|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | John Bistline; Kimberly A. Clausing; Neil Mehrotra; James H. Stock; Catherine Wolfram |
| Abstract: | With the expiration of many tax cuts and unmet climate targets, 2025 could be a crucial year for climate policy in the United States. Using an integrated model of energy supply and demand, this paper aims to assess climate policies that the U.S. federal government may consider in 2025 and to evaluate emissions reductions, fiscal costs and revenues, and household energy expenditures across a range of policy scenarios. Model results suggest that the emissions reductions of the Inflation Reduction Act are significantly augmented under scenarios that add a modest carbon fee or, to a lesser extent, that implement a clean electricity standard in the power sector. Second, net fiscal costs can be substantially reduced in scenarios that include a carbon fee, especially if fossil fuel exports are taxed. Third, expanding the IRA tax credits yields modest additional emissions reductions with higher fiscal costs. Finally, although none of the policy combinations across these scenarios achieve the U.S. target of a 50-52% economy-wide emissions reduction by 2030 from 2005 levels, the carbon fee and clean electricity standard scenarios achieve these levels between 2030 and 2035. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32168&r=env |
| By: | Gabriel, Marvin; Gärtner, Julian; Pfaffner, Nora; Oertel, Cornelius; Seimert, Marc; Bielefeldt, Judith; Makowski, Vera; Wellbrock, Nicole |
| Abstract: | Natürliche 'nasse' Moore sind von besonderer Bedeutung für den Klimaschutz, da sie große Mengen an organischem Kohlenstoff speichern. Entwässerte Moore wiederum emittieren diesen Kohlenstoff in Form von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) in die Atmosphäre. Trotz eines geringen Flächenanteils von deutschlandweit ca. 5 % (= 1, 8 Mio. ha) tragen entwässerte Moore inkl. weiterer organischer Böden (z. B. Moorgleye, Anmoore, Abmoore) zu ca. 6, 7 % der deutschen Treibhausgasemissionen bei (Gensior et al., 2023). Somit spielt der Erhalt des bereits gespeicherten Kohlenstoffes bzw. ein möglicher erneuter Zuwachs in Mooren und weiteren organischen Böden eine bedeutende Rolle für den Klimaschutz. Zur Vertiefung des Verständnisses der Treibhausgasdynamiken unterschiedlich genutzter Moore und zur Verbesserung der Treibhausgasberichterstattung an den IPCC wird ein deutschlandweites Moorbodenmonitoring für den Klimaschutz aufgebaut (kurz MoMoK). In der Einrichtungsphase (2021-2025) werden hierfür durch das Projekt MoMoK-Wald auf 50 bewaldeten Mooren Monitoringstandorte eingerichtet. Durch eine komplette Erfassung des Kohlenstoffs der Kompartimente Boden und Bestand, wird zunächst der Gesamtkohlenstoffvorrat bestimmt. Zusätzlich zu den Messungen werden Messinstrumente auf den Flächen installiert, mit denen in der anschließenden Verstetigungsphase des Moormonitorings die Änderungen der Kohlenstoffvorräte der beiden Kompartimente gemessen werden. Im Bestand wird der Kohlenstoffzuwachs in der Zukunft durch Änderungen von Höhe und Umfang der einzelnen Bäume bestimmt. Im Bereich Boden werden hierfür die Änderung der Geländeoberflächenhöhe sowie die Wasserstände erfasst, um Kohlenstoffsequestrierung durch Torfakkumulation oder Kohlenstoffverlust durch Torfmineralisierung zu bestimmen. Um zusätzlich die Biodiversität der Flächen mit abzubilden sowie eine ökologische Grundcharakterisierung zu gewährleisten werden an jedem Standort Vegetationsaufnahmen sowie eine Erfassung funktioneller Merkmale ausgewählter Pflanzenarten durchgeführt. Die für die Erfassung der Kohlenstoffgehalte vorgestellten Methoden stammen für das Kompartiment Bestand und Vegetation größtenteils aus der Bodenzustandserhebung III (BZE III). Die Methoden des Kompartiments Boden stützen sich auf die Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung (KA 5/ KA 6) und sind darüber hinaus so weit wie möglich identisch zu den Methoden des Projekts MoMoK-Offenland, um eine Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten. Ziel dieses Methodenhandbuches ist es, die Methoden und Arbeitsschritte transparent zu dokumentieren. Da die MoMoK-Wald Flächeneinrichtungen eine Fusion von moorbodenkundlicher und forstlicher Feldaufnahme darstellen, sollen die in diesem Methodenhandbuch zusammengefassten Beschreibungen darüber hinaus den jeweils fachfremden Lesenden sowohl als Einstieg ins Thema dienen, als auch das Gesamtvorgehen nachvollzierbar erklären. |
| Abstract: | Natural "wet" peatlands are of particular importance for climate protection, as they store large amounts of organic carbon. Drained peatlands in turn emit this carbon into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). Despite a small area share of about 5% (= 1.8 million ha) across Germany, drained peatlands, including other types of organic soils (e.g., Histic Gleysols), contribute to about 6.7% of German greenhouse gas emissions (Gensior et al., 2023). Thus, the conservation of carbon already stored or a possible renewed increase in peatlands and other organic soils play an important role for climate protection. To deepen the understanding of greenhouse gas dynamics from peatlands, which are currently used in a variety of ways, and to improve greenhouse gas reporting to the IPCC, a German-wide Peatland Monitoring Programme for Climate Protection (MoMoK) is being established. In the establishment phase (2021-2025), monitoring sites will be set up for this purpose on 50 forested peatlands through MoMoK-Forest. Through a complete carbon inventory of the soil and the tree stand compartments, the total carbon stock will first be determined. In addition to this carbon assessment, measuring instruments will be installed on the sites to measure changes in the carbon stocks of the two compartments during the subsequent monitoring phase. In the stand, the future carbon increment will be determined by changes in the height and girth of individual trees. In the soil compartment, changes in ground surface elevation and water levels will be recorded to derive carbon sequestration through peat accumulation or carbon loss through peat mineralization. In order to additionally represent the biodiversity of the areas and to ensure a basic ecological characterization, vegetation surveys are carried out at each site, as well as a recording of functional characteristics of selected plant species. The methods for the carbon inventory presented in this manual are largely derived from the National Forest Soil Inventory III (BZE III) for the stand and vegetation compartment. The methods of the soil compartment are mainly based on the German Soil Mapping Guide (KA 5/ KA 6) and are furthermore, as far as possible, identical to the methods of the project MoMoK-Open land to guarantee a comparability of the results as good as possible. The aim of this method manual in its first version is to document the methods and work steps transparently. As the setup of MoMoK-Forest monitoring sites represents a fusion of peatland soil and forestry field surveys, the descriptions summarized in this method manual are also intended to serve as an introduction to the topic for non-specialist readers and to explain the overall procedure in a comprehensible manner. |
| Keywords: | Moore, Organische Böden, Bestand, Kohlenstoffvorräte, Hydrologie, Funktionelle Merkmale, monitoring, peatlands, organic soils, carbon stocks, hydrology, functional traits |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:283572&r=env |
| By: | George Halkos; Phoebe Koundouri; Panagiotis Stavros Aslanidis; Angelos Plataniotis |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development incorporates the sustainable pathway of each civilization. However, cultural heritage assets can be heavily impacted by pollution, such as acid rain and climate change. The present study evaluates cultural heritage assets via a meta-regression analysis function transfer, in which we examined 106 studies, mainly from different countries, in the period 1995 - 2022. This methodology enables the valuation of cultural heritage - tangible and intangible - goods and services, as well as cultural values (e.g. aesthetic, spiritual, symbolic, etc.).The utilization of willingness-to-pay (WTP) would enable us to compare the two models (i.e., European and non-European) on how much a citizen would value cultural heritage based on non-market valuation.The results would inform policymakers about the importance of cultural heritage assets inthe sustainable development agenda. The results present that the WTP for the two examined models for Europe and non-European is 37.6�, and 60.12� respectively.Europeans are influenced mainly by intangible cultural assets, whereas non-Europeans are influenced by oral tradition. Overall, cultural heritage conservation necessitates for proper economic valuation through a holistic approach, in short - the valuation of intangible cultural heritage is imperative for sustainable development in an era of multi-crisis. |
| Keywords: | Willingnesstopay, Tangible cultural heritage, Intangible cultural heritage, Meta-regression analysis, Benefit transfer, Value transfer |
| JEL: | Z1 Z18 C5 Q53 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–02–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2407&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Aslanidis, Panagiotis-Stavros |
| Abstract: | Globalisation has created a highly interconnection between countries, however this phenomenon has ushered in more abrupt dissemination of crises as well. For this reason, the countries have strengthened their resilience against the novel multi-crisis via the implementation of frameworks, pathways, and strategies. A great paradigm is the environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) as a way to absorb the negative environmental externalities. The present study would review the ESG-related key performance indicators (KPIs) as integral part of circular economy (CE). Moreover, it is imperative that focus be given to both similarities and differences between ESG and sustainable development goals (SDGs), as they are milestones for sustainable development and they are highly interlinked with corporate performance. |
| Keywords: | Multi-crisis; globalization; KPIs; ecological footprint; carbon footprint; Circular economy; SDGs. |
| JEL: | G30 M10 M14 Q0 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120298&r=env |
| By: | Malte Schlosser (University of Zurich); Ester Trutwin (University of Zurich); Thorsten Hens (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH); Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | We examine whether a company’s green and high–quality innovative strength is related to its environmental impact and what the implications are for its financial performance. By analyzing WIPO patent data and MSCI ESG data, we reveal a notable positive and statistically significant impact of possessing more green patents on a company’s carbon emissions score. Further, we find that the patent related increase in carbon emissions score is driven by the high–quality green patents. Our analysis validates the positive influence of green and high–quality innovation strength on both the E and ESG scores. Despite the positive impact on the environment, investors do not need to sacrifice returns. Investment strategies which invest in companies within the top decile of green patents or green patents ratio do not perform worse than the market. |
| Keywords: | WIPO, Green Innovations, Carbon Emissions Score, ESG Scores, Correlation Analysis, Performance Analysis, Fama–French Analysis |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2418&r=env |
| By: | Caterina Seghini (University of Geneva and Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the trade-offs between managing the financial sustainability of public debt and addressing climate change. Mitigation efforts and increasing temperatures imply economic costs that reduce countries’ growth rates, respectively in the short and in the long term. This can make the repayment of outstanding debt more difficult. I explore and quantify the evolution of debt limits –maximum sustainable debt-to-GDP– for advanced economies, under various scenarios, which respect, or not, the carbon budget constraints of the Paris Agreement. Various scenarios are analysed according to the costs of emissions’ abatement and the political coordination among countries in the transition. The evidence shows that failing to enforce a slowdown in emissions at a global level, and to stabilize climate damages, generate plunging debt limits in the medium-long term and shrinking fiscal spaces for all countries, even for the few ones actuating the transition. On the contrary, if the green transition is coordinated globally, debt limits converge to stable and higher levels, despite an initial and temporary decrease, given by the negative impact of emission reductions on GDP growth rates. From the evidence presented, it results as significantly more beneficial for countries to collaboratively and promptly transition towards mitigating climate impacts on growth and fiscal spaces. This will support sustainable public debt and the potential to finance the green evolution of our economies. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign Debt, Fiscal Limits, Climate Change, Mitigation Policies |
| JEL: | E63 H63 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2415&r=env |
| By: | Bao-We-Wal Bambe; Jean-Louis Combes; Pascale Combes Motel; Chantale Riziki Oweggi |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of climate change on firms’ investment in research and development (R&D) in developing countries. The paper relies on two contrasting hypotheses. In the first hypothesis, we speculate an optimistic situation where climate change could induce firms to spend on R&D to both reduce their environmental impact and curb the effects of future climate shocks. In the second hypothesis, we propose a pessimistic scenario where climate change would reduce firms’ incentives to invest in R&D. This second hypothesis would mainly be due to tighter conditions for access to finance from lenders, given the increased uncertainty about the firm’s future returns in the face of climate change. The empirical results support the second scenario, small firms being more severely affected. Furthermore, we examine the underlying mechanisms and identify financial access as the key channel through which climate change reduces R&D investment. |
