|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Berlemann, Michael; Bumann, Silke; Methorst, Joel |
| Abstract: | Climate policies need public support to be successfully implemented as they typically come with short-term costs, whereas their revenues accrue far in the future. We study whether the occurrence of climate-related natural disasters have a systematic impact on dissatisfaction with actual environmental policies. Based on geo-referenced worldwide survey data we find robust empirical evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the experience of heatwaves, tropical storms and flood events trigger environmental policy dissatisfaction, at least when controlling for disaster severity. Thus, climate-related natural disasters, which will occur either more often or gain in severity in the course of global warming might significantly contribute to a rising public demand for more effective environmental and climate policies. However, the effect turns out to diminish over time. |
| Abstract: | Klimapolitische Maßnahmen benötigen dringend öffentliche Unterstützung, um erfolgreich umgesetzt werden zu können. Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass sie in der Regel mit kurzfristigen Kosten verbunden sind, während ihre Einnahmen weit in der Zukunft anfallen. Wir untersuchen, ob das Auftreten von klimabedingten Naturkatastrophen einen systematischen Einfluss auf die Unzufriedenheit mit der aktuellen Umweltpolitik hat. Auf der Grundlage georeferenzierter weltweiter Umfragedaten finden wir robuste empirische Belege für die Hypothese, dass die Erfahrung von Hitzewellen, tropischen Stürmen und Überschwemmungen die Unzufriedenheit mit der Umweltpolitik auslöst, zumindest wenn man für die Schwere der Katastrophe kontrolliert. Demnach könnten klimabedingte Naturkatastrophen, die im Zuge der globalen Erwärmung entweder häufiger auftreten oder an Schwere zunehmen werden, wesentlich zu einer steigenden öffentlichen Nachfrage nach einer effektiveren Umwelt- und Klimapolitik beitragen. Allerdings nimmt dieser Effekt mit der Zeit ab. |
| Keywords: | policy preferences, natural disasters, climate policy, environment, Gallup World Poll |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwiwp:281796&r=env |
| By: | Serafica, Ramonette B.; Quimba, Francis Mark A.; Bayudan-Dacuycuy, Connie; Andrada, Abigail E.; Moreno, Neil Irwin S. |
| Abstract: | The global shift toward sustainability and increased digitalization is evident. Nations are integrating renewable energy, carbon emission reduction, and advancements in green technologies into their development plans. Simultaneously, Industry 4.0 has revealed the diverse ways technology influences human life. Rather than separate factors, these dual forces are interconnected elements that countries must navigate for sustainable progress. As countries pursue development strategies, taking a closer look at this twin phenomenon is important. This study assesses how investments, labor, science, technology, innovation, and artificial intelligence contribute to this dual transformation. Through desk reviews and synthesized data, this paper highlights relevant initiatives, technology-related risks, and recommendations for addressing existing gaps. The study acknowledges existing government initiatives aligned with green transition and digitalization. However, it identifies persistent issues, such as inadequate investment in clean climate technologies, shortage of skilled workers in green sectors, and uncertainties regarding the sustainability of AI. To overcome these challenges, the paper proposes directions to bridge gaps, remove barriers to participation, and enhance capabilities, aiming to harness this combined transition's potential fully. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | Green transition;digitalization;labor;artificial intelligence;green investments;science;technology and innovation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2023-21&r=env |
| By: | Adel Ben Youssef (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Mounir Dahmani (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, UGAF - Université de Gafsa - Sidi Ahmed Zarroug); Mohamed Mabrouki |
| Abstract: | In a world increasingly threatened by climate change and its associated risks, there's an urgent need to actively seek solutions for environmental protection and sustainable economic development. Central to this effort is understanding the role of environmental taxes and productive capacities in shaping environmental outcomes. Focusing on countries within the European Economic Area (EEA), this research uses advanced second-generation econometric techniques to examine this relationship. The use of cross-sectional autoregressive distributive lag (CS-ARDL) and dynamic common correlated effects (DCCE) models allows for a robust examination of panel data and provides reliable results. The results reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship, or Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), between GDP growth and environmental degradation in the EEA economies. Furthermore, while our data reveal a significant negative correlation between environmental taxes and CO2 emissions, we find that productive capacities have a more significant impact on reducing these emissions. These findings call for further research into the effectiveness of policies to support productive capacities in achieving environmental protection goals in the EEA. |
| Date: | 2023–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04374202&r=env |
| By: | Mounir Dahmani (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, UGAF - Université de Gafsa - Sidi Ahmed Zarroug) |
| Abstract: | The surge in economic and human development has led to increasing concerns about environmental degradation, thus necessitating effective strategies to enhance sustainability and environmental quality. Therefore, this study empirically examines the impact of environmental fiscal policies, environmental technologies, and research and development (R&D) expenditures on achieving environmental sustainability in the G7 countries. Using advanced econometric techniques, including the Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lags (CS-ARDL) model and the Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) approach, the study identifies both short-run and long-run correlations between the aforementioned variables and their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Our findings confirm the inverted U-shaped Kuznets Curve relationship and reinforce the previous literature on the complex dynamics between economic growth and GHG emissions specific to developed countries. The research also supports the effectiveness of well-designed environmental taxes in reducing environmental degradation and GHG emissions, consistent with and extending existing studies in this area. In addition, the study provides empirical evidence of the critical role of environmental technologies and targeted R&D expenditures in improving environmental quality. In terms of policy implications, our research underscores the urgency for policymakers in the G7 countries to fine-tune environmental taxation mechanisms and increase investment in sustainable technological solutions. Specific recommendations include the development of more efficient tax systems that adhere to the polluter-pays principle, as well as financial incentives such as tax credits and subsidies aimed at accelerating green technology adoption and innovation. In doing so, the study seeks to contribute to the broader discourse on environmental policy and sustainable development, providing valuable perspectives for both the academic community and policy actors |
