|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Singh, Khushboo; Jana, Sebak Kumar |
| Abstract: | In today's globalized world, the interconnection between the economy and the environment is evident. A nation's prosperity and self-reliance hinge on adopting sustainable methods of energy production. Lack of energy security and self-sufficiency compels a country to import necessary energy resources, significantly impacting both sustainability and the foreign reserves. This paper addresses India's suboptimal utilization of energy resources, focusing on the import dependency in the energy sector due to the prevalent use of fossil fuel-based energy (conventional energy) from 2006 to 2020. Data analysis, incorporating graphical representations of conventional energy import and consumption, highlights the status, growth, and import dependency trends. The findings reveal that India heavily relies on imports for conventional energy resources, particularly crude oil. The paper concludes that the key solution for improving economic and environmental conditions lies in transitioning towards renewable energy resources. |
| Keywords: | Energy import dependency, conventional energy, sustainability, renewable energy. |
| JEL: | Q40 |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120577&r=env |
| By: | Gasparini, Matteo; Ives, Matthew C.; Carr, Ben; Fry, Sophie; Beinhocker, Eric |
| Abstract: | Investments via the financial system are essential for fostering the green transition. However, the role of existing financial regulations in influencing investment decisions is understudied. Here we analyse data from the European Banking Authority to show that existing financial accounting frameworks might inadvertently be creating disincentives for investments in low-carbon assets. We find that differences in the provision coverage ratio indicate that banks must account for nearly double the loan loss provisions for lending to low-carbon sectors as compared with high-carbon sectors. This bias is probably the result of basing risk estimates on historical data. We show that the average historical financial risk of the oil and gas sector has been consistently estimated to be lower than that of renewable energy. These results indicate that this bias could be present in other model-based regulations, such as capital requirements, and possibly impact the ability of banks to fund green investments. |
| JEL: | N0 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122630&r=env |
| By: | Cristofer H. Marques; Paula Carvalho Pereda; Ramiro F. Ramos; Olav Fiksdahl; Luiz F. Assis; Newton N. Pereira; Andrea Lucchesi; Jean-David Caprace |
| Abstract: | To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport, the International Maritime Organization has been studying measures to be implemented in the short term. The present work presents an assessment of cost and environmental outcomes from the implementation of mandatory reductions of speed on the world merchant ship fleet. Considering the product usually transported by each group and the distance navigated between ports, average values of capital, operational, voyage expenditure and CO2 emissions are calculated. Results reveal that capital and operational expenditure increase with speed reduction while voyage expenditure and CO2 emission decrease. The effect is different for each region and ship type, whereby a given speed reduction is more beneficial for some than for others. Higher speed reductions were found to be environmentally beneficial but significantly increased the annual seaborne transport cost, which would likely affect ocean-going commerce. |
| Keywords: | shipping; GHG emissions; environmental effect |
| JEL: | L91 L92 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2024wpecon15&r=env |
| By: | PERPIÑA CASTILLO Carolina; HORMIGOS FELIU Clara (European Commission - JRC); DORATI Chiara (European Commission - JRC); KAKOULAKI Georgia (European Commission - JRC); PEETERS Leen; QUARANTA Emanuele (European Commission - JRC); TAYLOR Nigel (European Commission - JRC); UIHLEIN Andreas (European Commission - JRC); AUTERI Davide (European Commission - JRC); DIJKSTRA Lewis (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The green energy transition and its boost to the deployment of renewable energy can offer a unique opportunity for rural areas to benefit from their natural resources. The present study aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the technical potential of renewable energy sources in the EU’s rural areas, focusing on solar, wind and hydropower. This will help to provide relevant insights into how rural areas and communities can contribute to and benefit from the EU’s green energy transition, without undermining natural areas, key biodiversity and bird areas, high-value natural arms and food production. Moreover, a comparative analysis between current renewable energy production and potential in rural areas identifies which sustainable development trajectories for the future deployment of renewables are the most suitable in each specific territory. The report shows that solar photovoltaic systems in rural areas generate 136TWh a year but have the potential to generate 60 times more (8600TWh/year). Rural areas produce 280TWh a year through onshore wind but have the potential to produce four times more (1200TWh/year). Hydropower production in rural areas yields 280TWh a year, but it could potentially be 25% higher (350TWh/year). This work also addresses the concept of energy communities, as an emerging framework intended to foster a just green transition for rural communities, where generated values and benefits can be retained locally, while also promoting democratic participation and citizen engagement. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135612&r=env |
| By: | Falcão, Tatiana |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to highlight the key policy considerations undertaken when drafting the articles that informed the text of the Multilateral Carbon Tax Treaty (MCTT). It is the product of the many comments received from the commentators invited to provide inputs to the MCTT. The MCTT comprises 31 articles that together establish an obligation on contracting states to tax carbon contained in fossil fuel ore or one of its byproducts, at the level of extraction. If the country entitled to tax at the level of extraction chooses not to exercise its right to tax, it allows first the country of refining or processing, and second, the country of consumption, under a secondary and tertiary allocation of rights. The MCTT identifies a minimum carbon tax, but not a ceiling. It provides for different tax rate schedules according to the country’s level of development and following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is an environmental agreement that uses a tax instrument (a carbon tax) to assist countries in meeting the mitigation objective contained in the nationally determined contributions, as set forth in the Paris Agreement. In other words, it is an environmental agreement that enables countries to use a tax instrument to quantify and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in furtherance of the climate commitments assumed under the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Development Policy, Environment, Politics and Power, |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:18295&r=env |
| By: | Falcão, Tatiana |
| Abstract: | These are the draft articles of the Multilateral Carbon Tax Treaty (MCTT). It is the product of the many comments received from the commentators invited to provide inputs to the MCTT. The MCTT comprises 31 articles that together establish an obligation on contracting states to tax carbon contained in fossil fuel ore or one of its byproducts, at the level of extraction. If the country entitled to tax at the level of extraction chooses not to exercise its right to tax, it allows first the country of refining or processing, and second, the country of consumption, under a secondary and tertiary allocation of rights. The MCTT identifies a minimum carbon tax, but not a ceiling. It provides for different tax rate schedules according to the country’s level of development and following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is an environmental agreement that uses a tax instrument (a carbon tax) to assist countries in meeting the mitigation objective contained in the nationally determined contributions, as set forth in the Paris Agreement. In other words, it is an environmental agreement that enables countries to use a tax instrument to quantify and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in furtherance of the climate commitments assumed under the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Development Policy, Environment, Politics and Power, |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:18294&r=env |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | It is estimated that $1 trillion to $6 trillion per year (up to 2050) needs to be invested globally if the world is to stay below the 2°C global warming ceiling of the Paris Agreement and to meet its adaptation goals. Currently, investments stand at about $630 billion per year, way below the original target. And although great efforts have been made in the climate-finance area, more than 70% of the funds deployed have gone to one sector, renewable energy, followed by the transportation sector. The agriculture sector has been severely underfunded, even though it produces 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This leaves the most vulnerable communities at risk as the effects of climate change are already impacting this sector intensely. In this policy brief, four principles are proposed as a foundation when deploying funds into climate-change mitigation and adaptation projects: equity, creativity, impact, and transparency. Climate finance has an enormous potential to make bigger impacts when the right principles are applied. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb20-23&r=env |
| By: | Richhild Moessner |
| Abstract: | This paper provides ex-post empirical evidence on the effects of green technology support policies, in comparison with other climate policies, on carbon dioxide emissions at the aggregate national level. The paper uses cross-country dynamic panel estimation for a sample of 38 countries over the period from 1990 to 2015, controlling for macroeconomic determinants such as economic development, GDP growth, urbanisation and the energy mix. It uses a new index which measures the strength of green technology support policies, including separate sub-indices for the public support of expenditure on research and development of low-carbon energy technologies, and for the support of the adoption of wind energy and of solar energy. We find that an increase by one index point of the green technology support policy index leads to a significant reduction of around 0.9% in CO2 emissions per capita in the short run, and of around 3.7% in the long run. An increase by one index point of the green R&D expenditure support policy index leads to a significant reduction of around 0.4% in CO2 emissions per capita in the short run, and of around 1.7% in the long run. An increase by one index point of the wind energy support policy index leads to a significant reduction of around 0.5% in CO2 emissions per capita in the short run, and of around 2.1% in the long run. |
| Keywords: | green technology support policies, solar energy, wind energy, climate policigreen technology support policies, solar energy, wind energy, climate policies, carbon tax, carbon dioxide, climate changees, carbon tax, carbon dioxide, climate change, emissions |
| JEL: | Q00 Q48 Q58 Q55 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11047&r=env |
| By: | Buccella, Domenico; Fanti, Luciano; Gori, Luca |
| Abstract: | The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) theory of the firm states that, in strategic markets, social actions lead to a prisoner's dilemma. This paper develops a model with pollution externalities and environmental taxation to incentivise firms' abatement activities through green R&D investments. When the firms' objective function embed environmental issues (Environmental CSR, ECSR), a large spectrum of Nash equilibria emerges, from the Pareto inefficient to the Pareto efficient (ECSR, ECSR), depending on social concern and product differentiation degree. The time (in)consistency policy affects the endogenous market structure of the ECSR decision game more than in the standard CSR without abatement and taxation. |
| Keywords: | Abatement, Corporate Social Responsibility, Duopoly, Emissions |
| JEL: | H23 L13 M14 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1421&r=env |
| By: | Reza Hafezi; David A. Wood; Firouzeh Rosa Taghikhah |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental concerns represent a global crisis accompanied by significant economic challenges. Regular international conferences held to address these issues, such as in the UK (2021) and Egypt (2022), spark debate about the effectiveness and practicality of international commitments. This study examines international treaties from a different perspective, emphasizing the need to understand the power dynamics and stakeholder interests that delay logical actions to mitigate anthropogenic contributions to climate change and their impacts. Environmental and social concerns tend to increase within nations as their economies develop, where they fight to keep acceptable standards of living while reducing emissions volume. So, nations play disproportionate roles in global decision-making based on the size of their economies. Addressing climate change requires a paradigm shift to emphasize acknowledging and adhering to global commitments through civil pressure, rather than relying on traditional yet biased systems of international political diplomacy. Here, climate-friendly actions are evaluated and ideas to promote such activities are proposed. We introduce a "transition regime" as a solution to this metastasis challenge which gradually infects all nations. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.07574&r=env |
| By: | Léo Coppens; Simon Dietz; Frank Venmans |