| Keywords: | Climate change • Firm innovation • Developing Countries |
| JEL: | D22 O3 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp03122024&r=env |
| By: | Jackson, Lee Ann |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339488&r=env |
| By: | Carolina B. Resende; Alessandro V. M. Oliveira |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the topic of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions has been increasingly in the media. This theme has raised various flags, showing concern for the future and seeking alternatives for a more sustainable life over the years. When studying greenhouse gas emissions, one of the main emitters of such gases is the burning of fuels, in which transport vehicles that depend on gas and oil are included. In this respect, air transport through aircraft is one of the sources emitting such gases. Aiming to reduce gas emissions, one of the ways to do this is by reducing fuel consumption; for this, aircraft would have to be more efficient, or the offer and demand for flights would be reduced. However, what if aircraft fuel consumption were taxed? What would be the effects of this on air transport? Could this be one of the alternatives to reduce emissions? To understand this relationship between taxation and a possible reduction in fuel consumption, a study was developed by the Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), using an econometric model to understand how demand would be affected by changes in airfares. In addition, a simulation of possible environmental taxes on the values of air tickets was carried out to analyze the demand response and to get an idea if this taxation would really solve the emission problems. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.12404&r=env |
| By: | Xiaopeng Si (School of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin); Zi Tang (School of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin) |
| Abstract: | Climate change has become an unavoidable problem in achieving sustainable development. As one of the major industries worldwide, tourism can make a significant contribution to mitigating climate change. The main objective of the paper is to assess the development level of low-carbon tourism from multi-aspect, using the Yellow River Basin as an example. Firstly, this study quantified tourism carbon dioxide emissions and tourism economy, and analyzed their evolution characteristics. The interaction and coordination degree between tourism carbon dioxide emissions and tourism economy were then analyzed using the improved coupling coordination degree model. Finally, this study analyzed the change in total factor productivity of low-carbon tourism by calculating the Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index. The results showed that: (1) The tourism industry in the Yellow River Basin has the characteristics of the initial environmental Kuznets curve. (2) There was a strong interaction between tourism carbon dioxide emissions and tourism economy, which was manifested as mutual promotion. (3) The total factor productivity of low-carbon tourism was increasing. Based on the above results, it could be concluded that the development level of low-carbon tourism in the Yellow River Basin has been continuously improved from 2000 to 2019, but it is still in the early development stage with the continuous growth of carbon dioxide emissions. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.11579&r=env |
| By: | David Newbery |
| Keywords: | Social cost of carbon, variable renewable electricity, marginal curtailment |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2320&r=env |
| By: | Mikhail Miklyaev (Cambridge Resource International Inc.); Alan S. Wyatt (Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Ridha Drebika (Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Owotomiwa (Christiana) Olubamiro (Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, CARBET, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, and Cambridge Resource International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | The study delves into the economic valuation of water supply projects, assessing not just traditional cost components but also the broader implications of non-market externalities. By employing contingent valuation, it gauges the public's willingness to pay for investment in the reliability and quality of water services. Furthermore, the approach includes a detailed examination of water supply variability, using statistical methods to model and predict the stability of different water sources. An application of the analytical framework is carried out for Morocco. In this study Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) is applied to water resource management. It forges a nuanced balance between ensuring a reliable water supply and maintaining economic efficiency in water projects. At a time when water scarcity and climate uncertainty pose complex challenges, the use of the Simulation and Portfolio Optimization Tool (SPOT) developed in this study provides a sophisticated framework for the evaluation and selection of water source portfolios. SPOT equips policymakers with a robust tool for developing water management strategies that are both adaptable to changing environmental conditions and grounded in economic reality. The insights provided by this research contribute to the strategic planning and economic efficiency in the design of water systems, highlighting the critical intersections of cost, reliability, and supply variability. It marks a pragmatic progression in resource management, aiming to align the stewardship of water resources with both environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. |
| Keywords: | water supply projects, contingent valuation, willingness to pay, water service reliability, water service quality, water supply variability, Morocco, Modern Portfolio Theory, water resource management, economic efficiency, water source portfolios, policymaking, strategic planning, resource management, environmental sustainability. |
| Date: | 2024–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4614&r=env |
| By: | Nazam Maqbool (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Forests and trees act as the lungs of the Earth. They have a significant role in: archiving sustainable development, mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration, contributing to the balance of oxygen, Carbon dioxide (CO2) and humidity in the air, and protecting watersheds. They also reduce the risk of natural disasters, including floods, droughts, landslides and other extreme events; home to most of the animals, plants and insects; and provide shelter, jobs and security for forest-dependent communities. Forests are also a major source of fuel, as they provide firewood for millions of mostly poor people. The decades of exploitation have destroyed and degraded much of the Earth’s natural forests. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:111&r=env |
| By: | Wüstemann, Friedrich; Schröder, Lilli Aline; de Witte, Thomas; Don, Axel; Heidecke, Claudia |
| Abstract: | In der deutschen und europäischen Klimapolitik hat der Humusaufbau und -erhalt in den letzten Jahren immer mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen. In diesem Kontext sollen in dem HumusKlimaNetz Maßnahmen zum Humusaufbau in der Praxis erprobt werden. Um den beteiligten Betrieben mögliche Maßnahmen zur Umsetzung anbieten zu können, ist es entscheidend zu bewerten, welche Maßnahmen wie stark zum Humuserhalt und -aufbau beitragen können und welche sonstigen ackerbaulichen Effekte bzw. Umweltwirkungen die Maßnahmen mit sich bringen. Für den ggf. erforderlichen Kompensationsbedarf ist es notwendig, die Kosten die mit der Umsetzung der Maßnahmen verbunden sind, zu kennen. In diesem Bericht werden die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu den genannten Fragen zusammengetragen und auf Basis der Ertragsstatistik regionsspezifische Pauschalen für eine Kompensation von Maßnahmen entwickelt. Somit ist der Projektbericht eine wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgrundlage für die Förderung von Humusmaßnahmen im Rahmen des Modell- und Demonstrationsvorhabens 'HumusKlimaNetz'. |
| Abstract: | In recent years, soil organic carbon sequestration and conservation has become increasingly important in German and European climate politics. In this context, measures to build up humus are to be tested in practice in the HumusKlimaNetz. In order to be able to offer the participating farms possible measures for implementation, it is crucial to evaluate which measures can contribute to humus sequestration and conservation, and which other agronomic and environmental impacts might occur. Moreover, it is necessary to know the costs incurred in implementing the measures in order to determine any compensation requirements. In this report, the scientific findings on the above-mentioned questions are compiled and regional specific flat rates for compensation of measures are developed on the basis of yield statistics. Thus, the project report is a scientific working basis for the promotion of humus measures within the framework of the model and demonstration project "HumusKlimaNetz". |
| Keywords: | Humus, Humusaufbau, Ackerbau, Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Klimaschutz, Klimawirkungen, Kohlenstoffsequestrierung, soil organic carbon, humus formation, arable farming, soil fertility, climate protection, climate effects, carbon sequestration |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:283598&r=env |
| By: | Bijnens, Gert; Anyfantaki, Sofia; Colciago, Andrea; De Mulder, Jan; Falck, Elisabeth; Labhard, Vincent; Lopez-Garcia, Paloma; Meriküll, Jaanika; Parker, Miles; Röhe, Oke; Schroth, Joachim; Schulte, Patrick; Strobel, Johannes; Lourenço, Nuno |
| Abstract: | The impact of climate change on European Union (EU) countries and regions is poised to exhibit considerable diversity, influenced by factors encompassing average temperature, sectoral composition, developmental stages, and adaptation endeavours. The transition towards a more climate-friendly economy demands a well-orchestrated approach to mitigate enduring productivity costs. This shift will have varied implications for businesses, contingent upon their scale, access to financial resources, and capacity for innovation. The formulation of transition policies holds the potential to foster green innovation without displacing other initiatives, yet stringent climate regulations might impede the productivity ascent of pollutant-emitting enterprises. It will thus take time to reap the benefits of innovation. The efficacy of the policy mix is of critical importance in determining the trajectory of success. Market-driven mechanisms exhibit milder distortions compared to non-market-based strategies, though they may not inherently stimulate innovation. Significantly, subsidies earmarked for green research and development (R&D) emerge as a pivotal instrument for fostering innovation, thus constituting a vital component of the policy repertoire during the green transition. The implementation of transition policies will inevitably trigger a substantial reallocation of resources among and within sectors, potentially carrying short-term adverse ramifications. Notably, considerable productivity disparities exist between top and bottom emitters within specific industries. The transition period poses a risk to a substantial proportion of firms and can erode employment opportunities, with a likely decline in new ventures within affected sectors. JEL Classification: D24, L52, O33, O38, Q54, Q58 |
| Keywords: | climate change impact, climate transition policies, economic reallocation, green innovation, physical risk, productivity, transition risk |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2024340&r=env |
| By: | Charlotte Liotta (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TU - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin, MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Vincent Viguié (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Felix Creutzig (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, TU - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin) |
| Abstract: | City-level policies are increasingly recognized as key components of strategies to reduce transport greenhouse gas emissions. However, at a global scale, their total efficiencies, costs, and practical feasibility remain unclear. Here, we use a spatially-explicit monocentric urban economic model, systematically calibrated on 120 cities worldwide, to analyze the impact of four representative policies aiming at mitigating transportation GHG emissions, also accounting for their economic welfare impacts and health co-benefits. Applying these policies in all cities, we find that total transportation GHG emissions can be reduced by 31% in 15 years, compared with the baseline scenario. However, the consequences of the same policies vary widely between cities, with specific effects depending on the policy considered, income level, population growth rate, spatial organization, and existing public transport supply. Impacts on transport emissions span from high to almost zero, and consequences in terms of welfare can either be positive or negative. Applying welfareincreasing policy portfolios captures most of the emission reductions: overall, they reduce emissions by 22% in 15 years. Our results highlight that there is no one-size-fits-all policy. However, with context-specific strategies, large emission reductions can globally be achieved while improving welfare. |
| Date: | 2023–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04445981&r=env |
