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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Eskander, Shaikh; Istiak, Khandokar |
| Abstract: | Understanding how energy efficiency improvement can mitigate CO2 emissions is critical for global climate change policies to ensure environmental sustainability and a low carbon future. Being the catalyst for training future generations, universities can play a leading role in this vision by adopting energy-saving and emissions reduction strategies. Using HESA data, a centralized system of reporting energy use and corresponding emissions, we adopt a two-step system GMM estimation procedure to estimate the effect of energy efficiency on CO2 emissions for 119 UK universities over the period between 2008-09 and 2018-19. Results confirm that higher energy efficiency is conducive to lower emissions. However, the less-than-elastic relationship between energy efficiency and emissions implies that energy efficiency improvement alone cannot enable the UK universities to comply with their net-zero objectives unless they increasingly adopt renewable energy sources. Despite this, universities were able to avoid 2.21 gtCO2e emissions over the sample period due to energy efficiency improvements. Our results are robust to alternative specifications. |
| Keywords: | emissions; energy; Fisher index; university |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2022–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116687&r=env |
| By: | Gsottbauer, Elisabeth; Kirchler, Michael; König-Kersting, Christian |
| Abstract: | To address the climate crisis, it is necessary to transform the economy, with the finance industry taking a central role by implementing sustainable investment policies. This study aims to understand the motivations and preferences of its key players—financial professionals and climate experts. Here we use an incentivized experiment to measure the willingness to forgo payout to curb carbon emissions and a survey to elicit attitudes and beliefs toward the climate crisis. We provide suggestive evidence that financial professionals have a lower willingness to curb carbon emissions, are less concerned about climate change, and are less supportive of carbon taxes compared to climate experts. We report differences in motivations and priorities, with financial professionals emphasizing economic and reputational considerations and climate experts prioritizing ecological and social consequences of the crisis. Our findings highlight the importance of financial incentives and reputational concerns in motivating financial professionals to address the climate crisis. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2024–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122590&r=env |
| By: | Khlil, Brahim (Independent researcher) |
| Abstract: | The white paper, *The Desert Powerhouse: Mauritania’s Quest to Become the Capital of Green Hydrogen*, presents a strategic analysis of Mauritania's potential in harnessing its vast renewable resources to lead the green hydrogen industry. It explores Mauritania's endeavors in establishing international collaborations, advancing infrastructural development, and implementing policy reforms to foster an economy powered by sustainable energy. This document provides a blueprint for economic diversification, job creation, and positioning Mauritania as a central hub in the global green hydrogen market, demonstrating a scalable model for renewable energy adoption worldwide. |
| Date: | 2024–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4m3nw&r=env |
| By: | Bright A. Gyamfi (Udaipur, India); Divine Q. Agozie (University of Ghana, Business School); Ernest B. Ali (University of Ghana, Ghana); Festus V. Bekun (Istanbul, Turkey); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | As the environmental sustainability effectiveness of various political systems is taken into consideration, it is doubtful as to whether the presumption of the overall efficiency of democracy can be sustained in global governance architecture. The effectiveness of autocracies and democracies (i.e., governance indicators are compared in the present study) with reference to strengths and weaknesses in environmental objectives. This analysis explores the effect of autocracy, democracy, as well as the trend of globalization on CO2 emissions for open and closed economies from 1990 to 2020. Crucial indicators such as economic growth, renewable energy and non-renewable energy are controlled for while examining the roles of economic expansion on the disaggregated energy consumption portfolios for both open and closed economies. The empirical analysis revealed some insightful results. First, for the open economies, with the expectation of non-renewable energy which show a positive significant impact on emissions, all variables show a negative effect on emissions. Furthermore, the closed economies result indicate that, apart from renewable energy which has a negative relationship with emissions, all the variables including the interaction terms have a positive relation with emissions. However, an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis was validated for both economies. |
| Keywords: | Open economies, closed economies, democracy, autocracy, Environmental Kuznets Curve, globalization index, environmental sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:24/005&r=env |
| By: | Minghao Qiu; Jessica Li; Carlos F. Gould; Renzhi Jing; Makoto Kelp; Marissa Childs; Mathew Kiang; Sam Heft-Neal; Noah Diffenbaugh; Marshall Burke |
| Abstract: | Wildfire activity has increased in the US and is projected to accelerate under future climate change. However, our understanding of the impacts of climate change on wildfire smoke and health remains highly uncertain. We quantify the past and future mortality burden in the US due to wildfire smoke fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We construct an ensemble of statistical and machine learning models that link variation in climate to wildfire smoke PM2.5, and empirically estimate smoke PM2.5-mortality relationships using georeferenced data on all recorded deaths in the US from 2006 to 2019. We project that climate-driven increases in future smoke PM2.5 could result in 27, 800 excess deaths per year by 2050 under a high warming scenario, a 76% increase relative to estimated 2011-2020 averages. Cumulative excess deaths from wildfire smoke PM2.5 could exceed 700, 000 between 2025-2055. When monetized, climate-induced smoke deaths result in annual damages of $244 billion by mid-century, comparable to the estimated sum of all other damages in the US in prior analyses. Our research suggests that the health cost of climate-driven wildfire smoke could be among the most important and costly consequences of a warming climate in the US. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32307&r=env |
| By: | Marcos Valli Jorge; Angelo M Fasolo; Silvio Michael de Azevedo Costa |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dynamic behavior of the Brazilian economy under policy regimes aimed at controlling pollutant emissions and limiting environmental damage. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are assumed to be of two types: carbon from fossil resources burning for energy generation (i.e., thermoelectric) or carbon and non-carbon outputs from production processes (i.e., methane from cattle). Firms optimally decide on the demand for fossil and green energy, as the level of effort dedicated to abating emissions coming from production processes. Two alternative policies for emissions, which include emissions taxation (fixed cost) and emission permits trade (quantity caps), are introduced into an open-economy DSGE model for the Brazilian economy. Departing from the estimated parameters of the original version of the model, ratios in the new block of equations for the energy and emissions are calibrated using sectoral data, and some elasticities are set to reproduce the sensibility to some shocks implicit in the NGFS scenarios (Net Zero 2050). Simulations indicate neither of the emissions policies can induce transition in the energy matrix without a green investment policy. The approach adopted here is a first step in building a macroeconomic model capable of challenging scenarios from more specialized models dedicated to energy and emissions by better assessing possible effects and feedback related to the iterations with macroeconomic dynamics. Despite the difficulties concerning the limited availability of data in higher frequency, results indicate those modeling approaches are sufficiently flexible to incorporate the main aspects of energy and emission, serving as valuable tools for policy analysis. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcb:wpaper:591&r=env |
| By: | Kässi, Otto |
| Abstract: | Abstract This report examines the allocation of Finland’s green transition and digitalization-related subsidies on an annual basis. The analysis utilizes the business subsidy information service system maintained by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, which provides comprehensive data for the years 2020–2023. According to the data, the value of green subsidies has increased both relatively and absolutely since 2020. However, on an annual basis, the share of brown subsidies, which increase greenhouse gas emissions, has been larger than that of green subsidies every year. There is no similar growth trend for subsidies aimed at digitalization. Moreover, the value of subsidies directed towards digitalization is lower than brown subsidies on an annual level. A provincial and sectoral comparison of the subsidies reveals that a significant portion of the subsidies is narrowly targeted to specific sectors and regions. |
| Keywords: | Green Transition Subsidies, Digitalization Support, State Subsidies, Environmental Policy Funding, Sectoral and Regional Allocation, Industrial Policy |
| JEL: | H25 H81 Q58 O38 |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:147&r=env |
| By: | Alessandro Annarelli; Tiziana Catarci; Laura Palagi |
