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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2024‒03‒11
ninety-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Daryna Grechyna |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the relative importance of natural and human factors in shaping public awareness of climate change. I compare the predictive efficacy of natural factors, represented by air temperature deviations from historical norms, and human factors, encompassing noteworthy political events focused on environmental policies and movements led by environmental activists, in forecasting the salience of climate change topic over weekly and annual horizons using regional European countries’ data. The salience of climate change is proxied by the Google search intensity data. The activists’ movements are measured by weekly Friday for Future strikes. The best-performing predictor in the short term (weeks), is the size of activists’ strikes and in the longer term (years), positive deviations of maximum air temperature from historical norms and political meetings focused on environmental policies. The inter-regional spatial relations, when taken into account, significantly improve the forecasts of the future public interest in climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change, activists’ strikes, political meetings, weather |
| JEL: | Q01 Q52 Q58 C33 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10907&r=env |
| By: | Simon Voigts; Anne-Charlotte Paret |
| Abstract: | The IMF’s Macroeconomic Model for the Energy Transition (GMMET) is applied to assess the climate-related measures in the U.S. 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Explicitly accouting for corporate income tax funding and assuming no permitting delays for energy-related investment, the measures are expected to cut annual greenhouse gas emissions by 710 MMT by 2030, predominantly driven by more electricity generation from renewables combined with a rising share of electric vehicles. Aggregate output and inflation are not impacted significantly, while the fiscal costs amount to about $700 billion through 2030 (another $120 billion of fixed grants and loans are not modelled). In the presence of investment delays from permitting, emission cuts would be reduced by about a third. We also show that the IRA leaves room for sizable additional emission abatement at very low costs; by targeting electricity generation from coal and methane emissions from oil and gas industries. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation policy; Inflation Reduction Act |
| Date: | 2024–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/024&r=env |
| By: | Daron Acemoglu (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Philippe Aghion (Collège de France; INSEAD; London School of Economics and Political Science); Lint Barrage (ETH Zurich); David Hémous (University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | To combat climate change without sacrificing long-term economic growth, innovation must be redirected toward green technologies. The authors review recent literature that has developed a directed technical change framework where innovation can be endogenously targeted either toward fossil-fuel enhancing technologies or clean energy sources (such as renewables). They provide empirical evidence of path dependence in firms' choice between green and dirty innovation. They then draw implications of this path dependence for the design of environmental policy and for economic growth. In particular, they show that their framework has distinctive implications regarding unilateral environmental policies, international cooperation, the use of intermediate energy sources such as natural gas, and the role of civil society. |
| Keywords: | green growth, endogenous growth, directed technical change, climate change, innovation, environmental policy |
| JEL: | F18 O30 O41 O44 Q43 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp23-14&r=env |
| By: | Steven Fries (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization policies exhibit clear sequencing patterns within sectors and countries as well as across them. This paper explains these sequences using a Solow-Swan growth model with two distinguishing features. One is a variable elasticity of substitution production function with both fossil fuel–based and low carbon inputs. The second is a choice of decarbonization policy: a carbon price or low carbon investment subsidy. Their policy costs have significant macroeconomic impacts. One cost arises from a short-run tradeoff between decarbonizing productive activities and maintaining the level of output. There is also a second-round policy cost associated with the policy choice between a low carbon subsidy or a carbon price that varies with progress in decarbonization. The modeling shows how these policy costs can be managed by the observed policy sequence of a low carbon investment subsidy before a carbon price and initial use of this decarbonization policy in sectors where low carbon inputs are stronger substitutes for the incumbents. These macroeconomic explanations of observed decarbonization policy sequences complement others based on microeconomic considerations of efficiency in imperfect markets, distributional fairness, and economic interests in change. |
| Keywords: | aggregate productivity, climate change, climate policy, energy and growth, sustainable growth, technological change |
| JEL: | O33 O44 Q43 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp23-12&r=env |
| By: | Stefano Di Virgilio (Bank of Italy); Ivan Faiella (Bank of Italy); Alessandro Mistretta (Bank of Italy); Simone Narizzano (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | We apply a novel method to estimate the impact of a change in energy expenditure on Italian firms’ credit risk, measured as the 12-month default probability (PD). We examine a shock to energy expenditure originating from different carbon tax levels and then 1) shock energy prices; 2) re‑compute the firm-level energy mix; 3) assess the impact on the firm PD via the re‑calculation of its financial statement. The flexibility of this approach, which includes scope 2 emissions, enables us to assess the transmission channels of energy shocks and firm exposure in detail. Our results show that the introduction of carbon taxation would have a limited impact on credit risk: a carbon tax of EUR 40, EUR 90 and EUR 140 per tonne of CO2 would raise the average PD by 0.6, 2.3 and 4.1 basis points, respectively. The effect is slightly larger for the Agriculture and Services sectors, while there is no clear pattern relating to firm size. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon tax, credit risk |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wpmisp:mip_041_23&r=env |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (Columbia University, USA) |
| Abstract: | The European and North American Green New Deals have become springfeathers of change in the national and international accounting of natural resources. The European Sustainable Finance Taxonomy accounts for the carbon impact of industries in order to quantify economic impacts on natural resources to make industry impacts on environmental conditions more transparent and accountable. The United States Joseph Biden and Kamala Harris administration has also launched efforts to put nature on the nation’s balance sheet. The Biden-Harris White House multi-year strategy plans to connect environmental conditions with economic outcomes by collecting data and using innovative methods to capture nature’s role in the U.S. economy. On the global level, integrating natural resources into economic productivity prospects has the potential to change power dynamics and international politics driven by economic opportunities. Linking nature to the economy and productivity as well as the human standard of living is the driver for the World Bank project on “Changing Wealth of Nations.†Integrating natural capital in global macroeconomic and financial models is thereby meant to feature systematically forward-looking wealth estimates as a source to inspire restoration and conservation policies. The ‘Mapping Climate Justice’ project housed at Columbia University measures the impact of climate change on economic productivity around the world and has found vast climate injustices. Future wealth of nations was introduced by the concept of climate flexibility defined as the range of temperature variation of a country. Climate flexibility is the leeway countries have in coping with a changing climate due to a broad range of climate zones prevalent in their territory. Climate flexibility can be grounded on the relative latitude and altitude of countries around the globe. Climate flexibility directly influences a country’s productivity in agriculture production opportunities, trade possibilities, industry development favorable conditions as well as service sector offerings. Climate wealth of nations so far has also been proposed to stem from climate zones, which vary around the world. Climate justice redistribution strategies have been proposed in order to alleviate climate injustices, by which countries that benefit from a relative climate advantage are meant to redistribute some of the expected economic gains to countries that lose out the most and the fastest from global warming. The redistribution could be implemented via a taxation-bonds redistribution strategy. Overall, the concerted efforts to marry the idea of natural resource description are believed to stimulate environmental policy and protection, change sustainable development and macroeconomic calculus. Policy and regulatory settings are meant to be aligned with wealth derived from natural resources. Natural resource accounting is also likely to change the estimation of competitiveness around the world. The integration of local community assets can thereby facilitate conservation holistically. Scientifically, environmental and economics interactions are likely to inspire ground-breaking insights for monetizing the value of natural assets and stimulate the future discourse on resilient finance. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Climate Flexibility, Climate Wealth of Nations, Comparative Advantage, |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0300&r=env |
| By: | Gatto, Alessandro; Chepeliev, Maksym |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339517&r=env |
| By: | Frankovic, Ivan; Kolb, Benedikt |
| Abstract: | We show the importance of emission disclosure for climate policies in a DSGE model for the euro area. A low-carbon energy and a fossil energy sector contribute to production and are financed by balance-sheet constrained intermediaries. The underestimation of emissions from fossil energy firms (imperfect disclosure) provides them with too much funding. While improving disclosure in isolation has limited effects, it proves most beneficial in connection with higher carbon taxes: Improving disclosure by 20 percentage points reduces GDP costs of a carbon tax by 13%. For a carbon tax increase of 50 euro/ton CO2, this implies an average GDP benefit of 47 bn euro over six years. |
| Keywords: | emission disclosure, climate-related disclosure, climate policy, carbon taxation, E-DSGE, financial frictions |
| JEL: | D82 E17 G11 G14 G18 H23 Q43 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:282981&r=env |
| By: | Choi, Eseul; DePaula, Guilherme; Kyveryga, Peter; Fey, Suzanne |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to intensify rainfall, thereby raising the likelihood of nitrogen leaching in agriculture. This study incorporates the effects of excessive rainfall on crop yield and water pollution into a simple economic model for managing nitrogen. We then empirically test this model using data from on-farm experiments conducted in Iowa. Our findings indicate that both optimal nitrogen application rates and environmental damage increase with excessive rainfall. As nitrogen becomes more productive under increased rainfall, the cost of controlling nitrogen pollution escalates. However, our study highlights management practices resilient to heavy rainfall such as split nitrogen application with sidedressing. |
| Date: | 2024–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202402222018560000&r=env |
| By: | Mar\'ia Jose Presno; Paula Fern\'andez Gonz\'alez; Manuel Landajo |
| Abstract: | The European Union is engaged in the fight against climate change. A crucial issue to enforce common environmental guidelines is environmental convergence. States converging in environmental variables are expected to be able to jointly develop and implement environmental policies. Convergence in environmental indicators may also help determine the efficiency and speed of those policies. This paper employs a multilevel club convergence approach to analyze convergence in the evolution of GHG emissions among the EU-28 members, on a search for countries transitioning from disequilibrium to specific steady-state positions. Overall convergence is rejected, with club composition depending on the specific period (1990-2017, 2005-2017) and emissions categories (global, ETS, ESD) analyzed. Some countries (e.g. the United Kingdom and Denmark) are consistently located in clubs outperforming the EU's average in terms of speed of emissions reductions, for both the whole and the most recent periods, and for both ETS and ESD emissions. At the other end, Germany (with a large industrial and export basis), Ireland (with the strongest GDP growth in the EU in recent years) and most Eastern EU members underperform after 2005, almost reversing their previous positions when the study begins in 1990. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.01784&r=env |
| By: | Thorstensen, Vera; Hernandez, Ariel Macaspac; de Oliveira Corrêa, Rogerio; Teixeira de Brito, Dolores; Arima Júnior, Mauro Kiithi; Mota, Catherine Rebouças; Megale, Tiago Matsuoka; Zuchieri, Amanda Mitsue; Thomazella, Fábio Jorge |
| Abstract: | The work aimed to analyse the sustainability efforts - the greening - of five industry sectors in Brazil: aluminium, chemical, steel, cement, and oil and gas. These sectors were chosen because they are the industries with the highest carbon emissions. The research sought to verify the sustainability measures adopted by business and industry actors, with special emphasis on the use of Voluntary Sustainability Standards and ESG values. In order to verify the information provided by the companies, the documents that informed the measures taken by the companies and the numbers supporting their results were always sought out and explained in the text. The conclusions were that the sectors, guided by industry associations, have adopted a broad set of sustainability measures. The results of these measures, however, sometimes lack proof and sometimes lead to sporadic conduct, contrary to the precepts of environmental and social sustainability. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development goals, greening, green transition, transformation to sustainability, voluntary sustainability standards, ESG, quality infrastructures, high emitting industry sectors, Brazil |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:283128&r=env |
| By: | Matteo Coronese; Martina Occelli; Francesco Lamperti; Andrea Roventini |
| Abstract: | Economic and population growth increasingly pressure the Earth system. Fertile soils are essential to ensure global food security, requiring high-yielding agro-technological regimes to cope with rising soil degradation and macro-nutrients deficiencies, which may be further exacerbated by climate change. In this work, we extend the AgriLOVE land-use agent-based model (Coronese et al., 2023) to investigate trade-offs in the transition between conventional and sustainable farming regimes in a smallholder economy exposed to explicit environmental boundaries. We investigate the ability of the system to favor a sustainable transition when prolonged conventional farming leads to soil depletion. First, we showcase the emergence of three endogenous scenarios of transition and lock-in. Then, we analyze transition dynamics under several behavioral, environmental and policy scenarios. Our results highlights a strong path-dependence of the agricultural sector, with scarce capacity to foster successful transitions to a sustainable regime in absence of external interventions. The role of behavioral changes is limited and we find evidence of negative tipping points induced by mismanagement of grassland and forests. These findings call for policies strongly supporting sustainable agriculture. We test regulatory measures aimed at protecting common environmental goods and public incentives to encourage the search for novel production techniques targeted at closing the sustainable-conventional yield gap. We find that their effectiveness is highly time-dependent, with rapidly closing windows of opportunity. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture; Land use; Agent-based model; Technological change; Transition; Environmental boundaries; Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2024/05&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Alamanos; Angelos Plataniotis; Charalampos Stavridis; Konstantinos Perifanos; Stathis Devves |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal (EGD) is the growth strategy for Europe, covering multiple domains, and aiming to an equitable, climate neutral European Union by 2050. The UN Agenda 2030, encompassing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), establishes the foundation for a global sustainability transition. The integration of the SDGs into the EGD is an overlooked issue in the literature, despite Europe's slow progress to achieve the sustainability targets. We employed a machine-learning text-mining method to evaluate the extent of SDG integration within the 74 EGD policy documents published during 2019�2023. The findings reveal a substantial alignment of EGD policies with SDGs related to clean energy (SDG7), climate action (SDG13), and sustainable consumption and production (SDG12). In contrast, there is a significant underrepresentation in areas related to social issues such as inequalities, poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, decent work, and peace, as indicated by lower alignment with SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 16. Temporal trends suggest a marginal increase in the attention given to environmental health (especially water and marine life) and gender equality. Furthermore, we illustrate the alignment of EGD policies with the six essential sustainability transformations proposed by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) in 2019 for the operationalization of the SDGs. The results indicate that besides the prevalence of "Energy Decarbonisation and Sustainable Industry", all areas have received attention, except for the "Health, Wellbeing and Demography". The findings call for a more integrated approach to address the complete spectrum of sustainability in a balanced manner. |
