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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Valentin Laprie |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon technical change in the building sector is a promising solution to address the challenges of climate change, energy security, and public health. We aim to investigate the effects of various environmental policies on low-carbon innovation in the building sector where strong investment barriers transpire, focusing on France as a case study. Pollution taxes, subsidies, standards, which induce more low-carbon innovation? Using a quality index for patents and a Polynomial Distributed Lag Model, our results suggest a limited impact of a carbon tax on promoting low-carbon innovation within the building sector in France. Moreover, our findings indicate that subsidies targeting less polluting technologies emerge as a primary driver of qualitative innovation. Additionally, our study reveals that energy standards for buildings exert a significant albeit temporary influence on the number of patents in relevant technological domains. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Policy, Technical Change, Patents, Energy Efficiency, Buildings |
| JEL: | O33 O34 O38 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2024-17&r= |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | National and regional visions for the future of water and food security have been at the forefront of sustainability talks. Nevertheless, the role of soil in water and food security and carbon management needs to be highlighted and integrated into these discussions and visions. The dynamic characterization of soil as a medium that accounts for the long-term impact of the agro-environmental conditions is of utmost importance to sustainability of these resources and to sustainable development in general. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb14-24&r= |
| By: | Shujaat Farooq (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Durr-e-Nayab (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saddam Hussein (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Nabila Kunwal (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pakistan is the world fifth most populous country with more than 230 million population which is growing at a growth rate of 1.7% (World Population Review, 2022). This growing population requires huge quantity of timber to meet the demands for building construction, furniture, panel and ply wood, and pulp and paper on one hand and fuelwood to meet the energy demands of domestic, commercial and industrial sectors on the other hand. In the face of these demands the country’s forest resources are deficient and primarily managed for sustenance of the crucial ecosystem services like watershed protection, biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, environmental amelioration, recreation and tourism. Pakistan has only 5% forest area against the international standard of 20-25% which is required to meet economic and environmental demands of a country (MoCC, 2020). |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:119&r= |
| By: | Mishra, Mukesh Kumar |
| Abstract: | India's goal of net-zero emissions by 2070 is a significant step towards addressing climate change. Green financing, a practice directing financial resources from sectors like banking, micro-credit, insurance, and investment towards projects with positive environmental and social impacts, is crucial for achieving this goal. It aligns financial flows with environmental protection, social well-being, and long-term sustainability. SEBI's efforts on green bond principles support environmentally friendly projects, mitigating climate change, and promoting social well-being. Collaboration between governments, financial institutions, investors, businesses, and civil society is essential for driving positive change. |
| Keywords: | Green Finance, Environmental Economics |
| JEL: | Q56 Q58 G23 G28 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:294878&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The consumption of products, services and transportation has significant environmental consequences and account for the majority of global greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, demand-side policy measures have the potential to reduce the environmental footprint of these activities by up to 40-70%. This Policy Paper draws on the OECD’s recent household survey on environmental policy and behavioural change to provide insights and policy recommendations for specific measures that can encourage more sustainable household consumption of energy, transport and food as well as more sustainable waste practices. The report was prepared in support of Japan’s 2023 G7 presidency. |
| Keywords: | Demand-side policy, Energy, Food, Household behaviour, Sustainable consumption, Transport, Waste |
| Date: | 2024–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:42-en&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Kazakhstan is vulnerable to transition risk due to the importance of its energy- and emissions-intensive sectors. Domestic and global climate policies would negatively affect Kazakhstan’s economy, its firms, industries, and banks, with heterogenous impacts across industries and banks. Using both micro and macro modeling approaches, the climate risk analysis suggests Kazakhstani banks are exposed to significant transition risk from domestic and, more importantly, global climate policies. The risk is especially higher for carbon intensive sectors, such as fossil fuel extraction, refining, and electricity generation. Banks with large exposure to emissions-intensive sectors experience up to 30 percent additional losses under a disorderly 1.5°C scenario over a 5-to-7-year horizon, compared to the baseline. Banks with a small share of portfolio with emissions-intensives sectors may still experience losses, as climate change mitigation actions affect the economy at large and the financial health of individual consumers, businesses, and industries. |
| Date: | 2024–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/096&r= |
| By: | Mustapha El Jarari (Laboratoire de Recherche en Économie Sociale et Solidaire, Gouvernance et Développement (LARESSGD) - Laboratoire de Recherche en Économie Sociale et Solidaire, Gouvernance et Développement (LARESSGD)) |
| Abstract: | Climate risks compromise economic prospects and exacerbate poverty. The adverse impacts of climate change on sectors heavily dependent on natural resources, such as agriculture, represent a significant global threat, putting pressure on political, economic and environmental stability. Economists are interested in climate change because of the direct and indirect economic losses it causes, with significant consequences for developing countries and poor populations. Consequently, strengthening the resilience of vulnerable individuals has become a priority aligned with sustainable development goals and public policies. This paper explores the relationships between climate change, smallholder resilience and food insecurity through a narrative review of scientific literature. For small-scale farmers facing the challenges of climate change, resilience has become a central conceptual tool in development research. Gaining increasing importance in the development field, the concept of resilience has introduced an innovative framework for understanding poverty reduction and promoting development. This approach has aroused considerable interest in academic circles, and has been widely embraced by policy-makers, donors and international organizations. However, the literature reflects a lively debate about the criticisms levelled at resilience theory. Researchers have voiced a number of objections to its usefulness and innovative contribution, with these differences manifesting themselves even in the definition of the concept. The multiple meanings attributed to the term have led to severe criticism of the validity of resilience theory. The inherent complexity of the concept makes it particularly tricky to measure or operationalize. |
| Abstract: | Résumé : Les risques climatiques compromettent les perspectives économiques et exacerbent la pauvreté. Les impacts néfastes du changement climatique sur des secteurs fortement tributaires des ressources naturelles, tels que l'agriculture, constituent une menace mondiale significative, exerçant une pression sur la stabilité politique, économique et environnementale. Les économistes s'intéressent au changement climatique en raison des pertes économiques directes et indirectes qu'il engendre, avec des conséquences significatives pour les pays en développement et les populations pauvres. Par conséquent, le renforcement de la résilience des individus vulnérables est devenu une priorité alignée avec les objectifs du développement durable et les politiques publiques. Ce papier explore les relations entre le changement climatique, la résilience des petits paysans et l'insécurité alimentaire à travers une revue de littérature scientifique de type narratif. Pour les petits paysans confrontés aux défis du changement climatique, la résilience est devenue un instrument conceptuel central dans la recherche sur le développement. En gagnant une importance grandissante dans le domaine du développement, le concept de résilience a introduit un cadre novateur pour appréhender la réduction de la pauvreté et la promotion du développement. Cette approche a suscité un intérêt marqué au sein des milieux académiques et a été largement embrassée par les décideurs politiques, les donateurs, et les organismes internationaux de développement. Cependant, la littérature reflète un débat animé concernant les critiques adressées à la théorie de la résilience. Les chercheurs ont formulé plusieurs objections quant à son utilité et à sa contribution innovante, ces divergences se manifestant même dans la définition du concept. Les multiples significations attribuées au terme ont donné lieu à des critiques sévères sur la validité de la théorie de la résilience. La complexité inhérente à ce concept rend particulièrement délicate sa mesure ou son opérationnalisation. Mots-clés : Résilience, Changement climatique, sécurité alimentaire, petits paysans. JEL Classification : O13, Q18 Type du papier : Recherche théorique Abstract Climate risks compromise economic prospects and exacerbate poverty. The adverse impacts of climate change on sectors heavily dependent on natural resources, such as agriculture, represent a significant global threat, putting pressure on political, economic and environmental stability. Economists are interested in climate change because of the direct and indirect economic losses it causes, with significant consequences for developing countries and poor populations. Consequently, strengthening the resilience of vulnerable individuals has become a priority aligned with sustainable development goals and public policies. This paper explores the relationships between climate change, smallholder resilience and food insecurity through a narrative review of scientific literature. For small-scale farmers facing the challenges of climate change, resilience has become a central conceptual tool in development research. Gaining increasing importance in the development field, the concept of resilience has introduced an innovative framework for understanding poverty reduction and promoting development. This approach has aroused considerable interest in academic circles, and has been widely embraced by policy-makers, donors and international organizations. However, the literature reflects a lively debate about the criticisms levelled at resilience theory. Researchers have voiced a number of objections to its usefulness and innovative contribution, with these differences manifesting themselves even in the definition of the concept. The multiple meanings attributed to the term have led to severe criticism of the validity of resilience theory. The inherent complexity of the concept makes it particularly tricky to measure or operationalize. Mots-clés: Resilience, climate change, food security, small farmers. JEL Classification : O13, Q18 Paper type : Theoretical Research Mustapha EL JARARI (Doctorant en sciences économiques) Laboratoire de recherche en économie sociale et solidaire, gouvernance et développement. Faculté des sciences juridiques, économiques et sociales, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Maroc. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, climate change, food security, small farmers., Résilience, Changement climatique, sécurité alimentaire, petits paysans., Résilience Changement climatique sécurité alimentaire petits paysans. JEL Classification : O13 Q18 Type du papier : Recherche théorique Resilience climate change food security small farmers. JEL Classification : O13 Q18 Paper type : Theoretical Research, petits paysans. JEL Classification : O13, Q18 Type du papier : Recherche théorique Resilience, small farmers. JEL Classification : O13, Q18 Paper type : Theoretical Research |
| Date: | 2024–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04555453&r= |
| By: | Otaviano Canuto; Miguel Vazquez |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon hydrogen is a potential contributor to the goals defined in the Paris Agreement, i.e. limiting the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. The transformation of hydrogen production is a part of this effort, as current production methods in the hydrogen industry are carbon-intensive. To achieve net-zero scenarios, hydrogen production and consumption will need to change. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb09-24&r= |
| By: | João Bento (University of Aveiro) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to examine the direct effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the host-country environment. More specifically, how FDI moderates the relationship between democratic institutions and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in a panel of 80 democratic nations during the period 1992-2018. The author uses the System Generalized Method of Moments, first difference and system estimators, which allows for the control for present reverse causality and endogeneity in the research design. For robustness checks, I use the cross-sectional dependence and Driscoll-Kraay robust errors panel regression method. Robust evidence is found in support of the pollution halo hypothesis, in a way that carbon dioxide emissions fall. The findings suggest that FDI moderates the relationship between several varieties of democratic institutions and carbon dioxide emissions. |
| Keywords: | FDI, Environmental impact, Anthropogenic emissions, Democratic institutions, Pollution halo, STRIPAT, GMM, Fixed effects |
