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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Elkerbout, Milan (Resources for the Future); Nehrkorn, Katarina (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Climate policies that interact with international trade tend to have some administration linked to the quantification of carbon intensities in traded goods. Administrative costs—and transaction costs more broadly—can undermine trade or raise costs for society. As climate-and-trade policies, such as border adjustment mechanisms, gain in popularity, the potential for burdensome red tape also increases, especially for countries that have less developed carbon-accounting policies. “Interoperability” of carbon intensity quantification is shorthand for the ability of nations to design trade-related climate policies without creating barriers to trade in terms of administrative costs. Pursuing interoperability is a way to limit transaction costs and improve policy efficiency. Interoperability in the context of climate-and-trade policy does not mean trying to harmonize policies. Countries understandably adopt policy designs that fit their national political and economic circumstances. Interoperability should be seen more as a bottom-up process that leads to gradual alignment on methodologies and processes while allowing countries to pursue distinct policy goals and designs.The potential for administrative burdens to harm trade is well recognized. Brexit provided an almost ideal natural experiment in what happens when administrative complexity in conducting trade suddenly increases. It has led to an overall reduction in trade volumes between the European Union and the United Kingdom, and some small parties decided to stop trading altogether. Conversely, reducing barriers to trade that arise from different standards and processes (i.e., technical barriers to trade) can boost trade more than tariff reductions do.Quantifying carbon intensities involves measurement, calculation, or both. The carbon intensity of a product is often the result of a specific production process, so some of the quantification is linked to facilities. Industrial facilities are often already regulated under carbon policies. How to move from facility-based to product-level carbon accounting is one challenge in achieving interoperability.Similarly, carbon-accounting policies often come with distinct system boundaries—that is, the boundary of a production process or value chain within which greenhouse gases will be counted. These system boundaries often make sense for a domestic policy, but comparability between carbon-accounting systems using different system boundaries can be challenging. Examples include whether to include the emissions associated with consumed electricity and heat (“Scope 2” emissions) or exchanges of waste heat between industrial facilities. Under US and EU facility-level reporting (the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program and EU Emissions Trading System, respectively), only Scope 1 emissions—the direct emissions from sources controlled by the firm—are counted, whereas environmental product declarations typically require reporting of the entire life-cycle emissions. Upstream issues such as methane leakage and emissions linked to mining are another example. Ideally, policymakers should agree on technical indicators and methodological approaches that do not impinge on the political aims of a policy, but for which mutual recognition might be feasible. Even if some broader carbon-accounting standards, guidelines, and initiatives already exist with the GHG Protocol and within the International Standardization Organization, interoperability becomes more challenging when addressing product-level accounting, reconciling significant policy differences, involving dissimilar countries. We suggest that policymakers consider the following issues as they incrementally build interoperability:Distinguish between the technical and the political. Some climate policies have goals for innovation, security or competitiveness that do not strictly target emissions reductions. This is likely to be reflected in policy design.Confidentiality and trust matter. Some data required to quantify carbon intensities is sensitive corporate data. Companies need to have trust that this data will be handled safely, both vis-à-vis competitors and regulators.Product-level carbon intensity disclosure is not yet common. Broadening carbon-accounting systems’ focus to facilities and basic and intermediate industrial goods would aid comparability and interoperability.Anticipate the challenges posed by developments in decarbonization, for example, hydrogen, carbon capture and sequestration, and mass-balancing A method for estimating a product’s carbon intensity when dealing with energy and material inputs of varying carbon intensities. accounting issues. As economies progress towards net-zero, new carbon accounting and interoperability challenges will arise—anticipate them and discuss them before they become critical.Variety is a fact of life in the climate policy world. The Paris Agreement and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change itself are based on nationally determined contributions and assume that countries move at different speeds. The potential of decarbonization technologies differs widely among regions, and the industrial clusters of the past may not be the same in the future. Hence, the pursuit of interoperability should not become a straitjacket that constrains domestic climate policy action.Perhaps the most important question to be answered in the short term—once policymakers and stakeholders agree on its importance in the first place—is where the discussion should be pursued. Of the many candidates, two organizations stand out: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Energy Agency. Both have the technical capacity to analyze and compare industrial processes, methodologies, and policies. With its Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Activities, the OECD seems to have a good setup. What is needed, however, is a truly inclusive forum where emerging and developing countries participate on equal footing. These countries potentially have the most to lose from transaction costs, and their domestic climate policy approaches tend to look different from those of countries that have the greatest incentive to pursue climate and trade policies. |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-11 |
| By: | Galina Hale; Brigid C. Meisenbacher; Fernanda Nechio |
| Abstract: | In the past two decades, a number of banks joined global initiatives aimed to mitigate climate change by “greening” their asset portfolios. We study whether banks that made such commitments have a different emission exposure of their portfolios of syndicated loans than banks that did not. We rely on loan-level information with global coverage combined with country-industry information on emissions. We find that all banks have reduced their loan-emission exposures over the last 8 years. However, we do not find differences between banks that did and those that did not signal their sustainability goals, with the exception of early signers of Principles of Responsible Investments (PRI), who already had lower exposure to emissions through their syndicated lending. In addition, banks that signed PRI shortened the maturity of the loans extended to highly-emitting industries but only temporarily. Thus, we conclude that banks reduced their exposure to climate transition risks on average, but voluntary climate commitments did not contribute to syndicated loan reallocation away from highly-emitting sectors. |
| Keywords: | climate; sustainable finance; green finance; bank lending; syndicated loans |
| JEL: | G21 F21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:98621 |
| By: | Teresa Lackner (University of Graz); Luca E. Fierro (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)); Patrick Mellacher (University of Graz) |
| Abstract: | The paper introduces an integrated approach, blending Opinion Dynamics with a Macroeconomic Agent-Based Model (OD-MABM). It aims to explore the co-evolution of climate change mitigation policy and public support. The OD-MABM links a novel opinion dynamics model that is calibrated for European countries using panel survey data to the Dystopian Schumpeter meeting Keynes model (DSK). Opinion dynamics regarding stringent climate policy arise from complex interactions among social, political, economic and climate systems where a household’s opinion is affected by individual economic conditions, perception of climate change, industry-led (mis-)information and social influence. We examine 133 pathways for climate change mitigation policies in the EU, integrating various carbon tax schemes and revenue recycling mechanisms. Our findings reveal that while effective carbon tax policies initially lead to a decline in public support due to substantial macroeconomic transition costs, they concurrently drive a positive social tipping point in the future. This shift stems from the evolving economic and political influence associated with the fossil fuel-based industry, gradually diminishing as the transition unfolds. Second, hybrid revenue recycling strategies that combine green subsidies with climate dividends successfully address this intertemporal tradeoff, broadening public support right from the introduction of the carbon tax. A decomposition of opinion dynamics into the different channels reveals the important role of social influence through which individual experience can propagate within social networks giving rise to rapid and non-linear opinion swings. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, mitigation policy, opinion dynamics, agent-based models, transition risks. |
| JEL: | C63 H31 Q43 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2024-07 |
| By: | Gong Cheng; Torsten Ehlers; Frank Packer; Yanzhe Xiao |
| Abstract: | In traditional bond markets, sovereign bonds provide benchmarks and serve as catalysts for corporate bond market development. Contrary to the usual sequence of bond market development, sovereign issuers are latecomers to sustainable bond markets. Yet, our empirical study finds that sovereign green bond issuance can have quantitative and qualitative benefits for the development of private sustainable bond markets. Our results suggest that both the number and the size of corporate green bond issuance increase more in a jurisdiction after the sovereign debut. The results are more pronounced in countries with stronger climate policies. Sovereign green bond issuance also improves the quality of green verification standards in the corporate bond market more generally, consistent with the aim of fostering third-party reviews and promoting best practice in green reporting and verification. Finally, our work provides evidence that the sovereign debut increases liquidity and diminishes yield spreads of corporate green bonds in the same jurisdiction. |
| Keywords: | green bonds, sustainable bonds, sovereign debt, taxonomies, green verification, bond market development |
| JEL: | H63 O16 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1198 |
| By: | Lorang, Etienne (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Lobianco, Antonello; Delacote, Philippe |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:0f1b4f67-f34d-4e94-9690-30baca12c29d |
| By: | Klas Wetterberg; Jane Ellis; Lambert Schneider |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the interplay between voluntary and compliance carbon markets, with a focus on the environmental integrity implications, in particular mitigation of greenhouse gases. It explores different types of carbon credit markets and the different ways that these markets can, and could, interact. Furthermore, the paper examines how developments in voluntary and compliance carbon markets can impact the mitigation effectiveness of carbon credit markets, including on both the supply and demand sides. The analysis finds that while carbon credit markets could unlock mitigation ambition and action, they also have significant environmental integrity risks that merit government attention. The paper suggests some guiding principles for governments in identifying how to engage with different carbon markets, and recommends that they take strategic, focused and collaborative action. The paper also highlights potential policies that could enhance environmental integrity across carbon markets. In addition to domestic carbon markets, governments could monitor how international and self-regulatory carbon market frameworks evolve. Governments can also assess the role that carbon credit markets play in achieving their climate objectives, and identify opportunities to enhance their mitigation effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | Article 6, carbon credits, carbon tax, climate change, climate mitigation, compliance carbon market, demand, emissions trading system, environmental integrity, ETS, greenhouse gas emissions, net zero, supply, voluntary carbon market |
| JEL: | F55 G14 H23 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:244-en |
| By: | Khakimov, Parviz; Aliev, Jovidon; Thomas, Timothy S.; Ilyasov, Jarilkasin; Pechtl, Sarah; Dunston, Shahnila |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the main challenges for Tajikistan’s agricultural development in the medium and longer term. Tajikistan’s Agri-Food System and Sustainable Development Program (ASDP) for the period up to 2030 defined climate change as one of four key challenges to the development of agriculture and food systems. Accordingly, the Program accentuates the importance climate-optimized agriculture to ensure sustainable development of the sector. The effects of climate change on agriculture in Tajikistan was examined using IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) by simulating climate change and no climate change (baseline) scenarios between 2015 and 2050. |
| Keywords: | climate change; agricultural development; agrifood systems; sustainable development; crops; irrigation; Tajikistan; Central Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ceaspb:141637t |
| By: | Luong, Tuan Anh; Nguyen, Manh-Hung |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyse the impacts of climate change, in particular greenhouse gases on people’s life quality in general, and physical and mental health in particular. These outcomes are taken from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe which took place from 2004 to 2019. We provide a wealth of evidence that shows the adverse impacts of greenhouse gases emission. For instance, doubling the amount of carbon dioxide emission would reduce the quality of life of a person aged 50 by 3.8 percent. The effects on mental health are more noticeable than those on physical health. These effects are, however, not constant across ages. Middle-aged people are more vulnerable than older ones. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide emission; methane emission; nitrous oxide emission; life quality; physical health; mental health. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129467 |
| By: | Dan Xie |
| Abstract: | Real manufacturing output increased rapidly in China from 1998 to 2012 while sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution emissions grew at a much lower rate. To study the reasons for this, I focus on the contributions of environmental policy, trade liberalization, and other factors linked to China’s development process. Using China’s entry into the World Trade Organization and the 11th Five-Year Plan as policy shocks, the difference-in-differences analyses show that these policies effectively reduced firm-level pollution intensity. The change in pollution is primarily driven by within-sector firm heterogeneities rather than industry structural change toward less polluting sectors. Finally, the counterfactual analysis based on a quantitative model reveals that environmental regulations play a major role in reducing pollution and the implicit pollution tax faced by firms grew substantially over the period. In addition, tariff cuts due to trade liberalization reduce variable costs of trade and allow firms to abate pollution more. |
| Keywords: | international trade, China, Environmental regulation, Pollution emission |
| JEL: | L60 Q56 F68 F18 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wsr:wpaper:y:2024:m:07:i:198 |
| By: | Tobias Eibinger (University of Graz, Austria); Hans Manner (University of Graz, Austria); Karl Steininger (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Passenger transport plays a crucial role in achieving carbon-neutrality. While a switch to zero-emission vehicles is a crucial part in this process, policy makers likely have to resort to a differentiated mix of complementary policy measures to achieve global targets on carbon-neutrality. To help policy makers design effective measures, we analyse the effect of environmental policies on CO2 emissions from passenger cars in Austria from 1965-2019. In a first step, we propose a novel environmental policy stringency index tailored to the Austrian transport sector for the period 1950-2019. In a second step, we analyse the effect of different policies on transport-related CO2 emissions in a structural vector autoregressive model. This allows us to control for possible interdependencies between the policies and remaining variables. We find that policies targeting the investment decision to buy new cars reduced emissions in Austria more significantly than policies targeting the usage of cars. The engine-related insurance tax quantitatively shows the strongest impact on emissions, while the standard fuel consumption tax shows the strongest statistical significance. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, CO2 emissions, Passenger transport, Mitigation, Policy stringency, Vector autoregression. |
| JEL: | C32 C54 Q54 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2024-10 |
| By: | Matthies, Ellen; Beer, Katrin; Böcher, Michael; Sundmacher, Kai; König-Mattern, Laura; Arlinghaus, Julia; Bloebaum, Anke; Erben, Melanie Jaeger; Kaiser, Florian; Schmidt, Karolin |
| Abstract: | Due to the urgent need for global climate change mitigation, the use of renewable carbon sources and the application of circular economy principles represent promising ways to implement the necessary fundamental transformation toward a sustainable (i.e., carbon-neutral) carbon-based chemical industry. As this required transformation involves a multitude of stakeholders and requires broad societal support, social sciences have to be involved to inform possible transformation pathways. Although there is a growing body of social sciences research in the field of a circular plastics economy, some processes in the social sciences that have the potential to support the transformation process are still understudied. Based on a reflection of the current circular economy approach, we point out research needs in the following fields: (1) behavioral plasticity of consumer behaviors and potential side effects of mitigation strategies, (2) the dynamics of political framework conditions, and (3) the citizens’ literacy as relevant supporters of the transformation. We conclude that social sciences-related circular economy research is just beginning to understand the needs and willingness of actors involved in the transformation toward a sustainable carbon-based chemical industry, clearly implying the need for further contributions from the social sciences. |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tgbcv |
| By: | Caterina Seghini; Stéphane Dees |
| Abstract: | As the world faces rising temperatures, extreme weather events and environmental disruption, the imperative to mitigate climate change has never been more pressing. Yet the pursuit of effective mitigation could threaten the sustainability of public debt due to the potentially huge fiscal costs of the associated policies. This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium approach that takes into account the macroeconomic implications of the green transition and its consequences for public finances. It shows that when the government relies too heavily on expenditure-based measures, it threatens the sustainability of public debt, by increasing the probability of sovereign default, leading to higher interest rates on government bonds. This higher public default risk has potentially significant repercussions on investment financing conditions for the private sector, and increases the cost of the transition to a net-zero economy. On the other hand, carbon pricing policies make the transition more viable for public finances, at the expenses of similarly high economic costs, while remaining effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The welfare-maximizing optimal policy mix yields a balanced approach, where the share of the mitigation effort undertaken by the public sector ranges from 25% to 40% between 2030 and 2050. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Mitigation Policies, Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Public Finances |
| JEL: | D58 E63 H23 H63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:949 |
| By: | Doroteja Mandarić (University North Croatia Author-2-Name: Prof. Dr. Sc. Anica Hunjet Author-2-Workplace-Name: University North Croatia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - This research aimed to investigate potential disparities between genders in Croatia regarding their pro-environmental attitudes and mindsets, focusing on understanding how gender influences individuals' environmental consciousness and support for sustainable practices. This paper presents an empirical study utilizing survey data to examine gender differences in environmental attitudes and behaviors. Methodology - It contributes to the field of environmental sociology by exploring the role of gender in shaping individuals' responses to environmental challenges, with implications for policy development and sustainability initiatives. By employing an online survey via snowball sampling, a total of 263 adult participants from Croatia were recruited for the study. Closed-ended questions on a Likert scale measured respondents' attitudes towards recycling, waste sorting, environmental protection urgency, and health impacts of environmental issues. Findings - The findings in this research indicate that gender plays a role in influencing individuals' environmental attitudes and behaviors, with significant gender-based variations in environmental consciousness. Women exhibit higher levels of concern for environmental issues, stronger support for recycling policies, and a more positive outlook on the health implications of ecological problems. This study provides valuable insights into the connection between gender and environmentalism in Croatia, making significant contributions to existing literature. Moreover, it offers implications for the development of policies targeting environmental management and recognizing the need to influence the environmental behavior of each gender. By focusing on gender disparities in pro-environmental behaviors, the study offers new insights into the connection between gender and environmentalism, emphasizing the need for gender-sensitive approaches to environmental policymaking and intervention. Novelty - The research aims to deepen our understanding of the intersection between gender and environmental attitudes, highlighting the importance of incorporating gender-specific perspectives into efforts to promote sustainable behaviors, address environmental challenges, and foster more environmentally conscious societies in Croatia and beyond. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | environmental attitudes, sustainability, eco-awareness, environmental behavior |
| JEL: | F64 J16 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber249 |
| By: | Khakimov, Parviz; Aliev, Jovidon; Thomas, Timothy S.; Ilyasov, Jarilkasin; Pechtl, Sarah; Dunston, Shahnila |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the main challenges for Tajikistan’s agricultural development in the medium and longer term. Tajikistan’s Agri-Food System and Sustainable Development Program (ASDP) for the period up to 2030 defined climate change as one of four key challenges to the development of agriculture and food systems. Accordingly, the Program accentuates the importance climate-optimized agriculture to ensure sustainable development of the sector. The effects of climate change on agriculture in Tajikistan was examined using IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) by simulating climate change and no climate change (baseline) scenarios between 2015 and 2050. |
| Keywords: | climate change; agricultural development; agrifood systems; sustainable development; crops; irrigation; Tajikistan; Central Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ceaspb:141637 |
| By: | Ghosh, Surajit; De Sarkar, K.; Chowdhury, A.; Holmatov, Bunyod; Rajakaruna, Punsisi |
| Abstract: | Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in hydropower reservoirs is linked with national and international sustainability objectives. Deploying scalable and effective cloud-based technologies improves the accessibility, reproducibility, and timeliness of the quantification process. This novel strategy promotes global sustainability in the hydropower industry while making it easier to comply with environmental regulations. It can promote informed decision-making, increase transparency, and expedite the transition to clean energy sources. Considering the use of cloud computing in GHG quantification can support global efforts to mitigate climate change and advance the development of hydropower systems into more sustainable global infrastructure. Earth Observation (EO) data with cloud computing facilities such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) and G-res (an online tool by the International Hydropower Association) can help fill in the missing data gaps and calculate GHG emissions from hydropower reservoirs in Vietnam following IPCC recommendations for estimating GHG emissions. Seven hydropower reservoirs (Ban Ve, Binh Dien, Ho Ham Thuan, Ho Hoa Binh, Ho Song Hinh, Thac Ba and Yali) from different parts of Vietnam were selected as test cases for calculating GHG emissions using the G-res tool. The initial results from the analysis show that the Binh Dien reservoir reports the highest GHG aerial emission rate per year, while the lowest has been observed for the Thac Ba reservoir. Similarly, the highest emission rate has been observed for the Ban Ve reservoir, while the lowest has been recorded for the Thac Ba reservoir. The initial results reported here provide an understanding of GHG emissions from the hydropower reservoirs (test cases) and are needed to be verified with the respective reservoir authorities for actual emissions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Productivity Analysis, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:344121 |
| By: | Leo Mercer; Esin Serin; Anna Valero |
| Abstract: | The scale of change and investment required for net zero is challenging, but early action is the most cost-effective way to achieve the 2050 target and could bring opportunities. |
| Keywords: | Election 2024, Election2024, Green Growth, UK Economy, climate |
| Date: | 2024–07–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepeap:067 |
| By: | Shin, Hyeseon |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, International Relations/Trade, Labor And Human Capital |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343657 |
| By: | Long, Yanxu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use, International Development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343677 |
| By: | Jo, Haeun |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343656 |
| By: | Mansouri, Jamil R.; Ellison, Brenna |
| Keywords: | Agricultural And Food Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343773 |
| By: | Haqiqi, Iman |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344026 |
| By: | Le, Hoanh; Gálvez-Soriano, Oscar |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343763 |
| By: | Poudel, Dikshit; Scognamillo, Antonio |
| Keywords: | Food Security And Poverty, Agricultural And Food Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343910 |
| By: | Shakya, Lumana |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics And Policy, Consumer/ Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343824 |
| By: | Dang, Ruirui |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343840 |
| By: | Wang, Yuhan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Risk And Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343897 |
| By: | Long, Yanxu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use, Consumer/ Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343872 |
| By: | Kang, Saesol; Sears, Molly |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Health Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343966 |
| By: | Basurto Hernandez, Saul; Marneau-Acevedo, Ari |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344071 |
| By: | Cornish, Brian; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344079 |
| By: | Ponce, Anthony |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343885 |
| By: | Rouhi Rad, Mani; Medina, Nataly |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343866 |
| By: | Rueda, Ximena |
| Abstract: | The global agri-food system is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and poses a significant threat to biodiversity. Private sector impact investment to support and encourage farmers to combat climate change and protect nature is rapidly increasing alongside calls to repurpose public agricultural subsidies. Globally, support to agricultural producers currently accounts for almost USD 540 billion a year, with potential for a redirection of this new money to farmers and landowners through "Paying for Nature" schemes. However, developing effective, efficient, and inclusive reward mechanisms presents challenges, requiring focused investment in innovation and learning. Common issues include defining practical metrics for outcomes and ensuring fair payment structures for all stakeholders. Solving these challenges demands serious investment in innovation and collaboration with farmers, communities, and local governments. Based on a literature review, this paper presents a series of proposals on how to design instruments that will require strong investment in innovation in the design and implementation of reward and compliance mechanisms, working closely with farmers, communities, and local governments to develop practical and relevant solutions. Attention must be paid to fairness, social equity, and achieving multiple environmental outcomes, such as biodiversity protection and water pollution prevention, while maintaining agricultural productivity. Targeted and well-funded interventions are essential, especially to support vulnerable rural communities facing climate change and biodiversity loss. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2024–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344408 |
| By: | Jeong, Junyoung; Cultice, Brian; Chun, Soomin; Shaffer-Morrison, C. Dale; Gong, Ziqian; Bielicki, Jeffrey; Cai, Yongyang; Irwin, Elena; Jackson-Smith, Douglas; Martin, Jay; Wilson, Robyn |
