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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Gregory Casey; Yang Gao; Gregory P. Casey |
| Abstract: | We study the effectiveness of climate change mitigation policies in reducing carbon emissions, focusing on the channel of economy-wide energy efficiency. Using U.S. data, we estimate impulse response functions (IRFs) that characterize how energy efficiency responds to energy price shocks. Standard climate-economy models cannot replicate the slow transition dynamics observed in the data. We build a tractable model that nests the existing literature and can closely replicate the empirical IRFs. The slow dynamics in our model imply that carbon taxes reduce cumulative emissions less than predicted by standard models and that clean energy subsidies reduce cumulative emissions more than predicted by standard models. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate policy, energy efficiency |
| JEL: | E24 O33 O44 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11303 |
| By: | Dong, Kangyin (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China); Yang, Senmiao (International Business Strategy Institute, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China); Wang, Jianda (Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China); Nepal, Rabindra (School of Business, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Australia); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies 41 countries from 1995 to 2021 and uses the European Green Deal (EGD) as an example to explore the impact of policy intervention on the relationship between geopolitical risk and climate vulnerability. The main findings show that: (1) Geopolitical risk can exacerbate climate vulnerability, primarily manifested in negative impacts on food, water, health, and ecosystems. (2) Green transition and green investment can mitigate the adverse impact of geopolitical risk on climate vulnerability. (3) The positive effect of the EGD on the green transition and green investment can further mitigate climate vulnerability caused by geopolitical conflicts. This study provides practical approaches and references for policymakers to reduce the impact of geopolitical conflicts and enhance climate resilience. |
| Keywords: | The European Green Deal; Geopolitical risk; Climate vulnerability; Green transition; Green investment |
| JEL: | C33 O19 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2024_015 |
| By: | Lubos Pastor; Robert F. Stambaugh; Lucian A. Taylor |
| Abstract: | We quantify the U.S. corporate sector's carbon externality by computing the sector's “carbon burden”—the present value of social costs of its future carbon emissions. Our baseline estimate of the carbon burden is 131% of total corporate equity value. Among individual firms, 77% have carbon burdens exceeding their market capitalizations, as do 13% of firms even with indirect emissions omitted. The 30 largest emitters account for all the decarbonization of U.S. corporations predicted by 2050. Predicted emission reductions, and even firms' targets, fall short of the Paris Agreement. Firms' emissions are predictable by past emissions, investment, climate score, and book-to-market. |
| JEL: | D62 G30 G38 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33110 |
| By: | John Asker; Allan Collard-Wexler; Charlotte De Canniere; Jan De Loecker; Christopher R. Knittel |
| Abstract: | Market power reduces equilibrium quantities and distorts production, typically causing welfare losses. However, as Buchanan (1969) noted, market power may mitigate overproduction from negative externalities. This paper examines this in the global oil market, where OPEC’s market power affects oil production and carbon intensity. We estimate that from 1970 to 2021, OPEC’s market power reduced emissions by over 67 GtCO2, equating to $4, 073 billion in climate damages and 17.8% of the carbon budget needed for the 1.5◦ C Paris Agreement target. This environmental benefit outweighs the welfare loss from distorted production allocation. |
| JEL: | L12 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33115 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | It is estimated that $1 trillion to $6 trillion per year (up to 2050) needs to be invested globally if the world is to stay below the 2°C global warming ceiling of the Paris Agreement and to meet its adaptation goals. Currently, investments stand at about $630 billion per year, way below the original target. And although great efforts have been made in the climate-finance area, more than 70% of the funds deployed have gone to one sector, renewable energy, followed by the transportation sector. The agriculture sector has been severely underfunded, even though it produces 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This leaves the most vulnerable communities at risk as the effects of climate change are already impacting this sector intensely. In this policy brief, four principles are proposed as a foundation when deploying funds into climate-change mitigation and adaptation projects: equity, creativity, impact, and transparency. Climate finance has an enormous potential to make bigger impacts when the right principles are applied. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pb_20_23 |
| By: | Gülnaz engül Güne; Sinan Güne; Monsurat Ayojimi Salami; Yeim Tanrvermi |
| Abstract: | Corporate social sustainability is an approach aimed at minimizing environmental and social impacts while sustaining economic activities of businesses and fulfilling responsibilities towards society. This approach not only aims to generate profit but also endeavors to preserve environmental resources, be sensitive to societal needs, and create long-term sustainable value. Corporate social sustainability encourages businesses to operate in an environmentally and socially sensitive manner, moving away from a sole focus on profit. The real estate sector, while shaping the physical fabric of cities and societies, is also a significant sector that needs to be mindful of its environmental impacts. Real estate properties contribute to a certain percentage of environmental issues due to factors such as energy consumption, water resource utilization, and waste management. In this context, real estate companies are required to embrace and implement corporate social sustainability principles to reduce environmental impacts and meet societal needs. Practices such as green building design, energy efficiency measures, and waste management systems constitute a significant part of sustainability efforts in the real estate sector. Thus, real estate companies contribute to a sustainable future by both mitigating their environmental impacts and operating in a socially responsible manner. Within the scope of this research, the aim is to evaluate the perspectives of real estate companies operating in Türkiye regarding corporate social sustainability and their efforts in this regard. To achieve this aim, a closed-ended survey was conducted targeting real estate companies listed and unlisted on the stock exchange in Turkey. The research is deemed beneficial in shedding light on the perspectives of real estate companies operating in Türkiye towards sustainability and informing policymakers about measures to be taken at the company level to promote sustainability. |
| Keywords: | corporate social sustainability; Esg; real estate companies; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-240 |
| By: | Coppens, Léo; Venmans, Frank |
| Abstract: | Two approaches are predominant in climate models: cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost–benefit analysis maximizes welfare, finding a trade-off between climate damages and emission abatement costs. By contrast, cost-effectiveness analysis minimizes abatement costs, omits damages but adds a climate constraint, such as a radiative forcing constraint, a temperature constraint or a cumulative emissions constraint. We analyse the impacts of these different constraints on optimal carbon prices, emissions and welfare. To do so, we fit a model with abatement costs, capital repurposing costs (stranded assets) and technological change on IPCC and NGFS scenarios. For scenarios reaching 1.5 °C in 2100, a constraint on cumulative emissions has the best welfare properties, followed by a temperature constraint with overshoot. A forcing constraint with overshoot has insufficient early abatement and large net negative emissions later on, leading to a substantial welfare loss of $23 Trillion. As to the paths reaching 2 °C, all cost-effectiveness analysis abate too late, but the welfare impact of this dynamic inefficiency is milder. Again, a forcing constraint with overshoot scores worst. We show that large negative emissions at the end of the century are never optimal and an artefact of constraints with overshoot. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation; targets formulation; integrated assessment models; optimal abatement path; cost-benefit; cost-effectiveness; welfare; negative emissions |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125996 |
| By: | Davide Radi; Frank Westerhoff |
| Abstract: | We propose an evolutionary competition model to investigate the green transition of firms, highlighting the role of adjustment costs, dynamically adjusted transition risk, and green technology progress in this process. Firms base their decisions to adopt either green or brown technologies on relative performance. To incorporate the costs of switching to another technology into their decision-making process, we generalize the classical exponential replicator dynamics. Our global analysis reveals that increasing transition risk, e.g., by threatening to impose stricter environmental regulations, effectively incentivizes the green transition. Economic policy recommendations derived from our model further suggest maintaining high transition risk regardless of the industry's level of greenness. Subsidizing the costs of adopting green technologies can reduce the risk of a failed green transition. While advances in green technologies can amplify the effects of green policies, they do not completely eliminate the possibility of a failed green transition. Finally, evolutionary pressures favor the green transition when green technologies are profitable. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.20379 |
| By: | Hashimzade, Nigar; Hatsor, Limor; Jelnov, Artyom |
| Abstract: | Recent antitrust regulations in several countries have granted exemptions for col- lusion aimed at achieving environmental goals. Firms can apply for exemptions if collusion helps to develop or to implement costly clean technology, particularly in sec- tors like renewable energy, where capital costs are high and economies of scale are significant. However, if the cost of the green transition is unknown to the competition regulator, firms might exploit the exemption by fixing prices higher than necessary. The regulator faces the decision of whether to permit collusion and whether to commission an investigation of potential price fixing, which incurs costs. We fully characterise the equilibria in this scenario that depend on the regulator’s belief about the high cost of green transition. If the belief is high enough, collusion will be allowed. We also identify conditions under which a regulator’s commitment to always investigate price fixing is preferable to making discretionary decisions. |
| Keywords: | policy, antitrust, collusion, environment |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:305321 |
| By: | Jan F. Wiegner; Madeleine Gibescu; Matteo Gazzani |
| Abstract: | Policy efforts have primarily focused on expanding variable renewable energy sources (vRES) to meet carbon emission reduction targets. The integration of high shares of renewables into the energy system is central to both policy making and research, focusing on the need for balancing options between vRES and demand. In this work we analyze and compare three key integration measures: grid expansions, electricity storage, and the role of production, storage and transport of low-carbon hydrogen. We focus on their potential to reduce emissions and energy system costs, individually and in combination. We take the North Sea as an exemplary region with ambitious 2030-2040 targets for offshore wind developments. The projections on installed generation and grid capacities, along with demand estimates from the Ten Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) 2022, serve as a starting point for our energy system model. This starting model can then be further expanded with the three integration measures. Our findings show that grid expansions across the North Sea are a no-regret measure lowering costs, emissions and required renewable. The production of hydrogen and its direct use in industry has a lower cost reduction potential and emission reduction potential, while hydrogen storage and transport have little to no additional value. In the short term (2030), electricity storage can help to reduce emissions, but it is not cost competitive. In the longer term (2040), storage can help to balance investments in vRES assets by providing additional flexibility to the system. Combining the three integration measures provides additional benefits. The highest emission reductions can be achieved by combining electricity storage with an expansion of the grid. The highest economic benefits can be achieved with a combination of grid expansions and hydrogen production for direct use in industry. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2411.00540 |
| By: | Thorvaldur Gylfason; Jean-Pascal N. Nganou |
| Abstract: | Because excessive specialization can be risky, diversification matters for sustainable development. A case study of Madagascar, this paper begins by briefly discussing economic and institutional diversification and presenting a simple model of production possibilities to illuminate the possible contribution of diversification to economic and social development in Madagascar and elsewhere. By comparing Madagascar with its peers, the paper aims to identify policies and strategies that can foster economic and institutional diversification and to suggest pathways for Madagascar to promote the welfare of its people through diversification, aiming also to mitigate climate change and its consequences. |
| Keywords: | diversification, institutions, economic growth, natural resources, climate change |
| JEL: | O11 O13 O15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11280 |
| By: | Linnea Lorentzen; Steinar Strøm; Jon Vislie |