| Abstract: | Integrated assessment models (IAMs) provide key inputs to decision-makers on economically efficient climate policies, and technical change is one of the key assumptions in any IAM that estimates mitigation costs. We conduct a systematic survey of how technical change is currently represented in the main IAMs and find that a diversity of approaches continues to exist. This makes it important to conduct an up-to-date assessment of what difference technical change makes to IAM results. Here we attempt such an assessment, using an analytical IAM with a reduced-form representation of technical change, which we can calibrate on the relationship between abatement costs and the timing of abatement in 109 IAM scenarios from two major databases. We first show in theory how a range of technical-change mechanisms can be adequately captured in a reduced-form model, in which the key difference is whether technical change is a function of time, i.e., exogenous, or cumulative past emissions abatement, i.e., endogenous. We then derive analytical and quantitative results on the effect of technical change on optimal climate policy, for both cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness policy problems. Under cost-benefit analysis, technical change has a quantitatively large, negative effect on long-run emissions and temperatures. The effect on carbon prices differs markedly depending on whether technical change is exogenous or endogenous, and whether clean technology deployment is incentivised by carbon prices or a dedicated deployment subsidy. Under cost-effectiveness analysis, technical change has a small effect on transient emissions and temperatures, but it has a large, negative effect on carbon prices almost irrespective of the policy instruments available. We make several practical recommendations for how IAMs can better incorporate TC, particularly when facing computational constraints. |
| Keywords: | climate change, cost-benefit analysis, induced innovation, integrated assessment models, technical change |
| JEL: | C61 O30 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11059&r=env |
| By: | Sarah Nandnaba (Department of Economics, Ecole normale superieure (ENS) Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.); Abebe Hailemariam (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Faculty of Business and law, Curtin University Perth, 6102, Australia); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Xin Sheng (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.) |
| Abstract: | The paper empirically examines the role of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions on the oil consumption-growth nexus of sixteen OECD countries. Using a nonlinear local projection approach and a long historical dataset from 1890 to 2022, we find that the impact of oil consumption on economic growth is conditional on the categorization of the countries based on the level of GHGs emissions. More specifically, we find that economies under the high-emission category face a slowdown in growth, while those in low-emission group can benefit from a positive shock in oil consumption, especially in the post World War II era. The results have important policy implications for sustainable growth. |
| Keywords: | Oil consumption, economic growth, sustainability, climate change, greenhouse gases emissions, nonlinear local projection |
| JEL: | Q43 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202417&r=env |
| By: | Feriga, Moustafa (World Bank); Lozano Gracia, Nancy (World Bank); Serneels, Pieter (University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies five areas where climate change may impact work and draws lessons for developing countries by reviewing the evidence. Firstly, demand for labor is unevenly affected, with agriculture, heat-exposed manufacturing, and the brown energy sector experiencing downturns, while other sectors may see a rise, resulting in an uncertain overall impact. Secondly, climate change impacts labor supply through absenteeism, shirking, and altering work-time patterns, depending on the activity and sector. Thirdly, productivity may decline, especially in heat-exposed industries, primarily due to health reasons. Fourthly, heightened earnings variability likely increases vulnerability among the self-employed. Fifthly, climate change can influence labor allocation and catalyze sectoral reallocation. Higher temperatures are also linked to increased migration. But caution is needed in interpreting these findings, as studies across these topics predominantly use fixed effect estimation and concentrate on short-term impacts, neglecting adaptation. Emerging research on adaptation indicates that workplace cooling is unappealing for firms with narrow profit margins, while coping strategies of farms and households have unclear optimality due to adoption barriers. Government responses remain understudied, with six potential areas identified: green jobs, green skills, labor-oriented adaptation, flexible work regulation, labor market integration, and social protection. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions. |
| Keywords: | climate change, labor, development |
| JEL: | Q54 J01 O1 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16914&r=env |
| By: | Jonatan Pinkse (The University of Manchester, King's College London, The Productivity Institute) |
| Keywords: | Productivity, green transition, Net Zero |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:ppaper:024&r=env |
| By: | Talan B. İşcan; Benjamin Dennis |
| Abstract: | Targeted financing of transition to a "net zero" global economy entails climate transition risk. We propose a measure of transition risk at the country-sector dyad level composed of five tiers of transition risk based on two factors: i) the gap between a dyad's existing emission factor (EF) - a measure of the greenhouse gas intensity of output – and the global 'frontier' sectoral EF, and ii) a dyad's recent convergence towards the frontier EF. Dyads that are either close to the frontier or converging towards the frontier carry lower transition risk. Our measure, using 45 sectors across 66 countries, accounts for both direct greenhouse gas emissions as well as those that enter into production through complex supply chains as captured by intercountry, input-output tables, and can be applied at different levels of stringency to high-, middle-, and low-income economies. Our measure thus accounts for, and sheds light on, EF reductions through investment in lower emissions production techniques in own facilities as well as sourcing intermediate inputs with lower embodied emissions. |
| Keywords: | Transition risk; Greenhouse gas emissions; Direct emissions; Production emissions; Convergence |
| JEL: | E16 G10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2024-17&r=env |
| By: | Mahdi Ghodsi (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Francesca Guadagno (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Zahra Mousavi; Leon Podkaminer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Bernd Christoph Ströhm (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Chart of the Month Moving up the ladder of ‘complexity’ via structural transformation by Francesca Guadagno Opinion Corner The European Central Bank’s bemusing ‘strategy’ by Leon Podkaminer After a protracted period of inaction, in November 2022 the ECB finally embarked on policy tightening – even though inflation in the euro area had by that time already started to decline. One possible explanation for this paradox may have been the ECB’s motivation to ‘save face’ in a situation where inflation could hardly be contained by conventional monetary policy tools. Patents as green technology barometers Trends and disparities by Mahdi Ghodsi and Zahra Mousavi As the urgency of the climate crisis grows, this study offers a unique perspective on eco-innovation, through the analysis of patents granted in green and environmental technologies. The research identifies energy generation and transportation as the leading sectors, with 36% and 34%, respectively, of all green patents granted globally. However, while the advanced economies are at the forefront of green innovation, the developing nations are lagging significantly behind. This inequality not only exacerbates climate vulnerabilities, but also widens the global divide. Investment in natural gas capacities in the Western Balkans by Bernd Christoph Ströhm Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 forced those EU countries that relied on Russian gas to diversify their energy supplies. In the Western Balkans, Croatia in particular is transitioning to become a regional energy powerhouse and power hub, while the governments of Montenegro and Serbia are also investing in the expansion of natural gas capacities. With those investments, LNG could temporarily become the main energy source for Western Balkan countries and could facilitate the phasing-out of coal use in the region by 2050. Monthly and quarterly statistics for Central, East and Southeast Europe |
| Keywords: | economic complexity index, inflation, monetary policy, green technologies, greenhouse gas emissions, patents, LNG, energy mix, natural gas pipelines, energy supply diversification |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:mpaper:mr:2023-10&r=env |
| By: | Peter Andre (Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE); Teodora Boneva (Department of Economics, University of Bonn); Felix Chopra (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen); Armin Falk (Department of Economics, University of Bonn) |
| Abstract: | We document the individual willingness to act against climate change and study the role of social norms in a large sample of US adults. Individual beliefs about social norms positively predict pro-climate donations, comparable in strength to universal moral values and economic preferences such as patience and reciprocity. However, we document systematic misperceptions of social norms. Respondents vastly underestimate the prevalence of climate-friendly behaviors and norms. Correcting these misperceptions inan experiment causally raises individual willingness to act against climate change as well as individual support for climate policies. The effects are strongest for individuals who are skeptical about the existence and threat of global warming. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate behavior, climate policies, social norms, misperception, beliefs, economic preferences, moral values, survey experiments |
| JEL: | D64 D83 D91 Q51 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kucebi:2408&r=env |
| By: | Batten, Sandra (Bank of England); Millard, Stephen (National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Durham University Business School, University of Portsmouth and Centre for Macroeconomics) |
| Abstract: | We build an open economy Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model with energy and use it to simulate the impact of different climate policies – specifically the introduction of a carbon tax and bans on petrol or gas usage by households – on macroeconomic variables. We show how the introduction of a carbon tax leads to falls in both households’ consumption of energy and firms’ use of energy in production, while also having the effect of shifting the production of electricity from fossil fuels to renewable sources. The effects of a ban on household consumption of petrol or gas depend crucially on the elasticity of substitution between different energy sources in consumption. For very low elasticities of substitution, a ban on petrol or gas usage also led households to cut down on their use of electricity, whereas for larger elasticities of substitution, households switched into electricity. Regardless of the elasticity of substitution, aggregate consumption fell on impact in response to the bans before rising over time. GDP and the gross output of non‑energy fall in response to both a carbon tax and a ban on petrol or gas consumption by households. Finally, both policies result in a temporary increase in inflation and a tightening in monetary policy. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; dynamic stochastic general equilibrium; carbon tax; climate policy; energy; energy policy; renewable energy; macroeconomics; UK economy |
| JEL: | E32 Q28 Q38 Q43 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:1064&r=env |
| By: | Cappelli, Federica |
| Abstract: | The question of whether changes in income inequality affect CO2 emissions remains a topic of debate at both theoretical and empirical levels. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of changes in the full spectre of income distribution on consumption based CO2 emissions per capita. To do so, we estimate a dynamic difference-GMM model and a dynamic threshold regression model allowing for endogeneity on a panel database covering 107 countries between 1990 and 2019. Our analysis highlights how different income classes contribute very differently to consumption-based CO2 emissions. In addition, by accounting for between-country inequalities in the average income of each income group, we uncover non-linearities in the impact on carbon emissions. More specifically, the impact of an increase in the income share of the top 10% on per capita consumption-based carbon emissions varies according to their average income level: it is negative at lower income levels and becomes positive as their income rises. The contribution of the middle class is negative at all income levels, while the CO2 contribution of the poorest segments is negligible. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:341641&r=env |
| By: | Moritz A. Drupp; Ulrike Kornek; Jasper N. Meya; Lutz Sager |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation and economic inequality are two of the defining challenges of the twenty-first century. We synthesize conceptual mechanisms that underpin inequality-environment interlinkages and take stock of the relevant empirical evidence. We propose three channels of interaction, describing, first, how the cost of environmental policy is distributed across households, second, how environmental benefits vary with household income, third, how income inequality and redistribution shape environmental outcomes. The three channels determine how both environmental quality and economic inequality matter for policy appraisal. We argue that it is crucial to consider inequality-environment interlinkages in economic research and policy design, as neither issue can be fully understood in isolation, and close by highlighting future research needs. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11036&r=env |
| By: | Franziska Funke; Linus Mattauch; Thomas Douenne; Adrien Fabre; Joseph E. Stiglitz |
| Abstract: | To accept carbon pricing, citizens desire viable alternatives to fossil-fuel based options. As inflation and higher interest rates have exacerbated access barriers for capital-intensive green substitutes, the political success of carbon pricing will be measured by how well policy design enables consumers to switch. |
| Date: | 2024–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdp:dpaper:0038&r=env |