| Abstract: | Pursuing sustainable development has become a global imperative, underscored adopting of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). At the heart of this agenda lies the recognition of social sustainability as a pivotal component, emphasizing the need for inclusive societies where every individual can thrive. Despite its significance, social sustainability remains a "forgotten pillar, " often overshadowed by environmental concerns. In response, this paper presents the development and validation of the S-Assessment Tool for Social Sustainability, a comprehensive questionnaire designed to evaluate organizations' performance across critical dimensions such as health and wellness, gender equality, decent work, and economic growth, reducing inequalities, and responsible production and consumption. The questionnaire was constructed on the critical dimensions identified through a systematic and narrative hybrid approach to the analysis of peer-reviewed literature. The framework has been structured around the values of the SDGs. It aims to empower organizations to better understand and address their social impact, fostering positive change and contributing to the collective effort towards a more equitable and sustainable future. Through collaborative partnerships and rigorous methodology, this research underscores the importance of integrating social sustainability into organizational practices and decision-making processes, ultimately advancing the broader agenda of sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04077&r=env |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Scientific evidence suggests that anthropogenic impacts on the environment, such as land-use changes and climate change, promote the emergence of infectious diseases (IDs) in humans. We provide a synthesis which captures interactions between the economy and the natural world and links climate, land-use and IDs. We develop a two-region integrated epidemic-economic model which unifies short-run disease containment policies with long-run policies which could control the drivers and the severity of IDs. We structure our paper by linking susceptible-infected-susceptible and susceptible-infected-recovered models with an economic model which includes land-use choices for agriculture, climate change and accumulation of knowledge that supports land-augmenting technical change. The ID contact number depends on short-run policies (e.g., lockdowns, vaccination), and long-run policies affecting land-use, the natural world and climate change. Climate change and land-use change have an additional cost in terms of IDs since they might increase the contact number in the long-run. We derive optimal short-run containment controls for a Nash equilibrium between regions, and long-run controls for climate policy, land-use, and knowledge at an open loop Nash equilibrium and the social optimum and unify the short- and long-run controls. We explore the impact of ambiguity aversion and model misspecification in the unified model and provide simulations which support the theoretical model. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases, SIS and SIR models, natural world, climate change, land-use, containment, Nash equilibrium, OLNE, social optimum, land-augmenting technical change |
| JEL: | I18 Q54 D81 |
| Date: | 2024–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2409&r=env |
| By: | Léa Tardieu (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Perrine Hamel (NTU - Nanayang Technological University); Mehdi Mikou (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lana Coste (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Harold Levrel (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Nature in the city is a significant asset for cities' adaptation to climate change and contributes to the quality of life of people in many ways. Its contribution, predominantly positive but also negative, can be represented by ecosystem services and disservices. In this paper, we question the input of consideration, mapping and communication on ES in creating a common language among stakeholders with different background and practices, and to make nature more visible in urban planning decisions. The question is addressed qualitatively through stakeholders' interviews. The results show the potential added value of se as a tool for acculturation, territorial dialogue and evaluation in favour of the conservation and development of nature in the city. |
| Abstract: | La nature est un atout conséquent d'adaptation des villes au changement climatique et contribue à la qualité de vie des citadins. Ses contributions, positives comme négatives, peuvent être représentées par les services (se) et dis-services écosystémiques. Dans cet article, nous questionnons l'apport de la considération, de la cartographie et de la communication autour des se dans les processus d'aménagement urbain pour créer un langage commun auprès d'acteurs aux différents parcours et pratiques, et pour mieux appréhender la nature dans les décisions d'aménagement. La question est traitée de manière qualitative, par des entretiens d'acteurs de l'aménagement urbain. Les résultats témoignent de la plus-value que pourrait représenter la considération des se dans les processus d'aménagement, en tant qu'outil d'acculturation, de dialogue territorial et enfin d'évaluation en faveur de la conservation et du développement de la nature en ville. |
| Keywords: | services écosystémiques, aménagement du territoire, planification urbaine, villes durables, Île-de-France, nature en ville, Services écosystémiques aménagement du territoire planification urbaine villes durables Ile-de-France nature en ville Ecosystem services spatial planning urban planning Ile-de-France sustainable cities urban nature Auteurs, Services écosystémiques, Ile-de-France, nature en ville Ecosystem services, spatial planning, urban planning, sustainable cities, urban nature Auteurs |
| Date: | 2023–12–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04509326&r=env |
| By: | Agarwala, M.; Burke, M.; Doherty-Bigara, J.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. This paper provides forward-looking regional analysis of the effects of climate change on sovereign creditworthiness, probability of default and the cost of borrowing for the Caribbean economies. Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in the sensitivity of ratings to climate change across the region which is due to the non-linear nature of ratings. Our findings improve the identification and management of sovereign climate risk and provides a forward-looking assessment of how climate change could affect the cost of accessing international finance. As such, it leads to a suite of policy options for countries in the region. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign Credit Rating, Climate Change, Counterfactual Analysis, Climate Economy Models, Sovereign Debt, Physical Risks, Fiscal Policy, Transition Risks, Latin America, Caribbean |
| JEL: | C33 C53 G10 G18 H63 O44 O54 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2414&r=env |
| By: | Agarwala, M.; Burke, M.; Doherty-Bigara, J.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. This paper provides forward-looking regional analysis of the effects of climate change on sovereign creditworthiness, probability of default and the cost of borrowing for the Caribbean economies. Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in the sensitivity of ratings to climate change across the region which is due to the non-linear nature of ratings. Our findings improve the identification and management of sovereign climate risk and provides a forward-looking assessment of how climate change could affect the cost of accessing international finance. As such, it leads to a suite of policy options for countries in the region. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign Credit Rating, Climate Change, Counterfactual Analysis, Climate Economy Models, Sovereign Debt, Physical Risks, Fiscal Policy, Transition Risks, Latin America, Caribbean |
| JEL: | C33 C53 G10 G18 H63 O44 O54 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2420&r=env |
| By: | Federica Cappelli (University “Niccolò Cusano”, National Research Council of Italy – CNR, Institute for Studies on the Mediterranean – ISMed) |
| Abstract: | The question of whether changes in income inequality affect CO2 emissions remains a topic of debate at both theoretical and empirical levels. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of changes in the full spectre of income distribution on consumption based CO2 emissions per capita. To do so, we estimate a dynamic difference-GMM model and a dynamic threshold regression model allowing for endogeneity on a panel database covering 107 countries between 1990 and 2019. Our analysis highlights how different income classes contribute very differently to consumption-based CO2 emissions. In addition, by accounting for between-country inequalities in the average income of each income group, we uncover non-linearities in the impact on carbon emissions. More specifically, the impact of an increase in the income share of the top 10% on per capita consumption-based carbon emissions varies according to their average income level: it is negative at lower income levels and becomes positive as their income rises. The contribution of the middle class is negative at all income levels, while the CO2 contribution of the poorest segments is negligible. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Emissions, Income Distribution, Climate Change |
| JEL: | D31 D63 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.06&r=env |
| By: | Gellman, Jacob; Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | As large wildfires grow more frequent, the United States is seeing increasing impacts from smoke. Wildfire smoke frequently causes particulate matter pollution to exceed federal standards, and these smoke impacts are expected to grow over the century as the climate warms. Drawing from the economics and social science literature, this paper argues that increasing wildfire smoke pollution is a serious threat to health, the economy, and human well-being. The paper identifies areas in which to prioritize policy attention, such as increasing funding for land management activities and leveraging air quality regulations to incentivize wildfire hazard mitigation. |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-04&r=env |
| By: | Matthew Agarwala; Matt Burke; Jennifer Doherty-Bigara; Patrycja Klusak; Kamiar Mohaddes |
| Abstract: | Climate change is an existential threat to the world economy, with complex, evolving and nonlinear dynamics that remain a source of great uncertainty. There is a bourgeoning literature on the economic impact of climate change, but research on how climate change affects sovereign risks is limited. This paper provides forward-looking regional analysis of the effects of climate change on sovereign creditworthiness, probability of default and the cost of borrowing for the Caribbean economies. Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in the sensitivity of ratings to climate change across the region which is due to the non-linear nature of ratings. Our findings improve the identification and management of sovereign climate risk and provides a forward-looking assessment of how climate change could affect the cost of accessing international finance. As such, it leads to a suite of policy options for countries in the region. |
| Keywords: | sovereign credit rating, climate change, counterfactual analysis, climate-economy models, sovereign debt, physical risks, fiscal policy, transition risks, Latin America, Caribbean |
| JEL: | C33 C53 G10 G18 H63 O44 O54 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-26&r=env |
| By: | Fanny Le Gloux (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Carole Ropars-Collet (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Alice Issanchou (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Designing incentives for agri-environmental public good provision with threshold effects calls for payment mechanisms favouring critical mass participation and continuity of commitments at the landscape scale. We conducted a choice experiment to test the acceptability of a bonus in a scheme for improving river water quality in France. We introduce a sponsorship bonus each time the farmer convinces a peer into entering the scheme, which can be combined with a collective result bonus per hectare if the river reaches a higher step on the water quality scale. We consider the involvement of local financers could increase the willingness to pay beyond opportunity costs and income foregone and propose higher levels of payment than agri-environmental schemes. Results suggest a sponsorship bonus on its own is cost-effective. We characterize respondents' heterogeneity and identify three groups based on choice patterns: (i) "pro-environment individualists", (ii) "management change averse" farmers, and (iii) "pro-incentive" farmers. |