| Abstract: | We derive policy rules for a highly aggregated fossil-based world economy with two competing stochastic thresholds or tipping points. Current production generates emissions that add to a stock of GHGs that affect the probability distribution of hitting a climate threshold with severe consequences (the “ugly” scenario). The fossil-intensive output is used for current consumption and as investment in knowledge production, with the stock of knowledge affecting the probability distribution for hitting a “good” threshold or having a technological breakthrough (the “good” scenario). The new technology will provide a clean emission-free substitute to fossil energy. Given that no threshold has been hit, the decision rules are being continuously revised due to the induced changes in the derived probability distributions. To avoid the ugly scenario, while pushing for the good one, we find that the conditional expected marginal benefit or willingness-to-pay for knowledge will increase over time, with a non-decreasing rate of R&D investment and non-increasing rate of consumption. Implementation of this strategy requires a global organization with coercive power, equipped with instruments to tax the negative stock externality and to eventually subsidize the provision of a public good; the stock of knowledge. The optimal carbon tax is derived and shown to depend on the hazard rate for a climate change, modified by the “odds ratio” for a technological breakthrough. |
| Keywords: | competing stochastic thresholds, climate change, technological innovation, optimal carbon tax, global implementation |
| JEL: | C02 H23 H41 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11418 |
| By: | Livieri, Giulia; Radi, Davide; Smaniotto, Elia |
| Abstract: | Transition risk can be defined as the business-risk related to the enactment of green policies, aimed at driving the society towards a sustainable and low-carbon economy. In particular, when new green laws are released, companies are forced to comply with the new standards, incurring in costs which can undermine their financial stability. In this paper we derive formulas for the pricing of defaultable coupon bonds and Credit Default Swaps to empirically demonstrate that a jump-diffusion credit risk model in which the downward jumps in the firm value are due to tighter green laws can capture, at least partially, the transition risk. The empirical investigation consists in the model calibration on the CDS term-structure, performing a quantile regression to assess the relationship between implied prices and a proxy of the transition risk. Additionally, we show that a model without jumps lacks this property, confirming the jump-like nature of the transition risk. |
| Keywords: | derivatives; climate change; hypothesis testing; panel data; asset pricing; CDS spreads; credit risk; sustainable finance; transition risk |
| JEL: | G32 C32 C21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123650 |
| By: | Hornykewycz, Anna; Kapeller, Jakob; Weber, Jan David; Schütz, Bernhard; Cserjan, Lukas |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a general framework for estimating the renovation and investment requirements associated with a green transformation of the residential sector that effectively reduces the net emissions of the residential sector (close) to zero. The framework takes ecological and distributional considerations into account and aims to provide concrete outcomes suitable to inform policy-making, while being as parsimonious as possible on the side of data requirements. All key steps associated with this framework are compiled in an openly accessible toolbox that can be adapted to different country-specific contexts. This paper takes the German case as an example to illustrate the main assumptions, data requirements, and outcomes that can be derived from this toolbox. |
| Keywords: | socio-ecological transformation, residential sector, net zero, just transition, sustainable infrastructure |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifsowp:305298 |
| By: | Dong, Kangyin (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Liu, Yang (School of Business, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia); Nepal, Rabindra (School of Business, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Australia); Zhao, Congyu (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing 100029, China) |
| Abstract: | Energy assistance programs aim to improve the energy and environmental conditions of the recipient countries. However, energy aid can also have potential health effects for households, which remain relatively underexplored in the literature. We use a set of regression and mechanism models with panel data from 113 countries spanning from 2002 to 2020. Our results show that energy aid inhibits household health losses from air pollution-induced premature mortality. Also, the household health losses differ among demographic groups and geographical regions. We then analyze the moderating and mediating effects of key factors. The efficiency of energy aid varies notably among the males, children, and high-income groups. Furthermore, energy aid helps alleviate household health losses across regions and government quality and social development enhance the health benefits. Financial development and low-carbon energy transition are crucial impact channels, which means that energy aid indirectly reduces household health losses by facilitating financial development and low-carbon energy transition of recipient countries. Finally, we propose implications for greater energy aid utilization and better sustainable development pathways. |
| Keywords: | Energy aid; Household health; Government quality; Financial development |
| JEL: | C33 F35 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2024_016 |
| By: | Hoffmann, Bridget; Dueñas, Juliana; Goytia, Alejandra |
| Abstract: | Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extremely hot days. We use a panel regression framework at the sub-national (i.e., region) level to identify the effect of extreme heat on economic growth in Latin America accounting for acclimation to the season and to the local climate. Extreme heat has a negative and significant impact on economic growth, and the magnitude of the impact is increasing in the intensity and duration of heat. Our results suggest that the impact of each additional consecutive day of extreme heat is greater than the impact of the prior day. Extreme heat affects economic growth directly in addition to its indirect effect through higher seasonal mean temperatures and extreme heat could account for 34-68% of the total projected reduction in the annual economic growth rate at midcentury due to temperature change. Our results suggest that extreme heat is one potential channel for the documented non-linearity in the impacts of rising mean temperature. |
| Keywords: | extreme heat;heat waves;economic growth |
| JEL: | Q5 Q54 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13810 |
| By: | Srivastava, Prachi (University College Dublin); Bloom, Nicholas (Stanford University); Bunn, Philip (Bank of England); Mizen, Paul (King’s College London); Thwaites, Gregory (University of Nottingham); Yotzov, Ivan (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | We analyse the importance of climate‑related investment using a large economy‑wide survey of UK firms. Over half of firms expect climate change to have a positive impact on their investment in the medium term, with around a quarter expecting a large impact of over 10%. Around two thirds of these investments are expected to be in addition to normal capital expenditure, with some firms investing less elsewhere. Climate investments are expected mainly in switching to green energy sources and improving energy efficiency, and firms expect to finance these mainly using internal cash reserves. Climate investment will be driven by larger firms as well as those in more energy‑intensive sectors. Although firms are expecting to invest more resources in adapting to climate change, under reasonable assumptions, these investments are still not sufficient to meet the estimated targets implied by the UK Net Zero Pathway. |
| Keywords: | Firm data; Decision Maker Panel; climate change; investment |
| JEL: | C83 D22 D25 D84 |
| Date: | 2024–10–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:1095 |
| By: | Lennard Schlattmann (University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Policies to mitigate climate change are high on the political agenda and their distributional consequences are actively discussed. This paper makes two contributions to this discussion. First, it empirically identifies the spatial dimension between rural and urban households as important for the distributional consequences of carbon taxes, because the average annual carbon footprint of rural households in Germany is 2.2 tons higher than that of urban households, around 12 percent of the average carbon footprint. Second, it builds a quantitative spatial general equilibrium model to evaluate different policies of recycling carbon tax revenues in terms of their redistributive effects and their political support along the transition to clean technologies. I find that recycling carbon tax revenues as lump-sum transfers redistributes from rural to urban households. For a carbon tax of 300 Euros per ton, the difference in the present value of net transfers is 8, 000 Euros. In contrast, place-based transfers avoid this spatial redistribution without reducing the speed of the transition to clean technologies. This has important implications for the political support for these policies, as place-based transfers allow to set a higher carbon tax under the constraint that the policy is beneficial to a majority of households in both regions. Finally, carbon taxes have sizeable general equilibrium effects on housing prices, increasing those of non-emitting houses by 5 percent, while decreasing those of carbon emitting houses by the same amount. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Inequality, Tax and Transfer policies, Spatial Economics |
| JEL: | E21 H23 Q52 R13 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:345 |
| By: | Sebastian Bustos (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Timothy Cheston (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Nidhi Rao |
| Abstract: | Alarming rates of forest loss in the Colombian Amazon have created a perceived trade-off that the only means of achieving economic prosperity is by sacrificing the forest. This study finds little evidence of this trade-off; rather, we find that economic development and forest protection are not an either-or choice. Forest clearing is driven by extensive cattle-ranching as a means to secure land titles. In essence, the loss of some of the world’s richest biodiversity is the result of some of the least economically complex activities that fail to achieve economic prosperity in the region. If anything, the acceleration in deforestation has accompanied a period of economic stagnation. The existing economic model in the Amazon – centered on agrarian colonization and mineral extraction – has not generated prosperity for the people, all while failing the forest. The exceptional diversity of the Amazon’s biome is not reflected in the region’s economy. The Amazonian economy is best characterized by its low diversity and low complexity. A significant proportion of employment is linked to public administration – more than in other departments of the country. Very little of the production in the departments is destined to be consumed outside the departments ("exported"). This study seeks to define an alternative economic model for the Colombian Amazon from the perspective of economic complexity with environmental sustainability. Economic complexity research finds that the productive potential of places depends not only on the soil or natural resources, but on the productive capabilities—or knowhow—held by its people. This research finds that the Colombian Amazon will not become rich by adding value to its raw materials or by specializing in one economic activity. Rather, economic development is best described as a process of expanding the set of capabilities present to be able to produce a more diverse set of goods, of increasingly greater complexity. This model starts from the base of understanding the existing productive capabilities in Caquetá, Guaviare, and Putumayo, to identify high-potential economic sectors that build off those capabilities to achieve new, sustainable pathways to shared prosperity. Achieving shared prosperity in the Amazon depends on the connectivity and opportunity in its urban areas. The primary drivers of greater economic complexity – and prosperity – are the cities in the Amazon. Even in the remote areas of the Amazon, the majority of people in Caquetá, Guaviare, and Putumayo live in urban areas. The low prosperity in the Colombian Amazon is driven by the lack of prosperous cities. The report finds that Amazonian cities are affected by the lack of connectivity to major Colombian cities that limit their ability to ‘export’ things outside the department to then expand the capacity to ‘import’ the things that are not produced locally as a means to improve well-being. |
| Keywords: | Amazon Rainforest, Colombia, Caqueta, Guaviare, Putumayo, economic development, forest protection, mineral extraction, sustainable agroforestry |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:208 |
| By: | Leonardo Brogi; Gianni Betti; Francesca Gagliardi |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to test the questionnaire developed for a survey that will be conducted in the framework of the PNRR Agritech project. It is a consumer survey to gather information on willingness to pay, preferences and sensory perceptions of sustainable products. A pilot survey was conducted using a web-based questionnaire designed to evaluate and analyse these topics. The questionnaire responses reflect consumers' views on sustainability issues, as they are asked to assign ratings to the sustainability attributes of generic products and to choose between specific supply chain products, such as wine, meat and packaging, in order to explore environmental and social sustainability attributes. The data collected is summarized in frequency tables and charts and can be used to develop statistical and econometric models. Indeed, a logit model and a structural equation model (SEM) using the PLS-PM algorithm were constructed to examine consumer willingness to pay for sustainability attributes in agri-food products, based on constructs of environmental, social and economic sustainability. |
| Keywords: | agrifood chain; sustainability; willingness-to-pay |
| JEL: | D91 C21 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:917 |
| By: | Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Hélène Dernis; Luis Díaz; Guy Lalanne; Francesco Losma; Sara Romaniega Sancho; Lea Samek |