| JEL: | Q01 Q58 Q56 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14115811&r= |
| By: | Balmford, Andrew; Keshav, Srinivasan; Venmans, Frank; Coomes, David; Groom, Ben; Madhavapeddy, Anil; Swinfield, Tom |
| Abstract: | Efforts to avert dangerous climate change by conserving and restoring natural habitats are hampered by concerns over the credibility of methods used to quantify their long-term impacts. Here we develop a flexible framework for estimating the net social benefit of impermanent nature-based interventions that integrates three substantial advances: (1) conceptualizing the permanence of a project’s impact as its additionality over time; (2) risk-averse estimation of the social cost of future reversals of carbon gains; and (3) post-credit monitoring to correct errors in deliberately pessimistic release forecasts. Our framework generates incentives for safeguarding already credited carbon while enabling would-be investors to make like-for-like comparisons of diverse carbon projects. Preliminary analyses suggest nature-derived credits may be competitively priced even after adjusting for impermanence. |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2023–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120730&r= |
| By: | Musili, Beverly |
| Abstract: | The paper reviews complex discussions on loss and damage (L&D) and conducts an in-depth evaluation of the corresponding scope and award criteria. Specific attention is paid to the origins of L&D negotiations, ranging from the 1991 proposal of an insurance mechanism for climate change impacts to the historic establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund in 2022. The article also outlines the gendered impacts of L&D, highlighting that, as compared to their male counterparts, women are more adversely impacted by climate change. Another key concern identified in this paper is that the Loss and Damage Fund may not be sufficient to cover all losses and damages that follow a climate event. This emphasizes the need for a balanced and transparent disbursement mechanism that would ensure a timely and efficient delivery of support to affected communities. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, loss and damage, climate finance, climate justice, Africa, sustainable development, environment. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notfdl:2311&r= |
| By: | Sabrina Camélia Pagop; Luc Savard |
| Abstract: | This study conducts an in-depth exploration of the increasing interest in voluntary carbon markets (VCMs) in Africa, shedding light on the potential opportunities and challenges associated with African participation in these markets. VCMs have gained prominence as promising means to address climate change, driven by substantial financial incentives and market expansion. Nonetheless, persistent debates revolve around the legitimacy of carbon credits and their tangible contributions to climate change mitigation and adaptation. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaper:pp-0524&r= |
| By: | Bolz, Simon J.; Naumann, Fabrice; Richter, Philipp M. |
| Abstract: | Expanding on a general equilibrium model of offshoring, we analyze the effects of a unilateral emissions tax increase on the environment, income, and inequality. Heterogeneous firms allocate labor across production tasks and emissions abatement, while only the most productive can benefit from lower labor and/or emissions costs abroad and offshore. We find a non-monotonic effect on global emissions, which decline if the initial difference in emissions taxes is small. For a sufficiently large difference, global emissions rise, implying emissions leakage of more than 100%. The underlying driver is a global technique effect: While the emissions intensity of incumbent non-offshoring firms declines, the cleanest firms start offshoring. Moreover, offshoring firms become dirtier, induced by a reduction in the foreign effective emissions tax in general equilibrium. Implementing a BCA prevents emissions leakage, reduces income inequality in the reforming country, but raises inequality across countries. |
| Keywords: | Offshoring, Emissions leakage, Environmental policy, BCA, Heterogeneous firms, Income inequality |
| JEL: | F18 F12 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tudcep:294834&r= |
| By: | Valdecantos, Sebastián |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the tensions that the transition toward a zero-carbon economy entails for countries relying on natural resources exploitation as the main drivers of (net) exports, as is the case of most South American economies. Given their relatively low diversification and high technology gaps compared to advanced economies, attaining higher prosperity levels driven by sustained economic growth has recurrently been hampered by balance of payments crises. Using a simple long-run demand-led theoretical model with balance of payments constrained growth we show that if the structural limitations in their productive structure are not overcome, the decarbonization of the economy, be it exogenously imposed by the rest of the world or sovereignly decided by each South American country, will be exposed to the dilemma of increasing growth or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Underpinning this dilemma is the essential role of exports and their associated carbon intensity. Finally, we show that to solve this green transition dilemma, even a process of structural change like the one proposed by the old Latin American structuralist school might not be sufficient - it is only through a "big environmental push" that the long-lastingly desired prosperity of South American countries can cease to be an impossible quest. |
| Keywords: | Transición Energética; Medio Ambiente; Balanza de Pagos; América del Sur; |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4081&r= |
| By: | Barbara Frey |
| Abstract: | The Western Balkan (WB) countries, with the exception of Albania, generate most of their energy from lignite, which contributes to the highest levels of air pollution in Europe. Energy shortages and high electricity costs are major issues in the WB region, with significant political implications. The region’s reliance on coal does not comply with the EU acquis or the Paris Agreement, leading to potential delays in EU accession negotiations. The transition to renewable energy sources also faces many legislative and political obstacles. It is consequently imperative that the current energy systems be transformed. In order to facilitate private-sector investment and an efficient, cost-effective energy supply, this shift will require regional collaboration in the production, transfer and supply of energy as well as the quick and resolute adoption of renewable energy sources. To increase renewable energy use, WB governments need to increase related public spending, ensure that a reliable regulatory framework is in place, modernise energy infrastructure and pursue energy-efficiency measures. International partners should adjust their approach to the region, providing much more financial support and helping to streamline energy policies based on local needs. By sharing its experience with all these issues, Austria could become a key partner of the Western Balkan countries on their path towards achieving an environmentally sustainable energy future. |
| Keywords: | Western Balkans, Energy Transition, Renewable Energy Sources, Energy Infrastructure Modernisation, Energy Efficiency |
| JEL: | Q41 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:76&r= |
| By: | Aline Mortha (Waseda University); Toshi H. Arimura (Waseda University) |
| Abstract: | Partial energy taxation, such as fuel or electricity taxes, is gaining momentum in recent years, but such taxes may result in additional demand for non-taxed, substitute energy goods. In this research, we analyze the effect of the Japanese renewable levy, a prime example of implicit carbon pricing, introduced in 2012. Using data on Japanese plants between April 2004 to March 2020, we utilize the existence of a partial exemption scheme from the tax, and instruments for identification. Our results show that the levy had undesirable consequences, as it is associated with a rebound in emissions for certain sectors where electricity and fuels are substitute (iron & steel, +52%; pulp &paper, +13%). This rebound is explained by a greater share of electricity generated onsite, powered by fossil fuel. We show that the levy provided an incentive for plants to switch from clean (gas) to dirty (coal, oil) fuels. While the tax is generally correlated with gains in electricity and energy efficiency, these efforts are not enough to offset there bound in emissions. Our results shed light on the effect of partial energy taxation on the manufacturing industry, and suggest the need for explicit and complete forms of carbon pricing. |
| Keywords: | Implicit Carbon Pricing; Renewable levy; Energy-intensive industry; Interfuel substitution |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2404&r= |
| By: | Noemia Goulart; Rui Dias |
| Abstract: | The United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda, which unites the efforts of all countries to achieve sustainable development by that year with 17 development areas and an equal number of universal objectives - the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Implementing the necessary public policies in this regard requires instruments such as the national budget to take these goals into account. Budgeting for the SDGs (B4SDG) has thus emerged as an instrument for better budgeting, promoting the incorporation of these goals systematically and across the board in government decisionmaking. This text presents the state of the art about the implementation of budgeting for the SDGs and its framework in the budgetary process in Portugal, and the information available on the realisation of the SDG targets. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, Programme budgeting; 2030 Agenda |
| JEL: | H59 H61 Q01 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:alf:opaper:2023-02&r= |
| By: | Chengyi Tu; Fabio Menegazzo; Paolo D'Odorico; Samir Suweis |
| Abstract: | The management of common-pool resources is a complex challenge due to the risk of overexploitation and the tragedy of the commons. A novel framework has been introduced to address this issue, focusing on the coevolutionary relationship between human behavior and common-pool resources within a human-environment system. However, the impact of the Allee effect on the coevolution and its resource sustainability is still unexplored. The Allee effect, a biological phenomenon characterized by a correlation between resource availability and growth rate, is a fundamental attribute of numerous natural resources. In this paper, we introduce two coevolutionary models of resource and strategy under replicator dynamics and knowledge feedback by applying the Allee effect to the common-pool resources within human-environment system. These models encapsulate various facets of resource dynamics and the players' behavior, such as resource growth function, the extraction rates, and the strategy update rules. We find that the Allee effect can induce bi-stability and critical transition, leading to either sustainable or unsustainable outcomes depending on the initial condition and parameter configuration. We demonstrate that knowledge feedback enhances the resilience and sustainability of the coevolving system, and these results advances the understanding of human-environment system and management of common-pool resources. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.01271&r= |
| By: | Hannah Schuster; Axel Polleres; Amin Anjomshoaa; Johannes Wachs |
| Abstract: | The impact of hot weather on health outcomes of a population is mediated by a variety of factors, including its age profile and local green infrastructure. The combination of warming due to climate change and demographic aging suggests that heat-related health outcomes will deteriorate in the coming decades. Here, we measure the relationship between weekly all-cause mortality and heat days in Austrian districts using a panel dataset covering $2015-2022$. An additional day reaching $30$ degrees is associated with a $2.4\%$ increase in mortality per $1000$ inhabitants during summer. This association is roughly doubled in districts with a two standard deviation above average share of the population over $65$. Using forecasts of hot days (RCP) and demographics in $2050$, we observe that districts will have elderly populations and hot days $2-5$ standard deviations above the current mean in just $25$ years. This predicts a drastic increase in heat-related mortality. At the same time, district green scores, measured using $10\times 10$ meter resolution satellite images of residential areas, significantly moderate the relationship between heat and mortality. Thus, although local policies likely cannot reverse warming or demographic trends, they can take measures to mediate the health consequences of these growing risks, which are highly heterogeneous across regions, even in Austria. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.00540&r= |
| By: | Kristian S. Blickle; Evan Perry; João A. C. Santos |
| Abstract: | Using unique nationwide property-level mortgage, flood risk, and flood map data, we analyze whether lenders respond to flood risk that is not captured in FEMA flood maps. We find that lenders are less willing to originate mortgages and charge higher rates for lower LTV loans that face “un-mapped” flood risk. This effect is weaker for high income applicants, as well as non-banks and small local banks. However, we find evidence that non-banks and local banks are more likely to securitize/sell mortgages to borrowers prone to flood risk. Taken together, our results are indicative that mortgage lenders are aware of flood risk outside FEMA’s identified flood zones. |
| Keywords: | flood risk; flood maps; bank lending; climate change; natural disasters; Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data; FEMA; credit constraints |
| JEL: | G20 G23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:98187&r= |
| By: | Li, Shuo (Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China); Wang, Min (China Center for Economic Research, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China) |
