of suicidal ideation (one stable low ideation trajectory; four vulnerable trajectories). A different set of risk factor variables predicted each vulnerable trajectory relative to the low trajectory. A cumulative risk index representing the combined effects of the mental health, social, and environmental risk factors also predicted each vulnerable trajectory relative to the low trajectory. Conclusions. While adversity resulting from exposure to health and environmental crises was associated with suicidal ideation, the heterogeneity in how patterns of mental health, social, and environmental factors related to trajectory classes suggests that people experience these events differently. A cumulative risk index may be a potentially useful indicator of risk. |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:kmscy |
| By: | Pérez Urdiales, María; Tojal Ramos Dos Santos, Carolina |
| Abstract: | Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries have made notable progress in reducing income inequality; however, the extent to which water and sanitation may foster inequalities remains unclear. In this sector, disparities emerge as lower-income households may encounter reduced access to clean water, utilize less water, or bear a disproportionately higher financial burden than higher-income households. In this paper, we investigate latter source of inequality in the water and sanitation sector in LAC. We analyze and compare inequality measures for water expenditures and income for Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Uruguay using survey data from the Americas Barometer of the Latin American Opinion Project (LAPOP). Our descriptive analysis indicates that low-income households allocate a larger proportion of their income to water expenditures compared to high-income households. By comparing the water concentration curve to the Lorenz curve for each country, we find that water expenditures are generally more equitably distributed than income, leading to an unequalizing effect, as households spend similar amounts regardless of income level. Additionally, we demonstrate that total water expenditures, encompassing tap water, bottled water, and water delivered by trucks, align more closely with income distribution than tap water alone in Brazil, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, whereas the opposite is true for Colombia. These disparities may be attributed to water tariff subsidies and the higher consumption of bottled water among wealthier households. |
| Keywords: | water security;sustainable development;tariffs;subsidies;Equality |
| JEL: | Q25 Q21 O54 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13828 |
| By: | Pica-Téllez, Andrés; Cid, Francisca; Ferrer, Jimy; Cueva, Víctor; Durán, Eloy; Cabrera, Christian |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta la estimación del precio social del carbono en el Perú, como resultado de la asistencia técnica prestada por la División de Desarrollo Sostenible y Asentamientos Humanos de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) a la Dirección General de Programación Multianual de Inversiones del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas de ese país. Se incluye una breve revisión de los compromisos climáticos nacionales. También se presenta un análisis de la conveniencia de usar el precio social del carbono en la evaluación de los proyectos de inversión pública. Se exponen distintas alternativas metodológicas para calcular el precio social del carbono y las necesidades de información para la aplicación de cada una. Tomando en cuenta la disponibilidad de información nacional y los puntos de vista institucionales, se seleccionó el costo social del carbono como la mejor metodología para realizar el cálculo del precio social del carbono en el Perú. Los resultados hacen recomendable utilizar un precio social del carbono de 30 dólares de 2021 por tonelada de carbono. Adicionalmente se realiza una estimación de los valores proyectados para 2025 y 2030, usando la tasa social de descuento decreciente con que trabaja el país. |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:80746 |
| By: | Oke, Adebayo (International Water Management Institute); Amarnath, Giriraj (International Water Management Institute); Okem, Andrew (International Water Management Institute); Dembele, Moctar (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Flooding; Forecasting; Early warning systems |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052683 |
| By: | Lingjuan Xu (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics); Yijiang Liu (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics); Beibei Xiang (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics); Qunwei Wang (Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics) |
| Abstract: | In order to explore the impact of digital finance on the high-quality development of manufacturing industry, this paper uses data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021, and uses a multiple intermediary effect model to empirically study the mechanism and path of digital finance promoting the high-quality development of manufacturing industry. The research reveals that the eastern provinces of China are leading in the high-quality development index of the manufacturing industry from a spatial dimension. Looking at the temporal dimension, the overall level of high-quality development in the manufacturing industry in each province is showing an increasing trend, with the eastern region demonstrating the most significant upward trend. Empirical research has found that digital finance plays a significant catalytic role in the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry, with an impact coefficient of 0.032. Furthermore, digital finance can enhance the level of high-quality development in the Chinese manufacturing industry through three pathways: industrial upgrading, optimization of resource allocation, and environmental regulation. |