| By: | Anne Fournier (ERUDITE – Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | Feeding the expanding global population while reducing the environmental impact of farming and food supply is among the main challenges of the century. Cities, which host the large majority of the past decade demographic growth, are at the forefront. They are increasingly considering the relevance of developing policies to explicitly support less-intensive production and/or rebuild their foodshed so as to reduce their reliance on long-distance food transport. In this paper, we develop a spatial theoretical model to describe and discuss both economic and environmental implications of farming practices change and relocation strategies. We highlight that, compared to the market outcome, promoting less-intensive and local farming may improve the welfare provided that the marginal opportunity cost of urban land remains low enough. However, we also show that the conversion from conventional to alternative farming does not necessarily reduce GHG emissions and may, as a consequence, offset the positive effect on welfare. We finally conduct numerical simulations so as to illustrate the ambiguous impacts of food relocation. |
| Keywords: | Urban Foodprint, Land Allocation, Food Supply Chains, Greenhouse Gas, Sustainability |
| JEL: | F12 Q54 Q56 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2024.04&r=env |
| By: | Andre, Peter; Boneva, Teodora; Chopra, Felix; Falk, Armin |
| Abstract: | We document the individual willingness to act against climate change and study the role of social norms in a large sample of US adults. Individual beliefs about social norms positively predict pro-climate donations, comparable in strength to universal moral values and economic preferences such as patience and reciprocity. However, we document systematic misperceptions of social norms. Respondents vastly underestimate the prevalence of climate-friendly behaviors and norms. Correcting these misperceptions in an experiment causally raises individual willingness to act against climate change as well as individual support for climate policies. The effects are strongest for individuals who are skeptical about the existence and threat of global warming. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, climate behavior, climate policies, social norms, misperception, beliefs, economic preferences, moral values, survey experiments |
| JEL: | D64 D83 D91 Q51 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:284397&r=env |
| By: | Fethi Amri (University of Gabes) |
| Date: | 2023–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1700&r=env |
| By: | Sandra Batten; Stephen Millard |
| Abstract: | We build an open economy Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model with energy and use it to simulate the impact of different climate policies – specifically the introduction of a carbon tax and bans on petrol or gas usage by households – on macroeconomic variables. We show how the introduction of a carbon tax leads to falls in both households' consumption of energy and firms' use of energy in production, while also having the effect of shifting the production of electricity from fossil fuels to renewable sources. The effects of a ban on household consumption of petrol or gas depend crucially on the elasticity of substitution between different energy sources in consumption. For very low elasticities of substitution, a ban on petrol or gas usage also led households to cut down on their use of electricity, whereas for larger elasticities of substitution, households switched into electricity. Regardless of the elasticity of substitution, aggregate consumption fell on impact in response to the bans before rising over time. GDP and the gross output of non-energy fall in response to both a carbon tax and a ban on petrol or gas consumption by households. Finally, both policies result in a temporary increase in inflation and a tightening in monetary policy. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium, Carbon Tax, Climate policy, Energy, Energy policy, Renewable energy, Macroeconomics, UK economy |
| JEL: | Q28 Q38 Q43 Q48 Q58 E32 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nsr:niesrd:553&r=env |
| By: | Fausto Cavalli; Alessandra Mainini; Daniela Visetti |
| Abstract: | We propose a model with economic and environmental domains that interact with each other. The economic sphere is described by a Solow growth model, in which productivity is not exogenous but negatively affected by the stock of pollution that stems from the production process. A regulator can charge a tax on production, and the resources collected from taxation are used to reduce pollution. The resulting model consists of a two dimensional discrete dynamical system, and we study the role of taxation from both a static and a dynamical point of view. The focus is on the determination of the conditions under which taxation has a positive effect on the environment and leads to economic growth. Moreover, we show that a suitable environmental policy can allow recovering both local and global stability of the steady states. On the contrary, we show that, if the policy is not adequate, the system can exhibit endogenous oscillating and chaotic behavior and multistability phenomena. |
| Keywords: | Economic-environmental modelling, environmental policy, complex dynamics, multistability, nonlinear analysis. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:530&r=env |
| By: | Gregor Singer |
| Abstract: | The transition from traditional labor intensive to modern capital intensive production is a key factor for industrial development. Using half a million observations from Indian manufacturing plants, I analyze the effects of a secular decrease in industrial electricity prices through the lens of a model with technology choices and complementarities between electricity and capital inputs. Using instrumental variables, I show how lower industrial electricity prices can increase both labor productivity and electricity productivity. Apart from positive effects on firm economic and environmental performance, cost-price pass through significantly benefitted consumers, and the productivity improvements limited increases in carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | industrial development, energy efficiency, electricity productivity, labor productivity, electricity prices, coal prices, incidence, climate policy |
| JEL: | Q41 D24 D22 O14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10944&r=env |
| By: | Fiona Burlig; Amir Jina; Erin M. Kelley; Gregory V. Lane; Harshil Sahai |
| Abstract: | Climate change increases weather variability, exacerbating agricultural risk in poor countries. Risk-averse farmers are unable to tailor their planting decisions to the coming season, and underinvest in profitable inputs. Accurate, long-range forecasts enable farmers to optimize for the season ahead. We experimentally evaluate monsoon onset forecasts in India, randomizing 250 villages into control; a forecast group receiving information well in advance of onset; and a benchmark index insurance group. Forecast farmers update their beliefs and their behavior: farmers who receive “bad news” relative to their priors substantially reduce land under cultivation and certain input expenditures, while those receiving “good news” significantly increase input expenditures. The forecast also impacts crop choice, as farmers tailor their investments. These investment changes meaningfully alter ex post outcomes. In contrast, insurance, which provides no information, increases investments but does not change crops. Our results demonstrate that forecasts are a promising tool for climate adaptation |
| JEL: | D81 O12 O13 Q12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32173&r=env |
| By: | Barrón, Manuel (Universidad del Pacífico); ; |
| Abstract: | A growing literature shows that weather conditions during gestation can have persistent impacts on education and income, especially among females. However, the consequences of these impacts on behavior and choices during adulthood are still underexplored. To shed light on this issue, I use survey data for over 200, 000 households in Peru and find that average temperature during gestation affects fuel choice during adulthood among women, with extensive margin increases in the use of dirty cooking fuels, but no changes in the likelihood of fuel stacking. Analysis of the mechanisms suggests that female head’s income may be a more important driver than education. Supporting this argument, I show that the effects of in-utero temperature disappear among female beneficiaries of a conditional cash transfer program. |
| Keywords: | In-utero weather, energy use, climate change. |
| JEL: | O12 O13 O15 Q56 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pai:wpaper:22-01&r=env |
| By: | Muez Ali (Center for a Sustainable Future, Qatar Foundation, Qatar); Abdalftah Hamid (Center for a Sustainable Future, Qatar Foundation, Qatar); Gonzalo Castro de la Mata (Center for a Sustainable Future, Qatar Foundation, Qatar); Alex Amato (Center for a Sustainable Future, Qatar Foundation, Qatar) |
| Abstract: | Qatar exports most of its LNG to South Korea, Japan, China and India. Most of Qatar’s export markets have carbon-intensive economies where industry contributes, on average, 32% to total GDP. This paper attempts to estimate the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions due to Qatar’s LNG displacing more carbon-intensive fuels in Qatar’s main export markets. LNG emits almost 50% less carbon dioxide than coal and 30% less carbon dioxide than oil products. Therefore, LNG is a cleaner alternative to coal and oil products, particularly in the power sector and industry. Using data from the IEA, EIA and the World Bank, we estimate the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions due to Qatar’s LNG replacing more carbon-intensive fuels in Qatar’s export markets by assuming a hypothetical scenario where Qatar’s LNG disappears from the global energy mix between 2005 and 2020. We estimate an upper bound where all of Qatar’s LNG is replaced by coal and a lower bound where Qatar’s LNG is replaced by all fuels in the energy mix in proportion to their existing shares. Finally, using a stochastic approach, we develop a ‘most likely’ scenario that considers the annual growth rate in coal consumption and the share of coal in the energy mix.The same analysis is conducted for a scenario that projects energy consumption and emissions to 2040. The results of the analysis show that between 2005 and 2020, in the ‘most likely’ scenario, by replacing coal and other carbon-intensive fuels, Qatar’s LNG exports likely reduced global emissions by more than 600 MtCO2. During the same period, these emission reductions amounted to 40% of Qatar’s annual local emissions on average. However, in the future scenario, emission reductions due to Qatar’s LNG exports decrease significantly and the gap between Qatar’s local emissions and how much it offsets by exporting LNG grows over time. This is mainly due to the phase out of coal from global energy systems. We conclude with policy recommendations on how Qatar can close the gap between its local emissions and how much it offsets through LNG exports. |
| Date: | 2024–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1702&r=env |
| By: | Meelad, A.; Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali (International Water Management Institute); Lautze, Jonathan (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Transboundary waters; River basins; Sustainability; Water resources; Water sharing; Methodology |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052168&r=env |
| By: | Ioana Filipas; François Marmier; Nathalie Picard |
| Abstract: | This paper begins with a historical synthesis of the concept of sustainability. This is followed by a multi-level classification of sustainability key performance indicators (KPIs). Following the analysis, a framework is proposed for integrating the three pillars of sustainability - economic, environmental and social responsibility - into the management of a company. It is based on economic, management and optimisation knowledge. We have developed four different models with different objective functions that show the impact of companies’ decisions related to resource management in their production and the introduction of taxes imposed by public authorities to promote one specific pillar of sustainable development. The simulations carried out on the basis of these models make it possible to analyse, in an original way, the impact of incentives designed to encourage firms to internalise their environmental, social and economic externalities. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, externalities, Triple Bottom Line. |
| JEL: | Q5 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-04&r=env |
| By: | Akin A. Cilekoglu (University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I examine how allowances allocation affected emissions of power sector installations in the EU ETS following the Paris Agreements. The dataset I use covers the 2010-2022 period, includes the emissions and allowances of 4, 498 installations operating in power sector across the 27 Member States of the European Union. I discover that installations receiving lower allowances in the first quartile (Q1) reduced their emissions by 3.5% from 2016 to 2022 compared to the 2010-2015 period. I find no evidence on the installations in second, third and fourth quartiles due to the country specific developments. I also show that country characteristics have a crucial role in policy effectiveness because the emissions of installations located in lower-income Member States entered into the EU at later stages did not fall. |
| Keywords: | Emissions, Paris Agreement, Power sector, Climate change. JEL classification: Q40, Q48, O13, H32, L25. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aqr:wpaper:202401&r=env |
| By: | Curuk, Malik (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Sen, Suphi (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:fb4ca580-4747-4873-802c-415f78912e8e&r=env |
| By: | Paul Simshauser |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy zones, dynamic line ratings, frequency control ancillary services, variable renewable energy |
| JEL: | D52 D53 G12 L94 Q40 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2321&r=env |
| By: | Carlos F. Gould; Sam Heft-Neal; Alexandra K. Heaney; Eran Bendavid; Christopher W. Callahan; Mathew Kiang; Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Marshall Burke |