| Keywords: | European Green Dea, SDGs, Sustainability, Policy alignment, Text-mining, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Sustainability Transformations |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2405&r=env |
| By: | Theis Madsen; Yiannis Kountouris; Rasmus Bramstoft; Phoebe Koundouri; Dogan Keles |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization of the energy system is a major challenge for today's energy system to combat climate change. This challenge is addressed in the EU through different political strategies and plans such as the European Green Deal, Fit-for-55, and REPowerEU, which set specific emission reduction goals for 2030 and 2050. Different mechanisms are in place to achieve these goals, such as the system-wide ETS and the country-level National Energy and Climate Plans. However, there is a difference in the enforcement level between European countries, despite their connection to the same integrated energy system. Hence, there might be discrepancies between the effectiveness of the EU system-level target and the achievements of national goals and plans. To understand and address these discrepancies, we utilize the open-source, sector-coupled energy system optimization model Balmorel to analyze the impact of different decarbonization methods in a fully interconnected, pan-European energy system. In three scenarios, we consider 1) the use of only a system-level carbon budget in line with Fit-for-55 and the European Green Deal, 2) the application of a carbon budget at the country level, and 3) the use of a carbon tax instead of a budget on all production of electricity, heat, and hydrogen. The novelty of this paper lies in the first comparison of these three decarbonization mechanisms and their impact on alignment with policy targets. We demonstrate that the pan-European energy system can reach decarbonization targets across all scenarios. Still, diving from the system perspective into the country level, challenges appear, causing nations to overshoot their allocated budgets. Country-level emission targets are more effective with little cost increase compared to the only system-level target scenario but also cause crossborder effects of fossil fuel based energy production. The carbon tax scenario is the most effective at decarbonizing but comes at up to 27 % higher costs in intermediary years, requiring more early investments. |
| Keywords: | Energy policy, Energy Transition Pathway, Decarbonization Strategies, Balmorel, Energy System Modeling |
| Date: | 2024–02–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2404&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Warren TK |
| Abstract: | Food systems have a great potential to fulfill food security and nutrition for providing year-round healthy and affordable diets for all. Currently, however, our food systems have not yet delivered their full potential, leaving billions of people food insecure and unable to afford healthy diets; millions of children are stunted and wasted; and there is rising prevalence of obesity and non-communicable diseases. Hence, food systems in many parts of the world fail to deliver their missions! In the Asia-Pacific, the situation is exacerbated by population growth, urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, COVID-19, and the Ukraine war, and it is further complicated by climate change leading to unhealthy diets, poor nutrition and health, as well as unsustainable livelihoods and environment. Climate affects agri-food production which, however, is also a contributor to climate change. One-third of GHG emissions are generated from food systems. Climate change influences the entire food systems: poor soil fertility and reduced crop yield, biodiversity loss, pest diseases, reduced density and bioavailability of nutrients in foods, etc. Thus, climate change may increase malnutrition and health risks, deteriorate livelihoods and unsustainable environment. Sustainable and resilient food systems transformation coupled with nature-positive solutions, including climate-smart agriculture aligned with contextual ecosystem function, biodiversity and environmental conservation are warranted to ensure healthier diets and optimal health, and to mitigate and adapt the impact of climatic and food system interactions on diet, health and environment. Food systems transformation can harness the power of food systems to benefit humanity and the earth. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339625&r=env |
| By: | Robert Z. Lawrence (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper considers climate policies, not from the perspective of their environmental impacts, but rather their likely effects on labor and investments. While the aggregate impact of the green transition on jobs and investment may be modest, it will require significant reallocation of labor and capital within and across industries. Although the green transition brings new opportunities for employment and investment in renewable technologies, many workers and communities tied to the fossil fuel industry may not benefit from these advances due to skills mismatch and geographic constraints. Both the United States and the European Union acknowledge the importance of achieving "climate justice" and "leaving no one behind" in their decarbonization efforts. However, current policies and resources in the United States may fall short, with inadequate assistance reaching too many communities and a narrow focus on green jobs. In Europe, while the Just Transition Fund complements existing programs, effective implementation of place-based policies remains challenging due to the need for specific, localized responses. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-1&r=env |
| By: | Robin Sogalla |
| Abstract: | Several empirical studies document the relevance of firm heterogeneity to assess the effect of trade and environmental policy. This paper develops a multi-country and -sector general equilibrium trade model with heterogeneous firms and analyzes the effect of domestic carbon pricing as well as carbon border adjustments. In the presence of heterogeneous firms, these unilateral carbon pricing tools affect the emission intensity both via within- and across-firm adjustments. I show that the across-firm reallocation of market shares can be quantified ex-ante using publicly available data on the share of exporting firms. Applying the model to EU climate policy, I find that emission reductions arise mainly through a lower emission intensity of production within firms, while the reallocation channel is negligible. Scale economies aggravate the output loss of emission-intensive manufacturing and the reduction of real income due to more stringent climate policy, but increase the effectiveness of border adjustments to counter carbon leakage. The selection of heterogeneous plays a more limited role for aggregate effects. |
| Keywords: | International Trade and the Environment, Firm Heterogeneity, Unilateral Climate Policy, Carbon Leakage |
| JEL: | F12 F13 F18 Q56 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2060&r=env |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Human activity has transformed the planet at a pace and scale unprecedented in recorded history, causing irreversible damage to communities and ecosystems. Countries have focused their capacities on economic growth, with too little attention to externalities in terms of environmental quality. The world will not avoid catastrophic warming unless wealthy nations accelerate their reduction of own emissions and help poorer countries to do the same. North America and Europe have contributed 62 % of carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial revolution, while Africa has contributed only 3%. However, it is in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that the impacts are most severe and the people most vulnerable. Developed countries, in their own interests, should focus on ways to help developing countries phase out fossil fuels and transition to renewable energy. However, there are tensions between richer and poorer nations over who should pay the costs of global warming. Rich countries have a responsibility to act more quickly than their low-income counterparts. Yet governments continue to subsidise the use of fossil fuels, and banks and companies still invest more in polluting industries than in climate solutions. The consumption habits of the richest 10 % of people generate three times more pollution than those of the poorest 50 %. Emerging economies such as China and India, which plan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 and 2070 respectively, should join the developed world in accelerating emissions reductions. It is not just the way we produce and use energy that needs to change quickly. It's the way we consume food, the way we protect nature. It's everything, everywhere, all at once. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable, especially in SSA countries where agriculture is central to the economy. Among the top eight countries with the highest cumulative net emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use are two SSA countries, Nigeria and DR Congo. Most of these emissions are embodied in trade and are caused by consumption in regions such as Europe, the United States and China. The establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund agreed at COP27 will not be enough to turn the tide, nor will it necessarily translate into climate finance commitments, given the lack of progress in delivering the promised US$100 billion in annual climate finance from rich countries. African countries themselves need to reflect on their own strengths and step up their efforts in a timely and substantial way. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel; ökologische Nachhaltigkeit; CO2-Neutralität; Umweltverschmutzung; Treibhausgase; fossile Brennstoffe; erneuerbare Energien; Regierungsführung; Europäische Union; Industrieländer; Schwellenländer; BRICS; Subsahara-Afrika; Südafrika; Nigeria; DR Kongo; |
| JEL: | E26 F18 F54 F64 G38 H23 H84 H87 I15 I31 K32 N17 N37 N57 O13 O44 O55 Q54 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120252&r=env |
| By: | Khalil, Roya |
| Abstract: | The rising costs of fertilisers, disruptions in supply chains due to COVID-19 and global conflicts, and a focus on soil health have led to increased interest among growers in using alternative inputs for improved cropping systems. Recycled organics derived from intensive livestock operations and food waste contain valuable nutrients and organic matter, which can enhance soil characteristics, increase crop productivity, reduce reliance on inorganic fertilisers, and promote resilient farming systems. The Incitec Pivot Fertilisers’ (IPF) Australia biofertilisers (ABF) is made with a sterilised and dried organic waste materials from poultry sheds, combined with inorganic chemicals, resulting in organo-mineral granules that provide necessary nutrients, organic matter, and labile carbons in a single granule. ABF technology is one example of efficient waste recycling where most of the nutrients and carbon are retained from the waste as opposed to being lost to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, in alignment with the principles of circular economy. The main barriers to adoption are the high capital cost of building in Australia and the cost of renewable energy to run the process. Similar challenges are faced by other emerging technologies such as green ammonia. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for farmers is to adopt inhibitors which can minimise gaseous and leaching losses from existing nitrogen fertilisers. Nitrogen fertilisers are essential to crop production, but more than half of the fertiliser applied to crops is lost due to leaching or volatilisation. The IPF inhibitors can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 80% from fertilisers and in some cases allow rate reduction without impacting yield and quality of produce. IPF conducted a study comparing their patented technologies of biofertilisers and nitrification inhibitors with standard farming practices for celery cultivation in East Victoria, demonstrating similar crop yields, reduced emissions and providing application efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339624&r=env |
| By: | Ubalijoro, Eliane |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339622&r=env |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | When producing goods, the manufacturing sector emits carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that cause global warming, both by burning fossil fuels and through certain industrial processes. In this report, CBO provides an overview of greenhouse gas emissions in the manufacturing sector as a whole and in specific industries. The report discusses historical changes in the factors that determine those emissions, including energy use, technology, and the composition of output. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:59695&r=env |
| By: | Goulder, Lawrence H. (Resources for the Future); Long, Xianling; Qu, Chenfei; Zhang, Da |
| Abstract: | China’s recently launched CO2 emissions trading system, already the world’s largest, aims to contribute importantly to global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The system, a tradable performance standard (TPS), differs importantly from cap and trade (C&T), the principal approach used in other countries. We offer a dynamic general equilibrium assessment of this new venture, employing a model that uniquely considers institutional and fiscal features of China’s economy that influence economy-wide policy costs and distributional impacts.Key findings include the following. The TPS’s environmental benefits exceed its costs by a factor of five when only the climate benefits are considered and by a significantly higher factor when health benefits from improved air quality are included. Its interactions with China’s fiscal system substantially affect its costs relative to those of C&T. Employing a single benchmark for the electricity sector would lower costs by over a third relative to the existing four-benchmark system but increase the standard deviation of percentage income losses across provinces by more than 60 percent. Introducing an auction as a complementary source of allowance supply can lower economywide costs by at least 30 percent. |
| Date: | 2024–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-02&r=env |
| By: | Martin, Will |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339547&r=env |
| By: | Oliveira, Milena Magalhaes; Miranda, Sílvia Helena Galvão de |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339519&r=env |
| By: | Jianing Song (University of Manchester, Global Development Institute, Manchester, UK) |
| Abstract: | The integration of Green Human Resource Management into organizational environmental management has increasingly gained attention as a significant topic in academic research, and the impact of GHRM on individual and organizational outcomes has received increasing attention. Despite the existence of these studies, there is still a paucity of research about a conceptual model that considers the national differences and underlying individual differences linking GHRM to employees’ engagement in multiple pro-environmental behaviors. In view of such gaps, this paper proposes a conceptual model of GHRM using the ability-motivation-opportunity framework, open-system theory, theory of reasoned action, and theory of planned behavior as theoretical foundations. The model identifies societal factors, including economic policy, cultural orientation, and level of development, as well as organizational green orientation, such as organizational green culture, green activities, and available green resources, as antecedents of GHRM practices. The proposed model also includes eight indicators of GHRM, including green selective staffing, green training, and green participation in decision-making. Additionally, the paper discusses how this framework connects GHRM practices to employees’ engagement in multiple green behaviors, such as Green formal behavior, Green Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (GOCB), and Green Interpersonal Citizenship Behaviour (GICB), through the mediating role of employee green attitude. This paper contributes to the theoretical understanding of GHRM and suggests avenues for future research. |
| Keywords: | Green Human Resource Management, Societal Antecedents, Employee Green Behaviour, Green Attitude, Organizational Green Orientation |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0349&r=env |
| By: | Cantin, Bernard |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339524&r=env |