| Keywords: | Water quality, Choice experiment, Collective action, Mixed logit model, Latent class model |
| Date: | 2024–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04523614&r=env |
| By: | Rabi Mohtar |
| Abstract: | A 2023 United Nations progress report (UN, 2023) showed that, of the 169 targets that make up the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), only 15% are on track, and progress on many has either stalled or regressed. The Water-Energy-Food nexus approach has highlighted the utmost importance of understanding the interconnections between systems in order to accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. In this policy brief, we use the lessons learned from the water sector through a case study from Matagorda County in Texas, U.S. We take an analytical approach that facilitates the understanding of systems at different scales, using models that help reduce the complexity of the systems, and applying this knowledge to create synergies and solutions. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb01-24&r=env |
| By: | Herrala, Risto |
| Abstract: | We compare the economic and environmental performances of India and China over the past decade against the Euro Area, Japan, and the USA. India has emerged as the world's fastest growing large economy, but closer scrutiny suggests this impressive economic performance derives largely from structural factors such as labor force growth and the Balassa-Samuelson effect. Indeed, notwithstanding its superior level of economic development relative to India, China still posts stronger economic gains from investment and total factor productivity growth. While the two economies have grown markedly faster than the three developed economies against which we compare them, both Indian and Chinese growth has come with huge increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings underscore the importance of Chinese and Indian participation in efforts to avoid the more dire impacts of climate change. |
| Keywords: | India, China, economic growth, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitb:289621&r=env |
| By: | Cheikh T. Ndour (Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (ASPROWORDA, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This study examines the relevance of information and communication technologies in the effect of gender economic inclusion on environmental sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – The focus is on a panel of 42 sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2005-2020. The empirical evidence is based on generalized method of moments. The environmental sustainability indicator used is CO2 emissions per capita. Two indicators of women's economic inclusion are considered: women's labour force participation and women's unemployment. The chosen ICT indicators are mobile phone penetration, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscriptions. Findings – The results show that: (i) fixed broadband subscriptions represent the most relevant ICT moderator of gender economic inclusion for an effect on CO2 emissions; (ii) negative net effects are apparent for the most part with fixed broadband subscriptions (iii) both positive ICT thresholds (i.e., critical levels for complementary policies) and negative ICT thresholds (i.e., minimum ICT levels for negative net effects) are provided; (iv) ICT synergy effects are apparent for female unemployment, but not for female employment. In general, the joint effect of ICTs or their synergies and economic inclusion should be a concern for policymakers in order to better ensure sustainable development. Moreover, the relevant ICT policy thresholds and mobile phone threshold for complementary policy are essential in promoting a green economy. Originality/value –The study complements the extant literature by assessing linkages between information technology, gender economic inclusion and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | ICT, Gender inclusion; Environment sustainability; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:24/001&r=env |
| By: | Simon Hupfel (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar, BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The term "Lauderdale paradox" has been used by ecological economists since the late 1980s. It refers to the idea, developed by the Earl of Lauderdale in 1804, according to which private riches -- the sum-total of the exchangeable value of goods -- and public wealth -- the sum-total of the use value of goods -- vary in opposite directions. The Lauderdale paradox has been used in ecological economics in relation to the valuation of ecosystem services, and also in connection to some branches of political ecology, especially eco-Marxism. Based on a careful reading of Lauderdale's work, taking into account his political context, this article shows that some of the recent interpretations of the Lauderdale paradox, especially regarding wealth indicators, deserve to be qualified in the light of the original meaning of Lauderdale's words. Other aspects of Lauderdale's reflections that could be sources of inspiration for today's research programs in ecological economics are also emphasized: the extension of environmental accounting to human capital, the study of commodification and decommodification processes in a comprehensive anthropological perspective, and the specification of the characteristics of a steady-state economy. |
| Keywords: | Commodification, Environmental accounting, Steady state, Public good, Commons, Contrived scarcity, History of economic thought |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04213171&r=env |
| By: | Ubeda, Fernando; Mendez, Alvaro; Forcadell, Francisco Javier |
| Abstract: | Trust in banking plays a significant role in promoting financial inclusion. Multinational banks (MNBs) have the potential to enhance trust by adopting sustainable banking practices. We investigate the impact of MNBs' adoption of ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) practices on trust in banking in 38 developing countries. Using an instrumental variable approach and control function estimation, our findings indicate that sustainable practices by commercial MNBs are positively and significantly associated with increased trust in banking. The results remain consistent across different samples, lending robustness to our findings. By demonstrating the importance of sustainable banking in fostering trust, this study contributes to the limited literature on trust in banking in the global South. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2024–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122554&r=env |
| By: | Auzepy, Alix; Bannier, Christina E.; Gärtner, Florian |
| Abstract: | We assess how sustainable finance literacy affects people's sustainable investment behavior, using a pre-registered experiment. We find that an increase in sustainable finance literacy leads to a 4 to 5% increase in the probability of investing sustainably. This effect is moderated by sustainability preferences. In the absence of moderate sustainability preferences, any additional increase in sustainable finance literacy is at minimum irrelevant, and we find some evidence that it might even reduce sustainable investments. Our findings underscore the role of knowledge in shaping sustainable investment decisions, highlighting the importance of factors beyond sustainability preferences. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance literacy, sustainable investments, behavioral finance, SFDR, MIFID |
| JEL: | G11 G18 G53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfswop:289626&r=env |
| By: | Victor Galaz; Megan Meacham |
| Abstract: | The Amazon Basin, and the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region more broadly, stands at a critical juncture, grappling with pressing environmental challenges while holding immense potential for transformative change through innovative solutions. This report illuminates the diverse landscape of social-ecological issues, technological advancements, community-led initiatives, and strategic actions that could help foster biosphere-based sustainability and resilience across the region. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2403.18521&r=env |
| By: | Brian Sliker; Leonard Nakamura |
| Abstract: | The monetary costs of weather and climate disasters in the U.S. grew rapidly from 1980 to 2022, rising more than five percent in real terms annually, and implying a faster depreciation of real assets. We argue that the expected depreciation from these events could be included in consumption of fixed capital, leading to lower levels, and slightly slower growth rates, of Net Domestic Product. We use Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood regressions to estimate this expectation and generate our experimental measure of costs. An alternative calculation of depreciation and Net Domestic Product might be derived from the time series of costs incurred, rather than the far smoother expectation. This latter, realized series might be more appropriate for a national income satellite account. We also investigate the parametric distributions of annual average and total disaster-cost data. |
| JEL: | C82 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bea:papers:0123&r=env |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The energy landscape in 2024 is at a crossroads. Fossil fuels continue to dominate, with prices that are volatile due to geopolitical tensions and shifting demand patterns. However, renewable energy is on the rise thanks to cost declines, policy support, and growing consumer adoption. This Policy Brief examines five significant trends that will shape the energy landscape in 2024. Navigating the complex energy landscape requires careful risk monitoring and prudent policy responses. Key areas to monitor are potential spikes in oil and natural gas prices, and challenges to the expansion of renewable energy. By understanding these trends and proactively managing risks, countries can ensure a more sustainable and secure energy future. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb05-24&r=env |
| By: | Lei, Yunliang |
| Abstract: | Introduction: This research focuses on exploring the impact of Big Data Development (BDD) on Urban Ecological Governance Performance (EGP), with a particular emphasis on environmental dimensions within and among various regions. It aims to understand the complex interplay between technological advancements, urbanization, and environmental management in the context of urban ecological governance. Methods: Employing the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), the study rigorously investigates the effects of BDD on EGP. It also examines the mediating role of Industrial Structure Level (ISL) and the moderating effects of both Level of Technological Investment (LTI) and Urbanization Level (URB), to provide a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing urban ecological governance. Results: The findings reveal that big data significantly strengthens urban ecological governance, characterized by pronounced spatial spillover effects, indicating interregional interdependence in environmental management. Urbanization level notably amplifies the influence of BDD on EGP, whereas the magnitude of technological investments does not show a similar effect. Moreover, the industrial structure acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between BDD and EGP, with this mediating role demonstrating variability across different regions. Discussion: The research highlights the critical role of big data in enhancing urban ecological governance, particularly in terms of environmental aspects. It underscores the importance of technological advancements and urbanization in augmenting the effectiveness of ecological governance. The variability of the mediating role of industrial structure across regions suggests the need for tailored strategies in implementing big data initiatives for environmental management. |