| Abstract: | While renewable energy adoption has accelerated globally, significant challenges remain in meeting ambitious deployment targets. This paper analyses bottlenecks in the renewable energy ecosystem and explores policy solutions by examining trade, innovation, M&A, jobs, and skills data. The analysis reveals three key findings: first, the renewable energy ecosystem spans multiple sectors beyond electricity production, with machinery, computer and electronics, and scientific and technical activities playing central roles in innovation activity and job creation; second, supply chain concentration is increasing for both capital goods and critical raw materials, creating dependencies on key supplier countries; and third, while innovation offers a pathway to address these dependencies through developing leading-edge manufacturing capabilities and material substitutes, patenting activity in renewable technologies is declining. Additionally, the sector faces potential skills shortages in engineering and technical trades. The findings suggest successful renewable energy deployment requires coordinated policy approaches addressing innovation support, supply chain resilience, and workforce development. |
| Keywords: | Industrial ecosystems, Industrial policy, Net-zero transition, Renewable energy |
| JEL: | L52 L64 O25 O38 Q42 |
| Date: | 2024–11–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2024/11-en |
| By: | Siti Indati MUSTAPA (UNITEN Business School, Universiti Tenaga Nasional); Noor Raida ABD RAHMAN (UNITEN Business School, Universiti Tenaga Nasional); Amar Hisham JAAFFAR (UNITEN Business School, Universiti Tenaga Nasional); Nor Salwati OTHMAN (UNITEN Business School, Universiti Tenaga Nasional); Syarifah Mardhiah Syed SALIM (UNITEN Business School, Universiti Tenaga Nasional) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the role of corporate governance in carbon-intensive and non-carbonintensive companies within Malaysian smart cities. The paper aims to understand the challenges and impacts of corporate governance on carbon and financial performance. In the first stage, carbon emissions data from 51 Bursa Malaysia-listed companies were analysed, revealing that corporate governance had no significant impact on carbon and financial performance. However, variations were noted in carbon-intensive industries. Liquidity emerged as a key factor positively affecting carbon performance, while firm size and market-to-book value were the main drivers of financial performance. In the second stage, a survey of 256 firms highlighted a high level of awareness regarding the significance of carbon reporting practices. Challenges included complexity regarding carbon reporting and knowledge limitations. The study advocates for the centralisation of carbon accounting standards, sharing best practices, and fostering of global collaboration to bolster effective climate action. These findings offer empirical evidence crucial for informing policymakers, companies, investors, and regulators alike. Future research could expand with larger samples, explore digital technology’s role in smart cities, and compare carbon reporting practices globally. |
| Keywords: | Carbon performance, corporate governance, financial performance, energy, smart city, carbon neutral |
| JEL: | F14 F40 |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2024-21 |
| By: | de Brauw, Alan; Bloem, Jeffrey R. |
| Abstract: | Climate shocks are becoming increasingly prevalent because of climate change (IPCC, 2023). Moreover, these climate shocks have more potential to negatively affect populations of low- and middle-income countries, as these populations are more likely to be employed in or around agriculture for income generation, which is particularly vulnerable to climate change (Gitz et al., 2016; Clarke et al., 2022). As a result, mechanisms to help these populations build resilience to climate shocks are increasingly needed to mitigate increases in food insecurity as negative shocks occur. One such mechanism, that has become more prevalent in recent years, is anticipatory action. Anticipatory action occurs when governments, donors, humanitarian agencies, or a combination thereof can effectively anticipate a climate shock and act beforehand to provide aid (often in the form of cash transfers) and advice to those who they believe will be affected, rather than waiting until the onset of the climate shock and providing affected households with post-emergency aid. Anticipatory action takes advantage of recent improvements in weather prediction (e.g., Alley, Emanuel, and Zhang, 2019) and can be designed in several different ways to assist potentially affected households and communities maintain assets, shift production patterns, or smooth consumption through a negative climate shock. These methods can include information, which can help households plan for the shock, and cash transfers, to help households implement those plans particularly if they would otherwise be liquidity constrained. Transfers could take place once or, for vulnerable households in longer onset shocks such as drought, they could take place repeatedly over time. |
| Keywords: | climate; shock; climate change; agriculture; resilience; cash transfers |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158220 |
| By: | Philipp Heimberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Andreas Lichtenberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Bernhard Schütz (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Klima-Förderungen Eine Analyse der Verteilung von öffentlichen Fördergeldern im Zuge der Dekarbonisierung This publication is available in German language only. For a brief English summary see further below. Diese Studie liefert eine deskriptive Analyse der Verteilung von klimaschutzrelevanten direkten staatlichen Förderungen (Klima-Förderungen) in Gesamtösterreich und im Bundesländervergleich, wobei bei letzterem Oberösterreich in den Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung rückt. Während es zur Analyse von Förderungen in Österreich bereits Arbeiten gibt, liefert unsere Studie erste Ergebnisse zur Verteilungsdimension von Klima-Förderungen. Wir verwenden Daten der Transparenzdatenbank unter Berücksichtigung von Sonderauswertungen durch die Statistik Austria für die Jahre 2021 und 2022. Die analysierten Daten beinhalten direkte Förderprogramme aus vier Kategorien erneuerbare Energie und Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen; Forschung und Klima; alternative Mobilität; und weitere Umwelt- und Klimaschutzmaßnahmen. Wir berichten die Förderungen nach Förderempfängerinnen und Förderempfängern (Personen, Unternehmen und gemeinnützige Organisationen/öffentliche Verwaltung) und nehmen eine Aufteilung der Personenförderungen nach Einkommensgruppen, Altersgruppen und Bildungsstand, sowie bei den Unternehmensförderungen nach Unternehmensumsatz, Anzahl der Mitarbeitenden und Unternehmensbranche vor. Climate subsidies An analysis of the distribution of public subsidies in the context of decarbonisation This study provides a descriptive analysis of the distribution of direct state subsidies relevant for climate protection (in short climate subsidies) in Austria as a whole and in a comparison of the states, with Upper Austria taking centre stage in the latter. While there is already work on analysing subsidies in Austria, our study provides the first results on the distributional dimension of climate subsidies. We use data from the transparency database, taking into account special analysis by Statistik Austria for the years 2021 and 2022. The data analysed includes direct funding programs from four categories renewable energy and energy efficiency measures; research and climate; alternative mobility; and other environmental and climate protection measures. We report the funding by recipients (individuals, companies and non-profit organisations/public administration). The climate subsidies received by persons are broken down by income group, age group and level of education. Funding received by companies is distinguished along the dimensions turnover, number of employees and company sector. |
| Keywords: | Klimapolitik, Dekarbonisierung, Förderungen, öffentliche Ausgaben, Energie und Effizienz |
| JEL: | H25 H31 H32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:ratpap:rpg:29 |
| By: | Frikk Nesje; Robert C. Schmidt; Moritz A. Drupp; Robert Christian Schmidt |
| Abstract: | This study presents a large-scale, global assessment of expert recommendations on key policy design options on how to implement carbon pricing schemes at a country level, for which there is no consensus in the literature. Based on a survey of more than 400 academic experts on carbon pricing, we find that almost twice as many favor a carbon tax over a cap-and-trade scheme for unilateral carbon pricing than vice versa, and three-quarters strongly recommend using border carbon adjustment to address competitiveness concerns. By contrast, guidance on revenue-use from carbon pricing is much more nuanced, with considerably lower support for lump-sum transfers to households than reflected in academic and policy discussions. Furthermore, recommendations on instrument choice and revenue use vary considerably with country- and expert characteristics, such as GDP per capita and academic discipline. Our findings can guide the search for suitable public policy approaches that combine environmental effectiveness with economic efficiency and fairness considerations. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, expert survey, instrument choice, border carbon adjustment, revenue recycling |
| JEL: | Q54 H43 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11424 |
| By: | Qasim Ajao; Lanre Sadeeq; Oluwatobi Oluwaponmile Sodiq |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a significant advancement in automotive technology, utilizing electricity as a power source instead of traditional fossil fuels, while incorporating sophisticated navigation and autopilot systems. These vehicles align with multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by offering a more environmentally sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Despite their potential, the adoption of EVs in developing nations such as Nigeria remains constrained. This study expands the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework by incorporating key enablers, including poor infrastructure, affordability issues, and government support, within the broader category of facilitating conditions. Additionally, it examines factors such as trust, performance expectations, social influences, and network externalities to identify the primary determinants influencing Nigerian consumers' propensity to adopt EVs. Results show that the percentage increase of H6 (facilitating conditions - behavioral intentions) compared to H5 (network externalities - behavioral intentions) is approximately 32.35%, indicating that traditional drivers significantly influence individuals' willingness to purchase EVs and are particularly strong factors in adoption decisions. The paper concludes with a discussion of these findings and proposes strategies for future research to further explore the barriers and drivers of EV adoption in Nigeria. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.17282 |
| By: | Xinming Du; Shan Zhang; Eric Zou |
| Abstract: | A century of plastic usage has led to an accumulation of plastic waste in waterways and oceans. Over time, these wastes break down into particles smaller than 5 microns -- or ''microplastics'' -- which can infiltrate human biological systems. Despite decades of research into this emerging source of environmental pollution, there is a paucity of direct evidence on the health impacts of microplastics exposure at a population scale. This paper reports the first empirical link between in-utero microplastic exposure and adverse birth outcomes. Our analysis is based on a compiled dataset of 3 million births that occurred in coastal areas of 15 countries spanning four continents, which we merge with a novel remote-sensing measurements of marine microplastic concentrations. We show that in-utero exposure to microplastics, particularly during the third trimester of pregnancy, leads to a significant increase in the likelihood of low birth weight. A doubling of exposure increases low birth weight hazard by 0.37 per 1, 000 births, which implies over 205, 000 cases per year globally can be attributed to microplastic exposure. We further show that aerosolization -- whereby microplastic particles become airborne and inhalable due to seawater evaporation -- is an important pathway for health impact, a challenge that is likely to escalate as ocean temperatures continue to rise. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.17391 |
| By: | Aflaki, Sam (HEC Paris); Atasu, Atalay (INSEAD); Van Wassenhove, Luk N. (INSEAD) |
| Abstract: | Moving toward a net zero energy system demands heavy investment in renewable energy sources. Wind energy, specifically offshore wind, has proven to be one of the most promising technologies in this space. To that end, there is a significant trend toward installing larger turbines further offshore, based on the premise that these, often massive installations, generate more energy with less intermittency, which has been a considerable challenge in integrating renewables into the electricity grid. We explore the operational reality of this trend by building a mathematical model of electricity generation that captures the economics and environmental impact of offshore wind electricity generation that spans the lifecycle of the wind turbines, including the maintenance and end-of-life phases. We find that the ongoing trend of larger turbines further offshore can undermine the economic viability of wind farms. Specifically, we show that the decision maker's profit is inverse-U shaped both in turbine size and distance to the shore. Under reasonable assumptions, the optimal turbine size may decrease in the distance to the coast, suggesting that considering maintenance and end-of-life costs, it can be optimal for the further offshore turbines to be smaller. These results are mediated by wake loss---the phenomenon that the wind energy available to be harnessed downwind is reduced after passing through a turbine. Overall, our results caution against considering only the short-term engineering aspects and invite a more thorough understanding of wind turbines' lifetime economics and environmental impact in determining the size and distance to the shore of the wind turbines. |
| Keywords: | Renewable Energy Investment; offshore Wind; Closed loop supply chains |
| JEL: | D24 L95 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–02–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:heccah:1504 |