| By: | Sarra Chenouf (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); José A. Pérez Agúndez (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal Raux (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Harmful and toxic algal blooms (HABs) are an increasing concern for marine social-ecological systems. These unpredictable events threaten human health and may affect the viability of economic activities such as shellfish fisheries due to harvesting bans. Monitoring and early warning systems are developed to support management decisions to mitigate and reduce impacts. Nevertheless, HAB alert systems currently only focus on the environmental dimensions to identify the risk of bloom occurrences. Other socioeconomic dimensions associated with HABs are generally not taken into account to support decision making. Integrating information on the economic risk of HABs and on adaptive strategies of impacted communities would provide essential insights for decision makers. This study presents an analysis of how the potential impacts of HAB-related restrictions on economic activities can be effectively assessed to support decision making. A vulnerability-based approach is developed and applied to the case study of the French scallop fishery in the eastern English Channel. The results showed clear differences in vulnerability patterns between the studied fishing fleets despite their similar exposure. This is associated with the heterogeneity in individual characteristics in terms of sensitivity level and adaptive strategies. This research highlights the important effect of social factors such as adaptation in the magnitude of HAB impacts and supports the relevance of the vulnerability approach in the assessment of socioeconomic impacts of such events. Combining environmental and socioeconomic factors through a composite index can bridge the existing gaps in addressing and mitigating HAB impacts. |
| Keywords: | HAB, vulnerability, impact, fishery, closure, sensitivity, exposure, adaptive capacity, mitigation, decision-making |
| Date: | 2023–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04204150&r=env |
| By: | Schilirò, Daniele |
| Abstract: | This contribution first examined the topic of finance that takes ESG factors into consideration. It highlights that the main objective of sustainable finance is to direct investments towards more sustainable technologies and businesses. Another important goal is to better manage risks, such as those related to climate change, resource depletion, social problems and governance failures. Finally, we highlight the importance of "impact investing" which represents the new frontier of ethical and sustainable finance. The second theme of this contribution concerns public finance systems for the difficult implementation of the complex ESG objectives. The need for a partnership between the public sector and the private financial sector and greater attention to ecological issues by the financial system are highlighted. Sustainable finance, however, also implies a change in the economic paradigm which must move away from a neoclassical approach and towards theoretical models such as those of behavioral economics, which allows the objectives of economic agents to be redefined as compatible with the ESGs. |
| Keywords: | sostenibilità; finanza sostenibile; finanza pubblica sostenibile; economia comportamentale |
| JEL: | G0 G02 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120216&r=env |
| By: | Anderson, Kym |
| Abstract: | The riskiness of agricultural production has been increasing this century, but so too have global market and policy uncertainties faced by farmers, agribusinesses and agrifood traders. In addition to short-term geopolitical contributors to which producers in the agrifood system have to become more resilient, there are long-term concerns with climate change (CC) and biodiversity loss and the responses of various governments and international agencies to those concerns. Farmers are among the worst-affected producers but are also significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity losses. Adapting to global warming and more-extreme weather events, and to new policies aimed at mitigating CC, is challenging many farmers, while some other farmers will see new opportunities such as being paid to contribute to CC mitigation. Better outcomes, in terms of reductions in global food insecurity, malnutrition, CC, biodiversity loss and extreme poverty, require policy reforms in at least three areas: (i) less government intervention in national markets for agrifood products and purchased farm inputs, to ensure better use of the world’s agricultural resources, (ii) more-widespread taxing of greenhouse gas emissions, and (iii) better markets for and policies affecting the services of natural capital so as to generate more (and more-appropriate) public investments in agricultural research and rural infrastructure in developing countries, and more public-private collaboration to up-scale innovations pertinent to the needs of farmers and agribusinesses there. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Food Security and Poverty, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339627&r=env |
| By: | Seunghoon Lee (University of Missouri) |
| Abstract: | While flood damage is determined by both flood intensity and population exposure, the US has predominantly focused on managing the former, with limited success. This paper studies whether a Home Seller Disclosure Requirement can reduce flood exposure and thus flood damage. Leveraging two quasi-experimental variations of the policy, I first show that mandating flood risk disclosure lowers the population living in high-risk areas. Further, using a hydrological measure of flood intensity, I find that it reduces the probability of flood damage by 31 percent. These findings illustrate that easing information frictions can promote voluntary adaptation to natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | Natural disaster, Disclosure, Adaptation, Damage function |
| JEL: | D83 Q51 Q54 R21 R23 R28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2402&r=env |
| By: | Ferguson, Beth; Sanguinetti, Angela |
| Abstract: | Micromobility—transportation using lightweight vehicles such as bicycles or scooters—has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, traffic congestion, and air pollution, particularly when it is used to replace private vehicle use and for first- and last-mile travel in conjunction with public transit. The design of the built environment in and around public transit stations plays a key role in the integration of public transit and micromobility. The San Francisco Bay Area is a potential testbed for innovative and adaptive transit station design features that support micromobility, since it has relatively high public transit and shared micromobility usage, as well as high micromobility usage rates for trips to and from transit. The region’s Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) heavy rail stations are in the operation zone of seven shared micromobility operators. |
| Keywords: | Architecture |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4tr5c0dm&r=env |
| By: | Anders Anderson; David T. Robinson |
| Abstract: | We build a nationally representative sample of retirement savers in Sweden to study how asymmetric updating of beliefs about climate change affects investment decisions. After the intense heat wave of 2018, respondents in regions dominated by a right-wing, anti-climate party grow less concerned about climate change, while respondents outside these regions grow more concerned. Those growing more concerned rebalance their retirement portfolios toward climate-friendly mutual funds; those growing less concerned rebalance out of these funds, but to a smaller degree. Financial sophistication and inertia interacts with political polarization in driving these effects. |
| JEL: | G40 G51 G53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32131&r=env |
| By: | Mar\'ia Jos\'e Presno; Manuel Landajo |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the convergence of the EU-28 countries towards their common goal of 20% in the renewable energy share indicator by year 2020. The potential presence of clubs of convergence towards different steady state equilibria is also analyzed from both the standpoints of global convergence to the 20% goal and specific convergence to the various targets assigned to Member States. Two clubs of convergence are detected in the former case, each corresponding to different RES targets. A probit model is also fitted with the aim of better understanding the determinants of club membership, that seemingly include real GDP per capita, expenditure on environmental protection, energy dependence, and nuclear capacity, with all of them having statistically significant effects. Finally, convergence is also analyzed separately for the transport, heating and cooling, and electricity sectors. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.00788&r=env |
| By: | Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier; Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Climate policy is often described by economists as an intertemporal consumption trade-off: consume all you want today and face climate damages in the future, or sacrifice consumption today to implement costly climate policies that will bring future benefits through avoided climate damages. If one assumes enduring technological progress, a society that is more averse to intertemporal inequalities should postpone climate policies and let future, richer generations pay more. Growing evidence however suggests that the trade-off is more complex: abrupt, extreme, irreversible changes to the climate may cause discontinuities to socio-economic systems, possibly leading to a sharp decline of human population and consumption per capita. In this paper, we show that, when accounting for a very small risk of catastrophic climate change, it is optimal to pursue stringent climate policies to postpone the catastrophe. Our results conform with the well-known conclusion that tight carbon budgets are preferred when aversion towards inequalities between generations is low. However, by contrast with previous studies, we show that stringent policies are also optimal when inequality aversion is high. The non-monotonicity of the influence of inequality aversion is due to the fact that, for a given investment in abatement, a higher inequality aversion gives a smaller weight to avoided future non-catastrophic damages, but a larger weight to the catastrophic outcome. We also explore the role of population ethics, and show that the size of the optimal carbon budget decreases with the social preference for large populations, although this parameter plays almost no role at extreme levels of inequality aversion. Our result demonstrates that views from opposite sides of the ethical spectrum in terms of inequality aversion converge in terms of climate policy recommendations, warranting immediate climate action. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Catastrophic risk, Equity Population, Climate-economy model |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:halshs-04158009&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Panagiotis Stavros Aslanidis; Konstantinos Dellis; Georgios Feretzakis; Angelos Plataniotis |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a machine learning (ML) based approach for integrating Human Security (HS) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Originating in the 1990s, HS focuses on strategic, people-centric interventions for ensuring comprehensive welfare and resilience. It closely aligns with the SDGs, together forming the foundation for global sustainable development initiatives. Our methodology involves mapping 44 reports to the 17 SDGs using expert-annotated keywords and advanced ML techniques, resulting in a web-based SDG mapping tool. This tool is specifically tailored for the HS-SDG nexus, enabling the analysis of 13 new reports and their connections to the SDGs. Through this, we uncover detailed insights and establish strong links between the reports and global objectives, offering a nuanced understanding of the interplay between HS and sustainable development. This research provides a scalable framework to explore the relationship between HS and the Paris Agenda, offering a practical, efficient resource for scholars and policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence in Policy Making, Data Mining, Human-Centric Governance Strategies, Human Security, Machine Learning, Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2406&r=env |
| By: | Lötters-Viehof, Steffen; Hilbrich, Sören; Berensmann, Kathrin; Artmann, Giovanna; Ashman, Sam; Herbold, Theresa; Monti, Agnese; Paffhausen, Felix; Roigk, Stephanie; Steenkamp, Lee-Ann |
| Abstract: | To bring our economies on a path to climate neutrality, investments in carbon-intensive production processes have to stop. At the same time, we need to mobilise large amounts of capital for investments conducive to a just transition. Reforming the financial sector in a way that allows this redirection of capital flows to take place is crucial. As one element of a comprehensive sustainable finance strategy, taxonomies can potentially play a pivotal role in this regard. By providing common definitions for sustainable economic activities, these taxonomies aim to increase transparency on financial markets and help market participants to align their investment decisions with sustainability considerations. This policy brief presents policy recommendations concerning the implementation of sustainable finance taxonomies based on experiences with the South African Green Finance Taxonomy (GFT). It mainly builds on data collected in semi-structured expert interviews with different stakeholders of the GFT conducted in South Africa between February and April 2023 (Hilbrich et al., 2023). The implementation phase of the GFT has revealed multiple challenges, including a need for improved regulatory embedding and enhanced capacities on the part of potential users. This has led to a low uptake by market participants. To address these challenges, this policy brief presents four recommendations that are of relevance not only for South Africa but also for many other countries that are currently implementing a sustainable finance taxonomy: Voluntary taxonomies are insufficient to facilitate the necessary widespread uptake. Public institutions need to set a credible signal that a taxonomy will indeed become the common standard on the financial market. National regulators should issue guidance notes on taxonomy usage and consider implementing mandatory reporting rules. Regulators or stock exchanges should require issuers of green financial instruments, including green bonds, to align their project eligibility criteria with a sustainable finance taxonomy. In addition, a good coordination and a clear distribution of responsibilities among governance actors is crucial in the implementation phase. A taxonomy can only fulfil its potential if it is meaningfully integrated into an overarching sustainability strategy. Taxonomy reporting requires both capacity and expertise. Both market and governance actors need to ensure possibilities for learning and for exchanging specialised knowledge. Pilot studies can help reduce uncertainties and train practitioners on the job. A lack of bankable green projects decreases the potential of a taxonomy to redirect capital flows and reduces incentives to adopt a taxonomy. Development banks should provide risk capital and seed funding to help develop green projects. Interoperability between different taxonomies is an essential goal. The European Union (EU) should formally recognise taxonomies of other jurisdictions that meet certain standards as equivalent to the EU taxonomy (and communicate under what conditions it is willing to do so). Accordingly, assets shown to align with a particular taxonomy would be recognised as aligned with the EU taxonomy without further assessment. |
| Keywords: | Taxonomy, Sustainable Finance, Just Transition, Green Economy, Climate neutrality, Capital mobilisation, Financial sector reform, Financial market governance, Sustainability reporting, South Africa |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:283116&r=env |
| By: | Sheldon, Ian; McCorriston, Steve |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339546&r=env |
| By: | Ruud de Mooij (International Monetary Fund); Vítor Gaspar (International Monetary Fund) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the fiscal implications for countries of global climate mitigation in the medium term. If climate action is unilateral, it might be limited in scope and rely more on subsidies and spending to avert political constraints. This can put fiscal sustainability at risk. Coordinated carbon pricing or other mitigation policy can more effectively put the world on a path to 1.5 to 2 degrees C above pre-industrial temperatures, as agreed in Paris in 2015, while helping manage fiscal and political constraints. Coordination could be initiated by large players, such as China, the United States, India, the African Union, and the European Union. The authors find that the implications for fiscal revenues over time are shaped by a combination of rising carbon prices, the gradual erosion of existing fuel tax bases, and possible revenue sharing arrangements. Public spending rises during the transition to build green public infrastructure, promote innovation, and support clean technology deployment, although much of this spending could be more efficiently financed through higher sectoral prices and taxes rather than through the general budget. Countries will also need funds for compensating vulnerable households, industries, and poor countries. With well-designed climate-fiscal policy relying on carbon pricing, global decarbonization will have anything from moderately positive to moderately negative impacts on fiscal balances in high-income countries. For middle and low-income countries, net fiscal impacts are generally positive and significant. Hence, as mitigation strategies improve fiscal balances, they can accommodate development spending needs. Revenue sharing at the global level would make an historical contribution to breaching the financial divide between rich and poor countries. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp23-13&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | Like-for-like replacement of fossil-fuel-powered vehicles by identical electric-powered vehicles is thought to be the main uptake pathway for electric vehicle (EV) uptake. However, what characterises global passenger and freight EV markets is the emerging uptake of smaller, lighter and shorter-ranged vehicle types specially designed for urban areas. A shift towards a broader EV uptake could be an opportunity for more sustainable and electric urban mobility systems – with comparatively lower electricity and charging infrastructure demand and battery materials needs, lower emissions and safer city streets. This report identifies the main use cases that could be part of such a broader and sustainable EV uptake. It also quantifies the sustainability impacts of different EV uptake scenarios that vary in vehicle fleet composition and degrees of electrification ambition. Finally, it gives recommendations on how authorities could leverage the passenger and freight EV transition for more sustainable cities. |
