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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Seymur Garibov; Wadim Strielkowski |
| Abstract: | Climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss are calling for innovative approaches to effective reforestation and afforestation. This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence and remote sensing technologies for optimizing tree planting strategies, estimating labor requirements, and determining space needs for various tree species in Gabala District of Azerbaijan. The study employs YOLOv8 for precise identification of potential planting sites and a Retrieval-Augmented Generation approach, combined with the Gemini API, to provide tailored species recommendations. The methodology incorporates time-series modeling to forecast the impact of reforestation on CO2 emissions reduction, utilizing Holt-Winters for predictions. Our results indicate that the AI model can effectively identify suitable locations and species, offering valuable insights into the potential economic and environmental benefits of large-scale tree planting thus fostering sustainable economic development and helping to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.09136 |
| By: | Thielges, Sonja |
| Abstract: | The United States will play a crucial role in global climate protection in what has been called the "super election year" of 2024. After three-and-a-half years of having scored huge successes in climate protection, President Joe Biden could be succeeded by Donald Trump in January 2025, according to opinion polls. Trump used his first Presidency (2017-2021) to largely reverse the climate protection measures of the previous administration; and he intends to take the same approach if he wins in November. Conservative think tanks have provided him with a detailed blueprint for doing so with the "Mandate for Leadership: The Conservative Promise". Trump's return to the White House would deal a fatal blow to climate protection. Many of the Biden administration's climate policy measures could be scrapped by a second Trump administration. While the future of US climate policy depends largely on the results of the elections to the White House and Congress, an important factor will also be the progress that has been made in the individual US states. |
| Keywords: | Joe Biden, Donald Trump, Kamala Harris, US climate policy, Priority Climate Action Plan (PCAP), Conservative Climate Caucus, Paris Agreement, decarbonization, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), carbon capture and storage (CCS), liquefied natural gas (LNG), fossil fuels, green technologies, renewables |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:304324 |
| By: | Marcin Borsuk (Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Oxford); Nicolas Eugster (UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland); Paul-Olivier Klein (Laboratoire de Recherche Magellan - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Lyon); Oskar Kowalewski (Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences, LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IÉSEG School Of Management [Puteaux]) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between family firms and carbon emissions using a large cross-country dataset of 6600 non-financial firms over the period 2010–2019. We find that family firms emit less carbon than non-family firms, especially after the Paris Agreement. Several factors contribute to this outcome, including governance structure, the degree of family control, R&D spending, and the issuance of green patents. Our study also shows that despite lower carbon emissions, family firms have lower environmental scores, primarily due to their reduced public commitment to emission reduction. Both environmental scores and carbon emissions increase when non-family CEOs are appointed and when family ownership decreases, indicating that agency conflicts may influence these outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emission, ESG Governance, Family firms, Greenwashing, Climate change |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04710120 |
| By: | Sandrine Michel (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lauren Caquant; François Benhmad (MRE - Montpellier Recherche en Economie - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The anthropogenic nature of GHG emissions is now accepted. Standards, taxes and markets: economists put forward a variety of instruments to fight against climate warming. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol institutionalized market instruments to tackle climate change. A market for emissions permits would offer several advantages. It would provide a price signal to economic agents, which would be the best way to ensure effective decentralized decision-making for the energy transition. In a quantitatively constrained system of quotas, it would also enable pollution control efforts to be shared out, minimizing the collective costs of reducing emissions (Crocker 1966, Dales 1968, Montgomerry 1972). In 2005, the European Commission created the first binding carbon market (De Perthuis 2008). The European Emission Trading System (EU-ETS) is a market for tradable emissions permits that sets national caps on CO2 emissions (Gollier & Tirole, 2015), divided between different installations. For each, carbon quota holders must arbitrate between investing in clean production modes, buying quotas on the EU ETS to ensure compliance, or holding them for a later period. From the outset, the power generation sector received the majority of allocations (Cartel et al. 2017). This production emits a significant amount of CO2, which varies according to the quantity produced and the fuel used. We also note that electricity prices now include European capacities, which are part of the interconnected grid. In this context, European prices are still largely dependent on the price of fossil fuels, which play a major role in national power mixes, but also on the price of carbon. French electricity prices are linked to the European electricity market, and therefore to the electricity mixes of the other countries in the zone. This is why, despite a highly decarbonized energy mix, the question of its potential sensitivity to the EU ETS price signal is open. With European interconnection, the price of allowances on the EU-ETS market could be reflected in the price of French electricity, and in its expectations on futures markets. If this were the case, then the highly institutional nature of the electricity and carbon markets would have enabled price formation, capable of supporting the decarbonization of European electricity mixes, wherever the electrons are consumed. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Environment, Energy Demand, Energy Supply, Prices, EU ETS |
| Date: | 2024–06–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04723704 |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Ralf Martin; Mirabelle Muûls; Ulrich J. Wagner |
| Abstract: | Ever since the European Union created its market-based carbon policy, governments and businesses have been keen to assess its impact. Jonathan Colmer, Ralf Martin, Mirabelle Muûls and Ulrich Wagner explain why analysing the effectiveness of such policies can be complex - and why hard proof that carbon markets can achieve what they set out to do is scarce. |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions, centre for climate finance and investment, clean energy, climate change, climate finance, coal, economics, environment, finance, green finance |
| Date: | 2024–10–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:692 |
| By: | Dirk Broeders; Daniel Dimitrov; Niek Verhoeven |
| Abstract: | Climate-linked bonds, issued by governments and supranational organizations, play a crucial role in achieving a net-zero economy. These bonds adjust their payoffs based on climate variables such as temperature and greenhouse gas levels, offering investors a hedge against long-term climate risks. They also signal government commitment to climate action and incentivize stronger policies. The price differential between climate-linked and nominal bonds reflects market expectations of climate risks. This paper introduces a model of climate hedging and estimates that approximately three percent of government debt in major economies could be converted into climate-linked bonds. |
| Keywords: | climate-linked bonds; climate risk; contingent claims; pricing green finance |
| JEL: | E58 G12 G13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:817 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | It is estimated that $1 trillion to $6 trillion per year (up to 2050) needs to be invested globally if the world is to stay below the 2°C global warming ceiling of the Paris Agreement and to meet its adaptation goals. Currently, investments stand at about $630 billion per year, way below the original target. And although great efforts have been made in the climate-finance area, more than 70% of the funds deployed have gone to one sector, renewable energy, followed by the transportation sector. The agriculture sector has been severely underfunded, even though it produces 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This leaves the most vulnerable communities at risk as the effects of climate change are already impacting this sector intensely. In this policy brief, four principles are proposed as a foundation when deploying funds into climate-change mitigation and adaptation projects: equity, creativity, impact, and transparency. Climate finance has an enormous potential to make bigger impacts when the right principles are applied. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_20_23 |
| By: | Kola Akinsomi; Oguntona Olusegun; Andersson Magnus; Lundin Andrea |
| Abstract: | Several works have investigated sustainable communities globally. Turner-Skoff and Nicole Cavender (2019) examine the role of trees and their role for people and the planet. Their study shows that trees are essential for healthy communities and people, and they benefit and can help cities meet 15 of the 17 United Nations sustainable development goals. Schweizer-Ries (2008) examines the role of energy sustainability and the environmental and psychological aspects of the change in energy supply and demand. The paper examines energy-sustainable communities and examines a case study as an example of a community in Germany. Duxbury and Jeannotte (2011) discuss the role of culture and sustainable communities and its benefits to people who live in these communities.Therefore, this literature review attempts to fill the gap in the literature on sustainable communities, which are still quite unpopular globally, by examining the best practices in sustainable communities by examining past literature, exploring and having a clearer understanding of how it impacts real estate value. |
| Keywords: | Global climate; real estate; Sustainable communities; Valuation |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-223 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | It is estimated that $1 trillion to $6 trillion per year (up to 2050) needs to be invested globally if the world is to stay below the 2°C global warming ceiling of the Paris Agreement and to meet its adaptation goals. Currently, investments stand at about $630 billion per year, way below the original target. And although great efforts have been made in the climate-finance area, more than 70% of the funds deployed have gone to one sector, renewable energy, followed by the transportation sector. The agriculture sector has been severely underfunded, even though it produces 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This leaves the most vulnerable communities at risk as the effects of climate change are already impacting this sector intensely. In this policy brief, four principles are proposed as a foundation when deploying funds into climate-change mitigation and adaptation projects: equity, creativity, impact, and transparency. Climate finance has an enormous potential to make bigger impacts when the right principles are applied. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbagri:pb_20_23 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | It is estimated that $1 trillion to $6 trillion per year (up to 2050) needs to be invested globally if the world is to stay below the 2°C global warming ceiling of the Paris Agreement and to meet its adaptation goals. Currently, investments stand at about $630 billion per year, way below the original target. And although great efforts have been made in the climate-finance area, more than 70% of the funds deployed have gone to one sector, renewable energy, followed by the transportation sector. The agriculture sector has been severely underfunded, even though it produces 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This leaves the most vulnerable communities at risk as the effects of climate change are already impacting this sector intensely. In this policy brief, four principles are proposed as a foundation when deploying funds into climate-change mitigation and adaptation projects: equity, creativity, impact, and transparency. Climate finance has an enormous potential to make bigger impacts when the right principles are applied. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pb_20_23 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | National and regional visions for the future of water and food security have been at the forefront of sustainability talks. Nevertheless, the role of soil in water and food security and carbon management needs to be highlighted and integrated into these discussions and visions. The dynamic characterization of soil as a medium that accounts for the long-term impact of the agro-environmental conditions is of utmost importance to sustainability of these resources and to sustainable development in general. As the agriculture sector seeks to provide for growing populations by increasing food production, alternative sources of water must be found to alleviate the competition for water with other sectors, including energy and domestic water demand. Alternative sources include grey water, green water, and increasing water productivity for food production. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pb_14-24 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | National and regional visions for the future of water and food security have been at the forefront of sustainability talks. Nevertheless, the role of soil in water and food security and carbon management needs to be highlighted and integrated into these discussions and visions. The dynamic characterization of soil as a medium that accounts for the long-term impact of the agro-environmental conditions is of utmost importance to sustainability of these resources and to sustainable development in general. As the agriculture sector seeks to provide for growing populations by increasing food production, alternative sources of water must be found to alleviate the competition for water with other sectors, including energy and domestic water demand. Alternative sources include grey water, green water, and increasing water productivity for food production. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_14-24 |
| By: | Malancha Chakrabarty; Karim El Aynaoui; Youssef El Jai; Badr Mandri; Manish K Shrivastava |
| Abstract: | This paper was originally published on t20brasil.org In a global context marked by unprecedented economic and environmental challenges, Africa stands at a crossroads. The rapid rise in public debt, coupled with the climate emergency, imposes a dual constraint on the continent's countries, severely limiting their ability to pursue sustainable development and mitigate the effects of climate change. This critical situation calls for innovative and effective solutions capable of transforming obstacles into opportunities for a more resilient and prosperous future. In the face of this reality, it is imperative to rethink traditional financing mechanisms and explore innovative approaches that promote both debt relief and climate action. In this context, Debt-for-Green Swaps are emerging as a promising strategy, offering a viable path to reduce financial vulnerability while accelerating investments in environmental sustainability. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:tf03_st_03 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | National and regional visions for the future of water and food security have been at the forefront of sustainability talks. Nevertheless, the role of soil in water and food security and carbon management needs to be highlighted and integrated into these discussions and visions. The dynamic characterization of soil as a medium that accounts for the long-term impact of the agro-environmental conditions is of utmost importance to sustainability of these resources and to sustainable development in general. As the agriculture sector seeks to provide for growing populations by increasing food production, alternative sources of water must be found to alleviate the competition for water with other sectors, including energy and domestic water demand. Alternative sources include grey water, green water, and increasing water productivity for food production. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbagri:pb_14-24 |
| By: | DORATI Chiara (European Commission - JRC); HORMIGOS FELIU Clara (European Commission - JRC); PERPIÑA CASTILLO Carolina (European Commission - JRC); QUARANTA Emanuele (European Commission - JRC); TAYLOR Nigel (European Commission - JRC); KAKOULAKI Georgia (European Commission - JRC); UIHLEIN Andreas (European Commission - JRC); AUTERI Davide (European Commission - JRC); DIJKSTRA Lewis (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The green energy transition and its boost to the deployment of renewable energy can offer a unique opportunity for rural areas to benefit from their natural resources. The present brief summarise the findings of the previous science for policy report and provide a quantitative assessment of the technical potential of renewable energy sources in the EU’s rural areas, focusing on solar, wind and hydropower. It aims to provide relevant insights into how rural areas and communities can contribute to and benefit from the EU’s green energy transition, without undermining natural and key biodiversity areas, high-value natural farms and food production. The report shows that solar photovoltaic systems in rural areas generate 136TWh a year but have the potential to generate 60 times more (8600TWh/year). Rural areas produce 280TWh a year through onshore wind but have the potential to produce four times more (1200TWh/year). Hydropower production in rural areas yields 280TWh a year, but it could potentially be 25% higher (350TWh/year). The document also addresses the concept of energy communities, as an emerging framework intended to foster a just green transition and community engagement. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138095 |
| By: | Thapa, Manish; Jebin, Sharmin; Ababil, Saify |
| Abstract: | Urban green infrastructure, such as parks and reforestation programs, is critical for building municipal resilience to environmental, social, and economic concerns. The Metro Forest Project in Bangkok shows this by converting an abandoned site into a thriving biological forest utilizing the Miyawaki technique. The PTT Reforestation and Ecology Institute began this initiative, which focuses on using native species to reproduce past landscapes, enhancing biodiversity and ecological resilience. Despite its success, the initiative faces obstacles such as climate change effects, air and water pollution, and obtaining long-term finance. The study's goal is to assess the project's resilience by comparing it to the National Garden of Athens, identifying strengths, flaws, and areas for improvement. The study used diverse research methodologies, including qualitative and quantitative approaches, to examine the resilience of the Metro Forest Project and the National Garden of Athens. Data were gathered from both secondary and primary sources, including literature studies, field trips, and key informant interviews. The data was examined using a contextualized city resilience paradigm that considered social, environmental, economic, and institutional components. This thorough approach gave a full picture of the resilience status of both urban green areas, allowing for a comparative analysis that yielded valuable insights. According to the study, the Metro Forest Project successfully boosted urban biodiversity and resilience through innovative design and community engagement. Due to the limitation of this study, the resilience for sitting in the perspective of a broad urban fabric could not be identified. Some ongoing obstacles have been identified including the need for consistent funding, active community participation, and intensive data gathering to monitor environmental changes. To improve the project's resilience, recommendations include creating a strong data collection system, increasing community participation, improving institutional backing, and performing frequent resilience evaluations. By tackling these issues and using its strengths, the Metro Forest Project can make a substantial contribution to Bangkok's overall resilience programs, supporting a sustainable and livable city environment. |
| Keywords: | Urban Resilience, Green Infrastructure, Public Space, Eco-Friendly Space |
| JEL: | I3 R0 Z0 Z00 |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122419 |
| By: | Michael A Mehling; Geoffroy Dolphin; Robert A Ritz |
| Keywords: | CBAM, carbon pricing, carbon leakage, environment-trade nexus, European Union |