| Keywords: | High-quality sustainable development, Manufacturing industry, Digital finance, Multiple mediation effects model, Empirical testing |
| JEL: | O23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14716391 |
| By: | Melissa Rubio-Ramos; Christian Isendahl; Ola Olsson |
| Abstract: | In early states, government elites provided both productivity-enhancing infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, as well as seemingly non-productive monumental architecture like temples and pyramids. The nature of this ”bread-and-circuses”-tradeoff is not well understood. In this paper, we examine this phenomenon in the Classic Maya civilization (c. 250-950 CE) where city-state elites chose between investing in essential water management infrastructure (reservoirs, canals), and monumental architecture. We analyze information from 870 dated monuments from 110 cities. Correlating this dataset with a proxy record for variations in annual rainfall, we find–perhaps counter-intuitively–that monumental construction activity was more intense during drought years. A text analysis of 2.2 million words from deciphered hieroglyphic inscriptions on monuments, further shows higher frequencies of terms associated with war or violent conflict during periods of drought. We propose that in the Classic Maya setting, with numerous small city-states, monument construction functioned as a costly signalling device about state capacity, designed to attract labor for future control of revenue. |
| Keywords: | bread and circuses, public goods, monumental architecture, drought, Maya |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11439 |
| By: | Krych, Kamila; Pettersen, Johan Berg |
| Abstract: | Longer lifetimes of consumer products are promoted as an element of sustainable consumption, yet there is a widespread notion that lifetimes are currently in decline, often attributed to planned obsolescence or throwaway mentality. However, empirical evidence is inconclusive and often subject to high uncertainties. Here, we explore long-term trends in the lifetimes of large household appliances using dynamic material flow analysis (dMFA). We investigate the sales and ownership of these products since their introduction in Norwegian households and use this co-evolution to estimate the lifetimes. By combining two model types with uncertainty analysis, we show that a significant lifetime decrease was likely experienced only by washing machines (-45%) and ovens (-39%) around the 1990s-2000s. This finding challenges the narratives about planned obsolescence despite their prevalence decreasing consumer incentives for longer product use and repair. We suggest multiple technical, economic, and social factors that could be responsible for the decrease, e.g., a reduction in relative prices of appliances or changes in habits surrounding laundry and kitchen use. Our results suggest that factors affecting product lifetimes are not uniform but context-dependent, which has implications for lifetime extension policy. The presented method could help monitor the long-term effectiveness of such policy. |
| Date: | 2024–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rgs87 |
| By: | Benseny, Graciela; Padilla, Noelia Aymara; Azcué Vigil, Ignacio; Gordziejczuk, Matías Adrián |
| Abstract: | Este capítulo describe un diagnóstico territorial del barrio Alfar, localizado al sur de la ciudad de Mar del Plata (Argentina), principal destino turístico de sol y playa del país. Dicho lugar conjuga paisajísticamente un ambiente litoral con costas bajas sedimentarias y otro continental atravesado por arroyos y forestación; presenta en la actualidad un crecimiento urbano y demográfico espontáneo, acrecentado por los planes de viviendas PRO.CRE.AR desarrollados hasta los últimos años. La escasa planificación es acompañada por el surgimiento de problemáticas socio-ambientales que se entremezclan con la actividad turístico-recreativa del lugar. Dada esta coyuntura, se requiere de una mirada territorial que tenga en consideración el desarrollo sostenible. Esto implica contemplar el estado de las dimensiones social, ambiental y económica del sitio de estudio. Para ello, se aspira realizar un diagnóstico desde el enfoque de la sostenibilidad del barrio Alfar y elaborar propuestas para alcanzar un armonioso desarrollo turístico-recreativo. Desde la visión territorial, se consideran los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). Entre los objetivos que se proponen abordar se encuentran: 6 "Agua Limpia y Saneamiento", 11 "Ciudades y comunidades sostenibles", 13 "Acción por el clima" y 15 "Vida y ecosistemas terrestres". La metodología de trabajo asume un carácter cuali-cuantitativa, compuesta por entrevistas a informantes calificados, observación directa y medición de parámetros