| Keywords: | big data; ecological governance performance; environmental management; spatial analysis; spatial durbin model |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122571&r=env |
| By: | Cécilia Piemonté; Jieun Kim; Olivier Cattaneo |
| Abstract: | This paper gives an overview of all development finance sources available to countries of the Organisation of Eastern-Caribbean States (OECS) for enhancing their economic and climate resilience, and progress towards their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). After reviewing political and macroeconomic contexts, it examines some of the specific challenges and opportunities they meet in financing their development, including the mobilisation of private finance and domestic resources; public debt sustainability; and the alignment of official development finance (ODF) with their evolving needs. It stresses the risks of inadequately preparing for the end of eligibility to official development assistance (ODA), when countries reach high-income status while remaining highly vulnerable. Finally, it presents recommendations for the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members to better support and accompany OECS countries as they transition to higher-income status. |
| Keywords: | Eastern Caribbean States, ODA graduation, oecs, official development assistance, SIDS' vulnerabilities, small island developing states, transition finance |
| JEL: | E60 F00 F30 H84 I31 O10 O19 O20 O54 Q56 Z3 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:115-en&r=env |
| By: | Anastasia Cosma |
| Abstract: | The overconsumption of consumers under today's increasingly scarce natural resources has overwhelmed the textile industry in middle-income countries, such as Romania. It is becoming more and more essential to encourage sustainable clothing consumption behaviors, such as purchasing recyclable clothes. Notwithstanding there is a limited number of studies trying to understand the intrinsic factors that motivate consumers' purchase intention toward sustainable clothes in middle-income countries. Moreover, the effect of consumers' environmental knowledge on determining their purchase intention of sustainable clothes remains understudied. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to make a significant contribution to the sustainable consumption literature by providing a consolidated framework that explores the behavioral factors inclining Romanian consumers' purchase intention towards sustainable clothes. The foundation of this study combines consumers' social value orientation and the theory of planned behavior. the partial least square path modelling procedure was used to analyze the data of 1, 018 Romanian respondents. The findings of this study show that altruistic value orientation, subjective norms, and sustainable attitudes have a positive effect on Romanian consumers' purchase intention of sustainable clothing. Thus, these insights provide essential practical implications of advocating for the consumption of sustainable clothes along with useful guidelines for practitioners in the textile industry among middle-income countries, especially in Romania, to reduce overconsumption. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.02612&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Gkargkavouzi, Anastasia |
| Abstract: | Behavioral environmental economics (BEE) is an emerging field that combines principles from behavioral and environmental economics along with psychological theory to study how human behavior influences environmental issues. It recognizes that human behavior often deviates from the rational actor model assumed in traditional environmental economics and seeks to understand the psychological, social, and emotional factors that influence people's decisions related to the environment. By gaining insights intothe human decision-making mechanism, BEE can better explain economically relevant environmental behavior and increase the predictive power of existing models. The fieldguidesthe design of effective and tailored-specific policy interventions that work with human behavioral tendencies, such as using defaults, framing, and social reinforcement to "nudge" people toward environmentally friendly choices. While behavioral insights can complement traditional policy tools, broader reforms are also needed to achieve sustainability. New trends derived from interdisciplinary research combining Environmental Psychology and Behavioral Economics are discussed. Overall, BEE offers a more realistic understanding of human decision-making and can help maximize the environmental benefits achieved through limited resources. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral environmental economics; Human decision-making; Environmentalism; Environmental policy; Sustainability. |
| JEL: | I30 Q00 Q51 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120752&r=env |
| By: | Cavalcanti, T.; Mohaddes, K.; Nian, H.; Yin, H. |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the long-run effects of prolonged air pollution on firmlevel human capital, knowledge and innovation composition. Using a novel firm-level dataset covering almost all industrial firms engaged in science and technology activities in China, and employing a regression discontinuity design, we show that prolonged pollution significantly diminishes both the quantity and the quality of human capital at the firm level. More specifically, we show that air pollution affects firm-level human capital composition by reducing the share of employees with a PhD degree and master’s degree, but instead increasing the share of employees with bachelor’s degree. Moreover, the difference in the composition of human capital materially change the knowledge and innovation structure of the firms, with our estimates showing that pollution decreases innovations that demand a high level of creativity, such as publications and inventions, while increasing innovations with a relatively low level of creativity, such as design patents. Quantitatively, on the intensive margin, one μg/m 3 increase in the annual average PM 2.5 concentration leads to a 0.188 loss in the number of innovations per R&D employee. Overall, we show that air pollution has created a gap in human capital, knowledge, and innovation between firms in the north and south of China, highlighting the importance of environmental quality as a significant factor for productivity and welfare. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, human capital, knowledge, innovation, China |
| JEL: | O15 O30 O44 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2301&r=env |
| By: | BERNAD BELTRAN David (European Commission - JRC); ALFIERI Felice (European Commission - JRC); SPILIOTOPOULOS Christoforos (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Commission has decided to work on mandatory regulatory measures under Ecodesign Directive for imaging equipment and its consumables. This Preparatory Study is the first step towards the implementation of such measures. In this document, the current status of the imaging equipment market, user behaviour and technology aspects of this sector have been evaluated. Issues with environmental relevance have been identified as part of this research. For instance, devices seem to operate under short replacement cycles, despite the willing of consumers of prolonging their lifetime. Prevalent business models and high cost of repair partially explain this short lifetime of printers. Regarding cartridges, the main environmental issues are related to low reuse rates, usually caused by technical barriers introduced during the design phase. Other areas where cartridge environmental performance can improve are related to the optimisation their capacity or on the design of more material efficient configurations. Environmental and economic assessments of typical products have been carried out. Design options with the potential to reduce the environmental impact have been identified and evaluated.Then, ecodesign measures have been proposed. Improvements can be achieved in greenhouse gas emissions and consumer expenditure with measures aimed at increasing printer lifetime, shifting from integrated to single-part cartridge configurations or tackling the barriers against cartridge reuse. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134590&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for their products along the entire lifecycle, including at the post-consumer stage. This policy paper summarises the current consensus on the EPR policy approach.By taking stock of what's known and well established in the literature, it aims to foster a common understanding of the EPR approach and to provide guiding principles for its successful implementation. This paper makes a valuable contribution to an increasing number of policy debates and processes that are ongoing, both at national and international levels, in areas such as plastics, electric and electronic waste and textiles. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, extended producer responsibility, product stewardship, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption, waste management |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:41-en&r=env |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À l’approche du Sommet africain du climat (Africa Climate Summit), qui se tiendra à Nairobi du 4 au 6 septembre 2023, de très nombreuses organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) ont écrit au président du Kenya, William Ruto, pour lui faire part de leurs inquiétudes concernant l’ordre du jour de ce sommet. Selon ces ONG, les intérêts des entreprises et des pays occidentaux pourraient prendre le pas sur ceux de l’Afrique. Les vraies priorités sont notamment d’éliminer progressivement les énergies fossiles et d’investir dans les énergies renouvelables et il est nécessaire que l’ordre du jour soit revu et modifié en vue de refléter les priorités africaines dans la lutte contre le changement climatique, a expliqué cette coalition d’environ 300 ONG. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb33-23&r=env |
| By: | Thang Nam Do (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Paul J. Burke (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | The phase-out of unabated coal power is crucial for meeting climate agreements in coal-dependent economies such as Indonesia and Vietnam. Despite both countries committing to the 2021 Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement, translating phase-out pledges into action poses considerable challenges. Drawing insights from interviews with government, civil society, and industry experts, this study identifies the key barriers hindering coal phase-out in each country. Concerns about potentially escalating electricity prices and power shortages loom large, with the former being more prominent in Indonesia and the latter more prominent in Vietnam. The obstacles appear particularly significant in Indonesia for reasons including its higher coal dependence. We conclude that prioritizing renewable energy growth, as well as halting the construction of new coal plants, would be the most practical and viable way forward for both countries rather than an oversized early focus on coal plant closures. The analysis is of high relevance to informing plans under the two countries’ Just Energy Transition Partnerships. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2401&r=env |