| By: | Le , Anh H. (Goethe University Frankfurt); Park , Donghyun (Asian Development Bank); Beirne , John (Asian Development Bank); Uddin, Gazi Salah (Linköping University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effects of climate change on budgetary sustainability and inequality. Using panel data, the findings suggest that rising climate-related disaster risks raise government debt and undermine fiscal sustainability, with low-income households bearing the brunt of the impact. According to a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model, disaster risk generates recessions and increases inequality, particularly among “hand-to-mouth” agents. The paper also shows a considerable increase in sovereign debt due to disaster risk, and it recommends targeted transfers while cautioning against the fiscal cost of progressive taxes. |
| Keywords: | climate change; disaster risk; physical risk; heterogeneous agent; fiscal policy |
| JEL: | E20 E31 E32 E44 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–11–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0750 |
| By: | Antonio Cabrales; Manu García; David Ramos Muñoz; Angel Sánchez |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of interest in climate change among different actors within the population and how the interest of these actors affects one another. First, we document the evolution of interest for each actor individually, and then we provide a model of cross-influences between them. We estimate this model using a Vector Autoregression (VAR). We measure interest among the general public, the European Parliament, central banks, general interest science journals, and economics journals by creating a Climate Change Index (CCI) based on mentions of climate change in these domains. Except for general interest science journals, the index for all other domains has started showing significant values only recently, and it tends to fluctuate considerably. In terms of influence, the European Parliament and the media affect one another, but the trend in science remains relatively independent of the others. |
| Keywords: | climate change; social norms; text analysis; social networks |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D85 A13 |
| Date: | 2024–11–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:99043 |
| By: | Jinchi Dong (School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China); Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, B91 NSL Falmer, United Kingdom); Fanzhi Wang (China Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research; Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China:) |
| Abstract: | The majority of estimates of the social cost of carbon use preference parameters calibrated to data for North America and Europe. We here use representative data for attitudes totime and risk across the world. The social cost of carbon is substantially higher in the globalnorth than in the south.The difference ismore pronounced if we count people rather than countries. |
| Keywords: | social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0724 |
| By: | Paul Rouveyrol (PatriNat - Patrimoine naturel - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OFB - DSUED - Direction surveillance, évaluation, données - OFB - Office français de la biodiversité); Maya Leroy (AgroParisTech, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Through the Natura 2000 policy, France is committed to maintaining or restoring the good conservation status of a selection of habitats and species throughout its territory. In order to assess the effectiveness of this policy in terms of the objectives assigned to it, it is necessary to translate these objectives into normative terms of reference, and then to describe the constraints on the habitats and species that the policy seeks to conserve. This approach includes an analysis of the system of responsibility and the identification of the various policies, including sectoral policies, which have an impact on these habitats and species. We present here an assessment of the Natura 2000 policy using a strategic analysis framework based on these principles. Our results show the value of developing this type of strategic evaluation, which mobilises and cross-references a large amount of data at different scales. |
| Abstract: | Au travers de la politique Natura 2000, la France s'est engagée à maintenir ou restaurer le bon état de conservation d'une sélection d'habitats et d'espèces sur l'ensemble de son territoire. Evaluer l'efficacité de cette politique au regard des objectifs qui lui sont assignés nécessite de traduire ces objectifs en termes de référentiel normatif, puis de décrire les contraintes qui s'exercent sur les habitats et espèces que la politique cherche à conserver. Cette approche inclut, par une analyse du système de responsabilité, l'identification des différentes politiques, y compris sectorielles, qui exercent un impact sur ces habitats et espèces. Nous présentons ici une évaluation de la politique Natura 2000 à partir d'un cadre stratégique d'analyse basé sur ces principes. Nos résultats montrent l'intérêt de développer ce type d'évaluation qui mobilise et croise un nombre important de données à différentes échelles. |
| Keywords: | Strategic environmental assessment, environmental management, public policy assessment, management of environment, Natura 2000, Evaluation environnementale stratégique, management environnemental, évaluation des politiques publiques, gestion de l’environnement |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04748315 |
| By: | Sinan Güne; Gülnaz engül Güne; Yeim Tanrvermi |
| Abstract: | The most crucial issue that urgently needs to be addressed for the problems of global warming and the greenhouse effect is carbon emissions. Carbon emissions are extensively generated throughout all stages of the building life cycle, from material production to building design and operation. Therefore, it is essential to rapidly develop and adopt low-carbon design methods. The aim of this study is to identify the challenges faced by Turkey in the transition to low-carbon energy, prioritize these challenges, and highlight the key factors of strategic importance for the effective implementation of energy policies. In the initial phase of the study, challenges in transitioning to low-carbon energy were classified through a literature review, and criteria were established. Subsequently, these criteria were compared through a focus group study. Binary comparison results were then used to obtain an equation based on weighting through the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method, determining the challenges in Turkey's energy sector and their priorities for transitioning to low-carbon energy. The findings are crucial for understanding and producing strategic solutions to the obstacles in achieving energy-efficient transitions in Turkey. Furthermore, the results of the study encompass insights for transitioning to high-energy performance buildings. The analyses conducted to identify the key factors in Turkey's transition to low-carbon energy are strategically important for ensuring the effective implementation of energy policies. The outcomes of this study will serve as a valuable guide for policymakers and industry experts to comprehend and address the difficulties encountered in Turkey's energy transformation. |
| Keywords: | energy policies; Energy transition; Fuzzy AHP; low carbon energy |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-235 |
| By: | Fabrice Hervé (CREGO - Centre de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UB - Université de Bourgogne - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Sylvain Marsat (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | Are parents' decisions to invest in green equity funds influenced by their daughters? According to the recent literature on female socialization, parenting a daughter is expected to have a positive impact on parents' investment in green equity funds. Based on an original survey among 2, 288 French investors, we validate the female socialization in a retail investment context. Raising a daughter increases the likelihood of investing in green equity funds by about 3.87 percent on average. Consistent with the female socialization hypothesis, this effect only stands for male parent investors, when daughters are still in the household and is not significant for separated fathers. Moreover, the amount invested is also significantly influenced by being a parent of a daughter. Our results support the need to better consider the influence of family members in investment in household finance decision-making and the side effects of education on environmental issues. |
| Keywords: | Green Investment, Green Equity Funds, Daughters, Female Socialization Hypothesis, Intergenerational Learning, Household Finance, Individual Investors, Sustainable Finance |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04717594 |
| By: | Whelsy Boungou (PSB - Paris School of Business - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Alhonita Yatié (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | To the question of whether global stock market indices are sensitive to climate change, the answer is "Yes". Using weekly data from the stock market returns of 97 countries over the period from 31 August 2020 to 18 April 2022, we document a significant negative impact of climate change on the performance of global stock indices. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Stocks, Google |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04745793 |
| By: | Beirne , John (Asian Development Bank); Park , Donghyun (Asian Development Bank); Saadaoui , Jamel (Université Paris 8); Uddin, Gazi Salah (Linköping University) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the relationship between climate risk and fiscal space in a systematic and rigorous way. To do so, we use panel local projections to examine the role of political stability and financial development in the relationship. For a sample of 199 economies in 1990–2022, we first empirically confirm that climate risks adversely affect fiscal space. We find that such effects are most pronounced for the economies that are most vulnerable to climate change. However, our evidence indicates that political stability and financial development can mitigate such effects. We also identify nonlinearities in the climate risk– fiscal space nexus. More specifically, the impact of climate risk on fiscal space is greater when fiscal space is most constrained—i.e., in the upper quantile of the distribution. While fiscal consolidation is the key to mitigating the adverse effect of climate risks on fiscal space, our results suggest both political stability and financial development can contribute as well. |
| Keywords: | climate risk; institutional quality; fiscal space; bond yields; sovereign ratings |
| JEL: | F32 F41 F62 |
| Date: | 2024–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0748 |
| By: | Ricardo Hausmann (Harvard's Growth Lab); Miguel Angel Santos (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Jorge Tudela Pye; Frank Muci (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Yang Li; Fernando Miralles-Wilhelm (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Ana Grisanti (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Jessie Lu |
| Abstract: | Loreto is a place full of contrasts. Although it is the largest department in Peru, it is one of the least populated in the country. Its capital, Iquitos, is closer to Brazil and Colombia’s border states than it is to the capitals of its neighboring regions in Peru - San Martin and Ucayali. Iquitos can only be reached by air or river, making it one of the largest cities in the world without road access. Since its foundation, Loreto's economy has depended on the exploitation of natural resources: from the Amazon rubber boom at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, to the oil extraction and exploitation of forest resources that predominate today. This model has brought with it significant environmental damage and has produced a pattern of slow and volatile growth, which has opened an ever-widening gap between the economy of the region and that of the rest of the country. Between 1980 and 2018, Loreto grew at an average compound annual growth rate four times lower than the rest of Peru. Otherwise stated, while the rest of Peru has tripled the size of its economy, Loreto increased it by just under one-third. Within the last decade (2008-2018), the region has distanced itself from its Amazonian peers in the country (Ucayali, San Martín, and Madre de Dios), which have grown at an average annual growth rate five times higher. Loreto’s average per capita income fell from three-quarters of the national average in 2008 to less than half of it by 2018. In addition to - or perhaps as a consequence of - its economic challenges, Loreto is also among the departments with the worst indicators of social development, including the highest levels of anaemia and child malnutrition in Peru. In this context, the Growth Lab at Harvard University partnered with the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to develop a research study that would provide inputs and policy recommendations to boost the development of the region and foster sustainable prosperity. |
| Keywords: | Amazon Rain Forest; Loreto, Peru |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:167 |
| By: | Eduardo A. Haddad; Inácio F. Araújo |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a synthetic view of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the economic sectors and regions that make up the Moroccan economy, taking into account the current economic structure and production technologies. Therefore, the potential effects must be understood as signals to think about interventions aimed at redirecting the desired trajectories of sustainable development. The application of the tools developed to give scientific support to this analysis reveals the current structure of Morocco’s regional economies, inserted into the context of the national and world economies. The intricate web of interrelationships between the different sectors of each region’s productive apparatus— manifested by its supply chains, the generation of income by sectors, and their expenditures— is duly represented. Each of the 20 sectors into which the Moroccan economy was divided produces distinct effects on the productive system as a whole, duly measured by the instruments developed. Likewise, when analyzing the 12 regional economies one by one, one can assess their multidimensional impacts in the context of an integrated interregional system. Finally, to implement the hierarchical analysis based on pre-defined weights for the different structural indicators considered in the study, a tool was developed that provides a hierarchy of sectors (regions) most likely to contribute to the dimensions of development most closely associated with revealed preferences of the actors involved in the decision-making process. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pp_07-23 |