| Date: | 2023–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:123-en&r=env |
| By: | Meens-Eriksson, Sef (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | Paper [I] In this study, a net social cost framework is applied to provide insights on policy issues relating to the cross-border trade in waste fuel. We estimate the net social cost of using imported waste fuel in a highly efficient combined heat and power plant (CHP) in a cold climate by considering both private costs and benefits as well as external costs related to energy production, alternative waste management and fuel transport. We conclude that using imported waste fuel is beneficial from a societal perspective compared to using biofuel, given the wide range of assumptions regarding technical, economic and environmental characteristics. The net social cost is mainly determined by fuel cost advantages and the external cost of greenhouse gas emissions. External costs associated with transports only marginally impact the net social cost of waste imports for incineration. The results are robust to variation in the excess heat utilisation rate, which implies that importing waste for incineration would also be beneficial in countries with warmer climates where district heating networks already exist. <p> Paper [II] In this paper, I study municipal price sensitivity of demand for disposal of residual waste (unsorted waste from households) and mechanisms underlying the relationship. First, I estimate the effect on households’ generation of residual waste with respect to municipal waste collection policies. Second, I estimate to what extent municipalities change waste policies in response to higher costs for disposal of residual waste. The empirical analysis is based on data regarding Swedish municipalities’ waste management systems and disposal costs in the period 2010–2019. Results suggests that the price elasticity of demand is in the range 0.20–0.24. The effect is almost entirely driven by municipalities’ implementation of weight-based collection tariffs for residual waste in response to costlier disposal. Besides weight-based tariffs, separate collection of food waste and joint collection of residual waste and recyclables are also found to have substantial negative effects on residual waste quantities. Nevertheless, such waste policies are not more likely to be implemented in response to higher disposal costs for the municipality. <p> Paper [III] A theoretical model of spatial price discrimination predicts that buyers should lower input prices in line with the additional transport cost a seller would incur by selling to a competitor rather than to them. We test this prediction using Swedish contract-level data on prices of waste burned a energy plants. The results confirm that higher additional transport cost associated with selling to competitors lead to lower prices and show no evidence of additional effects of transport cost to the contracted buyer. In addition, we find that the degree of price discrimination can be underestimated if—in contrast to the established theory—one includes only transport cost for selling to the contracted buyer and not the additional transport cost sellers would incur by selling to a rival buyer. <p> Paper [IV] General features of waste treatment markets include comprehensive regulations and high fixed capital costs. Hence, firms operating in them have substantial local market power, which they exploit through spatial price discrimination (Granlund and Meens-Eriksson, 2023). This paper examines effects of waste treatment firms’ spatial price discrimination on Swedish municipalities’ welfare and costs of waste disposal, as well as the associated distributional implications. Results show that the Equivalent Variation is 3.3% of a municipality’s cost for residual waste disposal, on average. Further, the welfare loss disproportionately affects a small number of municipalities, with 10% accounting for 62% of consumer welfare loss. Nearly the entire loss in consumer welfare is redistributed to firms. Considering political ambitions to transform the waste management sector, an alternative scenario is simulated, involving closure of the smallest 20% of waste incineration plants. This would increase the disposal cost for about a quarter of municipalities, and the negative welfare effect within this group would be 12% of their cost of waste disposal. |
| Keywords: | Waste economics; net social cost analysis; waste incineration; municipal waste policy; waste taxes; price discrimination; spatial competition; welfare effects |
| JEL: | D10 D43 D44 D60 L11 L13 Q01 Q48 Q50 Q53 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:1022&r=env |
| By: | Niall Farrell; Stefano Ceolotto |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp771&r=env |
| By: | Berensmann, Kathrin; Laudage Teles, Sabine; Sommer, Christoph; Walle, Yabibal M. |
| Abstract: | Development finance is at a turning point, as the macroeconomic environment has changed profoundly and the financing gap for low- and middle-income countries has widened. The events that led to this new situation are the multiple crises that the global economy is facing, such as the climate crisis, the COVID-19 crisis and the war in Ukraine. As a result, interest rates have risen sharply over the past year and are not expected to decline anytime soon. High interest rates further restrict low- and middle-income countries' access to international financial markets by making borrowing more expensive. At the same time, debt levels in several countries are rising to levels that are almost impossible to repay. Poorer countries find themselves in a trap where financing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) becomes a distant goal for them. To 'get back on track' in financing the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, a number of reform proposals have been put forward within several processes and initiatives, including the Financing for Development (FfD) process, the Bridgetown Initiative and the Macron-led Paris Summit. Despite being initiated by different actors, these proposals all highlight the importance of reforming the international financial architecture in view of the changed macroeconomic environment. The Hamburg Sustainability Conference in June 2024, the United Nation's Summit of the Future in 2024 and the next FfD Conference in 2025 should be used to strengthen and accelerate ongoing reform processes and come up with new, innovative and bold proposals to reshape development finance in these challenging times. Against the background of the multiple crises and its effects, our key recommendations for the reform of development finance are as follows. First, new initiatives and frameworks are needed to provide urgent debt relief and restructuring for highly indebted countries. The international community should promote a reformed G20 Common Framework for debt restructuring and discuss a green Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)-like initiative for debt relief for low-income countries as a solution on a case-by-case basis, integrating short-term shock remedies with long-term sustainable development finance. Debt and climate risks should be addressed simultaneously by better incorporating climate risks in debt sustainability analyses conducted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and by considering the volume of investments in climate adaptation because these investments reduce the risks associated with climate change. Second, tax revenues - the most important source of development finance - need to increase and countries need to expand their fiscal space by reforming their tax administrations and policies. Building fiscal buffers can help countries to become more resilient to future crises. In the short run, eliminating unnecessary tax expenditures such as fossil fuel subsidies is the lowest-hanging fruit to increase tax revenues, while in the long run, more green fiscal reforms (e.g. carbon pricing and environmental taxes) are needed, as well as more effective international tax cooperation. In addition, donor funds should be increased to provide technical assistance and capacity-building to tax and customs administrations.Third, the Development Assistance Committee member countries should at least halve the gap between their current contributions and the official development assistance (ODA) contribution target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income by 2026, and reach the full attainment of the target by 2030. In particular, donors need to provide ODA in addition to (not as a substitute for) climate finance and channel more ODA to the poorest countries. In this regard, donors should report climate and development finance separately to mitigate the risk of over-reporting. Fourth, we recall the need to reform multilateral development banks (MDBs). The multiple crises have made the role of MDBs in closing the development financing gap even more important than before. As attracting private capital is becoming more difficult for low- and middle-income countries, MDBs should harness their proven ability to leverage private finance for financing the SDGs. MDBs should substantially increase their lending capacity, for example by lowering their equity to loan thresholds and raising additional capital from shareholders or private investors. MDBs should be reformed to include in their vision the provision of global public goods, such as tackling the climate crisis and preparing for pandemics. Development banks and private creditors should include clauses on natural disasters and pandemics in their financing instruments. |
| Keywords: | Development financing and public finance, international financial system |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:283127&r=env |
| By: | Jelliffe, Jeremy; Santeramo, Fabio |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339544&r=env |
| By: | Iuliia Myroshnychenko (Paderborn University); Thomas Gries (Paderborn University) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a comprehensive review of methodological approaches to assessing, simulating, and projecting welfare within the dynamics of the energy transition. The shift toward renewable energy sources is causing complex socio-economic and environmental changes that require sophisticated research methods to analyze the impact of policy incentives on welfare, taking into account intergenerational trade-offs. The paper conducts a short overview of the relevant literature and a bibliometric analysis, focusing on the theories, components, and assessment techniques that underlie welfare research. Significant attention is paid to analyzing the use of integrated assessment models to simulate the impacts of energy policies and economic incentives on welfare. Additionally, a new modeling framework is introduced—the dynamic welfare-centered energy transition model—which assimilates components from the OECD's Better Life Index and integrates additional indicators for welfare simulation using integrated assessment modeling. Given the complex uncertainties of transforming energy systems, this research aims to advance techniques for guiding economically optimal, welfare-oriented policy decision-making. |
| Keywords: | welfare, energy transition, renewable energies, integrated assessment model |
| JEL: | I31 Q48 E17 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdn:ciepap:157&r=env |
| By: | Khamis, Fathiya Mbarak |
| Abstract: | The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) projects the global population to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. As such, food demand is expected to increase by 70% to meet food and nutritional security of the expanding population. Globally hunger is widely prevalent in the Africa, South Asia and in some Oceania islands. Therefore, population expansion and rapid urbanisation, coupled with the effects of the three Cs – COVID-19, climate change, and conflicts – are impacting food security in most of these regions. By 2050, 68% of the global population is anticipated to live in cities resulting in rising food prices, unemployment, and environmental degradation through massive accumulation of organic wastes, with only a very small proportion of it appropriately recycled in developing countries. Increasing income of urban dwellers has significantly increased the demand for crop and animal products, while lack of cost-efficient inputs such as fertilisers and feeds is constraining crop and livestock productivity. Ironically 33% of the food produced globally never manages to feed the people due to various post-harvest losses. These diverse and interlinked developmental challenges call for innovative solutions to address them. Use of insects such as black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, for recycling organic wastes into nutrient-rich organic fertilisers for crop productivity, while also supplying high-quality insect biomass which is rich in crude proteins, fats, gross energy, well-balanced amino acids and vitamins for the feed sector to enhance livestock productivity, is one of these approaches. This is an innovative, eco-friendly and circular solution that contributes to environmental sustainability (mitigation of waste), food security (enhanced crop and livestock production) and has the potential to contribute to critically needed employment for youth and women in Africa, South Asia and the Pacific Islands. Furthermore, the high quality and locally produced insect protein and insect-based organic fertilisers can be excellent substitutes for often imported feed protein additives and synthetic fertilisers, and have the potential to reduce the import bills of several developing and underdeveloped nations. In brief |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339623&r=env |
| By: | Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Sarah Nandnaba (Department of Economics, Ecole normale superieure (ENS) Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France); Wei Jiang (School of Economics, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7PE, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | We develop an overlapping generations endogenous growth model characterized by climate change, with the latter being specified as a fraction of output lost due changes in temperature anomalies. We show that growth dynamics arise in this model when changes in temperature anomalies is a positive function current economic growth, with this theoretical specification motivated through extensive empirical analyses involving 167 countries over a long span of historical data covering 1851 to 2018. In particular, two distinct oscillatory growth dynamics emerge: one convergent and the other divergent, contingent on the strength of the response of global warming, i.e., changes in temperature anomalies to current economic growth. Our theoretical results suggest that policy makers should be cognizant of the fact that unless economic growth is “green†, rapid global warming can would put economies in a fluctating divergent balanced growth. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, endogenous growth, dynamics |
| JEL: | C23 O41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202404&r=env |
| By: | Ubalijoro, Eliane; Fowler, Cary; Umberger, Wendy; Anderson, Kym |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339634&r=env |
| By: | Alessia Camplomi; Harald Fadinger; Chiara Forlati; Sabine Stillger; Ulrich J. Wagner |
| Abstract: | To prevent carbon leakage induced by unilateral carbon pricing, the EU has designed a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) that taxes imports based on their carbon content. Since estimating the carbon content of imports is very complex, CBAM will be applied only to a few emissionintensive sectors. We argue that, as a consequence of its limited applicability, CBAM is unlikely to effectively eliminate leakage. We propose a simple alternative route towards leakage prevention with significantly lower information requirements and administrative burden which can be applied to all tradable sectors: the Leakage Border Adjustment Mechanism (LBAM). LBAM offsets the cost disadvantages of domestic producers relative to foreign competitors induced by unilateral carbon pricing by implementing import tariffs and, potentially, export subsidies that hold trade constant at the level before the introduction of carbon pricing. LBAM requires knowledge only about domestic product-specific output-to-emissions elasticities and import demand and export supply elasticities but does not depend upon information on the carbon content of imports. To quantify the welfare and emission effects of LBAM and to compare it to CBAM, we simulate a unilateral carbon-price increase in the EU using a granular structural trade model with 57 countries and 121 sectors. We find that LBAM is very effective in preventing leakage, while the EU CBAM is not. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Border Adjustment, Carbon leakage, Emission trading, Carbon taxation, Trade policy |
| JEL: | F13 F64 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_495v2&r=env |
| By: | Kendall, Alissa; Slattery, Margaret; Dunn, Jessica |