| Abstract: | The paper provides a comprehensive investigation of the effects of environmental regulations on Chinese firms’ extensive margins. Using registration information of all firms in 35 industries from 1991 to 2010, we show that environmental regulations deter firm entry, increase firm exit and reduce the net entry of firms. Specifically, in response to such regulations, large, long-lived and private entrants are less likely to enter the market, and small and long-lived incumbents are more likely to exit. This concentrates the market and expands the state sector in pollution-intensive industries. Moreover, the entrants are more heavily regulated than incumbents. We also find evidence that, in response to environmental regulations, firms in regulated locations are more likely to create new firms in pollution-intensive industries in unregulated areas. However, these spatial spillover effects are negligible, posing little threat to the estimation of environmental regulatory impacts on firm entry in our setting and therefore alleviating the concern of pollution relocation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Regulation; Firm Entry; Firm Exit; Equity Investment; Spatial Spillover; Inter-city Investment |
| JEL: | L51 O44 Q52 Q58 R38 |
| Date: | 2022–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_015&r= |
| By: | Boingotlo Gasealahwe; Konstantin Makrelov; Shanthessa Ragavaloo |
| Abstract: | South Africa has a high carbon intensity and a very low effective carbon price. This exposes the country to adverse economic shocks from carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAM) and changing consumer sentiments. Current impact assessments of the European Unions CBAM suggest small initial impacts, but these are likely to increase as (1) more goods and services become subject to the adjustment, (2) more countries implement such mechanisms, and (3) consumer choices shift away from carbon- intensive products. South Africa needs a higher, more predictable, and effective carbon price to drive the green transition and avoid revenue leakage. The additional government revenues can promote clean investment and reduce some of the negative impacts associated with carbon taxation. Economic and financial frictions to transitioning should be reduced by using a combination of price and non-price instruments. The focus of policy should be on how to position South Africa as a green production destination relative to other countries and consequently, reduce the exposure to CBAMs and changing consumer sentiments. |
| Date: | 2024–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rbz:oboens:11056&r= |
| By: | Franck Duquesnois (UBM - Université Bordeaux Montaigne); Hervé Hannin (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IHEV Institut des hautes études de la vigne et du vin - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Françoise Brugière (France Agrimer) |
| Abstract: | Why is it relevant for actors in a territory in crisis to carry out a foresight exercise? The actors in a territory in crisis (economic crisis, climate crisis, etc.) are collectively facing a decrease in resources and performance. Among these actors, the gap between the realities and the perception of these realities becomes more pronounced, resulting in a loss of meaning and even identity. Opportunistic strategies multiply to the detriment of the common interest. Through a participatory process, the foresight exercise is likely to bring out different contributions within the territory in crisis: the reconstruction of common shared representations, the disarmament of short-term conflicts, the exit from the dictatorship of urgency, the creation of collective strategies to proactively bring about a common future that is most favorable for all. |
| Keywords: | Strategic foresight, Strategic foresight territory future crisis strategies, territory, future, crisis strategies |
| Date: | 2024–02–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04562443&r= |
| By: | Shujaat Farooq (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Durr-e-Nayab (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saddam Hussein (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Nabila Kunwal (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Human species' dependence on forests is as old as the beginning of the times. Thus, the conservation of forests is important both for the existence of human beings and the protection of renewable natural resources. The forest ecosystem has an extended value-chain in the economy by providing a range of direct and indirect goods and services that benefit humankind in numerous ways. Hence, forests play a significant but often unrecognized role at multiple scales of human organization. For this very reason, Ministry of Climate Change and REDD+Pakistan joined hands with Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) to undertake a "Comprehensive National Level Assessment of Demand and Supply of Forest Products and Services in Pakistan". |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:120&r= |
| By: | Simone Borghesi (Florence School of Regulation, European University Institute); Michael Pahle (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Grischa Perino (Department of Socioeconomics, Universität Hamburg); Simon Quemin (EDF R&D SYSTEME - EDF R&D - EDF R&D - EDF - EDF); Maximilian Willner (Department of Socioeconomics, Universität Hamburg) |
| Abstract: | Having experienced low prices for about a decade, the European Union Emissions Trading System has been supplemented with the market stability reserve (MSR) that adjusts the supply of allowances to market outcomes. We critically review the literature assessing the performance of the MSR against several policy objectives. In doing so, we cover both conceptual aspects and quantitative assessments. We conclude by pointing out important policy implications and open issues for further research. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, emissions trading, EU ETS, stability mechanism, overlapping policies |
| Date: | 2023–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04551558&r= |
| By: | Huijie Yan; Mateo Cordier; Takuro Uehara |
| Abstract: | Plastic pollution has attracted the attention of the media, public, and government worldwide. Analysis of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between economic development and plastic pollution is crucial because economic growth is a critical driver of plastic pollution. In this study, for the first time, we (i) used the stochastic impacts of regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model to investigate the EKC relationship; (ii) performed a comprehensive analysis of the effects of sociodemographic factors on plastic pollution; and (iii) used a panel dataset of 128 countries for empirical analyses. The STIRPAT model was used to conduct scenario analyses to explore the impacts of sociodemographic driving forces on future plastic pollution by 2050 on a national (217 countries) and global scale. The empirical results confirmed the EKC relationship and revealed that changes in population structure and urbanization could substantially affect plastic pollution. Global plastic pollution was projected to reach 66.1 MT/y by 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Low-income countries and sub-Saharan Africa are projected to become major contributors to plastic pollution, leading to a global trend of increasing plastic pollution. These findings will help policymakers identify targets to effectively reduce future global plastic pollution. |
| Keywords: | economic development; environmental Kuznets curve; plastic pollution; pollution forecasting; population structure; scenario analysis; sociodemographic; STIRPAT model; urbanization |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/371523&r= |
| By: | Shujaat Farooq (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Durr-e-Nayab (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saddam Hussein (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Nabila Kunwal (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Forests and well-vegetated rangelands/pasture lands play an important role in protecting watersheds and in preventing the flooding of plain areas of the river basins through regulating water flows (in terms of timing, quantity, and quality). These also protect landscapes, infrastructure, and soil by preventing, controlling, and minimizing landslides and erosion. Therefore, this policy brief identifies, assesses, quantifies, and evaluates the forest ecosystem pertaining to the soil and water conservation services. For the purpose, this study utilized the secondary data sets obtained through satellite imagery and the published documents in the form of research papers, reports, etc. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:117&r= |
| By: | Bertoni, Marcela; Testa, Joaquín |
| Abstract: | En la actualidad, los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Agenda 2030 se constituyen en la hoja de ruta para la acción a nivel global. La falta de claridad operativa y la necesidad de atender a la emergencia ambiental actual demandan reconocer los aspectos relevantes para el estudio de la sostenibilidad y la aplicación de políticas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es discutir los desafíos de la transición hacia la sostenibilidad abordando el desarrollo sostenible desde su dimensión político institucional y socioeconómica, y plantear los aspectos centrales para resignificar la política y el rol de la ciencias económicas y sociales en torno a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Para ello, se proponen, como ejes centrales, territorializar los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, institucionalizar los valores ambientales e integrar el capital natural y el acervo cultural. Entre los principales desafíos se encuentran la articulación política y el reconocimiento del territorio, la participación social e integración de saberes y la generación de marcos de integración para la transición hacia la sostenibilidad. |
| Keywords: | Desarrollo Sostenible; Sostenibilidad; Ciencias Económicas; Ciencias Sociales; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4089&r= |
| By: | Ronsiek, Linus (GWS); Schneemann, Christian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Mönnig, Anke (GWS); Samray, David (BIBB); Schroer, Jan Philipp (BIBB); Schur, Alexander Christian (BIBB); Zenk, Johanna (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "Hydrogen has the potential to contribute to achieving the climate targets. At the same time, it can reduce dependencies on supplier countries for fossil fuels and fossil-based raw materials. As part of the project ‘Labour demand and labour supply along the hydrogen value chain’ funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), this research report uses a scenario analysis to describe the impacts of establishing a value chain for green hydrogen on economic output and the labour market in Germany by 2045. The hydrogen value chain includes the production of hydrogen, its use as an energy carrier and raw material, the production of and investment in hydrogen technologies, the development of a hydrogen infrastructure, the further processing of hydrogen into hydrogen derivates such as ammonia or methanol and, last but not least, the education sector for the transfer of hydrogen skills. Based on macroeconomic modelling, a scenario without the development of a hydrogen economy (baseline scenario) and a scenario containing assumptions on the development of a hydrogen economy (alternative scenario ‘Hydrogen Scenario v2.1’) are compared. The alternative scenario is based on the ‘Hydrogen Scenario v2.0’, which was previously published in a BIBB discussion paper. The assumptions of the precedent scenario were updated and extended. The results show that the development of a hydrogen economy will have a positive impact on the price-adjusted gross domestic product by 2035. Additional gross fixed capital formation in construction, machinery and equipment as well as higher household final consumption expenditures boost GDP. From 2036 onwards, the positive stimulus weakens and an overall negative impact on GDP prevails. Higher imports are mainly responsible for this negative impact. Over the entire projection period from 2024 to 2045, GDP is nevertheless 4.1 billion euros higher on average (+0.1 percent per year). The development of a hydrogen economy shows a positive impact on the labour market in terms of employment. Between 2024 and 2045 an average of around 57’000 additional persons are expected to be employed in comparison to the baseline scenario. In absolute terms, the construction sector in particular has a higher demand for labour which is related to the expansion of renewable energies for green hydrogen production and the development of an infrastructure for hydrogen. Positive impacts can also be observed on labour demand in architectural and engineering activities, technical testing and analysis, education as well as in manufacture of machinery and equipment. In the medium term, there will be a lower demand for labour in the manufacture of chemicals and chemical products although this will be relativised in the long term. Deviations by occupational groups show, inter alia, a higher demand in administrative professions as well as in various occupations related to the construction sector. There are already signs of shortages in many of these occupational groups today which can delay the development of a hydrogen economy. The sensitivity analysis illustrates the importance of electricity prices and the entailed costs for hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives on the economic and labour market impact. With an assumption of 20 percent lower electricity prices for electrolysis abroad, German GDP will be on average 7.7 billion euros higher by 2045 and the number of employed persons will be on average around 66’000 higher than in the baseline scenario. With 40 percent lower electricity prices, German GDP will be on average 11.2 billion euros higher by 2045 and the number of employed persons by around 76’000. The lower the costs for hydrogen, the higher the outcome for GDP and employment figures. The crucial point in the scenario comparison is, however, the relative costs of hydrogen and hydrogen derivates to fossil fuels and fossil-based raw materials. Hence, a shift towards alternative energy carriers and raw materials might be also economically beneficial in case of stronger price increases for fossil fuels and fossil-based raw materials. Government measures can contribute to initiate a market-based dynamic in the ecological transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2024–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202407&r= |
| By: | Delia Sanchez Trancon; Allison Woodruff; Xavier Leflaive; Lylah Davies; Sigurjon Agustsson |