| Abstract: | Changes in the global economy and climate system have large and wide-ranging repercus- sions for local and regional economies and ecosystems. Here we focus on global-to-local linkages that are hypothesized to impact water quality outcomes within a five-state Great Lakes-Corn Belt region, which includes some of the most intensive agricultural region of the Midwest. We develop a dynamic integrated assessment model (IAM) that links the regional economy to global conditions, local land use change, and water quality outcomes and use a sce- narios framework to assess the likelihood that phosphorus reduction targets for Lake Erie are met by 2050 under a range of plausible global and regional conditions. We examine the relative role that global economic and climate conditions play in regional land use and water quality outcomes and the extent to which local land stewardship incentives and best management prac- tices (BMPs) can offset the potential negative effects of global economic and environmental changes. By integrating a regional-level forward-looking dynamic model, a state-level static computable general equilibrium model, and a local-level land use change model, this IAM en- ables a comprehensive and theoretically consistent integration from global conditions through regional and local decision-making. The model simulates five scenarios defined by distinctly different combinations of global commodity prices, CO2 prices, climate conditions, produc- tivity, population, and economic growth. Our results reveal that success in attaining the policy target is relatively uncertain and highly dependent on future economic, environmental, and policy conditions. We find that only two of the scenarios are projected to attain the 40 per- cent spring DRP and TP reduction targets nine out of ten years by the 2030’s. Other results confirm that lower commodity prices generally lead to reduced cropland acres and are mostly associated with better water quality outcomes. However greater intensification of cropland use is not associated with greater water pollution, a result that may be driven by the relatively high adoption rates for subsurface placement that are reached in later years across scenarios. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for local policies to incentivize BMP adoption at levels that can act as a buffer to uncertain, changing global conditions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–01–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa24:344218 |
| By: | Bondonio, D.;; Chirico, P.;; Piacenza, M.;; Robbiano, S.; |
| Abstract: | In March 2023, the EU approved a zero-emission mobility resolution, which mandates zero CO2 emissions for all new vehicles by 2035. This measure has sparked a heated debate due to its uncertain effectiveness in reducing pollution and CO2 emissions globally. Nevertheless, the shift towards zero -emission vehicles has the potential to decrease local nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution, particularly in urban areas where air quality is a major concern for citizens’ health. This study investigates what may be the predicted impact of the EU zero-emission mobility policy on local NO2 levels, using the draconian stay-home provision of the Italian Covid-19 lockdown of early 2020 as a natural experiment which generated an exogenous fossil-fuel-traffic abatement that proxies the implementation of the resolution. We exploit datafrom the urban areas with elevated traffic density in the Po-river valley in Northern Italy, a region with the highest peaks of air-pollution in Europe, and we develop a novel intertemporal statistical matching approach which is uniquely suited for policy evaluations on air-quality outcomes in the context of multivariate time series data. The results from our causalinference analysis show that Covid -19 lockdown led to a mean NO2 reduction of 13.62 μg/m3 (around 53% from a baseline average level of 25.8 μg/m3). According to medical literature, this decline in NO2 translates into a reduction in the relative risk of total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality of about 9%, 8%, and 4%, respectively. Moreover, we find a marked heterogeneity in the estimated impact of lockdown on pollution and health, with greater decreases in NO2 and in the relative risk of mortality observed for higher baseline pollution levels. These findings suggest that the EU 2035 resolution is indeed expected to improve local air quality and citizens’ health in urban areas with high traffic density. The estimated benefits, however, are likely to vary across EU regions based on prevailing local meteorological conditions and urban texture features, which determine a different baseline pollution, supporting the rationale for a spatial differentiation of the EU zero-emission mobility policy. |
| Keywords: | air pollution;EU zero-emission mobility policy; urban areas; NO2 abatement; health effects; intertemporal statistical matching; impact heterogeneity; |
| JEL: | C10 H23 I18 Q53 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:24/07 |
| By: | K. Behrendt; D. Paparas; A. Mumbi; N. Hill; J. Lowenberg-DeBoer |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Dairy Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Political Economy, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepr:344212 |
| By: | Bertrand Kian Hassani; Yacoub Bahini |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces and defines a novel concept in sustainable investing, termed crosswashing, and explore its impact on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) ratings through quantitative analysis using a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model. The study emphasises that this specific form of greenwashing is not currently considered in existing ESG assessments, potentially leading to an inflated perception of corporate ethical practices. Unlike traditional greenwashing, crosswashing involves companies strategically investing in sustainable activities to boost Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores while preserving nonsustainable core operations. By unveiling the nuances of crosswashing, the research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of sustainable investing, offering insights for improved evaluation and regulation of corporate environmental and ethical responsibilities. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.00751 |
| By: | DONATELLO Shane; PEREZ CAMACHO M Nati (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Green public procurement (GPP) is a powerful tool to achieve environmental objectives by means of the incorporation of green requirements into public sector purchasing contracts. Public authorities, by promoting “green” purchases, incentivise environmentally beneficial outcomes and foster market innovation as well as the transformation towards a sustainable economy model. In order to “green” the market, it is essential for producers to be able to make certifiable and credible green claims about their products and for customers to know what to ask for. While the EU Ecolabel policy can provide environmental references or standards in relation to green claims on products, the EU GPP policy can help customers to know what to ask for. The EU GPP recommendations placed in this document are based on the EU Ecolabel criteria and intend to provide authorities with guidance on how to use ecolabels, and in particular the EU Ecolabel, in the procurement process. This report aims to bring these two policies together in order to find synergies between the supply-side EU Ecolabel policy and the demand-side EU GPP policy – specifically for the procurement of hard covering products made of natural stone, agglomerated stone, ceramics/fired clay or precast concrete. In addition to a brief introduction to the EU Ecolabel policy, to the EU GPP policy and to procurement procedures as a whole, research is presented to support JRC recommendations to public procurers about exactly what green criteria to set when trying to procure environmentally friendly hard covering products. The recommended environmental criteria are split into three themes that focus on: (i) energy consumption and CO2 emissions (different approaches for sub-products made with and without combustion processes); (ii) emissions to air (dust and, where relevant, SOx, NOx and HF), and (iii) process waste reuse at the production site (different benchmarks for different sub-products). Where relevant, further information about the why the EU Ecolabel criteria are relevant and what other ISO 14024 type I ecolabels may be considered as equivalent is provided. This builds up upon the work that concluded with the adoption of the EU Ecolabel criteria, project that was also led by the JRC and finalised in 2021. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc131863 |
| By: | Cheikh, Nidhaleddine Ben (ESSCA School of Management); Rault, Christophe (University of Orléans) |
| Abstract: | While the financial inclusion would induce greater pollutant emissions through its impact of economic activity, the increased access to financial services may unleash investments in green technologies. This papier investigates whether the financial inclusion influences the dynamic of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in a sample of 70 countries during the last decade. We implement panel threshold techniques to explore the possible regime shifts in the environmental quality. Our results reveal that an increased financial access impacts air pollution depending on the level of economic development. While financial inclusion would increase CO2 emissions under lower-income regimes, the environment quality seems to be enhanced with more inclusiveness at later stages of development. Sounder environmental policies are needed for less developed countries to align financial inclusion initiatives with sustainable economic development. |
| Keywords: | financial inclusion, carbon emissions, panel threshold modelling |
| JEL: | C23 O16 O44 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17150 |
| By: | Ofori, Pamela E.; Ofori, Isaac K.; Annan, Kenneth |
| Abstract: | Progress in energy equity, income equality, and environmental quality are fundamental to sustainable development. However, studies providing evidence-based recommendations concerning the joint effect of energy equity and income inequality on environmental sustainability in Africa are lacking. This study fills this gap by using a panel dataset covering 41 African countries from 2008-2019. Results from the Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and the dynamic system GMM estimators reveal the following: (1) energy equity promotes environmental quality, whereas income inequality hampers it, and (2) income inequality nullifies the favourable environmental gains of energy equity. These findings remain consistent when we use the ecological footprint as an alternative measure of environmental quality. We conclude that addressing income inequality is essential for ensuring that energy equity enhances environmental quality. Policymakers should prioritise energy equity and fairer income distribution initiatives to achieve sustainable development goals. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Energy equity; Environmental quality; Income inequality |
| JEL: | D31 O13 O55 Q4 Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121495 |
| By: | Proost, Stef; Vander Loo, Saskia |
| Abstract: | The CORSIA climate agreement requires the signatories to cap their bilateral international aviation carbon emissions to 85% of the level of 2019. Signatories can satisfy the cap by using offsets and sustainable aviation (SAF) fuels.This international agreement faces three handicaps: the agreement must be self-enforcing, very cheap offsets and SAF’s with a high indirect emission are not credible and offsets and SAF’s do not guarantee climate neutrality. We study the participation decision of a country to join or not CORSIA in a Nash context. It is shown that there are pairs of countries for whom it is beneficial to join CORSIA if their climate benefit is higher than half the cost of offsets or SAF fuels. The numerical model illustration for the 10 most important countries shows that only a few countries are likely to effectively participate and will do this via offsets rather than via SAF blends. |
| Keywords: | Aviation, climate, international climate agreement, fuel efficiency aviation, offsets, biofuels |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121484 |
| By: | Yildiz Noorda, Aylin |
| Abstract: | Abstract Terrestrial mining plays a critical role in the green energy transition by supplying essential metals and minerals for infrastructure and technologies such as batteries, wind turbines, and solar panels. However, current and planned mines are insufficient to meet the global demand, reliance on a few select regions to supply the world with these products carry risks, and harmful environmental, social, and governance impacts of terrestrial mining persist (IEA, 2021; RMF, 2021). In this context, alternatives to terrestrial mining are gaining prominence, notably deep seabed mining, which might commence in areas beyond national jurisdiction as early as 2026. Yet, the regulatory framework for sustainable management of deep seabed mining remains incomplete, with significant gaps in understanding its impact on biodiversity and ecosystems (IUCN, 2024). Another emerging alternative is outer space mining, which is still in its nascent stages of technical feasibility. Mining this new frontier promises substantial advancements in space exploration, and, eventually, the supply of critical metals and minerals crucial for achieving and maintaining net-zero emissions. Since 2015, four countries – the United States (US), Luxembourg, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Japan – enacted legislations that allow companies to explore, extract, use, and own space resources, laying the grounds for a space mining industry to flourish. Moreover, forty countries committed to cooperating for “a new era for space exploration and utilisation”, including space mining, through the Artemis Accords signed in 2020. These developments indicate the emergence of a fragmented regulatory approach to space mining activities, lacking guarantees of an international minimum standard of conduct. Such fragmentation risks jeopardising the long-term sustainability objectives for outer space, as actors with expertise might exploit the pluralist context to benefit from legal entitlements and shape specialised regulatory regimes. This working paper argues for early international regulatory intervention to promote the sustainability of space mining activities. Specifically, we advocate for adopting a due diligence standard of conduct, outlining policy options that encompass both institutional and non-institutional solutions. About the authors Dr Aylin Yildiz Noorda is a postdoctoral researcher at the Lisbon Public Law Research Centre, University of Lisbon, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). She is also a non-resident research fellow at the WTI and a member of the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR) of the University of Bern (email: aylin.yildiz@wti.org). Dr Ksenia Polonskaya is an assistant professor at the Department of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University, Ontario, Canada (email: kseniapolonskaya@cunet.carleton.ca). Dr Merve Erdem Burger is a postdoctoral researcher at the Chair of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Neuchâtel, funded by the SNSF (email: merve.erdem@unine.ch). |
| Date: | 2024–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1442 |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Do, Minh N. N.; Cuong Viet Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Very few studies have examined the impacts of both climate change and air pollution on student education outcomes, particularly in a developing country setting. Analyzing a rich database consisting of household and school surveys, test scores, and temperature and air pollution data over the past decade for Viet Nam, we find that a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration in the month preceding exams leads to 0.015 and 0.010 standard deviation decreases in math and reading scores, respectively. We also find some indicative evidence of stronger impacts of air pollution for younger, primary school students who reside in urban areas and in districts with higher temperatures. While we find some mixed effects of temperature, we do not find significant effects on students' test scores for temperature extremes and air pollution over the past 12 months. Our findings offer policy-relevant inputs for the country's ongoing efforts to fight air pollution. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, climate change, weather extremes, education, Viet Nam |
| JEL: | O12 I10 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1464 |
| By: | Md Monzer Hossain Sarker (Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia and Noakhali Science and Technology University); Alberto Gabino Martinez-Hernandez (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Laboratory of Social Dynamics and Recomposition of Spaces, Université Paris Cité); Jesús Reyes Vásquez (Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Perla Rivadeneyra (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia); Sebastian Raimondo (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | The escalating impacts of climate change on coastal regions stress the urgency for effective adaptation strategies, particularly for the case of high-risk countries such as Bangladesh. Nature-based solutions, grey and mixed coastal infrastructure offer promising solutions for addressing these challenges. Prior publications have utilized decision-making models such as the DPSIR framework to explore the link between coastal infrastructure and climate change. However, until now none of them have used it in combination with broader frameworks. Moreover, few works have analyzed the south central coast of Bangladesh by following an integrated approach. Hence, this working paper aims to bridge these gaps by employing an integrated SES-DAPSIR framework to evaluate the main benefits and challenges provided by different types of coastal infrastructure, with a particular emphasis on ecosystem services. Our methodology involves a two-step approach. Firstly, we consolidated a structured questionnaire and conducted surveys within three different locations to gather community’s perspectives on coastal infrastructure. Secondly, we developed an integrated SES-DAPSIR conceptual model, engaging scientific and policymaking stakeholders through an international workshop co-organized with FEEM, Università Ca’ Foscari and Murdoch University. The main results highlight the potential ecological impacts and costs associated with grey infrastructure, advocating for a balanced approach that combines green and grey solutions. Mixed solutions, integrating elements of both nature-based and grey infrastructure, show promise for optimizing adaptation efforts while minimizing ecological harm and cost. As part of this process, government leadership and international cooperation are deemed essential for driving public engagement and fostering societal resilience. |
| Keywords: | Climate change adaptation, coastal infrastructure, nature-based solutions, ecosystem services, integrated frameworks |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.17 |
| By: | Edoardo Campanella (Harvard Kennedy School); Robert Z. Lawrence (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | Driven by the push to decarbonize the world and achieve net zero emissions by 2050, a new anti-elite revolt is in the making in developed economies: If mainstream parties ignore the losers of the green transition as they did with globalization, climate populism not only will slow the adoption of climate policies but could also shake Western democracies. Climate policies are a perfect target for populist rhetoric: They rely on expert knowledge, entail globalist thinking and action, and the counterfactual nature of their benefits--avoiding disasters that would otherwise happen--gives ample fodder for conspiracy theories. And their costs are unevenly shared, hitting those at the bottom of the income distribution significantly harder than those at the top. Climate populism is particularly a problem on the far right, where doubts about science and opposition to international cooperation are strongest. Policies need to deal with this rising political opposition. Given the depth of their grievances, and as is often the case with populism, it is unlikely that voters antagonistic to climate policies will be persuaded by rational arguments. What will change their behavior are economic incentives. If green technologies are cheaper than fossil fuel ones, they will be adopted to save money rather than the planet. Thus the costs of the green transition need to be reduced through more open trade in the short run and more innovation in the long run. In addition, those who support climate policies need to be mobilized through more engaging political strategies, more emotional narratives, and more bottom-up policy approaches. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, populism, green transition |
| JEL: | F6 P5 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-16 |
| By: | Boukaka, Sedi Anne; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E. |
| Abstract: | Conventional agriculture, while providing mass-scale production of cheap and plentiful food, has extracted a massive toll on both the environment and humans. On the one hand, industrial agriculture drives 80 percent of deforestation, threatens 86 percent of the 28, 000 species currently at risk of extinction (through habitat conversion and pollution), is responsible for significant loss of crop and genetic diversity and up to 37 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), accelerates land degradation and land-use change, and uses 70 percent of global water resources withdrawn. On the other hand, it has reduced nutrition outcomes for families and farming incomes due to impoverished soil and water health, reduced crop resistance to pests and diseases, and poor waste management. This unsustainable food production toll is further exacerbated by misaligned public policies and economic incentives. There is an urgent need to shift to more resilient farming systems capable of supporting smallholder farmers and ensuring that agriculture is a net positive contributor to nature. In 2021 the United Nations Food Systems Summit formally recognized nature-positive production as one of five critical pathways to sustainable food systems (Von Braun et al. 2023). |
| Keywords: | agriculture; agrifood systems; resilience; smallholders; sustainability; nutrition; surveys; labour; Africa; Eastern Africa; Kenya |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:149119 |
| By: | Perla Irasema Rivadeneyra García (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice); Federico Cornacchia (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice); Alberto Gabino Martínez Hernández (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Laboratory of Social Dynamics and Recomposition of Spaces, Université Paris Cité); Marco Bidoia (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice); Carlo Giupponi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | In recent decades, the rapid development of coastal regions, driven by sustained economic growth and population migration, has amplified their susceptibility to climate-induced hazards. The need to address these challenges in socio-economic coastal hotspots has become a pressing concern, requiring research and analysis to empower local decision-makers to undertake timely and appropriate adaptation measures. Simultaneously, many of these coastal areas boast rich natural habitats, which offer a diverse array of ecosystem services that can enhance climate resilience through both adaptation and mitigation efforts. This study, focuses on the Venice Lagoon, a region particularly vulnerable to natural hazards like sea-level rise, erosion, and flooding due to its low-lying coastal areas, seeks to examine the coastal protection and carbon sequestration services provided by seagrasses and salt marshes. Leveraging the InVEST platform known for its capabilities in valuing ecosystem services and assessing interventions for the protection and restoration of natural capital, this research takes a multi-platform approach by integrating the Coastal Vulnerability and Coastal Blue Carbon models to compute a composite index of these two ecosystem services. Additionally, we incorporate other tools that aid in the computation of the inputs to the InVEST models such as ARIES (Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability) and the QGIS plugins Molusce and SCP. We also provide estimates of carbon stocks, net carbon sequestration, and the economic value of these habitats for 2040 and 2060. The main outcome of this study is a combined index of coastal protection and carbon sequestration services developed to highlight crucial areas for the provisioning of these services, emphasizing the interconnectedness of socio-ecosystem components in coastal regions. In this study, we highlight the importance of using integrated assessment of ecosystem services in the context of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change adaptation, coastal protection, Venice, future scenarios, ecosystem service |
| JEL: | Q01 Q51 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.13 |
| By: | Saheed Bello; Rita Onolemhemhen |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing policy, carbon emission intensity, stochastic frontier analysis, Canadian provinces |
| JEL: | Q5 C13 D24 H23 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2412 |
| By: | Fromage, Mathilde |
| Abstract: | In the context of climate change, land institutions may adapt to shifts in land market dynamics to ensure efficient resource allocation and support adaptation and mitigation initiatives. However, the intricate relationship between climate change and land markets is complex and not fully understood. Focusing on metropolitan France, this study aims to present a comprehensive perspective on the interactions between climate change and land markets. Examining data from a review of public documents, a survey of French land market institutions, and additional interviews through the lens of the climate change-land conditions-land markets nexus, the results highlight diverse impacts of climate change and varying land conditions across regions. Local adaptation and mitigation measures, such as introducing new crops, diversifying agricultural activities, and implementing energy production initiatives, are observed. Concurrently, there is evidence of a diversified set of participants in land markets and a trend toward the concentration of property rights. Changes in the determinants of prices, with a growing emphasis on water access and market competition, are also noted. Consequently, this study offers a comprehensive view of the interconnected dynamics between climate change and land markets in France. Additionally, it advocates for a deeper exploration of underlying mechanisms to identify potential pathways for the adaptation of land institutions. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:344113 |
| By: | Sarker, Md Monzer Hossain; Martinez-Hernandez, Alberto Gabino; Reyes Vásquez, Jesús; Rivadeneyra, Perla; Raimondo, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | The escalating impacts of climate change on coastal regions stress the urgency for effective adaptation strategies, particularly for the case of high-risk countries such as Bangladesh. Nature-based solutions, grey and mixed coastal infrastructure offer promising solutions for addressing these challenges. Prior publications have utilized decision-making models such as the DPSIR framework to explore the link between coastal infrastructure and climate change. However, until now none of them have used it in combination with broader frameworks. Moreover, few works have analyzed the south central coast of Bangladesh by following an integrated approach. Hence, this working paper aims to bridge these gaps by employing an integrated SES-DAPSIR framework to evaluate the main benefits and challenges provided by different types of coastal infrastructure, with a particular emphasis on ecosystem services. Our methodology involves a two-step approach. Firstly, we consolidated a structured questionnaire and conducted surveys within three different locations to gather community’s perspectives on coastal infrastructure. Secondly, we developed an integrated SES-DAPSIR conceptual model, engaging scientific and policymaking stakeholders through an international workshop co-organized with FEEM, Università Ca’ Foscari and Murdoch University. The main results highlight the potential ecological impacts and costs associated with grey infrastructure, advocating for a balanced approach that combines green and grey solutions. Mixed solutions, integrating elements of both nature-based and grey infrastructure, show promise for optimizing adaptation efforts while minimizing ecological harm and cost. As part of this process, government leadership and international cooperation are deemed essential for driving public engagement and fostering societal resilience. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:344098 |
| By: | Danopoulos, Evangelos; Shah, Aarushi; Schneider, Claudia; Aston, John |
| Abstract: | Scientific studies often put forward policy recommendations (PRs) to bridge the gap between science and policy making. Climate change is one of the areas that PRs can be useful and have major impact, but only if they are based on scientific findings and are communicated trustworthily. The objective of this systematic review is to appraise the quality of PRs in the areas of green energy and transportation. Four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, GeoRef and GreenFile) were searched from 2019. Studies with an environmental focus in the areas of green energy (wind power and hydrogen energy) and transportation that included PRs for tackling climate change or reaching net zero targets were included. The novel Evidence Communication Rules for Policy (ECR-P) critical appraisal tool was used to assess the individual study quality, specifically targeting PRs. The Collaboration for Environmental Evidence Critical Appraisal Tool (CEECAT) was also used. Findings were synthesized narratively based on ECR-P. Twenty-three studies were included, most focusing on wind power, followed by hydrogen energy and transportation. The majority of studies used econometric and empirical modelling. According to CEECAT, study quality was found to be medium to poor. ECR-P was piloted and validated, the rating results indicated poor quality of PRs across all studies. The areas addressing the papers inherent bias towards advocacy against providing information and to disclose uncertainties were found to present most concerns. Communication quality was markedly better regarding study findings and conclusion than PRs. Researchers must use the same scientific rigour and reporting standards in PRs as in any other section of their studies. A reporting guideline for scientific-based PRs could be of great assistance. More research in other disciplines is needed to validate our results and provide further data. |
| Date: | 2024–07–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:k4ujg |
| By: | Babu, Suresh; Tohirzoda, Sino; Akramov, Kamiljon; Srivastava, Nandita; Aliev, Jovidon |
| Abstract: | The Declaration on Sustainable Agriculture, Resilient Food Systems, and Climate Action endorsed by over 150 countries at UNFCCC-COP28 highlights global recognition of the unprecedented adverse climate impacts on food systems resilience and the need to expedite the integration of agriculture and food systems into climate action. While integration is necessary to ensure favorable sectoral level climate action outcomes, there are currently no concrete frameworks and case studies showcasing how to support this integration process at the country level. A recent study focused on Tajikistan uses a conceptual framework to undertake such an integration analysis of key national level climate change related and agriculture policy documents. It identifies synergies and existing gaps and provides recommendations on strengthening sectoral integration to achieve climate change goals. This study was funded by the USAID mission in Tajikistan and USAID’s Comprehensive Action for Climate Change Initiative (CACCI)-Asia under their support to the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) of Tajikistan toward the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) through technical support from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; climate change; policies; rice; Tajikistan; Asia; Central Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ceaspb:141640 |