| By: | Cheikh T. Ndour (Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This study examines the relevance of information and communication technologies in the effect of gender economic inclusion on environmental sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – The focus is on a panel of 42 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2005-2020. The empirical evidence is based on generalized method of moments. The environmental sustainability indicator used is CO2 emissions per capita. Two indicators of women's economic inclusion are considered: women's labour force participation and women's unemployment. The chosen ICT indicators are mobile phone penetration, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscriptions. Findings – The results show that: (i) fixed broadband subscriptions represent the most relevant ICT moderator of gender economic inclusion for an effect on CO2 emissions; (ii) negative net effects are apparent for the most part with fixed broadband subscriptions (iii) both positive ICT thresholds (i.e., critical levels for complementary policies) and negative ICT thresholds (i.e., minimum ICT levels for negative net effects) are provided; (iv) ICT synergy effects are apparent for female unemployment, but not for female employment. In general, the joint effect of ICTs or their synergies and economic inclusion should be a concern for policymakers in order to better ensure sustainable development. Moreover, the relevant ICT policy thresholds and mobile phone threshold for complementary policy are essential in promoting a green economy. Originality/value –The study complements the extant literature by assessing linkages between information technology, gender economic inclusion and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | ICT, Gender inclusion; Environment sustainability; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:24/004&r=env |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has emerged as an important policy tool in the European Union's (EU) efforts to combat climate change and prevent carbon leakage. By putting a price on carbon emissions embedded in certain goods imported into the EU, the CBAM has the potential to impact economies worldwide, including Morocco. This policy brief examines recent CBAM developments and assesses their implications for Morocco's economy and climate change efforts. It analyzes the challenges that the Moroccan economy may face, including implications for costs, competitiveness, compliance requirements, supply chain adjustments, and increased risk exposure. The brief also highlights the opportunities available to Morocco, and the importance of implementing targeted policies, strengthening the regulatory framework, promoting capacity-building initiatives, and fostering cooperation to navigate the CBAM transition period effectively. By understanding the complexities of CBAM and adopting proactive strategies, Morocco can position itself to capitalize on the opportunities and overcome the challenges presented by this transformative policy. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb29-23&r=env |
| By: | Marcel Adenäuer; Edith Laget; Merritt Cluff |
| Abstract: | Fertilisers are crucial components of food systems, with impacts beyond agricultural markets. This study utilises the OECD-FAO Aglink-Cosimo model to examine the intricate interplay between fertiliser markets, policies, and their repercussions on agricultural markets, food security, and environmental sustainability over the medium term. Two distinct scenario analyses reveal significant insights. The first scenario shows that while short-term disruptions in fertiliser supply can be mitigated by existing stocks, prolonged deficits will increase global food prices by up to 6%, posing long-term threats to agriculture. In the second scenario, the removal of fertiliser subsidies in India leads to reduced domestic use, resulting in decreased agricultural production and exports coupled with increased imports. Although this will cause a modest 0.8% increase in global food prices, it will substantially cut agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by 7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, highlighting the pivotal role of domestic policies in attaining global environmental sustainability goals. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural support, Food security, Greenhouse Gas (GHG), Partial equilibrium modelling |
| JEL: | C54 Q11 Q17 Q18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:207-en&r=env |
| By: | Gruener, Sven; Angelova, Denitsa |
| Abstract: | Climate activism encompasses movements that intentionally utilize legal and/or illegal forms of protest to raise awareness of the causes and consequences of climate change, calling upon society to take action. |
| Date: | 2024–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2keq4&r=env |
| By: | Michael Coury; Liam Falconer; Andrea La Nauze |
| Abstract: | Governments monitor air quality for regulatory purposes and, more recently, to provide information so individuals can act to lower their exposure to air pollution. Recent developments in low-cost technologies have also led to private adoption of air-quality monitors that produce publicly accessible air-quality readings. We study the adoption of these private air-quality monitors. We find that shocks to air pollution from wildfire result in substantial adoption. We also find that additional private monitors are concentrated in white, wealthy, and politically liberal neighborhoods. In contrast, there is no evidence that pollution shocks lead to higher adoption in neighborhoods with lower pre-existing access to monitors, higher long-run pollution, or those with more vulnerable populations. The resulting stark differences in the availability of localized air-quality information suggest that private provision may worsen not ameliorate inequalities in the impacts of poor air quality. |
| Keywords: | air quality, air quality monitoring, wildfire, information |
| JEL: | Q53 Q52 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11022&r=env |
| By: | Iost, Susanne; Glasenapp, Sebastian; Jochem, Dominik; Shmyhelska, Liliya; Weimar, Holger |
| Abstract: | Alternative Kraftstoffe gelten laut dem Nationalen Klimaschutzplan 2050 als ein wesentlicher Baustein zur Dekarbonisierung des Verkehrssystems in Deutschland. Zu den alternativen Kraftstoffen zählen auch Kraftstoffe auf Basis biogener Ressourcen. Welchen Beitrag diese Kraftstoffe für die Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen im Verkehrssektor leisten können, hängt u.a. von der nachhaltigen Rohstoffverfügbarkeit ab. Im Projekt BIOKRAFT wurde die nachhaltige Verfügbarkeit von holzartiger Biomasse für den Einsatz im Verkehrssektor untersucht. Der vorliegende Bericht (BIOKRAFT AP 3) beschreibt als Grundlage dafür das Aufkommen und die Verwendung von Holzrohstoffen in Deutschland und der EU-27 für den Zeitraum 2000 - 2040. Für den Einsatz im Verkehrssektor liegt der Fokus auf Rest- und Abfallstoffen, da die möglichst hochwertige stoffliche Nutzung von Stamm- und Industrieholz klar priorisiert wird und der Einsatz von diesen Sortimenten im Verkehrssektor kritisch hinterfragt werden muss. Die historische Entwicklung von Holzaufkommen und -verwendung in Deutschland und der EU-27 wurde für den Zeitraum 2000 bis 2020 analysiert. Die zukünftig potenziell verfügbaren und verwendeten Mengen holziger Biomasse wurden in einer systematischen Literaturrecherche ermittelt. Der betrachtete Zeitraum war 2020 bis 2040 für Deutschland und die EU-27. Diese quantitativen Untersuchungen waren Teil des Projektes BIOKRAFT1. Insgesamt sind das Aufkommen und die Verwendung von Rohholz in Deutschland und der EU-27 zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2020 gestiegen. Im Vergleich zum Jahr 2000 stieg die Rohholzentnahme aus dem Wald in Deutschland bis 2020 um 34 % (von knapp 60 auf knapp 79 Mio. m³). Eine ähnliche Tendenz ist in der EU-27 zu beobachten (von 419 auf 508 Mio. m³). In Deutschland lag der Nadelholzanteil an der Rohholzentnahme im betrachteten Zeitraum im Mittel bei 74 %. Seit dem Jahr 2018 ist die Menge an Schadholz infolge von Trockenheit und nachfolgendem Schädlingsbefall deutlich angestiegen. Dies trug zum Anstieg des gesamten Rohholzeinschlags bei. Im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2020 stieg auch die Rohholzverwendung an. In den traditionellen Verwendungssektoren (Sägeindustrie, Zellstoff- sowie Holzwerkstoffindustrie) wurde bis ins Jahr 2020 25 % mehr Holz verwendet, als noch im Jahr 2000. In der Energieerzeugung stieg die Rohholzverwendung im gleichen Zeitraum von knapp 9 auf mehr als 20 Mio. m³. Im Verlauf stieg die energetische Rohholzverwendung auf den bisher höchsten Wert von ca. 28 Mio. m³ im Jahr 2013 und sank bis zum Jahr 2020 auf ca. 20 Mio. m³. Reststoffe aus primären Aufkommensquellen sind Rinde, Waldrestholz und Landschaftspflegematerial. Deren Aufkommen sind schwer zu beziffern. Zum einen wird beim Waldrestholz die Abgrenzung des Begriffs unterschiedlich gehandhabt, zum anderen fehlen regelmäßig bei allen primären Reststoffen direkt erhobene Daten. Sekundäre Holzreststoffe sind Altholz, Sägenebenprodukte, sonstiges Industrierestholz und Ablauge. Das Aufkommen an sekundären Holzreststoffen ist im Grundsatz von der Rohholzverwendung abhängig, da Holzreststoffe bei Be- und Verarbeitung von Rohholz sowie durch die Entsorgung von Holzprodukten entstehen. Ihr Aufkommen kann recht zuverlässig aus der empirischen Erfassung auf Seite der Verwender abgeleitet werden. Die Verwendung dieser Reststoffe erfolgt zur Energieerzeugung, zur Herstellung von Energieholzprodukten (v.a. Pellets) sowie in der Holzwerkstoff- und Zellstoffindustrie. Ablauge wird in der Zellstoffindustrie energetisch genutzt. Altholz wird in Deutschland zu mehr als 80 % zur Energieerzeugung verwendet, wobei davon wiederum ca. 80 % in Biomassefeuerungsanlagen mit einer Feuerungswärmeleistung von > 1 MW genutzt werden. Für die EU-27 sind kaum Daten zu Aufkommen und Verwendung von Holzreststoffen verfügbar, daher können hier keine belastbaren Schätzungen vorgenommen werden. Mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen von Aufkommen und Verwendung von Holzrohstoffen werden häufig mittels szenarienbasierter Modellierungen geschätzt. Die zugrundliegenden Szenarien gehen zum einen von einer erhöhten Holznutzung aus. Zum anderen werden Szenarien modelliert, in denen politische und gesellschaftliche Tendenzen zu mehr Naturschutz und weniger Holznutzung angenommen werden. Hier wird der Kohlenstoffspeicherung im Wald durch Steigerung des stehenden Vorrats eine größere Bedeutung beigemessen, was eine geringere Rohholzproduktion zur Folge hätte. Somit ergeben Untersuchungen zur zukünftigen Holzverfügbarkeit in der Modellierungsperiode 2037-2042 für Deutschland potenzielle Rohholzaufkommen zwischen 41 Mio. m³ und knapp 100 Mio. m³ pro Jahr. Für die EU wird das potenzielle Rohholzaufkommen in den modellierten Basisszenarien auf ca. 330 bis 480 Mio. m³ beziffert. Informationen zum zukünftigen Aufkommen von primären und sekundären Holzreststoffen sind spärlich. Es kann jedoch davon ausgegangen werden, dass bei einem möglichen Rückgang der Nutzung von Rohholz auch die Mengen an Holzreststoffen abnehmen werden.Für Deutschland beruhen die in die Auswertung eingeschlossenen Modellierungen des zukünftigen Holzaufkommens auf Daten der Bundeswaldinventur von 2012 (BWI 3). Die modellierten Szenarien berücksichtigen keine möglichen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Wald in Deutschland. Vor dem Hintergrund stark zunehmender Waldschäden seit 2018 und der damit möglicherweise verbundenen Vorratsabsenkung im Wald in Deutschland, wird sich das zukünftige Aufkommen eher im unteren Bereich der Modellierungsergebnisse bewegen. Für eine sichere Bewertung sind die kommenden Inventurdaten der BWI 4 abzuwarten, die voraussichtlich Ende 2024 zur Verfügung stehen werden. Die vorliegende Auswertung gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über Aufkommen und Verwendung von Holzrohstoffen in Deutschland. Es wird gezeigt, welche Reststoffe bei der Be- und Verarbeitung von Holz entstehen und dass sie in unterschiedlichen Sektoren stofflich oder energetisch verwendet werden. Die Auswertung zeigt, dass auf Grundlage der verfügbaren Daten keine direkte Gegenüberstellung von Aufkommen und Verwendung und somit keine verlässliche Schätzung verfügbarer Potenziale möglich ist. Theoretisch könnten in Verwendung befindliche Holzrohstoffe für die Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen umgenutzt werden. Um dann das Ziel einer größtmöglichen Reduktion von Treibhausgasen zu erreichen, müsste der potenzielle Reduktionseffekt im Verkehrssektor im Kontext der anderen möglichen Verwendung von Holzrohstoffen betrachtet werden. |
| Abstract: | Alternative fuels are considered, according to the National Climate Action Plan 2050, as a crucial element for decarbonizing the transportation system in Germany. Among the alternative fuels are those based on biogenic resources. The contribution of these fuels to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector depends, among other factors, on the sustainable availability of woody biomass. In the BIOKRAFT project, the sustainable availability of woody biomass for use in the transportation sector was assessed. The presented report (BIOKRAFT AP 3) describes the supply and use of wood resources in Germany and the EU-27 for the period 2000 - 2040. For use in the transportation sector, the focus is on residual and waste materials, as the high-quality material utilization of stem and industrial wood is clearly prioritized, and the use of these assortments in the transportation sector must be critically examined. The historical development of wood supply and utilization in Germany and the EU-27 was analyzed for the period 2000 to 2020. Future potentially available and used quantities of woody biomass were determined through systematic literature research. The period considered was 2020 to 2040 for Germany and the EU-27. These quantitative investigations were part of the BIOKRAFT2 project. Overall, the supply and use of roundwood in Germany and the EU-27 increased between 2000 and 2020. Compared to 2000, roundwood removals from forests in Germany increased by 34 % by 2020 (from just under 60 to just under 79 million m³). A similar trend is observed in the EU-27 (from 419 to 508 million m³). In Germany, the proportion of softwood in roundwood removals averaged 74 % during the period under review. Since 2018, the amount of damaged timber has increased significantly due to drought and subsequent pest infestations, contributing to the overall increase in roundwood fellings. Roundwood utilization also increased from 2000 to 2020. In traditional utilisation sectors (sawmilling industry, pulp and paper industry, wood-based panel industry), 25 % more wood was used by 2020 compared to 2000. In energy generation, roundwood use increased from just under 9 to over 20 million m³ in the same period. Over time, the use of roundwood for energy increased to its highest level of approximately 28 million m³ in 2013 and then decreased to around 20 million m³ by 2020. Wood residues from primary sources include bark, forest residues and landscape conservation material. Their volumes are difficult to quantify. The definition of forest residues is handled differently, and there is a regular lack of directly collected data for all primary wood residues. Secondary wood residues are recovered post-consumer wood, sawmill by-products, other industrial waste wood and waste liquor. The quantity of secondary wood residues depends primarily on the use of roundwood, as wood residues are produced during the treatment and processing of roundwood and the disposal of wood products. Their quantities can be derived quite reliably from the empirical data collected in wood using sectors. These residues are used for energy generation, production of energy wood products (especially pellets), and in the wood-based materials and pulp industries. Waste liquor is utilised for energy in the pulp industry. In Germany, over 80 % of recovered post-consumer wood is used for energy generation, with approx. 