| By: | Alejandro Rueda-Sanz; Timothy Cheston (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | Achieving economic prosperity in the Amazon rainforest is often seen as incompatible with protecting the forest. Environmental researchers rightly warn that rapid deforestation is pushing the Amazon close to a potential tipping point of forest dieback into grassy savanna. Less has been said about what is required to generate shared prosperity in Amazonian communities. Deforestation is often treated as inevitable to serve human needs, local and global. This report synthesizes the findings of two engagements by the Growth Lab at Harvard University that study the nature of economic growth in two Amazonian contexts: Loreto in Peru, and Caquetá, Guaviare, and Putumayo, in Colombia. The aim of these engagements is to leverage the Growth Lab's global research into the nature of economic growth to apply those methods to the unique challenge of developing paths to prosperity in the Amazon in ways that do not harm the forest. This report compares and contrasts the findings from the Peruvian and Colombian Amazon to assess the extent to which there are generalizable lessons on the relationship between economic growth and forest protection in the Amazon. |
| Keywords: | Colombia, Amazon, Economic Complexity, Remoteness |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:209 |
| By: | Loukas Balafoutas; Esther Blanco; Raphael Epperson |
| Abstract: | Technological progress offers new and promising ways to provide targeted information to consumers and facilitate behavioral change. We conduct a randomized controlled trial with a global supermarket chain and food producer to evaluate the effectiveness of a targeted information intervention that offers consumers individualized feedback about the sustainability of purchased products and close substitutes. We find that the majority of consumers access the information, independently of whether they have bought sustainable or unsustainable products in the past. Yet, providing the targeted information has no significant impact on consumption choices, which is neither driven by inattention to information nor price differentials. |
| Keywords: | Information provision, pro-environmental behavior, sustainability, label credence goods, randomized controlled trial |
| JEL: | D12 D82 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inn:wpaper:2024-10 |
| By: | Hidrobo, Melissa; Mueller, Valerie; Bryan, Elizabeth; Nesbitt-Ahmed, Zahrah; Laderach, Peter; Roy, Shalini |
| Abstract: | Climate change is destabilizing agrifood systems globally, disproportionately afflicting rural populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and leading to escalating food insecurity and disrupted livelihoods. Alongside mitigation efforts, large-scale measures are needed to support climate-vulnerable people. Social assistance (SA) programs – such as cash transfers, in-kind transfers, public works, food assistance for assets programs, and school feeding – are increasingly recognized as promising scalable approaches. Moreover, if properly designed, these programs have the potential to address the disproportionate climate risks that women and girls (WGs) face. WGs have important roles in making agrifood systems more climate-resilient, given that they represent almost 40 percent of the workforce (50 percent in sub-Saharan Africa) (FAO, 2023) and have gender-differentiated roles and knowledge. Yet they are more limited in their opportunities to adapt to climate change, due to systemic inequalities in their access to resources, technologies, information, services, and networks, and due to restrictive social norms. |
| Keywords: | cash transfers; climate resilience; school feeding; women |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158271 |
| By: | Nader Javani (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul); Pouya Salyani (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Tabriz); Kazem Zare (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Tabriz); Ali Rifat Bognuegri (Clean Energy Technologies Institute / Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul) |
| Abstract: | The present study investigates a multi-objective strategy for scheduling Multi-Energy Microgrids (MEMs) with Power to X (P2X) conversion technology in advance. The primary objective is to reduce operational expenses, mitigate risks, and decrease CO2 emissions. To address the risks involved in MEM?s scheduling, two risk management tools, namely Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) and a robust approach, are recommended. These tools aim to mitigate risks from both economic and technical perspectives. The simulation findings indicate that if a risk-neutral unconservative risk approach is taken, the projected operating cost would amount to $7, 400, and the carbon emissions would reach 58 tCO2. Implementing a risk-averse strategy results in a 21% decrease in CVaR, leading to a 24% rise in operating expenses and a 20% decline in emissions. Furthermore, implementing a robust approach to regulation services leads to a 34 */day increase in operational expenses compared to the cautious and conservative strategy. |
| Keywords: | P2X conversion, Multi Energy Grid, Energy storage, Multi-objective optimization, Cost-effective |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14616433 |
| By: | Sandra Eickmeier; Luba Petersen |
| Abstract: | As central banks, including the European Central Bank (ECB), adopt climate-related responsibilities, gauging public support becomes essential. Drawing on a June 2023 Bundesbank household survey, we find that 69% of households report increased trust in the ECB due to its climate actions, valuing the institution's broader scope and concern. While 17% and 20% of households express concerns over risks to price stability or independence, 23% believe climate engagement reinforces the ECB's core objectives. An information intervention indicates minimal impact on household inflation expectations, suggesting a disconnect between institutional trust and inflation outlooks. An internal survey reveals that central bankers accurately gauge trust impacts but tend to overestimate effects on inflation expectations. Overall, our findings indicate broad public support for the ECB’s climate initiatives. |
| JEL: | C93 D84 E59 E7 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33103 |
| By: | Mohebbian, Mana |
| Abstract: | This report investigates the feasibility of developing a holistic indicator to assess and communicate the social sustainability and quality of life in Vancouver. Despite the availability of various specific metrics, there is a noted absence of a comprehensive framework that integrates these metrics to provide a singular, actionable view of the city's progress towards its social sustainability goals. The City of Vancouver currently employs 45 population-level indicators under its Healthy City Strategy, demonstrating the city's commitment to transparent and data-driven governance. However, these indicators, while effective individually, do not collectively provide a complete picture of the city's overall health across various dimensions such as public health, housing, education, and environmental sustainability. The aim of this research was to identify a holistic indicator that encompasses multiple dimensions of social sustainability to simplify assessments and improve strategic planning. Through a desktop review of 70 existing indicators and consultations with experts, two models were identified as particularly promising: the Greater London Authority's (GLA) Wellbeing and Sustainability Measure, and the City of Calgary's Equity Index (CEI). These models offer robust frameworks that prioritize equity, accessibility, and stakeholder involvement, aligning closely with Vancouver's urban development goals. This work highlights the need for an overarching metric that reflects the interdependencies among various domains, ensuring that progress in one area does not undermine another. By leveraging insights from this research, Vancouver can enhance its policy implementation and community engagement, moving closer to achieving a balanced and sustainable urban environment. The proposed holistic indicator will also support the city in benchmarking against other urban centers and refining its strategic initiatives based on quantifiable metrics. |
| Date: | 2024–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:dmqbr |
| By: | Zattler, Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and meeting global climate targets will necessitate unprecedented levels of investment, particularly in developing countries. A substantial portion of this investment must be sourced from the private sector, given the scale of the financial requirements and the limitations of public funding. Ever since gathering in Addis Ababa for the Third International Conference on Financing for Development in 2015, the international community has held lofty ambitions in this regard. The event set out to mobilise private sector investment on a scale of "billions to trillions". So far, that aspiration has remained a mere pipe dream. For this to change, a greater focus needs to be placed on increasing the mobilisation rate (i.e., mobilising more private finance for each dollar of concessional finance). Further effort is also needed to establish a more enabling environment for private investment. In that respect, climate-related transformation offers the greatest opportunity. This approach is especially relevant for countries in fiscal and debt distress. This paper builds on experts' recommendations which have converged in recent times. The G20 Independent Expert Group (IEG) emphasise that in emerging and developing economies (EMDEs), the essential building blocks on which markets are founded are often lacking. They argue for working more "as a system" by using all available support instruments coherently and by aligning this support as much as possible with the policies of partner governments. Experts also call for more efficient use of blended finance and smarter risk taking, for example by developing new (aggregated) financial products. While these proposals are crucial, some questions remain unanswered. In particular, the trade-offs are often not spelt out nor is it always clear what such proposals would mean for the business and operational models of development finance institutions (DFIs), encompassing corporate objectives, budgets, and incentive structures. This paper also outlines the main challenges linked to implementation, including how to function more "as a system" (e.g., between sovereign and non-sovereign lenders), how to align donors more closely with the policies and investment programmes of partner governments, and how to better balance blended finance approaches with the support for policy reforms enabling private sector investment. The paper explores how to use policy-based lending (PBL) more efficiently to improve market conditions (and avoid the building up of more debt through blended finance), how to strengthen blended finance policies, and how to increase the lending capacity of development banks through smarter risk taking. It is essential to acknowledge that the approach outlined in this paper is not intended as a prescriptive blueprint. While undoubtedly ambitious, it should be adopted selectively, based on available opportunities and specific country contexts. Nevertheless, the proposals presented in this paper warrant serious consideration and should be pursued wherever feasible. This paper outlines how shareholders can take these proposals forward in the boardrooms of national and, in particular, international development banks. The first step should be to foster dialogue with the relevant management teams to agree on an implementation plan. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, international financial system, development financing and public finance, green economy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:305252 |
| By: | Marivoet, Wim; Hema, Aboubacar |
| Abstract: | The objective of this analysis is to gain more insight into the coping behavior of households in Chad when facing covariate shocks and stressors of different kinds. To achieve this, we rely on a unique dataset, which consists of eleven waves of cross-sectional household data combined with an extensive list of shock indicators compiled from external sources. Apart from a detailed profiling of both dimensions, this analysis relies on a data mining algorithm to uncover interesting associations between covariate shocks and coping strategies. Among the main findings of this study is the pronounced diversity in shock and coping profiles observed across time and place, which in turn complicates any straightforward identification of common and consistent patterns in household coping behavior. This said, political violence has increased until 2022 and then fell back; food prices hiked in 2022 and 2023; rainy seasons were underperforming in 2021 and 2023; extreme weather events reached a peak in 2022; while four departments in 2023 suffered from four distinct shock domains at the same time. While coping prevalence and coping intensity are roughly aligned over time, they are only weakly correlated in geographical terms in 2023. Further, the biggest change in people’s coping behavior involves keeping children from school when confronted with severe political violence coupled with severe climate change and light seasonal performance shocks – while many distinct combinations apply for different subpopulations. Finally, this analysis also very much reveals the need for additional research on the same integrated and enhanced dataset. |
| Keywords: | shock; households; violence; conflicts; food prices; extreme weather events; schools; climate change; food security; Africa; Chad |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158285 |