| By: | Andrey Samarskly; Maria Waldinger |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpb:_61 |
| By: | Italo Colantone; Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano; Tom Schmitz |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how to combine microeconometric evidence on the effects of environmental policy with a macroeconomic model, accounting for general equilibrium spillovers that have mostly been ignored in the literature. To this end, we study the effects of a recent US air pollution policy. We use regression evidence on the policy's impact across industries and local labor markets to calibrate a quantitative spatial model allowing for general equilibrium spillovers. Our model implies that the policy lowered emissions by 11.1%, but destroyed approximately 250'000 jobs. Ignoring spillovers overestimates job losses in polluting industries, but underestimates job losses in clean industries. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, employment, trade, clean air act |
| Date: | 2024–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2016 |
| By: | Philippe Aghion; Lint Barrage; David Hemous; Ernest Liu |
| Abstract: | We analyze a model of green technological transition along a supply chain. In each layer, a good is produced with a dirty technology, or, if the required "electrification" innovation has occurred, with a clean technology which uses the immediate upstream good. We show that the economy is characterized by a single equilibrium but multiple steady-states, and that even in the presence of Pigouvian environmental taxation, a targeted industrial policy is generally necessary to implement the social optimum. We also show that: (i) small, targeted, industrial policy may bring large welfare gains; (ii) a government which is constrained to focus its subsidies to electrification on one particular sector, should primarily target downstream sectors; (iii) when extending the model so as to allow for supply chains also for the dirty technology, overinvesting in electrification in the wrong upstream branch may derail the overall transition towards electrification downstream. Finally, we illustrate our model with a calibration to decarbonization of global iron and steel production via hydrogen direct reduction, and show that, absent industrial policy, the economy can get stuck in a "wrong" steady-state with CO2 emissions vastly above the social optimum even with a carbon price in place. |
| Keywords: | Technological change, Green Growth, supply chain |
| Date: | 2024–07–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2017 |
| By: | Kendrick, Anita Ellen; Vinci, Vincenzo; Vincent, Xavier F. P.; Howell, Fiona J.; Nguyen, Son H. |
| Abstract: | Social protection and jobs programs (SPJ) can improve livelihoods and reduce vulnerability in coastal fishing communities in Solomon Islands, but these programs must be designed in a way that responds to socio-economic vulnerabilities and climate risks, recognizes the reliance of communities on fishing for nutrition and income, and integrates with community-level fisheries management. The Solomon Islands Government (SIG) has placed community-based resource management (CBRM) at the center of its strategy for coastal fisheries management. CBRM recognizes and builds on traditions of indigenous conservation and community rights to promote fisheries management and sustainable harvests. Supporting CBRM through expanded formal social protection (SP), linked with financial inclusion, climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction (DRR), and other complementary initiatives, has the potential to reduce vulnerabilities. |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:192603 |
| By: | Lee, Young Gwan; Elbakidze, Levan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343835 |
| By: | Smith, Sarah; Beatty, Timothy |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343613 |
| By: | Tran, Dat Q.; Borisova, Tatiana |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343688 |
| By: | Tom Schmitz (School of Economics and Finance, Queen Mary University of London and CEPR); Italo Colantone (Baffi-Carefin Research Centre, Bocconi University, CESifo and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Gianmarco Ottaviano (Baffi-Carefin Research Centre, Bocconi University, CEP, CEPR and IGIER) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how to combine microeconometric evidence on the effects of environmental policy with a macroeconomic model, accounting for general equilibrium spillovers that have mostly been ignored in the literature. To this end, we study the effects of a recent US air pollution policy. We use regression evidence on the policy’s impact across industries and local labor markets to calibrate a quantitative spatial model allowing for general equilibrium spillovers. Our model implies that the policy lowered emissions by 11.1%, but destroyed approximately 250’000 jobs. Ignoring spillovers overestimates job losses in polluting industries, but underestimates job losses in clean industries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Fine Particles, Clean Air Act, Employment, Trade |
| JEL: | E24 Q50 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.10 |
| By: | Chiara Castelli (Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche); Marta Castellini (Department of Economics and Management "Marco Fanno", University of Padua and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Camilla Gusperti (Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Veronica Lupi (Department of Environmental Economics, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Sergio Vergalli (Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | The goal of this work is to improve the spatial representation of the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE), in its ’99 version, focusing on the Mediterranean countries, while also updating the calibration to the base year 2015. We evaluate the impact of climate damages and temperature changes in several scenarios, drawing comparisons across regions. Thanks to the theoretical structure of the model, which considers energy as an explicit input factor, we examine macroeconomic and energy indicators across regions. We find that a general slow down in economic growth is needed to decrease emissions and keep temperature change within 2°C by the end of this century. Our results are embedded in a framework showing the costs of delaying the energy transition. Our figures relies on fossil-fuel inputs and exogenous energy saving improvements. |
| Keywords: | IAMs, climate change, social cost of carbon, emissions, temperature, energy, Mediterranean region, Mediterranean countries |
| JEL: | Q54 H23 R13 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.20 |
| By: | Jens Horbach (Technical University of Applied Sciences Augsburg, School of Business, Friedberger Straße 4, D-86161 Augsburg) |
| Abstract: | The success of a green energy transition is highly dependent on the household sector as one of the most important energy users. Private heating, electricity consumption or private transport are important key levers to reduce households´ energy use and its impacts on cli-mate change. The paper analyses the determinants of energy related attitudes and activities of households based on econometric estimations of European and German survey data. The results show that personal factors such as female gender and a high income are positively correlated to green energy behaviour. Highly qualified persons are more likely to realize green energy related measures. People having difficulties to pay their bills are significantly more likely to use energy friendly public transport, but they have a lower willingness to pay for energy saving measures compared to richer groups. |
| Keywords: | Green energy behaviour, climate change, European data, multivariate probit model |
| JEL: | C25 D12 D91 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0224 |
| By: | LEE, Jukwan (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the emergence of climate clubs as a new form of international cooperation to address climate change and its implications for trade policy. Climate clubs are presented as a potential solution to overcome the limitations of multilateral efforts and unilateral climate-trade measures. The paper explores the concept of climate clubs, examines real-world examples like the G7 Climate Club and the Global Sustainable Steel and Aluminum Agreement, and analyzes their potential economic impacts using simulation models. It also presents findings from interviews with domestic industries in South Korea regarding their perspectives on climate clubs. |
| Keywords: | Climate Clubs; trade policy; international cooperation |
| Date: | 2024–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2024_019 |
| By: | Babu, Suresh; Tohirzoda, Sino; Akramov, Kamiljon; Srivastava, Nandita; Aliev, Jovidon |
| Abstract: | The Declaration on Sustainable Agriculture, Resilient Food Systems, and Climate Action endorsed by over 150 countries at UNFCCC-COP28 highlights global recognition of the unprecedented adverse climate impacts on food systems resilience and the need to expedite the integration of agriculture and food systems into climate action. While integration is necessary to ensure favorable sectoral level climate action outcomes, there are currently no concrete frameworks and case studies showcasing how to support this integration process at the country level. A recent study focused on Tajikistan uses a conceptual framework to undertake such an integration analysis of key national level climate change related and agriculture policy documents. It identifies synergies and existing gaps and provides recommendations on strengthening sectoral integration to achieve climate change goals. This study was funded by the USAID mission in Tajikistan and USAID’s Comprehensive Action for Climate Change Initiative (CACCI)-Asia under their support to the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) of Tajikistan toward the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) through technical support from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; climate change; policies; rice; Tajikistan; Asia; Central Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ceaspb:141640t |
| By: | Nate Vernon |
| Abstract: | France has taken a leadership role in global mitigation and made significant progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but further efforts will be needed to meet domestic mitigation targets. Accelerating emissions reductions from road transportation will be a key part of this strategy, as they account for nearly one-third of national emissions. At the same time, with the shift to more lightly taxed electric vehicles over the next decade, fiscal revenue from the sector is projected to decline and externalities, such as congestion, to worsen. Building on existing policies, a comprehensive reform that combines revenue-neutral continuous feebate schemes with a gradual introduction of road user and congestion charges could support mitigation targets, while maintaining revenue and regulating externalities. This paper discusses administratively feasible options to introduce such policies as well as key welfare and distributional considerations. |
| Keywords: | France; efficient fuel prices; climate change; road transportation economics; congestion; fiscal; environmental policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/145 |
| By: | Emanuele Bacchiocchi (Department of Economics, University of Bologna); Andrea Bastianin (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan); Graziano Moramarco (Department of Economics, University of Bologna) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the short-run effects of severe weather shocks on local economic activity and assess cross-border spillovers operating through economic linkages between U.S. States. We measure weather shocks using a detailed county-level database on emergency declarations triggered by natural disasters and estimate their impacts with a monthly Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model for the U.S. States. Impulse responses highlight significant country-wide macroeconomic effects of weather shocks hitting individual regions. We also show that (i) taking into account economic interconnections between states allows capturing much stronger spillover effects than those associated with mere spatial adjacency, (ii) geographical heterogeneity is critical for assessing country-wide effects of weather shocks, and (iii) network effects amplify the local impacts of these shocks. |
| Keywords: | Global VAR, natural disasters, spillovers, weather shocks, United States, climate change |
| JEL: | C32 R11 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.09 |
| By: | Khakimov, Parviz; Aliev, Jovidon; Thomas, Timothy S.; Ilyasov, Jarilkasin; Pechtl, Sarah; Dunston, Shahnila |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the main challenges for food security in Tajikistan in the medium and long term. Tajikistan’s Agri-Food System and Sustainable Development Program (ASDP) for the period up to 2030 defined food and nutrition security as one of six priorities. Additionally, climate change is one of the key obstacles to the achievement of the country’s strategic objective defined in the National Development Strategy (NDS) 2016–2030, which is to improve the living standards of the population, and one of the four strategic priorities, which is to ensure food security and access to quality nutrition by 2030. The effects of climate change on food security in Tajikistan were examined using IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) by simulating climate change and no climate change (baseline) scenarios between 2015 and 2050. |
| Keywords: | Tajikistan; Central Asia; Asia; climate change; food security; sustainable development; nutrition |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ceaspb:141633 |
| By: | Pablo Garcia Sanchez |
| Abstract: | To finance the fight against climate change, sustainable investment is projected to surpass $40 trillion by 2030. In principle, sustainable investment diverts funds away from brown firms, increasing their borrowing costs to encourage them to become greener. However, recent empirical evidence does not support this channel, as the most polluting firms tend to become more brown in response to higher costs of capital. I formalise this empirical finding by developing a stylised model where brown firms must choose the optimal time to switch from old, polluting technologies to new, clean alternatives. Results indicate that raising the cost of capital for brown firms can have non-monotonic effects on the optimal switching times. For example, firms operating in capital-intensive sectors, often among the largest polluters, are more likely to respond to higher borrowing costs by delaying their switching time. In contrast, brown firms that are nearly ready to switch to cleaner methods may speed up their transition when faced with higher borrowing costs. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Investment, Cost of Capital, Green Transition |
| JEL: | Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcl:bclwop:bclwp187 |
| By: | Best, Frank; Tang, Anita |
| Abstract: | Climate change, a transnational issue, necessitates international collaboration for effective mitigation. Despite the progress achieved by the Paris Agreement of 2015, a significant milestone in global cooperation, its implementation remains a challenge for both the international community and individual countries. Because of the agreement's optional nature, there are significant differences in terms of the ambition and achievement levels among signatories. The European Union (EU) stands out because of its unique structure and common policies, yet there is a lack of empirical research into their impact on climate policy effectiveness. This paper aims to fill this gap by comparing the effectiveness of the implementation between EU and non-EU countries in terms of policy output, achieving climate targets and an economically sustainable transition. Quantitative regression models show no significant differences concerning policy output and the achievement of climate targets, while they demonstrate greater ambition and success in economically sustainable transition. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of effective climate policies, highlight the positive impact of EU leadership in this regard, and stress the importance of international cooperation. |
| Keywords: | climate change policy, climate policy effectiveness, ambition gap, implementation gap, paris agreement |
| JEL: | Q58 F68 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:300280 |
| By: | Khakimov, Parviz; Aliev, Jovidon; Thomas, Timothy S.; Ilyasov, Jarilkasin; Pechtl, Sarah; Dunston, Shahnila |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the main challenges for food security in Tajikistan in the medium and long term. Tajikistan’s Agri-Food System and Sustainable Development Program (ASDP) for the period up to 2030 defined food and nutrition security as one of six priorities. Additionally, climate change is one of the key obstacles to the achievement of the country’s strategic objective defined in the National Development Strategy (NDS) 2016–2030, which is to improve the living standards of the population, and one of the four strategic priorities, which is to ensure food security and access to quality nutrition by 2030. The effects of climate change on food security in Tajikistan were examined using IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) by simulating climate change and no climate change (baseline) scenarios between 2015 and 2050. |
| Keywords: | Tajikistan; Central Asia; Asia; climate change; food security; sustainable development; nutrition |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ceaspb:141633t |
| By: | Wätzold, Marlene Yu Lilin; Abdulai, Issaka; Cooke, Amanda; Krumbiegel, Katharina; Ocampo-Ariza, Carolina; Wenzel, Arne; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | Voluntary sustainability standards offer potential for sustainable development by improving the livelihoods of smallholder cash crop farmers while conserving biodiversity. However, their overall implications remain poorly understood, as studies have mostly focused on assessing their effects on single sustainability dimensions. Here, we use an interdisciplinary approach to understand the simultaneous effects of sustainability standards on socioeconomic and ecological outcomes in Ghana’s cocoa sector. Our study is based on a rich dataset comprising representative household data from 814 smallholder cocoa-producing households from five major cocoa regions and ecological data from 119 cocoa plots. Results from the endogenous switching regression approach suggest that sustainability standards have positive effects on socioeconomic outcomes such as cocoa yield, net cocoa income and net returns to land. However, using generalized linear mixed effects models, we do not find any significant associations with ecological outcomes related to vegetation structure and animal diversity. Our results indicate that sustainability standards in Ghana’s cocoa sector lead to socioeconomic benefits but not to ecological benefits for the plot environment. Nevertheless, yield increases do not come at the expense of biodiversity. We conclude that sustainability standards have the potential to improve socioeconomic outcomes, without significantly creating trade-offs with ecological outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:344223 |
| By: | Jongwattanakul, Pit; Ferreira, Susana |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Health Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343925 |
| By: | Frederick van der Ploeg; Armon Rezai; Miguel Tovar |
| Abstract: | We analyse carbon taxes, lump-sum climate dividends, and changes to the level and progressivity of the income tax system that optimally trade off carbon emissions, equity, and efficient raising of public revenue while preserving budgetary neutrality and not using individualized lump-sum transfers. Such “third-best” policies include a carbon tax that exceeds the Pigouvian level and recycling of all carbon tax revenue via climate dividends for high (and our preferred) degrees of inequality aversion, even if this implies higher income taxes to meet existing revenue requirements. The carbon tax, climate dividends, and the progressivity of the income tax rise with the degree of inequality aversion. Our results are derived from a micro simulation model estimated from German data, which includes heterogenous households, an Exact Affine Stone Index demand system, and endogenous labour supply. We decompose the welfare effects of policy into emissions, equity, and efficiency components for different degrees of inequality aversion and climate damages. |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:1050 |
| By: | Magnus Merkle; Geoffroy Dolphin |
| Abstract: | We analyse the consequences of carbon price heterogeneity on households in The EU from 2010 to 2020. Accounting for both heterogeneity in carbon pricing across emission sources and the indirect effects from inter-industry linkages, we obtain two key findings. First, due to widespread carbon pricing exemptions, household burdens are lower than previously estimated. Second, lower-income groups are affected disproportionately, because they spend a smaller share of their expenditure on products that benefit from exemptions than their higher-income counterparts. Therefore, imposing uniform carbon prices both within and across countries would reduce carbon pricing regressivity on household expenditure in the EU. A global price would be most effective in this regard, as it would raise carbon prices embodied in EU imports. Further, because EU economies are open and apply higher average carbon prices than their trade partners, the domestic revenues exceed the costs embodied in EU household consumptions bundles. This increases the scope for reducing the burden of carbon pricing on lower-income households through revenue redistribution. Our results imply that the ongoing extension of carbon pricing to more sectors through the EU ETS II and the introduction of the EU’s CBAM should make carbon pricing less regressive, all else equal. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing; tax incidence; climate policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/149 |
| By: | Lee, Jaeyoon (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Tak, Eun-myeong (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Kim, Jeong-Hyun (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Climate-conscious trade norms are rapidly taking root worldwide, transforming the trade environment andfueling uncertainty in the steel industry. This new trade paradigm presents a significant challenge to the Koreansteel industry, the country’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs). With the European Union (EU)having finally adopted a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) after years of rumor and speculation, Korean steelmakers — and particularly those with businesses exporting carbon-intensive steel — mustbrace for the impact of the CBAM and other carbon regulations. While the introduction of the CBAM poses threatens steelmakers who rely heavily on exports to the EU(particularly of steel plates), the CBAM also creates new opportunities for market participants. In this paper, we analyze the potential impacts of the CBAM on Korean steel exports and imports. Assuming the currentexport basket and carbon intensity levels remain unchanged, initially the CBAM is likely to erode the marketshare of Korean steel in Europe. But it could also create space for Korean producers to capture demanddisplaced from competitors even less prepared for the new regulatory regime. This effect is likely to intensifyafter 2030 as the CBAM’s carbon reduction measures tighten. The evolving landscape in the Europeanmarket may also see increased competition from steel producers in China as well, with implications forKorea’s own domestic market. The path forward for the Korean steel industry lies in embracing green steelmaking. This necessitates swiftand decisive action from Korean decisionmakers, who ought to immediately begin implementing a roadmapfor achieving net zero in steelmaking, enhancing the competitiveness of Korean steel and navigating theincreasingly uncertain trade environment. Broad-based support from both the government and society isnecessary to ensure that Korean steelmakers are equipped to effectively compete with their internationalrivals backed aggressive state investments in green technologies. |
| Keywords: | Korea; EU; Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism; CBAM; steel; steel industry; steelmaking; green steel; hydrogen reduction; manufacturing; emissions; greenhouse gases; GHGs; KIET |
| JEL: | F13 F51 F53 L61 Q52 Q55 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–03–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietrp:2024_004 |
| By: | Nicolas Piluso (CERTOP - Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Considering continuing environmental degradation linked to economic activity, it seems essential to examine the role companies can play in implementing sustainable development. This study aims to analyze lessons learned from standard theories on the effectiveness of corporate social and environmental responsibility. Indeed, corporate social responsibility and state intervention are frequently compared under the dual lens of collective well-being and environmental quality. For some economists, corporate social responsibility is preferable to state intervention from the point of view of maximizing collective well-being. By contrast, according to some other authors, state intervention is more effective for both maximizing well-being and protecting the environment. This literature review shows that corporate social responsibility is theoretically no more effective than public intervention in environmental protection: companies can be encouraged to commit themselves to protecting the environment under restrictive conditions, but this does not eliminate the essential importance of public intervention. Analysis of the assumptions of neoclassical models shows that, in reality, they do not take into account all the properties of a public good, i.e., all the properties of the climate and the environment. Finally, the conditions for implementing CSR are incompatible with maximizing collective well-being, which explains why public intervention is theoretically preferable to CSR. |
| Keywords: | Environmental efficiency, Externality costs of identity preservation, private production, Public good, state intervention, welfare |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04630926 |
| By: | Mathieu Petit; Karel Janda (Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Banking and Insurance, Faculty of Finance and Accounting, Prague University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to estimate the optimal environmental policy in the elektricity generation sector for each of the EU countries maximizing total welfare. The study uses a recently proposed theoretical corporate finance model and empirically estimate each of its components using the current state of the literature to derive the estimated optimal investment size and greenhouse gas abatement activities. Results indicate that a social planner would not significantly reduce the carbon intensity of the EU electricity generation sector but rather keep its industry size well below current levels. |
| Keywords: | investment size, abatement activity, electricity demand, social cost of carbon, carbon intensity, marginal abatement cost curve |
| JEL: | C54 G38 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2024_24 |
| By: | Bocci, Corinne F.; Mishra, Khushbu |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Consumer/ Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343780 |
| By: | Alessandra Drigo (Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This study is the first to examine the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and per capita income at the municipality level for Italy. The novelty of this work is also to explore the role of agglomerations and morphological factors in influencing the income-pollution correlation in the year 2013, and to assess its persistence to 2019. While there is not an unconditional environmental justice gap in Italy, controlling for land morphology and agglomerations variables weakens the positive correlation between PM2.5 and per capita income to the point of disappearance. Notably, being located in the Padana Valley ecoregion serves as a key indicator of environmental injustice nation-wide. The excess of PM2.5 exposure in the region increased mortality risk by 13.8% in 2013 and 10.88% in 2019 with respect to the WHO threshold (5 mg/m³ annual average). The largest environmental justice gap in relative measures shows a difference in mortality risk of 9.31% in 2013 and 7.04% in 2019 between the populations of the most polluted ecoregion (Padana Valley) and the least polluted one (Apennines). When attempting to disentangle the pollution variation among municipalities within the same province, the per capita income level of municipalities emerges as a significant indicator. An increase of 10, 000 euros in the average per capita income of the municipality corresponds to a decrease of 2.01 mg/m³ in PM2.5 annual average exposure level (-1.6% in mortality risk) in 2013 and 1.05 mg/m³ (-0.7% in mortality risk) in 2019. |
| Keywords: | Environmental inequality, Environmental justice, Air pollution |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 I14 C21 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.12 |
| By: | Imbulana, Upali; Aheeyar, Mohamed; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Amarnath, Giriraj |
| Abstract: | Village irrigation systems (ViSs) are vital in rural livelihood, food, and water security. VISs include small (minor) tanks and diversions (anicuts). The hydrologically linked tanks with natural drainage patterns form cascades, and beyond food and water security, they play a significant role in mitigating flood and drought impacts on communities in river basins. With anthropogenic changes, many cascades are in depilated states now. This paper finds that policy support with legal recognition to cascade-based community-level institutions promote bottom-up water and natural resources management approaches. They also facilitate investigations of ill-defined subject areas in cascade management and complex socio-political and economic issues and challenges constraining sustainable cascade based VISs operations. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:344115 |
| By: | Kassa, M.; Lemma, M.; Haile, Alemseged Tamiru; Mekuria, Wolde; Gezahagn, A.; Asnakew, M.; Haileslassie, Amare |