| By: | Yutaro Izumi (National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies); Hiroyuki Nakata (The University of Tokyo, and Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry); Yasuyuki Sawada (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo); Kunio Sekiguchi (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impacts of natural disasters on corporate disaster risk man- agement. Using unique plant-level data from Thailand collected after the 2011 floods, we find that inundation/direct loss experience stimulates flood risk awareness and encourages plants to develop a business continuity plan (BCP), but indirect loss expe- rience does not. We also find evidence consistent with the existence of nonnegligible fixed costs in BCP development. Furthermore, subscription to flood insurance amongst plants with inundation/direct loss experience dropped after the floods, suggesting that a BCP acts as a critical substitute for insurance as part of disaster risk management strategies. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2024cf1223&r=env |
| By: | Abdul Haris; Muhammad Munawir Syarif; Hamed Narolla; Rachmat Hidayat |
| Abstract: | This study aims to develop a framework for multicriteria analysis to evaluate alternatives for sustainable corn agricultural area planning, considering the integration of ecological, economic, and social aspects as pillars of sustainability. The research method uses qualitative and quantitative approaches to integrate ecological, economic, and social aspects in the multicriteria analysis. The analysis involves land evaluation, subcriteria identification, and data integration using Multidimensional Scaling and Analytical Hierarchy Process methods to prioritize developing sustainable corn agricultural areas. Based on the results of the RAP-Corn analysis, it indicates that the ecological dimension depicts less sustainability. The AHP results yield weight distribution and highly relevant scores that describe tangible preferences. Priority directions are grouped as strategic steps toward achieving the goals of sustainable corn agricultural area planning. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.01782&r=env |
| By: | Johannes Emmerling (CMCC - Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna]); Ulrike Kornek (CAU - Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel = Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel = Université Christian-Albrechts de Kiel); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | Welfare, Multidimensional, Climate scenarios, Substitutability |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-04524550&r=env |
| By: | Peters, Koen (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Fleuren, H.A. (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Cruijssen, Frans (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:a228bc07-76f6-4405-b563-87a64d2fd4b0&r=env |
| By: | Cordella, Antonio; Gualdi, Francesco; van de Laar, Mindel |
| Abstract: | Academic literature has mostly discussed digital skills concerning end-users’ capability to access and use single technologies. Against this background, the paper sheds light on a missing element: the digital literacy of those who frame ICT-mediated policies that pursue sustainable development. The paper offers a novel conceptualization of digital skills as the capabilities to understand the socio-technical assemblages that emerge in social contexts after the adoption of ICT-mediated policies. Exploring the case study of the United Kingdom’s Government Digital Service, the paper argues that empowering public administrators and civil servants with these digital skills is paramount to design, implement, and manage ICT-mediated policies that aim to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. |
| Keywords: | digital services; digital skills; public sector; Sustainable Development Goals; AAM requested |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122256&r=env |
| By: | Volker, Jamey; Hosseinzade, Rey; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | Senate Bill (SB) 743 (2013) and its related regulations eliminated automobile level of service (LOS) and replaced it with vehicle miles traveled (VMT) as the primary transportation impact metric for land development projects under the California Environmental Quality Act. Actual implementation of the LOS-to-VMT shift was left up to lead agencies, primarily local governments. The LOS-to-VMT shift was expected to create many challenges, given the often-limited resources of local governments, the entrenched use of LOS, and the perceived lack of established practice regarding VMT estimation, mitigation, and monitoring. With those concerns in mind, researchers at the University of California, Davis investigated how local governments have been implementing the LOS-to-VMT shift for land development projects. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that investigation. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, implementation, land use, level of service, metrics, urban development, vehicle miles of travel |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4764h534&r=env |
| By: | Shannon M. Pendergast; Judith A. Clarke; G. Cornelis van Kooten (Department of Economics, University of Victoria) |
| Abstract: | Sachs and Warner (1995) found a negative relationship between natural resources and economic growth, concluding that natural resources are a curse. This explanation for poor economic growth is now widely accepted. We provide an alternative econometric framework for evaluating the resource curse. We focus on resource rents and rent-seeking behaviour, arguing that rent seeking affects corruption and that, in turn, impacts wellbeing. Our measure of wellbeing is the Human Development Index, although we find similar results for per capita GDP. While resource abundance does not directly impact economic development, we find that natural resources are associated with rent seeking that negatively affects wellbeing, with results robust to various model specifications and sensitivity analyses. |
| Date: | 2024–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vic:vicddp:1002&r=env |
| By: | Sogalla, Robin; Wanner, Joschka; Watabe, Yuta |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the elusive role of productivity heterogeneity in new trade models in the trade and environment nexus. We contrast the Eaton-Kortum and the Melitz models with firm heterogeneity to the Armington and Krugman models without heterogeneity. We show that if firms have a constant emission share in terms of sales - as they do in a wide range of trade and environment models - the three models' emission predictions exactly coincide. Conversely, if firms have a constant emission intensity per quantity - a prominent alternative in the literature - the emission equivalence between the three models breaks. We provide a generalization that nests both constant emission shares in sales and constant quantity emission intensities as special cases. We calibrate the models to global production and trade data and use German firm-level data to estimate the key elasticity of how emission intensity changes with productivity. Our multi-industry quantification demonstrates that the role of firm heterogeneity depends both on the model and the estimated parameters. Moving from the Armington model to the EK model increases the emissions effect on trade, while moving from the Krugman model to the Melitz model decreases the emission effects on trade. |
| Keywords: | International trade, carbon emissions, firm heterogeneity |
| JEL: | F11 F12 F18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:289604&r=env |
| By: | STAMOS Iraklis (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The "Not Another SDG 3 Booklet" booklet provides a comprehensive overview of SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, addressing the interconnected factors influencing health outcomes. It emphasizes the need for a shift from addressing symptoms to addressing root causes of poor health, focusing on equity, accessibility, and environmental and climate justice. The booklet highlights the critical interlinkages with other SDG targets and key issues affecting communities, such as inadequate access to healthcare, health disparities, environmental degradation, and mental health stigma. In terms of monitoring, the UN and the EU propose comprehensive approaches to track progress in global health development, emphasizing interconnected health issues and customized monitoring at the local level. The booklet also discusses EU policy initiatives, barriers, and challenges to achieving SDG 3, including inequity, weak health systems, disease outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change. It outlines actions taken by local governments and communities to support universal health coverage, promote health education and literacy, increase access to essential medicines and vaccines, support research and innovation, and collaborate for better health outcomes. The booklet addresses the current status of SDG 3, indicating both progress and challenges in achieving the goal, such as decreasing unmet medical care needs and fatal accidents, while life expectancy and healthy life expectancy stagnate. It also provides a good practice example of Universal Health Coverage in Finland, highlighting the success of the Finnish healthcare system in delivering comprehensive and equitable healthcare services to all residents. The booklet is a valuable resource for understanding the complexities of achieving SDG 3 and the efforts required to promote good health and well-being worldwide. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137114&r=env |
| By: | Maxime Rigaud (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Jurgen Buekers (VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research); Jos Bessems (VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research); Xavier Basagaña (ISGlobal - Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona], University Pompeu Fabra, CIBERESP - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública = Consortium for Biomedical Research of Epidemiology and Public Health); Sandrine Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Mark Nieuwenhuijsen (ISGlobal - Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona], University Pompeu Fabra, CIBERESP - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública = Consortium for Biomedical Research of Epidemiology and Public Health); Rémy Slama (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Once an external factor has been deemed likely to influence human health and a dose response function is available, an assessment of its health impact or that of policies aimed at influencing this and possibly other factors in a specific population can be obtained through a quantitative risk assessment, or health impact assessment (HIA) study. The health impact is usually expressed as a number of disease cases or disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to or expected from the exposure or policy. We review the methodology of quantitative risk assessment studies based on human data. The main steps of such studies include definition of counterfactual scenarios related to the exposure or policy, exposure(s) assessment, quantification of risks (usually relying on literature-based dose response functions), possibly economic assessment, followed by uncertainty analyses. We discuss issues and make recommendations relative to the accuracy and geographic scale at which factors are assessed, which can strongly influence the study results. If several factors are considered simultaneously, then correlation, mutual influences and possibly synergy between them should be taken into account. Gaps or issues in the methodology of quantitative risk assessment studies include 1) proposing a formal approach to the quantitative handling of the level of evidence regarding each exposure-health pair (essential to consider emerging factors); 2) contrasting risk assessment based on human dose–response functions with that relying on toxicological data; 3) clarification of terminology of health impact assessment and human-based risk assessment studies, which are actually very similar, and 4) other technical issues related to the simultaneous consideration of several factors, in particular when they are causally linked. |