| Abstract: | Increased temperature-related mortality is predicted to be one of the largest contributors to future economic damages from climate change globally, with declines in cold-related deaths in some regions outweighed by increases in heat-related deaths in others. Changes in temperature could also affect non-fatal health outcomes, whose aggregate societal burden is large, yet much less is known about how temperature affects the overall level and distribution of morbidity. Using georeferenced data on emergency department visits, mortality, and daily temperatures across California from 2006-2017, we show that the effect of temperature on mortality differs substantially from its effect on ED visits: mortality increases under extreme heat and cold, whereas ED visits increase under extreme heat but decline under extreme cold. These differential responses fundamentally shape the burden of future climate change: we predict that mortality in California will decrease by 0.32% due to changes in temperatures by mid-century, with declining cold deaths outweighing increasing heat deaths, but that ED visits will increase by 0.46% over the same period in the state, representing a total of 1.9 million excess visits. Our findings suggest that projected impacts of future warming on mortality, including benefits in many areas, might be a poor guide for morbidity impacts. |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32195&r=env |
| By: | Dammann, Felix (Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld University); Ferrari, Giorgio (Center for Mathematical Economics, Bielefeld University) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes and analyzes a stationary equilibrium model for a competitive industry which endogenously determines the carbon price necessary to achieve a given emission target. In the model, firms are identified by their level of technology and make production, entry, and abatement decisions. Polluting firms are subject to a carbon price and abatement is formulated as an irreversible investment, which entails a sunk cost and results in the firms switching to a carbon neutral technology. In equilibrium, we identify a carbon price and a stationary distribution of incumbent, polluting firms, that guarantee the compliance with a certain emission target. Our general theoretical framework is complemented with a case study with Brownian technology shocks, in which we discuss some implications of our model. We observe that a carbon pricing system alongside installation subsidies and tax benefits for green firms trigger earlier investment, while higher income taxes for polluting firms may be distorting. Moreover, we discuss the role of a welfare maximizing regulator, who, by optimally setting the emission target, may mitigate or revert some parameters’ effects observed in the model with fixed limit. |
| Date: | 2024–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bie:wpaper:688&r=env |
| By: | Nandeeta Neerunjun; Hubert Stahn |
| Abstract: | This paper is essentially based on the assumption that policies supporting investment in intermittent renewable technologies cannot be contingent on meteorological events causing this intermittence. This decision was taken by most policymakers to avoid overly complex policy prescriptions. But in doing so, the first-best energy mix may be out of reach. We compare, in a unified second-best setting, the feed-in tariff, renewable premiums and tradable green certificates policy. We consider a “two-period, S-state” model. The S states reflect intermittency. Production decisions for renewable electricity are taken prior to the resolution of the uncertainty while the fossil-fuel sector adjusts its decision in each state. Retailers buy electricity on a state-dependent wholesale market which they deliver to consumers according to a fixed-tariff or a real-time-pricing contract. All these elements matter in the efficiency assessment of these policies. |
| Keywords: | Intermittency, Renewables, Feed-in Tariff, Premiums for Renewable, Tradable Green Certificates |
| JEL: | D24 D61 D62 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2024-02&r=env |
| By: | Ruben Nicolas; Vitezslav Titl; Fredo Schotanus |
| Abstract: | To stimulate sustainable economic development and a greener economy, the European Commission co-funds public projects through the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF), which are among the largest such funds in the world worth approximately 100 billion euros annually. Since 2014, ESIF beneficiaries are incentivized to increase their use of green public procurement (GPP). In this paper, we study to what extent ESIF co-funding affects the uptake of GPP, making use of a rare dataset containing all public tender notices in the Czech Republic (2006-2019). We find a positive effect of ESIF on GPP and suggestive evidence that ESIF co-funding instigates selection behaviour by contracting authorities, that allocate their projects and resources to improve their chances of receiving co-funding. Exploiting two policy changes, we show that the ESIF’s effect on GPP is driven by financial incentives and not by ‘greener’ policy objectives. Finally, we study the effect of gained experience with GPP and find that it only increases contracting authorities’ later uptake of GPP to a limited extent. Mainstreaming of GPP calls for a more systemic approach that covers public procurement as a whole, for instance, by making GPP on a national level less voluntary for ESIF eligibility. |
| Keywords: | Green public procurement, EU, co-funding, climate policy, policy evaluation, sustainable development |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:use:tkiwps:2310&r=env |
| By: | Weingarten, Peter; Becker, Stefan; Elsasser, Peter; Forstner, Bernhard; Frankenberg, Dominik; Grajewski, Regina; Offermann, Frank; Osterburg, Bernhard; Röder, Norbert |
| Abstract: | Im Koalitionsvertrag der Bundesregierungsparteien SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen und FDP ist festgehalten, dass die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe 'Verbesserung der Agrarstruktur und des Küstenschutzes' (GAK) stärker an den Zielen der Koalition ausgerichtet werden solle. Das Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) bat das Thünen-Institut um eine Stellungnahme zu den hierzu bestehenden Möglichkeiten, die diesem Working Paper zugrunde liegt. Es ist als Impulspapier zu verstehen, das in unterschiedlicher Detailtiefe Denkanstöße für mögliche Weiterentwicklungen der GAK im Hinblick auf eine stärkere Berücksichtigung der Ziele Naturschutz und Biodiversität, Ökolandbau, Klimaschutz und Anpassung an den Klimawandel sowie ländliche Entwicklung gibt. Diese Denkanstöße adressieren sowohl eine mögliche Weiterentwicklung der GAK insgesamt als auch eine Weiterentwicklung der bestehenden Förderbereiche und Sonderrahmenpläne. |
| Abstract: | The coalition agreement of the federal government parties SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and FDP states that the Joint Task for the "Improvement of Agricultural Structures and Coastal Protection" (GAK) should be more closely aligned with the coalition's objectives. The Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) asked the Thünen Institute for a statement on the existing possibilities which forms the basis of this Working Paper. It is to be understood as an impetus paper which, in varying degrees of detail, provides thought-provoking impulses on possible further developments of the GAK with regard to a stronger consideration of the objectives of nature conservation and biodiversity, organic farming, climate protection and adaptation to climate change, and rural development. These impulses address both a possible further development of the GAK as a whole as well as a further development of the existing funding areas and special framework plans. |
| Keywords: | Gemeinschaftsaufgabe "Verbesserung der Agrarstruktur und des Küstenschutzes", GAK, Agrarstrukturpolitik, Agrarumweltpolitik, ländliche Entwicklung, Deutschland, Joint Task "Improvement of the agricultural structure and coastal protection", agricultural structurepolicy, agri-environmental policy, rural development, Germany |
| JEL: | Q18 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:283569&r=env |
| By: | Headey, Derek D.; Venkat, Aishwarya |
| Abstract: | Climate change is resulting in increased frequency of extreme weather events, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) already characterized by highly vulnerable malnourished populations. Unsurprisingly, there are many empirical studies of the linkages between extreme weather events and undernutrition, especially stunting and wasting in early childhood, and several existing reviews of this literature. However, the quality of empirical studies in this highly multi-disciplinary literature is uneven, and existing reviews do exhaustively illustrate the potential pitfalls of climate-nutrition analyses. In this more critical review, we therefore have five objectives. First, to map out the existing literature, particularly in terms of the types of dependent and independent variables used, the geographies in which different studies focus their analysis, and the types of statistical methods used. Our second objective is to illustrate the empirical limitations and pitfalls of this literature through a more critical review. Our third objective is to be critically constructive, by developing a checklist of good practices for analytical studies in this literature, which we hope will be formalized and broadly adopted. Our fourth objective is to illustrate the usefulness of these good practices through a deep dive into what we consider an exemplary study in the literature from Blom et al. (2022). Our final objective is to identify possible steps for new types of survey methods and data collection, actions for the adoption of best-practice analytical methods and identify important research questions for future research. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; climate change; nutrition; undernutrition; extreme weather events; stunting; wasting disease (nutritional disorder) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2236&r=env |
| By: | Dohlman, Erik; Maguire, Karen; Davis, Wilma V.; Husby, Megan; Bovay, John; Weber, Catharine; Lee, Yoonjung |
| Abstract: | Investments in alternative food production systems by public and private entities have increased in recent years. Two systems, controlled environment agriculture (CEA) and agrivoltaics (AV), have been highlighted for their potential to provide socioeconomic benefits beyond food production. CEA is the use of enclosed structures—including hydroponic and vertical farming structures—for growing crops, primarily specialty crops. CEA may provide access to local production of nutritious food in communities that lack space for traditional outdoor production, improve access to local foods in urban areas, and serve as a potential tool for adapting to or mitigating climate change. The CEA sector is expanding in large part due to technological advancements. The number of CEA operations more than doubled between 2009 and 2019. Further, more than 60 percent of production for some prominent CEA crops (primarily vegetables) were grown using nontraditional technological systems in 2019. AV is the colocation of agricultural production and solar panels. AV may allow for expanded solar development to address climate change without land use conflicts associated with traditional large-scale solar developments. As of 2021, most AV sites were solar farms planted with pollinator-friendly vegetative cover that, in some cases, were grazed by sheep. Funding for research on a variety of AV systems with specialty crop and/or livestock production continues to increase. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:340508&r=env |
| By: | David Newbery |
| Keywords: | Renewable electricity, marginal wind curtailment, integration costs, market failures, inertia charges |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2319&r=env |
| By: | Antonina Nazarova (University of East Anglia); Corrado Di Maria (School of Economics, University of East Anglia); Emiliya Lazarova (School of Economics, University of East Anglia) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we revisit the role of the signature by the executive in the context of international environmental agreements. Using a novel panel dataset covering 52 agreements involving 203 countries over the period 1975-2017, we show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the act of signing a treaty significantly increases the probability of ratification. |
| Keywords: | International Environmental Agreements, Strategic Interaction, Signalling, Signature, Proportional Hazard Models |
| JEL: | F53 Q58 K33 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uea:ueaeco:2024-03&r=env |
| By: | S. J. Newman; K. Schulte; M. M. Morellini; C. Rahal; D. Leasure |
| Abstract: | Policies to reduce transport emissions often overlook the international flow of used vehicles. We quantify the rate at which used vehicles generated CO2 and pollution for all used vehicles exported from Great Britain; a globally leading used vehicle exporter across 2005-2021. Destined for low-middle-income countries, exported vehicles fail roadworthiness standards and, even under extremely optimistic functioning as new assumptions, generate at least 13-53 percent more emissions than scrapped or on-road vehicles. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.13807&r=env |
| By: | Lin, Chen (U of Hong Kong); Schmid, Thomas (U of Hong Kong); Weisbach, Michael S. (Ohio State U and ECGI) |
| Abstract: | How does demand uncertainty affect firms' investment decisions? We consider this issue from the perspective of electricity-producing firms and their planned investments in new power plants. Using plausibly exogenous variations in temperature predictions across scientific climate models to measure uncertainty about future electricity demand, we find that uncertainty increases investments in plants with flexible production technologies but depresses non-flexible investments. The net effect of uncertainty on investments is positive if firms have access to flexible investment opportunities. These results are consistent with models in which the impact of uncertainty on investments depends on the investments' production flexibility. |
| JEL: | G30 G31 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:ohidic:2023-23&r=env |
| By: | Ebers, Niklas; Stupak, Nataliya; Hüttel, Silke; Woelfert, Mats; Müller-Thomy, Hannes |