| Abstract: | Water resources policy in Ethiopia emphasizes the significance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in river basins. The Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE) with its different directorates is vested with the responsibility of coordinating water resource management across basins. As part of executing this mandate, MoWE initiated the preparation of guidelines for establishment and management of multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) to coordinate IWRM in various basins. The guidelines presented in this publication focus on coordinating and managing water resources in the Central Rift Valley Lakes Basin within the Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes Basin. This basin faces numerous water-related challenges such as increasing water demand, pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate change impacts, and conflicting water-use practices. These guidelines are aimed at defining a framework outlining the purpose, scope, and scale of MSPs as well as the key roles to be played by the governance bodies involved. While facilitating collaboration and partnership among the stakeholders involved in basin water resources management, these guidelines explicitly emphasize inclusion of women and marginalized groups. They highlight the essential elements required for effective management and governance of MSPs and underline the need for facilitation, trust-building, planning, goal-setting, effective communication, and a commitment to participatory decision-making. Ultimately, MoWE bears the responsibility of making the final decisions. Collaborative dialogue and inclusive decision-making processes are vital for sustainable water management. Integrated planning, data collection, monitoring, and evaluation are important for taking well-informed decisions. Therefore, our guidelines recommend capacity-building initiatives and knowledge-exchange platforms to enhance the effectiveness of MSPs. Additionally, strategies and mechanisms for securing the financial resources needed to implement IWRM plans and activities are emphasized. As effective communication plays a vital role in MSP processes, there is a need to define objectives, identify stakeholders, select communication channels, establish communication protocols, build relationships and trust, and develop outreach materials. Gender issues in water resources management, particularly access to water and control and ownership, are highlighted in these guidelines. Capacity-building activities are recommended to enhance the knowledge and skills of the stakeholders involved in the MSPs. Lastly, the guidelines stress the importance of monitoring and evaluating the MSPs involved in basin management. Such evaluations involve measuring stakeholder engagement, policy alignment, knowledge sharing, and collaboration and partnerships. These guidelines can be used by basin and sub-basin coordination experts and officials to establish and manage MSPs in the Central Rift Valley as well as beyond. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Relations/Trade, Public Economics, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:344124 |
| By: | Kim, Euijun; Fannin, James Matthew |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics And Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343807 |
| By: | Cian Montague; Kilian Raiser; Moongyung Lee |
| Abstract: | The rapid and deep emissions reductions needed to keep global warming to 1.5°C rely critically on an immense scaling-up of investment in clean energy technologies. The cost of capital plays a key role in determining investment decisions and, when elevated, can pose a significant barrier to accelerated climate action. The high capital expenditure needs of clean energy technologies make them more vulnerable to changes in the cost of capital than fossil fuel alternatives. This paper provides an overview of the cost of capital as a barrier to clean energy investment and depicts the key risk factors that determine the cost of capital for specific investments. It shows how, particularly in developing countries and for new and emerging technologies, a high cost of capital can significantly stifle investment, and calls on governments to implement better risk sharing mechanisms to overcome this barrier. |
| Keywords: | clean energy investment, clean energy technologies, climate policy, developing countries, finance |
| JEL: | E22 E43 O14 Q25 Q42 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:245-en |
| By: | Castelli, Chiara; Castellini, Marta; Gusperti, Camilla; Lupi, Veronica; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | The goal of this work is to improve the spatial representation of the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE), in its ’99 version, focusing on the Mediterranean countries, while also updating the calibration to the base year 2015. We evaluate the impact of climate damages and temperature changes in several scenarios, drawing comparisons across regions. Thanks to the theoretical structure of the model, which considers energy as an explicit input factor, we examine macroeconomic and energy indicators across regions. We find that a general slow down in economic growth is needed to decrease emissions and keep temperature change within 2°C by the end of this century. Our results are embedded in a framework showing the costs of delaying the energy transition. Our figures relies on fossil-fuel inputs and exogenous energy saving improvements. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:344175 |
| By: | Ortiz-Riomalo, Juan Felipe; Engel, Stefanie; Koessler, Ann-Kathrin |
| Abstract: | Participatory vision-building (PVB) seems promising in fostering collective action to overcome complex social-environmental dilemmas and to attain socially desirable outcomes. By assisting the relevant actors in visualising their desired future and imagining how it would feel to be an active part of it, PVB makes the stated goals experiential, inspirational and meaningful, galvanising collective action. Nevertheless, it is still unclear whether PVB's causal impacts on collective action go beyond those of other elements of participatory processes that PVB also comprises, i.e. social interaction, information exchange and coordination around desirable strategies, outcomes or futures. We contribute to filling this gap through a (pre-registered) framed lab-in-the-field economic experiment conducted with 728 farmers from Lake Tota, Colombia. Participants chose between two stylised farming practices over multiple hypothetical growing seasons, impacting their seasonal earnings and the water levels of a hypothetical lake as a shared resource. We compare the behaviour of participants in a PVB treatment, in which they discussed and imagined a desired vision for the future, against the behaviour of participants in three control conditions. Albeit potentially effective for cooperation, the effects of PVB were found to be statistically indistinguishable from other participatory processes with similar aims. However, exploratory analysis suggests there might be potential impacts of PVB on emotions and preferences for pro-environmental and pro-social action. Future research could test the generalisability of our findings to other contexts, particularly those with heterogeneous interests, delve deeper into the underlying psychological mechanisms, and explore the interplay with other institutional mechanisms for fostering sustained collective action. |
| Keywords: | collective action, social dilemmas, natural resource management, participatory processes, participatory governance, visioning |
| JEL: | D02 D70 D91 H40 Q20 Q24 Q25 Q57 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:300582 |
| By: | Nurrachmi, Rininta; Duasa, Jarita; ariffin, muhammad irwan; afroz, rafia |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between income inequality and environmental degradation in ASEAN-6 countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam. It also provide analysis from the Islamic perspective based on result of the econometric regression. The study utilizes annual panel data from1992 until 2015 where the region suffered from high income distribution and environmental degradation. The analytical tool used in the study is Bias-Corrected Least Squared Dummy Variable (LSDVC), which is sufficient for small panel data. The methodological approach leads to two main findings. First, income inequality, measured by Gini coefficient, is contributing to environmental degradation (proxied by CO2 emission and Natural Resources Depletion) in the short- and long-run term. Other explanatory variables namely GDP per capita and energy consumption, also impact significantly on environmental degradation level in the short- and long-term. From the findings, it is recommended that greater investment is required in addressing high level of income inequality and environmental issues. Instruments in Islam such as zakat and waqf provide solution to overcome issue of high income gap and environmental degradation in ASEAN-6 countries, moreover majority of Muslim population located in ASEAN countries. Hence, collaboration should be enhanced among the ASEAN-6 countries where wealth distribution, technology and knowledge sharing from high income countries to low and middle-income in ASEAN countries to mitigate the negative impact of high income inequality and environmental issue in the region. |
| Keywords: | ASEAN, environmental degradation, income inequality. |
| JEL: | C0 C01 E6 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121513 |
| By: | Du, Xiaodong; Dong, Fengxia |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343786 |
| By: | Hall, Deborah; Behrendt, Karl; Woodgate, Stephen; Jeffery, Simon; Kirby, Marie |
| Abstract: | Traditional land application of poultry litter (PL) as a fertiliser has led to numerous environmental issues, including eutrophication and soil acidification. An alternative valorisation option is, therefore, sought. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of PL is an emerging field that shows promise and benefits from both energy and fertiliser production. This study aimed to compare the economic, environmental, and social costs and benefits of land application and AD of PL using a modified economic life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Using economic data from literature and industry reports, a model for each method was created to calculate key economic markers, including net present value (NPV). LCA was incorporated into the model with the environmental emissions of each method being calculated for Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Photochemical Ozone Potential (POP), and Particulate Matter Formation Potential (PMFP) impact categories. The social value of these impact categories was applied to the emissions data to calculate a socio-environmental cost (or benefit) for each method. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the model shows that AD performs worse when focusing purely on the economic category with an NPV of £707.17 per tonne of PL, compared to £1838.36 per tonne for land application of fresh PL. However, when factoring in the environmental costs, both methods generated a negative NPV. However, AD is shown to be less environmentally damaging than direct land application with an NPV of -£1354.17 per tonne of PL compared to -£5788.34 for direct land application. Furthermore, the model showed that it is possible to optimise the AD process to generate a positive economic and socio environmental NPV, through operational control of biogas and energy production. Further research is needed in this area to determine the optimal parameters to operate a PL mono-digestion AD process for economic and socioenvironmental gain. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:344401 |
| By: | Hall, Deborah; Behrendt, Karl; Woodgate, Stephen; Jeffery, Simon; Kirby, Marie |
| Abstract: | Traditional land application of poultry litter (PL) as a fertiliser has led to numerous environmental issues, including eutrophication and soil acidification. An alternative valorisation option is, therefore, sought. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of PL is an emerging field that shows promise and benefits from both energy and fertiliser production. This study aimed to compare the economic, environmental, and social costs and benefits of land application and AD of PL using a modified economic life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Using economic data from literature and industry reports, a model for each method was created to calculate key economic markers, including net present value (NPV). LCA was incorporated into the model with the environmental emissions of each method being calculated for Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Photochemical Ozone Potential (POP), and Particulate Matter Formation Potential (PMFP) impact categories. The social value of these impact categories was applied to the emissions data to calculate a socio-environmental cost (or benefit) for each method. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the model shows that AD performs worse when focusing purely on the economic category with an NPV of £707.17 per tonne of PL, compared to £1838.36 per tonne for land application of fresh PL. However, when factoring in the environmental costs, both methods generated a negative NPV. However, AD is shown to be less environmentally damaging than direct land application with an NPV of -£1354.17 per tonne of PL compared to -£5788.34 for direct land application. Furthermore, the model showed that it is possible to optimise the AD process to generate a positive economic and socio environmental NPV, through operational control of biogas and energy production. Further research is needed in this area to determine the optimal parameters to operate a PL mono-digestion AD process for economic and socioenvironmental gain. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:344401 |
| By: | Li, Yanggu; Zhang, Wei |
| Keywords: | Agricultural And Food Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343598 |
| By: | Bonacina, Monica; Demir, Mert; Sileo, Antonio; Zanoni, Angela |
| Abstract: | The transition to a zero-emission car fleet is a pivotal element of Europe’s decarbonisation strategy. Italy’s participation in this trajectory is significant, given the size of its car fleet. Currently, only battery electric (BEVs) and hydrogen-powered are considered zero-emission vehicles. The final update of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) includes an ambitious target for the diffusion of electric cars in the Italian fleet. The aim is to have a total of 4.3 million electric cars on the roads by 2030. However, by the end of 2023, the Italian e-fleet totalled 220, 000 cars, which equals a mere 0.5% of the overall car population and 5% of the target. The objective of this study is threefold: firstly, to estimate the likely diffusion of electric cars in the Italian market; secondly, to assess the prospects for their penetration in the fleet in the coming years; and thirdly, to evaluate the consistency of the current diffusion path with the NECP target. Diffusion paths are derived using Bass and logistic diffusion models. We consider a business-as-usual scenario based solely on historical trends, and an accelerated diffusion alternative scenario, in which we assume that by 2023 new BEV models will enter the Italian car market, raising the market potential for this powertrain to the same level as the most successful non-plug-in hybrid models. Both scenarios show that, in the absence of further significant shifts, the deployment paths will be totally insufficient to meet NECP 2030 target. Fewer than half a million consumers appear to be interested in buying one of the battery electric models currently on sale in the business-as-usual scenario. The low share of enthusiastic potential adopters of BEVs, the increasing useful life of passenger cars, the lack of highly successful BEV models, the limited impact of the incentive schemes until 2023 and the strong competition from other alternative technologies (besides non-plug-in hybrids and LPG) continue to impede the penetration of electric powertrains in the Italian fleet. Incentive schemes and decarbonisation strategies must undergo major revision to achieve a path consistent with net-zero emission goals. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:344135 |
| By: | Mats Kröger |
| Abstract: | Public support systems and private investments in renewable energy are increasingly existing side-by-side and are both emphasized in policy proposals on the European and national levels. This paper assesses the interaction between the two approaches with respect to cream-skimming, i.e., the potential for low-cost projects to sign private contracts that increase the costs of publicly supported renewable energy. This paper uses a stylized microeconomic model and a numerical simulation to assess this question. It finds that the incentive to cream-skimming exists when governments employ any form of resource differentiation in their renewable energy contracts. The numerical analysis shows that, at current price levels, cream-skimming could increase power prices by 2-6% depending on the PPA’s mark-up. The effect is larger for a wider cost-distribution of renewable energy projects, which might occur as the energy transition proceeds. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, renewable energy, distributional consequences, creamskimming, contracts for differences |
| JEL: | D44 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2092 |
| By: | CICCOLINI Giuseppe (European Commission - JRC); JOOSSENS Elisabeth (European Commission - JRC); LE BLANC Julia (European Commission - JRC); MENYHERT Balint (European Commission - JRC); PASQUALINO Roberto (European Commission - JRC); SANYE MENGUAL Esther (European Commission - JRC); WIERZGALA Piotr; ZEC Slavica (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Detailed information on the consumption footprint of households is essential for the distributional assessment of their carbon and other environmental impacts. The analysis and monitoring of footprint inequalities helps policymakers to formulate incentives for promoting sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns, to strengthen consumer awareness and, in turn, to support the steering of our society towards greater environmental and economic sustainability. This report introduces a methodology for a novel dataset of the distribution of the consumption footprint of households as well as its inequality, allowing users to zoom in on geographical areas and socio-demographic characteristics. This dataset is based on granular micro-data on the footprint of the individual products consumed by each individual household. Its construction relies on the product-level matching of survey data on households’ consumption expenditure with information on the related carbon and other environmental footprints. For the latter, we rely on the JRC Consumption Footprint which quantifies the environmental impacts resulting from the consumption patterns of individuals at both the EU and single country scale, accounting for both the impacts within the EU territory as well as the embedded impacts in international trade. This dataset uses the product-level environmental impact information from representative products in the areas of food, mobility, housing, household goods and appliances, which is based on process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) and has a high granularity level to allow for modelling policy scenarios. This report provides a description of the methodology for the development and of the potential use of the novel footprint inequality dataset. Starting from the data description, we outline the steps for matching different input datasets and the challenges involved in developing the data infrastructure. The compiled dataset has a good coverage of the consumption footprint at EU and Member State level and reveals large differences in the level and inequality of the consumption footprint across and within different countries in the EU. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137520 |
| By: | Jérémie Pellet; Ibrahima Wade |
| Abstract: | With every passing day, countries and people are becoming more aware of the urgency of climate change, its negative consequences on the planet, and the need to adopt more sustainable practices. In this respect, it is of course crucial for the Olympic Movement to lead the way, by embracing a greater number of green initiatives and establishing a more sustainable structure for the Olympic Games. The example of Paris 2024, with its ambition from the outset to halve the carbon footprint of the previous editions and its focus on their legacy, is in this regard instructive and holds lessons for the future. However, and while it would not be desirable or probably even possible to turn back, the inclusion of this requirement in major sporting events, which should become a standard, must in no way constitute an insurmountable entry barrier to their organisation in places other than in developed countries. The work carried out on this subject in the context of the Youth Olympic Games which will be held in Dakar in 2026, the first Olympic event of this importance in Africa, forms part of this approach to accommodating a sustainable development objective for the Games, for the benefit of all the people and all the youth of the world.While the Olympic and Paralympic Games will be opening in Paris in the coming days, it appears useful to analyse how this event and the following ones can fit in with the broader international objectives shared by the member countries of the Olympic Movement and, in particular, the framework defined by the Paris Pact for People and the Planet in June 2023. |
| Keywords: | Afrique, Sénégal |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en16981 |
| By: | Monica Bonacina (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan); Mert Demir (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Antonio Sileo (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Green – Università Bocconi); Angela Zanoni (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Università di Roma La Sapienza) |
| Abstract: | The transition to a zero-emission car fleet is a pivotal element of Europe’s decarbonisation strategy. Italy’s participation in this trajectory is significant, given the size of its car fleet. Currently, only battery electric (BEVs) and hydrogen-powered are considered zero-emission vehicles. The final update of the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) includes an ambitious target for the diffusion of electric cars in the Italian fleet. The aim is to have a total of 4.3 million electric cars on the roads by 2030. However, by the end of 2023, the Italian e-fleet totalled 220, 000 cars, which equals a mere 0.5% of the overall car population and 5% of the target. The objective of this study is threefold: firstly, to estimate the likely diffusion of electric cars in the Italian market; secondly, to assess the prospects for their penetration in the fleet in the coming years; and thirdly, to evaluate the consistency of the current diffusion path with the NECP target. Diffusion paths are derived using Bass and logistic diffusion models. We consider a business-as-usual scenario based solely on historical trends, and an accelerated diffusion alternative scenario, in which we assume that by 2023 new BEV models will enter the Italian car market, raising the market potential for this powertrain to the same level as the most successful non-plug-in hybrid models. Both scenarios show that, in the absence of further significant shifts, the deployment paths will be totally insufficient to meet NECP 2030 target. Fewer than half a million consumers appear to be interested in buying one of the battery electric models currently on sale in the business-as-usual scenario. The low share of enthusiastic potential adopters of BEVs, the increasing useful life of passenger cars, the lack of highly successful BEV models, the limited impact of the incentive schemes until 2023 and the strong competition from other alternative technologies (besides non-plug-in hybrids and LPG) continue to impede the penetration of electric powertrains in the Italian fleet. Incentive schemes and decarbonisation strategies must undergo major revision to achieve a path consistent with net-zero emission goals. |
| Keywords: | sustainable mobility, road transport decarbonization, electric vehicle adoption, automotive market, Italian National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) |
| JEL: | N74 Q55 Q58 R40 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.19 |
| By: | Yang, Yongwen; Lee, Juhee |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Public Economics, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344021 |
| By: | Anna Viktoria Rohrer (University of Graz, Austria); Santiago J. Rubio (University of Valencia, Spain) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of the timing of adaptation on the stability of international environmental agreements (IEAs) for different levels of cooperation. This issue is addressed by solving a three-stage coalition formation game in a Nash-Cournot setting. In the first stage, countries decide non-cooperatively on their participation in an IEA. Then depending on the timing, countries decide on adaptation and emissions in the second and third stage. The game is solved for three levels of cooperation. Countries can either cooperate on emissions (emission agreement), on adaptation (adaptation agreement), or both actions (complete agreement). When emissions are chosen first, this extension to an emission-adaptation game is a generalization of the pure emission game. However, when adaptation is chosen first, the grand coalition is stable, provided that countries sign a complete agreement. With partial cooperation, stable coalitions are small. The results establish a connection between the strategic role of adaptation, the levels of adaptation of non-signatories and signatories for the different types of agreements and the participation in an IEA. Moreover, the results indicate that the grand coalition is stable even when it significantly enhances net benefits. |
| Keywords: | International Environmental Agreements, Emission-Adaptation Game, Prior Commitment, Strategic Effects, Participation, Effectiveness of Adaptation. |
| JEL: | D62 F53 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2023-03 |
| By: | Chen, Luoye; Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Agricultural And Food Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343631 |
| By: | Heckenhahn, Jonas; Feldhaus, Christoph; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Climate change can be addressed by mitigation and adaptation approaches at the national policy level. Since only limited resources are available for both strategies, it is key to unravel how ongoing climate developments and their communication influence the population's preferences regarding the question 'adaptation or mitigation?' Based on construal level theory and the construal matching premise, we hypothesize that when individuals are faced with an abstract tradeoff between mitigation and national adaptation, a larger national short-term risk perception extends prioritization of national adaptation measures, whereas an amplified global long-term risk perception or a lifted construal level of presented climate risks increases mitigation emphasis. To explore these hypotheses, we conducted an online framed field information experiment with a German population sample of 2, 182 participants and find evidence for the hypothesized causal effects by conducting OLS regressions and mediator analyses. We argue for reevaluating current climate communication's emphasis on psychologically close damages, as this approach may push people towards favoring adaptation strategies over essential mitigation measures and could thus entail undesirable side effects. |
| Abstract: | Der Klimawandel kann auf nationalpolitischer Ebene durch Minderung und Anpassung angegangen werden. Da für beide Strategien nur begrenzte Ressourcen zur Verfügung stehen, ist es von zentraler Bedeutung, herauszufinden, wie die aktuellen klimatischen Entwicklungen und deren Kommunikation die Präferenzen der Bevölkerung hinsichtlich der Frage 'Anpassung oder Minderung?' beeinflussen. Basierend auf der Construal Level Theory und der Prämisse des Construal Matching hypothetisieren wir, dass, wenn Individuen mit einer abstrakten Abwägungsentscheidung zwischen Minderung und nationaler Anpassung konfrontiert sind, eine größere national-kurzfristige Risikowahrnehmung die Priorisierung nationaler Anpassungsmaßnahmen erhöht, während eine verstärkte global-langfristige Risikowahrnehmung oder ein erhöhtes Construal Level der dargestellten Klimarisiken den Fokus auf Minderung stärkt. Um diese Hypothesen zu untersuchen, haben wir ein Online Framed Field Information Experiment mit einer deutschen Bevölkerungsstichprobe von 2.182 Teilnehmern durchgeführt und basierend auf OLS-Regressionen und Mediatoranalysen Evidenz für die hypothetisierten kausalen Effekte gefunden. Wir plädieren dafür, die Betonung psychologisch naher Schäden in der aktuellen Klimakommunikation zu überdenken, da dieser Ansatz Menschen dazu verleiten könnte, Anpassungsstrategien gegenüber essenziellen Minderungsmaßnahmen zu bevorzugen, und somit unerwünschte Nebeneffekte nach sich ziehen könnte. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, national adaptation strategies, psychological distance, construal level theory, risk perception, climate communication, information experiment |
| JEL: | Q54 D81 Q58 D91 C93 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:300566 |
| By: | EORY Vera; BEGHO T.; MACLEOD Michael; MARTINEZ Mari Angeles; CASTELLANOS Vicente; GOMEZ BARBERO Manuel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Livestock production is responsible for most of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from European agriculture. To achieve the climate targets in the European Union, reducing emissions from the food chain, and within that from livestock production, is imperative. Along with structural changes, management and technological improvements on farms have an important role in reducing GHG emissions. However, our understanding of the uptake of low-GHG practices is limited, with uneven evidence across countries and practices. This report adds to the evidence base on the uptake of mitigation practices by presenting the results of two surveys, one done with dairy farmers in Poland about the use of breeding indices, and the other with pig producers in France about multi-phase feeding. The results provide evidence of the importance of farm size and specialisation in practice uptake, while also pointing to the role of the processors in the case of milk production. The most common barriers are high cost, low return on investment and a perception that the farm is too small to implement such practices. Adopters mentioned the benefits of improved milk yield and genetics and also better knowledge of the herd in the case of the breeding index, and reduced feed costs and nitrogen excretion with multi-phase feeding. Simulations of greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adopters’ and non-adopters’ farming systems showed a potential reduction of GHG emission intensity in both cases, namely 9% for milk production with using the breeding index in the herd and 3% for pig meat production with multi-phase feeding. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130981 |
| By: | Lu, Pei Jyun; Skidmore, Mark |
| Keywords: | Risk And Uncertainty, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343940 |
| By: | Altenburg, Tilman; Kantel, Anne |
| Abstract: | Namibia is a highly competitive location for solar and wind energy, which can be utilised to produce green hydrogen and derivatives that are essential for decarbonising the global economy. Its government therefore has high hopes for this entire industrial complex, as do several European countries interested in importing green hydrogen and derivatives from Namibia. This Discussion Paper assesses the related opportunities and risks and offers policy recommendations with a view to maximising the societal benefits for Namibians. Scaling up renewables projects is a no regret option for Namibia, as there is demand for domestic electrification, clean electricity could be exported to South Africa, and using renewable to produce hydrogen and derivatives for export offers prospects for foreign exchange earnings and economic growth. Here, the most immediate opportunities lie in exporting green ammonia, yet other market opportunities may open up, including the export of sustainable aviation fuel, hot-briquetted iron and green fertiliser. At the same time, international investors are hesitant to implement their planned investments due to uncertainties regarding international offtake agreements and other risk factors, e.g. relating to shipping capacities and financial guarantees. This calls for a gradual scaling-up of hydrogen and ammonia investments, accompanied by continuous technology and market foresight, and carefully designed risk-sharing agreements with international investors. Hydrogen investments come with political and environmental risks. Politically, the sheer size of the planned projects creates incentives for socially exclusive rent-seeking deals. Unless strict transparency rules are applied, directly partaking in deals with large investors may create opportunities for legal or extra-legal enrichment. Hence, it is essential to have full transparency for tenders and contracts. Even if all deals were fully transparent, this would not guarantee widespread benefits for the Namibian people. We predict fewer employment and other socio-economic spillovers than anticipated in the country's current strategy. Also, projects may be less profitable than expected, and information asymmetries between large investors and Namibian policy-makers may translate into unfavourable risk- and benefit-sharing agreements. To ensure widely shared benefits, options for a pro-poor use of revenues from hydrogen projects should be explored to achieve socio-economic spillovers from financial investments in green hydrogen. These include direct dividend payments to citizens, earmarking of public revenues for development funds, mandatory oversizing of electricity generation and desalination to serve local communities, and co-ownership of energy projects. |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen, value chains, energy transition, industrial policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:300228 |