| JEL: | F42 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2416 |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer; Knut Einar Rosendah; Halvor Briseid Storrøsten (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Countries with ambitious climate targets are concerned about carbon leakage to countries with more lenient or no carbon pricing. A common policy measure against leakage is output-based allocation of emissions allowances, whose effectiveness could be further enhanced by consumption taxes levied on the carbon intensity of goods. We combine theoretical and numerical analysis to derive optimal combinations of output-based allocation and consumption taxes for different assumptions on the stringency of emissions reduction targets, the coverage of emissions in regulated sectors, and their trade exposure. A key analytical finding is that output-based allocation and consumption taxes are complements rather than substitutes, i.e., the extent of output-based allocation should be higher if combined with a consumption tax. A key numerical finding is that the optimal output-based allocation and consumption tax rates should be set at almost the same rate and increase substantially with the stringency of the emissions reduction targets. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage; output-based allocation; consumption taxes |
| JEL: | D61 F18 H23 Q54 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:1013 |
| By: | Mohanty, Aatishya (University of Aberdeen); Powdthavee, Nattavudh (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and IZA); Tang, CK (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore); Oswald, Andrew J (University of Warwick, IZA and CAGE) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies natural disasters and the psychological costs of climate change. It presents what we believe to be the first evidence that higher temperature variability and not a higher level of temperature is what predicts natural disasters. This conclusion holds whether or not we control for the (incorrectly signed) impact of temperature. The analysis draws upon longdifferences regression equations using GDIS data from 1960-2018 for 176 countries and the contiguous states of the USA. Results are checked on FEMA data. Wellbeing impact losses are calculated. To our knowledge, the paper’s results are unknown to natural and social scientists. |
| Keywords: | Global warming; temperature standard deviation; human wellbeing; happiness; disasters; BRFSS; WVS JEL Classification: Q54; I31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:725 |
| By: | Mateus Rodrigues; Daniel Da Mata; Vitor Possebom |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of a free-fare transport policy implemented by Brazilian localities on employment and greenhouse gas emissions. Using a staggered difference-in-differences approach, we find that fare-free transit increases employment by 3.2% and reduces emissions by 4.1%, indicating that transport policies can decouple economic activity from environmental damage. Our results are driven by workers transitioning from higher-emission to lower-emission sectors instead of being driven by a decline in private transportation use. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that the costly policy only presents net benefits after considering the tax inflows of the increased economic activity and the benefits of reduced carbon emissions. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.06037 |
| By: | Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel |
| Abstract: | This review examines the pivotal role of government incentives-tax breaks, subsidies, and green bonds- in advancing sustainable construction practices within developing countries. Tax incentives encourage investment in energy-efficient technologies, stimulate innovation, and enhance market competitiveness for eco-friendly buildings. Subsidies provide crucial financial support, making sustainable building materials and practices accessible, particularly in affordable housing initiatives and underserved regions. Green bonds facilitate capital for large-scale sustainable projects, fostering market confidence and scaling up green building technologies. Effective policy integration ensures alignment with national sustainability goals, supported by continuous monitoring and capacity building. This review explores how these incentives collectively promote sustainable development and resilience in the construction sector of developing economies. |
| Keywords: | Tax breaks, subsidies, green bonds, sustainable construction practices, energy efficiency, innovation, affordable housing, economic development, policy integration, capacity building |
| JEL: | H23 O13 O18 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122480 |
| By: | KOWALSKA Malgorzata Agata; PEREZ CAMACHO Maria (European Commission - JRC); FARACA Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Green public procurement (GPP) is a powerful tool to achieve environmental objectives by means of the incorporation of green requirements into public sector purchasing contracts. Public authorities, by promoting “green” purchases, incentivise environmentally beneficial outcomes and foster market innovation as well as the transformation towards a sustainable economy model. In order to “green” the market, it is essential for producers to be able to make certifiable and credible green claims about their products and for customers to know what to ask for. While the EU Ecolabel policy can provide environmental references or standards for the former, the EU GPP policy can provide for the latter. The EU GPP recommendations placed in this document are based on the EU Ecolabel criteria and intend to provide authorities with guidance on how to use ecolabels, and in particular the EU Ecolabel, in the procurement process. This report aims to bring these two policies together in order to find synergies between the supply-side EU Ecolabel policy and the demand-side EU GPP policy – specifically for the procurement of absorbent hygiene products such as baby diapers, sanitary towels, panty liners, tampons, nursing pads, or incontinence products. In addition to a brief introduction to the EU Ecolabel policy, to the EU GPP policy and to procurement procedures as a whole, research is presented to support JRC recommendations to public procurers about exactly what green criteria to set when trying to procure environmentally friendly absorbent hygiene products. The recommended environmental criteria are categorised into the five most appropriate areas (addressed in detail in 9 technical specifications and 10 award criteria) based on their link to the subject matter of the procurement, ease of verification (in cases where there is no EU Ecolabel) and relevance to the environmental impact., as follows: 1. Fluff pulp sourcing and manufacturing (referring to the impacts associated with upstream processes for cellulose fibre sourcing and processing, i.e., emissions and energy consumption); 2. Man-made cellulose fibre sourcing and manufacturing (referring to impacts associated with upstream processes for cellulose fibre sourcing and processing i.e., emissions and viscose process efficiency); 3. Cotton and other cellulose seed fibre sourcing and manufacturing (referring to the impacts associated with upstream processes for cotton fibre sourcing and processing i.e., bleaching); 4. Material efficiency in the production of the final product (in terms of the impact associated with material recovery in the core process); 5. Packaging (referring to the impact associated with materials circularity and resource efficiency in the downstream processes i.e., packaging recyclability and minimum content of recycled material). Where relevant, further information about the why the criteria are relevant and what other ISO 14024 type I ecolabels may be considered as equivalent is provided. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138563 |
| By: | Nikolas Müller |
| Abstract: | Germany's building sector, crucial for climate protection, exhibits a considerable energy-saving potential. However, this potential remains largely untapped due to the stagnant renovation rate of about 1%, leading to significant delays in energy retrofitting and failure in meeting energy and greenhouse gas reduction targets.This study examines alternative Zero Emission Building (ZEB) standards in terms of cost-effectiveness, macroeconomic efficiency, and their potential in reducing greenhouse gases. The focus is on GdW's real estate portfolio, which comprises 30% of Germany's rental apartments, mostly occupied by low to middle-income households. This demographic accentuates the social impact of energy and climate policies.The findings highlight the inefficacy of current renovation strategies, which blend economic and climate objectives, in realizing the sector's potential. These strategies lead to suboptimal energy savings and reduced affordability for tenants. The research proposes a shift to a ZEB standard defined as low-temperature capable, offering a more cost-effective and feasible alternative to the current 'Efficiency House 55' standard, potentially boosting the achievement of climate goals.A considerable investment discrepancy is noted, with the 'Efficiency House 55' standard necessitating significantly higher funds, raising concerns about the financial feasibility, particularly for socially focused housing corporations.The paper advocates for a balanced approach, merging sufficient energy efficiency with the expansion of renewable energies. This strategy is presented as economically viable and socially fairer, urging a paradigm shift in Germany's building energy and climate policy. The recommended approach better aligns with the EU's 'energy efficiency first' principle and promises greater sustainability and economic soundness. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency first; Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD); Social impact of energy and climate policies; Zero Emission Building (ZEB) |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-137 |
| By: | Gruner, Friedemann |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302391 |
| By: | Kirsten, Frederich; Bonga-Bonga, Lumengo; Biyase, Mduduzi |
| Abstract: | The relationship between environmental degradation and poverty has gained importance in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. While poverty is known to drive environmental degradation, environmental degradation disproportionately affects the poor and reinforces the poverty-environment trap. However, some argue that the poor often display pro-environmental behaviors, environmental stewardship and pro-environmental attitudes that challenge this notion. Understanding how poverty influences individual environmental attitudes is crucial for breaking this cycle. In this study, we examine the non-linear relationship between poverty and environmental concern in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, hypothesizing an inverted U-shaped Poverty Environmental Concern Kuznets Curve (PECKC). Utilizing data from the Afrobarometer Round 7 and employing fixed effect polynomial regression model, we confirm that the poverty-environmental concern relationship conforms to an inverted U-shaped PECKC. Specifically, environmental concern is high at low levels of poverty but reaches a poverty threshold beyond which further impoverishment leads to reduced environmental concern. These findings offer policymakers critical insight for designing environmental policies tailored to varying levels of poverty and provide new insight into the poverty reduction and environment degradation discussion. |
| Keywords: | Poverty, Kuznets Curve, Pro-environmental attitudes, SADC, Africa |
| JEL: | C5 D6 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122428 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is responsible for 72% of global water withdrawals, and is the biggest employer of the world’s most vulnerable and poor populations. Still, close to 84% of smallholder farms in low- and middle-income economies are located in water-scarce regions, with less than one third of them having access to irrigation (UN, 2024). These small-scale farmers also bear the heavy weight of land degradation and climate crisis. It is estimated that food production will need to increase by 50% by 2050 to meet the requirements of the growing world population (FAO, 2020). The agriculture sector amounts to 35% of total African GDP, yet a mere 4% of total government expenditure went into this sector (Hodder and Migwala, 2023). It is imperative to increase system resilience by reducing water-energy-food interdependencies through improved multisectoral policies, technologies, and adapted management. With the impacts of climate-related extreme events and the vulnerability of rural populations, an integrated approach to water management is the only way to close the water gap. Moving forward towards achieving global sustainable goals, rural communities must be empowered to ensure that they are the drivers of the expected socio-economic development through water development and management. This policy brief explores sustainable development in Africa through investment in rural development as the foundation for economic growth and community development. It provides a case study exploring the interrelationships of the resource nexus in Morocco, and the need to promote water as a catalyst for development and for development of policy coherence with related sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbagri:pb_34-24 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is responsible for 72% of global water withdrawals, and is the biggest employer of the world’s most vulnerable and poor populations. Still, close to 84% of smallholder farms in low- and middle-income economies are located in water-scarce regions, with less than one third of them having access to irrigation (UN, 2024). These small-scale farmers also bear the heavy weight of land degradation and climate crisis. It is estimated that food production will need to increase by 50% by 2050 to meet the requirements of the growing world population (FAO, 2020). The agriculture sector amounts to 35% of total African GDP, yet a mere 4% of total government expenditure went into this sector (Hodder and Migwala, 2023). It is imperative to increase system resilience by reducing water-energy-food interdependencies through improved multisectoral policies, technologies, and adapted management. With the impacts of climate-related extreme events and the vulnerability of rural populations, an integrated approach to water management is the only way to close the water gap. Moving forward towards achieving global sustainable goals, rural communities must be empowered to ensure that they are the drivers of the expected socio-economic development through water development and management. This policy brief explores sustainable development in Africa through investment in rural development as the foundation for economic growth and community development. It provides a case study exploring the interrelationships of the resource nexus in Morocco, and the need to promote water as a catalyst for development and for development of policy coherence with related sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_34-24 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is responsible for 72% of global water withdrawals, and is the biggest employer of the world’s most vulnerable and poor populations. Still, close to 84% of smallholder farms in low- and middle-income economies are located in water-scarce regions, with less than one third of them having access to irrigation (UN, 2024). These small-scale farmers also bear the heavy weight of land degradation and climate crisis. It is estimated that food production will need to increase by 50% by 2050 to meet the requirements of the growing world population (FAO, 2020). The agriculture sector amounts to 35% of total African GDP, yet a mere 4% of total government expenditure went into this sector (Hodder and Migwala, 2023). It is imperative to increase system resilience by reducing water-energy-food interdependencies through improved multisectoral policies, technologies, and adapted management. With the impacts of climate-related extreme events and the vulnerability of rural populations, an integrated approach to water management is the only way to close the water gap. Moving forward towards achieving global sustainable goals, rural communities must be empowered to ensure that they are the drivers of the expected socio-economic development through water development and management. This policy brief explores sustainable development in Africa through investment in rural development as the foundation for economic growth and community development. It provides a case study exploring the interrelationships of the resource nexus in Morocco, and the need to promote water as a catalyst for development and for development of policy coherence with related sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pb_34-24 |
| By: | Ahmad, Mahyudin; Chen, Jen-Eem; Mohd Zulkifli, Shaliza Azreen; Tan, Yan-Ling; Mustofa, Moh. Solehatul |
| Abstract: | Tourism development has become one of the key drivers of economic growth in many ASEAN countries, however, the adverse environmental impact of tourism and economic growth has raised significant concerns among the policymakers in region. This study investigates the role of tourism development in the context of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis across 10 ASEAN countries over a 25-year period from 1995 to 2019 via panel estimators robust to cross-sectional dependence. The findings reveal tourism contributes to environmental degradation significantly. On the EKC hypothesis, the evidence is mixed as only the Panel Corrected Standard Errors estimation indicates an inverted U-shaped relationship between emissions and GDP per capita. The threshold value of GDP per capita is estimated to be around USD 12, 000 showing that the current economic development in ASEAN is still harmful to environment. Furthermore, renewable energy is found to be a strong mitigating factor. Population size, on the other hand, is a significant driver of both CO2 and GHG emissions. The findings of this study highlight the complex relationship between tourism development, economic growth, and environmental quality in the ASEAN region. Subsequently, several policy implications are discussed |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Environmental Kuznets Curve, panel data econometrics, renewable energy, tourism development. |
| JEL: | O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–09–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122153 |
| By: | Jolien Noels; Mark Bemhofen; Raphaël Jachnik; Simon Touboul |
| Abstract: | Adapting to growing climate change risks and achieving climate resilient development requires making finance consistent with this goal, as called for by Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement. To assess progress and help inform policies to increase the climate resilience of finance flows and stocks, major conceptual and data gaps need to be filled. This paper explores possible methods, data and metrics to help fill those gaps. It takes stock of existing approaches and data to assess physical climate risks in finance, and then identifies complementary analytical dimensions, data and information needed for assessing the alignment of finance flows and stocks with climate resilience policy goals. In this context, the paper proposes actions that policymakers, researchers and market players can take to support credible and comparable assessments, as well as identifies the need for pilot studies to help adjust and refine the approach while identifying feasible and practical indicators. |
| JEL: | G23 G24 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–10–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:251-en |
| By: | Mounia Boucetta |
| Abstract: | Over the next decade, the energy transition will transform the global economic landscape in terms of regulations, industrial and energy investments, and technological solutions. The African continent is set to play a significant role in this transition while addressing its own sustainable development needs. To fully capitalize on this emerging dynamic, African countries should pursue innovative paths tailored to their specific contexts and constraints. They should also identify strategic levers to advance and accelerate their energy transition, maximizing economic, social, and environmental benefits. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_25-24 |
| By: | Bowen Yan |
| Abstract: | Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) has garnered significant attention in the economic realm, yet its exploration within the real estate sector, particularly in the London office market, remains under-researched. This paper delves into the influence of ESG factors on the London office market, scrutinizing the dynamics from both occupiers' and investors' perspectives. Employing a quantitative methodology, the study meticulously examines various facets: the inclination of tenants across diverse industries to lease green buildings, the interplay between a firm's ESG rating and its occupancy costs, the impact of ESG performance on attracting and retaining tenants, and the influence of ESG considerations on rental pricing strategies.Preliminary findings suggest a positive correlation between ESG ratings and occupancy costs, highlighting that offices with superior BREEAM ratings command significant rental premiums. Additionally, the research uncovers a heightened willingness among tenants in specific sectors to pay a premium for green features. By integrating stakeholder theory, the study offers a comprehensive view of the London office market's societal role, underscoring the imperative of creating value for all stakeholders. The insights from this research augment the understanding of ESG's importance in the London office market and hold substantial implications for real estate professionals, investors, and policymakers pursuing sustainable and socially responsible real estate practices. |
| Keywords: | ESG in Commercial Property; Green Building Certification; Sustainable Real Estate; Tenant Preferences |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-141 |
| By: | Cynthia Aubert; Charles Séguin; Andrée De Serres |