físico-naturales, acompañada con una revisión bibliográfica, documental, audiovisual y virtual. Para el relevamiento de atractivos turísticos se considera el modelo de ficha definido por Varisco et al. (2014) según la propuesta del Centro de Investigación y Capacitación Turística (CICATUR). Los resultados incluyen la elaboración de material cartográfico con base en SIGs y un listado de propuestas territoriales asociadas a los ODS analizados. En el barrio coexisten atractivos consolidados y recursos potenciales que pueden contribuir a desestacionalizar el turismo y mejorar la recreación de la población permanente. Se proponen posibles alternativas que aspiran impulsar las buenas prácticas turístico-recreativas para alcanzar un turismo sostenible. Se espera contribuir con la gestión turístico-recreativa del lugar y de los espacios periurbanos de la localidad. Los autores del trabajo integran el Grupo de Investigación “Turismo y Territorio Espacios Naturales y Culturales”. En anteriores estudios se analizó el desarrollo del turismo a partir del relevamiento territorial y participó en procesos de planificación turística en municipios de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Tandil, Olavarría, Chascomús, Miramar, Pinamar, Villa Gesell, Mar Chiquita, General Pueyrredon). Desde el año 2019, la unidad de análisis se centra en el Partido de General Pueyrredon, en temáticas ambientales, sociales y económicas vinculadas con el espacio costero y la transformación de áreas litorales, el análisis de los cursos de agua dentro la localidad, relación entre turismo y calidad de vida, y problemáticas socioambientales y prácticas recreativas en reservas forestales, entre otros tópicos. La elección del barrio se basa en la reunión de elementos territoriales que presenta y la posibilidad de aplicar la experiencia del grupo en la temática a investigar. |
| Keywords: | Desarrollo Turístico; Desarrollo Sostenible; Barrios; Mar del Plata; |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4211 |
| By: | Melissa Rubio-Ramos (University of Cologne); Christian Isendahl (University of Gothenburg); Ola Olsson (University of Gothenburg) |
| Abstract: | In early states, government elites provided both productivity-enhancing infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, as well as seemingly non-productive monumental architecture like temples and pyramids. The nature of this ”bread-and-circuses”-tradeoff is not well understood. In this paper, we examine this phenomenon in the Classic Maya civilization (c. 250-950 CE) where city-state elites chose between investing in essential water management infrastructure (reservoirs, canals), and monumental architecture. We analyze information from 870 dated monuments from 110 cities. Correlating this dataset with a proxy record for variations in annual rainfall, we find–perhaps counter-intuitively–that monumental construction activity was more intense during drought years. A text analysis of 2.2 million words from deciphered hieroglyphic inscriptions on monuments, further shows higher frequencies of terms associated with war or violent conflict during periods of drought. We propose that in the Classic Maya setting, with numerous small city-states, monument construction functioned as a costly signaling device about state capacity, designed to attract labor for future control of revenue. |
| Keywords: | Bread and circuses, public goods, monumental architecture, drought, Maya |
| JEL: | P10 D74 B11 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:342 |
| By: | Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah (International Water Management Institute); Nortje, Karen (International Water Management Institute); Mabele, Thato (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Gender; Inclusion; Innovation scaling; Strategies; Conservation agriculture; Training |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052595 |
| By: | Thomas MELONIO; Peter Martey ADDO; Anastesia TAIEB; Laura LANDREIN |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) investment to drive sustainable development across diverse national contexts. By evaluating critical factors, including AI readiness, social inclusion, human capital, and macroeconomic conditions, we construct a nuanced and comprehensive analysis of the global AI landscape. Employing advanced statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms, we identify nations with significant untapped potential for AI investment.We introduce the AI Investment Potential Index (AIIPI), a novel instrument designed to guide financial institutions, development banks, and governments in making informed, strategic AI investment decisions. The AIIPI synthesizes metrics of AI readiness with socio-economic indicators to identify and highlight opportunities for fostering inclusive and sustainable growth. The methodological novelty lies in the weight selection process, which combines statistical modeling and also an entropy-based weighting approach. Furthermore, we provide detailed policy implications to support stakeholders in making targeted investments aimed at reducing disparities and advancing equitable technological development. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17595 |
| By: | Omar Barbiero |