| By: | Ahmadiani, Mona; Woodward, Richard T. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343574 |
| By: | Schmid, Anna |
| Keywords: | Agricultural And Food Policy, Farm Management, Risk And Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343891 |
| By: | Bosio, Andrea Odille; Croce, Annalisa; Toschi, Laura; Ughetto, Elisa |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights the main challenges faced by the Cleantech sector. Key barriers include limited access to external finance, with many respondents expecting to raise significant funds in the next five years. Additionally, stringent and uncertain standards and regulations create operational challenges. Expanding our understanding of the Cleantech sector can enhance targeted support schemes to accelerate clean technology adoption, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve environmental sustainability. This is the latest paper resulting from a project on "The cleantech industry in the European Green Deal: policy challenges and the finance landscape for SMEs" (CLEU), initiated by EIF's Market Assessment and Research Division. Funded by the EIB Institute's University Research Sponsorship (EIBURS) programme, the project aims to enhance our understanding of the Cleantech sector and improve the design of support schemes to accelerate the green transition in the EU. The EIF Working Papers are designed to make available to a wider readership selected topics and studies in relation to EIF's business. The Working Papers are edited by the EIF and are typically authored or co-authored by EIF staff or are written in cooperation with EIF. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eifwps:300656 |
| By: | Bellocca, Gian Pietro Enzo; Poncela Blanco, Maria Pilar; Ruiz Ortega, Esther |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the impact of temperature exposure on the earnings per share of large European firms over the 21st century. Our findings reveal that earnings are sensitive to extreme temperatures across a large proportion of sectors. Depending on the sector and quarter, exposure to extreme temperatures can have either a positive or negative impact on profitability. Our analysis shows a greater percentage of sectors affected in Europe compared to the US, likely due to Europe's broader temperature variability from the northern Baltic to the southern Mediterranean regions. We observe that most sectors experience effects during the milder seasons of spring and autumn, being positive in most cases. The lack of a clear negative effect of extreme temperatures over firm's profitability points out one of the reasons why it is so difficult to fight against climate change, while being harmful, it can be profitable. Additionally, we highlight a concerning trend regarding a steady increase in European investments in sectors that are solely negatively impacted by extreme temperatures, which grew from around 16% in 2015 to over 23% in 2022. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Earnings per share; Firm performance; Physical risk; Temperature exposure |
| JEL: | C23 G12 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:wsrepe:44217 |
| By: | Haley, Nicholas M.; Savchenko, Olesya |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343778 |
| By: | Michele Fornino; Mahmut Kutlukaya; Caterina Lepore; Javier Uruñuela López |
| Abstract: | The study provides forward-looking estimates for economic damages from floods and tropical cyclones (TC) for a wide range of countries using global datasets. Damages are estimated for three Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios and aggregated at the country level, building them from geographically disaggregated estimates of hazard severity and economic exposures across 183 countries. The results show that, for most countries, floods and TC’s damage rates increase (i) during the estimation span of 2020 to 2100, and (ii) with more severe global warming scenarios. In line with other global studies, expected floods and TCs damages are unevenly distributed across the world. The estimates can be used for a wide range of applications, as damage rates represent the key variable connecting climate scenarios to economics and financial sector risk analysis. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Forward-looking climate projections; Climate scenario analysis; Economic losses; Damage functions; Tropical Cyclones; Floods |
| Date: | 2024–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/141 |
| By: | BENCZUR Peter (European Commission - JRC); BOSKOVIC Ana (European Commission - JRC); CARIBONI Jessica (European Commission - JRC); CHEVALLIER Rachele; LE BLANC Julia (European Commission - JRC); SANDOR Alina-Mihaela (European Commission - JRC); ZEC Slavica (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The triple planetary crisis (climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution), the Covid pandemic, financial crises, persisting poverty, social exclusion, increasing inequality, and societal polarisation all clearly demonstrate that GDP is incomplete as a measure of a country’s economic performance and overall progress. In this context, people’s ‘wellbeing’ is gaining political traction as an explicit political objective. To progressively complement the use of GDP with wellbeing indicators in EU policymaking, also in line with the 8th Environmental Action Programme, the 2023 Strategic Foresight Report has announced Commission work on developing Sustainable and Inclusive Wellbeing metrics. Such complementary (especially augmented-GDP-type) metrics would highlight the contributions of environmental, health, or social policies to people’s wellbeing beyond the traditional economic perspective. They would facilitate the communication of political challenges and the options to address them. Finally, they would be instrumental to compare the capacity of the Union to deliver sustainable and inclusive wellbeing, vis-à-vis other geopolitical actors. The work also aims to assemble a consensus-based medium-sized dashboard of around 120 indicators. This concise, balanced and comprehensive list of indicators would contain the most important aspects of a country’s progress. With the additional help of statistical analyses, it would also pave the way for a small headline dashboard, more suitable for broad communication purposes. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137910 |
| By: | Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Castaing, Pauline; Kizito, Fred; Vitellozzi, Sveva; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification (SI) of the smallholder sector in Africa south of the Sahara is among the approaches pursued to build resilient food systems that can supply nutritionally adequate food in the face of rapid population growth and climatic changes. This study assesses the impact of Africa RISING, an SI program in Ghana implemented in the poorest and most food insecure areas of the country since 2012. The program first validated and then scaled up a wide range of SI interventions focused on improved agronomic management and crop cultivars; improved livestock feed, housing conditions, and species; crop-livestock integration; integrated natural resource management; vegetable production and nutritional education; and small-scale mechanization. Impact is estimated using two rounds of quasi-experimental panel data (conducted in 2014 and 2020), propensity score matching, and difference-indifferences techniques. The study design allows us to estimate the impact of Africa RISING by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with those of two different control groups—one residing in program villages (within village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison) on several indicators across five SI domains—environment, productivity, economic, human, and social. We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two control groups. Results from panel data analyses show improvements in several indicators in the environmental and productivity domains. We also find a positive impact on use of conservation practices (fallowing, disc/moldboard ploughing, manure), groundnut yield, livestock, net crop income, and women’s likelihood of becoming members of farmers groups relative to non-beneficiaries. We do not find a statistically significant effect on consumption- and asset-based poverty rates, household dietary diversity, and several indicators of maternal and child nutrition. For both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, the share of monetary-based non-poor, dietary diversity, and food security have declined between baseline (2014) and follow-up (2020) likely due COVID-19. Our study highlights useful empirical lessons learned for informing future program design and impact assessments. |
| Keywords: | impact assessment; sustainable intensification; smallholders; resilience; food systems; climate change; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Africa; Ghana |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:148741 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | CO2 emissions from aviation are a priority for policymakers, researchers, entities, and governments worldwide. Traditional approaches to analyzing the aviation sector must be modified because aviation practices are no longer supply driven. In fact, the recent increase in environmental awareness worldwide has modified previous motorized-oriented approaches to be more energy efficient by investigating how the system is designed rather than considering the provision of infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Aviation oil consumption, Aviation oil demand, Crude oil, Diesel |
| Date: | 2023–04–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb09 |
| By: | Matthieu Dutel (RESALLIENCE, SIXENSE ENGINEERING, VINCI Construction, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Adam Abdin (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Didier Soto (RESALLIENCE, SIXENSE ENGINEERING, VINCI Construction); Karim Selouane (RESALLIENCE, SIXENSE ENGINEERING, VINCI Construction); Nicolas Ziv (RESALLIENCE, SIXENSE ENGINEERING, VINCI Construction); Anne Barros (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Keywords: | modelling, risk, assets, vulnerability, exposure, buildings, infrastructures, climate change, hazards |
| Date: | 2024–06–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04626254 |
| By: | Ponieman, Karen D.; Bongiovanni, Rodolfo; Battaglia, Martin L.; Hilbert, Jorge A.; Cipriotti, Pablo A.; Espósito, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | The agricultural stage is a hotspot in the carbon footprint (CF) of the production of corn bioethanol and, within this stage, the production and use of nitrogen fertilisers is the subprocess that has the greatest incidence. The current research project aims to incorporate the environmental impacts in the analysis of optimum nitrogen fertiliser rates, in addition to the agricultural and economic outputs that have been widely used in previous studies. We seek to obtain functions that describe the CF at different nitrogen rates, topographic positions and climatic conditions, incorporating them as objective functions in multiobjective optimization procedures. In order to achieve this aim, the first step is to quantify the corn bioethanol CF with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, for fertilisation and yield data at a site-specific scale. On-farm research trials were conducted in 18 corn fields where agricultural producers applied up to 6 levels of strip nitrogen fertilisation, through an elevation gradient, in 5 crop seasons distributed over 12 years, in the centre-south region of Córdoba province, Argentina. The corn transportation and its industrial process were considered as fixed subsystems for this research. The LCA methodology follows the ISO 14067:2018 standard and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines (2019). The R software was used to process the large datasets. A bioethanol corn CF map at a site-specific scale was achieved. As opposed to a single CF value per field, assessing the CF at a site-specific scale allows us to explore the within-field variability caused by different input rates, its interaction with environmental factors and crop yields. Spatial and temporal statistical analysis is needed to understand the relation between nitrogen fertilisation and corn bioethanol CF. Furthermore, we expect to consider the function that best represents this relation in the definition of optimum site-specific nitrogen rate. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:344397 |
| By: | Ponieman, Karen D.; Bongiovanni, Rodolfo; Battaglia, Martin L.; Hilbert, Jorge A.; Cipriotti, Pablo A.; Espósito, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | The agricultural stage is a hotspot in the carbon footprint (CF) of the production of corn bioethanol and, within this stage, the production and use of nitrogen fertilisers is the subprocess that has the greatest incidence. The current research project aims to incorporate the environmental impacts in the analysis of optimum nitrogen fertiliser rates, in addition to the agricultural and economic outputs that have been widely used in previous studies. We seek to obtain functions that describe the CF at different nitrogen rates, topographic positions and climatic conditions, incorporating them as objective functions in multiobjective optimization procedures. In order to achieve this aim, the first step is to quantify the corn bioethanol CF with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, for fertilisation and yield data at a site-specific scale. On-farm research trials were conducted in 18 corn fields where agricultural producers applied up to 6 levels of strip nitrogen fertilisation, through an elevation gradient, in 5 crop seasons distributed over 12 years, in the centre-south region of Córdoba province, Argentina. The corn transportation and its industrial process were considered as fixed subsystems for this research. The LCA methodology follows the ISO 14067:2018 standard and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines (2019). The R software was used to process the large datasets. A bioethanol corn CF map at a site-specific scale was achieved. As opposed to a single CF value per field, assessing the CF at a site-specific scale allows us to explore the within-field variability caused by different input rates, its interaction with environmental factors and crop yields. Spatial and temporal statistical analysis is needed to understand the relation between nitrogen fertilisation and corn bioethanol CF. Furthermore, we expect to consider the function that best represents this relation in the definition of optimum site-specific nitrogen rate. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:344397 |
| By: | Fitzgerald, Brooke A. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343775 |
| By: | Wang, Yixuan |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343550 |
| By: | Paz, Bruno; Dalheimer, Bernhard; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | Increasing food demand will most likely be met with agricultural intensification and land clearing, exacerbating environmental consequences associated with food supply. The mechanisms and trade-offs between agriculture and the environment are heterogeneous and not well understood, yet key to enhance food production while safeguarding the environment, ensuring a dual purpose of food systems. This study examines the relationship between voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) and Rwandese coffee farmers’ technical efficiency and productivity while exploring the mechanisms behind potential trade-offs and synergies between certification, productivity, and forest protection. Using cross-sectional farm-level data of 842 coffee farmers in Rwanda, we measure the effect of VSS on technical efficiency and an enhanced vegetation index (EVI) reflecting vegetation health and density around the farm. We combine a stochastic frontier analysis controlling for sample selection bias with mediation analysis. Our analysis shows that certified farmers exhibit greater technical efficiency levels than non-certified farmers. We can attribute this to better farm management, leading to 19% and 4% increases in their productivity and technical efficiency, respectively. Our analysis also suggests that certifications lead to higher enhanced vegetation index scores in and around the coffee plots, which we attribute to the regulatory mechanisms associated with certification. We conclude that VSS can enhance coffee production while safeguarding the environment and being a valuable component of a more comprehensive rural development program. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, International Development, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gausfs:344224 |
| By: | Gollier, Christian |
| Abstract: | This document is a newcomer guide to the economic theory of discounting, with applications to climate change and sustainability. It borrows ingredients from public economics, decision theory, and asset pricing theory, without any prerequisites beyond microeconomics 101. Aiming at sustainability issues, I focus the analysis on the valuation of intergenerational impacts. The starting point is the Ramsey rule, now more than a century old: We discount the future because we are inequality-averse and because we are used to believe that future generations will be wealthier than us. From this trivial but fundamental insight, I explore the role of uncertainty, a key ingredient for any realistic representation of the distant future of humanity on this planet. |
| Keywords: | discounting; asset price; carbon price; sustainability; climate change; deep uncertainty; Ramsey rule |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129593 |
| By: | Mathias Mier |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpb:_58 |
| By: | Fleiter, Tobias; Rehfeldt, Matthias; Neusel, Lisa; Hirzel, Simon; Neuwirth, Marius; Schwotzer, Christian; Kaiser, Felix; Gondorf, Carsten |
| Abstract: | In 2022, process heat was responsible for about two-thirds of industrial greenhouse gas emissions. Any transformation toward a climate-friendly industry also requires a successful heat transition by converting process heat to CO2-neutral energy sources. At present, this is only taking place in isolated cases and is being slowed down or prevented by a range of economic, regulatory and technical obstacles. This policy brief provides a comprehensive overview of the technology potential of hydrogen and electricity for supplying process heat and indicates the main obstacles involved as well as the action required to design suitable policies. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:300578 |
| By: | Cameron, Aliénor (Climate Economics Chair; EconomiX (Université de Paris-Nanterre); ADEME, Paris, France); Garrone, Maria (European Commission, DG GROW, Chief Economist Team (A1), Brussels, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the relationship between firms' emission intensity and their corporate performance based on a constructed dataset providing detailed micro-level information of industrial firms covered by the EU ETS |
| Keywords: | EU ETS, heavy industry, emission intensity, corporate performance. |
| JEL: | D22 H23 L51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bda:wpsmep:wp2024/24 |
| By: | Grigolon, Laura; Park, Eunseong; Remmy, Kevin |
| Abstract: | We use micro-level data on fuel consumption, mileage, and travel mode to study plug-in hybrid drivers' response to fuel prices. When fuel prices rise, plug-in hybrids reduce fuel consumption more than gasoline and diesel cars. They do not reduce their mileage but increase electric recharging, without evidence of habit formation. As the share of kilometers driven in electric mode by plug-in hybrids is only half the official test cycle value, fuel prices are effective in improving the environmental performance of these vehicles. We estimate drivers' value of charging time at €15 to €41/hour. |
| Keywords: | fuel price elasticity, automobiles, carbon emissions |
| JEL: | D12 L91 Q31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:300273 |
| By: | Bakhtavoryan, Rafael; Hovhannisyan, Vardges |
| Keywords: | Demand And Price Analysis, Consumer/ Household Economics, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343883 |
| By: | Bazoche, Pascale; Angeon, Valérie |
| Abstract: | Product qualification and differentiation processes based on environmental attributes are part of the process of the ecologisation of food systems. They provide a better understanding of food consumption behaviour, insofar as they help to promote sustainable production systems. These issues are particularly relevant in the French West Indies, where consumers make little use of objective quality signals such as labels, brands or sustainability claims. To assess consumer sensitivity to the environmental attributes of fruit and vegetables, a real choice experiment was conducted with a sample of 88 Guadeloupean consumers. Assessments produced by a mixed logit model showed that price had a significant discriminating impact on the utility of products for consumers. The results also reveal that consumers expressed a preference for environmental attributes that varied according to the type of product. We observed that sensory perception is influenced by the recognition of quality labels and that local production is not associated with respect for the environment. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:inrasl:344172 |
| By: | Fadillah Ismail (Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Muhammad Imran Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | "Objective - At this time, there has been an increasing emphasis devoted to the actions and behaviour of employees at their places of employment as a major factor of environmental issues. Because of this, organizations are starting to implement a wide variety of programs aimed at protecting the environment and implementing green approaches. Moreover, the factors that determine employees' green behaviour (EGB) and green human resource management (GHRM) still need further exploration. Methodology/Technique - The current study gives an understanding by exploring the factors that influence green innovation (GI) and the environmental performance of organizations (OEP). This study data was acquired from 545 employees working in Malaysia's manufacturing sector using the quantitative research approach. Finding - It was examined using PLS-SEM. In addition, it was determined that EGB, GHRM, and GI all had a significant positive relationship with OEP. It is important to note that (GI) also acts as a mediator in the interaction between EGB, GHRM, and OEP. Moreover, the association between GI and OEP has been investigated with moral credit serving as a moderator, and the findings confirmed the positive association. Looking at these relationships with OEP and GI to assess their mediation effects is a unique element of this study that significantly contributes to the existing body of research on EGB and GHRM. Novelty - Furthermore, it provides directions for decision-makers on optimizing green employee behaviour and human resource management in their workplaces, ultimately leading to green innovation to improve organizational environmental performance. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Employee green behaviour; green human resource management; green innovation; moral credit; organizational environmental performance. |
| JEL: | M10 M12 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:gjbssr647 |
| By: | Claudio Vitari (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Zakaria Laala (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | The traditional model of academic publishing, characterized by paid subscriptions, has historically restricted access to research findings, posing barriers for researchers and institutions with limited resources (Suber, 2012). In response, the open access (OA) movement has gained momentum, advocating for free and unrestricted access to scholarly literature online, thereby promoting transparency and equitable knowledge dissemination (Suber, 2012). This literature review examines the economic, social, and environmental impacts of various OA journal models, encompassing gold, green, hybrid, and emerging diamond routes. The economic impact of OA models, including cost structures and funding mechanisms such as Article Processing Charges (APCs), is analyzed to understand their implications for publishers, authors, and institutions (Björk et al., 2017; Morrison, 2017). Socially, OA fosters inclusivity by removing financial barriers and enhancing global scientific collaboration, thus democratizing access to knowledge (Houghton & Swan, 2011; Hilton III, 2016). However, the environmental footprint of OA remains underexplored, with emerging concerns over digital sustainability and carbon emissions associated with online publishing (Bouffard et al., 2022). Methodologically, this review synthesizes findings from 20 selected articles using systematic search queries and inclusion criteria based on economic, social, and ecological dimensions (Van Ooijen et al., 2023). By employing a comprehensive framework, we assess the state of knowledge regarding OA impacts and propose future research directions to optimize its benefits while mitigating potential drawbacks. Ultimately, this review underscores the transformative potential of OA in reshaping scholarly communication and calls for continued empirical research to inform evidence-based policy and practice in academic publishing. |
| Keywords: | Open access peer-reviewed articles publishing models degrowth, Open access, peer-reviewed articles, publishing models, degrowth |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04633659 |
| By: | Ghosh, Surajit; Rajakaruna, Punsisi; Tri, V. P. D.; Loi, N. T.; Trung, P. K.; Holmatov, Bunyod |
| Abstract: | The Vietnamese Mekong Delta is responsible for half of the country’s rice production. This is possible due to abundant freshwater resources available for agriculture. This report provides a general overview of water resources in the region, presents unique water-related challenges using earth observation data, and description of measures to address them. Structurally, section one provides a general introduction followed by description of surface water resources, its uses and dynamics. Section three contains information on water infrastructure in the region. Section four covers water extent dynamics of small reservoirs followed by section five that focuses on groundwater pumping. Section six presents information about the Google Earth Engine – based tool developed to visualize surface waters and water infrastructure of the region for different time ranges using different satellites. Section seven focuses on institutional arrangements related to water management in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Finally, section eight provides concluding remarks and recommendations to overcome identified challenges. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Climate Change, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2023–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:344122 |
| By: | Michael G Pollitt |
| Keywords: | Incentive regulation, vertical integration, emissions markets, electricity liberalisation |
| JEL: | L43 L51 Q53 Q54 L94 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2410 |
| By: | Kim, Joo Hye (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 연구는 태양광 및 리튬이온 배터리 기반 BESS 산업을 중심으로, 중국 정부와 기업의 전략과 중국의 글로벌 공급망 장악에 대한 주요국의 대응을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 이를 통해 우리 업계에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 한국 정부 및 기업이 활용할 수 있는 대응방안을 제시하였다. To achieve carbon neutrality and increase energy security, the international community is accelerating the energy transition to reduce fossil fuels and increase renewable energy. Solar power, in particular, has emerged as a fast-growing renewable energy source, as its generation costs have fallen to the level of fossil fuels and it is relatively easy to install. Demand is growing rapidly and is expected to exceed the cumulative installed capacity of coal by 2027. In addition, demand for energy storage systems (ESS) is growing in line with the expansion of renewable energy generation. Since the production of electricity from solar and wind power fluctuates depending on the amount of sunlight available and wind speeds, it is necessary to build an ESS to store the generated electricity and release it when it is needed. Among ESS, the demand for battery energy storage systems (BESS) based on lithium-ion batteries (LiB) is growing rapidly, as it is less constrained by location and can be easily dismantled and moved compared to pumped storage hydroelectricity, in which power is generated by utilizing altitude differences in locations such as reservoirs. The problem is that China accounts for 74.7-96.8% of capacity at each stage of the global solar supply chain, and about 70% of capacity in the upstream and midstream of the LiB-based BESS supply chain. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | energy transition; solar power supply chain; ESS; BESS; China |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepre:2023_008 |
| By: | Bontems, Philippe; Cheikbossian, Guillaume; Hafidi, Houda |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the welfare effects of domestic and international lobbying in the context of two countries linked by both trade and pollution. We consider a reciprocal-markets model where, in each country, a domestic firm produces a polluting good, that can result in a cross-national environmental externality, and competes in quantities in each market with a foreign firm. Each government independently sets a pollution tax under political pressure from green and industrial lobbies `a la Grossman and Helpman (1994). Our results mainly show that political pressure from domestic and/or international lobbies can help mitigate tax competition between the two countries, resulting in an improvement in social welfare. In fact, lobbying acts much like a strategic delegation device by changing the social welfare weights in the objective function of each government. The (potential) welfare-improving effect of political pressure depends on the relative strengths of the lobbies and on the nature of the strategic interactions in taxes. |
| Keywords: | Lobbying; transboundary pollution; international trade; international politics; environmental tax |
| JEL: | D72 F12 F18 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129516 |
| By: | Koirala, Samjhana; Rollins, Kimberly S. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343931 |