| Abstract: | The transportation industry is a vector of important change to meet the challenges of sustainability and resilience of our societies. It is the second largest GHG emitter in Canada, accounting for nearly 28% of the country's total emissions. Among these emissions, 57% were attributable to the travel of Canadians in 2021, of which 30% are linked solely to the use of private cars. To limit their circulation, the development of public transit infrastructure is an effective way. However, such infrastructure has indirect effects on GHG emissions due to its interdependence with the urban planning and its socio-economic characteristics. This research paper aims to evaluate the impact of the commissioning of a public transit infrastructure on the evolution of a city's GHG emissions over time. The case of the Vancouver SkyTrain's Canada Line was analyzed. The methodology used to carry out this study is a synthetic control. This is one of the contributions of this research to the existing literature, whose studies generally only assess the direct effects of a transportation infrastructure from the emissions avoided by the modal shift of passengers. The data analyzed was collected from the open databases of Canadian cities and Statistics Canada. These include GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent, GDP, gasoline and fuel tax revenues, construction investments, number of inhabitants and their transportation habits in the cities in the control group. The results show that the introduction of the Canada Line resulted in an increase of approximately 8.6% in Vancouver's GHG emissions in 2011. This increase could be explained by the redevelopment of neighborhoods around infrastructure stations to the detriment of their gentrification, accentuating urban sprawl. For an investment in a sustainable means of transport to effectively reduce GHG emissions in the long term, more emphasis should be placed on the interactions between transport, urban development (to be built or renovated) and the socio-economic characteristics of neighborhoods. Studies with more spatial precision would provide a better understanding of the interweaving of social, economic, and environmental changes generated by transportation infrastructure and affecting a city's GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gas emissions; Public transportation infrastructure; Sustainable city; Sustainable mobility |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-150 |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer; Carolyn Fischer; Nicholas Rivers |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates alternative options for rebating revenues from a unilateral emissions price, focusing on energy-intensive and trade-exposed industries. A theoretical model is developed to demonstrate that conditional rebating policies—which would be distortionary in a first-best world—may be welfare-improving. For example, this could occur in a context where emissions leakage and terms-of-trade changes are associated with the introduction of an emissions price, or when political constraints prevent the emissions price from fully reflecting the social cost of the e missions. A numerical simulation model is used to quantify the differences in welfare, leakage, terms of trade, output, and emissions across carbon prices with alternative rebating options for these leakage-prone industries. The different situations of the European Union and the United States are used as examples. The findings indicate that from a domestic perspective, rebating emissions revenues proportionately to firm output is typically superior to other rebating options when the emissions price is set close to the social cost of emissions. Rebating emission revenues to reward reductions in emissions intensity is typically superior when emissions are significantly under-priced. A country that is more emissions-intensive and less exposed to leakage may prefer to rebate in proportion to total abatement when the emissions price is sufficiently low. The quantitative results indicate that there are significant welfare losses for incorrect choices of the rebating option. |
| Keywords: | unilateral climate policy, carbon pricing, revenue recycling |
| JEL: | D58 D62 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11376 |
| By: | Hafez Ghanem |
| Abstract: | Humanity is losing the climate battle, and existing international institutions are not delivering on climate change. Hence, there is a need for a new international institution that would be a repository for global knowledge on climate change, and would advise governments on climate policies, develop green projects across the Global South, mobilize financing for those projects, and support project implementation. The proposed Green Bank would be different from existing multilateral development banks: (1) it would include private shareholders as well as governments; (2) voting rights would be organized so that countries of the Global South would have the same voice as countries of the Global North and private shareholders; and (3) it would only finance green projects which could be national, regional, or global. The Green Bank would primarily support private green investments through equity contributions, loans, and guarantees. It could also support public investments by using grants to buy-down the interest on other multilateral development bank loans that finance projects that support adaptation to climate change. The Loss and Damage Fund agreed at COP27 could be the source of those grants. This proposal builds on the Bridgetown Initiative, with the aim of mobilizing private funding, in addition to the public trust fund that the initiative proposes. The Green Bank would partner with other institutions and complement the work of existing multilateral development banks, and of specialized funds. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_06-23 |
| By: | Christian de Boissieu |
| Abstract: | The energy and ecological transition (EET) is inevitable, desirable, and now accepted worldwide. But how this transition will be financed remains highly uncertain. This Policy Paper analyzes the financing needs and reviews the different possible financial channels. Some avenues have already been launched, and procedures and instruments are being put in place, but all of this remains insufficient. Many solutions will have to be combined, and these will require financial innovations, the broader application of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, an adaptation of certain banking and financial regulations, and more international cooperation. This paper proposes several recommendations to facilitate the financing of EET. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_12-23 |
| By: | RADOVANOVIC Nikola (European Commission - JRC); STEVANOVIC CARAPINA Hristina |
| Abstract: | The Western Balkan region is in an advanced stage of the Smart Specialisation design process, with several economies deeply involved in its implementation. The commitment of these economies to adopt an EU-style, transformational innovation policy reflects a dedication to evidence-based and bottom-up innovation policymaking. This approach aims to enhance regional competitiveness sustainably. The EU Green Deal and the associated Green Agenda for the Western Balkans represent templates for transformative change that should underpin innovation policies. Strong parallels between this green transition and Smart Specialisation emerge in shared elements such as sustainability, environmental priorities, societal challenges, and digitalisation. This study investigates regional research and innovation capacities for the green transition through the lens of Smart Specialisation in the Western Balkan region. It proposes policy actions to leverage these capacities within both national frameworks and collaborative initiatives. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136482 |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | For over six decades, Morocco has largely equated the achievement of food self-sufficiency (FSS) in ‘strategic’ food commodities to achieving food security. Successive governments have succeeded in guaranteeing the availability of and access to these commodities for the poor and vulnerable. In so doing, they have maintained social stability by fulfilling a basic social contract with the people. This is a major achievement, but the financial, economic, and environmental costs of this FSS approach are enormous. Morocco is now under increasing pressure to revisit these costs under the existential threat of climate change. Water scarcity, is of course, not a new problem for Morocco, a semi-arid country, but climate change threatens to turn water scarcity into a water crisis. Although governments have invested heavily in dams, irrigation infrastructure, and micro-irrigation technologies, and have succeeded in building a significant irrigated agriculture sector; recurrent droughts still have major adverse impacts on GDP growth and the livelihoods of the smallholder majority, most of the poor and vulnerable in rural areas. Despite the substantial achievements of the Plan Maroc Vert with irrigated agriculture, Moroccan agriculture is still dualistic. Rainfed agriculture still occupies 80% of the cultivated area, employs most of the agricultural workforce, and is relied on by the majority of smallholders most of whom are still involved in low-productivity farming. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pp_06-23 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | A 2023 United Nations progress report (UN, 2023) showed that, of the 169 targets that make up the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% are on track, and progress on many has either stalled or regressed. The Water-Energy-Food nexus approach has highlighted the utmost importance of understanding the interconnections between systems in order to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. In this policy brief, we use the lessons learned from the water sector through a case study from Matagorda County in Texas, U.S. We take an analytical approach that facilitates the understanding of systems at different scales, using models that help reduce the complexity of the systems, and applying this knowledge to create synergies and solutions. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb_01_24 |
| By: | Afaf Zarkik |
| Abstract: | This year, the Conference of the Parties (COP27) will be held in in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. On the outset of this auspicious occasion, it is befitting to reflect upon contemporary climate adaptation and mitigation policies, from a southern and African point of view. Indeed, climate change is one of the stickiest policy problems of the 21st century, because it is inherently a global and multidimensional problem entailing a bundle of policy features. Following the consecutives shocks to the global economy caused by fossil fuels, the timing has never been better to melt the polarization around climate change politics and propose innovative solutions to surf the uncertainty and complexity of this intractable policy problem. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_63-22 |
| By: | Patrick Lehnert; Harald Pfeifer |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of environmental awareness on the occupational choices of adolescents. To do so, we exploit the apprenticeship system in Switzerland, where about two-thirds of adolescents choose an apprenticeship in their preferred occupation at around age 15. We consider two dimensions of environmental awareness as potential drivers of their occupational choice. First, we consider time-persistent regional social norms, which we proxy by regional differences in popular votes on environmental issues. Second, we investigate short-term shocks in environmental awareness, which we proxy by the occurrence of Fridays for Future strikes in different locations at different points in time. To measure whether adolescents choose occupations that have the potential to serve environmental protection, we estimate an occupational greenness score based on Swiss job-ad texts as data. Combining this occupational greenness score with detailed process-generated data on adolescents' applications from Yousty, Switzerland’s largest online job board for apprenticeship positions, we find that environmental awareness is positively related to the greenness of adolescents' occupational choices. However, this finding applies only to short-term shocks in environmental awareness and not to time-persistent pro-environmental norms. We interpret this result as evidence for a social-movement effect on norms and values that significantly alter adolescents' occupational choices. |
| Keywords: | Vocational education and training, apprenticeships, occupational choice, environmental awareness, climate strikes, social norms |
| JEL: | D91 J13 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0231 |
| By: | Aleksandra Koszarek-Cyra |
| Abstract: | Green space management is part of taking care of the environment at the municipal level . Green space management can be viewed as an investment in ecosystem services, defined as society's benefits from ecosystems. The services offered by green spaces include providing raw materials (a provisioning service), influencing the microclimate (a regulating service), increasing biodiversity (a supporting service) or influencing human health and mental condition (a cultural and social service) [Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, MEA, 2005]. Caring for the state of greenery is therefore not only a matter of nature conservation but concerns a broader dimension. The purpose of the study is to carry out a diagnosis of the advancement of the process of greenery management in municipalities as an element of spatial management. Data will be obtained from polish publicly available sources, such as the local data bank (BDL). |
| Keywords: | greenery management; spatial management; urban greenery |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-016 |
| By: | Yang, Linge |
| Abstract: | Agrochemicals are crucial for modern agriculture, but improper use can cause nonpoint source pollution (NPS), harming water quality and health. Despite recognizing agriculture as a major NPS contributor, policies lag in addressing it. Current literature identifies three main approaches to mitigate NPS: voluntary programs, economic incentives, and command and control regulations, but lacks empirical studies. This paper introduces a production efficiency model inspired by the input-based Best Management Practices (BMPs) to tackle agrochemical overuse without affecting yields. It aims to address NPS by providing empirical estimates to guide evidence-based sustainable farming policies. |
| Keywords: | Nonpoint Source Pollution, Best Management Practice, Chemical Runoff, Data Envelopment Analysis |
| JEL: | C53 C61 D24 Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–10–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122265 |
| By: | PICKARD GARCIA Nicolas (European Commission - JRC); GOURDON Thomas (European Commission - JRC); SEIGNEUR Isabelle (European Commission - JRC); MARTINY Alice; ARRANZ PADILLA Maria (European Commission - JRC); BELTRAN MIRALLES Manuel (European Commission - JRC); GUERREIRO MIGUEL Mecia (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Starting in 2025, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) will strengthen disclosure practices for company transition plans. These plans detail the contribution of corporates to the transition to a sustainable economy. In the meantime, credible transition plans have already become one of the key tools for companies to raise transition finance, as defined in Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/1425. They are also expected to deliver highly valuable data serving different purposes –from strategy to risk management– and various stakeholders –from financial institutions to policymakers. Defining an EU Transition Plan Credibility Assessment Framework is therefore an opportunity to support the market, and may inform the definition and tracking of transition finance. The JRC has developed two tools –assessment questions and assessment KPIs– to assess specific determinants of a transition plan's credibility: geographical dependencies at asset-level (e.g. availability of resources, policy context) and how those dependencies are addressed. These assessment questions and KPIs may be used by companies to increase the credibility of their transition plan, by financial institutions to assess the credibility of companies’ transition plans and by policymakers to inform public policy and financing. Analysing the geographical dependencies of company transition plans in energy-intensive industries can inform stakeholder dialogues and infrastructure investments on the ground at EU, Member States and regional level. Territorial knowledge should be part of the design of industrial policy that is fit for the Clean Industrial deal, as it enhances public-private partnerships and multi-level governance. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139084 |
| By: | Kemper, Marina; Styles, Alexandra; Mundt, Juliane; Werner, Robert; Kreis, Philippa |
| Abstract: | Hamburg Institut has been providing research and consulting services in the fields of climate change mitigation and energy system transformation since 2012 with an interdisciplinary team of experts. Both in our daily research and project work with our customers and in our participation in national, European and international standardisation processes, we keep addressing questions related to certification systems and carbon accounting. A much-discussed topic is the gap between the market-based and the location-based approach to handling emissions from electricity purchases. In their current design and practical application, the parallel use of the two approaches represents an obstacle to comparability and, consequently, to the credibility of carbon accounting as a whole. With this paper, we would like to shed more light on the current issues - but above all, we would like to encourage discussion on possible solutions and emphasise the need to harmonise the existing approaches to electricity accounting. |
| Abstract: | Sowohl in der täglichen Forschungs- und Projektarbeit mit unseren Kunden als auch bei unserem Mitwirken in der nationalen, europäischen und internationalen Normung (z.B. DIN, CEN-CENELEC, ISO) befassen wir uns immer wieder mit Fragestellungen rund um die Nachweisführung und Klimabilanzierung. Ein viel diskutiertes Thema ist dabei das Spannungsfeld zwischen dem markt- und dem ortsbasierten Ansatz bei der Klimabilanzierung von Strom. Deren parallele Anwendung stellt in der derzeitigen Ausgestaltung und praktischen Handhabung ein Hemmnis für die Vergleichbarkeit und in der Folge für die Glaubwürdigkeit der Klimabilanzierung insgesamt dar. Mit diesem Discussion Paper möchten wir die aktuelle Problematik näher beleuchten - vor allem aber eine Diskussion über mögliche Lösungsansätze anregen sowie ein Ausrufezeichen hinter die Notwendigkeit setzen, die Harmonisierung der bestehenden Ansätze zur Strombilanzierung in den Fokus zu rücken. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hirdps:304459 |
| By: | Kemper, Marina; Styles, Alexandra; Mundt, Juliane; Werner, Robert; Kreis, Philippa |
| Abstract: | Sowohl in der täglichen Forschungs- und Projektarbeit mit unseren Kunden als auch bei unserem Mitwirken in der nationalen, europäischen und internationalen Normung (z.B. DIN, CEN-CENELEC, ISO) befassen wir uns immer wieder mit Fragestellungen rund um die Nachweisführung und Klimabilanzierung. Ein viel diskutiertes Thema ist dabei das Spannungsfeld zwischen dem markt- und dem ortsbasierten Ansatz bei der Klimabilanzierung von Strom. Deren parallele Anwendung stellt in der derzeitigen Ausgestaltung und praktischen Handhabung ein Hemmnis für die Vergleichbarkeit und in der Folge für die Glaubwürdigkeit der Klimabilanzierung insgesamt dar. Mit diesem Discussion Paper möchten wir die aktuelle Problematik näher beleuchten - vor allem aber eine Diskussion über mögliche Lösungsansätze anregen sowie ein Ausrufezeichen hinter die Notwendigkeit setzen, die Harmonisierung der bestehenden Ansätze zur Strombilanzierung in den Fokus zu rücken. |
| Abstract: | Hamburg Institut has been providing research and consulting services in the fields of climate change mitigation and energy system transformation since 2012 with an interdisciplinary team of experts. Both in our daily research and project work with our customers and in our participation in national, European and international standardisation processes, we keep addressing questions related to certification systems and carbon accounting. A much-discussed topic is the gap between the market-based and the location-based approach to handling emissions from electricity purchases. In their current design and practical application, the parallel use of the two approaches represents an obstacle to comparability and, consequently, to the credibility of carbon accounting as a whole. With this paper, we would like to shed more light on the current issues - but above all, we would like to encourage discussion on possible solutions and emphasise the need to harmonise the existing approaches to electricity accounting. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hirdps:304458 |
| By: | Martin Schnauss; Patrick Spieler |
| Abstract: | Real estate valuation involves a variety of methodologies, but the recursive dynamics inherent in real estate development are often overlooked. These dynamics involve feedback effects that significantly affect the life cycle of a property. This paper presents the application of system dynamics methodology to real estate valuation, highlighting its utility in setting priorities for sustainable real estate development. Moreover, this approach facilitates the projection of a property’s evolution in terms of its environmental, social and governance (ESG) compliance, taking into account the evolving nature of a property’s rating. Such ratings are critical to investors, including funds, who need to make informed decisions about the long-term development of properties and their fit within investment portfolios. Therefore, the methodology discussed here goes beyond traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methods by providing a more holistic and dynamic framework for understanding and predicting the multiple impacts on real estate valuations. |