80 % of this used in biomass combustion plants with a rated thermal input of > 1 MW. Data on the supply and use of wood residues are scarce for the EU-27, so reliable estimates cannot be made. Possible future developments in supply and use of woody biomass are often estimated using scenario-based modelling. On the one hand, the underlying scenarios assume increased wood utilisation. On the other hand, scenarios are modelled in which political and social trends towards more nature conservation and less wood use are assumed. Here, greater importance is attributed to carbon storage in forests by increasing standing stock, resulting in lower roundwood production. Modelling results of these studies show potential future roundwood volumes of between 41 million m³ and just under 100 million m³ per year for Germany in the 2037-2042 modelling period. For the EU, the potential roundwood supplies in the modelled baseline scenarios are estimated at around 330 to 480 million m³. Information on the future supply of primary and secondary wood residues is scarce. However, it can be assumed that if the utilisation of roundwood declines, the quantities of wood residues will also decrease. For Germany, the modelling of future wood supplies included in the evaluation is based on data from the 2012 National Forest Inventory (BWI 3). The modelled scenarios do not take into account any possible effects of climate change on forests in Germany. The modelled scenarios do not consider possible effects of climate change on forests in Germany. Against the backdrop of significantly increasing forest damage since 2018 and the potentially associated reduction in stock in German forests, future supplies are likely to be at the lower end of the modelling results. To make a reliable assessment, the upcoming inventory data from BWI 4, expected to be available by the end of 2024, must be awaited. The presented analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the supply and use of woody biomass in Germany. It shows which wood-based residues are generated during the treatment and processing of wood and how they are utilised in different sectors for material or energy purposes. Based on the available data, no direct comparison of supply and use is possible, and thus no reliable estimation of available potentials. Theoretically, wood raw materials currently in use could be repurposed for the production of biofuels. To achieve the goal of maximum reduction of greenhouse gases, the potential reduction effect in the transportation sector must be considered in the context of other possible uses of woody biomass. |
| Keywords: | Biokraftstoffe, Biomasse, Holzrohstoffe, Kalamität, Schadholz, Aufkommen, Verwendung, Szenarien, systematische Literaturanalyse, advanced biofuels, woody biomass, woody residues, calamities, damaged timber, supply, use, scenarios, systematic literature review |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:289612&r=env |
| By: | Efthymios Altsitsiadis; Micha Kaiser; Anastasios Tsakas; Anastasios Kyriakidis; Angelos Stamos |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy acceptance, just transition, energy poverty, regional factors |
| JEL: | I32 Q42 Q55 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2402&r=env |
| By: | Thorsten Hens (Department of Finance, University of Zurich, Department of Finance, Norwegian School of Economics, NHH, Institute of Economic Research, Kyoto University); Ester Trutwin (Department of Finance, University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | Empirical studies investigate various causes and effects of sustainable investments. While some attempts have been made to describe the results found by theoretical models, these are relatively complex and heterogeneous. We relate to existing studies and use a parsimonious Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) in which we model different aspects of sustainable investing. The basic reasoning of the CAPM, that investors need to be compensated for the bad aspects of assets applies so that investors demand higher returns for investments that are harmful from an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) perspective. Moreover, if investors have heterogeneous views on the ESG?characteristics of a company, the market requires higher returns for that company, provided richer investors care more about ESG than poorer investors, which is known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Besides the effect on asset prices, we find that sustainable investing has an impact on a firm's production decision through two channels? the growth and the reform channel. Sustainable investment reduces the size of dirty firms through the growth channel and makes firms cleaner through the reform channel. We illustrate the magnitude of these effects with numerical examples calibrated to real?world data, providing a clear indication of the high economic relevance of the effects. |
| Keywords: | Large Sustainable Investing, ESG rating, CAPM, Growth Channel, Reform Channel, Cost of Capital |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G30 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kyo:wpaper:1104&r=env |
| By: | Garnache, Cloé; Ghosh, Arijit; Gibney, Garreth |
| Abstract: | Greenstone et al. examine the effect of the introduction of automatic air pollution monitoring on the reporting of local air pollution in China. Using 654 regression discontinuity designs (RDDs) based on city-level variation in the day that monitoring was automated, they find an immediate and lasting increase of 35 percent in reported PM10 concentrations post-automation. Moreover, they find that automation's introduction increases online searches for face masks and air filters by 200 percent and 28 percent, respectively, using an RDD. Results are consistent when using an event study design. First, we were able to computationally replicate the results. Second, we find that results are robust to more flexible specifications of the weather variables, to re-constructed weather variables using the same matching procedure as the authors (i.e., closest station) and meteorological data with additional weather stations, to alternative construction of the weather variables using an inverse distance weighted approach of the surrounding weather stations, and to more flexible choices of fixed effects (up to the city level). Finally, we find limited evidence of discontinuity in objective measures of ground pollution (i.e., AOD) for a sub-sample using alternative weather variables. The estimate, however, is economically insignificant. Moreover, no discontinuity is observed in the full sample. Therefore, we believe this result does not invalidate the original study's findings. |
| JEL: | D82 O13 P28 Q53 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:113&r=env |
| By: | Rolf Golombek; Michael Hoel; Snorre Kverndokk; Stefano Ninfole; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Michael Olaf Hoel |
| Abstract: | It is widely recognized that a cost-efficient way to achieve the climate targets of the Paris agreement requires investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, to trigger sizeable investment in CCS the carbon price must exceed the historic carbon prices. This paper examines whether a higher price of carbon enhances competition of storage services and thus leads to lower costs of CCS. Using a Hotellling model with two storage sites, each being located at each end of the Hotelling line, we show that there are three alternative competition regimes. The level of the carbon tax determines which regime materializes. For “low” carbon taxes, there is no competition between the two storage firms. For “high” carbon taxes, there is standard Bertrand competition between the two storage firms. Finally, for “intermediate” carbon taxes, there is so called partial competition with multiple equilibria. Contrary to the standard conclusion on competition, we find that when each storage site is imposed to charge the same price for all its clients, the price under monopoly is lower than under partial competition. We offer several extensions of the model as well as numerical illustrations. With our reference parameter values and a carbon tax sufficiently high to reach the Paris targets, we find that we may end in a partial competition regime. |
| Keywords: | Hotelling line, kinked demand curve, duopoly, multiple equilibria, emission tax, carbon capture and storage |
| JEL: | L13 Q35 Q38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11052&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Steger; Timo Trimborn |
| Abstract: | To gain insights into the mechanisms that shape the interaction between economic growth and climate change, we analyze the simplified DICE through the lens of growth theory. We analytically show that this model exhibits a continuum of saddle-point stable steady states, a property that carries over to a large set of (analytical and numerical) IAMs. This novel insight is important because it implies initial conditions of stock variables, notoriously difficult to calibrate, matter for the ultimate steady state, i.e. for the long-run economic and climate outcomes. However, we also show that a lack of information about the stock of global capital is considerably less consequential than a lack of information about GHG in the atmosphere. These properties have important implications for understanding the consequences of delayed climate policy implementation and the optimal carbon tax. We employ numerical techniques to show how a postponement of optimal climate policy implementation leads to a higher long-run temperature. We also show that the SCC-to-GDP ratio is in fact largely constant, despite transitional dynamics. However, its level depends strongly on the point in time the policy is implemented. Finally, we employ the setup to better understand the consequences of stronger TFP growth for the climate. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, climate change, IAM, DICE, continuum of steady states, delayed climate policy, TFP growth, peak temperature |
| JEL: | E10 H40 O44 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11053&r=env |
| By: | Rodolphe Desbordes; Markus Eberhardt |
| Abstract: | The damage function used to assess the economic impact of secular changes in temperature is one of the most speculative components of integrated assessment models of climate change. Existing work informing this debate is based on pooled empirical models incorporating limited non-linearity and giving little regard to dynamics. We use aggregate and agricultural data for 151 countries over the past six decades to estimate dynamic heterogeneous models which (a) allow the weather-output nexus to differ freely across countries, (b) help distinguish short-run from long-run effects, and (c) account for unobserved time-varying heterogeneity. Overall, we find that, in low-income or high-temperature countries, a permanent 1?C rise in temperature is associated with a fall in income per capita of about 1.3% in the short-run and 8.5% in the long run. These long-run effects are substantially larger than those commonly suggested in the literature. |
| Keywords: | temperature, weather, climate change, economic development, economic growth |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notgep:2024-01&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; Gyowon Gwon |
| Abstract: | As climate change accelerates, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events are expected to worsen and have greater adverse consequences for ecosystems, physical infrastructure, and economic activity across the world. This paper investigates how weather anomalies affect global supply chains and inflation dynamics. Using monthly data for six large and well-diversified economies (China, the Euro area, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States) over the period 1997-2021, we implement a structural vector autoregressive model and document that weather anomalies could disrupt supply chains and subsequently lead to inflationary pressures. Our results—based on high-frequency data and robust to alternative estimation methodologies—show that these effects vary across countries, depending on the severity of weather shocks and vulnerability to supply chain disruptions. The impact of weather shocks on supply chains and inflation dynamics is likely to become more pronounced with accelerating climate change that can have non-linear effects. These findings have important policy implications. Central bankers should consider the impact of weather anomalies on supply chains and inflation dynamics to prevent entrenching second-round effects and de-anchoring of inflation expectations. More directly, however, governments can invest more for climate change adaptation to strengthen critical infrastructure and thereby minimize supply chain disruptions. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; weather anomalies; temperature; supply chain pressures; inflation; structural VAR |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/079&r=env |
| By: | Abderraouf Ben Ahmed Mtiraoui (MOFID-Université de Sousse); Abdelmonem Snoussi |
| Abstract: | The objective of this article is to theoretically shed light on the relationship between the quality of the environment, the institutional reality of corruption, and economic growth in the first instance. Secondly, we attempt to empirically study the direct and indirect effects of the institutional reality and environmental quality on economic growth in the MENA region before and during COVID-19 while applying simultaneous equations during the period (2018-2022). Among the main results found, the pandemic underscored the need for sustainable development and resilient environmental policies in the region. . |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de cet article est d'éclairer théoriquement la relation entre la qualité de l'environnement, la réalité institutionnelle de la corruption et la croissance économique en premier lieu. Deuxièmement, nous tentons d'étudier empiriquement les effets directs et indirects de la réalité institutionnelle et de la qualité de l'environnement sur la croissance économique dans la région MENA avant et pendant le COVID-19 tout en appliquant des équations simultanées au cours de la période (2018-2022). Parmi les principaux résultats constatés, la pandémie a souligné la nécessité d'un développement durable et de politiques environnementales résilientes dans la région. |
| Keywords: | Environment Quality, Institutional Reality, Economic Growth, Model simultaneous equations, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04518757&r=env |
| By: | Ashok Gulati (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Sandip Das; Mahima Khurana |