| Keywords: | Environmental taxes, Environment-related technologies, Public environmentally related R&D expenditure, Environmental sustainability, G7 countries, CS-ARDL, DCCE |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04374168&r=env |
| By: | Elena M. Martinez; Nicole Tichenor Blackstone; Parke E. Wilde; Anna W. Herforth; William A. Masters |
| Abstract: | Affordability is often seen as a barrier to consuming sustainable diets. This study provides the first worldwide test of how retail food prices relate to empirically estimated environmental impacts and nutritional profile scores between and within food groups. We use prices for 811 retail food items commonly sold in 181 countries during 2011 and 2017, matched to estimated carbon and water footprints and nutritional profiles, to test whether healthier and more environmentally sustainable foods are more expensive between and within food groups. We find that within almost all groups, less expensive items have significantly lower carbon and water footprints. Associations are strongest for animal source foods, where each 10% lower price is associated with 20 grams lower CO2-equivalent carbon and 5 liters lower water footprint per 100kcal. Gradients between price and nutritional profile vary by food group, price range, and nutritional attribute. In contrast, lower-priced items have lower nutritional value in only some groups over some price ranges, and that relationship is sometimes reversed. These findings reveal opportunities to reduce financial and environmental costs of diets, contributing to transitions towards healthier, more environmentally sustainable food systems. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.13159&r=env |
| By: | Hélia Costa; Lilas Demmou; Guido Franco; Stefan Lamp |
| Abstract: | Despite the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by policy makers worldwide, current investments fall well short of the net-zero emissions scenario. This paper analyses the factors holding back corporate green investment, with a particular focus on the role of firm capacity – specifically financing constraints and weak green management practices – and its interaction with environmental policy. Combining a variety of econometric techniques, including panel data models, difference-in-differences settings and instrumental variable approaches, our cross-country analysis on large listed companies shows that: i) both financing constraints and a lack of green managerial capacity reduce firms’ probability of investing in green technologies, leading to higher emission intensity; ii) well-designed environmental policies can mitigate these impacts. A case study using more granular data on Portuguese firms further shows that: iii) green investment is more elastic to financing conditions than other types of investment; iv) investment in integrated technologies is more sensitive to financing conditions and to managerial capacity compared to end-of-pipe solutions. Lastly, the paper discusses a wide range of policy options that may be considered to foster the green transition through upgrading firms’ capacity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy, Financing constraints, Green investment, Green management |
| JEL: | D22 G32 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1791-en&r=env |
| By: | Alessi, Lucia (European Commission); Battiston, Stefano (University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | Company carbon disclosures are crucial in assessing a firm's impact on the environment, and many policy actions are associated with this information. As a response to the increasing demand for transparency, many firms disclose carbon emissions through sustainability reports and voluntarily engage with external assurance of the reported information. However, the possible existence of systematic differences in reported emissions with respect to their assurance status is still under-explored. This study investigates the causal effect of third-party assurance on carbon disclosures in a sample of European companies. Findings suggest that non-assuring firms may be under-reporting their direct GHG emissions by up to a magnitude comparable to the largest annual reduction of EU emissions in history. On the contrary, the effect of assurance is much weaker to almost absent in indirect, Scope 2, emissions possibly due to their clear and easily verifiable estimation nature. The findings demonstrate that third-party assurance can provide more reliable and certainly more prudent estimates of corporate GHG emissions which are relevant to corporate sustainability strategy, policymaking and, ultimately, climate change mitigation. |
| Keywords: | greenness, climate-related transition risk, climate-related financial disclosures, EU Taxonomy, green financial flows |
| JEL: | G2 G3 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202312&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Climate change is increasingly evident and is having damaging repercussions. Latin America and the Caribbean is no exception, and is in fact one of the most vulnerable regions, with droughts, forest fires and extreme storms increasing in frequency and intensity. This is occurring amid the backdrop of low growth in the region, reflected in a decade of stagnation, that jeopardizes the progress made in terms of development and, above all, limits the countries’ ability to improve the well-being of their populations in a sustainable manner. At this crossroads, climate action offers an opportunity to boost growth and innovation, create jobs and better integrate countries of the region into the global economy. The investments, plans and policies required to tackle the climate crisis may also help to achieve economic and social goals. This document outlines the overall economic impacts of climate change and describes regional mitigation and adaptation commitments. On that basis, an estimate is made of the required investments, examining the specific polices being developed in the region to enable them. |
| Date: | 2023–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:68712&r=env |
| By: | Feng, Meihong; Zou, Donghang; Hafeez, Muhammad |