| By: | Patricio Goldstein (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Timothy Freeman; Alejandro Rueda-Sanz; Shreyas Gadgin Matha; Sarah Bui; Nidhi Rao; Timothy Cheston (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Sebastian Bustos (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | The Colombian Amazon faces the dual challenge of low economic growth and high deforestation. High rates of deforestation in Colombia have led to a perceived trade-off between economic development and protecting the forest. However, we find little evidence of this trade-off: rising deforestation is not associated with higher economic growth. In fact, the forces of deforestation of some of the world’s most complex biodiversity are driven by some of the least complex economic activities, like cattle-ranching, whose subsistence-level incomes are unable to meet the economic ambitions for the region. All the while, the majority of the Amazonian departments’ population works in non-forested cities and towns, at a distance from the agriculture frontier that forms the “arc of deforestation.” The relative urbanization of the Amazonian departments, despite the vast land mass available, recognizes that prosperity is achieved through close social-economic interactions to expand the knowledge set available to be able to produce more, and more complex activities. Achieving economic goals therefore relies on creating new productive opportunities in non-forested, urban areas. |
| Keywords: | Colombia, Peru, Amazon Rainforest, deforestation |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:210 |
| By: | Timothy Cheston (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Patricio Goldstein (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Timothy Freeman; Alejandro Rueda-Sanz; Ricardo Hausmann (Harvard's Growth Lab); Shreyas Gadgin Matha; Sebastian Bustos (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Eduardo Lora (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Sarah Bui; Nidhi Rao |
| Abstract: | Does economic prosperity in the Colombian Amazon require sacrificing the forest? This research compendium of a series of studies on the Colombian Amazon finds the answer to this question is no: the perceived trade-off between economic growth and forest protection is a false dichotomy. The drivers of deforestation and prosperity are distinct – as they happen in different places. Deforestation occurs at the agricultural frontier, in destroying some of the world’s most complex biodiversity by some of the least economically complex activities, particularly cattle-ranching. By contrast, the economic drivers in the Amazon are its urban areas often located far from the forest edge, including in non-forested piedmont regions. These cities offer greater economic complexity by accessing a wider range of productive capabilities in higher-income activities with little presence of those activities driving deforestation. Perhaps the most underappreciated facet of life in each of the three Amazonian regions studied, Caquetá, Guaviare, and Putumayo, is that the majority of people live in urban areas. This is a telling fact of economic geography: that even in the remote parts of the Amazon, people want to come together to live in densely populated areas. This corroborates the findings of our global research over the past two decades that prosperity results from expanding the productive capabilities available locally to diversify production to do more, and more complex, activities. |
| Keywords: | Colombia, Amazon rain forest |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:207 |
| By: | Christian de Boissieu |
| Abstract: | La transition énergétique et écologique (TEE) est inéluctable, souhaitable et désormais acceptée au plan mondial. Mais le financement de cette transition demeure fort incertain. L’objet de ce Policy Paper est d’analyser les besoins de financement à considérer, et de passer en revue les différents canaux financiers possibles. Des pistes ont déjà été lancées, des procédures et des instruments sont mis en place, mais tout cela reste insuffisant. Il va falloir combiner un grand nombre de solutions, lesquelles vont exiger des innovations financières, l’application élargie des critères ESG, une adaptation de certaines réglementations bancaires et financières et plus de coopération internationale. Pour conclure, cet article propose un certain nombre de recommandations pour faciliter le financement de la TEE. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pp_08-23 |
| By: | Hidrobo, Melissa; Mueller, Valerie; Bryan, Elizabeth; Nesbitt-Ahmed, Zahrah; Läderach, Peter; Roy, Shalini |
| Abstract: | Women and girls (WGs) have important roles in making agrifood systems more climate-resilient. However, systematic inequalities in access to resources, technologies, information, services, and networks reduce their capacity to adapt to and mitigate climate change – with implications for the wellbeing of WGs and their households and the sustainability of agrifood systems. With growing recognition that social protection helps promote WGs’ resilience in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at large scale, stakeholders are interested in developing social protection programs that are responsive to both climate change and gender inequality. However, little is known about effective approaches. We reflect on emerging evidence on how social assistance –the most prevalent type of social protection programming in many LMICs – affects WGs’ coping, adaptive, and mitigative responses to climate hazards. Drawing on this evidence, we propose recommendations on program design features that may more effectively promote WGs’ roles in climate-resilient agrifood systems. We additionally highlight important directions for future research to guide practice. |
| Keywords: | social protection; climate resilience; gender equality; agrifood systems; developing countries; women |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158201 |
| By: | Iselin, John; McCulloch, Sean; Ryan, Erica |
| Abstract: | Liu et al. (2023) examines the effect of climate change on labor allocation in India over a long time span. The authors find that rising temperatures are correlated with lower shares of workers in non agricultural sectors. They also identify a likely mechanism: falling agricultural productivity leads to a reduction in demand for non-agricultural goods or services, leading to a reduction in labor demand in non-agricultural sectors. We undertake a reproduction and extension of Liu et al. (2023), and find that we are able to computationally reproduce all the numbers produced by the authors up to marginal differences in the calculation of standard errors. We describe a set of data issues that hindered full reproduction of the original dataset, and, in one case, contradicts a claim of data availability made by the authors. Finally, we test the robustness of the main results to a more consistent use of fixed effects and the use of Poisson regression, following Chen and Roth (2024). The Poisson regression approach does not alter the results, but in several of the new fixed effects specifications the author's original results are less conclusive and lose statistical significance. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:180 |
| By: | Wendt, Charlotte; Kosin, Dominick; Adam, Martin; Benlian, Alexander |
| Abstract: | The growing adoption of smart meters enables the measurement of households' energy consumption, influenced not solely by building characteristics such as thermal insulation but also by residents' behavioural patterns, such as heating and ventilation practices. To motivate residents to adopt more sustainable behaviours, user interfaces on smartphones and laptops are increasingly using consumption data from households' smart meters to enable effective goal‐setting. In contrast to previous research largely focusing on goal‐setting in isolation, this study examines the role of specific social comparison‐related design features that future research and practitioners can consider along with goal‐setting to stimulate sustainable behaviours. Specifically, we look into the influence of residents' perception of their relative performance (i.e., whether their behaviour was better or worse than a reference group) on their ambition to act (i.e., targeted improvement goal) and their actual energy consumption behaviour. Moreover, we investigate the influence of a goal's evaluative standard (i.e., whether the goal refers to one's own or other's performance) on the relationship between relative performance, ambition to act, and energy consumption behaviour. Drawing on social comparison theory, we conducted a framed field experiment with 152 households. We find that a goal's evaluative standard influences residents' awareness of their relative performance, affecting their ambition to act and, ultimately, their energy consumption behaviour. More specifically, we find that whereas other‐ (vs. self‐) referencing goals encourage residents from worse‐than‐average performing households more strongly to improve their energy consumption behaviour, they discourage better‐than‐average ones. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the interplay between relative performance and evaluative standards as a means of fostering social comparison in smart meter‐facilitated goal‐setting, highlighting their crucial role in effectively supporting sustainable behaviours. |
| Date: | 2024–11–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:150428 |
| By: | Hambur Wang |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of industrial agglomeration on land use intensification in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration. Utilizing spatial econometric models, we conduct an empirical analysis of the clustering phenomena in manufacturing and producer services. By employing the Location Quotient (LQ) and the Relative Diversification Index (RDI), we assess the degree of industrial specialization and diversification in the YRD. Additionally, Global Moran's I and Local Moran's I scatter plots are used to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of land use intensification. Our findings indicate that industrial agglomeration has complex effects on land use intensification, showing positive, negative, and inverted U-shaped impacts. These synergistic effects exhibit significant regional variations across the YRD. The study provides both theoretical foundations and empirical support for the formulation of land management and industrial development policies. In conclusion, we propose policy recommendations aimed at optimizing industrial structures and enhancing land use efficiency to foster sustainable development in the YRD region. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.19304 |
| By: | Cruzatti C., John (ISS, Erasmus University Rotterdam); Rieger, Matthias (ISS, Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | A substantial share of the world's children reside in disaster-prone areas and suffer from stunted growth. Child growth in the first 1000 days of life can falter depending on health endowments and investments. We investigate growth faltering and catch-up in children exposed to comparable earthquakes in utero. Our analysis leverages within cluster or mother variation, controls for temporal trends, and utilizes a global sample of localized data spanning several decades. On average, we document modest adverse effects on children's height that are more pronounced when earthquakes are more unexpected and higher in magnitude. These average effects, however, conceal negative short-term effects and posterior recovery mechanisms via parental health investments, economic recouping, and foreign aid, which facilitate subsequent catch-up growth of children. We discuss our findings and contributions within the literature on child health and disasters, which has largely been confined to single-country studies. |
| Keywords: | child health, natural disasters, global evidence, local data, aid |
| JEL: | I15 I18 J13 O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17372 |
| By: | Clark, Callie; Ozturk, Ayse Tugba; Hong, Preston; Gonzalez, Marta C. PhD; Moura, Scott J. PhD |
| Abstract: | Public electric vehicle (EV) chargers are unevenly distributed in California with respect to income, race and education-levels. This creates inequitable access to electric mobility especially for low-income communities of color, which. are less likely to have access to home charging stations. These vulnerable communities are also more likely to be located in areas with poor air quality and would therefore benefit from EV adoption. Currently programs exist in California that fund incentives for public EV chargers in “Disadvantaged Communities” but the process for identifying these communities does not consider key characteristics such as housing type, potential for local emission reduction, and the degree of access to private chargers that would maximize economic benefits to these areas and the state. This study develops a model-based tool that incorporates key additional information to predict economic benefits and health impacts to local communities to guide the location of public charging infrastructure. This tool will improve the equitable distribution of public funds by identifying three types of expected benefits: economic benefit to EV owners/users, economic benefit to infrastructure operators, and greenhouse gas and PM2.5 emission reductions. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Electric vehicle charging, social equity, disadvantaged communities, economic benefits, public health, greenhouse gases |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3jb779n1 |
| By: | Elisabet Roca Bosch (UPC - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya = Université polytechnique de Catalogne [Barcelona]); Samuel Rufat (CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Elsa Giffard (UPC - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya = Université polytechnique de Catalogne [Barcelona]); Victor Santoni (CY - CY Cergy Paris Université) |
| Abstract: | A key challenge lies in understanding why individuals fail to adopt adaptive behaviours despite the increasing availability of hazard information. This conference addressed a critical gap in the field of risk perception and adaptive behaviour. The current landscape suffers from fragmentation, with numerous independent case studies lacking a unified theoretical framework. This hinders comparability and generalizability of findings across various contexts and scales, thereby limiting the effectiveness of policy and risk management recommendations. The prevalent reliance on socio-psychological theories and methodological individualism within past research designs restricts the focus on broader socioecological processes and the crucial role of socio-cultural context in shaping risk perception. A more diverse theoretical foundation is necessary to facilitate cross-validation of case studies and a deeper understanding of risk across different contexts. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Mitigation, Disaster, Response, Disaster management, Hazard, Risk perception, Behaviour, Risk, Social vulnerability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04740564 |