| Abstract: | Im Pflanzenbau stellt die Bewässerung eine der wirksamsten Maßnahmen dar, um die Ertragsverluste infolge von Trockenheits- und Dürreereignissen zu vermeiden oder zu minimieren. Durch ein begrenztes Wasserdargebot besteht die Herausforderung, die Wasserverfügbarkeit für die Bewässerung zu erhöhen, ohne die Interessenkonflikte mit anderen wassernutzenden Sektoren zu verschärfen. Im Kontext des sich ändernden Niederschlagsmusters können in Deutschland Wasserspeicherbecken einen Teil der Lösung für die landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe darstellen. Der Kerngedanke ist es, Wasserspeicherbecken in den Herbst- und Wintermonaten entweder bei zunehmenden Dauerregen- oder Starkregenereignissen bzw. mit Entnahmen aus Oberflächengewässern bei hohem Abfluss zu füllen, und das gespeicherte Wasser bei Trockenheit für die Bewässerung zu nutzen. Neben der Steigerung des Wasserdargebots können durch diese technische Lösung die Zuverlässigkeit der Wasserverfügbarkeit für Betriebe verbessert sowie die Interessenkonflikte um die Nutzung von Grund- und Oberflächenwasser entschärft werden. Dieses Working Paper wurde auf der Grundlage einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche mit dem Ziel erstellt, die Potenziale verschiedener technischer Wasserspeicher und Bewässerungsansätze und ihrer Umsetzbarkeit im Bereich landwirtschaftliches Wassermanagement zu ermitteln und eine Orientierung für das Verbundprojekt LAWAMAD - Landwirtschaftliches Wassermanagement in Deutschland zu geben. Im ersten Schritt geben wir einen ausführlichen Überblick über mögliche technische Optionen der Wasserspeicherung sowie über die Kriterien, welche bei ihrer Auswahl eine Rolle spielen. Anschließend wird die Umsetzbarkeit dieser Optionen für die deutsche Landwirtschaft bewertet, wobei sich die vier Optionen Speicherbecken, Regenrückhaltebecken, Versickerungsanlagen und Talsperren als geeignet erweisen. Die Auswahl von Wasserspeicherungsoption sowie die Entscheidung bzgl. ihrer technischen Ausführung stehen unter anderem im Zusammenhang mit vorhandenen oder geplanten Bewässerungsverfahren sowie mit den betrieblichen Strategien zur Bewässerungsoptimierung. Entsprechend bieten wir im zweiten Schritt eine Übersicht über die verfügbaren Bewässerungsverfahren und ihrer Vor- und Nachteile sowie über die Chancen und Risiken der Bewässerung in Deutschland aus agronomischer und wirtschaftlicher Perspektive. Im letzten Schritt unserer Literaturrecherche geben wir den aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion zu den Barrieren für die betrieblichen Investitionen in Bewässerungs- und Wasserspeicherungstechnologien aus drei theoretischen Perspektiven wieder. |
| Abstract: | Irrigation is one of the most effective measures to avoid or reduce yield losses caused by droughts. When water resources are limited, the main challenge relates to the issue of increasing water availability for crop production without causing or exacerbating conflicts of interest with other water-consuming sectors. Considering the already observed change of rainfall patterns in Germany, water storage reservoirs could be part of the solution to agricultural producers. Such reservoirs can be filled in autumn or winter months either with surface water run-off in case of persistent or heavy precipitations, or with abstractions from surface waters when water levels and discharges are high. The stored water can then be used for irrigation in case of spring or summer droughts, thus improving water availability and increasing the reliability of water provision for agricultural producers as well as reducing the conflicts of interest regarding groundwater extractions. This working paper presents the results of a comprehensive literature review carried out in order to identify research needs in the field of agricultural water management and to provide orientation for the research project LAWAMAD - Agricultural Water Management in Germany. In the first step the available technical water storage options and the criteria which are of importance when deciding on their implementation are reviewed. Subsequently, the feasibility of these options for German agriculture is being discussed and the four most suitable ones - water storage basin, rainwater retention basin, infiltration facility and dams are identified. The choice of a technical water storage option and the decision about its size and volume depends among other things with the already available or envisioned irrigation infrastructure and farm strategies to optimize irrigation. Respectively, we discuss the existent irrigation methods, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as chances and risks of irrigation from the agronomic and the economic efficiency perspectives. In the final step of our literature review we provide an overview of the current state of scientific discussion on the barriers to investments in irrigation and water storage infrastructure from three theoretical perspectives. |
| Keywords: | Klimaanpassung, Wassermanagement, Wasserspeicherbecken, Bewässerungsverfahren, Chancen und Risiken, Investitionen in Bewässerungs- und Wasserspeicherungstechnologien, Barriere, climate adaptation, water management, water storage reservoirs, irrigation methods, chances and risks, investments in irrigation and water storage technologies, barriers |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:283571&r=env |
| By: | Shah, Muhammad Azeem Ali (International Water Management Institute); Nabeel, F. |
| Keywords: | Institutions; Water governance; Transboundary waters; River basins; Water law; Legislation; International cooperation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052173&r=env |
| By: | Chagas, André Luis Squarize (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Andrade, Luiza (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | Difference-in-differences (DID) has long been a staple in estimating treatment effects in applied econometrics, with recent advancements relaxing traditional assumptions to explore heterogeneous and spillover effects. While heterogeneous effects analysis examines causal impacts across diverse groups and periods, spillover effects analysis delves into the influence of treatments on neighboring units. Incorporating spatial dependence within the DID framework, Spatial Difference-in-Differences (SDID) models have emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing such effects, particularly in settings where observations represent fixed geographical units. This study contributes to the literature by explicitly formalizing underlying assumptions and employing an SDID model to analyze the impact of Brazil’s Priority Municipalities List on deforestation in the Amazon region. Utilizing both traditional DID and SDID methodologies, we uncover significant reductions in deforestation odds ratios within listed municipalities and neighboring unlisted municipalities. Furthermore, we introduce an event study approach linked with SDID to explore the policy’s anticipatory effects. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of the Priority Municipalities List in curbing deforestation and highlight the importance of spatially explicit methodologies in environmental policy evaluation. This article advances methodological discussions surrounding SDID estimation and provides empirical insights into the efficacy of targeted environmental policies in combating deforestation in sensitive ecosystems like the Amazon. |
| Keywords: | Spatial diff-in-diff; spillover effects; spatial event study; causal inference; deforestation; Brazilian Amazon |
| JEL: | C21 C23 K32 Q50 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2024_002&r=env |
| By: | Casas Ferrús, M. Nieves (RWTH Aachen university); Ruhnau, Oliver (Faculty of Economics and Institute of Energy Economics University of Cologne); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | This article investigates temporal matching requirements for green hydrogen. While previous studies found that a more granular matching increases production costs, we focus on cost advantages under hourly matching through technological and geographical diversification. To quantify the resulting portfolio effects, we further develop and apply a linear cost-optimization model. We identify two types of portfolio effects, “technological” and “locational”, and quantify them for different portfolio sizes and types of electricity generation technologies. We find portfolio effects in the range of 3–7% when aggregating two locations, and up to 21% for a Germany-wide portfolio. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of discrimination against small players and for the modeling of temporal matching requirements. |
| Keywords: | Green hydrogen; renewable energy; portfolio effects; risk diversification |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2023_018&r=env |
| By: | Ulysse Soulat (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université) |
| Abstract: | Making sustainable urban mobility more attractive through a self-tracking application could contribute to behavioral change. Marketing research reflects the importance of choosing the right information to convey in order to encourage responsible practices. In this study, we investigate the effect of visual complexity on people's intentions to reduce the carbon footprint of their journeys using a self-tracking application. An experiment involving 362 participants examines the impact of self-tracking on behavioral intentions through the prism of visual complexity. On the one hand, the experiment shows that moderately complex home pages have a positive effect on behavioral intentions. On the other hand, when subjects are subjected to a moderate level of visual complexity (vs. simple or complex), their sense of self-efficacy and intention to use are higher. |
| Abstract: | Rendre la mobilité urbaine durable plus attractive par une application de self-tracking pourrait contribuer au changement de comportement. Les recherches en marketing reflètent l'importance du choix de l'information à transmettre afin d'amener à des pratiques responsables. Dans cette recherche, nous étudions l'effet de la complexité visuelle sur les intentions de réduire l'empreinte carbone de ses déplacements grâce à une application de self-tracking. Une mise en situation auprès de 362 participants interroge le phénomène du self-tracking sur les intentions comportementales par le prisme de la complexité visuelle. D'une part, l'expérimentation conduite montre que les pages d'accueil de complexité modérée ont un effet positif sur les intentions comportementales. D'autre part, lorsque les sujets sont soumis à un niveau de complexité visuelle modéré (vs simple ou complexe), leur sentiment d'auto-efficacité et leur intention d'utilisation sont plus élevés. |
| Keywords: | Mobile application, self-efficacy, visual complexity, responsible behavior, self-tracking, Application mobile, auto-efficacité, complexité visuelle, comportement responsable |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04454382&r=env |
| By: | Chabé-Ferret, Sylvain; Le Coent, Philippe; Lefebvre, Caroline; Salanié, François; Subervie, Julie; Thoyer, Sophie; Préget, Raphaele |
| Abstract: | Nudges are increasingly used to alter the behavior of economic agents as an alternative to monetary incentives. However, little is known as to whether nudges can backfire, that is, how and when they may generate effects opposite to those they intend to achieve. We provide the first field evidence of a nudge that is designed to encourage pro-environmental behavior, which instead backfires. We randomly allocate a social comparison nudge inviting winegrowers to adopt biological pest control as an alternative to chemical pesticide use. We find that our nudge decreases by half the adoption of biological pest control among the largest vineyards, where the bulk of adoption occurs. We show that this result can be rationalized in an economic model where winegrowers and winegrower-cooperative man-agers bargain over future rents generated by the adoption of biological pest control. This study highlights the importance of experimenting on a small scale with nudges aimed at encouraging adoption of virtuous behaviors in order to detect unexpected adverse effects, particularly in contexts where negotiations on the sharing of the costs of adoption are likely to occur. |
| Keywords: | Nudges; Behavioral Economics; Pesticides; Government Policy |
| JEL: | D90 Q25 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129130&r=env |
| By: | Nina Graveline (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Jean-Marc Touzard (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Keywords: | Démarche participative, Adaptation au changement climatique, Echelle locale |
| Date: | 2022–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03723720&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Meyfroidt; Dilini Abeygunawardane; Matthias Baumann; Adia Bey; Ana Buchadas; Cristina Chiarella; Victoria Junquera; Angela Kronenburg Garc\'ia; Tobias Kuemmerle; Yann le Polain de Waroux; Eduardo Oliveira; Michelle Picoli; Siyu Qin; Virginia Rodriguez Garc\'ia; Philippe Rufin |
| Abstract: | Land use expansion is linked to major sustainability concerns including climate change, food security and biodiversity loss. This expansion is largely concentrated in so-called frontiers, defined here as places experiencing marked transformations due to rapid resource exploitation. Understanding the mechanisms shaping these frontiers is crucial for sustainability. Previous work focused mainly on explaining how active frontiers advance, in particular into tropical forests. Comparatively, our understanding of how frontiers emerge in territories considered marginal in terms of agricultural productivity and global market integration remains weak. We synthesize conceptual tools explaining resource and land-use frontiers, including theories of land rent and agglomeration economies, of frontiers as successive waves, spaces of territorialization, friction, and opportunities, anticipation and expectation. We then propose a new theory of frontier emergence, which identifies exogenous pushes, legacies of past waves, and actors anticipations as key mechanisms by which frontiers emerge. Processes of abnormal rent creation and capture and the built-up of agglomeration economies then constitute key mechanisms sustaining active frontiers. Finally, we discuss five implications for the governance of frontiers for sustainability. Our theory focuses on agriculture and deforestation frontiers in the tropics, but can be inspirational for other frontier processes including for extractive resources, such as minerals. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.12487&r=env |