| Abstract: | With increasing use of fertilizer and pesticides in the Indian farming system, and at many places in a very imbalanced manner, environment has been harmed. Soils are getting acidic with low carbon content, ground water is getting polluted with high nitrate content, and air is accumulating more nitrous oxide. In order to ensure sustainability of Indian agriculture, the government has been trying to promote Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), renamed as Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Padhati (BPKP)1. It was mentioned in the 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2022-23 Budget Speeches of the Hon’ble Finance Minister, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, at 14th UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) by PM Narendra Modi, NITI Aayog and Economic Survey. However, the research questions for us are: what implication will be scaling up of ZBNF at a national level have on the sustainability of the environment, the productivity of major crops, the profitability of the farming community, and above all the national food security? In this study, we attempt to answer these questions with robust empirical analysis as well as field visits and focused group discussions with farmers. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, ZBNF, Natural Farming, Farmer Income, Subsidy |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:report:24-r-02&r=env |
| By: | Caroline Orset (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The increase in economic activity, particularly in transport, leads to a significant increase in emissions of pollutants, such as ammonia, arsenic and cadmium, at the European Union (EU) level. This can seriously impact human health and, consequently, public health spending. Based on data from 15 European Union countries from 1992 to 2020, a panel co-integration approach is used to study these pollutants' short- and long-term co-movements and per capita health expenditure. The results show a long-term relationship between ammonia, arsenic and cadmium emissions and per capita health spending, as they are panel-cointegrated. Ammonia and cadmium emissions exert a statistically significant positive effect on health expenditure in the short run, and arsenic emissions have a statistically significant positive impact in the long run. The forecast assessment of reductions in health spending resulting from policies to reduce emissions of air, land and water pollutants, such as ammonia, arsenic and cadmium, from the transport sector supports investments in its policies that reduce pressure on health spending. The reduction in annual healthcare expenditure is greater when these reductions are made sooner and more severely. Indeed, varying the reduction in emissions for each pollutant by 10% and 100%, respectively, from the first year for all countries over a 3-year period results in an average annual reduction in health spending of 2.05% and 51.02%, respectively. However, if we wait until the third year, the annual reduction is only 0.77% and 17.63% respectively. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04521160&r=env |
| By: | Rose, Julian (RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research); Ankel-Peters, Jörg; Hodel, Hanna; Sall, Medoune; Bensch, Gunther |
| Abstract: | Claims for removing fossil fuel subsidies in the Global South are based on climate and equity concerns, but they can be at odds with improving access to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a clean cooking fuel. We examine the case of urban Senegal where LPG usage rates were among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa in the late 2000s. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, we show that LPG usage declined sharply following the removal of subsidies in 2009. Counterintuitively, the decline was not reversed when falling world market prices led to a local price decrease. To explore this puzzle, we use detailed cooking data from surveys we conducted in 2009 and 2019. We find that households change to charcoal after the subsidy removal, but they increasingly use newly promoted energy-efficient charcoal stoves. These stoves make charcoal cooking cheaper and hence the switch back to LPG less attractive. Our results underscore that the energy transition of the poor is highly price responsive – an important insight not only for the debate about fossil fuel subsidies but also carbon taxation. |
| Date: | 2024–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6tgqs&r=env |
| By: | Harouna Kinda (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | Extractive industries pose a severe threat to the environment, but implementing a fair and transparent tax system can help mitigate the damage. By doing so, the industries can fund alternative measures to prevent deforestation in the short, medium, and long term. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) initiative was established in 2003 to promote transparency, good governance, and accountability in using oil, gas, and mining revenues in countries rich in resources. The main objective is to ensure that revenue transparency leads to better sustainable development outcomes, including socio-economic development and environmentally sound industrial practices. |
| Abstract: | L'exploitation des industries extractives constitue une menace sérieuse pour l'environnement. Toutefois, lorsque cette exploitation est menée dans le respect d'un régime fiscal équitable et transparent, elle peut contribuer au financement de mesures alternatives visant à prévenir la déforestation à court, moyen et long terme. L'Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives (ITIE) a été créée en 2003 pour promouvoir la transparence, la bonne gouvernance et la responsabilité dans l'utilisation des revenus pétroliers, gaziers et miniers dans les pays riches en ressources. L'une des principales préoccupations est de garantir que la transparence des revenus conduise à de meilleurs résultats en matière de développement durable, notamment en matière de développement socio-économique et de pratiques industrielles respectueuses de l'environnement. |
| Keywords: | Extractive industries, Transparency, Resource taxation, Deforestation, Industries extractives, Transparence, Taxation des ressources, Déforestation |
| Date: | 2023–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04523439&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Eichner; Rüdiger Pethig |
| Abstract: | We analyze international environmental agreements in a two-stage game when governments have homo moralis preferences à la Alger and Weibull (2013, 2016). The countries base their decisions on the material payoff obtained on the hypothesis that all other countries act as they with predetermined probability. They are assumed to act morally w.r.t. both membership and emissions. We investigate the interaction and impact of that moral behavior on coalition formation and material payoff. The membership morality tends to increase while the emissions morality tends to decrease the coalition size, but the outcome is not smoothly determined by these opposite forces. |
| Keywords: | IEA, stability, homo moralis, emissions morality, membership morality |
| JEL: | C72 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11040&r=env |
| By: | Onur Polat (Department of Public Finance, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkiye); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelænshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark; Ostim Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye); Qiang Ji (Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Public Policy and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China) |
| Abstract: | Using daily data on municipal bonds and equity returns from the 50 US states over the period from May 2, 2006, to February 9, 2024, we find that barring extreme periods of financial, macroeconomic, and health crises, the underlying conditional correlation between these two assets is negative, as derived from the Asymmetric Dynamic Conditional Correlations (ADCC)-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. When we utilize the Quantile-on-Quantile (QQ) regression model to capture the effect of climate risk quantiles on the entire conditional distribution of the underlying time-varying stock-bond correlation, we generally observe a negative impact at different levels of climate risks, although this could turn positive in the event of extreme climate disasters. In summary, the role of municipal bonds as a hedge against climate risks cannot be denied, carrying important portfolio allocation implications for investors. |
| Keywords: | Stocks and bonds returns, Time-varying conditional correlation, ADCC-GARCH, Climate risks, QQ regressions, US states |
| JEL: | C22 C32 G10 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202419&r=env |
| By: | Altsitsiadis, E.; Kaiser, M.; Tsakas, A.; Kyriakidis, A.; Stamos, A. |
| Abstract: | Clean energy transition underpins the European Energy strategy with ambitious objectives for Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) deployment. Yet, social support remains a significant barrier to accelerating the energy transition. Existing studies have examined wide-ranging social-psychological factors that can affect support for RETs but have failed to address key local barriers. This study aims to illuminate regional characteristics that can influence social support for energy alternatives by assessing public support for two emerging renewables, hydrogen and biomethane, in three different EU countries, the Netherlands, Spain and Greece. We combine our micro-data with EU regional indicators to extend our model beyond known individual-level factors and test the effects of higher-scale antecedents covering regional development, poverty and social exclusion statistics. Our multilevel regression analysis reveals that severe material deprivation plays a key role in social support for RETs. In particular, our results suggest that people living in regions with elevated poverty levels are less likely to support such energy systems. This finding is consistent for both the renewables examined in the three EU countries studied. Our research offers significant and timely insights for accelerating the clean energy transition, while highlighting the need for better strategies to gain and increase social support for RETs. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy acceptance, just transition, energy poverty, regional factors |
| JEL: | I32 Q42 Q55 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2419&r=env |
| By: | Biteau, Corentin; Bry-Chevalier, Tom; Crummett, Dustin; Ryba, Ren; St. Jules, Michael |
| Abstract: | Insect meal has been proposed as one way for the food system to reduce its reliance on fishmeal and soy meal, given the environmental and human rights problems associated with those inputs. However, insect meal is currently too expensive to compete with fishmeal and soy meal, hindering its adoption in large-scale agriculture. There is little indication that insect meal will become cheaper in the near future, especially as the insect industry encounters barriers such as a lack of large-scale production technologies, limited utilisation of food waste, and a lack of standardisation in insect meal quality. One solution may be to set up production facilities in tropical countries, where energy needs are lower and labour costs are cheaper, but this would mean sacrificing food self-sufficiency and potentially causing job losses. Another solution involves charging a premium for insect-fed meat, but studies reveal that consumers would be unlikely to pay such a premium. Overall, it is unlikely that insect meal will displace fishmeal and soy meal in the near future; it may be more realistic to address the challenges associated with forage fish depletion and soy production via increased agricultural efficiency and targeted domestic and transnational policy instruments. |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fdbwg&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Davi-Arderius; Tooraj Jamasb; Juan Rosellon |
| Keywords: | Renewables, decarbonisation, generation mix, redispatching, renewable curtailment, synchronous generators, day-ahead market, network constraints, gas crisis, system operator, smart grids, digitalisation |
| JEL: | L51 L94 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2403&r=env |
| By: | Nagarajan, Niranjani; Burns, Shane; Rianga, Roselyter; Mwangi, Eunice; Sayed, Shaheen; Gichu, Muthoni; Langa, Kenneth; Ngugi, Anthony; Ehrlich, Joshua; Miguel, Edward |
| Abstract: | In Kenya, the number of adults aged ≥60 is expected to nearly quadruple by 2050, making it one of the most rapidly aging countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Accordingly, we designed the Longitudinal Study of Health and Ageing in Kenya (LOSHAK) to generate novel data to address the health and economic consequences of this demographic transition. Specifically, LOSHAK will investigate the social, economic, environmental, biological, and policy processes that shape late-life health and economic well-being in Kenya. Modeled on the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS), LOSHAK joins a network of harmonized studies on aging in >45 countries worldwide; however, LOSHAK will be only the 2nd such study in SSA. The current feasibility and pilot phase of LOSHAK will validate measures and data collection procedures in a purposive sample of Kenyan adults aged ≥45 years. We have linguistically and culturally translated instruments while aiming to maintain harmonization with both existing HRS network studies and the ongoing Kenya Life Panel Survey. The current phase of LOSHAK is nested within the Kaloleni/Rabai Community Health and Demographic Surveillance System on the coast of Kenya. LOSHAK will advance population aging research in low- and middle-income countries through the study of (a) biomarkers and physiological measures; (b) the impacts of air pollution and climate vulnerability; (c) Alzheimers disease and related dementias, mental health, disability, caregiving, and psychosocial wellbeing; and (d) economic security, including the impact of social welfare. LOSHAK will inform future public health and economic policy to address challenges related to rapid aging in Kenya and throughout SSA. Accordingly, this paper aims to introduce and provide a description of LOSHAK and its aims and objectives, as well as to inform the scientific community of current study activities being used to build toward the full population-representative study. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Dementia, Health and Retirement Study, Healthy aging, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:econwp:qt71q7v6f1&r=env |