| Keywords: | Rating; Simulation; sustainability; System Dynamics |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-200 |
| By: | Yeboah, Abraham; Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel; Mogre, Diana |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of Corporate Citizenship (CC) on sustainable purchase intentions, with a focus on the fast fashion industry. The research explores how CC initiatives, brand confidence, loyalty, and green innovation performance (GIP) influence consumer behaviour toward sustainability. The findings reveal that CC positively affects consumer trust, leading to higher brand confidence and loyalty, which, in turn, drive sustainable purchase intentions. Additionally, green innovation is a key mediator in enhancing brand performance and consumer loyalty. However, the study identifies a gap in empirical research regarding the serial mediation effects of brand confidence and brand loyalty, highlighting the need for further investigation. Policy implications suggest that governments and regulatory bodies should incentivise businesses to adopt robust CC initiatives, promoting transparency and sustainable practices. The study concludes by offering directions for future research, including cross-industry analyses, the role of social media in CC communication, and the long-term effects of CC on brand loyalty. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable business, green innovation, sustainable purchase intentions, serial mediation, systematic review |
| JEL: | M14 M31 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–06–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122394 |
| By: | Alessandra Drigo (University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This study addresses the presence of an environmental justice issue along the dimensions of income and ethnicity in the urban context of Bologna, Italy. Among other Italian cities, Bologna has historically had a left-leaning political tendency and has made considerable substantial efforts to address social issues extensively. This makes it a useful cross-section dataset links gridded PM2.5 concentration data at 0.01°x0.01° resolution with census demographic characteristics and income per capita information for the year 2011. This study presents two main findings. i) It confirms the existence of an environmental justice gap, which affects vulnerable segments of the population along both income and ethnicity dimensions. A 1% increase in income per capita is associated with a 0.09% decrease in PM2.5 levels (a rise of 1 standard deviation of income per capita in the census corresponds to a reduction of -0.53 mg/m³ in PM2.5); whereas a 1% increase in the share of non-white individuals living in the census tract leads to a 0.13% increase in PM2.5 levels (+3.92 mg/m³ increase associated with a rise of 1 standard deviation in the proportion of non-whites in the census). ii) There is currently no evidence to suggest that exposure disparities for nonwhite individuals are changing depending on income level, whether it is lower or higher. Residence in lower/higher income areas of the city does not significantly exacerbate/alleviate these disparities for non-white communities. Overall, these results highlight the widespread occurrence of environmental injustice across various geographical and political settings, including those that have historically prioritized social concerns. |
| Keywords: | Environmental inequality, Environmental justice, Air pollution, Racial disparities, Socioeconomic status |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 I14 C21 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.24 |
| By: | Andreas Lichtenberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Robert Stehrer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the comparative economic resilience of low carbon intensity (LCI) versus high carbon intensity (HCI) industries of the Austrian economy, examining the impact of energy price shocks on real gross value added (GVA) and employment within both LCI and HCI industries. To illustrate these dynamics, we conducted a vector autoregression (VAR) analysis to simulate the effects of various energy price shocks on key economic indicators, comparable to the price surge experienced at the start of the war in Ukraine. The results show that fossil energy price dynamics can lead to significant economic damage, such as a loss in the dimension of 6.6% in real GVA in the HCI sector one year after a gas price shock (reflecting a possible loss of EUR 10 billion) or a loss in the range of 3-4% of jobs in the HCI sector for individual years after the shock (i.e., about job 50-70 thousand jobs in certain years). We argue that LCI industries demonstrate greater resilience in the light of fossil energy price shocks, which appear to destabilise HCI industries to a higher degree at least in the short run, not accounting for other factors and considering that everything else is kept constant. In conclusion, this study underscores the necessity for policy makers to prioritise the transition to low-carbon industries. |
| Keywords: | green transition; energy price shocks; I/O-sector-analysis; VAR; GDP; GVA; employment; climate policy |
| JEL: | Q41 Q43 C22 D57 E61 O44 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:83 |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | Climate change threatens to reduce the water flow in the Nile and increase the frequency and severity of droughts and floods in Egypt, which already suffers from water scarcity. This threat is a looming crisis as it seriously undermines the Government of Egypt’s long standing food self-sufficiency approach to food security, an approach which is wasteful of increasingly precious arable land and water resources, while achieving neither more food self-sufficiency nor meaningful food security for the poor and vulnerable. Given its fiscal constraints and the substantial budgetary resources it has been spending on subsidizing basic foods, this looming crisis is an opportune moment for Egypt’s government to re- assess and rebuild its food security approach, in the context of a fast urbanizing and youthful Egypt in a water-constrained, climate-change impacted world. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pp_01-23 |
| By: | Isabelle Tsakok |
| Abstract: | Climate change threatens to reduce the water flow in the Nile and increase the frequency and severity of droughts and floods in Egypt, which already suffers from water scarcity. This threat is a looming crisis as it seriously undermines the Government of Egypt’s long standing food self-sufficiency approach to food security, an approach which is wasteful of increasingly precious arable land and water resources, while achieving neither more food self-sufficiency nor meaningful food security for the poor and vulnerable. Given its fiscal constraints and the substantial budgetary resources it has been spending on subsidizing basic foods, this looming crisis is an opportune moment for Egypt’s government to re- assess and rebuild its food security approach, in the context of a fast urbanizing and youthful Egypt in a water-constrained, climate-change impacted world. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_01-23 |
| By: | Jésus Fernández-Villaverde; Kenneth T. Gillingham; Simon Scheidegger; Jesús Fernández-Villaverde; Kenneth Gillingham |
| Abstract: | There is a rapidly advancing literature on the macroeconomics of climate change. This review focuses on developments in the construction and solution of structural integrated assessment models (IAMs), highlighting the marriage of state-of-the-art natural science with general equilibrium theory. We discuss challenges in solving dynamic stochastic IAMs with sharp nonlinearities, multiple regions, and multiple sources of risk. Key innovations in deep learning and other machine learning approaches overcome many computational challenges and enhance the accuracy and relevance of policy findings. We conclude with an overview of recent applications of IAMs and key policy insights. |
| Keywords: | climate change, integrated assessment model, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium |
| JEL: | C61 E27 Q50 Q51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11346 |
| By: | Sébastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Julia Girard (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Alicia Dalongeville (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - MARBEC - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Rodolphe Devillers (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles - UM - Université de Montpellier, IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement); David Mouillot (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - MARBEC - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, IUF - Institut universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Narriman Jiddawi (UDSM - Université de Dar es Salaam); Loic Sanchez (CEA-LETI - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information - DRT (CEA) - Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives); Laure Velez (UMR MARBEC - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation - MARBEC - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Laetitia Mathon (ENTROPIE [Perpignan] - Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a cornerstone of marine conservation efforts, with the potential to protect biodiversity and provide socioeconomic benefits. We quantified the effect of MPAs on fishing outcomes, economic activities, and material living standards in 24 coastal villages of Tanzania over two decades. We accessed original data from a study conducted in 2003 that found no effect of MPAs 3–8 years after their creation. Eighteen years later, we replicated the survey and used a Before‐After Control‐Intervention design to quantify the effect of MPAs. We found that villages near MPAs experienced a 50% higher improvement in living standards compared to those further from MPAs. This benefit is not related to higher fishing outcomes but to a diversification of economic sectors. Our findings highlight a decoupling between fish catches and economic benefits, revealing that socio‐economic outcomes can be observed for MPAs whose ecosystems' productivity has declined. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, conservation social science, coral reefs socioecosystems, impact evaluation, Marine Protected Areas, Tanzania, Western Indian Ocean, biodiversity conservation social science coral reefs socioecosystems impact evaluation Marine Protected Areas Tanzania |
| Date: | 2024–10–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04724396 |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À l’approche du Sommet africain du climat (Africa Climate Summit), qui se tiendra à Nairobi du 4 au 6 septembre 2023, de très nombreuses organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont écrit au président du Kenya, William Ruto, pour lui faire part de leurs inquiétudes concernant l’ordre du jour de ce sommet. Selon ces ONG, les intérêts des entreprises et des pays occidentaux pourraient prendre le pas sur ceux de l’Afrique. Les vraies priorités sont notamment d’éliminer progressivement les énergies fossiles et d’investir dans les énergies renouvelables et il est nécessaire que l’ordre du jour soit revu et modifié en vue de refléter les priorités africaines dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, a expliqué cette coalition d’environ 300 ONG. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb_33-23 |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À l’approche du Sommet africain du climat (Africa Climate Summit), qui se tiendra à Nairobi du 4 au 6 septembre 2023, de très nombreuses organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont écrit au président du Kenya, William Ruto, pour lui faire part de leurs inquiétudes concernant l’ordre du jour de ce sommet. Selon ces ONG, les intérêts des entreprises et des pays occidentaux pourraient prendre le pas sur ceux de l’Afrique. Les vraies priorités sont notamment d’éliminer progressivement les énergies fossiles et d’investir dans les énergies renouvelables et il est nécessaire que l’ordre du jour soit revu et modifié en vue de refléter les priorités africaines dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, a expliqué cette coalition d’environ 300 ONG. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbtrad:pb_33-23 |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute |
| Abstract: | The concept of food systems has evolved rapidly in recent years, with a more holistic approach gaining traction among scholars and policymakers. This new perspective encompasses all elements and activities related to food production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption, as well as the socioeconomic and environmental outcomes of these activities. Despite growing awareness, the global food system is under threat due to unsustainable practices and the current trajectory of agrifood systems drivers, which risk derailing the achievement of Agenda 2030 targets. Increasingly, international organizations, countries, and civil society groups are utilizing foresight exercises to explore alternative scenarios and pathways for more resilient and sustainable food systems. Odisha, a predominantly agrarian economy, exemplifies many of these global challenges. More than 75% of its population lives in rural areas, and a significant portion is reliant on agriculture. However, the contribution of agriculture to the state's economy has dwindled to 17%, with manufacturing (37%) and services (36%) sectors dominating. While 48% of Odisha's population is still dependent on agriculture and allied sectors, the sector's contribution to GVA has declined by 11% over the past two decades leading to inefficiencies and disguised employment in the sector, which is exacerbated by poor infrastructure and limited resources. Although Odisha's agriculture sector has seen some improvements in rice production since the implementation of Green Revolution in Eastern India, overall growth remains low. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; food systems; policies; transformation; India; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:155234 |
| By: | Sylla Maldini; Andrée De Serres |
| Abstract: | This study is based on the analysis of the evolution of institutional and regulatory frameworks of four territorial jurisdictions concerning the fight against climate change and biodiversity protection in the real estate sector: European Union, United-Kingdom, United States, and Canada.When it comes to the fight against climate change, obligations for new construction and major renovations are growing. It is possible to observe the inclusion of an approach considering the life cycle of buildings, the monitoring of construction waste, or even the use of less polluting materials and energy consumptions limits with ultra-efficient buildings or even energy production. Existing buildings for their part are not left out, since they will still constitute a large majority of the real estate stock of the legal frameworks studied. Although the room for maneuver is less, the obligations mainly focus on the energy performance dimensions and requirements increasingly target owners by penalizing them in the event of non-compliance with the consumption thresholds per m2 or ft2 that have been imposed. These sanctions may result in the impossibility of renting non-compliant spaces. All these elements are accompanied by tax incentives or assistance to stimulate the achievement of these thresholds.The biodiversity protection is less established than the fight against climate change, because the government concerns about their ecosystemic impacts have emerged more recently. Nevertheless, considerable dynamism exists to frame this theme. In fact, certain frameworks are already requiring for new constructions such as the need to consider as a priority the realization of dense developments on brownfields sites in urban areas in order to limit sprawl, integrate natural elements within the building to ensure that real estate development does not result in a loss of biodiversity or the obligation to prioritize the in-depth renovation of a building before destroying it to build a new one and justifying why, if applicable. Existing buildings are not left out since obligations relating to greening rates are already effective in some jurisdictions and are on the shelf for others.Finally, in terms of data disclosure, most regulatory frameworks have obligations relating to organizations trading on public stock markets. However, some of them have obligations aiming at private organizations. For the moment the thresholds (of turnover, number of employees and number of assets under management) target large organizations, but these thresholds will fall year after year to include more companies. Jurisdictions which have not yet established obligations in this regard are working on similar requirements. These requirements or draft laws are based on benchmarks such as the TCFD, the ISSB or even EFRAG.All these elements in terms of existing or currently developing obligations complicate the development and ownership of real estate assets. It is a sector in which it becomes necessary to collaborate with partners of choice and to develop knowledge and know-how internally to manage existing stock in order to limit the holding of non-compliant properties (by transferring them or undertaking upgrading work). Monitoring and analyzing the regulatory framework is also essential to anticipate the obligations that could arise and ensure that the long-term value of the assets is preserved as well as the value creation model, because the maintenance or retrofit works on the assets as well as the collection of quality data that can be disclosed generates significant costs. |
| Keywords: | Disclosure; Governance & ESG; Regulatory frameworks; Sustainable Real Estate |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-149 |
| By: | Cleo Rose-Innes (Independent analyst and advisor) |
| Abstract: | The decision to end the use of fossil fuels for energy production by 2050 will result in a permanent collapse in demand for oil. This paper examines the likely effects of this "Africa oil shock" on three large African countries, and whether the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group would be able to deliver on their Bretton Woods mandate—avoiding the resulting balance of payments and fiscal crisis. The paper also considers whether the expansion of their mandates to include reducing the risk of climate change and limiting the impact of climate shocks also encompasses actions to minimize or avoid this financing crisis. There are seven recommendations. |
| Date: | 2024–10–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:342 |
| By: | George Yunxiong Li (Fudan University); Simona Iammarino (University of Cagliari) |
| Abstract: | Many critical raw materials (CRMs) – including rare metals and earth elements – are essential components in renewable energy products, and they work as an irreplaceable material basis for related technological innovation. However, global CRM supply chains are subject to significant risks, posing threats to the stability of the renewable energy industry. To address the challenges, a growing emphasis in both academic and policy circles is directed to de-risking supply chains through diversification and production reshoring. In this study, we investigate the relevance of domestic CRM production as a strategic measure to hedge against global supply shocks, providing competitive advantages for local renewable energy development and innovation. We explore this issue by focusing on two core renewable energy sectors: Wind and Solar energy. Analysing data from a panel of 128 countries spanning from 2007 to 2016, we examine the impact of domestic CRM supply capabilities on the competitiveness of the RE sectors and technological innovation, while controlling for various influencing factors. Our findings show that a stable CRM supply through domestic production significantly supports downstream RE product export and patent output, protecting local RE development from global material supply shocks. Using the case of renewable energy sector, this paper introduces the concept of "material-based technological regime" and underscores the critical importance of supply chain stability for key materials in bolstering national technological advantages. It provides valuable perspectives for both businesses and policymakers. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp48 |
| By: | Kreutz, Julian (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Kopp, Jan Hendrik (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | Climate-neutral hydrogen is set to play a crucial role in decarbonizing Europe by 2050. Yet, assumptions on hydrogen imports vary widely across existing studies — ranging from fully flexible to fixed import volumes — often neglecting the modalities of future hydrogen trade such as long-term contracts (LTC). This paper addresses this gap by investigating the implications of Take-or-Pay (TOP) rates in hydrogen LTCs on a decarbonized European energy system. We employ a numerical model that optimizes generation capacity, storage and infrastructure investment, and dispatch decisions for the European power and hydrogen sector in 2050, explicitly incorporating TOP obligations in hydrogen LTCs. Our findings show that varying TOP-rates induce significant shifts in cost-minimal infrastructure requirements of the energy system.These shifts underscore the necessity to account for the degree of import flexibility in planning assessments for future energy systems relying on hydrogen imports. Additionally, we show that reduced import flexibility imposed by high TOP rates is balanced predominantly by increased hydrogen storage and withdrawal capacity while import capacity decreases. By simulating dispatch decisions for 35 weather years for the energy systems planned with representative weather, we find that systems planned with high TOP-rates exhibit a lower reliability when weather characteristics during operation differ from the planning stage. Yet, the modalities of future hydrogen trade, for example via long-term contracts (LTC), are often neglected and existing research assumes imports to be completely flexible. |