| By: | Scaini, Anna; Mulligan, Joseph; Berg, Håkan; Brangarí, Albert; Bukachi, Vera; Carenzo, Sebastian; Chau Thi, Da; Courtney-Mustaphi, Colin; Ekblom, Anneli; Fjelde, Hanne; Fridahl, Mathias; Hansson, Anders; Hicks, Lettice; Höjer, Mattias; Juma, Benard; Kain, Jaan-Henrik; Kariuki, Rebecca W.; Kim, Soben; Lane, Paul; Leizeaga, Ainara; Lindborg, Regina; Livsey, John; Lyon, Steve W.; Marchant, Rob; McConville, Jennifer R.; Munishi, Linus; Nilsson, David; Olang, Luke; Olin, Stefan; Olsson, Lennart; Rogers, Peter Msumali; Rousk, Johannes; Sandén, Hans; Sasaki, Nophea; Shoemaker, Anna; Smith, Benjamin; Thai Huynh Phuong, Lan; Varela Varela, Ana; Venkatappa, Manjunatha; Vico, Giulia; Von Uexkull, Nina; Wamsler, Christine; Wondie, Menale; Zapata, Patrick; Zapata Campos, María José; Manzoni, Stefano; Tompsett, Anna |
| Abstract: | Drawing on collective experience from ten collaborative research projects focused on the Global South, we identify three major challenges that impede the translation of research on sustainability and resilience into better-informed choices by individuals and policy-makers that in turn can support transformation to a sustainable future. The three challenges comprise: (i) converting knowledge produced during research projects into successful knowledge application; (ii) scaling up knowledge in time when research projects are short-term and potential impacts are long-term; and (iii) scaling up knowledge across space, from local research sites to larger-scale or even global impact. Some potential pathways for funding agencies to overcome these challenges include providing targeted prolonged funding for dissemination and outreach, and facilitating collaboration and coordination across different sites, research teams, and partner organizations. By systematically documenting these challenges, we hope to pave the way for further innovations in the research cycle. |
| Keywords: | upscaling; climate change adaptation; knowledge co-creation; knowledge transfer; resilience; sustainable development goals; 2016-06359; 2016-06355; 2016-06297; 2016-06300; 2016-06327; 2016-06329; 2016-06334; 2016-06289; 2016-06313; 2016-06389 |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122096&r=env |
| By: | Verónica ACURIO VASCONEZ; David DESMARCHELIER; Romain RESTOUT |
| Abstract: | This paper documents a positive and significant relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and capital depreciation rate for a large sample covering more than 80 countries in recent decades. Using this result, we develop a simple Solow model with an AK production function in which a pollution externality, viewed as a stock, increases the capital depreciation rate. In the long run, it appears that whatever the magnitude of the pollution effect on capital depreciation, there is no room for endogenous growth despite the AK technology. Moreover, we observe that a sufficiently sensitive capital depreciation rate to pollution can lead to the emergence of a limit cycle near the steady state (i.e., a Hopf bifurcation), indicating that the relationship empirically documented within this paper acts as a destabilizing force for the economy. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous Capital Depreciation, Growth Model, Pollution. |
| JEL: | E22 O41 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-01&r=env |
| By: | Galarza, Francisco (Universidad del Pacífico); Kámiche Zegarra, Joanna (Universidad del Pacífico); Gómez de Zea, Rosario (Universidad del Pacífico) |
| Abstract: | We study the role of subnational institutions in forest conservation in a context in which areas near roads are prone to deforestation. We develop an index of institutionalism to examine the extent to which local institutions can contribute to mitigate the road infrastructure’s adverse effect on deforestation. Using a large dataset from Peru, home to the second largest portion of the Amazon rainforest, we find that a higher value of our index of local institutions is significantly correlated with lower deforestation. However, the effect of our institutions index is not sufficiently large to offset the deforesting effect that closeness to roads has, at least not for relatively short distances to road. These results are robust to different specifications of our institutions index and to the inclusión of a large set of control variables. |
| Keywords: | Environment and development, deforestation, infrastructure, institutions. |
| JEL: | D02 O18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pai:wpaper:23-03&r=env |
| By: | Martin, Will; Vos, Rob |
| Abstract: | Progress toward reducing global hunger has stalled since the mid-2010s. In fact, hunger is on the rise again, driven by slowing economic growth and protracted conflict, intensified by the impacts of climate change and economic shocks in many low- and middle-income countries. In addition, food systems worldwide have suffered disruptions in recent years, caused by the COVID-19-related global recession and associated supply chain disruptions, and exacerbated by the war in Ukraine. These factors have also jeopardized efforts at addressing the challenges to food system sustainability. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the related sustainable development goals (SDGs), defined in 2015, recognize these challenges and set ambitious targets to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition and to make agriculture and food systems sustainable by 2030. Many other fora have restated and reiterated these ambitions, including the 2021 United Nations Food System Summit (UNFSS). While governments around the world have subscribed to these ambitions, collectively they have not been very specific as to how to achieve the SDGs and related goals and targets, except for three means of implementation (MOI) involving (i) increases in research and development, (ii) reductions in trade distortions, and (iii) improved functioning and reduced volatility in food markets. This paper is part of a wider effort at assessing the international community’s follow-through on the above ambitions and the related (implicit or explicit) commitments made toward action for achieving them. While not presenting new research findings, we bring together available evidence and scenario analyses to assess the progress made toward the ambitions for transforming food systems, the actions taken in regard of the internationally concerted agenda, and the potential for accelerating progress. The number of hungry people in the world has risen from 564 million in 2015, when the SDGs were agreed, to 735 million in 2022. While declines to between 570 and 590 million by 2030 are projected, this is far above the 470 million projected in the absence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war. The share of the world’s people unable to afford healthy diets is projected to decline from 42 percent in 2021 to a still far too high 36 percent by 2030. On the means of implementation, levels of spending on agricultural research and development have increased, particularly in key developing countries such as Brazil, China and India. However, rates of investment remain too low for comfort, particularly in low-income countries. Also, little progress has been made in reducing agricultural trade distortions and many countries continue to use trade policy measures, such as export restrictions, which have proven to increase the volatility of both world and domestic food prices. We conclude that progress toward the SDG-2 targets has been dismal, and that the food system challenges have only become bigger. But we also find that it is not too late to accelerate progress and that the desired food system transformation can still be achieved over a reasonable timespan and at manageable incremental cost. Doing so will require unprecedented concerted and coherent action on multiple fronts, which may prove the biggest obstacle of all. |
| Keywords: | food security; food systems; hunger; nutrition; diet; sustainable development goals |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2237&r=env |
| By: | Matchaya, Greenwell (International Water Management Institute); Guthiga, P. |
| Keywords: | Food systems; Policies; Stakeholder engagement; Indicators; Livelihoods; Equity; Resilience; Governance; Nutrition security; Environmental factors; Infrastructure; Agricultural productivity |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052412&r=env |
| By: | Rangrang Zheng; Greg Schivley; Patricia Hidalgo-Gonzalez; Matthias Fripp; Michael J. Roberts |
| Abstract: | Solar and wind power are cost-competitive with fossil fuels, yet their intermittent nature presents challenges. Significant temporal and geographic differences in land, wind, and solar resources suggest that long-distance transmission could be particularly beneficial. Using a detailed, open-source model, we analyze optimal transmission expansion jointly with storage, generation, and hourly operations across the three primary interconnects in the United States. Transmission expansion offers far more benefits in a high-renewable system than in a system with mostly conventional generation. Yet while an optimal nationwide plan would have more than triple current interregional transmission, transmission decreases the cost of a 100% clean system by only 4% compared to a plan that relies solely on current transmission. Expanding capacity only within existing interconnects can achieve most of these savings. Adjustments to energy storage and generation mix can leverage the current interregional transmission infrastructure to build a clean power system at a reasonable cost. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.14189&r=env |
| By: | Makowski, Vera; Dunger, Steffi; Wellbrock, Nicole |
| Abstract: | As part of international agreements, countries must report their greenhouse gas emissions. In associations of states such as the EU, it is desirable that the data used for reporting is also comparable. To date, there have been various methods for collecting data on forest soil, some of which differ so greatly from one another due to historically evolved circumstances that the data obtained cannot be harmonized. In addition, there are countries that have not yet collected any data, as a systematic survey, whether as part of an inventory or long-term monitoring, is time-consuming and cost-intensive. With this guideline, we therefore propose a basis that can be used in future to collect data for greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting in forest soils. The methodology is based on the ICP Forests manual and is limited to the parameters relevant for GHG reporting and their interpretation. It is possible to add individual parameters. With the help of the guideline, forest soil investigations can be linked to existing inventories (e.g. forest inventories) or the existing ICP Forests network can be consolidated with less complex sites. |
| Abstract: | Im Zuge von internationalen Abkommen müssen Länder ihre Treibhausgase berichten. In Staatenverbünden wie der EU ist hierbei wünschenswert, dass die Daten, die zur Berichterstattung herangezogen werden, auch vergleichbar sind. Für die Datenerhebung im Waldboden gibt es bisher verschiedene Methoden zur Datenerhebung, die sich durch historisch gewachsene Gegebenheiten teilweise so stark voneinander unterscheiden, dass die gewonnenen Daten nicht harmonisierbar sind. Hinzu kommen Länder, die bisher noch keine Daten erheben, da eine systematische Erhebung, sei es im Zuge einer Inventur oder eines langfristigen Monitorings, zeit- und kostenintensiv ist. Daher schlagen wir mit dieser Guideline eine Grundlage vor, mit der in Zukunft für die Treibhausgasberichterstattung (THG) im Waldboden Daten erhoben werden können. Die Methodik basiert auf dem Manual des ICP Forests und ist auf die für die THG und ihre Interpretation relevanten Parameter beschränkt. Eine Erweiterung um einzelne Parameter ist möglich. Mit Hilfe der Guideline können Waldbodenuntersuchungen an bestehende Inventuren (z. B. Waldinventuren) angegliedert werden oder das bestehende ICP Forests Netzwerk mit weniger aufwendigen Standorten verdichtet werden. |
| Keywords: | Forest soil, inventory, monitoring, greenhouse gas reporting, Waldboden, Inventur, Monitoring, Treibhausgasberichterstattung |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:283574&r=env |
| By: | Claire-Isabelle Roquebert (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne); Gervaise Debucquet |
| Abstract: | In the face of rising sustainability issues, increasing numbers of organisations are trying to build compromises between their economic purpose and ecological objectives. Organisational studies focus on the analysis of such compromise processes but most studies do not seek to grasp the substantial changes advocated by ecological critiques. Our research is aimed at addressing that gap by clarifying the radical view sustained by ecological imaginary beyond conventional compromise processes. We engage in a qualitative study of biodynamics – an agricultural method based on a radical ecological imaginary – to evaluate its moral underpinnings through Boltanski and Thévenot's Economies of Worth framework. Our findings help us to grasp the radical moral substance of ecological critique and to extend that framework beyond its dualist assumption. By highlighting antagonisms between meta-conceptions of justice rather than analysing compromises, our research provides insights into the radical organisational changes advocated by ecological critiques. |
| Keywords: | Biodynamic farming, Ecological critique, Economies of Worth, Imaginaries, Nature-culture dualism, Sustainability, Antagonisms |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03897785&r=env |
| By: | Rana, Abdul Wajid; Gill, Sitara; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S.; ElDidi, Hagar |