| Abstract: | While natural resources significantly contribute to global socio-economic development, the unresolved question of their volatility's role in decoupling economic growth and carbon emissions persists. Previous empirical studies have underscored both positive and negative impacts of natural resource exploration on economic growth and the environment. This study addresses the knowledge gap by employing a linear non-linear panel ARDL framework to investigate the correlation between natural re source volatility and sustainable development in the BRICS economies. Our key findings reveal that natural resource volatility adversely impacts green growth within the linear model in both the short and long run. Conversely, in the non-linear model, an increase in natural resource volatility negatively influences green growth, whereas a decrease encourages green growth, albeit only in the long run. Moreover, we found that technological development, stringent environmental policies, and trade openness are conducive to green growth. These results underscore the necessity for managing natural resource volatility to foster sustainable development, particularly in emerging BRICS economies. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy stringency; green growth; mineral resource volatility; technological development; trade openness |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–02–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121592&r=env |
| By: | Aragie, Emerta; Gebretsadik, Yohannes |
| Abstract: | The Ethiopian economy relies predominantly on rainfed agriculture for income generation, export earnings, and rural livelihoods. However, the frequency and intensity of extreme ago-climatic events projected by climate scenarios suggest considerable and growing risks from climate change to the country’s agri-food systems and the overall economy. This study assesses the economic impacts of recurrent climate shocks on the Ethiopian economy to 2040. The results indicate that recurrent climate shocks will lead to a reduction in Ethiopia's cumulative GDP from 2020 to 2040 compared to a “no climate change†baseline. Specifically, extreme weather events could cumulatively cost Ethiopia up to 17 percent (or US$ 534.3 billion) in GDP between 2020 and 2040 compared to a no-climate change baseline. The weight of the economic loss is concentrated in the agricultural production sector, with rural households and poorer households in urban areas being worst affected. Strategic investments in irrigation infrastructure and in hydroelectricity generation are found to be effective in mitigating some of the damage caused by recurrent climate variability. |
| Keywords: | rainfed farming; agriculture; income; exports; livelihoods; rural population; climate change; agrifood systems; extreme weather events; water; energy; computable general equilibrium models; ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2220&r=env |
| By: | Fahmida Khatun; Foqoruddin Al Kabir |
| Abstract: | The study focuses on the critical role of Green Public Financial Management (PFM) in aligning fiscal policies with environmental goals. Recognising the pressing need for climate action and substantial financing, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has outlined ambitious plans and policies. The government’s commitment to a unified approach across sectors, third-party monitoring of the Climate Change Trust Fund (CCTF), and proactive initiatives like the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) showcase a dedication to transparency and responsible climate finance utilisation. |
| Keywords: | Climate Budget, National Budget, FY2024, Public Finance Management, PFM, Climate Change, National Adaptation Plan, Climate-related expenditures, Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:opaper:151&r=env |
| By: | Monia El Akkari (ECOSYS - Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nosra Ben Fradj (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Benoît Gabrielle (ECOSYS - Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sylvestre Njakou Djomo (ECOSYS - Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ICBMS - Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - CPE - École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - INC-CNRS - Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Bioethanol is promoted as a means of tackling climate change, diversifying energy sources and securing energy supply. However, there also concerns that their wider deployment could lead to unintended environmental consequences. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used methodology to assess the environmental performance of biofuels. However, its outcomes strongly depend on the inventory data and modeling assumptions. Agronomic variables such as crop yields, nitrogen fertilizer rates or field emissions of nitrous oxide are very sensitive inputs, as are soil carbon dynamics in response to land use changes (LUC) entailed by the deployment of energy crops. Models simulating agroecosystem processes and the economics of agricultural farms are promising tools to predict such variables and improve the reliability of LCA. Here, we combined the agro-ecosystem model CERES-EGC, the farm economic model AROPAj and the LCA approach to investigate the effect of local drivers on the environmental impacts of bioethanol from miscanthus and switchgrass over France. Overall, lignocellulosic bioethanol achieved GHG abatement targets in the 74 %–94 % range compared to gasoline, and complied with the 50 % minimum imposed by European regulations. Miscanthus-based ethanol achieved up to twice lower environmental impacts than switchgrass due to 50 % higher biomass yields overall. Low fertilizer N input rates (in the 0-30 kg N ha-1 yr-1 range) proved the most efficient strategy to optimize energy return. Significant inter-regional variability occurred, especially in terms of soil C sequestration rates, which weighed in substantially on GHG budgets. Some regions were more efficient than others as a result, which advocates a site-specific approach and a potential prioritization when planning biorefineries, taking into account local production and environmental performance potentials. Compared to previous studies, ours provided high-resolution data in terms of crop yields, nitrous oxide emissions and soil C dynamics, factoring in LUC effects at local to regional scales. |
| Abstract: | Le bioéthanol est présenté comme un moyen de lutter contre le changement climatique, de diversifier les sources d'énergie et de garantir l'approvisionnement énergétique. Toutefois, on craint que son déploiement à plus grande échelle n'entraîne des conséquences environnementales imprévues. L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est une méthodologie largement utilisée pour évaluer les performances environnementales des biocarburants. Toutefois, ses résultats dépendent fortement des données d'inventaire et des hypothèses de modélisation. Les variables agronomiques telles que le rendement des cultures, les taux d'engrais azotés ou les émissions d'oxyde nitreux dans les champs sont des données très sensibles, tout comme la dynamique du carbone du sol en réponse aux changements d'utilisation des sols entraînés par le déploiement des cultures énergétiques. Les modèles simulant les processus agroécosystémiques et l'économie des exploitations agricoles sont des outils prometteurs pour prédire ces variables et améliorer la fiabilité de l'ACV. Ici, nous avons combiné le modèle agro-écosystémique CERES-EGC, le modèle économique agricole AROPAj et l'approche ACV pour étudier l'effet des facteurs locaux sur les impacts environnementaux du bioéthanol produit à partir de miscanthus et de