| Keywords: | Dose-response, Environment, Hazard, Health impact, Policy, Risk |
| Date: | 2024–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04523440&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Netherlands FSAP focused on three cross-cutting themes—housing, non-banks, and climate risks—while carrying out a comprehensive review of financial sector oversight. The FSAP reviewed the resilience of the Dutch financial system against a set of conjunctural and structural challenges to the economy: the conjunctural challenges included slowing economic growth amid tighter financial conditions, elevated housing prices, large and interconnected nonbanks with major pension reforms underway, and the shift in securities markets trading from London to Amsterdam since Brexit, which raised Amsterdam to systemic importance for the euro area (EA); and the structural challenges focused on climate issues, including climate physical risks associated with roughly a quarter of the country being below sea level, and nature-related transition risks from an uncertain policy path to bring down nitrogen depositions to contain biodiversity loss and comply with European Union (EU) Directives. |
| Date: | 2024–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/087&r=env |
| By: | Mari Sakudo |
| Abstract: | An increasing number of investors incorporate companies' CSR information into their financial decisions. This study empirically examines the signaling theory in the context of CSR disclosures using rich information on firms' CSR activities and climate-related costs of large Japanese firms by a machine learning method. According to the results, Japanese firms disclose their sustainability information to signal their superior performance rather than greenwashing. While many investors and policy makers focus more on climate risks following the COVID-19 pandemic, this empirical evidence remains the same before and after the crisis. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e204&r=env |
| By: | Fabian Scheifele; David Popp |
| Abstract: | Support from local citizens is important for the scale-up of renewable energy. We investigate the impact of utility-scale wind and solar parks on employment, GDP and public finances in Brazilian municipalities using a difference-in-differences design with matching. We find a positive employment impact of 1-1.5 jobs/MW in the 15 months preceding the commissioning of a solar park, when the park is under construction, but no impacts thereafter. For wind, we find no employment impacts during the construction phase and potentially a small impact of 0.2-0.25 jobs/MW in the 12 months following commissioning. In the year after commissioning, GDP increases 23% for an average sized solar park and 12% for an average sized wind project. The impacts only decrease slightly in the following years. We also find significant persistent fiscal revenue impacts in wind compared to only a one-time tax revenue increase in solar at the time of construction. Our results provide different implications for policymakers that want to advocate for renewable energy in their towns. While for solar, the main benefit constitutes a short-term increase in low-skilled employment and public revenues, wind energy provides more long-term financial benefits but less local employment opportunities. |
| Keywords: | employment, renewables, local impact, difference-in-differences |
| JEL: | Q52 O13 O14 E24 J21 H71 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11023&r=env |
| By: | KARLIS Panagiotis (European Commission - JRC); PRESICCE Francesco (European Commission - JRC); GINER SANTONJA German (European Commission - JRC); BRINKMANN Thomas (European Commission - JRC); ROUDIER Serge (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document (BREF) for Slaughterhouses, Animal By-products and/or Edible Co-products Industries is part of a series of documents presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review and – where necessary – update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU. This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive. The BREF for Slaughterhouses, Animal By-products and/or Edible Co-products Industries covers operating slaughterhouses with a carcass production capacity greater than 50 tonnes per day, the processing of animal by-products and/or edible co-products (such as rendering and fat melting, feather processing, fishmeal and fish oil production, blood processing and gelatine manufacturing) and a number of other activities specified in the Scope of the document. The BREF consists of seven main chapters. General information on the Slaughterhouses, Animal By-products and/or Edible Co-products Industries and their key environmental issues is given in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 provides information and data on generally applied processes and techniques, emission levels and techniques to consider for the determination of BAT across the sector. Chapter 3 provides information and data on applied processes and techniques, emission and consumption levels and techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for slaughterhouses. Chapter 4 provides information and data on applied processes and techniques, emission and consumption levels and techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for installations processing animal by-products and/or edible co-products. Chapter 5 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU). Chapter 6 provides information on emerging techniques. Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 7. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135916&r=env |
| By: | Lucas Epstein; Erich Muehlegger |
| Abstract: | In 2018, California voters rejected Proposition 6, a ballot initiative that sought to repeal state gasoline taxes and vehicle fees enacted as part of the 2017 Road Repair and Accountability Act. We study the relationship between support for the proposition, political ideology and the economic burdens imposed by the Act. For every hundred dollars of annual per-household imposed costs, we estimate that support for the proposition rose by 3 - 9 percentage points. Notably, we find that the relationship between voting and the economic burden of the policy is seven times stronger in the most conservative tracts relative to the most liberal tracts. Since conservative areas in California and elsewhere tend to bear a higher burden from transportation and energy taxes than liberal areas, heterogeneity in the response to economic burdens has important implications for the popular support for environmental taxes and the ongoing policy debate about how to finance future road infrastructure. |
| JEL: | H23 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32311&r=env |
| By: | Marc Gronwald; Sania Wadud |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the informational efficiency of green bond markets using a recently introduced quantitative measure for market inefficiency. The methodology assesses the deviation of observed asset price behavior from the Random Walk benchmark, which represents an efficient market. The main findings of the analysis are as follows: the degree of informational inefficiency of the green bond market is generally found to be very similar to that of benchmark bond markets such as treasury bond markets. For extensive periods, what is more, it is even found to be less inefficient. Overall, the price developments in green bond markets are very similar to those in the benchmark bond markets. In other words, fundamental factors that drive bond prices in general also drive prices for green bonds. It is worth pointing out, however, that the degree of inefficiency of the green bond market during the Covid outbreak in 2020 and the inflation shock in 2022/2023 is lower than that of the treasury bond market. |
| Keywords: | green bonds, efficient market hypothesis, fractional integration |
| JEL: | C22 E30 G14 Q02 Q31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11029&r=env |
| By: | Anonymous |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org) |
| JEL: | Q57 Q28 F18 |
| Date: | 2023–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:wildlife2023-e2&r=env |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis; Gruen, Jonathan |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2gh6x0x1&r=env |
| By: | Mina Baliamoune |
| Abstract: | Greater female participation in the labor market and in international trade have been recognized as important drivers for economic growth and essential targets in the context of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, achieving both targets simultaneously will be difficult, if not impossible, in most Middle East and North African (MENA) countries without additional policies to eliminate the remarkably high levels of gender inequality in the labor market. In such countries, women are either excluded from the gains from trade or bear most of the burden of adjustment to greater integration in the global economy. Policymakers should recognize the impacts of greater integration into global trade on women’s labor-market outcomes, and should implement resolute policy measures to alleviate (if not eliminate) these impacts. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb06-24&r=env |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis; Miller, Marshall; Gruen, Jonathan |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3sj230pg&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Emerging technologies can contribute to unprecedented gains in health, energy, climate, food systems, and biodiversity. However, these technologies and their convergence sometimes carry risks to privacy, security, equity and human rights. This dual-edged nature of emerging technology requires policies that better anticipate disruptions and enable technology development for economic prosperity, resilience, security and sustainable development. Drawing on prior OECD work and legal instruments, this framework equips governments, other innovation actors and societies to anticipate and get ahead of governance challenges, and build longer-term capacities to shape innovation more effectively. Its “anticipatory technology governance” approach consists of five interdependent elements and associated governance tools: (1) embeding values throughout the innovation process; (2) enhancing foresight and technology assessment; (3) engaging stakeholders and society; (4) building regulation that is agile and adaptive; and (5) reinforcing international cooperation in science and norm-making. The emerging technology context determines how each of these elements is applied. |