| Abstract: | This report outlines results from the initial pilot-testing of a Scorecard to assess the enabling environment for investment in water security, referred to as "the Scorecard”. Developed in collaboration with the Asian Development Bank and partners, the Scorecard aims to identify conditions for attracting and maintaining investment in water security. The report outlines the Scorecard's rationale, scoring methodology, and presents its main components. It also provides results from seven Asian countries, namely, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Uzbekistan, and Sri Lanka. Armenia's findings from a subsequent Eastern European pilot test are also incorporated. This is the first in a sub-set of working papers within the Environment Working Paper series presenting research on the enabling environment for investment in water security. It marks the beginning of a process to apply the tool and support policy reforms. The report refrains from offering policy recommendations, focusing on testing the scorecard's ability to assess conditions to attract and sustain investing in water security. For an illustration of country-specific policy recommendations, please refer to the forthcoming Environment Working Paper “Enabling environment for investment in water security: Pilot test in the EU’s Eastern Partner Countries - Armenia case study”. |
| Keywords: | Asia, data, enabling environment, investment, Pacific, policy, public and private finance, regulation, sanitation, tool, wastewater, water resource management, water security, water supply |
| JEL: | H23 H41 H51 H54 L32 L38 L50 L95 L98 Q25 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:235-en&r= |
| By: | Renato Molina; Juan Carlos Villaseñor-Derbez; Gavin McDonald; Grant McDermott |
| Abstract: | Maritime transport has been historically susceptible to piracy. While broad assessments suggest the impact of modern piracy causes large economic losses, the literature lacks quantification of the magnitude of the costs and the behavioral responses that underpin them. Here, we combine theory and a unique geospatial dataset combining more than 25 million shipping voyages and thousands of pirate encounters across the globe to find that pirate encounters lead to significant and costly avoidance measures. Shippers modify their path along a route to avoid locations with known pirate encounters. This increases voyage distance and duration, which lead to significant increases in fuel and labor costs estimated to be over US$1.5 billion/year. Additionally, emission of CO2, NOx, and SOx due to increased fuel consumption results in environmental damages valued at US$5.1 billion per year. Together, our results provide the first global estimates linking the presence of pirates to individual behaviour and aggregate transportation cost, as well as its environmental impact, with major implications for the shipping industry and maritime security at a global scale. |
| Keywords: | piracy, shipping, avoidance |
| JEL: | Q50 F50 R40 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11077&r= |
| By: | O. Bertolami |
| Abstract: | The unfolding climate crisis is a physical manifestation of the damage that market economy, driven by the high intensity consumption of fossil fuels, has inflicted on the Earth System and on the stability conditions that were established by a complex conjugation of natural factors during the Holoecene. The magnitude of the human activities and its predatory nature is such that it is no longer possible to consider the Earth System and the services it provides for the habitability of the planet, the so-called natural capital, as an economical externality. Thus one is left with two main choices in what concerns the sustaintability of the planet's habitability: radical economic degrowth or highly efficient solutions to internalise the maintenance and the restoration of ecosystems and the services of the Earth System. It is proposed that an interesting strategy for the latter is to consider the natural capital as a stock option. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.14041&r= |
| By: | HARDING Richard; NAUWELAERS Claire; HAEGEMAN Karel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report looks at the key features of territorial Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategies, as they are developing throughout the EU, and examines whether and how the adoption of a Transformative Innovation (TI) approach could add value to these strategies and their implementation. The analysis is based on a literature review covering the two fields. Starting from rationales for linking TI and CCA strategies, seven key TI features are identified which are further explored in this report, in order to form a picture of the possible beneficial contributions TI might make to the design and implementation of CCA strategies. For each feature, potential contributions to climate adaptation are identified. Also, barriers to integrating TI in CCA strategies are formulated, both to strategy formulation and strategy implementation. Infusing TI approaches into the design and implementation of CCA strategies holds a promise to raise their effectiveness, and calls for more experimentation. As a way to start such experimentation, the framework developed in this report has been applied to 16 territories, covered in 14 separate case study reports listed in annex 2, drawing meaningful insights per territory as regards accelerating climate adaptation through transformative innovation. It targets public authorities in EU territories (and beyond) at different governance levels (from national to local), as well as other territorial stakeholders involved in or affected by climate adaptation policies and transformative innovation policies. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137300&r= |
| By: | Jessica Coria; Jūratė Jaraitė |
| Abstract: | This study examines how the impact of Tradable Green Certificates (TGC) on profitability and investment behavior varies depending on the vertical integration status of regulated firms. Our theoretical model predicts that vertical integration does not lead to higher profits when internal pricing aligns with market values for green certificates. However, it stimulates greater investment in renewable electric capacity since it reduces the costs of the sourced certificates. Empirical analysis of the Swedish TGC system confirms these findings, revealing that vertically integrated firms did not experience profit increases. Instead, they exhibited distinct investment patterns, prioritizing cost-effective technologies like hydro and thermal capacity over more expensive renewables, in contrast to non-integrated firms. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy, tradable green certificates, vertical integration, firm-level data, causal effects, profits, investments, Sweden |
| JEL: | L10 L50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11079&r= |
| By: | DIENHART Christina; KORNEEVA Ekaterina |
| Abstract: | The aim of this report is to investigate the potential for harnessing key features of Transformative Innovation to improve the design and the implementation of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategies, based on empirical analyses. The study draws on the conceptual framework on this question previously defined for the JRC (European Commission, 2024), and the methodology for case studies articulated in the same report. The case study research comprises overall 14 case study reports covering 16 territories from across the EU and beyond, casing various institutional contexts, a variety of biogeographical regions within different climate risks, different ranges of population sizes, and representing a diversity of approaches to CCA and transformative innovation. The framework takes the form of an analytical grid, structured into seven sections, each of them representing a key feature of the ‘transformative innovation’ approach where the features are understood as essential conditions for the design and implementation of CCA strategies with this high level of ambition. Each section sets out the main question(s) to be addressed in relation to its respective transformative innovation feature. This Report provides the findings for Espoo region in Finland, as at October 2023 and is the result of a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre (JRC), DG CLIMA and DG RTD. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137316&r= |
| By: | Shuhei Nishitateno and Paul J. Burke |
| Abstract: | In October 2003 four contiguous prefectures in Greater Tokyo introduced Low Emission Zones (LEZs) from which diesel trucks and buses without particulate filters have been banned from entering. This paper analyzes the effects of this large-scale intervention on air quality, new vehicle registrations, and birthweights. We use a matching approach to construct a control group comparable to the designated areas in terms of propensity scores based on municipality characteristics during the pre-intervention period and apply a difference-in-differences design. We find evidence that the intervention led to reductions in hourly particulate matter concentrations and the incidence of low birthweights in the Greater Tokyo LEZ relative to the control group. We also find that the LEZs led to increases in registrations of new trucks and buses. This is not the case for passenger cars, which were exempt from the regulations. Our paper provides the first evidence of a significant link between LEZs and reduced incidence of low birthweights. |
| JEL: | Q53 R48 I18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2024-2&r= |
| By: | Ken Tabata (School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effects of resource taxation policies aimed at sustainable use of resources on economic growth and consumption inequality using an R&D-based growth model with heterogeneous households. Resource taxes affect the extraction rate of non-renewable resources only if the tax rate changes over time. This paper shows that the lower growth rate of the ad valorem tax on resource use slows resource extraction and promotes economic growth but increases consumption inequality. If resource tax policies are to promote economic growth without increasing consumption inequality, resource tax revenues must be allocated for redistributive purposes. This paper also calibrates the model for quantitative analysis and finds that the lower growth rate of the tax on resource use causes a non-negligible increase in consumption inequality. |
| Keywords: | Non-renewable resources, Endogenous growth, Consumption inequality, R&D |
| JEL: | E62 H23 O30 Q32 Q38 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kgu:wpaper:272&r= |
| By: | Davi-Arderius, D.; Jamasb, T.; Rosellon, J. |
| Abstract: | The 2022 energy crisis highlighted the dependence of Europe electricity sector on imported gas and the need to accelerate the connection of renewables to the power system. However, the allocation of generation and demand in electricity markets is not always technically viable and, where needed, system operators must activate or curtail specific generators not cleared in the day-ahead markets to ensure system reliability. This is a well-known operational, but under-researched, issue related to high integration of renewables. In Spain, most activated units are combined cycle or coal, while an equivalent volume of scheduled renewables (wind) must be curtailed to balance generation and consumption. Most of these actions are not used to alleviate congestion or grid bottlenecks, but to ensure system stability which highlights new challenges, but little empirically analyzed, in efficient integration of renewables. These actions impact on social welfare since all customers bear the costs of these actions, resulting in additional gas imports and CO2 emissions. We estimate how these actions could evolve under different scenarios. We find that additional renewables have increased the costs and CO2 emissions related to network operational needs. Moreover, the installation of small generation behind the meter might become a regressive policy since all customers will bear the additional operational costs. Finally, higher electricity consumption decreases the costs of solving operational needs, which highlights another social welfare benefit associated with the electrification of demand. Until the renewable or storage technologies evolve further, conventional generators (coal, combined cycle or nuclear) are needed for safe operation of systems with high rate of renewables, and countries need to assess when they disconnect them from the network. |
| Keywords: | Renewables, decarbonization, generation mix, redispatching, renewable curtailment, synchronous generators, day-ahead market, network constraints, gas crisis, system operator, smart grids, digitalization |
| JEL: | L51 L94 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2024–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2421&r= |
| By: | HARDING Richard; NAUWELAERS Claire |
| Abstract: | The aim of this report is to investigate the potential for harnessing key features of Transformative Innovation to improve the design and the implementation of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategies, based on empirical analyses. The study draws on the conceptual framework on this question previously defined for the JRC (European Commission, 2024), and the methodology for case studies articulated in the same report. The case study research comprises overall 14 case study reports covering 16 different territories from across the EU and beyond, casing various institutional contexts, a variety of biogeographical regions within different climate risks, different ranges of population sizes, and representing a diversity of approaches to CCA and transformative innovation. The framework takes the form of an analytical grid, structured into seven sections, each of them representing a key feature of the ‘transformative innovation’ approach where the features are understood as essential conditions for the design and implementation of CCA strategies with this high level of ambition. Each section sets out the main question(s) to be addressed in relation to its respective transformative innovation feature. This Report provides the findings for Gorenjska region in Slovenia, as at October 2023 and is the result of a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre (JRC), DG CLIMA and DG RTD. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137320&r= |
| By: | KORNEEVA Ekaterina; DIENHART Christina |