switchgrass en France. Dans l'ensemble, le bioéthanol lignocellulosique a atteint des objectifs de réduction des GES de l'ordre de 74 à 94 % par rapport à l'essence, et a respecté le minimum de 50 % imposé par les réglementations européennes. L'éthanol à base de miscanthus a eu jusqu'à deux fois moins d'impact sur l'environnement que le panic érigé, grâce à des rendements en biomasse globalement supérieurs de 50 %. Les faibles taux d'apport d'engrais N (de l'ordre de 0 à 30 kg N ha-1 an-1) se sont révélés être la stratégie la plus efficace pour optimiser le rendement énergétique. Une importante variabilité interrégionale a été observée, notamment en ce qui concerne les taux de piégeage du carbone dans le sol, ce qui a eu un impact considérable sur les bilans de GES. Certaines régions étaient donc plus efficaces que d'autres, ce qui plaide en faveur d'une approche spécifique au site et d'une priorisation potentielle lors de la planification des bioraffineries, en tenant compte des potentiels locaux de production et de performance environnementale. Par rapport aux études précédentes, la nôtre a fourni des données à haute résolution en termes de rendement des cultures, d'émissions d'oxyde nitreux et de dynamique du carbone dans le sol, en tenant compte des effets de l'utilisation durable de l'espace à l'échelle locale et régionale. |
| Keywords: | Life-cycle assessment, Bioethanol Regionalization Economic models, GHG emissions, Perennial energy crops, Life-cycle assessment Bioethanol Regionalization Economic models GHG emissions Perennial energy crops |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04369771&r=env |
| By: | Estelle Cantillon; Aurelie Slechten |
| Abstract: | The main argument in favor of markets in environmental contexts is the same as in other contexts: their ability to promote efficient allocations and production. But environmental problems bring their own challenges: their underlying bio-physical processes - and the technologies to monitor them - constrain what is feasible or even desirable. This chapter illustrates the main design dimensions in environmental markets, the trade-offs involved and their impact on performance, through the lens of a regulated market for pollution rights (the EU emissions trading scheme) and a voluntary market for the provision of environmental services (the global market for carbon credits). While both markets eventually contribute to climate change mitigation, their organisation as a “pollution market”, for the former, and as a “provision market”, for second, means that different design considerations take precedence. Both markets also face challenges: volatile prices in the EU emissions scheme and low trust for voluntary carbon markets. We discuss how alternative design options could address those.Keywords: Natural |
| Keywords: | Natural capital, ecosystem services, tradable quotas, property rights, pollution, carbon markets, voluntary markets, externalities, asset design |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/368381&r=env |
| By: | Francisco Estrada; Veronica Lupi; Wouter Botzen; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | The social cost of carbon (SCC) serves as a concise gauge of climate change's economic impact, often reported at the global and country level. SCC values are disproportionately high for less-developed, populous countries. Assessing the contributions of urban and non-urban areas to the SCC can provide additional insights for climate policy. Cities are essential for defining global emissions, influencing warming levels and associated damages. High exposure and concurrent socioenvironmental problems exacerbate climate change risks in cities. Using a spatially explicit integrated assessment model, the SCC is estimated at USD$137-USD$579/tCO2, rising to USD$262-USD$1, 075/tCO2 when including urban heat island (UHI) warming. Urban SCC dominates, with both urban exposure and the UHI contributing significantly. A permanent 1% reduction of the UHI in urban areas yields net present benefits of USD$484-USD$1, 562 per urban dweller. Global cities have significant leverage and incentives for a swift transition to a low-carbon economy, and for reducing local warming. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate impacts; urban heat island effect; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0424&r=env |
| By: | Julie Bayle-Cordier (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Loïc Berger (IÉSEG School Of Management [Puteaux], CMCC - Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Rayan Elatmani (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Massimo Tavoni (CMCC - Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, POLIMI - Politecnico di Milano [Milan]) |
| Abstract: | Mindfulness practices have the potential to induce the cognitive and behavioral changes needed to foster pro-environmental behavior and increase support toward sustainable and climate-oriented policies. However, the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of meditation on sustainable behavior is limited and mostly confined to correlational studies, often based on the same type of mindfulness interventions. In this paper, we report the results of an online experiment (n = 1000) comparing the impact of three different short-term mindfulness interventions on various (self-reported and incentivized) measures of mindfulness state and sustainable behavior. While only one of our interventions is found to impact environmental attitude and climate policy support directly, we show that the three meditation practices indirectly foster sustainable behavior through preidentified mediators. These results are relevant for organizations and policymakers who seek to foster climate policy support and environmental attitudes in their stakeholders. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04272099&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Alamanos; Jeffrey D Sachs |
| Abstract: | Multiple challenges have emerged over the last decades, threatening human, socio-economic and environmental systems. Climate change impacts, degradation of limited natural resources, unsustainable demand, production and consumption practices, diseases, crises in the energy, food and biodiversity sectors, economic recessions, and many more, interconnected dynamic threats, require coordinated and efficient solutions. Under the UN's Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) we developed the Global Climate Hub (GCH), an international initiative for tackling such challenges. After 12 years of SDSN's action, we present the structure and ways of operation of the GCH, along with the principles that allow it to successfully bridge holistic scientific approaches with the society, for implementing fair and publicly acceptable sustainable pathways. The GCH's five innovations are analyzed, namely, the use of integrated 'cutting-edge models', with the support of 'digital AI-driven data-handling infrastructure', for the development of case-specific 'socio-economic narratives' and 'stakeholder engagement' for co-designing solutions. Moreover, the nine units of the GCH are scrutinized in terms of scope, methods, and tools. These cover a wide range of expertise in digital applications, climate science, energy, transport, land, water, food, biodiversity, and marine systems, public health, solutions' application, policy, finance, labour markets, participatory approaches, education and training. This contribution provides a complete picture of a global, developing - and successful so far - vision for a climate-neutral, resilient and sustainable world. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Global Climate Hub, Climate change, Sustainability, Integrated Assessment Models, Policy, Interdisciplinarity. |