| Abstract: | Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the enabling technology for modern electric vehicles (EVs), allowing them to reach driving ranges and costs comparable to internal combustion engine vehicles, an important development with EVs being integral to greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. However, LIB advancements include the use of rapidly evolving and chemically diverse batteries as well as larger battery packs, raising concerns about battery production sustainability as well as battery end-of-life (EoL). This study seeks to respond to these concerns by analyzing potential pathways for EoL EV batteries, quantifies flows of retiring EV battery materials, proposes economically and environmentally preferable LIB EoL strategies, and recommends pertinent policies with an emphasis on environmental justice. The researchers used a loosely coupled dynamic systems model that utilized life cycle assessment and material flow analysis and a mixed methods research approach. They find that the U.S. can make significant gains in securing supply chains for critical materials and decrease life cycle environmental impacts through the adoption of Recycled Content Standard policies similar to those found in the European Union. In addition, they examine the currently understood waste hierarchy in the context of LIB technology. Comparing immediate recycling to repurposing and reusing, they find that repurposing and reusing reduces life cycle environmental impacts relative to recycling. This project also includes an investigation of EoL battery collection and transportation and the vehicle afterlife ecosystem, as well as general stakeholders in the LiB life cycle, informed by expert interviews and a case study of a developing lithium industry in Imperial, California. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Electric vehicle, lithium-ion batteries, battery recycling, end-of-life, spent batteries |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3v6047fh&r=env |
| By: | Tiziana De Stefano (Bank of Italy); Giuseppe Buscemi (Bank of Italy); Marco Fanari (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) issues discussed during shareholder meetings held in 2021 and 2022 by major non-financial listed companies based in France, Germany and Italy. We examined shareholder meeting documentation in order to identify the questions, requests to supplement meeting agendas, draft resolutions and countermotions (forum rights) submitted by shareholders, as well as the responses provided by the companies. The analysis covers the entire sample of companies for 2021, while for 2022 it focuses on business sectors most exposed to climate transition risks and the effects of geopolitical tensions on energy supplies. For the 2021 shareholder meetings, the qualitative survey is complemented by a machine learning textual analysis (Latent Dirichlet Allocation, LDA) used as an aid to detect the most recurring themes addressed in the meetings. ESG factors were discussed in all shareholder meetings in the three markets examined for this study, albeit with varying emphasis. Shareholders mainly focused on the company’s environmental policy, including transition plans, alignment with international climate agreements, and the effects of business activities on the environment. As for social issues, the attention was largely on gender equality in the workforce, human rights, and the protection of health and wage conditions. As for corporate governance, there was a recurring interest in gender equality in management bodies, as well as in the opportunities to attend shareholder meetings remotely. |
| Keywords: | Shareholder rights; general meeting; corporate governance; Textual analysis; Latent Dirichlet Allocation |
| JEL: | C63 G30 G34 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wpmisp:mip_045_24&r=env |
| By: | Chi Truong (Department of Actuarial Studies and Business Analytics, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University); Matteo Malavasi (School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, UNSW Business School, UNSW); Han Li (Department of Economics, University of Melbourne); Stefan Trueck (Department of Actuarial Studies and Business Analytics, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University); Pavel V. Shevchenko (Department of Actuarial Studies and Business Analytics, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University) |
| Abstract: | Assessing climate risk and its potential impacts on our cities and economies is of fundamental importance. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and storm surges can lead to catastrophic damages. We propose a flexible approach based on real options analysis and extreme value theory, which enables the selection of optimal adaptation pathways for a portfolio of climate adaptation projects. We model the severity of extreme sea level events using the block maxima approach from extreme value theory, and then develop a real options framework, factoring in climate change, sea level rise uncertainty, and the growth in asset exposure. We then apply the proposed framework to a real-world problem, considering sea level data as well as different adaptation investment options for New York City. Our research can assist governments and policy makers in taking informed decisions about optimal adaptation pathways and more specifically about reducing flood and storm surge risk in a dynamic settings. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.02745&r=env |
| By: | Gatto, Alessandro; Chepeliev, Maksym |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iats23:339518&r=env |
| By: | Umberger, Wendy |
| Abstract: | Our demands on the world’s food producers continue to grow as we look to the global food system to efficiently provide growing populations with safe, nutritious and higher quality food, while also using fewer inputs and preserving vulnerable ecosystems. At the same time, rapid economic transition in many countries, increased integration of global markets and new technologies provide many opportunities for the farming sector. Smallholder farmers, who feed a significant portion of the global population, remain amongst the world’s poorest people, and they are one of the groups most vulnerable to impacts of climate change such as more extreme weather events, less predictable weather patterns, threatened water security, emerging pest and disease threats and soil and land degradation. They face complex livelihood decisions which will see many leave the sector for opportunities in urban areas, leaving increasing labour shortages in rural areas. This presentation explores options for innovation by smallholders to address these on-farm risks and the technologies, policies, and economic and social enablers needed to facilitate more resilient food and nutrition systems. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339630&r=env |
| By: | Heiner von Lüpke |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the implications of implementing the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) in South Africa by exploring the factors that are at work when donors and recipients interact with each other. It analyses the JETP using global cooperation theories on climate change and identify mutual trust, based on shared norms; and process legitimacy via institutionalisation as the factors which can promote cooperation between donors and recipients. The paper contributes to the literature on international climate finance by providing novel insights through the analysis of the South African JETP as a single case study. It shows that the JETP is in fact a transnational policy process that needs to be institutionalised and legitimised to improve shortcomings of established conditionality instruments. The results might also inform the design of a climate club as proposed by the G7 as the JETPs are referred to as a possible instrument to cooperate with emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | Just energy transition partnerships, International climate finance, International climate cooperation, South Africa |
| JEL: | O13 Q54 H87 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2062&r=env |
| By: | Hilbrich, Sören; Berensmann, Kathrin; Artmann, Giovanna; Ashman, Sam; Herbold, Theresa; Lötters-Viehof, Steffen; Monti, Agnese; Paffhausen, Felix; Roigk, Stephanie; Steenkamp, Lee-Ann |
| Abstract: | In recent years, many jurisdictions have developed sustainability taxonomies that aim to increase transparency of financial markets and redirect capital flows to sustainable investments. Such sustainable finance policies can be important levers because today's investments shape economic production processes for decades. This case study on South Africa's Green Finance Taxonomy (GFT) addresses the question of what factors influence the adoption of sustainability taxonomies by potential users. It finds that one year after its publication, the GFT has hardly been used in practice. Important factors hindering an effective implementation are a lack of regulatory embedding, the absence of a legal recognition of the GFT by the European Union (EU), a hesitancy among financial market participants to build capacities to collect the necessary data, and fossil-fuel path dependencies in South Africa's economy. These findings have important policy implications (e.g. regarding accompanying governance measures) for implementation processes in many countries in the coming years. |
| Keywords: | Green finance, sustainable finance, green taxonomy, sustainability taxonomy, South Africa, financial markets, policy implementation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:282979&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Louis Rastoin (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Papa Abdoulaye Seck (ANSTS - Académie Nationale des Sciences et Techniques du Sénégal) |
| Abstract: | After four technological and organizational transitions in 400, 000 years, humanity is in search of sustainable and shared food security. Indeed, the heavy negative externalities of the agro-industrial system that has become hegemonic in 150 years encourage us to rebuild food systems from a socio-ecological point of view. Based on a synthesis of different forecasts, the authors present the alternative scenario of "Sustainable Territorialized Food Systems" (STFS) based on the extended quality of products, territorial autonomy, proximity and solidarity. Such a scenario would induce profound changes in the countries of the North and the South with contextualized trajectories. In Europe, this is a trend break. In Africa, the weak significance of the agro-industrial model suggests a direct orientation towards STFSs, without going through this agro-industrial model. Based on theoretical and empirical considerations, four recommendations are made for public and private decision makers: strategic planning, risk prevention through the "One Health" concept, redeployment of the knowledge chain, reconfiguration of agri-food value chains and governance design. |
| Abstract: | Après quatre transitions technologiques et organisationnelles en 400 000 ans, l'humanité est en quête d'une sécurité alimentaire durable et partagée. En effet, les lourdes externalités négatives du système agro-industriel devenu hégémonique en 150 ans incitent à reconstruire les systèmes alimentaires dans une perspective socio-écologique. Sur la base d'une synthèse de diverses prospectives, les auteurs présentent le scénario alternatif de « systèmes alimentaires territorialisés durables » (SATD) fondés sur la qualité élargie des produits, l'autonomie territoriale, la proximité et la solidarité. Un tel scénario induirait de profonds changements dans les pays du Nord et du Sud, avec des trajectoires contextualisées. Pour l'Europe, il s'agit d'une rupture de tendance. En Afrique, la faible prégnance du modèle agro-industriel suggère une orientation directe vers des SATD, sans passer par ce modèle agro-industriel. À partir de considérations théoriques et empiriques, quatre préconisations sont faites à l'intention des décideurs publics et privés : planification stratégique, prévention des risques par le concept « une seule santé », redéploiement de la chaîne des savoirs, reconfiguration des filières agro-alimentaires et de leurs modes de gouvernance. |
| Date: | 2024–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04442305&r=env |
| By: | Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | In this article, we estimate the variable Ease of Doing Business-EDB in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG model. We use data from ESG World Bank dataset. We have used data from 193 countries in the period 2011-2020. The level of EDB is positively associated, among others, to “Individuals Using the Internet”, “Government Effectiveness”, “Cooling Degree Days”, and negatively associated to “Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing, Value Added”, “Forest Area” and “Strength of Legal Rights Index”. Furthermore, we have applied a cluster analysis with the application of the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow Method and we have found the presence of four clusters. Finally, we have proposed a confrontation among eight different machine- learning algorithms to predict the future value of EDB. We have found that Linear Regression is the best algorithm and that the level of EDB is expected to improve of 1.66% for the analysed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9ycbf&r=env |
| By: | Eirik S. Amundsen |
| Abstract: | For a long time, Norway has had resource rent taxes on oil- and natural gas extraction as well as on hydropower generation. Recently, resource rent taxes have also been levied on aquaculture, and wind power generation. This paper, gives a short overview of the rent theory, the basis for rent generation in Norway, the size of rent generated, the Norwegian tax system for resource rent for each of the resources considered, and the rent taxes collected. |
| Keywords: | natural resources, rent taxes, oil and gas, hydropower, wind power, aquaculture |
| JEL: | H20 H25 Q22 Q25 Q38 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10911&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | Heavy diesel trucks emit nearly three-quarters of all CO2 from freight transport. They are also among the most difficult vehicle types to power with sustainable fuels. This report reviews which emerging technologies show the most promise to drastically cut road freight emissions. It also proposes an approach for governments to decide which technologies deserve support – and thus to speed up the urgent transition to clean trucking. |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:127-en&r=env |
| By: | Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | We estimate the value of Research and Development Expenditures as a percentage of GDP-RDE in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG model. We use the ESG World Bank database. We analyze data from193 countries in the period 2011-2020. We apply a set of econometric techniques i.e. Pooled Ordinary Least Squares-OLS, Panel Data with Random Effects, Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Weighted Least Squares-WLS. We found that the level of RDE is positively associated, among others, to “Nitrous Oxide Emissions” and “Scientific and Technical Journal Articles”, and negatively associated, among others to “Heat Index 35”, “Maximum 5-day Rainfall”. Furthermore, we perform a cluster analysis with the application of the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow Method. The results show the presence of four clusters. Finally, we confront eight different machine-learning algorithms to predict the future value of RDE. We find that Linear Regression is the best predictive algorithms. RDE is expected to growth on average of 0.07% for the analysed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xy6ew&r=env |
| By: | Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | In this article we analyze the impact of Labor Force Partecipation Rate-LFPR in the context of the Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG model at world level. We use data from the ESG dataset of the World Bank for the period 2011-2020. We use Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Pooled OLS, Dynamic Panel. We find that the level of LFPR is positively associated among others to “Ratio of Female to Male Labor Force Participation Rate” and “Life Expectancy at Birth”, and negatively associated among others, to “Unemployment” and “Agricultural Land”. Furthermore, we have applied a clusterization with the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Silhouette coefficient, and we found the presence of three clusters. Finally, we confront eight different machine learning algorithms to predict the value of LFPR. We find that the best predictor is the Linear Regression. Linear Regression predicts an increase in LFPR equal to 0.42% on average for the analyzed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ra5ux&r=env |
| By: | Alexandre Chirat; Basile Clerc |
| Abstract: | The concept of a necessary transition to a "war economy" in response to the ecological crisis is gaining traction. However, this discussion often overlooks the fact that a war economy primarily relies on policies such as price controls and rationing, as exemplified by the United States' economy during World War II. Whether it's for wartime efforts or addressing climate urgency, both scenarios seem justifying the suspension of market mechanisms in key sectors to achieve production goals while mitigating the social costs of transition. Nonetheless, a significant disparity lies in the social acceptability of such political measures, which proves to be considerably more challenging to establish within the context of the climate and ecological crisis. |
| Keywords: | Ecological transition - war economy - price controls |
| JEL: | Q50 Q41 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2024-8&r=env |
| By: | Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | We analyze the question of GDP Growth-GDPG rate in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG framework. We use World Bank data for 193 countries in the period 2011-2020 using different econometric techniques i.e., Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares-OLS. We found that GDPG rate is positively associated, among others, to “Government Effectiveness” and “Prevalence of Undernourishment” and negatively associated among others to “Unemployment” and “Research and Development Expenditure”. Furthermore, we have applied the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow method and we found the presence of four clusters in the sense of GDPG rate. Finally, we confront eight machine learning algorithms to predict the value of GDPG rate and we found that the Polynomial Regression is the best predictor. The Polynomial Regression predicts an increase of GDPG rate equal to 2.88% on average for the analysed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:r56hu&r=env |