| Abstract: | The aim of this report is to investigate the potential for harnessing key features of Transformative Innovation to improve the design and the implementation of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategies, based on empirical analyses. The study draws on the conceptual framework on this question previously defined for the JRC (European Commission, 2024), and the methodology for case studies articulated in the same report. The case study research comprises overall 14 case study reports covering 16 different territories from across the EU and beyond, casing various institutional contexts, a variety of biogeographical regions within different climate risks, different ranges of population sizes, and representing a diversity of approaches to CCA and transformative innovation. The framework takes the form of an analytical grid, structured into seven sections, each of them representing a key feature of the ‘transformative innovation’ approach where the features are understood as essential conditions for the design and implementation of CCA strategies with this high level of ambition. Each section sets out the main question(s) to be addressed in relation to its respective transformative innovation feature. This report provides the findings for the city of Leuven, Belgium, as at October 2023, and is the result of a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre (JRC), DG CLIMA and DG RTD. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137313&r= |
| By: | MORALES Diana |
| Abstract: | The aim of this report is to investigate the potential for harnessing key features of Transformative Innovation to improve the design and the implementation of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) strategies, based on empirical analyses. The study draws on the conceptual framework on this question previously defined for the JRC (European Commission, 2024), and the methodology for case studies articulated in the same report. The case study research comprises overall 14 case study reports covering 16 different territories from across the EU and beyond, casing various institutional contexts, a variety of climate risks within different biogeographical regions, different ranges of population sizes, and representing a diversity of approaches to CCA and transformative innovation. The framework takes the form of an analytical grid, structured into seven sections, each of them representing a key feature of the ‘transformative innovation’ approach where the features are understood as essential conditions for the design and implementation of CCA strategies with this high level of ambition. Each section sets out the main question(s) to be addressed in relation to its respective transformative innovation features. This Report provides the findings for the regions of Blekinge and Värmland, Sweden, as at November 2023 and is the result of a collaboration between the Joint Research Centre (JRC), DG CLIMA and DG RTD. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137318&r= |
| By: | Luca Tausch; Jeffrey Althouse |
| Abstract: | The theory of ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) suggests that there exists an asymmetric transfer of biophysical resources from the periphery to the core. Despite ample evidence demonstrating this fact, the theory fails to account for the complex role of the semi-periphery, or how global (inter-country) and domestic (intra-country) environmental inequalities between regions are connected. To fill this gap, we rely on an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output (EEMRIO) model to provide empirical evidence for China's involvement in global (G-EUE) and domestic (D-EUE) ecologically unequal exchange from 1987 to 2017. While being a net exporter of energy to all income groups, we show that China is a net exporter of land, labour, and materials to the core, but a net importer of land, labour, and materials from the periphery and the semi-periphery. On the domestic level, we show that the wealthy East Coast zone is the only net importer of embodied energy and TiVA, while all other economic zones are net exporters of embodied energy to the East Coast zone. While China continues to be exploited by the core, it has fuelled its ascent in the world-system by creating its own peripheries from which it extracts natural resources, as well as by creating extractive peripheries within its borders. Our results suggest the need to move beyond a simple core-periphery dichotomy when studying the world ecological system: EUE arises through a multi-tiered hierarchy that depends on uneven biophysical flows between regions both domestically and globally. |
| Keywords: | Ecologically unequal exchange, China, Embodied trade flows, Environmentally extended multi-regional input-output analysis, Inter- and Intra-Country Inequality, International Trade, Structural Decomposition Analysis |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:fmmpap:100-2024&r= |
| By: | Nilsson, Peter (Institute for International Economic Studies & Linnaeus University); Tarduno, Matthew (University of Illinois at Chicago); Tebbe, Sebastian (School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California San Diego) |
| Abstract: | We provide a framework for setting congestion charges that reflect emission and congestion externalities and policy responses, such as vehicle ownership, driving, and residential sorting. Using Swedish administrative microdata, we identify these responses by exploiting a temporary exemption for alternative fuel vehicles and variation in individuals’ exposure to congestion charges. We find that commuters respond by adopting exempted alternative fuel vehicles, shifting trips away from fossil fuel toward alternative fuel vehicles, and changing where they live and work. We combine the estimated responses with the framework to recover an optimal congestion charge of €9.46 per crossing in Stockholm. |
| Keywords: | congestion pricing; |
| JEL: | R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vxesta:2024_007&r= |
| By: | Shujaat Farooq (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Durr-e-Nayab (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saddam Hussein (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Nabila Kunwal (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Rangelands are largest land cover category in Pakistan accounting for around 57% of the total land area. These are a broad category of lands and include different vegetation cover types, such as high elevation pasture lands, forest lands – used as grazing lands, shrublands, brushwood lands, grass lands and river banks as well as stream banks that are used for animal grazing. On a global level, these account for more than 40% of the land area. These lands are characterized by native plant communities. which besides providing forage resources to livestock, also provide a number of other goods and services and are therefore important for a large segment of society in Pakistan. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:113&r= |
| By: | Visser, Martine (Environmental-Economics Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa.); Roux, Leonard Le (Sciences Po, Paris, France); Mulwa, Chalmers Kyalo (University of Cape Town); Tibesigwa, Byela (University of Dar es Salaam); Ayele, Mintewab Bezabih (Environment and Climate Research Center, Policy Studies Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.) |
| Abstract: | Two important risks faced by many smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa are erratic weather patterns and insecure land tenure. It is likely these risks will increasingly interact as projections of more erratic weather make small-scale farming more difficult and demand for rural land grows. This paper asks how farmers in Western Tanzania view these compound risks and the influence this has on levels of investment in adaptive agricultural technologies and the demand for land certification in a labin-the-field setting. Presenting novel data from a series of framed decision tasks linked to a household survey, this paper explores the relationship between individual risk preferences, adaptive investment, and the demand for land certification from a group of 650 rural households in Kigoma, Tanzania. While adaptive investment increases with weather-related risk, we find it responds negatively to land tenure risk. Individual risk preferences and past experiences of real-world land disputes play significant roles in adaptive investment. We also find that demand for land certification is high; investment increases significantly after certification; and risk-averse individuals show much larger increases in investment after obtaining land certification. |
| Keywords: | agricultural investment; climate change adaptation; tenure risk |
| JEL: | C91 C93 D80 O13 Q15 |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_014&r= |
| By: | Adelia Fatikhova; Fabrizio Fusillo; Sandro Montresor; |
| Abstract: | This work investigates the role of external exchanges of green knowledge on the regional development of new green technological specializations. We extend the recombinant knowledge framework to commodity-embodied knowledge and posit that inter-industry inter-regional flows of commodities, in which new green knowledge gets incorporated, are a channel through which regions can increase their opportunities of specializing in new green technologies and diversify in a more exploratory manner. We further expect these dynamics to be stronger when foreign rather than domestic embodied flows are concerned. By combining the EUREGIO input-output database with patent data, we test our hypotheses on a sample of 237 EU (NUTS2) regions over the period 2000-2019. We measure the regions’ centrality in the network of inter-regional flows of embodied green knowledge (GreenFlowNet) and exploit regional network centrality in a model of related diversification for green technologies. Results show that the centrality of regions in the network is positively associated with green diversification, making this process more exploratory. We also find that the regional ability to acquire new green-techs is mainly associated with the centrality in outward flows of green knowledge towards other regions rather than inward ones. Lastly, we find that regions’ green-tech diversification seems to be enabled (at the extensive margin) primarily by their centrality in the foreign network and accelerated (at the intensive margin) by their centrality in the domestic one. Policy implications are drawn accordingly. |
| Keywords: | green technologies, diversification, relatedness, knowledge networks |
| JEL: | R11 R15 O52 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2413&r= |
| By: | Christa Brunnschweiler (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Päivi Lujala (Geography Research unit, University of Oulu); Primi Putri (Geography Research unit, University of Oulu); Sabrina Scherzer (Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Indah Wardhani (Department of Politics and Government, Universitas Gadja Mada, Yogakarta, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | Transparency in natural resource revenue (NRR) management is crucial in theory to avoid misuse and corruption, but there is little evidence that information reaches citizens and engages them in revenue governance. We collect survey data from Bojonegoro in Indonesia, which has a strong transparency and accountability policy in petroleum revenue governance. We investigate who receives information and what shapes attitudes and behavior regarding NRR management. We find that respondents are poorly informed about NRR management, concerned about the environmental consequences of resource extraction, but have rarely made their voice heard. Their preferred way of being informed about the issue is through fellow citizens or the internet. Our empirical analysis shows that proximity to an extraction site and interest in environmental issues and politics influence attitudes; greater interest in politics and belief in individual citizens’ ability to influence policy also increase the likelihood of self-declared past and future action for better NRR management. Finally, self-declared past – though not intended future – action is linked to receiving information on petroleum management. Engaging intrinsically motivated people in more active resource governance through clear information and pathways for action could eventually make the issue relevant to a wider share of the population. |
| Keywords: | accountability, survey analysis, citizen engagement, petroleum revenues, Indonesia |
| Date: | 2024–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:20024&r= |
| By: | Tingguo Zheng; Hongyin Zhang; Shiqi Ye |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a novel multi-moment connectedness network approach for analyzing the interconnectedness of green financial market. Focusing on the impact of monetary policy shocks, our study reveals that connectedness within the green bond and equity markets varies with different moments (returns, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis) and changes significantly around Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) events. Static analysis shows a decrease in connectedness with higher moments, while dynamic analysis highlights increased sensitivity to event-driven shocks. We find that both tight and loose monetary policy shocks initially elevate connectedness within the first six months. However, the effects of tight shocks gradually fade, whereas loose shocks may reduce connectedness after one year. These results offer insight to policymakers in regulating sustainable economies and investment managers in strategizing asset allocation and risk management, especially in environmentally focused markets. Our study contributes to understanding the complex dynamics of the green financial market in response to monetary policies, helping in decision-making for sustainable economic development and financial stability. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.02575&r= |
| By: | Albers, H. Jo (University of Wyoming); Campoverde, P. David (University of Wyoming); King, Bethany (University of Wyoming); Newbold, Stephen (University of Wyoming); Sills, Erin (North Carolina State University); Alais, Lemiani (UDSM); Bugni, Victoria (University of Wyoming); Mtenge, Erica (Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | Protected areas restrict access to land and other natural resources, which can impose welfare losses on local communities. Governments and NGOs often invest in livelihood alternatives considered compatible with conservation and share revenues generated from activities such as tourism and hunting with such communities to compensate for burdens. Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) in Tanzania is a wellknown example of a human occupied protected area that both restricts the activities of and shares revenues with its traditional Maasai residents. The NCA Authority shares revenues by funding the Pastoralist Council to provide both a grain subsidy (compensating for the prohibition on crop production) and public good projects in predominately Maasai villages within the NCA. We assess local preferences for different types of public goods by surveying female heads of individual households within polygamous families living in the NCA. We use a dichotomous choice experiment to identify the relative values of different public goods in terms of grain. We find that women value scholarships for children and healthcare center projects most highly, while cattle dips and village offices are lower priorities. |