| By: | Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Anambra State, Nigeria.); Stephen Obinozie Ogwu (Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria); Joshua Chukwuma Onwe (Enugu State, Nigeria); Ogonna Ifebi (Anambra State, Nigeria); Precious Muhammed Emmanuel (University of Ibadan, Nigeria); Kingsley Nze Ashibogwu (Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Our study assesses financial development and debt status impact on energy efficiency in Nigeria as a developing economy. We combined the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), FMOLS, and CCR analytical methods to estimate the parameters for energy efficiency policy recommendations. Secondary data between 1990 and 2020 were used for the analysis. The result confirms the long-run nexus between energy efficiency, financial development and total debt stock. Furthermore, the ARDL estimates for our key variables show that financial development promotes energy efficiency in the short run but hinders long-run energy efficiency. Total debt stock limits energy efficiency in Nigeria in short and long-run periods. The environmental consequences of energy intensity are being felt globally, with the developing countries most vulnerable. The cheapest way to curb these consequences is to promote energy efficiency to reduce the disastrous effect. Driving energy efficiency requires investment in energy-efficient technology, but the challenge for developing economies i.e. Nigeria's funding, remains challenging amid a blotted debt profile. This becomes crucial to investigate how financial sector development and debt management can accelerate energy-efficient investments in Nigeria. The financial sector must ensure the availability of long-term credit facilities to clean energy investors. The government must maintain a sustainable debt profile to pave the way for capital expenditure on clean energy projects that promote energy efficiency. The limitation of this study is that the scope is limited to Nigeria as a developing economy. The need to support energy efficiency projects is a global call requiring cross-country analysis. Despite our study focusing on Nigeria, it provides useful insights that can guide energy efficiency policy through the financial sector and debt management. |
| Keywords: | Financial Development, Public Debt, Energy Efficiency, Environment, Nigeria |
| JEL: | E22 E44 E62 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:24/016&r=env |
| By: | Schoppengerd, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Industrial trade unions in Europe and North America often struggle to develop a coherent strategy on climate change and overcoming fossil fuel production patterns. Trade union policy in the German steel industry is an interesting example of this: the "green" restructuring is firmly in favour, as it is easily compatible with positions on maintaining production sites. However, the hydrogen technology required for this brings with it new contradictions. At the same time, the IG Metall trade union recently held a collective bargaining round on reducing working hours in the socio-ecological transformation. This working paper analyses this situation by reconstructing the fundamental structures of industrial relations, the coming hydrogen economy and working time policy. |
| Keywords: | Steel, Hydrogen, Working Time Policy, Just Transition, Socio-Ecological Transformation |
| JEL: | J51 J59 L50 L61 O14 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:290386&r=env |
| By: | Peter Nilsson; Matthew Tarduno; Sebastian Tebbe; J. Peter Nilsson |
| Abstract: | We provide a framework for setting congestion charges that reflect emission and congestion externalities and policy responses, such as vehicle ownership, driving, and residential sorting. Using Swedish administrative microdata, we identify these responses by exploiting a temporary exemption for alternative fuel vehicles and variation in individuals’ exposure to congestion charges. We find that commuters respond by adopting exempted alternative fuel vehicles, shifting trips away from fossil fuel toward alternative fuel vehicles, and changing where they live and work. We combine the estimated responses with the framework to recover an optimal congestion charge of €9.46 per crossing in Stockholm. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11038&r=env |
| By: | Shihao Wei; Christopher Boudreaux; Zhongfeng Su; Zhan Wu |
| Abstract: | Drawing on the attention based view, this study explores the joint effects of natural disaster intensity at the country level with personal attributes in terms of gender, human capital, and fear of failure on the likelihood to enter social entrepreneurship. Using data on 107, 386 observations across 30 countries, we find that natural disaster intensity has a positive effect on individuals likelihood to engage in social entrepreneurship. In addition, the effect of natural disaster intensity is greater for males, individuals lacking human capital, and those who fear failure. Our study helps elaborate on the antecedents of social entrepreneurship and extends the consequences of natural disasters to entrepreneurship at the individual level. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.08620&r=env |
| By: | Thi-Minh-Ngoc Luu (International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-2-Name: Phuong Mai Nguyen Author-2-Workplace-Name: International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-3-Name: Bao Trung Phan Author-3-Workplace-Name: International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-4-Name: Ta Huy Hung Author-4-Workplace-Name: International School, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - As Vietnam is a densely populated country with stable economic growth and rising concern for environmental problems in recent years, people are increasingly showing more interest in organic food. This study aims to explore the purchase intention of Vietnamese Generation Z (Gen Z) towards organic food. Methodology - We extended the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with three specific pro-environmental factors that are health consciousness, environmental concern, and knowledge of organic food, to investigate the purchase intention of Gen Z. A self-administered online survey was conducted in Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City as they are most populated cities in the country. Findings - 426 valid responses were received for data analysis after three months. Linear regression analysis was run in SPSS software to test six hypotheses. Research findings reveal that attitude has the most substantial influence on the purchase intention of Gen Z, followed by health consciousness, subjective norms, and personal norms. Notably, environmental concerns and knowledge of organic food do not necessarily affect Gen Z's purchase intention. Our findings suggest that related stakeholders in the organic food market adjust their production and marketing tactics to attract Gen Z better. Novelty - The novelty of this paper is attributed to our effort to integrate pro-environmental variables into the TPB to test their impact on organic food purchase intention in a new research context of a transition country. Type of Paper - Empirical " |
| Keywords: | Organic food, Purchase intention, Generation Z, Vietnam |
| JEL: | M31 M59 |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr328&r=env |
| By: | Burnett, J. Wesley; Szmurlo, Daniel; Callahan, Scott |
| Abstract: | This report explores patterns across cropland owner-operators and cropland renters in the adoption of conservation tillage, cover cropping, and six permanent structural practices (riparian buffers, field borders, filter strips, terraces, grass waterways, and contour farming). Data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) (2011–2021) on corn, soybeans, cotton, barley, and sorghum growers show little evidence of systemic differences in conservation practice adoption on owner-operated fields compared to cash-rented fields. Differences between owner-operated plots and share-rented plots persist for certain practices and regions of the United States. The report also examines how the institutional factors surrounding farmland rental markets challenge the notion that land renters are inclined to exploit long-term soil quality for short-term profits. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:341821&r=env |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-García |
| Abstract: | Corruption is generally understood as taking advantage of public power for private benefit. This paper evaluates the relationship between emergency declarations for natural disasters and corruption. We use information from Colombia between 2012 and 2022 and an instrumental variable approach. We take advantage of the exogeneity of the frequency of natural disasters to city level unobservable characteristics to construct our instrument. Since emergency declarations increase the discretion of local officials towards public spending, it is expected to see a rise in corruption. Our findings show a positive relationship between the frequency of natural disasters and the probability of emergency declaration, followed by an increase in observed corruption. The higher level of discretion of public officials not only increases the number of open cases of corruption and convictions, but also the amount of resources involved. We also find that the frequency of natural disasters is not associated with a higher level of expenditure in preemptive and relief spending, nor is it generating unexpected spending. This suggests that what is behind the higher corruption after an emergency declaration is a misappropriation of the budgeted resources in Colombian cities. **** RESUMEN: Generalmente se entiende por corrupción el aprovechamiento del poder público para beneficio privado. Este artículo evalúa la relación entre las declaraciones de emergencia por desastres naturales y la corrupción. Utilizamos información de Colombia entre 2012 y 2022 y un enfoque de variables instrumentales. Aprovechamos la exogeneidad de la frecuencia de los desastres naturales con respecto a las características no observables por municipio para construir nuestro instrumento. Dado que las declaraciones de emergencia aumentan la discrecionalidad de los funcionarios públicos locales para ejecutar gasto público, se espera un aumento de la corrupción. Nuestros hallazgos muestran una relación positiva entre la frecuencia de los desastres naturales y la probabilidad de una declaración de emergencia, seguida de un aumento en la corrupción observada. La mayor discrecionalidad de los funcionarios públicos no sólo aumenta el número de casos abiertos de corrupción y las condenas, sino también la cantidad de recursos involucrados. También encontramos que la frecuencia de los desastres naturales no está asociada con un mayor gasto preventivos y de alivio, ni genera gastos no presupuestados. Esto sugiere que lo que está detrás de la mayor corrupción tras una declaración de emergencia es una malversación de los recursos presupuestados en las ciudades colombianas. |
| Keywords: | corruption, governance, natural disasters, discretion, corrupción, gobernanza, desastres naturales, discreción |
| JEL: | H41 H57 H83 H84 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:325&r=env |
| By: | Kiet Tuan Duong (School for Business and Society, University of York.); Luu Duc Toan Huynh (School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London.) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how weather-affected firms make decisions on fixed asset purchases and financing choices for fixed asset acquisition. Utilizing a unique dataset comprising over 26, 000 firms across 40 countries, we find that weather-affected firms are more prone to purchase fixed assets, increasing investments in machinery, equipment, and real estate. These purchases are primarily financed through equity, bank loans, and government grants. Particularly, we find leasing is a vital fallback financing source for firms experiencing losses due to extreme weather. Firms that exclusively rely on leasing rather than other financial sources are more likely the ones that face significant external financing barriers, including complex loan procedures, high collateral requirements, and increased loan rejection rates. Interestingly, weather-affected firms who have successfully obtained non-leasing finance for fixed asset purchases, have a higher tendency to also engage in leasing, underscoring that such firms adopt flexible strategies for fixed asset acquisition. |
| Keywords: | Extreme weather, Firm-level climate losses, Fixed assets, Financing decisions, leasing, Financial obstacles |
| JEL: | E44 F33 G15 L72 Q31 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:116&r=env |
| By: | Sieber, Niklas; Krail, Michael; Hölzemann, Charlotte |
| Abstract: | Baden-Württemberg verfolgt das Ziel, seine verkehrsbedingten CO2-Emissionen bis 2030 um 55 % gegenüber 1990 zu senken. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels ist eine Vielzahl von verkehrlichen Maßnahmen denkbar, unter denen vom Ministerium für Verkehr Baden-Württemberg (VM) drei identifiziert wurden, für die ein besonderer Forschungsbedarf besteht und die in dieser Studie besondere Beachtung finden sollen: 1. Benutzervorteile für die Elektromobilität, 2. Parkraummanagement und 3. Mobilitätspass als Maßnahme zum massiven ÖPNV-Ausbau. Die Literaturstudie basiert auf einer intensiven Recherche von nationalen und internationalen Veröffentlichungen, grauer Literatur und Projektdokumenten zu dem Thema. Bei der Studie wurden über 300 relevante Quellen gefunden und ausgewertet. |
| Keywords: | Klimawirkungen von verkehrlichen Maßnahmen, ÖPNV-Ausbau, Benutzervorteile für Elektromobilität, Parkraummanagement, Mobilitätspass, Maßnahmen zur Reduktion von CO2 Emissionen im Verkehr, Klimaschutz im Verkehr, Literaturstudie Klimaschutz im Verkehr |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:290394&r=env |
| By: | Nicolás Ajzenman (McGill University/IZA); Lenin Balza (Inter-American Development Bank); Hernán D. Bejarano (CIDE/Economic Science Institute/Chapman University); Camilo de los Rios (Duke University); Nicolás Gómez-Parra (Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Using an online multi-country video-vignette survey experiment, we measure bias against extractive industries and foreign firms in individuals’ perceptions and preferencesrelated to industrial projects with potential economic benefits and environmental costs. Individuals face a hypothetical industrial investment project with arandomly assigned implementing firm, which varies in one or two dimensions: nationality (foreign or national), and industrial sector (extractive or generic). We elicit several incentivized and non-incentivized measures of acceptance of hypothetical investments. We find a precisely estimated null effect on willingness to pay to blockthe projects across experimental treatments: respondents express similar reactions to the same information independently of the firms’ origin or industrial sector. |
| Keywords: | Experimental Economics, Extractive Industries, Perceptions, Willingness–to-pay, Valuations |
| JEL: | C90 D70 D90 L71 Q30 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:319&r=env |