| By: | Matteo Ficarra (IHEID, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates local fiscal multipliers for green and non-green public works in Italian provinces, and disentangles the geographic and institutional heterogeneities behind them. I construct a fiscal shock by taking the variation of the difference between actual and budgeted spending, and I show that it is exogenous to provincial institutional and macroeconomic conditions. Using local projections, I find that a €1 increase in government spending generates negligible GDP losses in the first two years for overall and non-green projects, while it increases output by €0.98 after 3 years for green projects. These results are smaller than the prevailing estimates in the literature. A triple interaction approach reveals that overall and non-green multipliers are driven by southern provinces, while the green multiplier is driven by the rest of the country, despite the contemporaneous green multiplier being equal to 1.43 in the south. I link the heterogeneity to governance characteristics: higher government effectiveness and institutional quality decrease the overall and non-green multiplier, while they increase the green multiplier. Interestingly, corruption positively affects all multipliers. I show that the effect of corruption can be explained by its role in easing bureaucratic and regulatory burdens. These results suggest that taking national fiscal multipliers at face value can lead to an overestimation of the impact of fiscal expansions. |
| Keywords: | fiscal policy; local multiplier; green multiplier; climate policy; institutional quality; local projections; triple interactions |
| JEL: | C33 D73 E62 H50 H72 Q43 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:giihei:heidwp11-2024 |
| By: | Zhou, Mengfei; Merel, Pierre |
| Keywords: | Risk And Uncertainty, Environmental Economics And Policy, Consumer/ Household Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343790 |
| By: | Rachel Lee; Hugo Rojas-Romagosa; Iulia Ruxandra Teodoru; Xiaoxiao Zhang |
| Abstract: | This study empirically investigates the impact of the climate transition on the French financial sector using a micro-macro approach to examine the long-term effects of climate mitigation and decarbonization policies on sectoral output and the effects on firm profitability and the likelihood of corporate defaults. We employ a recursive-dynamic, multi-regional, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the Fit-for-55 climate scenario and then integrate the sectoral output paths derived from the model into firm-level corporate balance sheets and risks. We then assess the extent of credit exposure of banks to energy-intensive sectors. Our findings indicate that, under the Fit-for-55 scenario, the mining, chemicals and manufacturing sectors might face notable increases in their probability of defaults, in turn creating pockets of vulnerabilities in some parts of the banking system depending on their exposure to these energy-intensive sectors. This highlights the importance for a timely and orderly transition, including integrating climate transition plans into the prudential framework. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk analysis; financial stability; ENVISAGE model; Fit-for-55 |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/144 |
| By: | Aydin, Eren (Hertie School of Governance); Gehrsitz, Markus (University of Strathclyde); Traxler, Christian (Hertie School of Governance) |
| Abstract: | Using a stacked differences-in-differences approach, we study the effects of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) in Germany. The implementation of stage 1 and 2 LEZs, which banned the most pollution-intensive vehicles from city centers, significantly reduced PM10 concentrations. The most restrictive third stage had no detectable, additional effect. Analyzing the mechanisms behind these improvements, we find weak evidence of a 2% traffic decline inside LEZs. Exploiting novel data, our main results document small but precisely estimated effects on the local fleet composition: LEZs induced the replacement of 50, 000 older, emission-intensive diesel vehicles with newer, less polluting gasoline cars. Our estimates suggest that LEZs had lower social costs than previously estimated. |
| Keywords: | low emission zones, vehicle fleet composition, emission standards, social costs, diesel cars |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 R40 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17144 |
| By: | Takuji Fueki (Hitotsubashi University (E-mail: takuji.fueki@r.hit-u.ac.jp)); Takeshi Shinohara (Deputy Director and Economist, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan (E-mail: takeshi.shinohara@boj.or.jp)); Mototsugu Shintani (The University of Tokyo (E-mail: shintani@e.u-tokyo.ac.jp)) |
| Abstract: | We construct a Climate Change News (CCN) index which measures attention to climate change risk for Japan, based on text information from newspaper articles. We compare our index with the original WSJ Climate Change News index of Engle et al. (2020) for the U.S. (WSJ-CCN index), as well as other measures of macroeconomic uncertainty. We find that the correlation between the CCN indexes of the U.S. and Japan is much higher than the correlation between the CCN index and other uncertainty measures in either of those countries. We also find that shocks to the CCN indexes have significantly negative effects on economic sentiment, but have ambiguous effects on industrial production. This contrasts with the fact that, for both the U.S. and Japan, other uncertainty shocks have negative effects on both economic sentiment and industrial production. As an application of the CCN indexes, we investigate if the effectiveness of monetary policy depends on the degree of attention to climate change risks. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Text Analysis, Monetary Policy, Nonlinear Local Projection |
| JEL: | E32 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ime:imedps:24-e-03 |
| By: | Lee, Goeun; Beatty, Timothy |
| Keywords: | Health Economics And Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Agricultural And Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343622 |
| By: | Bao, Alex; Bontems, Philippe; Cardebat, Jean-Marie; Chiappini, Raphael |
| Abstract: | This study examines how exporters make export decisions when faced with production and demand shocks. Using a unique dataset of French wine shipments from 2001 to 2020 across 134 Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) regions, and daily weather data from M´et´eo-France, we employ gravity estimations to show that extreme weather affects both trade intensive and extensive margins, while favorable weather boosts them. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that exports to core markets are less sensitive than peripheral markets to extreme weather, indicating market prioritization by exporters. Our theoretical analysis explains how climate-induced production shock volatility shapes export behavior, leading firms to reallocate resources to most attractive markets and streamline their destination markets portfolios by exiting less favorable ones. |
| JEL: | F12 F18 Q18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129521 |
| By: | Tørstad, Vegard; Wiborg, Vegard |
| Abstract: | International review mechanisms can help states overcome collective action problems by revealing accurate information about their cooperative intent and performance. However, many existing review mechanisms have lenient informational requirements, leading to ambiguous reporting that impedes mutual verification of efforts and potentially undermines cooperation. This article evaluates how commitment ambiguity affects cooperation under the Paris Agreement on climate change, which features a pledge-and-review system where governments decide unilaterally on the depth of their commitments. We develop a decision-theoretic model of ambiguity and risk behavior in climate pledges that delineates the relationship between commitment ambiguity and ambition. In our model, commitment ambiguity is a sum of structural uncertainty and strategic ambiguity. We argue that structural uncertainty—information constraints that prevent governments from perfectly gauging their commitment potential—reduces ambition in climate pledges. This prudence effect is driven by compliance concern: The anticipated international and domestic audience costs arising from noncompliance induce policymakers to adjust ambition downward. Our empirical analysis of all climate pledges under the Paris Agreement demonstrates that ambiguous pledges are less ambitious than precise pledges, in line with our prudence conjecture. We also show that democracies are more prudent than autocracies, reflecting systemic variations in domestic audience costs. Overall, this article contributes an original theory of how ambiguity affects cooperation in international institutions and produces empirical findings that shed light on the effectiveness of international climate cooperation. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Ambiguity, compliance, intergovernmental organizations, international environmental agreements, Paris Agreement, transparency |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:globco:qt7gd693zp |
| By: | Marion, Justin; West, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | Governments often privatize the administration of regulations to third-party specialists paid for by the regulated parties. We study how the resulting conflict of interest can have unintended consequences for the distributional impacts of regulation. In Massachusetts, the party responsible for hazardous waste contamination must hire a licensed contractor to quantify the environmental severity. We find that contractors’ evaluations favor their clients, exhibiting substantial score bunching just below thresholds that determine government oversight of the remediation. Client favoritism is more pronounced in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods and is associated with inferior remediation quality, highlighting a novel channel for inequities in pollution exposure. (JEL D63, J15, K32, L51, Q53, R23) |
| Keywords: | Economics, Applied Economics, Health Disparities, Minority Health, Social Determinants of Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Applied economics |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucscec:qt3d68r0jt |
| By: | Faccio, Sondra |
| Abstract: | FDI contracts, especially in the extractive industry, increasingly feature investor obligations on sustainable development, with the aim of maximizing the contribution of FDI to sustainable development and attenuate its negative impacts. This Perspective illustrates some investor obligations on sustainable development contained in FDI contracts, discussing what are their benefits and how to make them more effective. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:300629 |
| By: | Ferraro, Greg; Rejesus, Roderick M. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics And Policy, Agricultural And Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343774 |
| By: | Zaman, Azaz; Miao, Ruiqing |
| Keywords: | Agricultural And Food Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344069 |
| By: | Bloebaum, Anke; Schmidt, Karolin; Böcher, Michael; Arlinghaus, Julia; Krause, Friederike; Matthies, Ellen |
| Abstract: | The overall research objective of the present study is the investigation of the effects of a strongly expressed restriction-oriented climate change mitigation heuristic (SER heuristic) on people's attitudes towards and acceptance of climate change mitigation technologies such as Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU). Furthermore, we want to examine the effects of a scenario-based communication intervention approach on the promotion of a supportive attitude towards and acceptance of CCU, especially referring to people characterized by a SER heuristic. Against this background, we present empirical findings based on an online experiment including a scenario-based intervention in an initial sample of 401 German participants. In line with our expectations, our findings show that participants characterized by a SER heuristic report a significantly lower supportive attitude towards CCU as well as a lower acceptance of CCU, compared to participants who are not characterized by a SER heuristic. Furthermore, our findings imply the examined scenario-based communication intervention approach to be an effective tool for the promotion of participants’ supportive attitudes towards CCU and acceptance of CCU. Taken together, the present study provides further valuable insights for the promotion of people’s supportive attitude towards as well as of their acceptance of necessary new climate change mitigation technologies such as CCU. |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dqt4u |
| By: | WEITZEL Matthias (European Commission - JRC); VAN DER VORST Camille (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Emissions in the EU ETS have declined by 34% between 2013 and 2023. We here show emission dynamics by sector and Member State. The decline was mostly driven by emission reductions in the power generation sector, where emissions decreased by 47%. Member States with the highest reductions mostly benefited from large reductions in their power sectors. Emissions in other sectors (except aviation) also declined in recent years. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138215 |
| By: | Yim, Hyungsun; Dall'Erba, Sandy |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344040 |
| By: | BERTOZZI Cecilia (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The "Not Another SDG 12 booklet" discusses the scope of SDG 12 – Sustainable consumption and production- by reflecting on the systemic and behavioural changes needed to enable its achievement. It advocates for acknowledging the multifaceted impacts of human activity at the global-local scale as a pivotal step to rectify our societies' trajectory. Critical interlinkages between SDG 12 and other Goals are presented, as well as some of the essential issues that affect communities, including consumerism as a metric of success, vulnerability to global problems, and the impacts of overconsumption. Both UN and EU monitoring approaches are introduced, stressing the need to ensure a disaggregation that mirrors the complexity of the Goal and reflects the specific analytical objectives. The booklet also discusses EU policy initiatives, barriers, and challenges to achieving SDG 12, including promoting globalization instead of local adaptation, confusing norms and regulations, and programmed obsolescence. It outlines practical actions by local governments and communities to stimulate the uptake of the circular economy, support fair-trade practices, educate on sustainable consumption, and ingrain reuse in local behaviours. The booklet critically assesses Europe's slow progress towards SDG 12, calling for accelerated action to meet 2030 targets. It closes with a vision beyond 2030, imagining a society founded on respecting the planet's biophysical limits and the principle of social justice. In this society, economies are redesigned according to regeneration and preservation principles, considering local and global impacts and resource reuse is a generalized practice. The booklet approaches the multifaceted nature of SDG 12 by building a comprehensive perspective and identifying the main levers that can lead to its achievement. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137525 |
| By: | CARAYANNIS Elias |
| Abstract: | The aim of this report is to investigate the potential for harnessing key features of Transformative Innovation to improve the design and the implementation of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategies, based on empirical analyses. The study draws on the conceptual framework on this question previously defined for the JRC (European Commission, 2024), and the methodology for case studies articulated in the same report. The case study research comprises overall 14 case study reports covering 16 different territories from across the EU and beyond, casing various institutional contexts, a variety of climate risks within different biogeographical regions, different ranges of population sizes, and representing a diversity of approaches to CCA and transformative innovation. The framework takes the form of an analytical grid, structured into seven sections, each of them representing a key feature of the ‘transformative innovation’ approach where the features are understood as essential conditions for the design and implementation of CCA strategies with this high level of ambition. Each section sets out the main question(s) to be addressed in relation to its respective transformative innovation features. This Report provides the findings for the regions of Attica and North Aegean regions, Greece, as at November 2023 and is the result of a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre (JRC), DG CLIMA and DG RTD. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137322 |
| By: | R. ABBAS (INSEE); N. CARNOT (INSEE); M. LEQUIEN (INSEE); A. QUARTIER-LA-TENTE (INSEE); S.ROUX (INSEE) |
| Abstract: | Avec un modèle de choix optimal d’investissement – ou d’échouage – en capital brun, émetteur de gaz à effet de serre, ou vert, sans émissions, nous décrivons les transitions optimales vers la neutralité carbone qui respectent des contraintes climatiques de type plafonds ponctuels d’émissions (Fit for 55) ou budget carbone. Nous montrons que : i) un échouage anticipé ne peut pas se produire avec des cibles ponctuelles ; ii) pour limiter le réchauffement à un niveau donné, introduire explicitement cette contrainte sous la forme d’un budget carbone restant minimise le coût économique associé, induisant un échouage initial élevé avec des budgets limités. Des plafonds d’émissions réguliers dès la première année, et choisis à partir des émissions de cette trajectoire optimale, entraînent une trajectoire proche ; iii) à cumul d’émissions donné, retarder la transition augmente les coûts et l’échouage ; iv) l’investissement total durant et après la transition est inférieur à celui de l’état initial. Tous les codes utilisés sont disponibles sous https://github.com/InseeFrLab/DT-way-to- net-zero. |
| Keywords: | transition écologique, budget carbone, neutralité carbone, capital échoué, investissements |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 E20 C61 P18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:2024-11 |
| By: | Anne Wanjiru Kamau; Halimu Shauri; Jean Huge; Karolien Van Puyvelde; Nico Koedam; James Gitundu Kairo |
| Abstract: | Mangrove forests provide a wide range of goods and services that sustain communities around the world. This paper explores utilization patterns of extractable mangrove resources by communities within the proposed Kenya–Tanzania transboundary conservation area (TBCA). Some 152 household surveys and 12 nominal group technique discussions were carried out. At least 16 direct-use products were reported to be extracted from the mangroves, with 90% of households found to use mangrove products. Changing patterns of mangrove use in the areas and accessibility point towards unsustainable utilization and promote illegal activities. Mangrove use patterns also show a high level of mangrove dependence by communities for their livelihood. Overharvesting of mangrove wood products is reported to be the major threat facing the forests. There is a need to address the problems of open access through capacity building and awareness creation, development and implementation of harvest plans, and introduction of alternative livelihood options. The results of this study can be used to inform development of the proposed TBCA as well as the establishment of a conservation policy in order to contribute to sustainable utilization of mangroves. These findings are important within the TBCA as well as similar environments around the world. |
| Keywords: | Kenya; mangrove use; sustainability; transboundary conservation area |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/376135 |
| By: | Luke, Jaime; Tonsor, Glynn T. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Demand And Price Analysis, Agricultural And Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343867 |
| By: | Pablo de la Vega (Fundar & IIE-FCE-UNLP) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the potential economic impacts in Argentina of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which as of January 2025 will prohibit the export to the European Union of certain raw materials and related products if they involve the use of deforested land. A dynamic computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate the impact of such regulation on the Argentine economy. The results suggest that the potential macroeconomic impacts are limited. As a consequence of the EUDR, between 2025 and 2030, GDP would be reduced by an average of 0.46% with respect to the baseline scenario. However, of greater magnitude is the potential environmental impact. Deforested hectares would be reduced by 6.64% and polluting gas emissions by 0.39%. |
| JEL: | C68 F13 F18 F4 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0333 |
| By: | Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Tzintzun, Ivan; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification (SI) of the smallholder sector in Africa south of the Sahara is among the approaches pursued to build resilient food systems that can supply nutritionally adequate food in the face of rapid population growth and climatic changes. This study assesses the impact of an SI program in Tanzania implemented in the poorest and most food insecure areas of the country since 2012. The program first validated and then scaled up a wide range of SI interventions focused on improved agronomic management and crop cultivars; improved livestock feed, housing conditions, and species; crop-livestock integration; integrated natural resource management; vegetable production and nutritional education; and small-scale mechanization. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of quasi-experimental panel data (conducted in 2014 and 2022), propensity score matching, and difference-in-differences techniques. The study design allows us to estimate the impact of Africa RISING by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within-village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison)—on several indicators across five SI domains environment, productivity, economic, human, and social. We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. Results from panel data analyses show improvements in several indicators in the environmental and productivity domains. We also find positive impact of participation in Africa RISING on several indicators under all the considered domains: beneficiaries were less likely to experience soil erosion, used more inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds) per hectare, obtained higher legume yields, were more likely to produce meat and dairy, reported higher net livestock income, and experienced fewer months of food insecurity. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, overall, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights useful empirical lessons learned for informing future program design and impact assessments. |
| Keywords: | impact assessment; sustainable intensification; smallholders; resilience; food systems; climatic change; Tanzania; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:148751 |
| By: | Financial Markets Department (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | To accelerate efforts in tackling climate change, it is crucial for financial markets to play a greater role in terms of financial intermediation by incorporating risks and opportunities arising from climate change into the pricing of financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, and by providing a more favorable environment for the issuance of climate change-related ESG bonds (hereinafter "the ESG bonds"). Since 2022, the Bank of Japan has conducted the Market Functioning Survey concerning Climate Change to evaluate the functioning of Japanese financial markets in relation to climate change and gain insights into challenges that need to be addressed for further improvement. In addition to the questions from the first survey, the third survey included new questions regarding the issuance conditions for the ESG bonds and respondents' stance on climate finance in general and transition finance in particular, in order to gain a more thorough understanding of the current situation and challenges. Similar to the findings of the second survey, respondents in the third survey viewed that climate-related risks and opportunities were priced into both the stock and corporate bond markets in Japan to a certain degree. At the same time, there was still perceived potential for further incorporation of these factors into the markets. To enhance the incorporation of climate-related risks and opportunities into market prices, many respondents raised issues regarding the availability of information and assessment methodologies for evaluating these factors, as well as the need for "increasing issuers and/or investors that place a high value on climate-related risks and opportunities, " similar to the results of the second survey. Regarding the current status of the ESG bond market, a broadening base of both issuers and investors was observed, although the increase in issuers remained modest compared to that of investors. Concerning this point, many respondents cited a limited need to obtain external funds and a scarcity of projects suitable for issuing the ESG bonds. Moreover, while the majority of respondents believed that issuance conditions for the ESG bonds were better than those for non-ESG bonds, the difference in conditions does not appear to be acting as a strong incentive for issuing the ESG bonds. That being said, the ESG bond market has continuously expanded due to strategic need for businesses and investor relations. Concerning future prospects, the survey results also suggest that both issuers and investors intend to actively use the ESG bonds over a somewhat long term. Specifically, a majority of business corporates expected a significant increase in the demand for funds for climate change-related efforts, and a reasonable number of them, including those who had not yet issued the ESG bonds, were considering their use. Additionally, the majority of investors who were considering investing in corporate bonds indicated that they also planned to increase their investments in the ESG bonds. The third survey also inquired about respondents' stance on transition finance, which has been promoted by both the private and public sectors in Japan. While many respondents were undecided about their stance, a reasonable number of issuers, primarily in high-emitting sectors, indicated that they would utilize transition finance. Those respondents expressed the expectation that transition finance would not only serve as a means of raising sufficient funds but also help build understanding of the transition among their stakeholders. Regarding future challenges, respondents most often highlighted the need to facilitate international understanding of transition finance. The need to review the target setting or methodology for calculating financed emissions was also pointed out, particularly by investors. Meanwhile, many respondents also highlighted progress in information disclosure, including the formulation of domestic standards and initiatives to make disclosures mandatory. At the same time, respondents raised issues concerning their resources and organizational structure for disclosure. They also noted expectations for the flexible application of disclosure regulations, the development of third-party assurance frameworks, and further infrastructure development to enhance efficiency and comparability. |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojron:ron240712a |
| By: | Giraldo, Carlos (Latin American Reserve Fund); Giraldo, Iader (Latin American Reserve Fund); Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. (City University of New York – Lehman College); Uribe, Jorge M. (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya) |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of climate uncertainty shocks on the growth rate distribution of Latin American and Caribbean countries from 1970 to 2022. We provide novel indicators for second-moment shocks (volatility), third-moment shocks (skewness), and fourth-moment shocks (kurtosis) based on daily temperatures at the country level. Our panel quantile models with fixed effects reveal a significant negative impact of time-varying skewness on the lower quantiles of the growth distribution during negative growth periods. Conversely, volatility and kurtosis do not significantly affect growth rates. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating time-varying climate skewness in economic climate models and highlight the impacts of climate uncertainty shocks across different growth quantiles beyond the traditional effects of the average change in temperature. |
| Keywords: | Climate Uncertainty; Economic Growth; Quantile Regression; Latin America; Caribbean; Temperature Shocks; Growth at Risk; Panel Data; |
| JEL: | C33 E32 O40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000566:021166 |
| By: | Baldos, Uris Lantz C. |
| Keywords: | Food Security And Poverty, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343904 |
| By: | Mavisakalyan, Astghik; Otrachshenko, Vladimir; Popova, Olga |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamic impact of natural disasters on the individual acceptance of a physical form of intimate partner violence (IPV). Based on a global sample of individual survey data and historical geo-referenced records of natural disasters at a subnational level, we show that natural disasters have long-lasting effects on IPV acceptance, increasing it in the short- (0-4 years) and medium- (10- 14 years) run. Furthermore, heterogeneity analyses reveal that lower educated people are affected more relative to higher educated people, men are affected more than women, as are older cohorts relative to younger cohorts, while there are no differences between the effects of disasters on IPV attitudes of people with high and low income. Drawing on theories of IPV, we also uncover that likely mechanisms that may link disasters to the increased acceptance of IPV are psychological distress and economic insecurity fears. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, intimate partner violence, domestic abuse |
| JEL: | J12 I31 P37 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1465 |
| By: | Tobias Angel (Università degli Studi Roma Tre and Université Paris Cité); Alexandre Berthe (Université Rennes 2 and LiRIS); Valeria Costantini (Università degli Studi Roma Tre and SEEDS); Mariagrazia D’Angeli (Università degli Studi Roma Tre and SEEDS) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents new results on the identification of heteroskedastic structural vector autoregressive (HSVAR) models. Point identification of HSVAR models fails when some shifts in the variances of the structural shocks are suspected to be statistically indistinguishable from each other. This paper presents a new strategy that allows researchers to continue using HSVAR models in this empirically relevant case. We show that a combination of heteroskedasticity and zero restrictions can recover point identification in HSVAR models even in the absence of heterogeneous variance shifts. We derive the identified sets for impulse responses and show how to compute them. We perform inference on the impulse response functions, building on the robust Bayesian approach developed for set-identified SVARs. To illustrate our proposal, we present an empirical example based on the literature on the global crude oil market, where standard identification is expected to fail under heteroskedasticity. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Redistribution, Emissions, Climate Change, Social Protection |
| JEL: | C33 D63 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.14 |