| Abstract: | Pakistan is highly dependent on irrigated agriculture for employment, income generation and food security—around 90 percent of all food production relies on either surface or groundwater irrigation. The growing dependence of agriculture but also industries and the drinking water sector on groundwater has led to the overexploitation of groundwater resources and, in some areas, to the deterioration of groundwater quality. Fiscal incentives for solarization of irrigation/drinking water pumps are likely to further increase water withdrawals and make water governance more complex. To understand the perspectives of groundwater users, a qualitative study was conducted in the alluvial groundwater systems of Punjab as well as the hard rock systems of Balochistan. Interviews with key informants at federal, provincial, and district level were also conducted to capture insights from additional decisionmakers affecting groundwater management and governance. The study identified a series of challenges around groundwater management and use, including overexploitation of groundwater resources, worsening groundwater quality raising serious health challenges, lack of communities’ participation in decision making, particularly women, non-availability of actionable data, weak enforcement of laws and regulations relating to groundwater governance, and partisan decision-making driven by political influentials and local bureaucracies. Solarization of irrigation pumps without proper regulatory and monitoring framework is expected to exacerbate groundwater extraction and accelerate water stress. The study strongly suggests an urgent need for not only integrated water management at all levels with equitable distribution of water resources but also to engage local communities and other stakeholders, including women in water conservancy awareness campaigns, groundwater quality monitoring, and decision-making. Moreover, the management and governance of water, particularly groundwater, must be insulated from political and partisan decision making. It is equally important to look at the quality of groundwater from a wider prism, considering health and water supply, sanitation and hygiene to address the increase in water borne diseases. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; food security; groundwater irrigation; women; employment; governance |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2240&r=env |
| By: | Galarza, Francisco (Universidad del Pacífico); Carbajal Navarro, Max Arturo (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú); Aguirre Montoya, Julio (Universidad del Pacífico) |
| Abstract: | We study the willingness to pay (WTP) for a large set of improvements in water service related to water quality, continuity, and securing access for people with no house piped water during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from urban Peru, and the contingent valuation method, we estimate a mean WTP of around PEN 4.3 (USD 1.05), 3.7 and 1.8, respectively, for the aforementioned sets of improvements, with the combined WTP representing a 23% increase in the households’ water service monthly bill. We find that the WTP for all sets of improvements is influenced by the expenditure in bottled water (which acts as a substitute for tap water) and a proxy variable for household assets. The influence of the individual characteristics typically scrutinized by the literature (e.g. sex, age, and education) varies with the type of improvement examined. We find a significant heterogeneity in WTP across providers and calculate the users’ contribution to a water fund that could crowd-in the public investment in water infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Access to tap water, Contingent valuation method, Continuity, COVID-19, Households, Quality, Safe water, Willingness to pay. |
| JEL: | C25 D12 I10 L95 Q25 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pai:wpaper:22-03&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Aubert (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon, AMU IAE - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Aix-en-Provence - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Miguel Cordova (PUCP - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru); Gonzalo Hernandez (ITESO - Universidad Jesuita de Guadalajara) |
| Abstract: | Purpose This study aims to investigate how a French multinational enterprise (MNE) is developing employee stock ownership (ESO) in its subsidiaries in Peru and Mexico, both Latin American countries with deep social and economic inequalities. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative case study which conducted interviews with representatives of the French MNE and its subsidiaries in Peru and Mexico. Findings The employee stock purchase plans offered by the company to its employees support the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 1, 8 and 10 in these countries. Social implications The authors argue that MNEs could become flagships in the SDG achievement in emerging economies. Originality/value By contributing to better workplace outcomes and enhanced corporate performance, ESO is in line with SDG 8. ESO also fulfills SDGs 1 and 10 by allowing employees to build up savings and wealth, whose lack is the main source of inequality and poverty. Reciprocity and binary economics theories explain these relationships. |
| Keywords: | Employee stock ownership, Employee stock purchase plan, Shared capitalism, Multinational entreprises, Sustainable development goals SDGs |
| Date: | 2024–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04476827&r=env |
| By: | Wozny, Florian (German Aerospace Center DLR) |
| Abstract: | The tax incidence is central to the effectiveness of taxation. In this paper, I examine the pass-through rate of an air passenger tax to airfares. Additionally, I analyse its impact on passenger numbers, air transport capacity, and the interaction with supply and demand elasticity. For identification, I exploit the implementation of an air passenger tax on worldwide departures from Sweden and compare them with similar departures from Denmark and Finland with no such air passenger tax implementation. For the analysis, I use a unique data set of the universe of worldwide airline bookings. On average, airlines choose an immediate and nearly full pass-through of taxes. Consistent with theoretical priors for oligopolistic markets, tax incidence increases with competition but decreases with lower demand elasticity. Furthermore, the air passenger tax reduces passenger numbers and air transport capacity significantly. |
| Keywords: | tax incidence, competition, air passenger tax, environmental policy |
| JEL: | H22 L13 Q52 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16783&r=env |
| By: | Elena Emilia Stefan (Nicolae Titulescu University, Bucharest, Romania) |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, people have become increasingly concerned about topics such as: the environment, climate, ecology, climate change. Human coexistence on our beautiful blue planet currently involves, more than ever, the development of a legal conscience. In this background, this study proposes a generous objective, namely to know the general legal framework regarding the regulation in Romanian legislation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. From this perspective, we believe that the theme is highly topical and important for several categories of subjects: private individuals, public authorities, but also for states, to a large extent. The proposed architecture of the paperwork consists of several parts, organized in a logical sequence. Part I provides a brief introduction to the general subject of the topic. Part II analyzes the legislative framework in order to know how the constituent legislator regulated the right to a healthy environment. Part III focuses on discussing the contribution of case-law in shaping the state's obligation to provide the legal framework for the exercise of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. |
| Keywords: | Constitution, public authorities, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the Constitutional Court of Romania, state |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0289&r=env |
| By: | Camilla Chlebna (Department for Geography, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany); Jannika Mattes (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany) |
| Keywords: | Regional transition fields, energy transition, organisational institutionalism, strategic action fields, wind energy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2401&r=env |
| By: | Pascal Raux (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This training course devoted to African students and stakeholders attending the AfriMAQUA conference is part of the MARINE AQUACULTURE TRAINING WORKSHOP held in Mombasa, Kenya, 27th – 28th October 2023, in the continuation of the AfriMAQUA Conference and is part of the International Joint Laboratory action LIMAQUA. The training workshop proposed 5 courses: - Seaweeds in integrated aquaculture - Sustainable strategies for improving health of intensive aquaculture systems - Aquaculture nutrition - Remote sensing for aquaculture and - Economics of aquaculture farms The purpose of the Economics of aquaculture farms was to propose an introduction to the economics of a farm through a self-directed exercise, especially for non economists. Objective was to acquire i) a first understanding of economic and technical performance measurement of aquaculture farms, ii) an introduction to the Costs/Benefits Analysis of production systems and iii) how collecting relevant information for economic analysis. The course was structured according to the following sections: - Introduction to Aquaculture History and its dynamics - Farms and Production systems - Farms Economics - An application to the case of shrimp farming development in the Indonesian province of Lampung, Sumatra |
| Keywords: | aquaculture, economics, Economic Development, Farms and agricultural practices, Farm Profitability, Farm Accounting, shrimp culture, sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04439181&r=env |
| By: | David Newbery; Darryl Biggar |
| Keywords: | Transmission constraints, access regimes, variable renewable electricity, marginal curtailment, nodal pricing |
| JEL: | H23 L94 Q28 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2401&r=env |
| By: | Paul Simshauser; David Newbery |
| Keywords: | Renewables, network congestion, curtailment, marginal curtailment, renewable energy zones |
| JEL: | D52 D53 G12 L94 Q40 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2322&r=env |
| By: | Pyddoke, Roger (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Lind, Joar (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Cities around the world contemplate how the transports of the city can be greened by shifting passenger transport demand from private car to more sustainable modes. Car users in cities frequently do not fully pay for the externalities (for example congestion, delays, accidents, noise, and air pollution) they cause other car users and citizens. This paper models and compares the effects of welfare optimized parking charges, congestion taxes, and kilometre taxes in Malmö and Uppsala in Sweden, internalization of externalities, welfare and shift of demand from car use to other modes. The results indicate that there is a significant potential for improvement in social welfare and for shifting mode from car to other modes by pricing car use externalities by all three instruments. The increased costs per trip imposed on car users by the instrument vary by a factor two from about EUR 1 to about EUR 2. |
| Keywords: | parking charge; congestion tax; kilometre tax; Sweden; welfare; optimization; mode shift |
| JEL: | R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2024_002&r=env |
| By: | Habibi Asgarabad, Mojtaba (Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Vesely, Stepan; Klöckner, Christian Andreas (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Background and Aims: In the context of the ENCHANT project, we conducted a clustering analysis to categorize Norwegian participants in an electricity-saving program based on environmental concerns, personal norms, gender, educational level, social status, age, family size, and the ages of their children. Subsequently, we examined variations in Electricity Consumption per person normalized to seven days (EC), the access to Electricity Assets in the Household (EAH), Perceived Behavioral Control of electricity-saving tips (PBC), and Energy Poverty Risk (EPR) across different clusters. Participants: A sample of 1, 135 Norwegians (508 females; mean age = 49.14, SD age = 12.86; age range = 23–86) participated in the study. Results: Two-step cluster analysis resulted in five distinct clusters: (i) multi-generational households with moderate concern, (ii) eco-ease in midlife, (iii) middle-aged females in medium-sized households, (iv) growing families with moderate concerns, and (v) moderate advocates with adolescents. Analysis of variance indicated significant variations in mean scores of EC, access to EAH, and PBC across clusters (p < .01), with no significant difference in terms of the REP among the clusters (p > .05). Discussion: Discernible pattern indicated that families with teenagers, characterized by a lower environmental concern, tend to exhibit higher electricity usage per person compared to their counterparts with moderate and high environmental concern, even in instances where there are old-aged parents present. This information can guide targeted strategies to promote electricity efficiency, especially for younger families and those with teenagers, who may face distinct challenges in adopting electricity-saving practices. Building on these findings, future research could delve deeper into the specific challenges that younger families and households with teenagers encounter in adopting electricity-saving practices. Key messages: 1. Our finding highlights the predominant influence of structural factors, such as household size and the number and age of children, on electricity consumption patterns. 2. Clusters with moderate environmental concern displayed variations in electricity use, challenging the assumption that higher environmental concern necessarily leads to lower energy consumption. 3. The identified clusters, each with distinct profiles and behaviors, suggest the need for tailored interventions. |
| Date: | 2024–02–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gd5ra&r=env |