| By: | Kahori Ishibashi (Waseda University, Graduate School of Economics); Ryo Takahashi (Waseda University, Graduate School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically investigates the impact of temperature on attitudes toward gender equality using data from the World Values Survey to develop a gender perception index. Our findings reveal a substantial negative effect of increased maximum temperature on this index. A one-standard deviation rise in temperature correlates with a 4.39% to 6.08% decrease in gender equality attitudes. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that, specifically, men and individuals with lower educational attainment exhibit decreased gender equality attitudes with increasing temperature. Additionally, this temperature-driven decline in gender equality attitudes is significantly pronounced in high-income and non-Muslim countries than in low-income and Muslim-majority countries. This disparity is likely owing to differing social norms regarding gender equality. Among the examined mechanisms— cognitive ability decline, income shocks, and well-being reduction—this study identifies a decline in cognitive abilities owing to temperature increase as the key factor adversely affecting gender equality attitudes. This revelation calls for an expanded perspective on women’s empowerment that considers environmental conditions alongside traditional factors. |
| Keywords: | Heterogeneity; gender equality; gender bias; women’s rights; climate change; temperature impact |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2310&r=env |
| By: | Anna Alberini (AREC, University of Maryland, USA.); Milan Scasny (Charles University, Institute of Economic Studies at Faculty of Social Sciences and The Environment Center, Czech Republic.) |
| Abstract: | We conduct a contingent valuation survey in Spain and the UK to elicit information about the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for heat wave watch and response programs. We find that people are willing to pay for such programs, and that the WTP (EUR 50 for each of 10 years; 2019 PPP euro) is virtually the same across the two countries and across respondents that received two alternate presentations of the mortality risks with and without the programs. The responses to the WTP questions are internally consistent. Persons who re-assessed their own risks as “very high†after reading the questionnaire's information about the health effects of excessive heat are prepared to pay more for these programs. These persons are in poor health and less highly educated, and thus an important priority for outreach and education efforts by heat wave watch and response programs. That people value saving lives during heat waves as important is confirmed by the results of person tradeoffs, which show that avoiding a fatality during heat waves is comparable to avoiding a cancer fatality, is slightly more valuable than an avoiding a cardiovascular fatality, and definitely more valuable than an avoided road traffic fatality. The Value per Statistical Life implied by the WTP for the programs is EUR 1.1 million to EUR 4.7 million (2019 PPP euro), depending on the size of the mortality risk reduction valued by the respondent, for an average of EUR 1.6 million. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Heat Waves; Health Risks; Value per Statistical Life (VSL); Life-saving Programs |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 Q58 K32 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2024_09&r=env |
| By: | Seungho Choi; Ross Levine; Raphael Jonghyeon Park; Simon Xu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how shocks to expected cash flows influence CEO incentive compensation. Exploiting changes in compliance with environmental regulations as shocks to expected future cash flows, we find that adverse shocks typically prompt corporate boards to recalibrate CEO compensation to reduce risk-taking incentives. However, this pattern is not uniform. Financially distressed firms exhibit milder reductions in compensation convexity, with some even increasing it, suggesting a “gambling for resurrection” strategy. Moreover, the strength of corporate governance influences shareholders’ capacity to align executive incentives with shareholder risk preferences following unanticipated changes in the stringency of environmental regulations. |
| JEL: | G34 G38 M52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32101&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Suvy Qin; John Voorheis; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | This paper uses administrative tax records linked to Census demographic data and high-resolution measures of fine small particulate (PM2.5) exposure to study the evolution of the Black-White pollution exposure gap over the past 40 years. In doing so, we focus on the various ways in which income may have contributed to these changes using a statistical decomposition. We decompose the overall change in the Black-White PM2.5 exposure gap into (1) components that stem from rank-preserving compression in the overall pollution distribution and (2) changes that stem from a reordering of Black and White households within the pollution distribution. We find a significant narrowing of the Black-White PM2.5 exposure gap over this time period that is overwhelmingly driven by rank-preserving changes rather than positional changes. However, the relative positions of Black and White households at the upper end of the pollution distribution have meaningfully shifted in the most recent years. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10895&r=env |
| By: | Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | In this article, we estimate the role of Political Stability and Absence of Violence and Terrorism-PS in the context of Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG data at world level. We analyse data from 193 countries in the period 2011-2020. We apply Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects and Pooled Ordinary Least Square-OLS. We found that PS is positively associated, among others, to Population Density and Government Effectiveness, and negatively associated, among others, to Research and Development Expenditure and Maximum 5-day Rainfall. Furthermore, we apply the k-Means algorithm optimized with the application of the Elbow Method and we find the presence of four clusters. Finally, we propose a confrontation among eight different machine-learning algorithms for the prediction of PS and we find that the Polynomial Regression shows the higher performance. The Polynomial Regression predicts an increase in the level of PS of 0.25% on average for the analysed countries. |
| Date: | 2023–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:kv9pg&r=env |
| By: | Charlotte Liotta (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TU - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin); Paolo Avner (World Bank Group); Vincent Viguié (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Harris Selod (World Bank Group); Stephane Hallegatte (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Opposition to climate policies is partly due to their impacts on inequality. But with most economic studies focused on income inequalities, the quantitative spatial effect of economic climate policy instruments is poorly understood. Here, using a model derived from the standard urban model of urban economics, we simulate a fuel tax in Cape Town, South Africa, decomposing its impacts by income class, housing type, and location, and over different timeframes, assuming that agents gradually adapt. We find that in the short term, there are both income and spatial inequalities, with low-income households or suburban dwellers more negatively impacted. These inequalities persist in the medium and long terms, as the poorest households, living in informal or subsidized housing, have few or no ways to adapt to fuel price increases by changing housing type, size or location, or transportation mode. Lowincome households living in formal housing are also impacted by the tax over the long term due to complex effects driven by competition with richer households in the housing market. Complementary policies promoting a flexible labor market, affordable public transportation, or subsidies that help lowincome households live closer to employment centers will be key to the social acceptability of climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Urban Economics, Land Use - Transport Integrated Models, Fuel Taxation, Emission Mitigation, Redistributive Impacts, Housing Markets |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04447509&r=env |
| By: | Rogers, Cate |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339626&r=env |
| By: | Brökel, Heike; Broekel, Tom |
| Abstract: | This report offers a comprehensive exploration of research collaboration at the University of Stavanger (UiS) and its alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing from the Cristin database, the analysis provides a detailed perspective on the evolving academic activities and collaborative patterns at UiS. Key findings include: International Collaboration: A pronounced shift towards collaborations involving external researchers underscores UiS’s move towards an internationalized research environment. Intra-UiS Collaboration: While collaborations within individual departments thrive, signifying the strength of close-knit research communities, broader interdisciplinary col- laborations spanning faculties remain relatively rare. Network Dynamics: The internal collaboration network at UiS has evolved from isolated clusters to a more integrated framework. Researchers serving as central nodes or ‘hubs’ play a pivotal role in connecting diverse clusters, signifying a move towards a more interconnected academic ecosystem. SDG Alignment: A strong correlation was observed between the nature of collaborations and SDG alignment. Interdisci- plinary collaborations often produce outputs resonating with SDGs, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of these goals. Moreover, researchers with central positions in the collaboration network significantly influence SDG-aligned outputs. Language Preference: English has progressively emerged as the preferred medium for research outputs, marking a trend towards global academic resonance. In essence, the report illuminates the multifaceted dynamics of research collaboration at UiS, emphasizing the potential for bolstering interdisciplinary endeavors and underscoring the critical roles individual researchers play in shaping UiS’s contributions to global sustainability goals. |
| Keywords: | Stavanger, university, networks, sustainability |
| JEL: | M14 M21 O32 |
| Date: | 2023–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120005&r=env |
| By: | Havas, Attila; Schartinger, Doris; Weber, Matthias K. |
| Abstract: | This article is a first attempt towards building an integrative analytical framework to study goal-orientated transformative change (GOTC) processes, defined as system-transforming processes that are guided by the ambition to resolve current or expected future societal challenges. GOTC can only start once a broad range of possible goals are considered by key stakeholders and major relevant actors are committed to act. Hence, there is a need for widening the scope of the current, partial conceptual models to consider the co-evolutionary interactions between technology, economy, and society to better understand and effectively guide and/or assess GOTC. This claim is based on our focussed review of Innovation Studies, Social Innovation, and Sustainability Transitions research. We offer four building blocks for a new, integrative framework to analyse GOTC: its overarching goal; objects, types, and levels of change; mechanisms of change; and a set of criteria to assess change. |
| Keywords: | An integrative analytical framework; Innovation studies; Social innovation research; Sustainability transitions ;research; Focussed literature review |
| JEL: | B52 H12 I31 O30 O33 O35 O38 O44 P11 Q01 Q50 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120070&r=env |
| By: | Mogge, Lukas; Roeckert, Julian; Krähnert, Kati |
| Abstract: | Anticipatory humanitarian assistance is a novel approach to aid in the context of weather disasters, drawing on meteorological forecasts. Using a randomized study design, we analyze the impact of anticipatory cash transfers distributed to pastoralist households in Mongolia during an extreme winter event. We do not find overall effects on livestock assets, income, investments, or consumption across the study population. No heterogenous effects are found for different levels of disaster intensity. However, there is robust evidence that cash transfers benefited households with lower pre-treatment wealth. The paper concludes by highlighting practical challenges in evaluating (anticipatory) humanitarian interventions. |
| Abstract: | Vorausschauende humanitäre Hilfe ist ein neuer Ansatz zur Unterstützung von Haushalten bei Extremwetterereignissen, der sich auf meteorologische Vorhersagen stützt. Mithilfe eines randomisierten Studiendesigns wird in dieser Studie die Wirksamkeit vorausschauender Geldtransfers, die während eines extremen Winterereignisses an Viehhalter in der Mongolei verteilt wurden, untersucht. Bei Betrachtung der gesamten Studienstichprobe können wir keine Effekte auf die Herdengröße, Einkommen, Investitionen oder Konsum feststellen. Weiterhin finden wir keine heterogene Effekte in Bezug auf die Intensität des Wetterereignisses. Es gibt jedoch robuste Belege dafür, dass Haushalte, die vor der Intervention über ein geringeres Vermögen verfügen, von den Geldtransfers profitieren. Abschließend werden in der Studie praktische Herausforderungen bei der Evaluierung von (vorausschauenden) humanitären Interventionen diskutiert. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, anticipatory humanitarian assistance, extreme weather events, impact evaluation |
| JEL: | D61 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:282997&r=env |
| By: | Darboe, sarjo |
| Abstract: | Abstract The recent infrastructural development and industrial actions around tourism development areas has increased which led to the degradation of coastal sites and protected areas in the Gambia, posing a threat to biodiversity loss and ecotourism. Thus, the research investigated the impact of biodiversity on tourism in The Gambia using the ARDL model between the periods of 1995-2020. The analysis has shown that biodiversity promotes tourism both in the short and long term. Similarly, economic growth has a positive impact on tourism. One of the policy implications is that, since tourism industry depends on the existence of biodiversity, therefore, biodiversity preservation should be a major interest for business sustainability by allocating resources for its preservation, in order to increase the viability of the sector. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, tourism sector, The Gambia, ARDL, economic growth. |
| JEL: | F64 F68 |
| Date: | 2024–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120063&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This manual is a guide to using the ITF transport life-cycle assessment tool. The tool aims to provide a holistic assessment of different modes of transport, accounting for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions that occur in different phases of the life of the vehicles. |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:121-en&r=env |
| By: | Tulishree Pradhan (KIIT School of Law, KIIT Deemed University, Bhubaneswar, India); Chinmayee Nanda (KIIT School of Law, KIIT Deemed University, Bhubaneswar, India); Diya Sarkar (KIIT School of Law, KIIT Deemed University, Bhubaneswar, India) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on addressing the issue of human-elephant conflict in India by implementing mitigation strategies, with a specific emphasis on Indian legislation. Human-elephant conflict is a significant problem in India as the shrinking habitats of elephants and the expansion of human settlements lead to encounters that pose risks to both humans and elephants. The paper provides an overview of the factors contributing to human-elephant conflict in India, such as habitat loss, encroachment, and resource competition. It then explores the legal framework related to wildlife conservation and protection in India, particularly highlighting the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and relevant policies and guidelines. Various mitigation strategies are discussed to reduce human-elephant conflict, including habitat management and restoration, community participation and awareness, elephants' welfare and relocation, crop protection and compensation, and the use of early warning systems and technology. The study emphasizes the significance of Indian legislation, particularly the Wildlife Protection Act, in guiding and supporting these mitigation strategies. It acknowledges the challenges and limitations associated with their implementation and provides recommendations to enhance conflict mitigation efforts. By examining the intersection of human-elephant conflict and Indian legislation, this study contributes to a better understanding of the legal and policy framework for managing such conflicts. It provides valuable insights for policymakers, wildlife authorities, and conservation practitioners in developing effective strategies to mitigate human-elephant conflict in India. |
| Keywords: | human-elephant conflict, mitigation strategies, legal framework, compensation, sustainable solutions |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0351&r=env |
| By: | Camila Scur, Mayara; Centuriao, Daniel; Niel Berlinck, Christian; Kelly Luciano Batista, Eugênia; Libonati, Renata; Rodrigues, Julia; Valle Nunes, André; Couto Garcia, Leticia; Fernandes, G. Wilson; Alves Damasceno-Junior, Geraldo; de Matos Martins Pereira, Alexandre; Anderson, Liana; Manuel Ochoa-Quintero, Jose; da Rosa Oliveira, Maxwell; Bandini Ribeiro, Danilo; O. Roque, Fabio |