| Keywords: | Energy System Modeling; Hydrogen Infrastructure; Hydrogen Storage; Hydrogen Long-Term-Contracts; Hydrogen and Electricity Markets |
| JEL: | C61 F10 Q27 Q40 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–10–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2024_007 |
| By: | Chiara Lodi; Agnese Sacchi; Francesco Vidoli |
| Abstract: | We investigated the impact of female politicians on waste collection in Italian municipalities in different territories observed over the years 2010-2019. We used a staggered difference-in-differences design to obtain a causal interpretation of the estimated effects. We find that the majority of women in the municipal council positively influence pro-environmental individual behaviour. The impact of a female-majority council is heterogeneous by region and more pronounced in areas with lower social capital. Female politicians as catalysts for positive change fade after 5-6 years, likely due to persistent social norms locally, thus stressing the need for additional cultural actions with long-lasting effects. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.06091 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The fundamental role that water resources play in human development has been highlighted in multiple ways; the United Nations SDGs underline 17 different goals and over a hundred targets to be achieved by 2030. Out of 169 SDG targets, 59 were found to have direct links and synergies with the water goal SDG6 (UN Water, 2016). Careful policy making and interventions need to be implemented to avoid conflict among sectors and tradeoffs must be well established. The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM – since 1992) was adopted by most countries and made significant strides in formulating a good foundation for policies and synergies between stakeholders. Nevertheless, IWRM concepts need to be adaptive and revisited to achieve the Agenda 2030 targets. This policy brief introduces water management as a system of interactions between water and other vital resources including food, energy, and health among others; it presents several concepts to bring about policy coherence and quantitative protocols for a more cohesive implementation of policies and tradeoffs in the water sector and beyond. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbagri:pb_08_23 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The fundamental role that water resources play in human development has been highlighted in multiple ways; the United Nations SDGs underline 17 different goals and over a hundred targets to be achieved by 2030. Out of 169 SDG targets, 59 were found to have direct links and synergies with the water goal SDG6 (UN Water, 2016). Careful policy making and interventions need to be implemented to avoid conflict among sectors and tradeoffs must be well established. The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM – since 1992) was adopted by most countries and made significant strides in formulating a good foundation for policies and synergies between stakeholders. Nevertheless, IWRM concepts need to be adaptive and revisited to achieve the Agenda 2030 targets. This policy brief introduces water management as a system of interactions between water and other vital resources including food, energy, and health among others; it presents several concepts to bring about policy coherence and quantitative protocols for a more cohesive implementation of policies and tradeoffs in the water sector and beyond. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pb_08_23 |
| By: | Bogaard, Mariët (Maastricht University); Künn, Steffen (Maastricht University); Palacios, Juan (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Pestel, Nico (Maastricht University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of air pollution on reservation wages. We use rich survey data on unemployed job seekers in Germany and exploit variation in individual exposure to fine particulate matter (PM10) based on the quasi-random allocation of interview slots to individuals. Our results show that an increase in PM10 by one standard deviation (corresponding to 12 μg/m3) reduces the reservation wage by approximately 1.2%. We further provide evidence that PM10 pollution decreases job seekers' search effort, risk tolerance and patience, which serve as potential mechanisms through which PM10 exposure negatively affects the reservation wage of unemployed job seekers. |
| Keywords: | reservation wage, air pollution, job search |
| JEL: | Q53 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17344 |
| By: | Albanese, Marina; Varlese, Monica |
| Abstract: | Digitalization, driven by the transformative impact of digital technologies, plays a crucial role in the energy transition process. Advancements in these technologies are bringing about significant changes in how energy is generated, transmitted, and utilized. In particular, digital technologies enable modern smart grids to optimize energy management by integrating renewable energy sources more effectively. In this context, the paper explores the effects of smart grids on the energy transition, emphasizing their benefits and the key incentives that promote investment. Additionally, it reviews current trends in smart grid development across European countries, with a specific focus on Italy. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the investments required to implement both existing and new smart grid projects. |
| Keywords: | Energy sector, Transition energy, Digitalization, ICT, Smart grids. |
| JEL: | O13 O33 P28 P48 Q01 Q43 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–09–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121992 |
| By: | Miguel Vazquez; Otaviano Canuto |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon hydrogen is a potential contributor to the goals defined in the Paris Agreement, i.e. limiting the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The transformation of hydrogen production is a part of this effort, as current production methods in the hydrogen industry are carbon-intensive. To achieve net-zero scenarios, hydrogen production and consumption will need to change. Creating a pipeline of projects plays a central role in driving overall costs down. However, notwithstanding the impressive targets and project announcements that have been made, few low-carbon hydrogen projects have reached the final investment decision stage. It is necessary to design a set of policy tools to promote low-carbon hydrogen investment. To that end, we assess the matching process between the potential supply of capital and the demand for capital associated with projects. This paper looks at the problem from the point of view of financial closure of those projects. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb_09-24 |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | The fundamental role that water resources play in human development has been highlighted in multiple ways; the United Nations SDGs underline 17 different goals and over a hundred targets to be achieved by 2030. Out of 169 SDG targets, 59 were found to have direct links and synergies with the water goal SDG6 (UN Water, 2016). Careful policy making and interventions need to be implemented to avoid conflict among sectors and tradeoffs must be well established. The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM – since 1992) was adopted by most countries and made significant strides in formulating a good foundation for policies and synergies between stakeholders. Nevertheless, IWRM concepts need to be adaptive and revisited to achieve the Agenda 2030 targets. This policy brief introduces water management as a system of interactions between water and other vital resources including food, energy, and health among others; it presents several concepts to bring about policy coherence and quantitative protocols for a more cohesive implementation of policies and tradeoffs in the water sector and beyond. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_08_23 |
| By: | Miguel Vazquez; Otaviano Canuto |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon hydrogen is a potential contributor to the goals defined in the Paris Agreement, i.e. limiting the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The transformation of hydrogen production is a part of this effort, as current production methods in the hydrogen industry are carbon-intensive. To achieve net-zero scenarios, hydrogen production and consumption will need to change. Creating a pipeline of projects plays a central role in driving overall costs down. However, notwithstanding the impressive targets and project announcements that have been made, few low-carbon hydrogen projects have reached the final investment decision stage. It is necessary to design a set of policy tools to promote low-carbon hydrogen investment. To that end, we assess the matching process between the potential supply of capital and the demand for capital associated with projects. This paper looks at the problem from the point of view of financial closure of those projects. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_09-24 |
| By: | Matthias Efing; Stefanie Ehmann; Patrick Kampkötter; Raphael Moritz |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the integration of ESG performance metrics into executive compensation using a detailed panel dataset of European executives. Despite becoming more widespread, most ESG metrics are largely discretionary, carry immaterial weights in payout calculations, and contribute little to executive pay risk. Such ESG metrics with arguably weak incentive power are common in financial firms and large companies, particularly for their most visible executives, which seems consistent with greenwashing. In contrast, binding ESG metrics with significant weights, which have potential to influence incentives, are only found in sectors with a large environmental footprint. |
| Keywords: | executive compensation, ESG, ESG metrics, ESG contracting, CSR contracting, sustainability, incentive contracting, optimal contracts |
| JEL: | G30 G35 J33 M12 M52 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11407 |
| By: | Mina Baliamoune |
| Abstract: | Greater female participation in the labor market and in international trade have been recognized as important drivers for economic growth and essential targets in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, achieving both targets simultaneously will be difficult, if not impossible, in most Middle East and North African (MENA) countries without additional policies to eliminate the remarkably high levels of gender inequality in the labor market. In such countries, women are either excluded from the gains from trade or bear most of the burden of adjustment to greater integration in the global economy. Policymakers should recognize the impacts of greater integration into global trade on women’s labor-market outcomes, and should implement resolute policy measures to alleviate (if not eliminate) these impacts. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb_06-24 |
| By: | Markus Doepfert; Soner Candas; Hermann Kraus; Peter Tzscheutschler; Thomas Hamacher |
| Abstract: | The shift towards decentralized and renewable energy sources has introduced significant challenges to traditional power systems, necessitating innovative market designs. Local energy markets present a viable solution for integrating distributed energy resources such as photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles, and heat pumps within various grid topologies. This study investigates the techno-economic benefits of local energy markets compared to conventional market designs, focusing on their impact on average energy prices and operational peak power, using a self-developed agent-based energy system simulation tool. Through comprehensive simulations across the countryside, rural, suburban, and urban grid topologies with varying penetration levels of the distributed energy resources, totaling 400 simulation setups, we demonstrate that local energy markets can enhance economic efficiency and grid stability with 99 % of the scenarios boasting lower average energy prices and 80 % lower operational peak power levels. Our findings suggest that local energy markets can play a role in the future energy system, especially in areas with high shares of PV and HP, provided that additional infrastructure, management costs, and bureaucratic complexity are kept to a minimum. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.13330 |
| By: | Juliana Oliveira-Cunha; Bruno Serra-Lorenzo; Anna Valero |
| Abstract: | Are businesses in the UK embracing artificial intelligence? And what are they doing to meet net-zero targets? Juliana Oliveira-Cunha, Bruno Serra-Lorenzo and Anna Valero report on how employers believe the two big upheavals of AI and climate change will affect jobs, profits and resilience. |
| Keywords: | covid-19, productivity, uk economy |
| Date: | 2024–10–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:686 |
| By: | Eissler, Sarah; Heckert, Jessica |
| Abstract: | We present findings from a qualitative study conducted as part of an impact assessment of the Programme to Reduce Vulnerability in Coastal Fishing Areas (PRAREV) , supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and implemented from 2013 to 2021. This study was designed to focus solely on the gender aspects of PRAREV, which overall aimed to support fishing communities and actors in the fishing sector in Djibouti, specifically those living in rural coastal areas affected by climate change, by reducing their vulnerability to the effects of climate change and promote co-management of marine resources. The program targeted those who are poor and who rely on fishing, particularly women involved in fish processing and marketing. The qualitative findings shared in this paper complement findings from an accompanying quantitative study, which found positive effects of the program on incomes, production, women’s influence on decisions, and food security, but not on resilience or nutritional status. We used multiple qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with program staff and men and women leaders and members of fishing organizations to examine the following research questions focused on the gender component of the program: 1) How the program was delivered from multiple perspectives; 2) How the program strengthened the fishers’ and fishmonger associations; and 3) The benefits and costs of the program in the areas of climate change resilience, livelihoods, and changes in the fishing sector. While PRAREV aimed to take a gender-sensitive approach, the gender strategy and its delivery could have been improved. PRAREV mainly reached women by intentionally including women fishing organizations so that they could benefit from access to collective resources, training, and knowledge. PRAREV trainings often were not communicated to women members of fishing organizations, which led to women’s relative exclusion compared to men members. However, participants shared both positive and negative feedback on the PRAREV program. They generally agreed that when delivered, the trainings were well received and increased knowledge and awareness of climate change and knowledge of upgrading techniques in the fishing sector. The climate change trainings developed awareness about the drivers of climate change and taught best practices on the preservation of local marine resources. However, these trainings did not address adaptation to depleted fish populations in mangroves or reefs. Other trainings focused on value chain upgrading were well received and when delivered, increased relevant knowledge. However, their reach was limited, particularly among women fishing organization members. Finally, PRAREV provided organizations key resources for value chain upgrading and integration in the fishing sector in a way that preserved the local marine environment (e.g., boats, knives, fishing wires, nets). While fishing organization members spoke positively of these resources, there were challenges in delivering them. They were delivered late in the project, often without training or a sustainability plan, or were often not delivered as promised, creating frustration and tension among group members. They were also often delivered in smaller quantities than originally communicated and as such, the recipient fishing organizations limited their use. Overall, group members felt there was limited transparency in delivering these resources. Based on these findings, we share recommendations for PRAREV and similar programs. We suggest conducting formative research on the local fishing sector to identify how men and women want to participate and the key barriers they face in doing so. With respect to resource provision, programs should provide resources earlier and should deliver them with a sustainability plan that has community buy in. Implementers should aim to understand how groups could make use of high-value common property to enable transparency and sustainability. Trainings should also be tailored to the local context and be more in-depth. Importantly, program staff should ensure that all intended beneficiaries, especially women, are invited and able to participate in program trainings so that all members can benefit from the knowledge, awareness, and skill building gained at each training event. Programs should implement a more robust monitoring plan to ensure resources are adequately used and equitably distributed, and that all intended beneficiary groups benefit equitably. Finally, although PRAREV was designed to undertake a gender-sensitive approach, further refinement of this approach could likely improve program delivery and impact. A gender accommodative approach would have supported and empowered women from within the traditional gender roles that they feel more comfortable with to participate and upgrade in their respective fishing activities. |
| Keywords: | fishing; gender; vulnerability; women's empowerment; Africa; Eastern Africa; Djbouti |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2284 |
| By: | KOWALSKA Malgorzata Agata; PEREZ CAMACHO Maria (European Commission - JRC); FARACA Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The EU Ecolabel and EU GPP are two European policy instruments that can be used by public procurers in a synergistic manner by matching supply and demand signals to green the market. Suppliers receive general demand signals for greener products. But public procurers are often reluctant to state specific green criteria in calls for competition because of uncertainty about what exactly to ask for and the availability of compliant products on the market. These practical guidelines help procurers to draw up technical specifications and award criteria in calls for the green public procurement of absorbent hygiene products. Compliance with the recommended EU GPP critera is automatically verified by products carrying the EU Ecolabel and, in some cases, potentially by products carrying other ISO 14024 type I ecolabels. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138564 |
| By: | DONATELLO Shane; PEREZ CAMACHO M Nati (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The EU Ecolabel and EU GPP are two European policy instruments that can be used by public procurers in a synergistic manner by matching supply and demand signals to green the market. Suppliers receive general demand signals for greener products. However public procurers are often reluctant to state specific green criteria in calls for competition because of uncertainty about what exactly to ask for and the availability of compliant products on the market. These practical guidelines help procurers to draw up technical specifications and award criteria in calls for the green public procurement of hard covering products. Compliance with the recommended EU GPP criteria can be verified simply by products carrying the EU Ecolabel and, in some cases, by products carrying other ISO 14024 type I ecolabels. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc131862 |
| By: | Martin Schnauss; Laura Archer-Svoboda |
| Abstract: | The imperative for energy efficiency in real estate investments has been amplified by growing environmental awareness and economic factors. The escalation of energy costs has led to a critical re-evaluation of energy efficiency and the need for property upgrades, particularly in Switzerland. Here, a significant portion of residential real estate is managed by real estate funds, pension funds, and other financial institutions, which are under increasing pressure from investors and regulators to improve the environmental sustainability of their portfolios. In addition, newly enacted regulations imposing rent caps on properties that have not undergone energy-efficient renovations pose a risk to future rental income streams. This context underscores the critical need for improved methods of measurement and accountability. Our presentation addresses the formulation of modern, transparent and data-centric strategies for valuing Swiss real estate assets, with a focus on energy efficiency, combating obsolescence and projecting future market values. Our research highlights ways to assess and manage changing environmental and regulatory requirements. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Rating; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-201 |