| Date: | 2024–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2403&r=env |
| By: | Mohamed Ismail Sabry (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of state-society relations (SSRs) in the industrial sector on sustainable economic growth in post-revolution Tunisia. The empirical part of the paper mainly relies on qualitative data collected from fieldwork interviews with the most important actors and publications of civil society organizations (CSOs). The paper suggests the presence of state capture as the defining characteristic of SSRs in post-revolution Tunisia. The combination of having powerful tycoons, a weaker state, and ineffectively organized social actors produced conditions that harmed sustainability. These circumstances allowed tycoons to violate environmental regulations and prevented the adoption of green innovation and green technologies. Two important industrial sectors with a notorious record of environmental pollution are studied: the textiles sector and the phosphate extraction industry. In the textiles sector, the comparative power of tycoons and multinational corporations (MNCs) allowed them to neglect regulations against health and safety hazards (HSH). The low value-added of the industry placed tycoons under low pressure to use more environmentally friendly technologies. The relatively lower commitment of international developmental organizations toward environmental hazards reduced the power of environmental CSOs’ resistance in the sector. The more labor-saving nature of suggested green technologies could have resulted in less enthusiasm toward these technologies. The prominence of a less dominant and incapable state in the phosphate extraction industry has, on the other hand, enabled environmental CSOs to be more effective in facing environmental violations. The lack of trust and different ranking of priorities between the UGTT and some environmental CSOs prevented the realization of a more productive outcome that would have led to more sustainable operations in the sector |
| Date: | 2023–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1686&r=env |
| By: | Raúl Bajo-Buenestado, Miguel à ngel Borrella Mas |
| Keywords: | Technological change, Green technology adoption, Market competition, Diffusion of technology, Environmental externalities. |
| JEL: | D22 K32 L20 Q55 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nva:unnvaa:wp01-2022&r=env |
| By: | Attavanich, Witsanu |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to review previous studies exploring the impact of climate change on Thailand’s food security and measure the co-benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation options. For the impact of climate change, most of the studies focused on crop production. They are mainly important cash crops such as paddy rice, cassava, and maize. Overall, climate change is projected to have a negative impact on the production of these crops. As a result, Thailand’s food security will not only be negatively affected by climate change, but global food security will also be sensitive to reductions in Thai crop production because Thailand is the world’s major exporter of these food crops. To reduce the impact of climate change, there are limited past studies that assessed cost of production and benefits of adaptation and mitigation options. Some options require temporary government support to encourage farmers to change their practices because it provides enormous co-benefit to society and environment. Several policies have been proposed to reduce the impact of climate change and promote adaptation and mitigation options across the country. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Food security, Co-benefit, Impact, Adaptation, Mitigation, Thailand |
| JEL: | Q01 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119565&r=env |
| By: | Julie Metta (Research Group Sustainable Development HIVA, & Cedon, Center of Economics and Corporate Sustainability, Faculty of Economics and Business KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium); Coline Metta-Versmessen (LEDa Paris Dauphine University, Chaire Economie du Climat \& EDF, Paris, France); Valeria Alvarado (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong \& Sustainability Specialist, M Moser Associates, Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | While the waste sector has significant decarbonization potential, deploying this potential is difficult in the absence of citizen participation and involvement. In this paper the political management of the waste sector is studied for the case of Hong Kong. Using Weitzman s theorem and extensions, both marginal abatement and damage curves are built to analyse which policy would be the most suitable. From our analysis, we first show that involving citizens in waste reduction and sorting is the main issue for waste management in Hong Kong. Second, we derive that the first best scenario to regulate waste in this context would be through a quantity-based control system. We then detail how this Waste Permit Trading System should be developed to regulate the waste amount in this region. We characterize a system consisting of both landfill permits and recycling credits. We determine the optimal number of permits and credits for the different agents as well as a potential market design that allows for a future linking with the Chinese National Emission Trading System. |
| Keywords: | pollution regulation, quantity-based scheme, carbon market, permit allocation, recycling |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2024.03&r=env |
| By: | Solene Juteau (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie, LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université) |
| Abstract: | While experts converge on the necessity of ecological sobriety to fight climate change, our case study aims at presenting an organization intent on building a new digital ecosystem to curb and reward lowcarbon behaviours. An exploratory case study following the idea of the creation of a startup organization offers the right empirical illustration of a digital ecosystem's emergence and creation. The results indicate that leveraging digital technologies can lead to a digital ecosystem engaging organizational members toward ecological sobriety. The emergent digital ecosystem offers a new outlook on IT for Green, on innovating with disruptive technologies and on actions needed to curb carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability Digital business ecosystem Case Study, Sustainability, Digital business ecosystem, Case Study |
| Date: | 2022–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04374953&r=env |