| Abstract: | The Pantanal, the Earth's largest continuous wetland, experienced severe impacts from wildfires in 2019 and, particularly, in 2020. The surge in wildfires can be attributed to several factors, including climate extremes, inadequate fire management, ineffective policymaking, as well as commercial and demographic dynamics. Understanding the economic effects of wildfires is crucial for guiding resource allocation toward prevention and firefighting efforts. This study aims to examine the economic losses resulting from the catastrophic wildfires in the Brazilian Pantanal region during 2019 and 2020. By utilizing publicly available datasets and data obtained from representatives of public and private institutions, we constructed scenarios to simulate the fire's impacts on economic input-output matrices. Through the application of structural impact analysis, we can simulate variations in output, value-added, and income by considering demand variation scenarios resulting from external shocks. Our findings reveal that the economic impact of the wildfires extends beyond the burned areas, affecting other regions of Brazil, such as São Paulo and Paraná. The lack of a comprehensive public database encompassing different scales (municipal, state, and national), along with a clear methodology for calculating and reporting firefighting expenses, hinders accurate prediction of economic losses and impedes proactive investments in wildfire prevention. |
| Keywords: | structural impact analysis, natural disasters, input-output models, S2iD portal, tele-coupling |
| JEL: | Q15 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119399&r=env |
| By: | Pittock, Jamie |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification of agricultural production is needed to feed 10 billion people who have limited land and water resources in a changing climate. In Africa, enormous investment in irrigation schemes has resulted in a build–fail–rebuild cycle that has trapped farmers in poverty. The Australian National University and partners have been supported by ACIAR in ‘Transforming Irrigation in Southern Africa’ (TISA) from 2013 to 2023, to reboot failing small-holder (average farm size = 0.5 ha; ~15, 500 farm households) irrigation schemes in Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. We intervened in two ways. First, farmers were provided with simple-to-use soil monitoring tools – the Chameleon and Full Stop (https://via.farm/) – to manage their water application and soil fertility. Farmers at the head end of canals reduced their water application by half to two thirds, increasing crop yields and generating many other benefits. Second, in a social process, farmers formed agricultural innovation platforms. They identified, prioritised and fixed problems that they could influence, including to: grow more profitable crops, lower input costs, better access markets, and in some cases, undertake further processing. This increased household incomes and catalysed many other benefits. For example, during the COVID crisis, food insecurity in TISA schemes was much less than for non-TISA schemes. This is analogous to the resilience required under a changing climate. The TISA project illustrates that: 1. Agriculture systems are complex and require multiple social and technological investments to become more sustainable and profitable; 2. Empowering farming communities and businesses is key to building profitable agricultural systems that deliver lasting benefits; 3. Significant decoupling of resource use from production is possible and this increases resilience to shocks; and 4. Long term (10 years) of research for development investment by ACIAR into community driven research has enabled lasting change. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339628&r=env |
| By: | David Amaglobeli; Joaquim Guilhoto; Samir Jahan; Salma Khalid; Mr. Waikei R Lam; Mr. Gregory M Legoff; Brent Meyer; Xuguang Simon Sheng; Pawel Smietanka; Sonya Waddell; Daniel Weitz |
| Abstract: | The energy price shock in 2022 led to government support for firms in some countries, sparking debate about the rationale and the nature of such support. The results from nationally representative firm surveys in the United States and Germany indicate that firms in these countries were generally resilient. Coping strategies adopted by firms included the pass-through of higher costs to consumers, adjustment of profit margins (United States) and investments in energy saving and efficiency (Germany). Firms in energy-intensive industries would have been significantly more affected if international energy prices were fully passed through to domestic prices in Europe. Survey responses further reveal that most firms are uncertain about the impact of recent policy announcments on green subsidies. Firms take advantage of fiscal incentives to accelerate their climate-related investment plans are often those that have previous plans to do so. These findings suggest better targeting and enhancing policy certainty will be important when facilitate the green transition among firms. |
| Keywords: | Energy prices; Subsidies; Survey; Cost-Push Model; Input Output Table; Firm Behavior |
| Date: | 2024–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/027&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Boidin (CLERSÉ - Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04431397&r=env |
| By: | Fuhrmann-Riebel, Hanna |
| Abstract: | Recent decades have shown an unprecedented growth in demand for resources, with a trend that is projected to accelerate in the future. Policymakers around the world have started to recognise that transitioning to a more resource-efficient and circular economy (CE) is key to addressing this challenge. Two important enablers for the transition to a CE are circular business models (CBMs) and consumers. The two are interlinked, as demand shifts among consumers can foster the development and supply of new business models, which in turn require the uptake by consumers to be successful. To promote the development and increase the uptake of new CBMs, policymakers need to provide the respective regulatory frameworks and incentives. Doing so requires systemic policy mixes that go beyond encouraging technological innovations and include targeting the demand side as well. This paper zooms in on the role of the consumer for CBMs, discusses potential consumer barriers to CBM demand, and outlines how policy-making can address these barriers by applying systemic mixes of instruments to tackle the macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors that influence consumer demand simultaneously. While the macro-level describes the economic context of consumers' decision-making, that is, the availability and supply, infrastructure and price of CBMs in the market, the meso-level characterises the social environment, including social norms and social status, whereas the micro-level focuses on individual characteristics such as consumption habits, security and quality concerns, and environmental knowledge or concern. This paper illustrates how the different consumer barriers are closely interlinked, and that, ideally, policymakers should target all three levels jointly to encourage CBM demand most effectively. In doing so, policymakers should consider the principles of the waste hierarchy in order to maximise the environmental benefits of CE policy mixes. The paper mostly takes a European perspective on the topic, especially when discussing relevant policy frameworks, and reflects on potential differences to other regions, particularly in the Global South, when appropriate |
| Keywords: | green economy, circular economy, circular business models, consumers, policy mixes, Environment, ecosystems and resources |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:283130&r=env |
| By: | Delphine Pouchain; Emmanuel Petit (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jérôme Ballet |
| Abstract: | Experimental and behavioural economic analysis has highlighted the ambivalent role of anger. If anger is too intense and poorly channelled, it can lead to retaliation and the blocking of exchanges. However, there is a threshold of intensity for anger at which it is rational and useful for the person who expresses it. In particular, anger leads the person who is the object of it to adopt more respectful and fair behaviour. The theory of emotions of the American philosopher John Dewey questions the scope and effectiveness of an emotion in terms of its quality and intensity. Based on his approach, the question we ask in this article is to know under what conditions anger can be an emotion that can be converted into an individual and collective action to fight global warming. The aim is therefore to analyse the potential of anger in climate mitigation. We show that this potential depends to a large extent, as the pragmatist approach suggests, on the quality of expression of this emotion and its intensity. |
| Abstract: | L'analyse économique expérimentale et comportementale a mis en évidence le rôle ambivalent de la colère. Trop intense, mal canalisée, la colère est à la source de représailles et conduit au blocage de l'échange. Il existe cependant un seuil d'intensité de la colère pour lequel celle-ci est rationnelle et utile pour celui qui l'exprime. La colère conduit notamment celui qui en est l'objet à adopter des comportements plus respectueux et plus justes. La théorie des émotions du philosophe américain John Dewey interroge la portée et l'efficacité d'une émotion au regard de sa qualité et de son intensité. En nous appuyant sur sa démarche, la question que nous posons ici est de savoir à quelles conditions la colère peut être une émotion susceptible d'être convertie en une action (individuelle et collective) au service de la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Il s'agit donc d'analyser le potentiel de la colère dans la mitigation du climat, en montrant qu'il dépend en grande partie, comme le suggère l'approche pragmatiste, de la qualité d'expression de cette émotion et de son intensité. |
| Keywords: | Emotions, Anger, Global warming, Moral action, Collective action, émotion, colère, réchauffement climatique, action morale, action collective |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04441881&r=env |
| By: | Md Rabiul Hasan; Muztoba Ahmed Khan; Thorsten Wuest |
| Abstract: | Sustainable supply chain management is a key objective of Industry 5.0, leveraging technologies like real-time data analytics, connectivity, and intelligent automation. At the same time, composite materials present benefits such as lightweight structures, crucial for reducing fuel consumption. This study investigates the intersection between sustainable supply chains and composites by analyzing the current status, research gaps, methodologies, and future research opportunities through bibliometric analysis and a systematic review of the state of the art in the composite materials supply chain. A systematic literature review approach is employed to analyze the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) databases, offering a comprehensive overview of the existing literature. Through bibliometric analysis, the study investigates countries, authors, citations, keywords, subject areas, and article themes within the metadata to provide additional context. An in-depth analysis of thirty selected papers (n=30) sheds light on the key contributions, major challenges, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) across various instances of composite material supply chains, resulting in a generalized overview. Furthermore, this research suggests future directions to link the sustainability efforts in composite materials supply chains with current research gaps. The study underscores diverse research themes in the field, highlighting a few influential works and presenting opportunities for advancement in this emerging area. Collectively, these findings offer valuable insights and a robust roadmap for future research in this domain. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.06100&r=env |
| By: | Richard Bofinger; Simon Cornée; Ariane Szafarz |
| Abstract: | In 2019, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) introduced new transparency rules for the investment fund industry to combat greenwashing. This paper compares the sustainability performance of ESG funds marketed by social and conventional banks, before and after the SFDR came into force. Its contribution is twofold. First, the results suggest that the sustainability performance of ESG funds marketed by social banks was not affected by the SFDR. The intuition is that social banks are protected from greenwashing because sustainability and transparency are embedded in their founding principles. Second, and in contrast, the results suggest that the SFDR has successfully reduced greenwashing in the ESG funds of conventional banks. |
| Keywords: | ESG; Investment funds; Social banks; Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR); Greenwashing; Transparency |
| JEL: | G11 G18 G21 G38 K23 |
| Date: | 2024–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/368076&r=env |
| By: | Verónica Farreras (CCT-CONICET-MZA/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo); Belén Lana (CCT-CONICET-MZA/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo); Oscar Astorga (Instituto de Sanidad y Calidad Agropecuaria de Mendoza) |
| Abstract: | Distintas plagas y enfermedades pueden dañar los cultivos de vid. El uso de pesticidas garantiza una producción de alta calidad con menos daño a los cultivos y rendimientos constantes. Sin embargo, estas sustancias pueden migrar hacia los cuerpos de agua superficiales o subterráneas a través de la escorrentía y lixiviación, constituyendo una fuente de contaminación difusa. A partir de información específica sobre productos fitosanitarios comercializados en una microrregión vitícola de Mendoza, se evaluó el impacto de los viñedos sobre la calidad de los recursos hídricos. Para ello, se estimó la Huella Hídrica Gris (HHG) de la viticultura asociada a una amplia gama de pesticidas—24 fungicidas, 7 insecticidas y 7 herbicidas—comúnmente utilizados en las prácticas vitícolas locales. Nuestros resultados indican que, durante el periodo de setiembre de 2018 a abril de 2020, la HHG de la viticultura fue de 1.10 m3 kg-1 ó 1.87x108 m3 año-1. Más específicamente, se necesitan de 1.10 m3 de agua por kg de uva o algo más de 187 millones de m3 de agua por año para diluir los contaminantes hasta tal punto que la calidad del agua se mantenga por encima de los estándares de calidad establecidos. Al aumentar la resolución espacial del análisis, se observó una variabilidad de HHG no solo por la diversidad de los principios activos con los que estaban asociadas sino también por la amplitud en el rango de valores que presentaban—de 0.04 a 18.4 m3 kg-1. Nuestros resultados, además de resaltar la utilidad de un análisis a escala local de la HHG, arrojan luz sobre la importancia de considerar en el análisis la amplia gama de pesticidas comúnmente utilizados en las prácticas locales. Esta información puede ser de particular utilidad para diferentes partes interesadas—desde viticultores hasta responsables en la formulación de políticas o en la gestión del territorio—en el desempeño ambiental de la viticultura en el ámbito de la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos. Este estudio proporciona un marco que puede guiar evaluaciones similares en otras regiones vitícolas. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:306&r=env |
| By: | Guilherme MAGACHO; Marco BRANCHER |
| Abstract: | En este artículo se analizan los complejos desafíos a los que se enfrentan los países de América Latina en su transición hacia una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono, prestando una atención especial al caso de Bolivia. Utilizando como base el modelo ESTEEM, desarrollado por la AFD, una metodología basada en matrices híbridas input-output multirregionales, se evalúan las capacidades sectoriales de estas naciones para generar divisas, ingresos fiscales, empleo y salarios. Las conclusiones del estudio ponen de relieve los posibles efectos adversos de este profundo cambio estructural en el crecimiento económico, las finanzas públicas y la estabilidad financiera, destacando las limitaciones que podrían surgir, especialmente en las economías que tratan de promover una transformación estructural. Este análisis de la exposición y las vulnerabilidades actuales de los países en desarrollo ante la transición hacia una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono pone de manifiesto la importancia de adaptar las políticas eficaces a cada contexto específico. El cambio hacia una economía más verde requiere importantes inversiones públicas en infraestructura verde, apoyo a las industrias y tecnologías emergentes y medidas de protección social. Bolivia, con uno de los niveles de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero per cápita más altos del mundo, se enfrenta al imperativo de poner en marcha políticas ambiciosas y de impulsar la innovación tecnológica y la colaboración internacional para facilitar la transición, preservando al mismo tiempo aspectos económicos y sociales de crucial importancia. Nuestra evaluación de la capacidad de Bolivia para adaptarse a las limitaciones de la transición hacia una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono y de su red de proteccion social revela que el país presenta una exposición elevada, capacidades productivas y tecnológicas restringidas y una protección social limitada en los sectores más expuestos a la transición, lo que significa un alto grado de vulnerabilidad a la transición hacia una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono. |
| Keywords: | Amérique latine, Bolivie |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:es16431&r=env |