| Abstract: | Real investment—spending (net of inflation) on nonresidential construction, manufacturing equipment, and intellectual property products (IPP)—in the United States has grown substantially over the last few years despite the high-interest-rate environment that emerged in 2022 and is only now beginning to subside. The current strength of investment is important to policymakers because its sensitivity to interest rates makes it a key channel through which monetary policy is transmitted into the economy and because real private domestic investment constitutes 15 percent of US real GDP. |
| Keywords: | CHIPS and Science Act; Inflation Reduction Act; green energy; semiconductors; manufacturing investment; fiscal incentives |
| JEL: | E01 E22 E62 E65 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–11–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedbcq:99142 |
| By: | Erika Christie Berle; ; ; ; |
| Abstract: | The successful transition toward renewable energies requires public support in areas where their expansion may cause adverse effects. In this context, narratives are crucial as they shape people’s perceptions. This article examines the relationship between onshore wind power and related narratives in regions across Germany. We run a series of spatial regression models on regional newspaper data, and our findings suggest that wind-related topics are more prominent and more neutrally (less angrily) framed in regions with more wind turbines. Public attitudes supporting wind energy expansion correlate with the prominence of related topics in regions’ narrative landscapes. In contrast, support for anti-wind protests does not seem to correlate with the prominence of wind-energy-related topics in regions with higher wind turbine densities. |
| Keywords: | narrative landscapes, wind turbines, regional analysis, regional news, narratives, Germany |
| JEL: | R10 R12 R52 Q28 Q48 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2438 |
| By: | CARBONELL Juan Sebastian |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the concept of « twin transition » using the core/periphery structure of the European automotive industry as a case study. This term has emerged in recent years as a new leitmotif in international organisations and industrial companies. The idea is that the digital and green transitions can fuel each other in a virtuous economic circle of « smart growth ». This paper defends that this concept is part of the automotive industry’s long history of socio-technical paradigms. Using the theories on the performativity of economic concepts, we deconstruct the idea of a « twin transition ». We show that it is necessary to dissociate the production process from the output in order to understand the possible interactions between the two transitions. For this, we describe the regional structure of the European automotive industry in terms of core and periphery, we show then the forms taken by digitalisation and electrification in the value chain of the European automotive industry in processes and products. Finally, we show that the concept of « twin transition » has little empirical basis, but rather aims to attract resources in the context of significant economic uncertainty and the lack of coherent industrial policy. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:laedte:202405 |
| By: | Rweyemamu, M. R.; Mruma, T.; Nkanyani, S. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural development; Seed production; Agricultural sector; Diversification; Strategies; Indicators; Stakeholders; Agricultural policies; Sustainability; Public-private partnerships |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052583 |
| By: | Baltar, Fabiola; Larrazábal, María Florencia |
| Abstract: | La implementación de las Cuotas Individuales Transferibles de Captura (CITCs) en la pesquería de merluza hubbsi stock sur 41º ha marcado un hito en la gestión pesquera, buscando conciliar la conservación biológica con la viabilidad económica de la actividad. Este régimen, implementado a partir del año 2010 en respuesta a la crisis de sostenibilidad provocada por la sobreexplotación de la especie, ha generado cambios significativos en la dinámica de la pesquería, impactando tanto en el rendimiento biológico como en el económico. Para evaluar los cambios generados a partir de la implementación de las CITCs, no sólo es necesario evaluar indicadores de sostenibilidad ambiental sino también incorporar dimensiones que tengan en cuenta la interacción del ecosistema marino con el desarrollo de la actividad económica pesquera. Por lo que, este capítulo propone describir el desempeño de la pesquería en los años de vigencia del régimen de cuotas desde una perspectiva ecosistémica, indagando en la relación entre la dimensión biológica, económica e institucional. Los objetivos de este capítulo son: a) describir el comportamiento biológico-institucional de la pesquería de merluza hubbsi desde la implementación del sistema de CITCs; b) analizar los efectos de las CITCs en la viabilidad económica de la pesquería; c) describir las estrategias de diversificación y concentración económica y su impacto en la sostenibilidad de la pesquería; y d) proponer recomendaciones a fin de promover un equilibrio óptimo entre la conservación de los recursos marinos, la viabilidad económica del sector y el bienestar social de las comunidades pesqueras involucradas. |
| Keywords: | Cuota de Pesca; Capturas de Pescado; Merluza; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4208 |