| By: | Ferguson, Shon M. (Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Heijmans, Roweno J.R.K. (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies international trade in equipment used in the combustion of fossil fuels. Informed by a theoretical analysis, we identify a type of technology leakage hitherto unexplored in the literature: a country’s export of combustion equipment tends to increase, all else equal, in the stringency of its climate policy. We test this prediction by estimating the impact of carbon pricing on international trade in combustion equipment using detailed data on bilateral trade and domestic carbon prices for the period 1995–2021. Our estimates reveal a robust positive association between the stringency of climate policies and exports of combustion equipment, providing clear evidence for the existence of technology leakage. We argue that standard policies to mitigate carbon leakage are unlikely to prevent technology leakage, raising novel policy questions. |
| Keywords: | Emissions pricing; cap-and-trade; carbon leakage; international trade in technologies |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q37 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2024_003&r=env |
| By: | Yi Jiang; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | In the era of sustainability, firms grapple with the decision of how much to invest in green innovation and how it influences their economic trajectory. This study employs the Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse (CDM) framework to examine the conversion of R&D funds into patents and their impact on productivity, effectively addressing endogeneity by utilizing predicted dependent variables at each stage to exclude unobservable factors. Extending the classical CDM model, this study contrasts green and non-green innovations' economic effects. The results show non-green patents predominantly drive productivity gains, while green patents have a limited impact in non-heavy polluting firms. However, in high-pollution and manufacturing sectors, both innovation types equally enhance productivity. Using unconditional quantile regression, I found green innovation's productivity impact follows an inverse U-shape, unlike the U-shaped pattern of non-green innovation. Significantly, in the 50th to 80th productivity percentiles of manufacturing and high-pollution firms, green innovation not only contributes to environmental sustainability but also outperforms nongreen innovation economically. |
| Keywords: | Green innovation, Crowding-out effects, Productivity, CDM framework, Quantile regression, Recentered influence function |
| JEL: | D24 O31 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0124&r=env |
| By: | Coenen, Günter (European Central Bank); Lozej, Matija (Central Bank of Ireland); Priftis, Romanos (European Central Bank) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we use scenario analysis to assess the macroeconomic effects of carbon transition policies aimed at mitigating climate change. To this end, we employ a version of the ECB’s New Area-Wide Model (NAWM) augmented with a framework of disaggregated energy production and use, which distinguishes between “dirty” and “clean” energy. Our central transition scenario is that of a permanent increase in carbon taxes, which are levied as a surcharge on the price of dirty energy. Our findings suggest that increasing euro area carbon taxes to an interim target level consistent with the transition to a net-zero economy entails a transitory rise in inflation and a lasting, albeit moderate decline in GDP. We show that the short and medium-term effects depend on the monetary policy reaction, the path of the carbon tax increase and its credibility, while expanding clean energy supply is key for containing the decline in GDP. Undesirable distributional effects can be addressed by redistributing the fiscal revenues from the carbon tax increase across households. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, carbon taxation, DSGE model, monetary policy, fiscal policy, euro area. |
| JEL: | C54 E52 E62 H23 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:wpaper:8/rt/23&r=env |
| By: | Barbaglia, Luca (European Commission); Fatica, Serena (European Commission); Rho, Caterina (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | We document that European banks charge higher interest rates on loans granted to firms in areas at high risk of flooding. At 6 basis points, the average risk premium is rather small, and does not adequately reflect the deterioration of loan performance in the aftermath of flood episodes, however. Firms in flooded counties are more likely to default on their loans than non-disaster firms. Floods reduce securitised credit in the local markets, suggesting that physical risks associated with climate change are borne within the banking sector. |
| Keywords: | climate change, loan default, loan pricing, natural disasters |
| JEL: | C55 G21 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202314&r=env |
| By: | Limosani, Michele; Millemaci, Emanuele; Mustica, Paolo |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes the Prior Adaptive Bayes (PAB) classifier, a new algorithm to assign words appearing in a text to their respective topics. It is an adaption of the Bayes classifier where, as the prior probabilities of classes, their posterior probabilities associated with the adjacent words are used. Simulations show an improvement of more than 20% over the standard Bayes classifier. The PAB classifier is applied to the Recovery and Resilience Plans (RRPs) of the 27 European Union member states to evaluate their alignment with the environmental dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as compared to the socioeconomic one. Results show that the attention paid by the countries to the pro-environment SDGs increases with the funds per capita assigned, the gap in the environmental endowment and the touristic attractiveness. Finally, the environmental dimension appears associated positively with available GDP growth projections for the next few years. |
| Keywords: | textual analysis; Prior Adaptive Bayes classifier; Recovery and Resilience Plans; Sustainable Development Goals; pro-environment policy |
| JEL: | C82 H22 O44 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119875&r=env |
| By: | Sylvie Thoron (LIPHA - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'étude du Politique Hannah Arendt Paris-Est - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | For a large majority of economists, the carbon tax, legitimized by its theoretical foundations, should be at the heart of policies to combat climate change. However, as environmental economist Jean-Charles Hourcade already noted in 2015, "the transition from theory to practice is a difficult exercise when it comes to carbon taxes". We will first see why and how well-being economics came to consider efficiency as the sole criterion and how the carbon tax became a flagship measure for environmental economists. We will then see the difficulties they encounter when they try to reconcile the fundamentals with the demands of social and political realities at the time of implementing the measure. Finally, we will see how normative approaches which may have seemed relegated to the second rank of the discipline, mobilize these events to show the insufficiency of the criterion of effectiveness and the need to take into account ethical criteria in the choice of public policy instruments. . |