| Keywords: | valuation; Maasai women; gender; biodiversity conservation; protected areas; pastoralists; well-being metrics; education; project rankings |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2022–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_016&r= |
| By: | Alpízar, Francisco (Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands); Carlsson, Fredrik (Göteborg University); Lanza, Gracia (CATIE) |
| Abstract: | Environmentally friendly alternatives are touted as a key component of a transition towards lowering the impact of human activity on the environment. The environmental costs of these technologies are seldom null; they are simply less environmentally damaging than existing options. In this paper, we investigate consumer behavior when an environmentally friendly alternative is introduced under different decision contexts. Using a carefully constructed field experimental design, we look at the use of plastic bags vis-a-vis biodegradable (bio) bags, when the latter are offered for free versus at a price. Moreover, we explore offering costly biodegradable bags as part of the default choice. We find that giving away the bio bags for free results in a large behavioral rebound effect, resulting in a large increase in the total number of bags. Setting a small, rather symbolic price offsets this rebound effect completely. Interestingly, when the bio bag is offered as a default, the behavioral rebound remains. The large behavioral rebound effect leads us to conclude against providing these environmentally friendly alternatives for free, and to caution against the use of subsidies to promote their uptake. |
| Keywords: | biodegradable; plastic bags; behavioral; rebound |
| JEL: | C93 D91 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_013&r= |
| By: | Wang, Qi (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University); Liu, Mengdi (School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics); Xu, Jintao (The National School of Development, Peking University); Zhang, Bing (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University) |
| Abstract: | Scholars have demonstrated that governments allow citizens to express their opinions and selectively respond to them, yet little is known about how local governments interact with netizens via social media. In this paper, we measure government responsiveness based on whether the government verbally responds to public environmental complaints on social media. Using crawled real-world interactions between citizens and governments on Weibo (a Twitter-like platform), we find that higher bargaining power is associated with a lower likelihood that the government will respond to an environmental complaint against a firm. Local governments in China are more likely to respond to appeals that are likely to attract the attention of the upper-level government. Moreover, involving upper-level government through social media can weaken the bargaining power of industrial giants. Finally, public complaints have a significant short-term impact on corporate environmental performance but have a limited effect on firms with high bargaining power. |
| Keywords: | government responsiveness; bargaining power; social media; environmental complaint |
| JEL: | Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_005&r= |
| By: | Otienoa, Jackson (Athi Water Works; and Environment for Development Kenya); Cook, Joseph (School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, USA); Fuente, David (School of the Ocean, Earth and the Environment, University of South Carolina, USA) |
| Abstract: | Commercial businesses are vulnerable to shortages or reliability in water supply, particularly those for whom water is a significant input and water prices and quality are likely to be salient. Depending on their ability to substitute to alternative water sources, reliance on unreliable municipal water may result into higher water input costs for firms, which may reduce profits or be partially or fully passed to consumers. In this study we surveyed 400 commercial firms in Nairobi, Kenya that had piped water connections to the municipal network to examine their water-related coping mechanisms and costs. Only 20% receive water for seven days in a week; 48% receive water for between one to four days in a week. We find that one quarter of firms share water with neighbouring businesses that are not experiencing water rationing. Additionally, 94% of businesses rely on water storage facilities as their main coping strategy. 6% of the surveyed firms invested in their own private boreholes, and one quarter rely on water vendors. We valued these costs using information reported by respondents, finding that the average monthly coping costs are approximately US$300, which are in addition to the $130 paid monthly to the municipal provider by the average firm. These coping costs were driven by the cost for vended water ($118.5). The levelized cost of water storage equipment was $11. We estimate that coping costs are greater than 130% of the monthly cost of piped water network in the case where businesses depend on boreholes. A multivariate analysis of total coping costs suggests that the age of business, connection to the piped network, and number of toilet facilities within business premise significantly drive the coping costs. |
| Keywords: | Coping Cost; Commercial Sector; Water Supply; Kenya |
| JEL: | Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_003&r= |
| By: | Tzannatos, Zafiris; Saif, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | This paper examines debt sustainability in Jordan. For now, debt sustainability seems feasible for the next three to four years, but in the future, it will depend on how quickly, consistently, and effectively the reforms will be pursued and whether there will be any adverse external shocks. We conclude that the right policy mix to reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio should focus on policies that promote economic growth, rationalize – not necessarily reduce – public expenditures, raise revenues in a non-regressive way, and take into account several implicit liabilities such as those arising from the pension system and climate change adaptation measures. |
| Keywords: | Public debt, sustainability, Private sector, Social outcomes, Jordan |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notfdl:2308&r= |
| By: | Weihong Qi |
| Abstract: | This study reevaluates the traditional understanding of the "political resource curse" by examining the unique impact of energy transition metals, specifically cobalt, on local-level conflicts in Africa. Contrary to previous studies that primarily focus on high-value minerals and their political outcomes resulted from substantial economic revenues, this study investigates cobalt's influence on local conflict. Despite its strategic importance, cobalt's limited commercial value presents a unique yet critical case for analysis. Different with the prevailing view that links mineral reserves with increased conflict, this research finds that regions rich in cobalt experience a reduction in conflict. This decrease is attributed to enhanced government security measures, which are implemented independently of the economic benefits derived from cobalt as a commodity. The study utilizes a combination of georeferenced data and a difference-in-difference design to analyze the causal relationship between cobalt deposits and regional conflict. The findings suggest that the presence of cobalt deposits leads to enhanced security interventions by governments, effectively reducing the likelihood of non-governmental actors taking control of these territories. This pattern offers a new perspective on the role of energy transition metals in shaping conflict and governance, highlighting the need to reassess theoretical frameworks related to the political implications of natural resources with the ongoing energy revolution. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.17713&r= |
| By: | Torres-Higuera, Paula (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first to estimate the causal effect of extreme temperatures on time reallocation from a gender perspective. To this end, I exploit exogenous variation in temperature over 12 years within Colombian municipalities. I find that men increase the time allocated to childcare by around 13.4% in the presence of children ages 0 to 5, and by 8% in the presence of children ages 6 to 11 when exposed to heat waves. Meanwhile, women’s time is unresponsive to extreme temperatures. The results suggest that men reallocate time from paid labor to childcare when exposed to extreme heat since fatherhood is leisure-based while motherhood is still deeply linked to routine care. Given that recreational activities are not a substitute for routine care, the increase in men’s childcare hours does not reduce women’s unpaid work load. |
| Keywords: | Time Allocation; Extreme Temperatures; Unpaid Care Work. |
| JEL: | D13 J16 J22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021133&r= |
| By: | NES Kjersti (European Commission - JRC); ANTONIOLI Federico (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The objective of the report is to analyse purchasing patterns of organic food products and plant-based alternatives and examine how sensitive the consumption of these products is to changes in prices. The report analyses are based on consumer purchasing panel data from five EU countries – Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Finland – for 2018–2022. The report finds that consumption patterns of organic food products and plant-based alternatives are heterogeneous across countries, products and socioeconomic household groups. The econometric estimates show that (i) the magnitudes of the own-price elasticities of organic products, plant-based alternatives and conventional products vary across products and countries, ranging between – 0.13 and – 1.30, (ii) the price sensitivity of the sustainable products is more heterogeneous than that of their conventional counterparts and (iii) changes in the prices of organic products minimally affect the purchasing quantities of their conventional counterparts (i.e. the corresponding cross-price elasticities mostly range between – 0.05 and 0.05), while changes in the prices of the conventional products tend to affect the purchases of organic products (i.e. the corresponding cross-price elasticities mostly range between – 0.50 and 0.50). |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134549&r= |
| By: | Brun, Anahí; Verón, Eleonora Marta; Gaviola, Saúl Ricardo; Socrate, Juliana; Ruarte, Claudio |
| Abstract: | La tierra y el mar están interconectados por distintos procesos, lo cual hace que los espacios litorales, sean zonas complejas y frágiles. El carácter de interfase confiere a la franja litoral una gran diversidad de ambientes y recursos, y la convierte en un área especialmente apta para los asentamientos humanos, tanto como lugar de residencia como por la gran variedad de actividades productivas que se pueden desarrollar en ella. En tal sentido, los usos y actividades (UyA) también se relacionan e interaccionan continuamente, generando complementariedades sinérgicas o conflictos y problemas ambientales (Pittman et al., 2016). De esta forma, el turismo, la pesca artesanal, infraestructuras, rutas de navegación o industrias se influyen mutuamente y deben ser consideradas al momento de gestionar estos espacios (Scherer y Nicolodi, 2021). Asimismo, se desarrollan procesos biofísicos en la tierra que inciden en el mar y viceversa, como, por ejemplo, eventos meteorológicos, oceanográficos, de dinámica costera y sedimentos, así como impactos del cambio climático (Halpern et al., 2015). Por lo tanto, en el análisis tierra-mar-tierra (TMT) deben considerarse los flujos biofísicos, sociales, políticos y económicos que tienen un doble sentido (Echeverría et al., 2022). |
| Keywords: | Usos Terrestres; Usos Marinos; Interacciones; Actividad Pesquera; Provincia de Buenos Aires; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4092&r= |
| By: | Cassimon, Danny; Fadare, Olusegun; Mavrotas, George |
| Abstract: | The focus on Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG-2) to address hunger and food security has led to increased foreign capital flows into Sub-Saharan Africa, yet the region continues to grapple with rising food insecurity and malnutrition rates, exacerbated by governance challenges and dependency on imported staple crops. Recent research underscores the critical relationship between governance quality, capital flows, and food insecurity in the region, particularly in the context of post-pandemic challenges. |
| Keywords: | Sub-Saharan Africa, food security, development finance, governance quality |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:apbrfs:2024002&r= |
| By: | Jacinthe Cloutier; Karima Afif; Marie-Claude Roy |
| Abstract: | "Humanity wastes more than a billion meals a day." So stated the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on March 27, 2024, on the occasion of the publication of the latest Food Waste Index report. Each inhabitant of the planet wastes an average of 79 kg of food, which represents around 1 billion tonnes of food waste. In Quebec, the total amount of food waste produced annually is over 3 million tonnes, equivalent to 1 kg per person per day. What can be done about it? A CIRANO study offers insights into the key success factors for implementing initiatives to reduce food loss and waste. « L’humanité gaspille plus d’un milliard de repas par jour. » C’est ce qu’affirmait le Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) le 27 mars 2024 à l’occasion de la publication du plus récent rapport sur l'indice de gaspillage alimentaire. Chaque habitant de la planète gaspillerait en moyenne 79 kg de nourriture, ce qui représente environ 1 milliard de tonnes de déchets alimentaires. Au Québec, la quantité totale de résidus alimentaires produite annuellement s’élève à plus de 3 millions de tonnes, soit 1 kg par habitant par jour. Comment y remédier ? Une étude CIRANO propose des pistes de réflexion quant aux facteurs clés de succès pour la mise en œuvre d’initiatives visant la réduction des pertes et gaspillages alimentaires. |
| Keywords: | Food wastage, Reducing losses, Gaspillage alimentaire, Réduction des pertes |
| Date: | 2024–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2024pj-06&r= |
| By: | Balwin Bokor; Wolfgang Seiringer; Klaus Altendorfer; Thomas Felberbauer |