| By: | Mark Colas; Emmett Reynier |
| Abstract: | We study the optimal design of income-contingent subsidies for residential solar panels. Using remotely sensed data on solar panel installations across the contiguous US and a border-discontinuity design, we estimate that the responsiveness of installation rates to subsidies is strongly decreasing in income. Using these empirical elasticities, we estimate a model that embeds a solar panel installation decision into a dynamic consumption/savings framework with borrow-ing constraints. Counterfactual simulations reveal that switching to production-maximizing income-contingent subsidies leads to a three-fold increase in public funds received by low-income households and a 2.4% increase in national solar production. Means-tested subsidies are justified on both equity and efficiency grounds. |
| Keywords: | rooftop solar, subsidies, renewable energy |
| JEL: | H21 H23 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11378 |
| By: | Estrin, Saul; Hu, Yuan; Shapiro, Daniel; Zhang, Peng |
| Abstract: | Theory and evidence from developed economies suggests that innovation activities benefit from agglomeration economies associated with urban economic density. However, despite the fact that eighteen of the world’s top twenty cities are in developing countries, we do not know whether agglomeration affects innovation in the same way in developing countries. We propose that, while there are still agglomeration benefits, the development path followed by cities in developing countries also creates significant agglomeration costs and these act to limit innovation. We build a unique database to measure consistently both urban economic density and innovation across a large number of developing countries. Based on geospatial information, we combine data on nightlights at the city level to proxy urban density with information on innovation activity at the firm level. We find that in developing countries, as urban economic density increases, innovation first increases and then begins to decrease beyond a certain point, with the decline being most prominent in the largest cities. That is, the largest cities in developing countries are not able to act as sustainable sources of innovation. Cities in developing countries therefore display different patterns of agglomeration from those documented in the literature focused on developed countries. Our analysis explores the relationship between UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9 which fosters innovation, and SDG 11 which promotes sustainable and resilient cities. Our results suggest the importance of addressing urban agglomeration costs as a means to facilitate innovative activity. |
| Keywords: | innovation; nightlights; urban agglomeration; sustainable cities; developing countries; World Bank Enterprise Surveys |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125983 |
| By: | M. Scott Taylor |
| Abstract: | This paper generalizes the original Brander and Taylor model of open-access renewable resource use and trade to address three common critiques. First, I introduce heterogeneity across agents in harvesting productivity to smooth out the model's extreme specialization patterns while maintaining its Ricardian structure and tractability. Second, I move beyond the original assumption of open access by constructing a policy stringency function allowing for partial, first-best, and endogenous resource policy. Third, by exploiting the smooth substitution possibilities generated by agent heterogeneity and the insight that policy stringency functions are likely to vary across countries, I show how the model's core predictions can be evaluated using empirical methods related to those in growth econometrics. |
| JEL: | F11 F18 F64 Q20 Q27 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33113 |
| By: | Mahdi Goldani |
| Abstract: | The GCC region includes Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman, which are of critical geopolitical and economic importance, being rich in oil and positioned along vital maritime routes. However, the region faces complex security challenges, ranging from traditional threats like interstate conflicts to nontraditional risks such as cyber-attacks, piracy, and environmental concerns. This study investigates the safety and security index for six GCC countries using machine learning techniques, specifically XGBoost, to forecast security trends for the next five years. Data from the Global Peace Index and World Bank development indicators were employed to construct the model. Key indicators related to economic, political, and environmental factors were selected using the Edit Distance on Real Sequence feature selection method. The model demonstrated high accuracy, with a mean absolute percentage error of less than 10% across all countries. The results indicate that Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are likely to experience improvements in their safety and security indexes. At the same time, Kuwait and Oman may face challenges in maintaining their current levels of security. The findings suggest that economic diversification, environmental sustainability, and social stability are critical for ensuring long-term security in the region. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers in designing proactive strategies to address emerging security threats. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.21511 |
| By: | Mwombeki, Wiston; Dijkxhoorn, Youri; de Steenhuijsen Piters, Bart |
| Abstract: | This report describes the results of expert and stakeholder consultations held from 10 to 13 June 2024, organized by the One CGIAR program on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH). The exercise aimed to explore the future role of fruits and vegetables in the Tanzanian food system. These crops are important to healthy diets and generate income for value chain actors. It is, therefore, important to understand which trends and uncertainties may shape their role in future food systems and what actors can do to steer developments in the desired direction. The report explains the approach to such foresight analysis and describes the current state of fruit and vegetables in the Tanzanian food system with a focus on the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. Alternative futures are explored regarding their consequences and options for anticipatory policy and stakeholder engagement. |
| Keywords: | food systems; fruits; vegetables; healthy diets; Africa; Eastern Africa; Tanzania |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158286 |
| By: | Hamza Mjahed |
| Abstract: | The North Sea has been an important energy hub for many European countries for centuries. It is home to many natural resources, from oil and natural gas, to wind and wave energy, making it a powerhouse of energy production. In recent decades, the North Sea has seen significant investment in energy infrastructure and innovation, allowing many of these resources to be harnessed and used to supply energy to much of Europe. Furthermore, the North Sea has become more important for European energy security in the context of the volatility in global energy markets and European efforts to decouple from Russian fossil fuels. The North Sea is thus bound to play a vital role in the future of European energy security, with a large number of projects set to come online in the coming years, providing a significant boost to energy production. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pb_09_23 |
| By: | Witkowska-Dąbrowska , Mirosława Teresa; Sęk, Robert |
| Abstract: | Excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture causes environmental pollution problems around the world. The purpose of the study was to assess the state of farmers’ knowledge of the regulations on the implementation of cross-compliance in terms of the implementation of the nitrate program. The empirical part of the study was drawn up on the basis of a pilot survey conducted in 2022 in the Kolno municipality. The research was carried out on a randomly selected minimum required sample of 65 respondents (farmers). The analyses of the responses presented took into account the age and education of the respondents. The relationship between the state of knowledge and education was confirmed by the chi-square test. To achieve the purpose of the study, a hypothesis was put forward, such as that farmers, although aware of the need to comply with cross-compliance, have gaps in their knowledge of the specific rules of conduct. Based on the results of the study, it was found that younger farmers showed greater knowledge of cross-compliance in the context of the nitrate program, but the best results were found in the group of younger but experienced farmers, starting from the age of 30. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–06–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:344433 |
| By: | Obregon, Carlos |
| Abstract: | The main thesis in this manuscript is that a social choice theory based on aggregating individual preferences and values is insufficient to confront the social choices that today’s world is facing. It is defended in here that institutions play a critical role in any social choice, and that the solutions required for today’s global problems necessarily require strengthening the international institutions. In part one of the book, it is shown that socio-economic choices can never be only the consequence of aggregating individuals’ preferences + values and that institutions play a decisive role. Part two of the book extends the results of part one to socio-political choices, and it is shown that they also include the critical role of institutions. It is shown that the design of the international institutional arrangement will be critical for the solutions for global poverty, underdevelopment, financial stability, global health issues, global climate, international crime, and global peace. |
| Keywords: | social choice, theory, individual preferences, values, institutions, global problems, socio-economic, political choices, poverty, underdevelopment, financial stability, global health, global climate, international crime, global peace |
| JEL: | F0 F00 F01 F02 F2 F20 F22 F3 F30 F31 F33 F36 F37 F50 F51 F53 G0 G00 G01 G02 G1 G10 G15 G19 G20 H00 H30 I00 I10 I11 I12 I13 I15 M00 |
| Date: | 2023–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122458 |
| By: | Alexandra den Heijer; Neva Wardenaar; Jasmine Bacani; Monique Arkesteijn |
| Abstract: | Knowledge transfer in campus management has a decades-long history in the Netherlands, ever since the Dutch (research) universities became owners of their university buildings and land in the nineties. The shared challenges have urged universities to join forces and exchange insights about their solutions. One of those pressing challenges has been sustainability. Since 2008, long-term agreements on energy-efficiency have become effective in the Netherlands for various sectors. Higher education was one of these sectors and - as a result - universities have developed sustainable visions and road maps for their campuses. At the same time, universities started to improve inter-university knowledge exchange, in general and about sustainability in particular.Knowledge transfer from theory to practice, from practice to practice, and from practice back to theory, has built a knowledge base with scientific and societal relevance and benefits for academia and professional campus management. Over the years, inter-university networks have given many new and valuable insights to support (sustainable) campus decision making. This presentation/paper combines findings from past campus research with new findings - from Neva Wardenaar's research - about the different existing networks, drivers, barriers, and tools of knowledge sharing between universities, providing an answer to the main research question: “How can inter-university knowledge transfer support university campus managers to achieve the universities’ sustainability goals?”. Wardenaar's research also served as exploratory research for (and before) the larger inter-university Campus NL research (2023-2027) by TU Delft's Campus Research Team.Through an extensive literature review, ten in-depth semi-structured interviews, strategy-analysis, and observations, Wardenaar's research concludes that universities have similar (sustainability) goals and that, by working together, they might accelerate the (decision-making) process of achieving these goals. Collectively, universities can acquire more funds, receive more guidance and get insights into what others are doing. This research provides an overview of the barriers and drivers of knowledge transfer that campus managers (working on the energy transition) are experiencing and contributes to the debate of knowledge transfer and (sustainable) campus management, with lessons beyond Campus NL. |
| Keywords: | barriers and drivers; Campus Management; Knowledge Transfer; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-247 |
| By: | Marivoet, Wim; Hema, Aboubacar |
| Abstract: | The objective of this analysis is to gain more insight into the coping behavior of households in Mali when facing covariate shocks and stressors of different kinds. To achieve this, we rely on a unique dataset, which consists of eleven waves of cross-sectional household data combined with an extensive list of shock indicators compiled from external sources. Apart from a detailed profiling of both dimensions, this analysis relies on a data mining algorithm to uncover interesting associations between covariate shocks and coping strategies. Among the main findings of this study is the pronounced diversity in shock and coping profiles observed across time and place, which in turn complicates any straightforward identification of common and consistent patterns in household coping behavior. This said, political violence has increased over time; food prices hiked in 2018, 2022 and 2023; rainy seasons were underperforming in 2021 and 2023; extreme weather events reached a peak in 2021; while the Gao region in 2023 suffered from all five shock domains at the same time. While fewer households resorted to coping over time, those who did combined slightly more strategies – which either points to increased inequality or generalized depletion of coping potential. Further, poor and erratic weather conditions appear to be important triggers for households to disinvest in farming and livestock activities, with food secure people being more inclined to resort to emergency coping when shocks prevail. This analysis also very much reveals the need for additional research on the same integrated and enhanced dataset. |