| By: | Sam Huckstep (Center for Global Development); Jonathan Beynon (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that climate-vulnerable populations should be given preferential access to labour migration programmes by countries of destination; and that this could be incentivised by classifying some remittances, in narrow circumstances, as mobilised private climate finance. Labour migration can provide climate-vulnerable households with access to large new financial flows with potentially transformative effects for household adaptation. No other development intervention matches the impacts of international labour migration. Despite this, few countries of destination have attempted to target labour migration opportunities to climate-vulnerable communities able to derive the greatest benefit. To overcome the relative inconvenience of doing so for countries of destination, we propose a new tangible incentive. Migration programmes meeting narrow criteria (verifiably and transparently selecting for climate vulnerability) could be ODA-eligible and meet OECD standards for mobilising private climate finance. After deductions of migrants’ participation and opportunity costs, remittances generated could be considered mobilised private climate finance for adaptation. Current flows of mobilised private finance for adaptation are intolerably low, and high-income countries have declared their desire to mobilise more as a matter of priority. Targeted migration programmes can offer an efficient way of doing so: the leverage ratio of project costs to remittances is likely favourable compared to other examples of mobilised private finance. Targeted migration programmes could mobilise significant finance (potentially hundreds of millions of dollars), contributing to meeting underfunded and growing climate adaptation needs at the most local level. The quality of this financing is higher than many alternative options: funding flows directly to climate-vulnerable households, in amounts unmatched by alternative interventions. Several positive secondary effects are also identified. |
| Date: | 2024–10–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:343 |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The Caribbean faces mounting challenges related to the management of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). The increasing influx of vehicles, in the face of limited land availability and environmental vulnerabilities, demands a comprehensive and sustainable approach to ELV recycling. The increase in vehicle importation over the past three decades has been made possible, in part, by economic factors such as increased incomes associated with economic growth, as well as social factors such as urbanization and lifestyle preferences which demand greater independence and private mobility (Phillips et al, 2023). Perhaps the most significant impetus however has been the importation and availability of used vehicles, sourced at significantly reduced costs from South-East Asia (Japan, Singapore and South Korea). Today, such imports have resulted in high vehicle population ratios, ranging from between 0.45 to 0.95 for many Caribbean countries. |
| Date: | 2024–10–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:80769 |
| By: | Podrecca, Matteo (University of Bergamo); Culot, Giovanna (University of Udine); Tavassoli, Sam (Deakin University); Orzes, Guido (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano) |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for addressing and mitigating climate change in the manufacturing sector and provides an outlook on future developments. The research is grounded in the concept of general-purpose technologies (GPTs), motivated by a still limited understanding of innovation patterns for this application context. To this end, we focus on global patenting activity between 2011 and 2023 (5, 919 granted patents classified for “mitigation or adaptation against climate change” in the “production or processing of goods”). We examined time trends, applicant characteristics, and underlying technologies. A topic modeling analysis was performed to identify emerging themes from the unstructured textual data of the patent abstracts. This allowed the identification of six AI application domains. For each of them, we built a network analysis and ran growth trend and forecasting models. Our results show that patenting activities are mostly oriented toward improving the efficiency and reliability of manufacturing processes in five out of six identified domains (“predictive analytics”, “material sorting”, “defect detection”, “advanced robotics”, and “scheduling”). Instead, AI within the “resource optimization” domain relates to energy management, showing an interplay with other climate-related technologies. Our results also highlight interdependent innovations peculiar to each domain around core AI technologies. Forecasts show that the more specific technologies are within domains, the longer it will take for them to mature. From a practical standpoint, the study sheds light on the role of AI within the broader cleantech innovation landscape and urges policymakers to consider synergies. Managers can find information to define technology portfolios and alliances considering technological co-evolution. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence; AI; climate change; sustainability; patent analysis; technology foresight |
| JEL: | O14 O31 O32 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2024–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2024_012 |
| By: | Patrice Bougette (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Frédéric Marty (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the interplay between transport and competition law within the EU, particularly focusing on case law in the context of liberalization. The transport sector, marked by natural monopolies, often requires specific regulation alongside competition law to address issues like exclusionary practices by incumbents. Despite liberalization efforts, dominant players may still hinder competition through control of essential infrastructure. The entry discusses legal and regulatory strategies to ensure fair market access and competition and considers broader socio-economic impacts such as regional development and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Competition Law, Liberalization, Natural Monopolies, Essential Infrastructure, Vertical Integration, Regulatory Frameworks |
| JEL: | L41 L43 K21 L51 R48 L92 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2024-28 |
| By: | Javier Aliaga Lordemann (INESAD Associate Researcher); Adriana Beatriz Caballero Caballero (INESAD Junior Researcher) |
| Abstract: | Los modelos de cultivo son una herramienta clave para desarrollar estrategias de adaptación en el sector agrícola. Con su evolución en el tiempo, han ido incorporando nuevos enfoques y herramientas. Este documento desarrolla un modelo no lineal para simular el desempeño de los cultivos con un enfoque innovador que incorpora funciones no lineales, lo que permite una representación más realista de los mecanismos agrícolas. Con un enfoque en la quinua, usamos datos experimentales y de campo de las zonas del altiplano boliviano para evaluar los niveles de producción bajo diferentes escenarios agroclimáticos que incluyan múltiples estresores. El estudio revela que las variedades de quinua adaptadas a las condiciones locales de las zonas de estudio muestran un mejor desempeño que las variedades convencionales. Esto subraya la importancia de contar con material genéticamente adaptado para enfrentar los impactos del cambio climático. Adicionalmente, los resultados muestran que el modelo NL-CROP es capaz de reproducir de manera satisfactoria los patrones observados de crecimiento y producción de la quinua, y que el modelo también presenta una buena capacidad predictiva, considerando los efectos del estrés hídrico y el estrés térmico. Esto convierte al modelo en una herramienta clave para evaluar el impacto del cambio climático y, además, anticiparse a los desafíos y oportunidades que puedan presentarse para la quinua en el futuro, brindando así una asistencia valiosa para la planificación agrícola. |
| Keywords: | Quinua, rendimiento de cultivo, estresores climáticos, modelo de cultivo, cambio climático, gestión agrícola. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q10 Q54 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adv:wpaper:202411 |
| By: | Alba Miñano-Mañero |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a fully-automated workflow for constructing panels of tree canopy from high-resolution multispectral imagery with limited near-infrared (NIR) training data. The proposed workflow utilizes the tree-pixel detection algorithm developed by Yang, Wu, Praun, and Ma (2009) and Bosch (2020) on a large set of U.S. urban areas but modifies it by creating automatic ground-truth masks through various visual graphics techniques that leverage modern high-resolution NIR data. By matching colors across different imagery periods, the workflow predicts tree presence in older images without NIR data, using the recent images with NIR data. Using a subset of cities that represent the different U.S. climate regions, I quantify the effectiveness of the workflow by implementing the algorithm without pre-processing in the creation of ground-truth masks, without equalizing colors across periods, and using a universal model for all areas. The comparison shows that my workflow is the option that leads to better results in terms of accuracy, recall, and precision. |
| Keywords: | aerial imagery, tree detection, near-infrared light, panel data. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp03522024 |
| By: | Mojtaba Houballah; Jean-Yves Courtonne; Henri Cuny; Antoine Colin; Mathieu Fortin; Jean-Baptiste Pichancourt; Francis Colin |
| Abstract: | Context: Over the last decade, the forestry sector has undergone substantial changes, evolving from a post-2008 financial crisis landscape to incorporating policies favoring sustainable and green alternatives, especially after the 2015 Paris agreement. This evolution was drastically disrupted with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, causing unprecedented interruptions in supply chains, product markets, and data collection. Grasping the aftermath of the COVID-19, regional instances of the forest supply chain sector need synthetic pictures of their present state and future opportunities for emerging wood products and better regional-scale carbon balance. But given the impact of COVID-19 lock-down on data collection, the production of such synthetic pictures has become more complex, yet essential. This was the case for the regional supply chain of the Grand-Est region in France that we studied. Aims: For this study, our aim was to demonstrate that an integrated methodology could provide such synthetic picture even though we sued heterogenous sources of data and different analytical objectives: i.e. (1) retrospectively evaluate the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic on the supply chain outcomes within the forestry sector; and then (2) retrospectively explore possible options of structural change of regional supply chain that would be required to simultaneously recover from COVID-19 and transit to new objectives in line with the extraction of new bio-molecules from wood biomass, and with the reduction of the regional scale carbon footprint (in line with the IPCC Paris Agreement) Methods: To achieve this, our methodological approach was decomposed into three steps. We first used a Material Flow Analysis (MFA) recently conducted on the forestry sector in the Grand Est region to establish a Sankey diagram (i.e. a schematic representation of industrial sectors and biomass flows along the supply chain) for the pre-Covid-19 period (2014-2018). Then we compared pre-Covid-19 Sankey diagram to the only source of data we could access from the post-Covid-19 period (2020-2021) in order to estimate the impact of Covid-19. Finally, we used as input the reconciled supply chain model into a consequential Wood Product Model (WPMs), called CAT (carbon accounting tool) in order to compare three prospective scenarios: (1) a scenario that projected 2020-2021 Covid-19 conditions and assumed pre-Covid-19 business as usual practices, (2) a scenario illustrating the consequence or rerouting some of the biomass to satisfy the expected increase in pulp and paper production to satisfy the needs of the industry after Covid-19, and (3) a scenario that explored new opportunities in term of extraction of novel bio-molecules by the emerging biochemical wood industry. For every scenario we also evaluated the regional carbon gains and losses that these changes implied. Results: Our study conducted a detailed analysis of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the forestry sector's supply chain in the Grand Est region, using a dynamic and integrated Wood Product Model. We found significant disruptions during the pandemic period, with notable declines in industrial wood chips and timber hardwood production by 41.8% and 40%, respectively. Conversely, there were substantial increases in fuelwood, timber sawdust, and timber softwood, rising by 14.15%, 44.23%, and 15.29% respectively. These fluctuations underscore the resilience and vulnerabilities within the regional wood supply chain. Our findings also emphasize the potential for strategic rerouting of biomass flows to meet changing industry demands, which could play a crucial role in supporting the sector's recovery and adaptation to post-pandemic conditions. Discussion and conclusion: In addition, our study recognizes the limitations of the current approach combining MFA and WPM and suggests potential areas of enhancement. Ultimately, our findings shed light on the need to develop more integrated analytical methods to provide useful synthetic pictures of regional scale supply chains, when there is a need to adapt it to evolving situations and complex data landscapes. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.07195 |
| By: | Marc Germain (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Based on a Kaya identity decomposing the ecological footprint as a function of ecological intensity, GDP/capita and population, the aim of the article is to calculate a country's sustainable GDP/capita, i.e. the maximum GDP/capita level compatible with the absence of ecological overshoot. For France and Germany (resp. for Belgium), the sustainable GDP/cap corresponds to the levels of GDP/cap observed during the 1st half of the 1960s (resp. 1950), i.e. a division by 3 (resp. by almost 4) compared to the current GDP/cap. The results show that the reduction in GDP/capita required to eliminate ecological overshoot would in no way imply a return to the candle age. Nor would it involve a pure and simple return to the 1950s or 1960s, given that the neutralization of overshoot is achieved via a reduction in GDP/capita alone, without giving up current technology and population. In view of the literature on the links between growth and well-being, it is also likely that the decline in GDP/capita would not be accompanied by a loss of well-being of the same magnitude (assuming there is a loss). |
| Abstract: | A partir d'une identité à la Kaya décomposant l'empreinte écologique en fonction de l'intensité écologique, du PIB/hab et de la population, le but de l'article est de calculer le PIB/hab soutenable d'un pays, c-à-d le niveau de PIB/hab maximal compatible avec l'absence de dépassement écologique. Pour la France et l'Allemagne (resp. pour la Belgique), le PIB/hab soutenable correspond aux niveaux du PIB/hab observés pendant la 1ère moitié des années 1960 (resp. 1950), soit une division par 3 (resp. par près de 4) par rapport au PIB/hab actuel. Les résultats montrent que la décroissance du PIB/hab nécessaire pour faire disparaître le dépassement écologique n'impliquerait aucunement un retour à l'âge de la bougie. Il ne s'agirait pas non plus d'un retour pur et simple aux années 1950 ou 1960, vu que la neutralisation du dépassement est obtenue via la seule réduction du PIB/hab, sans renoncer à la technologie et à la population actuelles. Au vu de la littérature sur les liens entre croissance et bien-être, il est également vraisemblable que la décroissance du PIB/hab ne s'accompagnerait pas d'une perte de bien-être de même ampleur (en supposant qu'il y ait perte). |
| Keywords: | Degrowth, Kaya identity, Ecological footprint, Décroissance, Identité de Kaya, Empreinte écologique |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04726726 |
| By: | Don Fullerton; Thomas Kinnaman |
| Abstract: | This paper summarizes the economics perspective on recycling of municipal solid waste. The first section reviews recent data on recycling rates in the United States and across all OECD countries. The OECD data suggest the average aggregate recycling rate across member countries appears to have plateaued over the past several decades. Data from the United States on recycling rates for some common recyclable materials remain low, even after several decades of learning and participation. These data collectively suggest that major new policies may be required to reach increased recycling rate targets. But basing policies on reaching a single aggregate recycling goal, a common practice in past decades and enacted recently in both the Unites States and European Union, may no longer be effective. We discuss many sources of heterogeneity within the recycling industry that have been largely ignored in existing economics literature. Heterogeneity emerges because recyclable materials are very different from each other. Economies and natural environments also differ across both space and time. Recycling policies that ignore these differences are likely to be set inappropriately. If transactions costs are low enough to set a unique recycling policy for each material, in each locality, then a surgical recycling strategy may better serve society. Most jurisdictions have implemented specific recycling policies for products such as automobile batteries that differ greatly from policies enacted for yard waste, because these two materials are very different from each other. A surgical recycling policy would extend this practice, so that the recycling policy for aluminum cans could differ from that of plastic jugs or glass bottles. Reaching future recycling goals could be frustrated by ignoring the sources of heterogeneity across materials, locations, and time. |
| Keywords: | recycling, solid waste, landfill, disposal, dumping, environment, litter, policy, product design |
| JEL: | H23 Q38 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11327 |
| By: | Laura Gabrielli; Aurora Greta Ruggeri; Massimiliano Scarpa |
| Abstract: | The energy performance of buildings has emerged as a critical factor in the real estate sector, intertwining environmental sustainability with market pricing. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationship between a building's energy performance, as indicated by its energy class, and its market value. Leveraging a web-parsing automated procedure, the authors gathered approximately 200, 000 observations of properties currently listed for sale across Italy, capturing both asking prices and energy class specifications. Through the analysis of this extensive dataset, an Artificial Neural Network was trained to develop a predictive tool for estimating property market values based on various building characteristics, with particular emphasis on understanding the impact of energy class on market prices. In conclusion, this research opens the debate on the significance of energy class in evaluating the market value of buildings, especially within the context of the European Green Homes Directive. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Neural Network; Energy class; Market Value; Property Valuation |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-198 |
| By: | Andres, Pia |
| Abstract: | Low cost solar energy is key to enabling the transition away from fossil fuels. Despite this, the European Union followed the United States’ example in imposing anti-dumping tariffs on solar panel imports from China in 2013, arguing that Chinese panels were unfairly subsidised and harmed its domestic industry. This paper examines the effects of Chinese import competition on firm-level innovation in solar photovoltaic technology by European firms using a sample of 10, 137 firms in 15 EU countries over the period 1999–2020. I show that firms which were exposed to higher import competition innovated more if they had a relatively small existing stock of innovation, but less if their historical knowledge stock fell within the top 10th percentile of firms in the sample. This suggests that newer firms were more able to respond to increased competition by innovating, while firms with a large historical stock of innovation may have been locked into old technological paradigms. As firms with a smaller knowledge stock tended to innovate more overall, trade with China appears to have been beneficial in encouraging innovation among the most innovative firms. However, I also find evidence that import competition increased the probability of exit among firms in the sample. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–10–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:125801 |
| By: | Christian de Boissieu |
| Abstract: | La transition énergétique et écologique (TEE) est inéluctable, souhaitable et désormais acceptée au plan mondial. Mais le financement de cette transition demeure fort incertain. L’objet de ce Policy Paper est d’analyser les besoins de financement à considérer, et de passer en revue les différents canaux financiers possibles. Des pistes ont déjà été lancées, des procédures et des instruments sont mis en place, mais tout cela reste insuffisant. Il va falloir combiner un grand nombre de solutions, lesquelles vont exiger des innovations financières, l’application élargie des critères ESG, une adaptation de certaines réglementations bancaires et financières et plus de coopération internationale. Pour conclure, cet article propose un certain nombre de recommandations pour faciliter le financement de la TEE. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_08-23 |