| By: | Ioanna Mouratiadou (ZALF - Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, LER - Laboratoire d'Études Rurales - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, Isara); Alexander Wezel (AGE - Agroécologie et Environnement - Isara, Isara); Kintan Kamilia (Isara); Angelica Marchetti (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]); Maria Luisa Paracchini (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]); Paolo Bàrberi (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]) |
| Abstract: | Abstract Agroecology is identified as an important solution to increase the sustainability of agricultural and food systems. Despite the increasing number of publications assessing the socio-economic outcomes of agroecology, very few studies have consolidated the scattered results obtained on various case studies. This paper provides new insights by consolidating evidence on the varied socio-economic effects of agroecology across a large number of cases at a global level. To this purpose, we used a rapid review methodology, screening more than 13, 000 publications to retrieve evidence on the socio-economic outcomes of the implementation of agroecological practices. The results of the review indicate that (1) agroecological practices are associated more often with positive socio-economic outcomes across the broad range of evaluated metrics (51% positive, 30% negative, 10% neutral, and 9% inconclusive outcomes); (2) the socio-economic metrics associated with financial capital represent the vast majority of evaluated metrics (83% of total) and are affected positively in a large share of cases (53%), due to favourable outcomes on income, revenues, productivity and efficiency; (3) human capital metrics (16%) are associated with a larger number of negative outcomes (46% versus 38% positive), due to higher labour requirements and costs that are however partly compensated by an overall greater number of positive outcomes on labour productivity (55%); and (4) the results vary depending on the agroecological practice assessed; e.g. for agroforestry, we identify 53% positive outcomes while for cropping system diversification 35%. These results indicate an overall favourable potential for farms to benefit from a positive socio-economic performance with the use of agroecological practices. Yet, the magnitude, temporal aspects, and success factors related to these outcomes, as well as the trade-offs between them, and the system-level effects of an agroecological transition are to be further assessed, since they can have an important influence on the performance of individual farms. |
| Keywords: | Agroecological practices, Socio-economic indicators, Sustainable livelihoods, Farm economic performance, Agroforestry, Intercropping |
| Date: | 2024–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04527200&r=env |
| By: | PEREZ CAMACHO M Nati (European Commission - JRC); FARACA Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | On 14 September 2023, the EU Ecolabel criteria for ‘reusable menstrual cups’ were established in Commission Decision 2023/1809, within the scheme of the EU Ecolabel Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 66/2010). This User Manual (UM) supports the interpretation of the EU Ecolabel criteria for ‘reusable menstrual cups’, and it explains all requirements. The UM aims to optimise the time and ease the procedures of all the actors involved in the application stage. The manual is composed of this document and separate files, which include the application form, data submission and declarations. There is only one spreadsheet to be filled out, regardless of the product type (silicone or other elastomers). |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136257&r=env |
| By: | Fischer, Richard; Weber, Rubén; Kabwe, Gillian; Kanungwe-Kalaba, Felix; Günter, Sven; Gumbo, Davison J.; Jany, Christina; Lajonez, Dígmar Alfredo; Lippe, Melvin; Mangabat, Cecille; Mfuni, Tiza; Moombe, Kaala B.; Peters, Ferdinand; Sales-Come, Renezita; Tamayo-Cordero, Fabian; Torres, Bolier; Zhunusova, Eliza |
| Abstract: | Das LaForeT Projekt (Landscape Forestry in the Tropics) wurde vom Thünen-Institut für Waldwirtschaft in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Partnern in Ecuador, den Philippinen und Sambia in den Jahren 2016 bis 2023 durchgeführt. Das Projekt analysiert Auswirkungen von Politikinstrumenten auf die Entwaldung und auf Aufforstungsprozesse sowie die Nachhaltigkeit der Landnutzung im Landschaftskontext. Das Projekt stützte sich auf eine umfangreiche Feldkampagne, welche Forschungsdaten aus verschiedenen Bereichen tropischer Landnutzung generierte. Auch wenn mittlerweile mehr als 20 wissenschaftliche Publikationen auf Basis der Datensätze vorliegen, ist deren wissenschaftliches Potenzial noch lange nicht ausgeschöpft. Es sind neue wissenschaftliche und politische Fragestellungen zu erwarten, auf die die Datensätze Antworten geben können. Darüber hinaus können die Daten eine Grundlage für zukünftige Studien zur Dynamik von Landnutzungsänderungen auf pantropischer Ebene liefern. Daher werden die aggregierten Felddaten nun öffentlich zugänglich gemacht. Die Nutzung der Daten setzt ein korrektes Zitieren der Datensätze voraus. Für die kommerzielle Nutzung gelten spezielle Bedingungen. Dieses Thünen Working Paper beschreibt das Projekt im Allgemeinen und enthält Links zu den Datensätzen, um die weitere Nutzung der Daten durch die Wissenschaft und andere Landnutzer zu erleichtern. Die Anhänge enthalten spezifische technische Beschreibungen der einzelnen Datensätze. |
| Abstract: | The LaForeT (Landscape Forestry in the Tropics) project has been conducted by the Thünen Institute of Forestry in close collaboration with partners in Ecuador, the Philippines and Zambia in the years 2016 to 2023 with the main objective to analyze the impact of policy instruments on deforestation and reforestation processes as well as land-use dynamics and sustainability in a landscape context. The project relied on an extensive field campaign to collect research data from different scientific domains related to tropical land use. Even though that more than 20 scientific publications have in the meantime become available based on the data sets, the scientific data potential is far from being fully exploited. New scientific and political questions are to be expected to which the data sets can provide answers; in addition, the data can provide a baseline for future studies to assess land use change dynamics on a pan-tropical scale. Therefore, the aggregated field data are now made publicly accessible. Terms of use require a correct citation of the data sets as well as a specific requirement for commercial use. This Working Paper provides a general description of the project and links to the data sets in order to facilitate further use of the data by the scientific community and other land users. Annexes to this Thünen Working Paper are available with specific technical descriptions of the single data sets. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, tropics, landscapes, livelihoods, forest inventory, land use, governance, open data, Entwaldung, Tropen, Landschaften, Lebensgrundlagen, Waldinventur, Landnutzung, Governance, offene Daten |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:289613&r=env |
| By: | Beatriz Martins; João Carlos Lopes; Isabel Mendes |
| Abstract: | O problema das alterações climáticas tem ganho relevância ao longo dos últimos anos devido aos seus efeitos nocivos na atmosfera e ecossistemas. Cada vez mais, organismos governamentais e não governamentais têm tomado importantes medidas no combate a este fenómeno, designadamente a União Europeia, que com o Pacto Ecológico Europeu pretende tornar a Europa no primeiro continente com impacto neutro no clima. Para atingir este objetivo, a maior fatia dos meios financeiros disponíveis, quer no PRR, quer no QFP 2021-2027, é dedicada à chamada “transição verde”. Este compromisso mostra o empenho europeu na questão climática e justifica o surgimento de diversos programas nesta área, nos últimos anos. É neste contexto que se situa o projeto Rebuild17: um projeto que aposta na implementação de um modelo de economia circular no setor da construção civil da Região Autónoma dos Açores. Tendo em conta que este é um dos setores que produz mais resíduos, a aposta na circularidade dos materiais, prolongando o ciclo de vida dos resíduos, não só resultará numa menor depleção e deterioração do meio ambiente, como também terá efeitos económicos positivos. Este trabalho pretende explorar o conceito de Economia Circular - objetivos, princípios e modelos - e a sua aplicação prática no setor da construção civil da Região Autónoma dos Açores, apresentando o projeto Rebuild17 e fazendo uma análise prospetiva dos seus impactos ambientais. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soc:wpaper:wp012023&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen, Ha Trong; Mitrou, Francis |
| Abstract: | By leveraging randomly timed exposure to local cyclones as natural experiments, this study pioneers a comprehensive causal analysis of cyclone impacts on residential outcomes among Australian individuals. Drawing upon over two decades of nationally representative longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, coupled with historical cyclone records, individual fixed effects models uncover substantial increases in reported home damage. Planned relocation intentions and actual migration experiences show moderate increases, particularly in cases of higher cyclone severity and proximity. Additionally, these cyclones prompt individuals to acknowledge the significance of home-related insurance and actively seek coverage. Alongside long-distance domestic migration, insurance acquisition emerges as another alternative coping mechanism, effectively mitigating future repair costs. Extensive heterogeneity analyses reveal that the choice among these coping strategies depends on factors such as cyclone severity, age, prior homeownership, income, insurance coverage, rural/urban residence, coastal proximity, and community cyclone history. Moreover, the study identifies home damage from cyclones as a key factor driving observed migration patterns. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, Migration, Insurance, Australia |
| JEL: | G22 G52 J61 Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1426&r=env |
| By: | Jason R. Bailey; W. Brent Lindquist; Svetlozar T. Rachev |
| Abstract: | Using data from 2000 through 2022, we analyze the predictive capability of the annual numbers of new home constructions and four available environmental, social, and governance factors on the average annual price of homes sold in eight major U.S. cities. We contrast the predictive capability of a P-spline generalized additive model (GAM) against a strictly linear version of the commonly used generalized linear model (GLM). As the data for the annual price and predictor variables constitute non-stationary time series, to avoid spurious correlations in the analysis we transform each time series appropriately to produce stationary series for use in the GAM and GLM models. While arithmetic returns or first differences are adequate transformations for the predictor variables, for the average price response variable we utilize the series of innovations obtained from AR(q)-ARCH(1) fits. Based on the GAM results, we find that the influence of ESG factors varies markedly by city, reflecting geographic diversity. Notably, the presence of air conditioning emerges as a strong factor. Despite limitations on the length of available time series, this study represents a pivotal step toward integrating ESG considerations into predictive real estate models. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.07132&r=env |
| By: | Heyen, Nils B.; Zenker, Andrea; Aichinger, Heike; Bratan, Tanja; Kaufmann, Tanja; Schnabl, Esther |
| Abstract: | For more than a decade, advocates of both green growth and degrowth have argued about the role of economic growth for the transformation towards a societal system that ensures social well-being on a global scale without transgressing planetary boundaries. Given that such a transformation needs innovations of various kinds, this article explores the question of how dependent innovation is on economic growth and what effects a potential long-term economic stagnation or decline may have on innovation processes and systems. We approach the subject from different angles using mixed methods. First, we present a quantitative analysis of the linkages between economic growth and innovation activities on a sectoral level, based on data of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for Germany. Here, we find two sectors (petroleum and advertising industries) showing negative growth rates but still a higher than average share of innovative enterprises. Subsequently, we present an in-depth qualitative case study of the international pharmaceutical sector, which allows us to include a qualitative evaluation dimension. Here, we investigate different innovation approaches and find that both the amount of capital needed to finance research and development activities and the added health benefit of novel drugs vary greatly. We finally conclude that economic growth is not a necessary condition for all kinds of innovation and reflect on some implications for innovation policy. If in a post-growth era financial resources are limited, a shift to less capital-intensive types of innovation and a concentration on innovations which address prioritised societal or ecological needs seem feasible. |
| Keywords: | (in)dependency, innovation, economic growth |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:289610&r=env |
| By: | Poltak T. Sinaga (School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Togar M. Simatupang Author-2-Workplace-Name: School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Mursyid H. Basri Author-3-Workplace-Name: School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - Coal mining operations encounter substantial risks and uncertainties that originate from a wide array of sources, encompassing but not limited to natural calamities, supplier disruptions, market volatilities, regulatory modifications, and geopolitical instability. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review on supply chain resilience in the coal mining industry and pinpoint potential avenues for further investigation. Methodology - A systematic literature review (SLR) was utilized to examine a total of 115 studies in the field of management and the coal mining supply chain. The studies were published from 2010 to 2023. The vulnerabilities and resilience strategies within the coal mining supply chain are the focal points of our research. We have integrated viewpoints from the domains of management and the coal mining supply chain to support our analysis. Findings - Challenges such as resource distribution, government policies, and maintenance are prevalent, pointing to the need for strategies that enhance performance through dynamic optimization and incentivizing integration. Practitioners must identify vulnerabilities in the coal mining supply chain to proactively anticipate and effectively manage potential disruptions, thus bolstering operational resilience. Novelty - This study fills the gap in extant literature by investigating the sequential application of supply chain resilience in the context of coal mining operations using the integrative view of supply chain nodes. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | Coal mining, Disruption, Risk mitigation, Supply chain resilience, Systematic literature review |