| Keywords: | anticipation, citizen engagement, Emerging Technologies, foresight, Governance |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:165-en&r=env |
| By: | Tanya O'Garra |
| Abstract: | Provides an overview and summary of the metrics for the evaluation of "Banning wildlife trade can boost demand for unregulated threatened species" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org). |
| JEL: | Q57 Q28 F18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:wildlife2023&r=env |
| By: | Fuglie, Keith O.; Morgan, Stephen; Jelliffe, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | Over the past six decades, the role of agriculture has undergone a vast transformation in the world economy. Agricultural output increased nearly fourfold, while the global population grew by 2.6 times, leading to a 53-percent increase in agricultural output per capita between 1961 and 2020. Real food prices declined relative to the general price level, supplying more affordable and diverse diets. Most of the growth in agricultural production was achieved by raising productivity rather than expanding resource use. There was a pronounced and sustained shift in the location of production to the Global South (developing countries), which between 1961 and 2020 increased their share of global agricultural output from 44 to 73 percent. The composition of world agricultural production, however, remained generally stable, changing slightly to include a larger share of oil crops, nonruminant livestock products, and aquaculture. Global agricultural land area increased by 8 percent to 4.76 billion hectares, or 32 percent of the world’s land area. The total number of people working on farms peaked in 2003 at just over 1 billion and then declined to 841 million by 2020, working on approximately 600 million farms. Major technological developments included the spread of Green Revolution crop genetic improvements, increased fertilizer use in the Global South, and the development of biotechnology and genetically modified crops offering pest and disease resistance. Further, aquaculture was developed as an important food source. However, by the decade of the 2010s, the pace of output and productivity growth in world agriculture slowed, food prices rose in real terms, the number of food-insecure people increased, and pressure to expand the use of natural resources to produce food intensified. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:341638&r=env |
| By: | David Winkelmann; Charlotte K\"ohler |
| Abstract: | The growing e-grocery sector faces challenges in becoming profitable due to heightened customer expectations and logistical complexities. This paper addresses the impact of uncertainty in customer demand on inventory planning for online grocery retailers. Given the perishable nature of grocery products and intense market competition, retailers must ensure product availability while minimising overstocking costs. We propose introducing subscription offers as a solution to mitigate these inventory challenges. Unlike existing literature focusing on uniform subscription models that may harm profitability, our approach considers the synergy between implementing product subscriptions and cost savings from improved inventory planning. We present a three-step procedure enabling retailers to understand uncertainty costs, quantify the value of gathering additional planning information, and implement profitability-enhancing subscription offers. This holistic approach ensures the development of sustainable subscription models in the e-grocery domain. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04097&r=env |
| By: | Riccardo Pozzo (Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma] = University of Rome Tor Vergata); Ekrame Boubtane (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, INED - Institut national d'études démographiques, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hippolyte D’albis (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raffaella Greco Tonegutti (Belgian Development Agency); Claudio Paravati (Confronti Study Center on Migration, Religions, Politics, and Society,) |
| Abstract: | Migration and migration-related diversity are likely to remain key topics of the European policy and research agenda for the foreseeable future. This asks for a rethinking of the research agenda on migration, from a strategic perspective as well as from a research perspective. The objective of this chapter is to suggest applications that are useful in shaping the next funding opportunities for migration research, and to provide roadmaps for the optimisation of research efforts in order to avoid overlapping and, where possible, to close the gaps in the global spectrum and national initiatives on migration. Questions such as How to benefit from and get access to available knowledge and expertise? How to promote the accumulation of knowledge and expertise? and How to address gaps in knowledge? have been at the heart of the Horizon 2020 CrossMigration research project and have led to the definition of its strategic research agenda . This chapter considers the need for a future agenda on migration studies, addressing methodological issues; what funding to focus on; how funding might be organised; who should be involved in funding (and procedures); and what prospects there are for the future. We will also propose three strategies to consider how an agenda might help provide towards: (1) keeping the road safe for achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals in 2030, (2) contrasting current and future pandemic/epidemic disease, and (3) establishing a fruitful dialogue with the African scientific community. |
| Date: | 2022–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03688979&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Catalano; Laura Nasello; Daniel Guterding |
| Abstract: | Finding an optimal balance between risk and returns in investment portfolios is a central challenge in quantitative finance, often addressed through Markowitz portfolio theory (MPT). While traditional portfolio optimization is carried out in a continuous fashion, as if stocks could be bought in fractional increments, practical implementations often resort to approximations, as fractional stocks are typically not tradeable. While these approximations are effective for large investment budgets, they deteriorate as budgets decrease. To alleviate this issue, a discrete Markowitz portfolio theory (DMPT) with finite budgets and integer stock weights can be formulated, but results in a non-polynomial (NP)-hard problem. Recent progress in quantum processing units (QPUs), including quantum annealers, makes solving DMPT problems feasible. Our study explores portfolio optimization on quantum annealers, establishing a mapping between continuous and discrete Markowitz portfolio theories. We find that correctly normalized discrete portfolios converge to continuous solutions as budgets increase. Our DMPT implementation provides efficient frontier solutions, outperforming traditional rounding methods, even for moderate budgets. Responding to the demand for environmentally and socially responsible investments, we enhance our discrete portfolio optimization with ESG (environmental, social, governance) ratings for EURO STOXX 50 index stocks. We introduce a utility function incorporating ESG ratings to balance risk, return, and ESG-friendliness, and discuss implications for ESG-aware investors. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.02582&r=env |
| By: | Dias, Lucas Cardoso Corrêa; Cícero, Vinicius Curti |
| Abstract: | The growing demand for ejiao, a traditional Chinese medicine product derived from donkey hides, has sparked a global trade that profoundly impacts donkey populations and local economies in low and middle-income countries. In response to the pressing issue of burgeoning populations of stray and abandoned donkeys, Brazil implemented regulatory measures governing the export of these animals to China in 2017. This paper examines the intricate relationship between regulation of a natural resource-based contestable market -- in which property rights are not well-defined -- and local crime rates, focusing on the donkey hide trade in Brazil. Employing a quasi-experimental research design, we leverage the timing of the regulatory measures alongside variations in donkey occurrences per inhabitant across Brazilian municipalities to provide compelling evidence that the surge in ejiao demand has led to an increase in crime and violence within Brazil. These findings underscore the critical importance of nuanced market regulation to mitigate potential social costs in markets lacking well-defined property rights. Furthermore, they highlight the urgent need for robust monitoring and enforcement frameworks to address pressing issues such as the predatory exploitation of donkey populations on a global scale. |
| Date: | 2024–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qreum&r=env |
| By: | Francis Perrin |
| Abstract: | À la fin de la COP28, qui s’est tenue à Doubaï (Emirats arabes unis) du 30 novembre au 13 décembre 2023, les Etats qui ont signé et ratifié la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) ont adopté par consensus le ‘‘Global Stocktake’’ qui prévoit notamment que le monde doit engager une transition qui l’éloignera des énergies fossiles (‘‘transitioning away from fossil fuels’’) de façon ‘‘juste, ordonnée et équitable’’ (‘‘in a just, ordered and equitable manner’’). Un peu moins de 200 Etats sont donc en théorie tenus d’aller dans le sens de ce texte qui fait d’ailleurs déjà l’objet de plusieurs interprétations. De nombreux pays ont estimé qu’il s’agissait du ‘‘début de la fin des énergies fossiles’’, une conclusion qui nous semble un peu hâtive. Au-delà de ces diverses interprétations, revenons sur l’attitude des pays qui ont beaucoup travaillé pour obtenir l’inscription de la phrase citée ci-dessus dans le texte final de la COP28 et qui se sont félicités de ce résultat en estimant que cette COP représentait un tournant majeur. Il y en a beaucoup et nous ne pourrons pas être exhaustifs dans le format de cette note. Mais les exemples que nous avons sélectionnés sont très représentatifs. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb47-23&r=env |
| By: | David Ortiz Haro (InSyTE - Interdisciplinary research on Society-Technology-Environment - UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes, UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes) |
| Abstract: | During the night from October 2 to 3, 2020, Storm Alex impacted southern France. "In the early moments, we didn't know what to do, " but there was no room for selfishness, "it's solidarity nonetheless, rather than individualism." Three years after the disaster, a study funded by the ANR explains the behaviors of mutual aid, reciprocity, and solidarity as the foundation of local resilience to be integrated into the chain of actors in rescue operations and local authorities in disaster management. |