| Abstract: | In response to the escalating need for sustainable manufacturing practices amid fluctuating energy prices, this study introduces a novel dispatching rule that integrates energy price and workload considerations with Material Requirement Planning (MRP) to optimize production logistics and energy costs. The dispatching rule effectively adjusts machine operational states, i.e. turn the machine on or off, based on current energy prices and workload. By developing a stochastic multi-item multi-stage job shop simulation model, this research evaluates the performance of the dispatching rule through a comprehensive full-factorial simulation. Findings indicate a significant enhancement in shop floor decision-making through reduced costs. Moreover, the analysis of the Pareto front reveals trade-offs between minimizing energy and production logistics costs, aiding decision-makers in selecting optimal configurations. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.02445&r= |
| By: | François Facchini (UP1 UFR02 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - École d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Cet article explique pourquoi les crises agricoles récurrentes dans l'histoire sociale de la France sont en grande partie la conséquence des échecs du dirigisme agricole. Il rappelle dans un premier temps l'importance du rôle des entrepreneurs agricoles dans le fonctionnement des marchés (1) puis explique successivement comment la politique agricole commune a transformé ces entrepreneurs en producteur (2) puis, progressivement à partir de la réforme de 1992, en jardinier de l'espace rural (3) et en bras armé des experts de l'Union européenne (4). L'ultime étape du dirigiste est de substituer aux préférences des consommateurs une demande sociale d'environnement hypothétique qui ne fait que représenter les préférences d'une partie des élites politiques et administratives européennes (4). C'est cette politique qui a rendu les agriculteurs totalement dépendant dans leur pratique quotidienne des réglementations européennes et avec laquelle il faut rompre (5). Une telle rupture suppose que l'on pense autrement la transition écologique et climatique. |
| Keywords: | Crise agricole, Dirigisme, Dépenses agricoles, Plani fication, Entrepreneur, Prix |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-04567041&r= |
| By: | Otieno, Jackson (Athi Water Works; and Environment for Development Kenya); Cook, Joseph (School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, USA); Fuente, David (School of the Ocean, Earth and the Environment, University of South Carolina, USA) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the price responsiveness of commercial and industrial water users in Nairobi, Kenya using billing data from 32, 793 commercial and industrial customers over five years that includes 663, 000 billing records with usable, metered water use data. We examine water demand before and after a relatively substantial tariff increase in 2015 that collapsed the increasing block tariff from four blocks to three and created a new zero-cost ”lifeline” block of seven cubic meters. Rather than estimate an instrumental variables approach, we use a simple price specification that we believe fits the available evidence on price perception from the household demand literature: lagged average total price. Pooling all data, we find inelastic demand: a 10% increase in average total price is associated with a 1.1% reduction in monthly water use. Firms that have a lower mean monthly water use are more price responsive than firms with moderate water use. We find no price effect among the largest water users. Finally, we estimate separate demand models for various types of businesses, finding inelastic demand in six of seven categories (construction, garages, industrial users, markets/retail, and small office buildings). Large office buildings are not price responsive, and we find wrong-signed price elasticities for restaurants. |
| Keywords: | Water Demand; Commercial firms; Water Elasticity; Kenya |
| JEL: | L20 Q25 Q31 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_004&r= |
| By: | Beyene, Abebe D. (EfD-Ethiopia); Mekonnen, Alemu (Addis Ababa University); Bluffstone, Randall (Portland State University); Tesfaye, Yemiru (Wondogenet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University) |
| Abstract: | The government of Ethiopia has extensively adopted participatory forest management (PFM) programs. However, there is very little empirical evidence on whether PFM practices in Ethiopia enhance the capacity of rural households to cope with shocks. This study looks into whether forest income and share of forest income are higher for PFM members than non-members when faced with shocks. The study also examines the role of shocks on the decision to participate in PFM and the effect of PFM membership on forest income and share of forest income. We use household level data collected in 2018 from a large, representative sample of PFM sites and, unlike most other studies, we apply both propensity score matching and switching regression models in the analysis. Unlike most other studies, our findings show that forest income and share of forest income are not responsive to either idiosyncratic or covariate shocks for either PFM participants or non-participants. However, we find that households are more likely to become PFM members if they have experienced economic shocks. Considering the role of forest income in general (not specifically during a time of shocks), we find that PFM participants obtain more forest income than nonparticipants, but that the share of forest income in total income is higher for non-participants. |
| Keywords: | PFM; shocks; forests; rural Ethiopia; switching regression |
| JEL: | O12 O13 Q23 |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_012&r= |
| By: | Brosch, Aline; Dauber, Jens; Gérard, Florence; Hördler, Achim |
| Abstract: | Der vorliegende Leitfaden für insektenfreundliches Liegenschaftsmanagement fasst die Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen des dreijährigen LInCa-Projektes (Lebenswerter Insekten-Campus) zusammen. Das Projekt entwickelte und erprobte Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Insekten auf einer bundesbehördlichen Liegenschaft in Braunschweig unter Berücksichtigung der Geländenutzenden. Dieser Leitfaden unterstützt andere Liegenschaften bei den ersten Schritten zu einem insektenfreundlichen Gelände, indem er eine strukturierte Übersicht relevanter Aspekte bietet, die vor der Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Insekten auf öffentlichen Liegenschaften zu berücksichtigen sind. Die Ansprüche der Menschen an die Grünflächen und die Lebensraumansprüche der Insekten stehen dabei gleichermaßen im Fokus. Die Auswahl der geeigneten Maßnahmen am Standort in Braunschweig basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer Umfrage, die die Einstellung der Campusnutzenden zur insektenfreundlichen Umgestaltung erfasste. Diese Ergebnisse geben wichtige Hinweise für die Auswahl und Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Insekten auf einem von Menschen genutzten Gelände. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass Sicherheit und Gesundheit der Menschen nicht beeinträchtigt werden dürfen und dass Ästhetik sowie der Nutzen der Maßnahmen eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Die Auswertung der Umfrage betonte auch die Bedeutung von Wissen über den ökologischen Nutzen und Erfahrungen, um die Akzeptanz für Maßnahmen zu steigern. Eine Vorlage der Umfrage wird den Leser*innen des Leitfadens zur Verfügung gestellt, um die Befragung auf anderen Liegenschaften zu ermöglichen und die Auswahl geeigneter Maßnahmen zu erleichtern. Zur Unterstützung der Maßnahmenauswahl enthält der Leitfaden einen Katalog mit 28 Maßnahmen in sechs Kategorien. Diese bieten Anleitungen zur Umsetzung und Pflege verschiedener Strukturelemente und Methoden zur Förderung von Insekten. Praktische Tipps aus der Praxis ergänzen die Informationen und geben hilfreiche Hinweise zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der Maßnahmen. Insgesamt kann der Leitfaden für insektenfreundliches Liegenschaftsmanagement als Blaupause für die insektenfreundliche Gestaltung anderer Liegenschaften von der Planung bis zur Umsetzung dienen. |
| Abstract: | This guide for insect-friendly property management summarizes the findings and experiences of the three-year LInCa project (Livable Insect Campus). The project developed and tested measures to protect insects on a federal property in Braunschweig, taking the users of the site into account. This guide supports other properties in taking the first steps towards insect-friendly premises by providing a structured overview of relevant aspects to consider before implementing insect protection measures on public properties. The focus is equally on people's demands on green spaces and the habitat requirements of insects. The selection of suitable measures at the Braunschweig location is based on the results of a survey that recorded the attitudes of campus users towards insect-friendly redesign. These results provide important information for the selection and implementation of measures to protect insects on sites used by humans. It became clear that people's safety and health must not be compromised and that aesthetics and the benefits of the measures play an important role. The evaluation of the survey also emphasized the importance of knowledge about the ecological benefits and experiences in order to increase acceptance of measures. A template of the survey will be made available to readers of the guide to enable the survey to be carried out on other properties and to make it easier to select suitable measures. To support the selection of measures, the guide contains a catalog with 28 measures in six categories. These provide instructions for implementing and maintaining various structural elements and methods for promoting insects. Practical tips from practice complement the information and provide helpful tips on how to successfully implement the measures. Overall, the guide for insect-friendly property management can serve as a blueprint for the insect-friendly design of other properties from planning to implementation. |
| Keywords: | Insektenschutz, Liegenschaften, Grünflächenpflege, Insect conservation, real estate, green space maintenance |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:294822&r= |
| By: | Nazam Maqbool (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Cities in Pakistan are increasingly faced with problems of erratic supply of piped water and unsafe and declining levels of groundwater. Additionally, over one-third (35 to 40 percent) of piped water is wasted through leakages and theft in the water distribution networks.[1] By 2050, the country’s urban population is expected to double in size (from 81 million in 2022 to 160 million in 2050 or from 37.7 percent of the total population to 52.2 percent) (see table 1). Providing water for these citizens is a challenging task; finding money to pay for the provision of that water is at least as daunting. Urban water tariffs are low and infrequently adjusted, even with current efforts at reform. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:115&r= |
| By: | Gaviola, Saúl Ricardo |
| Abstract: | Existe amplio consenso mundial de que la pesca artesanal es una actividad de vital importancia como generadora de subsistencia, empleos, ingresos y desarrollo para comunidades locales. En términos comparativos con la pesca en gran escala, su potencial se basa en la provisión de alimentos con eficiencia energética, impacto ambiental mínimo y gran generación de empleos directos e indirectos en las comunidades como ha sido documentado por diversos autores (Pauly y Zeller, 2016; Johnson, 2018; Schubauer et al., 2019; Schubauer y Sumaila, 2016; Pérez y Ruarte, 2013). En Argentina, la pesca artesanal marítima es una actividad comercial, de pequeña escala, pero con gran impacto en el empleo y la generación de ingresos a nivel local. Ha tenido dos momentos de desarrollo en las últimas décadas: en la región patagónica hubo una expansión de la actividad a mediados de la década de los noventa y en la provincia de Buenos Aires dicho auge puede ubicarse luego de la crisis económica y social de 2001 (Gaviola, 2014a; Gaviola 2014b). Estos hechos demuestran que además de ser una actividad tradicional también sirve de “refugio” en épocas de crisis económica y alto desempleo. Se estima que por lo menos 3.000 pescadores ejercen la actividad pesquera artesanal en todas sus modalidades a lo largo del litoral marítimo del país (Sánchez Carnero et al., 2022). |
| Keywords: | Pesca Artesanal; Economía Pesquera; Políticas Públicas; Manejo de Recursos Pesqueros; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4091&r= |
| By: | Shujaat Farooq (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Durr-e-Nayab (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saddam Hussein (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Nabila Kunwal (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Tourism, including nature-based is one of the driving forces for economic development. Nature-based tourism refers to tourism leaning on the destination area’s natural environment as its key attraction, or tourism primarily concerned with the direct enjoyment of some relatively undisturbed phenomenon of nature. The demand for nature-based tourism has steadily grown and is the most rapidly an expanding sector within tourism across the world. Same holds true for South Asian region. As it is a prominent region with distinctive landmass, mountains, forests, rural tourist spots, rivers, beaches, and different climatic zones. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:118&r= |
| By: | Patire, Anthony D. PhD; Dion, Francois PhD; Bayen, Alexandre M. PhD |
| Abstract: | This report explores opportunities for employing autonomous driving technology to dampen stop-and-go waves on freeways. If successful, it could reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This technology was tested in an on-road experiment with 100 vehicles over one week. Public stakeholders were engaged to assess the planning effort and feasibility of taking the technology to the next level: a pilot involving 1000+ vehicles over several months. Considerations included the possible geographical boundaries, target fleets of vehicles, and suitable facilities such as bridges or managed lanes. Flow smoothing technology may improve the user experience and operations of managed lanes or bridges, however it may require external incentives such as reduced tolls to entice the traveling public to use it. This must be matched with other goals such as verifying vehicle occupancy. It might be possible for some hybrid solution that addresses both challenges to provide a way forward. A concept of operations needs to be developed specifically for a target road geometry and a California partner. This concept should benefit from lessons learned from previous pilot projects and will need to be defined so as to achieve both (1) a penetration rate sufficient to achieve measurable effects; and (2) sufficient quality and quantity of data to confirm benefits. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Autonomous vehicles, connected vehicles, traffic flow, advanced traffic management systems, demonstration projects |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt726964qq&r= |