| Keywords: | households; shock; violence; conflicts; food prices; extreme weather events; farming systems; livestock; food security; Western Africa; Mali |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158282 |
| By: | Mitchodigni-Houndoloa, Irene Medeme; Iruhiriyeb, Elyse; Egahc, Janvier; Afed, Ogouyôm Herbert Iko; Madoded, Yann Emeric; Ayenana, Mathieu A.T; Salaoue, Abdou Mouizz; Videglaf, Euloge; Schreinemachersg, Pepijn; Pitersh, Bart de Steenhuijsen |
| Abstract: | Fruits and vegetables (F&V) share health benefits due to common phytochemicals (e.g., phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids), vitamins (e.g., vitamin C, folate, pro-vitamin A), minerals (e.g., potassium, calcium, magnesium) and fibers (Kalmpourtzidou et al, 2020). According to World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines (2003), the recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables is at least 400 g/day (WHO & FAO, 2003). Unfortunately, F&V intake is far below this recommendation, and the situation is alarming, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (CGIAR, 2021). Poor diets are a primary cause of malnutrition and the leading cause of non-communicable disease (NCD) worldwide. Improving diets, including F&V intake, could save one in five lives annually. However, the extent and nature of the problem are poorly understood due to insufficient dietary data, particularly in LMICs. Increasing F&V intake will require starting with consumers, understanding dietary patterns, and addressing desirability, accessibility, affordability, and availability barriers through cost-effective solutions using the end-to-end approach. Solutions to the intractable problem of low F&V intake must be multifaceted and interconnected, requiring a holistic end-to-end approach such as the approach undertaken by the FRESH Initiative. This report describes the results of expert and stakeholder consultations held from 4 to 8 March 2024, organized by the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH). The exercise aimed to explore the future role of fruits and vegetables in Benin's food system. These crops are critically important to healthy diets and generate income to value chain actors. It is, therefore, important to understand which trends and uncertainties may shape the future food system and what actors can do to steer developments in the desired direction. In this report, the approach to such foresight analysis is explained, as well as the current state of fruits and vegetables in Benin's food system. Alternative futures are explored regarding their consequences and options for anticipatory policy and stakeholder engagement. |
| Keywords: | fruits; vegetables; phytochemicals; vitamins; minerals; food consumption; malnutrition; non-communicable diseases; diet quality; value chains; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Africa; Benin |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:158284 |
| By: | Djedjiga KACHENOURA,; David CHETBOUN,; Marine LAGARDE,; Laurent MÉLÈRE,; Damien SERRA |
| Abstract: | In 2015, in the run-up to COP16 in Paris, the speech by Mark Carney, then Governor of the Bank of England and mandated by the G20's Financial Stability Board, made history. He warned of the importance of financial climate risks for the stability of financial institutions and the financial system as a whole. The political burden of transition was left to governments, provided it was orderly, while the responsibility for stability fell to regulators and central banks. Finance”, informed by extra-financial disclosure regimes, would drive demand as a provider of capital. These disclosure regimes were to be initiated by private players and supported by regulators. Mr. Carney feared, however, that they would lack coherence, comparability and clarity. Since then, these schemes have proliferated, covering both risks and the alignment of financial flows with the Paris Agreement. Nevertheless, this “theory of change” and the division of responsibilities between players remain unclear and ambiguous. Financial regulators need to work together to make these different regimes interoperable and clarify their objectives. What's more, compliance costs and the disconnection of certain frameworks from national realities are holding back the mobilization of funding, and may lead to the exclusion of the most vulnerable entities, a subject that has received little attention. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–11–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en17553 |
| By: | Jamel Saadaoui (University Paris 8, IEE, LED, Saint-Denis, France); Russell Smyth (Monash University, Department of Economics, Monash Business School, Caulfield, Australia); Joaquin Vespignani (University of Tasmania, Australia Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, Australia & Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Australian National University, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Ensuring a stable supply of critical minerals at reasonable prices is essential for the clean energy transition. The security of supply of critical minerals is particularly susceptible to geopolitical risk. In this paper, we use constant and time-varying parameter local projection (TVP-LP) regression models to examine the effect of geopolitical risk on prices of six critical minerals: aluminium, copper, nickel, platinum, tin and zinc. We propose a conceptual framework in which we make two predictions. The first is that the responsiveness of prices for critical minerals to geopolitical risk will depend on the non-technical risk associated with procuring each critical mineral, which will be reflected in the elasticity of supply. The second is that geopolitical threats will have a bigger effect on critical mineral prices than geopolitical acts. With the exception of platinum prices, which have suffered a downward structural demand side shock associated with the growth of the electric vehicle market, we find empirical support for the first prediction. Our results are also consistent with the second prediction. We find considerable evidence that the effect of geopolitical risk on the prices of critical minerals are time varying with time-varying effects of geopolitical shocks observed during the Gulf War, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the COVID-19 pandemic with the time varying effects generally being stronger for geopolitical threats than geopolitical acts. |
| Keywords: | Critical Minerals, Energy Security, Geopolitical Risk |
| JEL: | C14 Q20 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2024-19 |
| By: | Sulinkhundla Maseko (Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development - University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Selma T Karuaihe (Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development - University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Damien Jourdain (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Evaluating the impact of agricultural practices helps policymakers and farmers in their decisionmaking. In Zambia, most households depend on agricultural activities, in particular maize production. This paper examines the impact of the adoption of residue retention on households' maize yield in northern Zambia. We used the propensity score matching (PSM) method. By using the probit model, we also determined the factors that influence the adoption of residue retention. The results show that adopting residue retention has a positive and significant net effect on household maize yield. Residue retention traps moisture in the soil and improves soil structure. This suggests that a greater focus on this aspect is required to encourage more farmers to adopt residue retention to improve maize yield. Government policies can be structured to promote residue retention among smallholder farmers. |
| Keywords: | impact evaluation propensity score matching residue retention Zambia, impact evaluation, propensity score matching, residue retention, Zambia |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04525209 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Les fluctuations que connaissent les marchés de l'énergie depuis le début de la pandémie de la Covid-19 en 2019/2020 se sont prolongées, avec une incertitude sans précédent, sur l'approvisionnement énergétique mondial, qui s'est développée au cours de 2022 à la suite de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, dans un contexte d'affaiblissement de la macroéconomie et d'inflation élevée. Alors que certains voyaient en ce contexte un risque de ralentissement de la transition énergétique, d’autres y ont vu une opportunité pour s’affranchir des énergies fossiles et accélérer le développement des technologies propres. Ce Policy Brief explore cinq tendances récentes qui sont susceptibles de façonner la transformation du système énergétique en 2023 et met l’accent sur les enjeux des technologies propres qui seront nécessaires pour accélérer la transition vers un avenir plus vert. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaeco:pb_04_23 |
| By: | Wenxiao WANG (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law); Shandre Mugan THANGAVELU (Sunway University, University of Adelaide) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new empirical evidence of city amenities’ role in China’s internal migration using a unique city-level dataset. The results highlight the positive effects of city amenities such as education, public facilities, transportation, environment, and climate conditions in attracting migrant workers to cities. In our study, migrant workers are more likely to move to cities with better education, more public facilities, higher coverage of urban pensions, and a cooler climate with more precipitation. Moreover, they prefer to migrate and live in cities with larger service agglomeration and employment, higher average wages, more job opportunities, and lower house prices. |
| Keywords: | Amenities, Migration, Cities |
| JEL: | F15 F23 |
| Date: | 2024–07–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2024-18 |
| By: | Claudia Serra-Sala; Clàudia Serra-Sala |
| Abstract: | Wind farm development, despite offering global benefits, often encounters local opposition fostered by local negative externalities and uncertain benefits. This study investigates the financial impact of wind farm development on host municipalities using Spanish municipality-level budget data from 1994 to 2022. Results from two-way fixed effect difference-in-difference and event study models show an average 45 percent increase in municipal revenue per capita, funding real investments and current expenditures. This revenue increase, driven by a tax base expansion, is complemented by a rise in capital income and local tax responses in the form of higher tax rates associated with this infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, local public finance, wind power |
| JEL: | H20 R10 Q40 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11283 |
| By: | Djedjiga KACHENOURA,; David CHETBOUN,; Marine LAGARDE,; Laurent MÉLÈRE,; Damien SERRA |
| Abstract: | En 2015, à l’approche de la COP16 à Paris, le discours de Mark Carney, alors gouverneur de la Banque d’Angleterre et mandaté par le Conseil de stabilité financière du G20, a fait date. Il alertait sur l’importance des risques financiers climatiques pour la stabilité des institutions financières et du système financier dans son ensemble. La charge politique de la transition était laissée aux États, à condition qu’elle soit ordonnée, tandis que la responsabilité de la stabilité incombait aux régulateurs et aux banques centrales. La « finance », informée par des régimes de divulgation d’informations extra-financières, allait orienter la demande en tant que pourvoyeur de capital. Ces régimes de divulgation devaient être initiés par les acteurs privés et soutenus par les régulateurs. M. Carney craignait cependant qu’ils manquent de cohérence, de comparabilité et de clarté. Depuis, ces régimes ont proliféré couvrant à la fois les risques et l’alignement des flux financiers sur l’Accord de Paris. Néanmoins, cette « théorie du changement » et la répartition des responsabilités des acteurs demeurent floues et ambiguës. Les régulateurs financiers doivent collaborer pour rendre ces différents régimes inter-opérants et expliciter leurs objectifs. De plus, les coûts de mise en conformité et la déconnexion de certains cadres des réalités nationales freinent la mobilisation des financements et peuvent mener à l’exclusion des entités les plus vulnérables, un sujet peu abordé. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–11–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr17553 |
| By: | Carlo Gallier (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano & Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW)); Axel Ockenfels (University of Cologne & Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods(MPI)); Bodo Sturm (Leipzig University of Applied Sciences & Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW)) |
| Abstract: | Das Pariser Klimaabkommen sieht vor, die globale Erderwärmung auf unter 2°C gegenüber dem vorindustriellen Niveau zu begrenzen. Eine Herausforderung, deren Erfolg von der internationalen Kooperation der Mitgliedsstaaten abhängt und noch in weiter Ferne liegt. In diesem Policy Brief zeigen wir, warum die internationale Klimapolitik stärker auf das Prinzip der Reziprozität setzen sollte, um erfolgreich zu sein. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass es dabei hilfreich sein kann, wenn die Mitgliedsstaaten in kürzeren Abständen über ihre Klimaschutzmaßnahmen entscheiden. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Studie, die zwei Verhandlungsdesigns zur Förderung der globalen Klimakooperation untersucht: Der Ratchet-Up-Mechanismus, der bereits Bestandteil des Pariser Abkommens ist und von den Staaten verlangt, ihre Klimaschutzmaßnahmen schrittweise zu erhöhen. Sowie einen aktuellen Politikvorschlag, der vorsieht, dass die Mitgliedsstaaten häufiger Beitragsentscheidungen treffen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein differenziertes Bild: Häufigere Interaktionen verbessern die Kooperation, aber der Ratchet-Up-Mechanismus hat keinen positiven Effekt. Während häufigere Beitragsentscheidungen ein Umfeld schaffen, in dem gegenseitiges Vertrauen und Kooperation sicherer aufgebaut werden können, erhöht der Ratchet-Up-Mechanismus sogar das Risiko, von Trittbrettfahrern übervorteilt zu werden. Die UN-Klimakonferenz in Baku sollte die Erkenntnisse der Kooperationsforschung stärker als bisher berücksichtigen und insbesondere das Verhandlungsdesign so verändern, dass Reziprozität erleichtert wird. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkpbs:064 |