| Abstract: | Dans la nuit du 2 au 3 octobre 2020, la tempête Alex a impacté le sud de la France. « Dans les premiers instants, on ne sait pas quoi faire » mais, pas de place pour l'égoïsme, « c'est la solidarité malgré tout, plutôt que l'individualisme ». Trois ans après la catastrophe, une étude financée par l'ANR, explique les comportements d'entraide, réciprocité et solidarité comme base de la résilience locale à intégrer dans la chaîne des acteurs du secours et des autorités locales dans la gestion d'une catastrophe. |
| Keywords: | Résilience locale, Entraide, Solidarité, Communauté, Minga, Catastrophe |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04508361&r=env |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Justitia O. Nnabuko (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Geraldine E. Ugwuonah (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Josaphat U. Onwumere (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of multinational oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) using global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on mitigating the resurgence of inter-communal violence in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Using explanatory research design, the study adopted mixed methods to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses of the study. Primary data were generated from a sample of 1200 respondents selected form all the nine states of the region using multiple sampling techniques. We carried out both survey with structured questionnaire and key informant interview to ascertain the effect of CSR on the resurgence of inter-communal violence in the region. Results from the use of a logit model and use of propensity score matching to determine the mean difference between variables in the treatment and control shows that a bantam but significant CSR interventions have been made by the MOCs in the areas that will discourage people from engaging in inter-communal violence. The findings suggest that an increase in CSR targeted at improving access to cultivatable land, enhanced fishing space, reducing multi-dimensional poverty, as well as reducing frustration and indignation; will dissuade local people from involvement in inter-communal violence. |
| Keywords: | Oil extraction communities, inter-communal violence, corporate social responsibility, Nigeria’s Niger Delta |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:24/010&r=env |
| By: | Criscuolo, Chiara; Lalanne, Guy |
| Abstract: | Industrial policy is back. After having been considered a taboo since the 1970s, “new industrial policies” are at the core of governments’ strategies to support countries during crises and enable the green and digital transitions. Virtually, every government has used and uses industrial policy, despite continued concerns related to anticompetitive effects, within and across countries, captured by vested interests and the opportunity cost of public funds, which economists have pointed out, based on previous unsuccessful experiences. In this paper, we contribute to the debate on industrial policy by presenting both a sound and simple framework to help design industrial policies and also data that allow the comparison of industrial strategies and their priorities across countries. First, this paper summarises our recent framework for industrial strategies, which is designed to offer practical policy advice and shed light on the complementarities between different policy instruments. Such a framework is particularly useful when designing complex mission-oriented industrial strategies promoting the green transition of the business sector. Second, this paper presents some salient results from the new “Quantifying Industrial Strategies” (QuIS) project, which gathers harmonised data on industrial policy expenditures, policy priorities, and policy instruments, thereby allowing the benchmarking of industrial strategies across countries. Based on the aforementioned conceptual framework, QuIS measures industrial policy expenditures across 9 OECD members, for the period 2019–2021. The data, now publicly available on the OECD website, show the importance of industrial policy expenditures, and the growing role of green industrial policies in countries industrial strategies. |
| Keywords: | new industrial policy; quantifying industrial strategies; industrial policy framework; industrial policy taxonomy; green industrial policy; Springer deal |
| JEL: | J1 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122361&r=env |
| By: | Ignacio Cazcarro (Universidad de Zaragoza, ARAID); Miguel Martín-Retortillo (Universidad de Alcalá); Guillermo Rodríguez-López (Universidad de Zaragoza); Ana Serrano (Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2); Javier Silvestre (Universidad de Zaragoza, IEDIS) |
| Abstract: | Depopulation, especially, but not only, rural, has become a major concern across many countries. As one type of place-based policy, irrigation has been claimed to contribute to resettling populations and reducing outward migration, by increasing agricultural output, productivity, and competitiveness and, consequently, employment and living standards. This paper aims to elucidate on the relationship between irrigation and population for Spain, historically and currently the most irrigated country and one of the most depopulated countries in Europe. We use municipal-level data over the period 1910-2011 and exploit a staggered difference-in-differences design. Overall, we find an effect on population only for irrigation developments that started in the relatively distant past. In any case, effects are temporary or tend to level off. We also consider trade-offs. We discuss the policy implications of the findings in light of current policies, and in terms of environmental and economic costs of increasing the intensity of irrigation. |
| Keywords: | Depopulation, place-based policies, irrigation programs, long-term view, staggered DiD, Spain |
| JEL: | J11 Q15 Q25 R11 N54 N94 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0256&r=env |
| By: | SCHWAAG SERGER Sylvia; SOETE Luc |
| Abstract: | In October 2021, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission set up a Scientific Committee to advise the JRC on how to best support public authorities to implement, in the words of the EC, the “largest stimulus package ever financed in Europe” aimed at rebuilding a post COVID-19 Europe which would be “greener, more digital and more resilient”. The present paper written by the two co-chairs of the Scientific Committee provides a synthesis of the many reports written over the last two years. It highlights how many of the current European policy frameworks focusing on sustainability have an essential place-based impact which requires the active involvement of local policy makers and more broadly local stakeholders. Over the last two years, the numerous “science for policy” contributions of members of the SC have been two-fold. At the very practical level, they have been instrumental in helping the JRC develop its Partnerships for Regional Innovation (PRI) Playbook: the support document with concrete policy tools for the JRC-CoR PRI pilot. At a more conceptual level, members of the SC wrote numerous reports and papers on a wide range of topics. This synthesis paper argues that the space blindness of many of the European policies aimed at transforming the EU’s economy towards the twin digital and green transitions, hampers Europe’s ability to achieve these transitions and to ensure its future resilience and prosperity. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136125&r=env |
| By: | Cassandre Rey-Thibault (LATTS - Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | Cette revue de littérature, documentaire et opérationnelle, s'inscrit dans le programme RIPOSTE (Renforcement des Interventions Pré et Post-épidémies) de la Croix-Rouge française. Elle porte sur les valeurs ajoutées des approches de réduction du risque de catastrophe, appliquées et intégrées dans le cadre de prévention et de préparation aux épidémies, pour les missions internationales de la Croix-Rouge françaises. Le présent rapport explore donc les collaborations et les synergies passées, existantes, et potentielles, entre ces deux grands champs d'action, de la gestion des risques de catastrophes, et de la prise en charge des épidémies. Plus précisément, la recherche a porté sur un double défi « d'intégration », transsectoriel (entre le domaine des épidémies et des catastrophes) et intrasectoriel (au champ des épidémies). Du point de vue transsectoriel, nous avons identifié les transpositions et les synergies, les espaces de collaboration, entre épidémie et catastrophes de façon plus générale. Du point de vue intrasectoriel, nous avons cherché à comprendre les façons d'articuler l'ensemble de la « chaîne du risque », de l'identification et la connaissance de ceuxci, à la mise en place de dispositifs de surveillance, de prévention, de préparation, d'alerte, de réponse, voire même de reconstruction, ou rétablissement, après une épidémie. |
| Keywords: | Catastrophe, Epidémie |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04514601&r=env |
| By: | Alex Bates |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Long term cost-effectiveness of resilient foods for global catastrophes compared to artificial general intelligence safety" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org) |
| JEL: | Q18 O33 Q54 O38 H12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:foods2023-e1&r=env |
| By: | Anca Hanea |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Long term cost-effectiveness of resilient foods for global catastrophes compared to artificial general intelligence safety" for The Unjournal (Unjournal.org) |
| JEL: | Q18 O33 Q54 O38 H12 |
| Date: | 2023–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:foods2023-e2&r=env |
| By: | Fix, Blair |
| Abstract: | When it comes to Bitcoin, there’s one thing that almost everyone agrees on: the network sucks up a tremendous amount of energy. But from there, disagreement is the rule. For critics, Bitcoin’s thirst for energy is self-evidently bad — the equivalent of pouring gasoline in a hole and setting it on fire. But for Bitcoin advocates, the network’s energy gluttony is the necessary price of having a secure digital currency. When judging Bitcoin’s energy demands, the advocates continue, keep in mind that mainstream finance is itself no model of efficiency. Here, I think the advocates have a point. If you want to argue that Bitcoin is an energy hog, you’ve got to do more than just point at its energy budget and say ‘bad’. You’ve got to show that this budget is worse than mainstream finance. On this comparison front, there seems to be a vacuum of good information. For their part, crypto promoters are happy to show that Bitcoin uses less energy than the global banking system. But this result is as unsurprising as it is meaningless. Compared to Bitcoin, global finance operates on a vastly larger scale. So of course it uses more energy. To be meaningful, any comparison between Bitcoin and mainstream finance must account for the different scales of the two systems. So instead of looking at energy alone, we need to look at energy intensity — the energy per unit of circulating currency. That’s what I’ll do here. In this post, I compare the energy intensity of Bitcoin to the energy intensity of mainstream US finance. Which system comes out on top? The results may surprise you. |
| Keywords: | bitcoin, energy, finance, money |
| JEL: | P1 Q4 E4 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:289512&r=env |