| Abstract: | Pour une grande majorité des économistes, la taxe carbone, légitimée par ses fondements théoriques, devait se situer au coeur des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique. Cependant, comme le notait déjà en 2015 l'économiste de l'environnement Jean-Charles Hourcade, « le passage de la théorie à la pratique est un exercice difficile en matière de taxe carbone ». Nous verrons dans un premier temps pourquoi et comment l'économie du bien-être en est venue à considérer l'efficacité comme unique critère et comment la taxe carbone est devenue une mesure phare pour les économistes de l'environnement. Nous verrons ensuite les difficultés que ceux-ci rencontrent lorsqu'ils essaient de concilier les fondamentaux aux exigences des réalités sociales et politiques au moment de la mise en place de la mesure. Enfin, nous verrons comment des approches normatives qui avaient pu sembler reléguées au second rang de la discipline, mobilisent ces évènements pour montrer l'insuffisance du critère d'efficacité et la nécessité de tenir compte de critères éthiques dans le choix des instruments des politiques publiques. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, social acceptability, efficiency, criteria, environmental public policies, yellow vests, welfare economics, inequalities, taxe carbone, acceptabilité sociale, efficacité, critères, politiques publiques environnementales, Gilets jaunes, économie du bien être, inégalités |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04366999&r=env |
| By: | Khondaker Golam Moazzem; Helen Mashiyat Preoty; Ifreet Saraf |
| Abstract: | This paper lays out three sets of recommendations for the elected party, new members of the National Parliament and opposition parties. The upcoming elected government should create a fully functional parliament where the policy, plan, and acts can be presented and passed and discontinue discriminatory, non-competitive policies and set up a committee with specialists and climate-responsive people to prepare a roadmap for attaining the 40 per cent renewable energy target by 2041. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Energy Crisis, clean energy, renewable energy, Energy policy |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:report:47&r=env |
| By: | Fangzhi Wang; Hua Liao; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Carbon abatement decisions are usually based on the implausible assumption of constant social preference. This paper focuses on a specific case of market and non-market goods, and investigates the optimal climate policy when social preference for them is also changed by climate policy in the DICE model. The relative price of non-market goods grows over time due to increases in both relative scarcity and appreciation of it. Therefore, climbing relative price brings upward the social cost of carbon denominated in terms of market goods. Because abatement decision affects the valuation of non-market goods in the utility function, unlike previous climate-economy models, we solve the model iteratively by taking the obtained abatement rates from the last run as inputs in the current run. The results in baseline calibration advocate a more stringent climate policy, where endogenous social preference to climate policy raises the social cost of carbon further by roughly 12%-18% this century. Moreover, neglecting changing social preference leads to an underestimate of non-market goods damages by 15%. Our results support that climate policy is self-reinforced if it favors more expensive consumption type. |
| Keywords: | climate change; optimal emission control; endogenous preferences |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0224&r=env |
| By: | Quentin Hoarau (SONDRA - Sondra, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay - ONERA - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Etienne Lorang (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the design of a recent regulatory proposal aimed at favoring the emergence of a battery recycling industry in Europe. Electric mobility is deemed necessary to cut CO2 emissions in the transport sector but the industrial and environmental impacts of lithium-ion battery manufacturing are controversial. A recent regulatory proposal from the European Commission introduces the obligation to attain a series of minimum thresholds of recycled materials for the new batteries to be manufactured after 2030. This paper discusses the conditions required for that obligation to be fulfilled. It develops a material flow model that projects battery wastes and their recycling potential. Our findings indicate that the feasibility of proposed thresholds is not very sensitive to changes of material intensities from battery technology shifts, recycling efficiencies, or the faster uptake of demand. On the contrary, battery lifetimes are the most crucial parameters for recycling potential. We believe that this result could jeopardize avenues for extending battery lifetimes such as second-battery usage. Our policy recommendations are twofold. First, we recommend lower thresholds to improve the regulation credibility. Second, the regulation should integrate other objectives that address the lifetime of batteries. |
| Keywords: | Recycling, Lithium-ion batteries, Electric vehicles, Environmental policy |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03727762&r=env |
| By: | Felipe Beltrán; Luigi Durand; Mario González-Frugone; Javier Moreno |
| Abstract: | The study of energy and climate has become of primary relevance for policymakers in central banks and other institutions. Current analyses for Chile suggest medium to strong direct physical effects, with some studies pointing to relatively higher impacts in the northern and central regions. Also, indirect effects, such as those originating from green transitions around the world, are likely to be significant. This paper provides a brief review of the effects that climate change may have on the economy and describes efforts made by the Central Bank of Chile to gain a better understanding of these effects. These efforts include: geo-referencing of assets and the primary physical risks they face, characterization of the transmission channels through which climate risks can propagate, a better estimation of the uncertainty of climatic events and the development of new general equilibrium models. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:997&r=env |
| By: | Dugoua, Eugenie |
| Abstract: | This paper revisits one of the rare success stories in global environmental cooperation: the Montreal Protocol and the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances. I show that the protocol increased science and innovation on alternatives to ozone-depleting substances and argue that agreements can indeed be useful to solving global public goods problems. This contrasts with game-theoretical predictions that agreements occur only when costs to the players are low, and with the often-heard narrative that substitutes were readily available. I reconcile theory and empirics by discussing the role of induced innovation in models of environmental agreements. |