| By: | Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick and University of Bonn); Palmou, Christina (Office for National Statistics (ONS)); Schneebacher, Jakob (Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), and affiliated with King’s College London (KCL) and the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE)) |
| Abstract: | We study how businesses adjust to significant rises in energy costs. This matters for both the current energy crisis and the longer-term shift towards Net Zero. Using firm-level real-time survey and administrative data backed by a pre-registered analysis plan, we examine how firms respond to the energy price shock triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along output, price, input, process and survival margins. We find that, on average, firms pass on some cost increases, build up cash reserves, and face higher debt, but do not yet see layoffs or bankruptcies. However, effects are highly heterogeneous by size and industry: for instance, small firms tend to increase cash reserves and prices, while large firms invest more in capital. We estimate separate elasticities for many small industry cells and subsequently use k-means clustering techniques on the estimated effects to identify high-dimensional firm-adaptation archetypes. These estimates can help tailor firm support in the energy transition both in the short and the long term. More generally, the machinery developed in this paper enables policymakers to evaluate and adjust economic policy in near-real time. |
| Keywords: | energy price shock; firm dynamics; climate change; high-dimensional analysis JEL Classification: D22; D24; H23; L11; O30 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:722 |
| By: | FARACA Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); PEREZ CAMACHO M Nati (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | On 14 September 2023, the EU Ecolabel criteria for ‘absorbent hygiene products’ were established in Commission Decision 2023/1809, within the scheme of the EU Ecolabel Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 66/2010). This User Manual (UM) supports the interpretation of the EU Ecolabel criteria for ‘absorbent hygiene products’, and it explains all requirements. The UM aims to optimise the time and ease the procedures of all the actors involved in the application stage. The manual is composed of this document and separate files, which include the application form, data submission and declarations. There is only one spreadsheet to be filled out, regardless of the product type (baby diapers, sanitary napkins, tampons, adult incontinence products). |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136249 |
| By: | Andrea Delle Foglie; Massimo Biasin |
| Abstract: | Smart Cities are urban areas that leverage technological solutions to enhance the management and efficiency of traditional networks for the benefit of their residents and businesses. This paper presents a systematic literature review based on the SPAR-4-SLR protocol, aimed at analyzing the literature and the progress in Smart Cities research. It specifically focuses on the impact of blockchain technology on the urban environment and its potential to contribute to the development of inclusive and sustainable communities, including financial systems with similar characteristics to serve these societies. The findings reveal a lack of research on practical applications of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and blockchain in developing the financial ecosystem of Smart Cities. To address this gap, a future research agenda is proposed, highlighting several research questions that could be useful for academics and practitioners interested in exploring the development of Smart Cities' financial systems. It also highlights the potential of blockchain technology for the real estate market, which is a crucial component of urban organization in smart city constructions. Blockchain can provide a secure and transparent land registry system that reduces fraud, streamlines property transactions, and enhances land management. Therefore, research is needed to develop blockchain-based solutions for land registration, title verification, and property taxation in smart city governance. |
| Keywords: | Distributed Ledger Technologies; real estate; Smart Cities; Sustainable urban environment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-209 |
| By: | Thiemo Fetzer; Christina Palmou; Jakob Schneebacher |
| Abstract: | We study how businesses adjust to significant rises in energy costs. This matters for both the current energy crisis and the longer-term shift towards Net Zero. Using firm-level real-time survey and administrative data backed by a pre-registered analysis plan, we examine how firms respond to the energy price shock triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine along output, price, input, process and survival margins. We find that, on average, firms pass on some cost increases, build up cash reserves, and face higher debt, but do not yet see layoffs or bankruptcies. However, effects are highly heterogeneous by size and industry: for instance, small firms tend to increase cash reserves and prices, while large firms invest more in capital. We estimate separate elasticities for many small industry cells and subsequently use k-means clustering techniques on the estimated effects to identify high-dimensional firm-adaptation archetypes. These estimates can help tailor firm support in the energy transition both in the short and the long term. More generally, the machinery developed in this paper enables policymakers to evaluate and adjust economic policy in near-real time. |
| Keywords: | energy price shock, firm dynamics, climate change, high-dimensional analysis |
| JEL: | D22 D24 H23 L11 O30 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11367 |
| By: | Hafez Ghanem |
| Abstract: | This brief argues for a pan-African food security initiative that would: 1). encourage free trade in food products between African countries; 2). promote multi-country regional investments in infrastructure to enhance agricultural productivity and resilience to climate change; 3). support public-private partnerships to establish fertilizer factories across the continent; 4). create an African council responsible for coordinating and encouraging agricultural research and development; and 5). support a facility that would ensure vulnerable African countries can finance food imports in times of crisis. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbagri:pb_62_22 |
| By: | Hafez Ghanem |
| Abstract: | This brief argues for a pan-African food security initiative that would: 1). encourage free trade in food products between African countries; 2). promote multi-country regional investments in infrastructure to enhance agricultural productivity and resilience to climate change; 3). support public-private partnerships to establish fertilizer factories across the continent; 4). create an African council responsible for coordinating and encouraging agricultural research and development; and 5). support a facility that would ensure vulnerable African countries can finance food imports in times of crisis. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pb_62_22 |
| By: | ASDRUBALI Pierfederico; CASAS ALJAMA Pablo (European Commission - JRC); CHRISTOU Tryfonas (European Commission - JRC); GARCIA RODRIGUEZ Abian (European Commission - JRC); LAZAROU Nicholas (European Commission - JRC); SALOTTI Simone (European Commission - JRC); WEIERS Georg |
| Abstract: | InvestEU supports the EU's economic, social and environmental objectives, succeeding the European Fund for Strategic Investments. The InvestEU Fund is expected to mobilise more than EUR 372 billion of investment in the EU thanks to the EUR 26.2 billion EU guarantee. This Insight presents the impact of the operations approved by the end of 2023, using the RHOMOLO-EIB model (for a total of almost EUR 205 billion). InvestEU is contributing significantly to economic growth. According to the RHOMOLO-EIB estimates, by 2027, it will create more than 1 million jobs, with a positive change in GDP of +0.80% over the baseline. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139530 |
| By: | Ivan Ackermann; Doina Radulescu; Doina Maria Radulescu |
| Abstract: | Policies to address climate change and the energy transition are increasingly gaining ground. However, a large body of research has mainly focused on the efficiency aspect of different instruments rather than their unintended side-effects. Only recently, both policymakers as well as researchers have started to emphasise equity aspects of these policies, since the acceptability of different measures also hinges upon the redistributional implications. This paper contributes to the growing body of research on energy expenditure in-equality in advanced economies by quantifying the regressivity of energy expenditures across 19 European Union countries for the years 2010, 2015, and 2020. We reveal a consistent pattern of regressive energy expenditures across all countries and time periods, with significant variability in the degree and regressivity observed. Our analysis highlights the importance of a nuanced approach to assessing energy expenditure inequality and tailoring suitable energy and climate policies, as countries with the highest or lowest shares of disposable income spent on energy do not necessarily align with those exhibiting the most pronounced regressivity. Tailored policy instruments are essential, particularly when addressing the needs of specific groups, such as low-income households dependent on fossil-based heating systems. However, if broader population segments are affected, more complex solutions may be necessary. We also examine the contributions of various socio-demographic factors to explaining energy expenditures inequality, finding that certain characteristics, such as house-hold size or socio-economic status, contribute to a more even distribution of energy expenditures in the population. These insights suggest that policies aimed at reducing energy expenditure inequality may extend beyond income-based transfers to address the specific needs of different socio-demographic groups. |
| Keywords: | energy policy, energy expenditures, regressivity |
| JEL: | D31 H23 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11390 |
| By: | EGLE Lukas (European Commission - JRC); PIERRI Erika (European Commission - JRC); GARCIA JOHN Enrique (European Commission - JRC); GARCIA-GUTIERREZ Pelayo (European Commission - JRC); GAUDILLAT Pierre (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report is the deliverable of Work Package 8 "Technical support to develop a proposal for the targeted amendment of the European List of Waste entries relevant to batteries" of the Joint Research Centre (JRC)’s Administrative Agreement providing support for the new batteries regulatory framework to DG ENV and DG GROW. The JRC is providing technical support to the accompanying measures related to the Batteries Regulation, in particular for the development of a targeted amendment of the European List of Waste entries relevant to batteries. This potential amendment would help better categorise the waste flows associated with new types of batteries, to improve the accuracy and traceability of battery waste flow monitoring and ensure a level playing field in the EU. This report presents the results of the technical analysis carried out to support the potential targeted amendment examining batteries, battery wastes, and industry processes; it has been developed through desk research complemented by extensive stakeholder input and field visits. The report presents current evidence on the relevant battery waste streams identified, their composition and their hazard properties, as well as a recommendation for new or revised six-digit waste code entries to the List of Waste relevant to batteries. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139124 |
| By: | Hamza Mjahed |
| Abstract: | The North Sea has been an important energy hub for many European countries for centuries. It is home to many natural resources, from oil and natural gas, to wind and wave energy, making it a powerhouse of energy production. In recent decades, the North Sea has seen significant investment in energy infrastructure and innovation, allowing many of these resources to be harnessed and used to supply energy to much of Europe. Furthermore, the North Sea has become more important for European energy security in the context of the volatility in global energy markets and European efforts to decouple from Russian fossil fuels. The North Sea is thus bound to play a vital role in the future of European energy security, with a large number of projects set to come online in the coming years, providing a significant boost to energy production. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_09_23 |
| By: | Chiara Mazzarella; Hilde Remoy |
| Abstract: | This study delves into the significance of temporary uses initiated by non-profit entities in vacant real estate assets, with a particular focus on the diverse benefits arising from community management. Certain non-profit entities serve as intermediaries between urban communities and property owners, facilitating the temporary utilization of real estate. Through these initiatives, a variety of activities are activated, thereby enhancing community engagement, social cohesion, and local initiatives. However, traditional valuation methods often fail to fully capture the values derived from such endeavors, which encompass social, cultural, and environmental dimensions.To address this gap, the research employs a methodology that blends qualitative assessments with quantitative analyses to comprehensively evaluate the value of experimental temporary uses. By integrating qualitative assessments such as community impact evaluations and stakeholder engagement with quantitative metrics like economic impact analysis, a more holistic understanding of the multidimensional value of these temporary uses is attained.The beneficiaries of these values are diverse, spanning various sectors including the local community, residents, businesses, and policymakers. Community-driven initiatives significantly contribute to social cohesion, cultural enrichment, and environmental sustainability, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life in the neighborhood. Businesses may experience benefits such as increased foot traffic and heightened consumer engagement resulting from community activities. Policymakers and urban planners can leverage insights from this study to inform decision-making processes, urban development strategies, and policies that acknowledge the pivotal role of temporary communities in creating value from vacant spaces and revitalizing neighborhoods.Through the integration of diverse perspectives and valuation techniques, this study aims to explore the multiple outcomes of community-managed temporary uses in vacant real estate. Understanding and quantifying the multidimensional values generated by non-profit-led initiatives can inform policy decisions, urban planning strategies, and real estate development practices to recognize the agency of temporary communities in creating value from vacancies and enhancing the neighborhood. |
| Keywords: | non-profit entities; temporary uses; vacant real estate; Value Creation |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:eres2024-217 |
| By: | Hossain, Mashiat; Pamuk, Haki; Parvez, Md Shahnewaz; Herens, Marion |
| Abstract: | The project “Support for Modelling, planning, and Improving Dhaka’s Food System†(DFS) project aimed to address Dhaka’s challenges in providing affordable, accessible, safe, and nutritious food to its residents, using a comprehensive, gender-inclusive, and nutrition-sensitive approach. Dhaka is facing significant challenges to ensure affordability and accessibility of safe and nutritious food to its residents. DFS project aimed to find integrated solutions to address both present and future food needs in Dhaka. The project followed a comprehensive approach that considered various aspects of the food system, including short-term challenges related to food security, availability, and consumption, as well as long-term challenges regarding urban food policy and planning. A gender-inclusive and nutrition-sensitive approach was adopted throughout the project.- The report uses a food system monitoring approach to analyse how the DFS project initiatives connect with Dhaka’s food system. DFS project initiatives target specific aspects and aim to bring transformative changes for improved food outcomes in the city while also being gender-sensitive, food safety and nutrition-focused. This report analyses the connection between the DFS project initiatives and Dhaka’s food system using a food system monitoring approach. Most of the 21 DFS project initiatives are linked to specific aspects of Dhaka’s food system, and three initiatives are expected to contribute to multiple aspects, aiming to bring about changes in the city’s food system. The outputs generated by these initiatives are anticipated to transform the food system and improve food-related outcomes in Dhaka’s four cities. The project initiatives were designed to be gender-sensitive and nutrition-focused, aligning with the project’s overall approach. |
| Keywords: | food consumption; food security; policy innovation; monitoring and evaluation; Bangladesh; Asia; South-eastern Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:155197 |
| By: | PONTIKAKIS Dimitrios (European Commission - JRC); PAPACHRISTOS George; JANSSEN Matthijs; MIEDZINSKI Michal (European Commission - JRC); NORLEN Hedvig |
| Abstract: | Public policy is now confronted with the exceptional challenge of transforming our current production and consumption systems within timeframes defined by imperatives such as climate change mitigation. To this end, there are large potential policy gains from aligning, synchronising and/or sequencing demand-side policies for solution deployment with supply-side policies for production capability accumulation and diversification. For example, fiscal policies and regulations in support of solution deployment for the challenge of climate change with policies in support of innovation, investment and skills development. The present note outlines the conceptual basis for the development of a new System Dynamics model that aspires to quantify these policy gains. The model will be empirically calibrated and intended to capture the joint dynamics of solution deployment (demand) and production capability accumulation and diversification (supply) taking place over time horizons of one or more decades. This will serve as a basis to evaluate the approximate contributions of various policies over time. To facilitate model development, we demarcate an initial analytical space that combines high value for policy, theoretical soundness, sufficient data availability and well-established empirical regularities. The ambition is to offer a simulation environment that allows quick policy experimentation, learning and improvement, and can therefore facilitate the design of powerful packages of policies potentially spanning several policy areas and levels of governance. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139240 |
| By: | Hiroaki Ishiwata (Pacific Consultants Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan); Masashi Sakamoto (Tohoku University); Makoto Ikeda (Kobe University); Venkatachalam Anbumozhi (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to develop and utilise a multi-regional economic growth model that can take into account flood damage and investment in disaster risk reduction, and, through case studies in Viet Nam, quantitatively analyse the long-term effects of investment in disaster risk reduction on the national and local economy, as well as the optimal scale and timing of investments in flood protection, to gain a better overview of these factors. The results indicate that additional investment in disaster risk reduction could stimulate economic growth, and that the optimal range of the disaster risk reduction budget rate was around 0.3% to 0.5% of GDP, assuming a constant budget rate throughout the total 25-year calculation period. In the case of a variable disaster risk reduction budget rate, we observed that a variable budget rate that gradually reduces the disaster risk reduction budget rate from a higher level than the current rate could further promote economic growth than if the budget rate were fixed. In both cases, we verified that with excessive investment in disaster risk reduction, the high tax burden had the risk of reducing investment in production capital and lead to stagnating economic growth. By region, the long-term effects of investment in disaster risk reduction were most seen in the Central region, where the rate of flood damage is the highest. |
| Keywords: | disaster risk reduction investment, extensive flood risk, multi-regional economic growth model, Viet Nam |
| JEL: | C68 E17 H21 H54 O11 O41 O53 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–02–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2023-24 |
| By: | Alba Miñano-Mañero |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how geography shapes the legacy of redlining, the systemic mortgage lending bias against minority us neighborhoods. On average, redlined neighborhoods lag behind adjacent, less-discriminated areas in home values, income, and racial composition. Yet, redlined neighborhoods near parks and water fare better. To help understand convergence, we inventory waterfront renovations, apply machine learning to historical imagery to track tree canopy changes, and instrument such changes exploiting tree replacements due to geographic variation in tree plagues and susceptible species. Findings suggest that enhancing waterfronts and increasing tree canopy can mitigate the long-lasting effects of institutionalized discrimination. |