| By: | Lakdawala, Leah (Wake Forest University, Economics Department); Bollman, Katie (Oregon State University); Chakraborty, Judhajit (Michigan State University); Nakasone, Eduardo (Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | Violence against women --- in particular, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) --- is a health concern for women across the world. We study the impact of extreme cold on IPV among Peruvian women. Using a dataset that matches women to weather exposure, we find that overall, frost shocks increase IPV: 10 degree hours below -9C increases the probability of experiencing domestic violence by 0.5 pp. These effects are larger for more extreme temperature thresholds. We provide evidence that frosts impact IPV through two main channels. First, extreme cold yields adverse consequences for income, which in turn affects IPV. Second, extreme cold limits time spent outside of the household, potentially increasing exposure of women to violent partners. To our knowledge, we are the first to measure relative significance of these two channels by using variation in frost timing to distinguish shocks that affect IPV through changes in income from those that act through time spent indoors. We find that the effect of frosts on IPV is mostly driven by frosts that occur during the growing season, when 10 degree hours below -9C increases the probability of experiencing IPV by 1.5 percentage points. In contrast, we find that non-growing season frosts have no statistically significant effects on IPV. |
| Keywords: | intimate partner violence; extreme weather; climate change; extreme cold |
| JEL: | I10 J11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:wfuewp:0110 |
| By: | Abdelati El Arfaoui (Ecole Supérieur de Technologie, Université Moulay Ismail Meknès.); Nouredine Marchoud (Ecole Supérieur de Technologie, Université Moulay Ismail Meknès) |
| Abstract: | Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities have become essential and viable for companies due to the growing concern for environmental, social, and governance issues. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between a company's achievement of superior ESG performance and its financial performance (FP). A sample of 30 Moroccan companies listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2022 was considered. The study utilises the least squares method to evaluate the correlation between ESG and FP. The study concludes that there is a significant negative correlation between GSE and FP. This study enhances comprehension of the correlation between ESG and PF, aiding companies in formulating corporate strategies and stakeholders in making investment decisions. This study is unique in that it examines the effect of ESG on the financial performance of Moroccan companies listed on the stock exchange. It will serve as a foundation for future research. |
| Abstract: | Résumé Les activités environnementales, sociales et de gouvernance (ESG) sont devenues des activités essentielles et viables pour les entreprises en raison de la préoccupation croissante pour les questions environnementales, sociales et de gouvernance. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'étudier la relation entre l'obtention de performances ESG environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance (ESG) supérieures par une entreprise et sa performance financière (PF). Un échantillon de 30 sociétés marocaines cotées en bourse des valeurs de Casablanca de 2020 à 2022 a été pris en compte. . L'étude s'appuie sur la méthode des moindres carrés pour évaluer l'association entre l'ESG et la PF. Les conclusions de cette étude sont qu'il existe une association négative significative entre l'ESG et la PF. Cette étude permet de mieux comprendre l'association entre ESG et PF et aide les entreprises à formuler des stratégies d'entreprise et les parties prenantes à prendre des décisions d'investissement. L'originalité de cette étude est qu'elle aborde l'impact de l'ESG sur la PF des sociétés marocaines cotées en bourse et qu'elle servira de base à de futures études. Mots clés : RSE, ESG, performance financière, parties prenantes. Abstract Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities have become essential and viable for companies due to the growing concern for environmental, social, and governance issues. The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between a company's achievement of superior ESG performance and its financial performance (FP). A sample of 30 Moroccan companies listed on the Casablanca Stock Exchange from 2020 to 2022 was considered. The study utilises the least squares method to evaluate the correlation between ESG and FP. The study concludes that there is a significant negative correlation between GSE and FP. This study enhances comprehension of the correlation between ESG and PF, aiding companies in formulating corporate strategies and stakeholders in making investment decisions. This study is unique in that it examines the effect of ESG on the financial performance of Moroccan companies listed on the stock exchange. It will serve as a foundation for future research. Keywords: CSR, ESG, financial performance, stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | CSR, ESG, Financial performance, stakeholders, RSE, Performance financière, Parties prenantes |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04629453 |
| By: | Robinson, Sherman; Dunston, Shahnila; Mishra, Abhijeet; Sulser, Timothy B.; Mason-D’Croz, Daniel; Robertson, Richard D.; Cenacchi, Nicola; Thomas, Timothy S.; Zhu, Tingju; Gueneau, Arthur; Pitois, Gauthier; Wiebe, Keith D.; Rosegrant, Mark W. |
| Abstract: | The International Food Policy Research Institute’s IMPACT model is a robust tool for analyzing global and regional challenges in food, agriculture, and natural resources. Continuously updated and refined, IMPACT version 3.6 is the latest update to the model for continuously improving the treatment of complex issues, including climate change, food security, and economic development. IMPACT 3.6 multimarket model integrates climate, crop simulation, and water models into a comprehensive system, providing decision-makers with a flexible platform to assess the potential impacts of various scenarios on biophysical systems, socioeconomic trends, technologies, and policies. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; commodities; policy analysis; policy innovation; models |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:148953 |
| By: | Inès Guguen-Gicquel (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Ethel Jouannet (Nantes Univ - IUT Saint-Nazaire - Nantes Université - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Olivier Gonçalves (GEPEA-BAM - Bioprocédés Appliqués aux Microalgues - GEPEA - Laboratoire de génie des procédés - environnement - agroalimentaire - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - Nantes univ - UFR ST - Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - IUT Saint-Nazaire - Nantes Université - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université, GEPEA - Laboratoire de génie des procédés - environnement - agroalimentaire - ONIRIS - École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - Nantes univ - UFR ST - Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - IUT Saint-Nazaire - Nantes Université - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université) |
| Abstract: | This research combines the investigation on the contributions of the AlgoSolis laboratory in the development of innovations, emerging new fields and start-ups and the analysis of LLDC Algae, a company located in the West of France. Using both point of view will help to understand the opportunities and threats, as well as the key factors of success in the microalga market. This research objective is to present the resources conditions and the necessary expertise to develop microalga transformation for different markets, to support a sustainable agriculture. Two industrial applications seem to be more promising in our context of renewal solutions to support a low environmental impact: greenfeed for the animal feeding and green crops that propose crop supplements based on microalga. The company LLDC Algae targets the needs of both markets thanks to its expertise and to the high-performance proposal compared to traditional solutions. We are looking for the adopters' factors to increase the implementation of these solutions |
| Keywords: | microalga, innovation, sustainable agriculture, case study |
| Date: | 2024–06–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04631711 |
| By: | Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Tzintzun, Ivan; Vitellozzi, Sveva |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the impact of Africa RISING, a sustainable intensification (SI) program, implemented in Bougouni, Yanfolila, and Koutiala cercles in southern Mali beginning in 2012. Using a participatory action research framework, the program validated and promoted alternative SI options including fertilized groundnut and sorghum, crop-legume intercropping, intercropping of two compatible legumes, access to extension services, and fertilizer microdosing, while preserving ecosystem services in the face of projected population growth and climatic changes. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of quasi-experimental panel data (surveys conducted in 2014 and 2022) and difference-in-differences techniques. The unique study design allows us to estimate the impact of Africa RISING by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within-village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison) on several indicators across five SI domains—environment, productivity, economic, human, and social. We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. We find few statistically significant differences in the averages of the characteristics in the environmental and productivity domain among households in the within-village and out-of-village comparisons, most likely because of misreporting of program participation. Overall comparisons between households in target and non-target villages show a positive impact of AR on environmental variables such as access to extension services, and adoption of improved crops; on productivity variables such as green bean, cotton and okra yield; and on economic variables such as an increase in the non-agricultural wealth index; but no statistically significant effect on human and social indicators, namely household dietary diversity, food consumption scores, and nutritional indicators for children 0–59 months old and women 15–49 years old. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights useful empirical lessons learned to inform future program design and impact assessments. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; groundnuts; sorghum; legumes; agricultural extension; fertilizers; ecosystem services; agriculture; agricultural productivity; income; Western Africa; Africa; Mali |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:148698 |
| By: | Lawani, Abdelaziz |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics And Policy, Institutional And Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344080 |
| By: | Stéphan Marette (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Caroline Lejars (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Diane Briard (DIAGONAL - Direction Appui au Pilotage - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christophe Chassard (UMRF - Unité Mixte de Recherche sur le Fromage - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Véronique Decroocq (BFP - Biologie du fruit et pathologie - UB - Université de Bordeaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mariette Ducatez (IHAP - Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Esther Dzale Yeumo (GenEval); Alexandra Jullien (ECOSYS - Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); François Jullien (Association Dé-coïncidences); Eric Justes (Cirad-PERSYST - Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Thibaut Malausa (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabrice Martin-Laurent (Agroécologie [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Jean-Denis Mathias (UR LISC - Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre Pétriacq (BFP - Biologie du fruit et pathologie - UB - Université de Bordeaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Juliette Riquet (GenPhySE - Génétique Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - ENSAT - École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sloan Salètes (Cirad-Dgdrs - Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche et à la Stratégie - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Vitropic S.A.); Alexia Stokes (Inrae, UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Anne Trémier (UR OPAALE - Optimisation des procédés en Agriculture, Agroalimentaire et Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nathalie Vachiery (UMR ASTRE - Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The great fragility of ecosystems supporting food production requires alternative ways of thinking regarding the scientific research, as well as a bold analysis of public policies to be implemented to feed the planet, in an environment that would become hostile to agricultural production. In order to preserve the food ecosystems essential to human development, this book presents anticipatory visions and prospective analyzes based on the concept of "de-coincidence", developed by the philosopher François Jullien. This search for a creative sense, freed from the coincidences of common sense, from the "déjà vu", invites us to rethink the methods of organizing research in agronomy or in the field of the environment in order to encourage initiatives that go off the beaten track. Implementing new forms of research organization is necessary. It is also important to consider "worst" scenarios, in particular by imagining extreme configurations for the future, in which food production would become impossible in a "natural" environment. In order to define innovative solutions and effective public policies, this work offers three "de-coincident" essays aimed at designing pathways that would make it possible to prepare for the transformations to come. The first essay discusses institutional solutions for promoting de-coincident research. The next one focuses on a fictitious "worst-case" scenario in a context of extreme global warming. Eventually, the last essay analyzes what we can do "right now" to brace for "the worst" and prevent certain crises from occurring. |
| Abstract: | La très grande fragilité des écosystèmes supportant la production alimentaire nécessite une réflexion alternative sur les orientations de la recherche scientifique, ainsi qu'une analyse audacieuse des politiques publiques à mettre en œuvre pour nourrir la planète, dans un environnement qui deviendrait hostile à la production agricole. Afin de préserver les écosystèmes alimentaires indispensables au développement humain, ce livre présente des visions anticipatrices et des analyses prospectives relevant du concept de dé-coïncidence, développé par le philosophe François Jullien. Cette recherche d'un sens créatif affranchi des coïncidences du sens commun, du « déjà-vu », invite à repenser les modes d'organisation de la recherche en agronomie ou dans le domaine de l'environnement afin de favoriser des initiatives sortant des sentiers battus. Mettre en place de nouvelles formes de structuration de la recherche est nécessaire, de même qu'envisager le pire, notamment en imaginant de manière frontale des configurations extrêmes, dans lesquelles la production alimentaire deviendrait impossible en milieu « naturel ». Afin de définir des solutions innovantes et des politiques publiques efficaces, cet ouvrage propose trois essais dé-coïncidents visant à concevoir des cheminements qui permettraient de se préparer aux transformations à venir. Le premier essai évoque des pistes institutionnelles pour favoriser une recherche dé-coïncidente. Le suivant se focalise sur un scénario fictif « du pire » dans un contexte très dégradé par le réchauffement climatique. Enfin, le dernier essai analyse ce que nous pouvons faire « dès à présent » pour se préparer « au pire » et empêcher certaines crises d'advenir. |
| Keywords: | Dé-coïncidence |
| Date: | 2024–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04630167 |
| By: | Mehdi Abbas (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Cette note de recherche analyse le nouveau mécanisme d'ajustement carbone aux frontières (MACF) de l'Union européenne pour questionner sa pertinence du triple point de vue de l'efficacité climatique, de la politique commerciale et de la stratégie de gouvernance globale de l'UE. On formule l'hypothèse que le MACF est porteur d'une gouvernance polydimensionnelle qui en explique la portée et les limites. |
| Keywords: | Union européenne multilatéralisme gouvernance climat-énergie-commerce gouvernance polydimensionnelle mécanisme d'ajustement carbone aux frontières économie politique internationale de la décarbonation transitions écologique-énergétique internationale, Union européenne, multilatéralisme, gouvernance climat-énergie-commerce, gouvernance polydimensionnelle, mécanisme d'ajustement carbone aux frontières, économie politique internationale de la décarbonation, transitions écologique-énergétique internationale |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04626238 |
| By: | McKetty, Matthew NR; Foltz, Jeremy D. |
| Keywords: | Food Security And Poverty, International Development, Resource/Energy Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343715 |
| By: | Pela, Kevwe Sylvester; De Martino, Samantha Ashley; Ricaldi, Federica; Japp, David William |
| Abstract: | Among key challenges confronting Kenya’s over-exploited fisheries sector, fishing and aquaculture workers are very vulnerable: they work longer hours, earn less money, and have less access to social protection than workers in other sectors. Furthermore, climate change threatens to make fisheries workers and their livelihoods even more vulnerable. To address these challenges, the report proposes four key policy channels: (i) strengthen social protection systems to mitigate short and medium-term harm resulting from necessary management and regulation improvements for fishing activities; (ii) encourage private-sector investment in fisheries; (iii) incentivize sustainable fishing practices, including certifications and registration initiatives; and (iv) diversify the economy, assess skill levels, and promote alternative livelihoods for fisheries workers. |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:192601 |
| By: | Yann Raineau (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marianne Lefebvre (UA - Université d'Angers); Chantal Le Mouël (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Jesus Barreiro Hurle (Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy); Thomas M Chappell (Texas A&M University System); Marius Wolf; Marco de Toffol; Dimitri Dubois (Groupama); Sylvain Coutu (AXA Climate); Niklas Möhring (Universität Bonn = University of Bonn); Marco Rogna; Emilio Rodriguez Cerezo (Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy); Manuel Gomez-Barbero (Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Plant pests and diseases can cause considerable impacts on crop yields, and in turn food and feed security. Pesticides are one of the most frequent tools used to control or eliminate these pests and diseases playing a crucial role to assure food security. However, pesticide use also leads to undesired environmental and health impacts. The European Commission´s Joint Research Centre organized a workshop in November 2023 to explore innovative alternative business models that are emerging to facilitate reductions in pesticide use and risk while minimizing impacts in food security. This report summarizes the contributions presented at the workshop covering the legislative framework for pesticide reduction, theoretical considerations on pesticide reduction behaviour, examples of new technologies and business models being developed and insights from research on their potential to facilitate the transition to a low-pesticide use agriculture. The overall message stemming from the workshop is that outcome-based services and insurance policies can be key tool to enable farmers to achieve this reduction. However, the existing empirical evidence of the performance of these tools is still very scarce and these new business models still have to show their potential when upscaling from pre-commercial stage. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04628080 |
| By: | Nabil Daher (EconomiX - Université Paris Nanterre) |
| Abstract: | This presentation explores the impact of natural disasters on developing countries' GDP growth tail-risk. Using quantile local projections on data for 75 developing economies from 1970–2021, my results reveal that natural disasters lead to a persistent decrease at the 10th percentile of economic growth. In addition, agricultural and industrial growth at the 10th percentile experience signi |
| Date: | 2024–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:fsug24:12 |
| By: | Swanson, Andrew C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural And Food Policy, Environmental Economics And Policy, Resource/Energy Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:344074 |
| By: | Wadehra, Shivani (School of Liberal Studies, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India); Nie, Zihan (Center for Innovation and Development Studies, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China); Alpizar, Francisco (Environmental and Natural Resource Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | The provision of public goods often requires coordination among different actors. This is the case with waste management. If waste collectors collect waste separately, households would find it more worthwhile to segregate waste at home. If the households could segregate better at source, it would be cheaper for the waste collectors to collect waste separately and reduce processing costs and environmental impacts. However, neither collectors nor households have an incentive to engage in the required behavior if they do not expect the other party to change. In this paper, we aim to disentangle this chicken or egg causality problem with a large-scale intervention that provides a guaranteed segregated collection service and promotes waste segregation at source. Our study takes place in India, where waste management is an important concern. We find that a guaranteed service increases segregated waste only slightly, whereas encouraging households to segregate, given a guaranteed segregated service, increases the waste disposal rate by over 200% and the positive effect is in place even six months after the initial treatment. Our experimental design allows us to show that a reliable segregated waste collection service is key to successful household-side interventions. Breaking the vicious circle of waste segregation may require simultaneous actions from both parties. |
| Keywords: | waste segregation; collection service; information campaign |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2024–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2024_008 |
| By: | Anne Épaulard (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Anissa Saumtally (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Xavier Timbeau (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | L'Union européenne (UE) s'est engagée dans une transition écologique ambitieuse via le Pacte vert européen qui vise à atteindre la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050. Ce Policy brief examine les politiques environnementales mises en place par la Commission von der Leyen et analyse leur impact sur l'économie et les sociétés européennes. Le Pacte vert inclut des mesures pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, promouvoir l'économie circulaire et protéger la biodiversité. Bien que des progrès aient été réalisés, tels que la diminution des émissions et l'augmentation des investissements dans les technologies vertes, plusieurs défis subsistent, comme l'illustre la crise énergétique que les États membres ont dû affronter à la suite de la seconde invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, dans l'urgence et sans forcément le degré de coordination qui pouvait être attendu. Par ailleurs, le contexte économique international n'est pas foncièrement favorable à l'approche régulationniste portée par l'UE. Il est de plus en plus marqué par une confrontation croissante entre les deux géants économiques que sont les États-Unis et la Chine et qui se décline par la mise en œuvre de politiques de décarbonation fondées sur la subvention massive de leur industrie domestique. Pour surmonter ces défis, il est important pour l'UE d'augmenter les investissements publics et privés dans les infrastructures durables, de réviser les cadres réglementaires pour encourager l'innovation et de renforcer la coopération internationale. La transition écologique en Europe est à un carrefour critique, et la réussite de cette démarche dépendra de la capacité des gouvernements nationaux et des institutions communautaires à collaborer afin de trouver des accords qui, sans pénaliser les populations, permettent de garder le cap dessiné par le Pacte vert. Recommandations : ■ Maintenir l'effort d'investissement vers les technologies décarbonées dans le temps en cohérence avec la stratégie industrielle européenne déployée et accroître celui vers la recherche et le développement, nécessaires à la réussite de nos objectifs de long terme ; ■ Procéder dans le cadre de la réforme du marché de l'électricité à un effort de subvention massif des énergies renouvelables pour permettre de faire converger les prix de l'électricité pratiqués dans l'UE (28 c/kWh) vers ceux des États-Unis (16 c/kWh) ; ■ Accroître la dotation du Fonds social pour le climat pour le volet compensation, et ce afin de ne pas pénaliser les populations et les activités particulièrement exposées à l'introduction de l'ETS2 portant sur les activités de transport et de chauffage. |
| Keywords: | Transition écologique |
| Date: | 2024–06–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04622328 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | In May 2022, the King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (KAPSARC) and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) co-organized an event titled “Advancing the Circular Carbon Economy in Saudi Arabia.” The one-day event, which comprised a high-level event and a workshop, took stock of progress in the circular carbon economy (CCE) in the Kingdom to date and implementation plans going forward. It also sought to draw attention to the role of research in supporting planning and implementation for the CCE across the public and private sectors. |
| Keywords: | Air conditioning, Applied general model, Article 6, Circular carbon Economy |
| Date: | 2023–05–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb10 |
| By: | Boukaka, Sedi Anne; Azzarri, Carlo; Davis, Kristin E. |
| Abstract: | The report’s main objective is to describe socio-economic conditions and agricultural systems in the survey areas. It provides a baseline assessment characterizing the main agricultural and socioeconomic challenges within the surveyed localities, and to inform the array of research interventions currently underway. Furthermore, the study will provide a baseline for estimating the impacts of NATURE+ (including waste management, water management, development or a resilient seed system, development of value chains for neglected and underutilized species, participatory varietal selection, encouragement of designs for increasing agrobiodiversity, etc.) on inclusion, poverty reduction, as well as on food security, livelihoods, and jobs. The report is structured as follows: Section 2 presents detailed information on the survey design, its coverage and implementation. Sections 3 and 4 discuss the main analytical results of the report, separately for the household and the workers survey, respectively. Finally, section 5 concludes. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; agrobiodiversity; land degradation; nutrition; sustainability; surveys; Vitenam; Asia; South-eastern Asia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:149125 |
| By: | Mona Yaghoubi (University of Canterbury); Reza Yaghoubi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of crude oil price changes on corporate environmental responsibility among U.S. non-oil and gas producer firms from 2002 to 2020, focusing on the asymmetric effects of oil price volatility. We distinguish between volatility due to increases or decreases in oil prices and find that a one standard deviation increase in oil volatility from positive price changes leads to a 12.7% decrease in environmental score, while the same increase from negative changes results in only a 5.5% decrease. Financial constraints are identified as a potential channel through which oil price volatility influences environmental activities. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in oil volatility from positive price changes leads to an 18% decrease in environmental score for firms with high financial constraints, compared to an 8% decrease for firms with low financial constraints. Our findings are robust to sector differences and a 2SLS model addressing potential endogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Crude oil price uncertainty, asymmetric effect, corporate environmental responsibility, financial constraints |
| JEL: | Q41 Q56 G31 G32 |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:24/11 |
| By: | Andor, Mark Andreas; Helmers, Viola; Hönow, Nils Christian; Hümmecke, Eva; Memmen, Marvin |
| Abstract: | Durch die seit Jahrzehnten zunehmende Anzahl an Autos werden die negativen Auswirkungen des Autoverkehrs immer deutlicher. In Deutschland und vielen weiteren Regionen wird daher angestrebt, den Verkehrssektor in Form einer Mobilitätswende grundlegend zu transformieren, was durch eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher und sich ergänzender Maßnahmen geschehen kann. Neben der Effektivität spielen auch die Zustimmung oder Ablehnung solcher Maßnahmen in der Bevölkerung eine entscheidende Rolle für ihre Umsetzung. In dieser Kurzstudie untersuchen wir die Akzeptanz von 25 verkehrspolitischen Maßnahmen im Jahr 2024 mittels einer bundesweiten Befragung, die im Rahmen des "RWI Klima-Mobilitäts Panels" durchgeführt wurde. Vorherige Befragungen ermöglichen zudem die Analyse der Zustimmungsraten im Zeitverlauf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Befragten Maßnahmen zur Förderung nachhaltiger Mobilität unterstützen, jedoch Einschränkungen oder Verteuerungen des Autofahrens tendenziell ablehnen. Ausnahmen sind die Ausweisung reservierter Fahrstreifen für Busse und Bahnen auf staubelasteten Straßen sowie ein generelles Tempolimit von 130 km/h auf Autobahnen. Der Vergleich der Befragungsergebnisse aus den Jahren 2018, 2019, 2022 und 2024 zeigt, dass viele verkehrspolitische Maßnahmen über die Jahre hinweg eher geringe Schwankungen in der Zustimmung aufweisen. Eine weitere Erkenntnis ist, dass Maßnahmen wie die Einführung einer Städtemaut oder dynamische ÖPNV-Tarife, die von Ökonominnen und Ökonomen eher befürwortet werden, wenig Zustimmung finden. Für ein konstruktiv-kritisches Monitoring der Verkehrswende ist es wichtig, neben der Entwicklung effizienter Maßnahmen die Beweggründe für die Akzeptanz oder Ablehnung von Verkehrs- und Umweltpolitiken weiter zu erforschen. |