| By: | Julie Bulteau (CEARC - Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sonia Adelé (COSYS-GRETTIA - Génie des Réseaux de Transport Terrestres et Informatique Avancée - Université Gustave Eiffel); Thierry Feuillet (IDEES - Identité et Différenciation de l’Espace, de l’Environnement et des Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | The aim of the COMOPOCOV project is to try to answer the following question: can the COVID-19 crisis be an accelerator of change in mobility behaviour conducive to the ecological transition? In this work, we wish to present the first line of research of the COMOPOCOV project, which consists of analysing and characterising the changes in behaviour adopted since the first confinement (compared with the pre-crisis period) in order to obtain different profiles of individuals according to their changes in travel behaviour. The aim is therefore to characterise these changes in behaviour and to examine their persistence. We hypothesise the existence of four main profiles of changes in mobility: (i) demobility, (ii) modal shift towards less polluting modes (active mobility), (iii) modal shift towards the private car and (iv) no change in behaviour. We will put the profiles derived from our modelling into perspective and consolidate/support them with elements from the qualitative interviews. Finally, we will cross-reference the profiles with the various incentives for behaviour change in order to identify the incentives to be promoted for sustainable results in terms of mobility. |
| Abstract: | L'objectif du projet COMOPOCOV est d'essayer de répondre à la question suivante : la crise de la COVID-19 peut-elle être un accélérateur de changement de comportement de mobilité favorable à la transition écologique ? Dans ce travail, nous souhaitons présenter le premier axe de recherche du projet COMOPOCOV qui consiste à analyser et caractériser les changements de comportements adoptés depuis le premier confinement (par rapport à la période avant-crise) afin d'obtenir différents profils d'individus en fonction de leur évolution de comportement de déplacement. L'objectif est donc de caractériser ces changements de comportements et de s'interroger sur leur persistance. Nous posons l'hypothèse de l'existence de quatre principaux profils d'évolution de mobilité : (i) la démobilité, (ii) le report modal vers des modes moins polluants (mobilité active), (iii) le report modal vers la voiture individuelle et (iv) pas de changement de comportement. Nous mettrons en perspective les profils dérivés de nos modélisations et les consoliderons/appuierons d'éléments ressortis des entretiens qualitatifs. Enfin, nous croiserons les profils avec les différentes incitations de changement de comportement afin d'identifier les incitations à promouvoir pour des résultats durables en termes de mobilité. |
| Date: | 2023–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04457711&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Gerster; Michael Kramm |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how a benevolent policy maker should optimally tax (or subsidize) product attributes when consumers are behaviorally biased. We demonstrate that market choices are informative about biases, which can be exploited for targeting biased consumers via a non-linear tax schedule. We show that its properties depend on few parameters of the joint distribution of consumer valuations and biases. Furthermore, we provide a novel justification for behaviorally motivated product standards and derive when a combination of taxes and standards is optimal. We illustrate our findings based on a numerical example from the lightbulb market. |
| Keywords: | Optimal commodity taxation, non-linear taxation, internalities, behavioral economics, public economics, environmental economics |
| JEL: | H21 D82 D04 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_510&r=env |
| By: | Robert Forster; Destan Kirimhan; Xiaojin Sun |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and its mortgage lending implications for the affected Gulf coast areas. We construct a unique dataset by using information from the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique program and mapping those observations to the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act lending dataset. Our difference-in-differences estimation results show that denial rates of mortgage applications rise between 2 and 6% as a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, whilst accounting for fixed effects at the lender and census tract levels. We also find that the effect is larger on refinance mortgages compared to home purchase mortgages, and national banks respond more aggressively compared to other mortgage lenders. |
| Keywords: | Mortgage Lending, Environmental Damage, Oil Spill, Difference-in-Differences |
| JEL: | G21 Q53 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:liv:livedp:202219&r=env |
| By: | Adam Fuller (Economics Section, Colorado Public Utilities Commission); Steven M. Smith (Department of Economics and Business and Hydrologic Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines) |
| Abstract: | Utilities provide essential services that underpin social welfare and economic activity. There is a robust literature on how to best organize the provision of these activities, but no consensus has emerged on the presence and extent of economies of scope in the utility sector. We consider how the scope of a utility relates to residential prices. In contrast to the existing literature, our study focuses on utilities within the US and that provide services across distinct sectors (water and electricity), and we directly consider price implications. Specifically, we draw on surveys in 2017 and 2021 of around 400 water utilities --- 14 percent of which also provide electricity --- to generate empirical evidence on where joint water-electric utilities tend to operate and their association with retail prices for water and electricity. We find that smaller and less wealthy places are more likely to have joint water-electric utilities, as are cooler and drier places. More notably, we find significant evidence that water charges are 21 percent lower among the joint utilities than water only utilities. Ancillary data and analysis suggest electricity rates are also lower, indicating significant economies of scope are available. Our evidence addresses canonical gaps related to questions of the boundary of the firm and economies of scope in this important supply node of the water-energy nexus that can inform considerations of restructuring the provision of these services. |
| Keywords: | utilities, boundaries of the firm, residential electricity, residential water |
| JEL: | D23 L25 L97 Q25 Q41 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mns:wpaper:wp202402&r=env |
| By: | Luis Bauluz; Pawel Bukowski; Mark Fransham; Annie Seong Lee; Neil Lee; Margarita Lopez Forero; Filip Novokmet; Moritz Schularick |
| Abstract: | What can be done to address Britain's relative economic decline over the past decade and a half? The final report of the Economy 2030 Inquiry presents an ambitious strategy for reversing decades of under-investment, by the private and public sectors alike, built on a realistic understanding of the country's core strengths. |
| Keywords: | UK Economy, Wages, Green Growth, Brexit, Social mobility, Employment, Economic geography, Productivity |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:673&r=env |
| By: | Stulz, Rene M. (Ohio State U and ECGI); Doidge, Craig (U of Toronto); Karolyi, George Andrew (Cornell U) |
| Abstract: | In the 2000s, US firms have higher valuations than comparable non-US firms listed only outside the US but not non-US firms cross-listed in the US. Though one would expect this US valuation premium to fall over time because of globalization, it widens for firms in developed markets by 36% and falls for firms in emerging markets by 20% after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. This evolution is explained in part by the decreased valuation of brown firms in other developed countries relative to the US. Other potential explanations are explored and rejected. |
| JEL: | F21 F65 G10 G15 G34 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecl:ohidic:2023-21&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Lanz |
| Abstract: | L'économie et le système capitaliste sont souvent considérés comme étant à la racine de problèmes environnementaux. Cela peut induire une perception selon laquelle l'économie et la préservation de l'environnement sont en opposition. Dans ce texte, j'illustre en quoi une compréhension de l'économie est nécessaire pour contribuer à résoudre les problèmes environnementaux. Prenant les changements climatiques comme exemple, je mobilise deux types d'outils utilisés par les économistes. Premièrement, je développe un modèle sous la forme d’une allégorie. Je montre qu'un système capitaliste dans lequel il n'existe pas de droits de propriété explicites sur certaines ressources naturelles crée une situation de dilemme social : les actions individualistes vont à l’encontre de l’intérêt collectif. Deuxièmement, à l'aide d’outils empiriques, je discute des impacts économiques des changements climatiques et des interventions pour solutionner le dilemme social. Les résultats montrent qu'un investissement pour imiter les changements climatiques au niveau global coûte moins cher que l’inaction. Je considère ensuite trois types d’interventions en lien avec l'existence de droits de propriété implicites : (i) l'éducation et l'information, (ii) la régulation des marchés, et (iii) le soutien à l'innovation et à l'adoption de nouvelles technologies. Je conclus sur le fait que l'économie de l'environnement peut contribuer à développer des stratégies pour équilibrer les intérêts économiques et la préservation de l'environnement. L'innovation et la coopération au niveau global sont possibles, en témoigne la crise COVID. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:polrep:24-02&r=env |
| By: | J V M Sarma ((Corresponding Author)Professor in charge of the Centre for Public Finance, Madras School of Economics, Chennai) |
| Abstract: | Non-tax revenues in the form of cost recoveries of public services provided by governments are the most important source of revenue for urban local governments in India. However, most governments lack rational pricing policy for these services and generally charge token prices, which may hardly relate to their supply and distribution costs. The financial sustainability of the drinking water supply system involves ‘cost recovery’ principle, and the tariff rate structures should be designed in such a way that revenue yield should compensate the operation and maintenance cost. However, the current water pricing practices are deficient in the sense that often the price of urban water supply is lower than the costs incurred for its provision. In this paper it is attempted to design an objective tariff system that is efficient, adequate, equitable and is suitable for recovery of the costs involved in the drinking water sector. The model basically aims at linking the water tariff rates to the volumetric consumption of water, with adequate progressivity. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2023-244&r=env |
| By: | Hongyun Zhang |
| Keywords: | Offshore wind, Contract for Difference, North Sea |
| JEL: | L94 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2323&r=env |
| By: | Phumlani Nkontwana; Erik Stam |
| Abstract: | Many regions and countries aim to copy a Silicon Valley model of entrepreneurship-led development. We argue that this is misguided, in general, and in low income economies even more. We advocate an alternative approach that can be adapted to local context, with respect to both conditions and outcomes. We focus on a context with low incomes and massive population growth, with large cohorts of youngsters entering the economy: Africa. In this context there is a huge need for well-functioning entrepreneurial ecosystems to enable private sector development and more fundamentally to have the talents of a large new generation flourish and to tackle gigantic sustainable development challenges. We argue that for the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach to be useful for African economies it needs to be meaningful for the stakeholders involved, and that this can be achieved with locally-embedded narratives about the future of entrepreneurship in Africa. We analyze entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives that inform theory and policy practice of entrepreneurship-led development in Africa. Our argument is that for Africa, and other low income economy contexts as well, we need to embrace entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives that suit the local context and envisioned futures of the local stakeholders |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurship-led developmentvelopment, Africa, context, narratives, futuring |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:use:tkiwps:2305&r=env |
| By: | Andrei Covatariu; Daniel Duma; Monica Giulietti; Michael G. Pollitt |
| Keywords: | Distribution system operator, distributed energy resources, decarbonisation |
| JEL: | L94 L95 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2315&r=env |
| By: | Hutchings, Siobhan (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | We use an online experiment and survey to establish that consumers are misinformed about electric vehicles and that correcting misinformation has little impact on preferences for electric vehicles but some impact on electric vehicle policy preferences. Specifically, correcting misperceptions does not change consumers’ willingness to support pro-electric vehicle government initiatives but does cause specific EV policies to be preferred more or less. We estimate the effect of correcting misinformation by employing two information treatments : an informative narrative and a fact sheet. These treatments successfully make electric vehicle perceptions more accurate, but neither narratives nor fact sheets are more successful at correcting misperceptions. We determine preferences using survey questions, relying on indirect and incentivised questions to rule out the influence of social desirability bias on participants’ responses. |
| Keywords: | Consumer preferences ; Behavioral economics ; Electric vehicles ; Survey experiments ; Information treatments JEL classifications: C83 ; C90 ; D12 ; D83 ; D91 ; L62 ; Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:74&r=env |