| Keywords: | redlining, geography, natural amenities, waterfronts, tree canopy. |
| JEL: | R23 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp03532024 |
| By: | Abdelghani Koura (USMS - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane); Abdeslam Boudhar (ENCG Beni Mellal - LAREMO - USMS - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, USMS - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane); Mohamed Oudgou (LAREMO, USMS - Université Sultan Moulay Slimane) |
| Abstract: | SMEs are characterized by a number of flaws that threaten their survival and counteract them from reaching high levels of growth and development. Access to finance is the primary problem facing these companies in the Moroccan context. Aware of the effective and potential impacts of SMEs on the country as a whole, the Moroccan Government through a variety of actors has mobilized its efforts in a number of ways to support this population of companies. This study assesses the extent to which actors within the Moroccan SMEs' financing ecosystem align to support these companies and develop their ability to access external financing. Using the MACTOR model, based on an in-depth contextual analysis and expert interviews, our findings suggest that Morocco's SMEs' financing ecosystem is skewed, with high levels of convergence between its components. |
| Keywords: | SME financing public policy policy convergence MACTOR analysis guarantee schemes subsidies and direct aids incubation, SME financing, public policy, policy convergence, MACTOR analysis, guarantee schemes, subsidies and direct aids, Incubation, Moroccan SMEs, Policy Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–09–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04719058 |
| By: | Chigwe, Tabitha C. Nindi |
| Abstract: | This study examines the adoption of sustainable agricultural intensification practices— particularly cereal-legume intercropping—by smallholder farming households in Malawi. The focus of the study is on how spatial variation in key factors related to agricultural production and marketing influences farming households’ decision-making processes under risk. Separate analyses are done for six distinct agroecological zones in Malawi to evaluate how resource and market constraints affect farming households’ decisions to employ intercropping practices on their cropland and how the variations in these constraints have differing impacts on adoption of intercropping across different regions. This study provides valuable insights into the complexities of smallholder farming choices in diverse geographic contexts. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI, Africa, Eastern Africa, households, intercropping, smallholders, spatial analysis, sustainable agriculture |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:masprn:155279 |
| By: | Ahmed Ouhnini; Larissa Wachholz; Bruno Brasil |
| Abstract: | This policy brief was originally published on T20 India website Supportive policies for tropical agriculture have helped millions of small-scale farmers in Brazil step out of poverty by improving government capacity to design legal frameworks to strengthen agricultural production and family farming. Scientific and technological developments have enabled small-scale Brazilian farmers to produce food while considering local tropical conditions. In contrast, tropical agriculture stakeholders in Africa continue to face structural challenges to productivity levels. The persistent technological gap between tropical nations in Africa and industrialised countries hinders the capacity of local producers to compete with major traditional tropical crop exporters under the current free trade conditions. Although tropical farming has evolved differently in Latin America and Africa, farmers in the two regions face similar challenges, such as insufficient investments in infrastructure, tropical deforestation as a result of economic incentives, and significant rural poverty. In many countries, promoting tropical agriculture is not a priority for governments and public policies, which results in a lack of strategy and structured investments. Brazil and Africa could meet the increase in demand expected for tropical products, such as food and fibres, by 2050. Considering that both the country and the continent are important players in global food production systems, Brazil and Africa both have significant potential to increase their production of tropical products to meet future demand. To achieve this, the sector needs structured investment and strategically aligned policies to lay the ground for a prosperous, inclusive, and sustainable tropical agriculture. This Policy Brief compares the position of both regions within global commodity value chains and investigates additional factors that could explain successes and failures, as well as highlight best practices to promote inclusive markets for tropical farming, define prospects for underexploited new market opportunities, and identify relevant instruments to reach common goals. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:none |
| By: | Ahmed Ouhnini; Larissa Wachholz; Bruno Brasil |
| Abstract: | This policy brief was originally published on T20 India website Supportive policies for tropical agriculture have helped millions of small-scale farmers in Brazil step out of poverty by improving government capacity to design legal frameworks to strengthen agricultural production and family farming. Scientific and technological developments have enabled small-scale Brazilian farmers to produce food while considering local tropical conditions. In contrast, tropical agriculture stakeholders in Africa continue to face structural challenges to productivity levels. The persistent technological gap between tropical nations in Africa and industrialised countries hinders the capacity of local producers to compete with major traditional tropical crop exporters under the current free trade conditions. Although tropical farming has evolved differently in Latin America and Africa, farmers in the two regions face similar challenges, such as insufficient investments in infrastructure, tropical deforestation as a result of economic incentives, and significant rural poverty. In many countries, promoting tropical agriculture is not a priority for governments and public policies, which results in a lack of strategy and structured investments. Brazil and Africa could meet the increase in demand expected for tropical products, such as food and fibres, by 2050. Considering that both the country and the continent are important players in global food production systems, Brazil and Africa both have significant potential to increase their production of tropical products to meet future demand. To achieve this, the sector needs structured investment and strategically aligned policies to lay the ground for a prosperous, inclusive, and sustainable tropical agriculture. This Policy Brief compares the position of both regions within global commodity value chains and investigates additional factors that could explain successes and failures, as well as highlight best practices to promote inclusive markets for tropical farming, define prospects for underexploited new market opportunities, and identify relevant instruments to reach common goals. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbagri:none |
| By: | Tastan, Kadri |
| Abstract: | The foundation of the European Union-Turkey economic and trade relations lies in the Customs Union and more broadly in the bilateral preferential trade framework, established in December 1995. For over nearly three decades, this partnership has played a pivotal role in integrating Turkish industries into European supply chains, significantly multiplying bilateral trade volumes. However, as the global economic and geopolitical environment has changed and concerns about trade resilience and national security have increased, new trends such as protectionism, offshoring, or friend-shoring are increasingly being discussed. These global developments present new challenges but also opportunities for EU-Turkey relations. |
| Keywords: | Customs Union, single market, European Economic Area, deglobalisation, decarbonisation, re-shoring, friend-shoring, European Chips Act, Critical Raw Materials Act, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM, Inflation Reduction Act, IRA, Green Deal |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:304323 |
| By: | Alessandro Palma (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Giulia Martinelli (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Abstract: | We study the impacts of high temperatures on milder mental health outcomes using clinical administrative data from a National Health Service of England programme treating anxiety and depression. Leveraging monthly variation in temperatures at the English Clinical Commissioning Group level, we find robust evidence indicating that extremely hot temperatures, i.e. above 34℃, lead to an increase in the demand for mental health support, assessments, and treatments by approximately 10, 15 and 12 per cent, respectively. We also show that when temperature shocks are long-lasting and result in heat waves longer than ten days, the effects are particularly pronounced. These results are not affected by individuals’ adaptive response to similar heat stress experienced in the previous month or year. Our back-of-the-envelope calculation indicates that the monetary health costs associated with heat stress are substantial. |
| Keywords: | mental health, temperatures, heatwaves, adaptation, health costs |
| JEL: | I18 J28 J81 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp46 |
| By: | Schmidt, James |
| Abstract: | Due to wildfire risk, conventional fire insurance has become difficult to obtain in a several areas of Northern California. As a consequence, many residents have been forced to obtain more expensive policies through the last-resort option, the California FAIR Plan. The lack of conventional insurance is particularly acute in the Central Sierra region. In 2022, the latest year for which county data is available, FAIR Plan policies in several Central Sierras counties comprised nearly 40% of the homeowner insurance market. The number of FAIR Plan policies compared to at-risk homes in the Central Sierras is nearly 1.5 times higher than in the Northern Sierras and 4.8 times higher than in the San Francisco Bay Area. This disparity exists despite the fact that losses as a percentage of at-risk homes have been much lower in the Central Sierras. In June, 2024, the California Department of Insurance (CDI) proposed regulations to limit FAIR Plan policies to a maximum of 15% of homeowner policies by county. The intent was to achieve a more balanced distribution of FAIR Plan policies. The following analysis examines what would happen if the number of FAIR Plan policies in effect in Northern California in 2022 were distributed among counties on the basis of each county’s total risk. What would be the resulting percentage of FAIR Plan policies in each county? And what would be the impact on the total number of FAIR Plan policies by region in Northern California? Four different methods for calculating risk by county are analyzed. In each case, the CDI estimates for the number of high-risk dwelling units by county are used as the starting point. On method simply uses the CDI numbers directly as the risk metric. In other risk assessments, factors such as the proportion of structures by Fire Hazard Severity Zone (CAL FIRE, 2024), the proportion of structures in high-wind areas, and past loss rates by zone are used to weight the CDI numbers. If based on the results of this analysis, the number of FAIR Plan policies in the Central and Southern Sierras would be reduced by at least 40% compared to 2022 levels and over 70% if risk calculations reflected the relatively small extent of high-wind areas in those regions. In the Central Sierras, Tuolumne and Mariposa counties would be slightly above the cap at 19% under some risk scenarios but would drop as low as 8% in others. |
| Keywords: | FAIR Plan, wildfire, Northern California, fire insurance, Sierras, Bay Area, fire hazard zones, wind, California Department of Insurance, catastrophe models, regulations, risk |
| JEL: | G22 H89 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122252 |
| By: | Aivin V. Solatorio; Gabriel Stefanini Vicente; Holly Krambeck; Olivier Dupriez |
| Abstract: | Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), holds the potential to bridge language and information gaps, which can benefit the economies of developing nations. However, our analysis of FLORES-200, FLORES+, Ethnologue, and World Development Indicators data reveals that these benefits largely favor English speakers. Speakers of languages in low-income and lower-middle-income countries face higher costs when using OpenAI's GPT models via APIs because of how the system processes the input -- tokenization. Around 1.5 billion people, speaking languages primarily from lower-middle-income countries, could incur costs that are 4 to 6 times higher than those faced by English speakers. Disparities in LLM performance are significant, and tokenization in models priced per token amplifies inequalities in access, cost, and utility. Moreover, using the quality of translation tasks as a proxy measure, we show that LLMs perform poorly in low-resource languages, presenting a ``double jeopardy" of higher costs and poor performance for these users. We also discuss the direct impact of fragmentation in tokenizing low-resource languages on climate. This underscores the need for fairer algorithm development to benefit all linguistic groups. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.10665 |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The volatility in energy markets since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2019/2020 has continued, with unprecedented uncertainty about global energy supply developing over the course of 2022 in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, against a backdrop of weakening macroeconomic conditions and high inflation. While some perceived this as a potential setback for the energy transition, others saw it as an opportunity to move away from fossil fuels and accelerate the development of clean technologies. This Policy Brief explores five recent trends that are likely to shape the transformation of the energy system in 2023 and highlights clean technology challenges to accelerate the transition to a greener future. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_04_23 |
| By: | Christina Anderl; Guglielmo Maria Caporale |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to assess the role of expectations as a determinant of the real price of natural gas. To measure expectations-driven speculative demand three approaches are followed, which are based respectively on using natural gas inventories consistently with the theory of storage (Kilian and Murphy, 2014), the futures spread (Valenti, 2022), and functional shocks defined as shifts in the entire risk-adjusted natural gas futures term structure (Inoue and Rossi, 2021). Three specifications of a structural VAR (SVAR) model are then estimated based on each of those approaches in turn. The results suggest that expectations, especially when measured as functional shocks, lead to strong and persistent increases in the real price of natural gas. A shock decomposition exercise shows that the price of natural gas responds primarily to changes in the curvature of its futures term structure, which indicates that medium-term expectations are the main driver of permanent increases in the spot price of natural gas. Further, the functional natural gas price shocks seem to account for around half of the variation in the real price of natural gas. |
| Keywords: | natural gas price, expectations, speculation, inventories, functional shocks, structural VAR (SVAR) |
| JEL: | D84 G15 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11341 |
| By: | Pierre Jacquemot |
| Abstract: | Le rôle du secteur halieutique dans l’alimentation du continent africain est considérable : 22 % des protéines animales disponibles viennent des produits de la mer et des eaux douces et plus de 50 % dans certains pays africains, en particulier en Afrique du Nord et de l’Ouest. Les pêches et leurs activités connexes fournissent non seulement de la nourriture, mais aussi des emplois à 12 millions de personnes, et génèrent des revenus pour les États comme pour les communautés. Mais les perspectives sont pessimistes. La surpêche, la pêche illégale, non déclarée et non réglementée et l’exploitation mal contrôlée des stocks de poissons par des industries de farine et d’huile tournées vers l’exportation laissent de lourdes conséquences dans leur sillage. Comment opérer un retournement de ces tendances ? En adoptant une politique souveraine et durable de la pêche répondant à deux préoccupations principales : 1/respecter un niveau des captures en mer compatible avec les besoins de reproduction du potentiel halieutique ; 2/ imposer des débarquements à terre destinés à la transformation suffisants pour assurer la meilleure couverture alimentaire locale et régionale. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_35-24 |
| By: | Mounia Boucetta |
| Abstract: | Le marché de l’hydrogène vert est appelé à connaitre de grands bouleversements dans les années à venir avec l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs de la transition énergétique. Néanmoins, ce marché est encore tributaire du développement de la demande, de la baisse des coûts de production, de transport et de stockage, du développement d’une chaîne logistique très compétitive et de la mise en place de cadre juridique et règlementaire approprié. Malgré les différents défis que connait ce secteur, plusieurs pays se positionnent déjà entre importateurs et exportateurs pour tirer profit de cette nouvelle dynamique dont les conséquences sont importantes en termes d’investissement aussi bien industriel, logistique que technologique, qu’en termes d’influence diplomatique et géopolitique. Le continent africain dispose de grands atouts grâce à la disponibilité de ressources renouvelables à des prix compétitifs et grâce à sa proximité du marché européen qui mise sur l’hydrogène pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles dans des secteurs difficiles à décarboner tels que les industries d’acier, chimique et de transport. Mais pour transformer ces atouts en de réelles opportunités viables et créatrices de richesses, les pays africains qui visent le marché de l’export devront opter pour des choix appropriés, en tant qu’acteurs de cette transformation, en termes de business modèle, de technologie et d’intégration régionale. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pb_01-23 |
| By: | Tejeda, Merit (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | En los años más recientes, Honduras ha alcanzado la apertura comercial más alta de América Latina. Al ser un país importador neto de derivados de petróleo, su economía es altamente vulnerable a choques externos del precio de este insumo. Debido a las diferencias importantes en la utilización de derivados del petróleo por actividad económica, hay sectores productivos que son más afectados frente a estos choques. Este estudio analiza cómo las variaciones en los precios del petróleo inciden en la estructura productiva del país, empleando un modelo de Ciclos Económicos Reales (RBC, por sus siglas en inglés) adaptado a una economía pequeña y abierta. Los hallazgos revelan que un incremento en el precio del petróleo equivalente a una desviación estándar reduce la producción económica general en un 9, 7%. Se destaca una marcada heterogeneidad sectorial: mientras los sectores transable y no transable no intensivo muestran reducciones en la producción de -9, 7% y -4, 5% respectivamente, el sector no transable intensivo, con alta dependencia del petróleo, sufre una reducción importante en su producción del 59, 3%. |
| Keywords: | Precios del petróleo; Estructura Productiva; Honduras; Economía Importadora Neta; Ciclos Económicos Reales (RBC) |
| JEL: | E32 O13 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–10–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021201 |
| By: | Alexandre Truc (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Olivier Santerre (UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke); Yves Gingras (UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal); François Claveau (UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke) |
| Abstract: | Economics has the reputation to be an insular discipline with little consideration for other social sciences and humanities (SSH). Recent research (Angrist et al., 2020) challenges this perception of economics: the perception would be historically inaccurate and especially at odds with the recent interdisciplinarity of economics. By systematically studying citation patterns since the 1950s in thousands of journals, we offer the best established conclusions to date on this issue. Our results do show that the discipline is uniquely insular from a historical point of view. But we also document an important turn after the 1990s that drastically transformed the discipline as it became more open, very quickly, to the influence of management, environmental sciences and to a lesser degree, a variety of the SSH. While this turn made economics less uniquely insular, as of today economics remains the least outward-looking discipline with management among all SSH. Furthermore, unlike in the other major social sciences, the most influential journals in economics have not significantly contributed to the recent increase in the interdisciplinarity of the discipline. While economics is changing, it is too soon to claim that it has completed an interdisciplinary turn. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04719259 |