| By: | Justin Contat (Federal Housing Finance Agency); William M. Doerner (Federal Housing Finance Agency); Robert N. Renner (Federal Housing Finance Agency); Malcolm J. Rogers (Federal Housing Finance Agency) |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters can disrupt housing markets, causing destruction to communities and distress to economic activity. To estimate the effects of disasters on home prices, publicly-available data on property damages are often used to classify "treated" properties. However, by design these data lack precise geospatial information, leading to measurement error in the treatment variable as aggregate measures must be used. We leverage leading difference-in-differences and synthetic control methodologies across various treatments and levels of geography to measure price effects with such data following Hurricane Ian's unexpected landfall in southwest Florida during September 2022, coinciding with the state's initial recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical results suggest positive, time-varying price effects, though we place caveats on these results as there may be many mechanisms underway; our results should be interpreted as descriptive correlations and not causal effects for various reasons. Our main contribution is methodological, highlighting the importance of robustness checks, functional form, statistical techniques, and testing across different samples. Additionally, quicker access to high quality public data could enhance quantitatively-informed conversations on natural disaster effects. |
| Keywords: | causal inference, hurricane, model selection, natural experiment, real estate valuation |
| JEL: | C52 Q54 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hfa:wpaper:24-04&r= |
| By: | Tony Addison; Alan R. Roe |
| Abstract: | This paper argues for a change in government attitudes to their extractive industries: as enclaves useful primarily as revenue sources. This is too narrow a perspective: it fails to recognize the broader economic linkages that are invariably possible. Achieving greater economic impact requires governments to redefine how best to encourage economic diversification. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Extractive industries, Industrial policy, Mining, Natural gas, Oil, Economic development |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-28&r= |
| By: | Baghdadi, Leila; Labidi, Moez |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses debt sustainability in Tunisia using the Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA). We construct three hypothetical scenarios (A, B and C) over the period 2023-2027. The first two scenarios are called Business as usual approaches. In Scenario A, we assume that Tunisia will continue the same path as in the past three years, without an IMF agreement. In scenario B, Tunisia reaches an agreement with the IMF. However, the lack of considerable progress on the reform agenda causes the ending of the IMF agreement. The last one (Scenario C) is a proactive reform scenario. We conclude that “business as usual†approach (scenario A and B) cannot guarantee neither economic resilience nor debt sustainability. There is an urgent need for a broader approach to debt sustainability with reforms, similar to Scenario C, that would lead to resilience toward both economic and non-economic shocks. |
| Keywords: | Debt sustainability, potential growth, climate change, structural reforms |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notfdl:2310&r= |
| By: | Nicolas Raineri (ICN Business School, CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine); Corentin Hericher (UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain); Flore Bridoux (Amsterdam Business School - UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam) |
| Keywords: | RSE, environnement, éthique, justice déontique, émotions, engagement, initiatives |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04561760&r= |
| By: | Thoa Hoang; Van Thinh Le; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | People are sometimes forced to move, and it has often been hypothesised that such relocation involves significant psychological costs. The challenge in identifying the mental health consequences of moving is that most moves are (partly) voluntary. We use a natural experiment, the mandated relocation of some households after an exogenous shock, to identify the causal impact of moving on people’s mental health. The event we focus on is the 2011 Christchurch (New Zealand) earthquake, and the consequent decision of the central government to relocate about 8000 households from some of the affected area. We use a comprehensive administrative dataset that includes health records with information on hospital attendance, specialist services, and prescribed medications for (almost) every resident in the city. We find a statistically significant increase in the likelihood and frequency of receiving treatment for moderate mental health problems among individuals compelled to relocate, when compared to other residents of the earthquake-affected city who were allowed to remain in situ. This increase persisted to December 2013 for everyone but remained significant for the elderly across the whole examined period to the end of 2018. We found no such increase for more severe mental health incidents that required more acute interventions. |
| Keywords: | mental health, managed retreat, disaster risk, relocation, difference-in-difference |
| JEL: | I10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11085&r= |
| By: | Pascal Frucquet (LIREM - Laboratoire de Recherche en Management (LIREM) - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | En 2023, Helsinki, capitale de la Finlande, confirme sa place dans le top 10 du Smart City Index réalisé par l'IMD de Lausanne , valorisant ainsi la stratégie Smart City portée par la structure d'innovation publique de la ville, Forum Virium Helsinki . Le jumeau numérique du territoire, progressivement développé depuis plus de 30 ans, en constitue un outil central. Son niveau de maturité permet désormais de l'utiliser de manière dynamique et partagée au service d'une planification urbaine renouvelée prenant mieux en compte les éléments naturels et les adaptations nécessaires à la transition écologique. |
| Keywords: | Smart City, Jumeau Numérique, Transition écologique |
| Date: | 2024–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04558333&r= |
| By: | Zhi-Chun Li; De-Ping Yu; André de Palma (CY Cergy Paris Université, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | We propose an analytical solvable model for household residential location choice in a linear monocentric city corridor with bottleneck congestion. Households are heterogeneous in terms of their income. The bottleneck is located between central downtown and adjacent suburb. The urban equilibrium is formulated as the solution of differential equations. We analytically explore the distributional effects of bottleneck capacity expansion on households and the bottleneck capacity investment issues under no toll and first-best and second-best tolls. The results show that the benefits of different-income households from bottleneck capacity expansion change with toll schemes. Specifically, under the no toll and first-best toll, those who gain most are the mid-income households residing at the bottleneck and in a suburban location (close to the bottleneck) respectively, whereas those who gain least are the poorest or richest households. Under the second-best toll, there are two possible cases: the poorest households gain most while the richest households gain least, or the mid-income households residing at the bottleneck gain most while the richest or poorest households gain least. With constant return to scale for capacity investment, self-financing principle still holds for the first-best and second-best tolling in the urban spatial context. Ignoring the changes in urban spatial structure due to household relocation may cause overinvestment or underinvestment in optimal bottleneck capacity under the no toll, but definitely underinvestment under the first-best and second-best tolls. |
| Keywords: | Bottleneck congestion; urban spatial structure; heterogeneous households; capacity expansion; distributional effect; congestion tolling; self-financing |
| JEL: | R13 R14 R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2024-04&r= |
| By: | Elena Panova (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We consider the problem of sharing the cost of a fixed tree-network among users with differentiated willingness to pay for the good supplied through the network. We find that the associated value-sharing problem is convex, hence, the core is large and we axiomatize a new, computationally simple core selection based on the idea of proportionality. |
| Keywords: | Sharing network cost, Core, Proportional allocation |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04556220&r= |
| By: | Liesebach, Mirko; Schneck, Volker |
| Abstract: | Every four years, the National Poplar Commissions reports on the progress of the International Poplar Commission IPC, one of the oldest, firmly established organizations of the FAO (Organization for Food and Agriculture of the United Nations). The reports will be collected and published for the 27th session of the International Poplar Commission in Bordeaux in October 2024. For Germany, the Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics is compiling the report on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. With the reform of the Poplar Commission, the tree species spectrum was expanded to include also other fast-growing tree species despite poplars and willows. In Germany, in addition to poplars and willows, 12 other tree species are considered fast-growing. Based on the figures from the Federal Forest Inventory (2012), the area of fast-growing tree species is 1.645 million ha. The most common fast-growing tree species is Betula pendula (474 700 ha) followed by Alnus glutinosa (229 250 ha), Larix decidua (223 600 ha), Pseudotsuga menziesii (217 600 ha) and Populus spec. (147 900 ha, incl. willow SRC). The current cultivation of poplars and willows is largely limited to short rotation coppice plantations (SRC). In Germany the total short rotation coppice area is currently stagnating at 6 600 hectares. The factors responsible for this are attractive alternative crops, in particular maize cultivation for biogas, combined with the extensive ban on the conversion of grassland and a lack of impetus from the Greening Regulation passed at EU level. No poplar clones were approved in the reporting period. An extension of the approval was recommended for 4 aspen clones. Furthermore, changes to the approval as basic material for the production of forest reproductive material in the "Tested" category were recommended for several parents of families for the production of hybrid larch progenies. A total of 17 research projects and 38 joint research projects (with together 117 projects) carried out at 60 institutions in Germany on the genetics and breeding, cultivation, physiology, resistance of fast-growing tree species and the harvesting and short-utilization of their wood, as well as on socio-economic and socio-ecological aspects were funded by third parties and have been included in the report. Also, 142 publications are listed in the report. |
| Abstract: | Alle vier Jahre berichten die Nationalen Pappelkommissionen über den Entwicklungsfortschritt der Internationalen Pappelkommission IPC, eine der ältesten, festverankerten Organisationen der FAO (Organisation für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft der Vereinten Nationen). Die Berichte werden gesammelt und zur 27. Tagung der Internationalen Pappelkommission in Bordeaux im Oktober 2024 veröffentlicht. Für Deutschland stellt das Thünen-Institut für Forstgenetik im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft den Bericht zusammen. Mit der Reform der Pappelkommission wurde das Baumartenspektrum auf schnellwachsende Baumarten erweitert. In Deutschland werden neben Pappeln und Weiden 12 weitere Baumarten als schnellwachsende betrachtet. Anhand der Zahlen aus der Bundeswaldinventur (2012) ergibt sich eine Fläche mit schnellwachsenden Baumarten von 1, 645 Mio. ha. Die häufigste schnellwachsende Baumart ist die Betula pendula (474 700 ha) gefolgt von Alnus glutinosa (229 250 ha), Larix decidua (223 600 ha), Pseudotsuga menziesii (217 600 ha) und Populus spec. (147 900 ha, incl. Weide KUP). Der aktuelle Anbau von Pappeln und Weiden beschränkt sich weitgehend auf Kurzumtriebsplantagen. Die gesamte Kurzumtriebsplantagenfläche stagniert in Deutschland derzeit bei 6 600 Hektar. Dafür verantwortliche Faktoren sind attraktive Alternativkulturen, insbesondere Maisanbau für Biogas, verbunden mit dem weitgehenden Verbot der Umwandlung von Grünland sowie mangelnde Impulse aus der auf EU-Ebene beschlossenen Greening-Verordnung. Im Berichtszeitraum wurden keine Pappelklone zugelassen. Für 4 Aspenklone wurde eine Verlängerung der Zulassung befürwortet. Weiterhin wurden bei mehreren Familieneltern zur Erzeugung von Hybridlärchen-Nachkommenschaften Änderungen in der Zulassung als Ausgangsmaterial zur Erzeugung von forstlichem Vermehrungsgut in der Kategorie 'Geprüft' empfohlen. Siebzehn Forschungsprojekte und 38 Verbundprojekte (mit zusammen 117 Einzelvorhaben) wurden durch Drittmittel an 60 Institutionen in Deutschland zur Genetik und Züchtung, Anbau, Physiologie, Resistenzen von schnellwachsenden Baumarten sowie Ernte und Verwertung ihres Holzes und zu soziökonomischen bzw. -ökologischen Aspekten gefördert. 142 Veröffentlichungen sind im Bericht erfasst. |
| Keywords: | Populus, Salix, Larix × eurolepis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Larix decidua, Quercus rubra, Pseudotsuga menziesii, cultivated area, short rotation coppice, forest reproductive material, research projects, publication, Anbaufläche, Kurzumtriebsplantage, forstliches Vermehrungsgut, Forschungsprojekte, Veröffentlichung |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:294821&r= |