| JEL: | M00 L72 M11 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber242&r=env |
| By: | Coiffard, Adrien; Deperrois, Rose; Sauquet, Alexandre; Subervie, Julie |
| Abstract: | Zaklan (2023) examines the coasean independence property in the EUETS. To test this property, the author studies whether emissions are independent from the free allowance allocation. Some allowances were given for free to all EU Member States until 2012. From 2013 allowances were fully auctioned, apart in 10 countries that were granted an exception to continue to give free allowances to their firms. Treated firms are firms located in countries that do not receive free allowances anymore. Control firms are firms located in countries that continue to receive free allowances. The main analysis is led at the firm level using annual data from 2009 to 2017. Two way fixed effects estimators are combined with 1 to 1 matching to estimate the impact of the treatment on firms' emissions. The main claim is that the independence property holds overall and on large emitters. Moreover, there is suggestive evidence that the independence property does not hold for small emitters. The study is reproducible. The STATA code runs smoothly and enough information is available to reproduce the main results using the R software. We apply different robustness checks on: the matching strategy, the specification, the level of clustering, the definition of the treatment and the definition of the cutoff that differentiates small and large emitters. We generally align with the author's assertion that the independence property is not rejected both overall and for large emitters. However, in most instances, we do not confirm the suggestive evidence that the independence property is rejected for small emitters. Moreover, the change in the definition of the treated firms is a robustness check to be considered separately as it leads to sign reversal in most regressions. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:112&r=env |
| By: | Bickenbach, Frank; Dohse, Dirk; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Liu, Wan-hsin |
| Abstract: | China setzt in großem Umfang Subventionen ein, um auch bei den grünen Technologiebranchen Elektrofahrzeuge, Windturbinen und Schienenfahrzeuge eine Führungsrolle auf den Weltmärkten einzunehmen. Die Industriesubventionen in China sind nach DiPippo et al. (2022) und aktuellen OECD Studien um das Drei- bis Vierfache bzw. bis hin zum Neunfachen höher als in den großen EU- und OECD-Ländern. Nach einer konservativen Schätzung beliefen sich die Industriesubventionen in China im Jahr 2019 auf rund 221 Mrd. Euro oder 1, 73 Prozent des chinesischen BIP. Am aktuellen Rand des Jahres 2022 waren zudem die direkten staatlichen Subventionen für einige der dominierenden chinesischen Hersteller grüner Technologieprodukte deutlich gestiegen - allein der Elektroautohersteller BYD erhielt 2, 1 Mrd. Euro. Die Autoren weisen darauf hin, dass die chinesischen Unternehmen von weiteren Unterstützungsmaßnahmen profitieren. Dazu zählen: Subventionierte Vorleistungen, der bevorzugte Zugang zu kritischen Rohstoffen, einem teils erzwungenen Technologietransfer und die Vorzugsbehandlung einheimischer Unternehmen in öffentlichen Vergabe- und Verwaltungsverfahren. Die Autoren empfehlen der EU, das laufende Antisubventionsverfahren gegen Elektroauto-Importe aus China zu nutzen, um mit der chinesischen Regierung in Verhandlungen einzutreten und sie zur Abschaffung von Subventionen zu bewegen, die für die EU besonders schädlich sind. |
| Abstract: | China makes extensive use of subsidies in order to take a leading role on the global markets in the green technology sectors of electric vehicles, wind turbines and railway rolling stock. According to DiPippo et al. (2022) and recent OECD studies, the industrial subsidies in China are at least three to four times or even up to nine times higher than in the major EU and OECD countries. According to a very conservative estimate, industrial subsidies in China amounted to around EUR 221 billion or 1.73% of Chinese GDP in 2019. According to recent data of 2022, direct government subsidies for some of the dominant Chinese manufacturers of green technology products had also increased significantly - the electric car manufacturer BYD alone received EUR 2.1 billion. The authors point out that Chinese companies are benefiting from further support measures, including subsidized inputs, preferential access to critical raw materials, forced technology transfers, the strategic use of public procurement and the preferential treatment of domestic firms in administrative procedures. The authors recommend the EU to use its anti-subsidy proceeding against BEV imports from China to enter into negotiations with the Chinese government and persuade it to abolish public support measures that are particularly harmful to the EU. |
| Keywords: | China, Industriesubventionen, Batteriebetriebene Elektrofahrzeuge, Windturbinen, Schienenfahrzeuge, Antisubventionsverfahren der EU, China, industrial subsidies, battery electric vehicles, wind turbines, railway rolling stock, EU anti-subsidy proceeding |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:289608&r=env |
| By: | Bonilla, Marisela; Chaminade, Cristina; Gil, Lisette; Peralta, Leda |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se presentan propuestas para el análisis de la sostenibilidad turística desde un enfoque territorial y los resultados obtenidos sobre 12 destinos turísticos analizados mediante la implementación de diversos instrumentos de recolección de información territorial. El proyecto “Reactivación transformadora del sector turístico: superando las consecuencias de la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe” del programa de cooperación CEPAL/BMZ-GIZ tuvo como objetivo fomentar el turismo sostenible como un pilar para una recuperación transformadora. Se elaboraron propuestas para medir la sostenibilidad del turismo en Costa Rica, Panamá y la República Dominicana desde un enfoque territorial que contribuya a la toma de decisiones basadas en información empírica y en las características y necesidades de los territorios turísticos. |
| Date: | 2024–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69110&r=env |
| By: | Nancy Isarin; Eva Barteková; Andrew Brown; Peter Börkey |
| Abstract: | Waste crimes create social and economic issues. Offenders commit crime due to either a lack of awareness of waste law or the belief that there is a low risk of being caught and punished. OECD countries are using digital tools to improve their use of resources with the aim to promote compliance and detect violation of waste law. This paper reviews the types of waste crimes, their motivations, and opportunities for governments to use digital tools for their enforcement efforts. It finds that governments have thus far mainly focused on digitalising their data collection and their exchange of information with the public and partners. Further application of digital tools can improve the connection of these tools and test predictive analytical tools such as artificial intelligence systems. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, digital technologies, Illegal Behaviour and the Enforcement of Law, resource efficiency |
| JEL: | L22 L23 O14 K42 |
| Date: | 2024–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:234-en&r=env |
| By: | Anouck Adrot (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mercedes Aguerre (Croix rouge française) |
| Abstract: | Cross-border regions are particularly exposed to hazards and require cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction(DRR). Accordingly, multiple countries have been investing in technology and jointly innovate to share andprocess data against disasters. However, these countries' capacity to share data depends on the history and thecontext of the border itself. Going further, conflicts between countries – may they be past, present or future - canradically question and endanger collaborative efforts to share data for DRR. This collaborative research, involvinga cohort of master students and an NGO, explores the influence of conflicts on data sharing and cooperation forDRR. Still in progress, this research examines how conflicts affect data sharing and how DRR actors managethem. It is based on exploratory archive analysis of three distinct cases of cross-border DRR collaboration withinthe EU borders, as well as experts and actors interviewing. Preliminary findings reveal that conflicts affect DRRat three levels: i) actors, ii) interactions with DRR actors, iii) relations between local DRR actors and institutions.The expected contribution of this research is theoretical, practical and pedagogical. |
| Keywords: | Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), cross-border regions, cooperation, data sharing, conflicts |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04513004&r=env |
| By: | Pica-Téllez, Andrés; Cid, Francisca; Ferrer, Jimy; Tula, Francisco; Salas, Johanna; Mora, Marianella; Ávila, Sandra |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta la estimación del precio social del carbono en Costa Rica como resultado de la asistencia técnica prestada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) al Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica de ese país. Se incluyen algunas consideraciones económicas para introducir el precio social del carbono como parte de la evaluación de los proyectos de inversión. Se presentan distintas metodologías que pueden usarse para definir un precio social del carbono, así como experiencias internacionales sobre el uso de estos precios y algunos valores sugeridos estimados por organismos internacionales. Sobre la base de los requerimientos de información de las distintas metodologías y su disponibilidad en Costa Rica, se seleccionó como mejor alternativa actual la definición política con base empírica. Para la estimación se desarrolló un análisis multicriterio (AMC). Los resultados del estudio recomiendan utilizar un precio social del carbono de 40 dólares de 2021 por tonelada. También se presentan valores de referencia (rango) para el precio social del carbono en Costa Rica obtenidos mediante una evaluación comparativa, basada en un análisis econométrico de las preferencias reveladas por los países que han implementado un precio social del carbono a nivel nacional. |
| Date: | 2024–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69074&r=env |
| By: | Mochi Alemán, Prudenzio Ó. |
| Abstract: | En este documento se hace un diagnóstico documental y participativo con los actores de la región del estado de Morelos en México sobre las características económicas, culturales, ecológicas y de sostenibilidad histórica, política y social que permitan conocer las potencialidades y retos que presenta la zona denominada la Ruta de Zapata, identificada como los diferentes lugares en los que operó el estado mayor del general Emiliano Zapata en los nueve años que combatió teniendo como bandera el Plan de Ayala, durante la Revolución mexicana (1910-1920). Para el análisis se seleccionaron tres matrices: i) económico‑social, ii) histórico-cultural y iii) ambiental); con base en ellas se inició un proceso de detección de datos e información cuantitativa y cualitativa sobre aspectos prioritarios que permitieron diagnosticar el estado de la región, identificar sus potencialidades de desarrollo, sus desafíos y problemas críticos. A partir de este recorrido y narrativas se delinearon algunas estrategias generales que responden a los principales emergentes de las matrices elegidas. |
| Date: | 2024–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69063&r=env |
| By: | GUÉNIN--CARLUT, Avel |
| Abstract: | We attempt here to assess the possibility of reorganizing contemporary societies toward the coupled imperatives of fulfilling human needs while respecting planetary boundaries. We first show that social organization respects the property of (biological) autonomy, and suggest a principled manner to describe social change. We conclude an “ecological redirection” is possible, but necessitates an overall reorganization of social activity around lower scale, dynamic forms of organization. |
| Date: | 2024–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bcyku&r=env |
| By: | Gazmararian, Alexander F. |
| Abstract: | The short time horizons of citizens is a prominent explanation for why governments fail to tackle significant long-term public policy problems. Actual evidence of the influence of time horizons is mixed, complicated by the difficulty of determining how individuals' attitudes would differ if they were more concerned about the future. I approach this challenge by leveraging a personal experience that leads people to place more value on the future: parenthood. Using a matched difference-in-differences design with panel data, I compare new parents with otherwise similar individuals and find that parenthood increases support for addressing climate change by 4.3 percentage points. Falsification tests and two survey experiments suggest that longer time horizons explain part of this shift in support. Not only are scholars right to emphasize the role of individual time horizons, but changing valuations of the future offer a new way to understand how policy preferences evolve. |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2m9fy&r=env |
| By: | SOUDER James; KENNEDY Erin; XU Chi; GRUBER Benedikt; PAES Carolina; HU Rebecca; VAZQUEZ BUSTELO Jaime; KAMPS Martijn; SIERRA GARCIA Marta; BJÖRK Cassie; AMADEI Andrea Martino |
| Abstract: | The European Commission is supporting initiatives to increase the use of recycled plastics in Europe to 10 million tonnes (Mt) per year by 2025, but there is still a considerable way to go before achieving this goal. Studies estimate that only an amount between 3.5-5.6 Mt of recyclates is currently directed back into products. The objective of the present study is to improve the quality of data and the modelling of plastics mass flows in Europe. This report describes a second iteration of a Plastic Product Mass Flow Model which is based on public data sources and inputs from the Circular Plastics Alliance (CPA), for the reference year 2019. The modelled results for 2019 are in the range of values found in other studies, while providing a dynamic tool for industry players to take forward, update, and improve over time. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135901&r=env |
| By: | Nathalie Moureau (RIRRA 21 - Représenter, Inventer la Réalité, du Romantisme au XXIe siècle - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3); Françoise Benhamou (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Date: | 2023–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04501942&r=env |