| Abstract: | Due to the increasing number of cars over the past decades, the negative impacts of car traffic have become increasingly evident. In Germany and many other regions, there is an effort to fundamentally transform the transportation sector in the form of a mobility transition, which can be achieved through a variety of different and complementary measures. Besides effectiveness, the acceptance or rejection of such measures plays a decisive role for their implementation. In this study, we assess the acceptance of 25 transport policy measures in 2024 through a nationwide survey conducted as part of the "RWI Climate Mobility Panel." Previous surveys also allow for the analysis of acceptance rates over time. The results show that respondents support measures to promote sustainable mobility but tend to reject restrictions or increased costs on car usage. Exceptions include the designation of reserved lanes for buses and trains on congested roads and a general speed limit of 130 km/h on highways. Comparing survey results from the years 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2024 shows that many transport policy measures have relatively small fluctuations in approval over the years. Another finding is that measures such as the introduction of city tolls or dynamic public transport fares, which are advocated by economists, find little acceptance. For constructive and critical monitoring of the mobility transition, it is important, in addition to developing efficient measures, to further investigate the reasons for the acceptance or rejection of transport and environmental policies. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:300577 |
| By: | Jantos, Louisa; Bäumle, Philipp; Feser, Daniel |
| Abstract: | There is a growing scholarly and political consensus about the potential of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) to further sustainability by fostering sustainable start-ups. However, little is known about how the constituents of EEs as institutional framework for entrepreneurship affect the success of sustainable start-ups. Based on institutional theory, this paper develops and tests a conceptual framework to assess how the configuration of EE components affect mature EEs in their ability to support sustainable start-ups. Based on semi-structured interviews with EE stakeholders from Tel Aviv and Berlin, along with site visits and participatory observations, this cross-country analysis demonstrates that the attributes represent a promising explanatory approach for the sustainability alignment of an EE. The empirical results are threefold: (1) sustainable start-ups have special needs regarding their institutional environment and (2) require a more distinctive support structure surpassing the level of an EE. Hence, (3) each institutional component has to be tackled according to its spatial relevance to further sustainability. This translates into differentiated policy implications for fostering sustainability and theoretical advancements in EE research regarding spatial integration of sustainable start-up support. We contribute to institutional and entrepreneurship literature by implementing the idiosyncrasies of an EE's ability to further sustainability through their attributes. |
| Abstract: | Ein wachsender wissenschaftlicher und politischer Konsens besteht darüber, dass unternehmerische Ökosysteme (EEs) durch die Förderung nachhaltiger Unternehmensgründungen zur Nachhaltigkeit beitragen können. Jedoch ist nur wenig darüber bekannt, wie die Bestandteile von Ökosystemen als institutioneller Rahmen für Unternehmertum den Erfolg nachhaltiger Unternehmensgründungen beeinflussen. Auf der Grundlage der Institutionstheorie wird in diesem Beitrag ein konzeptioneller Rahmen entwickelt und getestet, um zu beurteilen, wie die Konfiguration der EE-Komponenten reife EEs in ihrer Fähigkeit, nachhaltige Unternehmensgründungen zu unterstützen, beeinflusst. Auf der Grundlage von semi-strukturierten Interviews mit EE-Akteur*innen aus Tel Aviv und Berlin sowie Standortbesuchen und teilnehmenden Beobachtungen zeigt diese länderübergreifende Analyse, dass die Attribute einen vielversprechenden Erklärungsansatz für die nachhaltige Ausrichtung eines EEs darstellen. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen folgendes: (1) Nachhaltige Gründungen haben besondere Anforderungen an ihr institutionelles Umfeld und (2) benötigen eine ausgeprägtere Unterstützungsstruktur, die über das Niveau eines EEs hinausgeht. Folglich muss (3) jede institutionelle Komponente entsprechend ihrer räumlichen Relevanz für die Ausrichtung auf Nachhaltigkeit angegangen werden. Daraus ergeben sich differenzierte politische Implikationen für die Nachhaltigkeitsförderung und theoretische Weiterentwicklungen innerhalb der EE-Forschung in Bezug auf die räumliche Integration nachhaltiger Gründungsförderung. Indem die Besonderheiten der Fähigkeit eines EEs zur Förderung der Nachhaltigkeit durch ihre Eigenschaften umgesetzt werden, wird hiermit ein Beitrag zur Institutions- & Unternehmertumsliteratur geleistet. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurial ecosystem, sustainable start-ups, case study, institutional theory |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q01 R11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:300234 |
| By: | Ferraro, Paul J.; Cherry, Todd L.; Shogren, Jason F.; Vossler, Christian A.; Cason, Timothy N.; Flint, Hilary Byerly; Hochard, Jacob P.; Johansson-Stenman, Olof; Martinsson, Peter; Murphy, James J.; Newbold, Stephen C.; Thunström, Linda; van Soest, Daan (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); van’t Veld, Klaas; Dannenberg, Astrid; Loewenstein, George F.; van Boven, Leaf |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:83d07866-54ea-4114-a43d-19e62b311811 |
| By: | Jérémie Pellet; Ibrahima Wade |
| Abstract: | Les pays et les populations prennent davantage conscience, jour après jour, de l’urgence du changement climatique et de ses conséquences négatives sur la Planète, et de la nécessité d’adopter des pratiques plus durables. Il est évidemment essentiel que le mouvement olympique montre la voie en embrassant davantage d’initiatives écologiques et en structurant de manière plus durable les Jeux olympiques. L’exemple de Paris 2024, avec son ambition affichée dès le départ d’un bilan carbone deux fois moindre que les éditions précédentes et l’accent mis sur leur héritage, est à cet égard éclairant et porteur de leçons pour l’avenir. Cependant, et même si aucun retour en arrière ne serait ni souhaitable ni sans doute possible, l’inclusion de cette exigence dans les grands événements sportifs qui doit devenir la règle ne peut être une barrière à l’entrée infranchissable pour leur organisation dans d’autres endroits que les pays développés. Les travaux menés sur ce sujet dans le cadre des Jeux Olympiques de la Jeunesse qui se tiendront à Dakar en 2026, premier événement olympique de cette importance en Afrique, s’inscrivent dans cette perspective de conciliation d’un objectif de développement durable des Jeux au profit de tous les peuples et de toute la jeunesse du monde.Alors que les Jeux olympiques et paralympiques s’ouvrent dans quelques jours à Paris, il apparaît utile d’analyser comment cet événement et les suivants peuvent s’inscrire dans les objectifs internationaux plus larges partagés par les États membres du mouvement olympique et dans le cadre fixé notamment lors du Pacte de Paris pour les Peuples et la Planète de juin 2023 |
| Keywords: | Afrique, Sénégal |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr16981 |
| By: | Afridi, Farzana (Indian Statistical Institute); Barnwal, Prabhat (Michigan State University); Sarkar, Shreya (University of California) |
| Abstract: | We study the role of the administrative design of energy subsidy programs aimed at encouraging households' transition to cleaner energy sources. Our context is the universal subsidy for clean cooking gas (LPG) in India - households first purchase LPG at the market price (over-the-counter) and then receive a 'cash-back' subsidy in their bank account. The subsidy varies with the market price such that the effective price (out-of-pocket price net of subsidy) for households does not change. Using exogenous variation in the LPG market price, which varies in tandem with the international price, and administrative data on LPG purchases by one million households, we find that a 1% increase in over-the-counter LPG price causes a 1.4% decrease in LPG purchase by low-income households, even when the effective price remains unchanged. Household survey data show that low-income households substitute away from LPG towards polluting biomass-based solid fuels by 5% in response to a 1% increase in the LPG market price. Consequently, we estimate that the 'cash-back' subsidy design may worsen neonatal mortality and other relevant health outcomes. The adverse impact of the program design on clean fuel usage weakens when households have more cash on hand, suggesting households' short-term liquidity constraint is the key explanation. Our results, thus, show that the design of energy subsidy programs, in particular the timing of transfers, may have significant implications for the energy transition of liquidity-constrained households. |
| Keywords: | subsidy, liquidity constraints, cash transfer, solid fuels, LPG |
| JEL: | H26 O17 I38 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17104 |
| By: | Luca TAUSCH; Guilherme MAGACHO |
| Abstract: | The low-carbon transition in developing countries requires large investments in new technologies. However, since capital goods production is concentrated mostly in more advanced economies, this transition will generate a high demand for imported Machinery and equipment in these countries, leading to a higher demand for foreign exchange and potentially creating negative macroeconomic pressures. To account for the important role of capital goods in this transition process, we endogenize fixed capital in the input-output (IO) framework, estimating capital use matrices for six developing and emerging countries in Latin America and the Caribbean within the Gloria sectoral framework from 1990 to 2020. Based on these estimates, we show how the endogenization of capital can offer a nuanced sectoral perspective on the multidimensional challenges faced by developing countries during their low-carbon transition, including the external and socio-economic dimensions. Our findings suggest that the inclusion of capital in the IO framework reveals a substantial deepening of the external constraint for developing countries. We find that for every dollar invested solely to maintain current productive capacity, on average more than 45% leaks directly and indirectly to foreign producers through imports. Some socio-economic benefits of green investment, such as employment generation, are absorbed by the rest of the world, rather than fostering domestic job creation. Essentially, with the growing demand for foreign-produced capital goods generated by the low-carbon transition, developing countries will face an increased external constraint and substantial socio-economic imbalances as they embark on their low-carbon trajectory. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en16978 |
| By: | ROKICKI Bartlomiej (European Commission - JRC); M'BAREK Robert (European Commission - JRC); GRAMMATIKOPOULOU Ioanna (European Commission - JRC); LA NOTTE Alessandra; VAN ALPHEN Monica; VAN ZEIST Willem-Jan; BARTELINGS H.; POLMAN Nico |
| Abstract: | The benefits provided by ecosystem services, such as crop pollination and water purification, are of great importance to any economy, both directly and indirectly. Therefore, nature-inclusive decision-making requires that such benefits are taken into account in the economic decision-making process. However, in most assessments, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which shows the total value of output/income generated in a country, is used as the main economic development indicator, not cap-turing fully the contributions of nature to economic activity and human well-being. The concept of Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) (see Ouyang et al. 2013 and 2020), which summarizes the value that ecosystem services provide to the economy in monetary terms is a way to overcome these short-comings in policy assessments. This technical report introduces and showcases the new GEP module in the macroeconomic model MAGNET. MAGNET is a GTAP-based global CGE model used to assess policy impacts on the economy. MAGNET’s endogenous land supply and forestry representation makes this model particularly suitable for this task. Built upon the Integrated Natural Capital Accounting (INCA) database on monetary value of ecosystem services, the new GEP module allows for comparison of the impact of different policies on both GDP and GEP in the European Union. The report provides an example of a practical applica-tion of the GEP module. In particular, we apply a forward-looking policy scenario that assumes a sig-nificant change in consumption patterns. The results of preliminary simulations show that such an impact can significantly differ both between GDP and GEP and across particular ecosystem services. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138106 |
| By: | Michael G Pollitt; Daniel Duma; Andrei Covatariu |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty, energy regulation, net zero |
| JEL: | L51 L94 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2411 |
| By: | Ran Yan; Minda Ma |
| Abstract: | This study explores the historical emission patterns and decarbonization efforts of China and India, the largest emerging emitters in residential building operations. Using a novel carbon intensity model and structural decomposition approach, it assesses the operational decarbonization progress over the past two decades. Results show significant decarbonization, with China and India collectively reducing 1498.3 and 399.7 MtCO2, respectively. Electrification notably contributed to decarbonizing space cooling and appliances in both countries. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.01564 |
| By: | Okamura, Yuko; Annabelle Bladon; Gunilla Tegelskär Greig; Nico, Gianluigi |
| Abstract: | Fishery stocks are declining all over the world, threatening not only the livelihoods of fisheries households and communities, but also food and nutrition security of a broader society. However, many countries face challenges in reforming fisheries policies and implement fisheries management measures which tend to incur socioeconomic costs to fisheries actors in the short to medium term. Given its mission in managing risks, protecting people from poverty and shocks as well as promoting better opportunities, Social Protection and Jobs (SPJ) measures can play a greater role in facilitating these difficult reforms and regulations in the fisheries sector for a sustainable future for people, fish, and food and nutrition security. This note provides an overview of five inspiring countries, Costa Rica, Kenya, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and Viet Nam, where inter-sectoral efforts are underway to integrate SPJ with fisheries for a more integrated approach. |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:192485 |
| By: | Rodriguez, Julieta A.; Iacono, Cristian Ariel |
| Abstract: | La importancia del sector pesquero en la economía del partido de General Pueyrredon es indiscutida, alcanzando aproximadamente el 55% del Producto Bruto Geográfico del sector primario (Lacaze et al, 2014). La relevancia no es sólo económica, sino que además abarca cuestiones sociales y ambientales. En este sentido, los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) planteados por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) constituyen un llamado universal para proteger el planeta y mejorar la vida de las personas. Luego de un largo proceso, se consensuaron 17 ODS que intentan cubrir el conjunto de problemáticas sociales, económicas y ambientales que azotan al mundo (Mayoral et al., 2020). Muchas empresas marplatenses se han hecho eco de los 17 ODS y, de manera individual o grupal, implementan algunos de ellos. En consecuencia, el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar acciones concretas de empresas marplatenses -integrantes del sector pesquero- vinculadas a la implementación de los ODS. |
| Keywords: | Empresas Pesqueras; Desarrollo Sostenible; Partido de General Pueyrredon; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4134 |
| By: | Tobias Eibinger (University of Graz, Austria); Beate Deixelberger (University of Graz, Austria); Hans Manner (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses econometric challenges arising in panel data analyses related to IPAT (environmental Impact of Population, Affluence and Technology) models and other applications typically characterized by a large-N and large-T structure. This poses specific econometric complexities due to nonstationarity and cross-sectional error correlation, potentially affecting consistent estimation and valid inference. We provide a concise overview of these complications and how to deal with these with appropriate tests and models. Moreover, we apply these insights to empirical examples based on the IPAT identity, offering insights into the robustness of previous findings. Our results suggest that using standard panel techniques can lead to biased estimates, incorrect inference, and invalid model adequacy tests. This can potentially lead to flawed policy conclusions. We provide practical guidance to practitioners for navigating these econometric issues. |
| Keywords: | IPAT models, Nonstationary panel data, Cross-sectional dependence, Panel cointegration, GHG emissions, Common correlated effects. |
| JEL: | C18 C33 Q54 R49 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2024-01 |
| By: | Sylvain Leduc; Daniel J. Wilson |
| Abstract: | Internal migration has been cited as a key channel by which societies will adapt to climate change. We show in this paper that this process has already been happening in the United States. Over the course of the past 50 years, the tendency of Americans to move from the coldest places (“snow belt”), which have become warmer, to the hottest places (“sun belt”), which have become hotter, has steadily declined. In the latest full decade, 2010-2020, both county population growth and county net migration rates were essentially uncorrelated with the historical means of either extreme heat days or extreme cold days. The decline in these correlations over the past 50 years is true across counties, across commuting zones, and across states. It holds for urban and suburban counties; for rural counties the correlations have even reversed. It holds for all educational groups, with the sharpest decline in correlations for those with four or more years of college. Among age groups, the pattern is strongest for age groups 20-29 and 60-69, suggestive of climate being an especially important factor for those in life stages involving long-term location choices. Given climate change projections for coming decades of increasing extreme heat in the hottest U.S. counties and decreasing extreme cold in the coldest counties, our findings suggest the “pivoting” in the U.S. climate-migration correlation over the past 50 years is likely to continue, leading to a reversal of the 20th century snow belt to sun belt migration pattern. |
| Keywords: | internal migration; climate change; population growth |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:98566 |
| By: | Duradi, Ali; Weigt, Hannes (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | The electricity sector plays a key role in achieving zero-emission targets. The required transition will lead to substantial changes in the supply, demand, and distribution of electricity but also in stakeholder roles. Future market designs may change substantially to accommodate these changes, address challenges, and take advantage of new opportunities. This paper reviews the characteristics of future carbon-neutral electricity systems and electricity market design options. To provide a guiding framework for the literature review, we transfer the complexity of electricity systems into a three-layer structure: firstly, we analyze the papers that rely on techno-economic modeling of the physical electricity system. As a case study, we analyze various studies focusing on a decarbonized European electricity system in 2050. Secondly, we review papers that investigates the economic behavior and effects of self interest-seeking stakeholderssuch as producers, network operators, and consumers. Finally, we review papers focusing on policy and market design questions that guide policymakers to achieve a target physical asset combination while considering the behavior of stakeholders. We highlight common trends and disagreements in the literature, review the main drivers of future markets, and finally provide a mapping between those drivers, challenges, and opportunities. The review concludes that the most promising next step toward a fully comprehensive assessment approach is to combine the existing approaches across topical and disciplinary boundaries. |
| JEL: | L94 Q4 |
| Date: | 2024–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2024/06 |
| By: | Michael Finus (University of Graz, Austria); Francesco Furini (University of Hamburg, Germany); Anna Viktoria Rohrer (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | A commonly reported result in the literature on international environmental agreements (IEAs) is that if coalition members act as Stackelberg leaders (Stackelberg scenario) this leads to larger stable coalitions than if signatories act simultaneously with non-signatories. (Nash-Cournot scenario). This result has been taken for granted, a kind of Folk-theorem, even though it has been proven at best for specific payoff functions, and very often the conclusion is only based on simulations. We prove the Stackelberg vs. Nash-Cournot Folk-theorem based on a generic payoff function for a public good provision game. |
| Keywords: | International environmental agreements, Stability, Stackelberg vs. Nash-Cournot Folk-theorem. |
| JEL: | C72 D62 H41 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2024-02 |
| By: | Guillaume Bataille (AMSE); Benteng Zou (Departement of Economics and Management, University of Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by recent examples, this study proposes a dynamic multistage optimal control problem to explain the instability of International Fishery Agreements (IFAs). We model two heterogeneous countries that exploit shared fishery resources, and investigate the conditions that lead to a shift from cooperation to competition. We assume that countries differ in their time preferences, initially behave as if the coalition will last indefinitely, use fixed sharing rules during cooperation, and adopt Markovian strategies after withdrawal. Our findings reveal that, for any sharing rule, coalitions of heterogeneous players always break down in finite time. We use the dynamic Shapley Value to decompose the coalition’s aggregate worth over time, thereby eliminating the incentive to leave the agreement. Additionally, we show that a fishing moratorium policy accelerates the recovery of near-extinct fish stocks; however, fishing should resume under a cooperative regime once sustainable levels are achieved. |
| Keywords: | fisheries, International Fishery Agreements, Dynamic games, Multistage Optimal Control. |
| JEL: | C71 C72 Q22 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2421 |
| By: | WYDRA Sven; KROLL Henning |
| Abstract: | The innovation in the bioeconomy sectors is a key enabler for transitioning towards a carbon-neutral economy and complying with the objectives of the EU’s Bioeconomy Strategy. Consequently, the EU-Bioeconomy Monitoring System places significant emphasis on indicators of research and innovation activities in the bioeconomy sectors, and some placeholders within this field were foreseen in its current structure. In order to retrieve relevant data on bioeconomy innovation and make methodological choices, the Joint Research Centre (JRC) contracted recognized experts in the field. The experts assessed the feasibility of implementing the planned indicators and proposed complementary ones. This report presents the results of the experts' analysis of the evaluation of the indicators foreseen in the EU-Bioeconomy Monitoring System, and offers an operational description of the methodologies to retrieve, transform, and display data for research and innovation in the bioeconomy sectors. The final list of proposed indicators is as follows: — Private Sector investment in research and development — EU Public Sector investment in research and development — Public Sector investment in research and development (member states) — Number of students/graduates in fields relevant to the bioeconomy — Number of research outputs in the field of bioeconomy — Total number of patents for the bioeconomy — EC-Sponsored Pilot Plants opened in a given year (number/investment). The report concludes that some indicators, such as private sector investment in research and development, number of students/graduates in bioeconomy-related fields, and research outputs in the bioeconomy field, are almost readily implementable. However, other indicators, such as public sector investment in research and development, market volume in bioeconomy relevant areas, and total number of patents for the bioeconomy, may require a moderate or resource-intensive investment for implementation. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137086 |
| By: | Xiao Cen |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how household wealth affects the human capital of startups, based on U.S. Census individual-level employment data, deed records, and geographic information system (GIS) data. Using floods as a wealth shock, a regression discontinuity analysis shows inundated residents are 7% less likely to work in startups relative to their neighbors outside the flood boundary, within a 0.1-mile-wide band. The effect is more pronounced for homeowners, consistent with the wealth effect. The career distortion leads to a significant long-run income loss, highlighting the importance of self-insurance for human capital allocation. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-39 |
| By: | Breitschopf, Barbara; Lotz, Meta Thurid; Marscheider-Weidemann, Frank |
| Abstract: | The price pass-through of CO2 costs was analysed for HRC and PE/PP products as parts of a BEV. It was revealed that the feasibility of transferring these costs hinges on a company's ability to dictate prices, either as a significant player in international markets or through bilateral agreements. While the data and information gathered shed light on the complexity of business relationships and markets, it unequivocally demonstrates that the question of price pass-through is far from being answered straightforward. Low transparency about various business relations and markets, lack of information on specific production volumes, inputs, and current cost and pricing data were identified as critical hindrances to assessing the pass-through of prices, despite the existence of scientific concepts. Within the industry, a few companies may possess a strong foothold in the global market and be equipped to navigate elevated costs without external intervention, whereas others may lack the means to offset cost increases due to CO2 prices. Policymakers are thus faced with the challenge of formulating targeted policies for less competitive companies and industries expected to lose market shares due to CO2 pricing, while refraining from interfering with those capable of robust market competition. In essence, the domestic imposition of CO2 pricing poses a significant threat to the price competitiveness of the domestic carbon-intensive industry. A welldesigned CBAM is imperative, yet its effectiveness on global prices also hinges on whether global producers are subject to CO2 emission costs. Should global producers remain unaffected by such expenses, many European producers are likely to encounter a general cost disadvantage when exporting to the international market. |
| Keywords: | competitiveness, CO2 prices, chemical and steal industry |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:300575 |
| By: | Treakle, Tyler; Abbott, Joshua K. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343607 |
| By: | Maldonado, Jorge Higinio (Universidad de los Andes); Moreno-Sánchez, Rocío del Pilar (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | Colombia es un país megadiverso. Alberga más del 10% de la biodiversidad del planeta, de la cual, una parte importante se concentra en el bioma amazónico colombiano (BAC), que cubre más del 43% de la superficie del país. A pesar de su relevancia ecológica, esta región enfrenta amenazas de deforestación, que conducen a la pérdida de biodiversidad y a la degradación de los servicios ecosistémicos. La deforestación en el BAC se asocia a conflictos socio-ambientales como el acaparamiento de tierras, el cultivo de coca y la minería ilegal, todos ellos reforzados por el largo conflicto armado del país. Las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población del BAC afectan y son afectadas por este contexto. Sin embargo, la información socioeconómica es limitada, lo que hace difícil comprender estas relaciones. En este documento, definimos y estimamos una serie de indicadores en cuatro dimensiones: i) socioeconómicos y demográficos, ii) ecosistemas terrestres (bosque), iii) ecosistemas asociados a agua dulce, iv) conflictos socio-ambientales. Además, analizamos las interacciones entre los indicadores y categorías dentro y entre cada una de las dimensiones. El análisis resalta las condiciones precarias de la población en la región, que son aún más extremas entre las comunidades indígenas. A la vez, municipios con mayor proporción de población indígena corresponden a mayores niveles de conservación de bosque natural. A nivel regional, la zona noroccidental es la más amenazada. Estos hallazgos se discuten a la luz de la conferencia del Convenio de Diversidad Biológica. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversidad; Indicadores; Condiciones socioeconómicas; Deforestación; conflictos socio-ambientales; Pobreza; Colombia |
| JEL: | C31 C36 D62 O13 O44 Q01 Q15 Q23 Q24 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021165 |
| By: | Léa Crepin (Paris-Saclay Applied Economics and Chaire Economie du Climat); Clément Nedoncelle (Paris-Saclay Applied Economics) |
| Abstract: | The current presentation aims to assess the credibility of demand-side policies to curb deforestation. We tackle this question focusing on the Brazilian soy sector because conversion from forests to soyproducing areas is a major driver of deforestation. We estimate a |
| Date: | 2024–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:fsug24:26 |
| By: | Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC) (Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (CNMC)) |
| Abstract: | La gestión de residuos de envases debe ser eficiente y competitiva para agilizar la transición a una economía más sostenible que preserve mejor el medio ambiente y la salud pública. Para impulsar la competencia en este ámbito resulta crucial que la regulación y las autoridades la promuevan activamente. Por ello el estudio analiza este sector históricamente monopolizado y realiza recomendaciones para mejorar su funcionamiento. |
| Keywords: | Residuos de envases, regulación, competencia, reciclaje, sostenibilidad |
| JEL: | D4 H7 K2 L5 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awo:epaper:e/cnmc/004/21 |
| By: | Kahrl, Fritz; Lin, Jiang |
| Abstract: | Concerns around reliability in Chinas electricity sector have rekindled interest in a traditional solution: building more coal-fired generation. However, over the past decade Chinas electricity sector has seen significant changes in supply costs, demand patterns, and regulation and markets, with falling costs for renewable and storage generation, peakier demand, and the creation of wholesale markets. These changes suggest that traditional approaches to evaluating the economics of different supply options may be outdated. This paper illustrates how a net capacity cost metric - fixed costs minus net market revenues - might be a useful metric for evaluating supply options to meet peak demand growth in China. Using a simplified example with recent resource cost data, the paper illustrates how, with a net capacity cost metric, electricity storage and solar PV may be a more cost-effective option for meeting peak demand growth than coal-fired generation. |
| Keywords: | Economics, Energy Modelling, Energy management, Energy systems |
| Date: | 2024–02–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt83v0m2zw |