| By: | Morris, Mike |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on analysing how Chinese firms operate in Latin America, Asia and Africa in regard to ESG (environmental, social and governance) standards and sustainability issues. How do they respond to the increasing global value chain requirement to incorporate and maintain ESG standards? Is their space for an alignment between Western development cooperation ESG policies, frameworks, strategies and practices and Chinese political and economic stakeholders in the developing world? The paper uses a variety of case studies covering Chinese firms (disaggregated into SOEs (state-owned enterprises) and large, medium and small private sector firms) operating in various sectors in countries across the developing world. It uses a three dimensional framework to analyse different types of Chinese firms in terms of value chain operations covering many of the ESG standards they are required to meet: 1. Supply chain relations (i.e. approach to supporting upgrading of local suppliers); 2. Internal firm processes (i.e. approach to local labour, training and upskilling); 3. Social licence to operate (i.e. approach to meaningfully engaging with local communities taking account of their social and economic needs). There are examples of Chinese firms behaving according to the negative type casting that has dominated much of the literature. However, Chinese firms in developing countries are fairly flexible and more willing to adapt to ESG standards than conventionally assumed. There are sufficient instances of Chinese firms in host developing countries showing significant movement to alignment on ESG dimensions. Unlike the industrialised world, these firms are not driven by civil society socio-political pressure within China. China's relationship to ESG has instead been driven by a) geo-political considerations involving the Chinese government's global presence, and b) primarily economic risk considerations of Chinese lead firms operating internationally - risk relating to raising finance and ensuring that business operations in developing countries can avoid major disruption. For many Chinese lead firms operating in the developing world, ESG is increasingly being perceived as a fundamental risk mitigation tool assisting them to ensure that they are able to maintain continuous, consistent, and predictable economic operations. These tendencies can only be expected to grow much stronger as the Chinese government adopts more ESG standards within guidelines and regulatory frameworks and enforces compliance on Chinese firms operating abroad. As Chinese firms become more open to ESG compliance, this creates a foundation for potential development cooperation alignment with the Chinese government and Chinese lead firms operating in the developing world. |
| Keywords: | ESG, Global Value Chains, Chinese Firms, Developing World, Chinese FDI, Globalisation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:283124&r=env |
| By: | Mar\'ia Jos\'e Presno; Manuel Landajo; Paula Fern\'andez Gonz\'alez |
| Abstract: | This paper studies stochastic convergence of per capita CO$_2$ emissions in 28 OECD countries for the 1901-2009 period. The analysis is carried out at two aggregation levels, first for the whole set of countries (joint analysis) and then separately for developed and developing states (group analysis). A powerful time series methodology, adapted to a nonlinear framework that allows for quadratic trends with possibly smooth transitions between regimes, is applied. This approach provides more robust conclusions in convergence path analysis, enabling (a) robust detection of the presence, and if so, the number of changes in the level and/or slope of the trend of the series, (b) inferences on stationarity of relative per capita CO$_2$ emissions, conditionally on the presence of breaks and smooth transitions between regimes, and (c) estimation of change locations in the convergence paths. Finally, as stochastic convergence is attained when both stationarity around a trend and $\beta$-convergence hold, the linear approach proposed by Tomljanovich and Vogelsang (2002) is extended in order to allow for more general quadratic models. Overall, joint analysis finds some evidence of stochastic convergence in per capita CO$_2$ emissions. Some dispersion in terms of $\beta$-convergence is detected by group analysis, particularly among developed countries. This is in accordance with per capita GDP not being the sole determinant of convergence in emissions, with factors like search for more efficient technologies, fossil fuel substitution, innovation, and possibly outsources of industries, also having a crucial role. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2402.00567&r=env |
| By: | Franziska Bremus; Malte Rieth |
| Abstract: | We study the role of international financial integration in buffering natural disaster shocks, using a large sample of advanced and emerging economies. Conditioning on such exogenous events addresses the endogeneity between financial structures and economic conditions. We document that integration improves shock absorption: output, consumption, and investment are significantly higher after a shock in states of high integration than in states of low integration. However, the benefits of international risk sharing mostly come to advanced economies. Emerging markets only profit from more integration if they have good institutions or high debt assets, whereas higher debt liabilities weaken the recovery. |
| Keywords: | Financial integration, natural disasters, international risk sharing, dynamic panel model, emerging markets |
| JEL: | Q54 E44 F36 F62 G11 G15 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2063&r=env |
| By: | Guillaume Bataille (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper derives closed-form solutions for a strategic, simultaneous harvesting in a predator-prey system. Using a parametric constraint, it establishes the existence and uniqueness of a linear feedback-Nash equilibrium involving two specialized fleets and allow for continuous time results for a class of payoffs that have constant elasticity of the marginal utility. Theses results contribute to the scarce literature on analytically tractable predator-prey models with endogenous harvesting. A discussion based on industry size effects is provided to highlight the role played by biological versus strategic interactions in the multi-species context. |
| Keywords: | fisheries, Dynamic games, common-pool resource, Predator-prey relationship |
| JEL: | Q22 Q57 C61 C73 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2405&r=env |
| By: | Könneke, Jule; Adolphsen, Ole |
| Abstract: | Die Ergebnisse der 28. Weltklimakonferenz zeigen, dass internationale Zusammenarbeit trotz der geopolitisch schwierigen Lage möglich ist. Statt der befürchteten Blockade einigten sich die Staaten drei Jahrzehnte nach Beginn des COP-Prozesses erstmals auf die Abkehr von fossilen Brennstoffen in Energiesystemen. Insgesamt sind die in Dubai vereinbarten Schritte ein Kompromiss, dessen politische Signalwirkung hinter dem zurückbleibt, was aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht notwendig ist. Einerseits ist die internationale Klimakooperation weiterhin von traditionellen Konflikten zwischen Entwicklungsländern und Industriestaaten (Gerechtigkeitsfragen, finanzielle Zusagen), aber auch von neuen handelspolitischen Spannungen und einer zum Teil massiven Blockadehaltung weniger Staaten geprägt; andererseits bildeten sich in Verhandlungssträngen zu "Verlusten und Schäden" und zur globalen Energiewende dynamische Nord-Süd-Koalitionen. Diese gilt es als Ausgangspunkt für dauerhafte Allianzen gegen fossile Interessen weiter zu stärken. Die deutsche Klimaaußenpolitik kann hier durch konsequentes diplomatisches Eintreten für strukturelle Reformen des internationalen Finanzsystems und mit attraktiven Partnerschaftsangeboten einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. |
| Keywords: | Weltklimakonferenz, Dubai, COP28, Klimaaußenpolitik, Klimakooperation, Global Stocktake, GST, Fonds für Schäden und Verluste, Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, CBAM, G77+China, Energiepaket, fossile Energien, Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance, High Ambition Coalition, HAC, Like-Minded Developing Countries, LMDC, New Collective Quantified Goal, NCQG, Rahmenwerk zum Globalen Anpassungsziel, GGA |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:283047&r=env |
| By: | Mulder, Niels; Bryan, Gharad; Lee, Neil; Oliveira Cunha, Juliana; Shawa, Benjamin; Wani, Shahrukh; Werker, Eric |
| Abstract: | The Copperbelt province has been the growth engine of Zambia since independence. It was the nation’s mining and industrial hub, accounting for all of Zambia’s large-scale copper mining in the early 2000s. It continues to account for nearly a quarter of national GDP, and per capita GDP is the 3rd highest in the country. However, from 2015 to 2022, the Copperbelt’s economy has contracted, averaging a real GDP growth rate of -1.0% – four percentage points below the national average – ranking lowest out of all provinces. Moreover, over the same period, poverty increased by 17% – seven percentage points above the national average. Despite the growth challenges, the Copperbelt harbours significant potential to drive Zambia’s economic transformation. The global energy transition has reinvigorated interest in the province’s copper mines, and there is potential to increase what the Copperbelt – and Zambia, more generally – get out of their operational mining base. The province also boasts the country’s highest urbanisation and education rates, and has infrastructural and geographical advantages, positioning it well to reclaim its status as an industrial hub. However, unlocking this potential will be challenging. While Zambia relies heavily on natural resources, especially copper, this reliance is heightened in the Copperbelt, where mining represented nearly 40% of GDP in 2013, and continues to account for one-third of national copper production. While resource rents can contribute to economic growth, overreliance on natural resources creates a myriad of challenges. These include, among others, revenue volatility, rent-seeking, institutional weaknesses and corruption, and the so-called Dutch Disease – where natural resource revenues can hurt other sectors by causing inflation and/or currency appreciation. Consequently, regions with abundant natural resources tend to have unequal patterns of growth, worse development outcomes than their non-resource-rich neighbours, and poor development in non-resource sectors. Given the substantial challenges and opportunities that the province presents to propel Zambia to middle-income status, the government of Zambia has requested the IGC to summarise key economic trends in the region and outline policy options on how to approach regeneration. |
| Keywords: | copper; Zambia |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122054&r=env |
| By: | David Rios; Alex Perez; Jaime Carabali; Luis Meneses |
| Abstract: | Estudiamos el efecto de los eventos climáticos adversos sobre los precios minoristas de la electricidad. Nos enfocamos en el caso colombiano dado que este mercado se encuentra hidro-dominado y expuesto al fenómeno de El Niño, el cual provoca una reducción notable del componente hidrológico de la generación de electricidad. Diseñamos un modelo estructural para entender la formación de los precios minoristas. Posteriormente, utilizamos el modelo para estudiar cómo responden los precios a eventos climáticos severos. Los resultados muestran que, cuando no hay presencia de El Niño, las firmas minoristas tienden a traspasar de forma más que completa los choques de costos a los precios. Por otro lado, no encontramos evidencia de que el traspaso difiera cuando hay presencia de El Niño. Esto implica que el efecto de El Niño sobre los precios minoristas corre a través de su efecto sobre los costos mayoristas, exclusivamente. Encontramos evidencia de que los precios minoristas incrementan en presencia de El Niño, debido al incremento de los precios spot en el mercado mayorista de electricidad. **** Abstract We study the effect of adverse weather events on retail electricity prices. We focus on the Colombian case given that this market is hydro-dominated and exposed to the El Niño phenomenon, which causes a notable reduction in the hydrological component of electricity generation. We design a structural model to understand the formation of retail prices. We then use the model to study how prices respond to severe weather events. The results show that, under normal conditions, retail firms have control over the pass-through of wholesale cost shocks to retail prices. However, we do not find evidence that the pass-through differs when El Niño is present. This implies that El Niño’s effect on retail prices runs through its effect on wholesale costs exclusively. We find evidence that retail prices increase in the presence of El Niño, due to the increase in spot prices in the wholesale electricity market. |
| Keywords: | Mercados de electricidad, Precios minoristas, Precios mayoristas, Fenómeno de El Niño, Electricity markets, Retail prices, Wholesale prices, El Niño phenomenon |
| JEL: | D43 Q49 L11 L12 L94 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:borrec:1266&r=env |
| By: | Antweiler, Werner; Muesgens, Felix |
| Abstract: | What happens to the merit order of electricity markets when all electricity is supplied by intermittent renewable energy sources coupled with large-scale electricity storage? With near-zero marginal cost of production, will there still be a role for an energy-only electricity market? We answer these questions both analytically and empirically for electricity markets in Texas and Germany. What emerges in market equilibrium is the 'new merit order'. Our work demonstrates that as long as free entry and competition ensure effective price setting, an efficient new merit order emerges in electricity markets even when the grid is completely powered by intermittent sources with near-zero marginal costs. We find that energy only markets remain viable and functional. |
| Abstract: | Was geschieht mit der Merit-Order, wenn die Stromnachfrage allein durch erneuerbare Energiequellen und große Stromspeicher gedeckt wird? Wenn die Grenzkosten der Erzeugung nahezu null sind, kann dann das bisherige Strommarktdesign des Energy-Only-Marktes noch aufrechterhalten werden? Dieser Artikel beantwortet diese Fragen sowohl analytisch als auch empirisch für die Strommärkte in Texas und Deutschland. Es zeigt sich, dass eine effiziente neue 'Merit-Order" entstehen würdet, wenn es freien Marktzugang und Wettbewerb auf den Strommärkten gibt, selbst wenn die Nachfrage vollständig von volatilen erneuerbaren Energie-Quellen mit Grenzkosten nahe Null bedient würde. Zudem zeigt sich, dass reine Energy-Only-Märkte auch weiterhin funktionieren würden. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, energy storage, electricity markets |
| JEL: | D47 Q41 Q42 L11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:282991&r=env |
| By: | Fargher, Ben |
| Abstract: | Global food security in a riskier world is a vitally important topic. Nearly 830 million people are food insecure – there are real and urgent challenges facing the global food system. Topics such as market access and the empowerment of people, especially as it relates to smallholder agriculture in the Asia Pacific region, are critical. As Cargill sits at the centre of the global agricultural supply chain, working alongside farmers, producers, manufacturers, retailers, governments, and other organisations, the presentation will raise solutions for resilient food and nutrition systems, with particular emphasis on the supply chain. It will explain the Cargill experience of the implications for farmers of disruptions to global supply chains in a modern geopolitical environment including from rising demand, climate and geopolitical conflict. Experiences from COVID-19 lockdowns and the more recent disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, have had significant implications for farmers and agribusiness and strategies for diversification of markets, more flexible and resilient supply chains, and planning for resilience to reduce future vulnerability for the benefit of consumers and growers will be considered. One if not the most urgent challenge is the climate crisis. Cargill is committed to reducing the climate impact of agriculture and agriculture is part of the solution to this challenge. Working with suppliers, customers, and partners, action-oriented, lasting solutions and several practical examples will be outlined. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp23:339619&r=env |
| By: | Valérie Billaudeau (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Emmanuel Bioteau (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Oriane Vérité (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Cécile Grémy‐gros (LARIS - Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes - UA - Université d'Angers); Hervé Christofol (LAMPA - Laboratoire Angevin de Mécanique, Procédés et InnovAtion - Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université) |
| Abstract: | L'article s'inscrit dans une démarche de mesure d'impacts territorialisés de la durabilité de I'Economie sociale et solidaire (ESS). La portée plurielle d'évaluation posant l'utilité sociale et la durabilité renvoie à considérer l'inscription de l'action évaluée « dans » un territoire donné. Il est alors nécessaire d'aller au-delà des outils de mesure traditionnels et d'intégrer les parties prenantes de l'ESS. Cet article propose de suivre et d'analyser le cheminement méthodologique de la construction d'indicateurs de mesure d'impacts de trois initiatives en ESS. Nous illustrons comment la dimension territoriale de l'ESS devient support de co-construction d'une évaluation originale, de la portée des projets d'ESS. Ce filtre d'analyse territorialisée (re)couvre les enjeux de durabilité. Nous proposons d'interroger la conception des critères ayant pour but d'essaimer auprès de nouvelles structures partenaires : constitue-t-elle une mesure d'impacts tridimensionnelle adaptée aux objectifs de l'ESS et de la durabilité ? Partant de ces terrains, le texte propose un retour sur le positionnement des chercheurs dans la co-élaboration de l'outil de mesure d'impact et suggère l'intégration de la dimension territoriale dans la mesure d'impacts de durabilité des structures de l'ESS ainsi que l'appréhension de la finalité sociale de projet afin que le projet essaime et permette d'entamer une discussion sur les apports et rapports au territoire. |
| Keywords: | innovation, impacts assessment |
| Date: | 2022–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03759955&r=env |