| Keywords: | induced innovation; directed technological change; green innovation |
| JEL: | O30 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121317&r=env |
| By: | Dugoua, Eugenie; Gerarden, Todd D. |
| Abstract: | We study how individual inventors respond to incentives to work on 'clean' electricity technologies. Using natural gas price variation, we estimate output and entry elasticities of inventors and measure the medium-term impacts of a price increase mirroring the social cost of carbon. We find that the induced clean innovation response primarily comes from existing clean inventors. New inventors are less responsive on the margin than their average contribution to clean energy patenting would indicate. Our findings suggest a role for policy to increase the supply of clean inventors to help mitigate climate change. |
| Keywords: | inventors; energy technology; induced innovation |
| JEL: | Q31 Q55 Q40 |
| Date: | 2023–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121309&r=env |
| By: | Bellia, Mario (European Commission); Di Girolamo, Francesca (European Commission); Pagano, Andrea (European Commission); Petracco Giudici, Marco (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | Climate-related physical risks pose serious concerns for both public and private finances, and is of utmost importance to contain economic losses when natural catastrophes occur. Against this background, the paper models the impact of currently uninsured flood events on the economy and estimates its overall costs for the EU27. First, the paper estimates the share of premiums associated with insured flood events over total premiums. Then, it investigates the extra premiums written needed to close the flood protection gap by requiring all EU countries to have at least a minimum level of insurance protection. The results show that insurance premiums written should at least be doubled to reach a harmonized level of penetration equal to 50%. Third, the paper proposes a stylised approach to quantify the potential economic losses associated with uninsured flood events at different levels of insurance penetration, when the insurance protection fails due to defaults in the insurance sector. The model can be used to assess the size of loss that might affect public finances if no preventive measures are taken to increase society's resilience against climate and weather-related risks and compare it with a safeguard mechanism under a 'worst case' scenario. The results show that losses affecting public finances might amount to EUR 27 billion today. Under an alternative scenario accounting for an increase in insured losses due to an uptake in the insurance sector, losses would decrease by up to 50%. |
| Keywords: | Physical risk, flood events, insurance, protection gap, insurance premiums |
| JEL: | C15 G22 E6 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202310&r=env |
| By: | Theodoros Chatzivasileiadis; Ignasi Cortes Arbues; Jochen Hinkel; Daniel Lincke; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the long-term economic impact of sea-level rise (SLR) on coastal regions in Europe, focusing on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Using a novel dataset covering regional SLR and economic growth from 1900 to 2020, we quantify the relationships between SLR and regional GDP per capita across 79 coastal EU & UK regions. Our results reveal that the current SLR has already negatively influenced GDP of coastal regions, leading to a cumulative 4.7% loss at 39 cm of SLR. Over the 120 year period studied, the actualised impact of SLR on the annual growth rate is between -0.02% and 0.04%. Extrapolating these findings to future climate and socio-economic scenarios, we show that in the absence of additional adaptation measures, GDP losses by 2100 could range between -6.3% and -20.8% under the most extreme SLR scenario (SSP5-RCP8.5 High-end Ice, or -4.0% to -14.1% in SSP5-RCP8.5 High Ice). This statistical analysis utilising a century-long dataset, provides an empirical foundation for designing region-specific climate adaptation strategies to mitigate economic damages caused by SLR. Our evidence supports the argument for strategically relocating assets and establishing coastal setback zones when it is economically preferable and socially agreeable, given that protection investments have an economic impact. |
| Keywords: | climate change; sea level rise |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0324&r=env |
| By: | Martin, Ralf; Verhoeven, Dennis Johannes Mathijs |
| Abstract: | Innovation policy faces a tradeoff between growth and climate objectives when the knowledge spillover externality from clean innovation is low compared to other sectors. To make such a comparison, we use patent data to estimate field-specific spillover returns generated by R&D support. Supporting Clean presents itself as a win-win opportunity, yielding global returns one-eighth higher than those of an untargeted policy. Nevertheless, only a modest portion of the returns stays within country borders, raising the question of whether national interests distort efficient allocation. Our policy simulations underscore the benefits of supranational coordination in clean innovation policy, potentially boosting returns by approximately 25% for the EU and over 60% globally. Moreover, the EU benefits strongly from US Clean innovation spillovers, impacting the debate on the Inflation Reduction Act. Overall, we identify no explicit innovation policy tradeoff in tackling the twin challenges of economic growth and climate change but emphasize the necessity for international cooperation. |
| Keywords: | innovation; knowledge spillovers; clean technology; innovation policy; green transition; net-zero; patent data |
| JEL: | O31 O33 O34 O38 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121306&r=env |
| By: | Luis Alberiko Gil-Alaña |
| Keywords: | Climate change; time trends; long memory; temperatures; Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| JEL: | C12 C13 C22 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nva:unnvaa:wp03-2022&r=env |
| By: | Ulysse Soulat (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Jeanne Lallement (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université) |
| Abstract: | This research focuses on how quantified-self can change users' everyday urban mobility behaviour. As part of an exploratory approach, we are analysing fifty-five individual interviews of a group of young daily smartphone users. Using framing theory, our results highlight the importance of the form in which self-quantified information is presented in the context of an application with an environmental dimension. The information CO2 of individual mobility has more impact if the benefits are presented simply and in small quantities (vs. complex), in the form of gains (vs. losses), whose scope is individual (rather than collective), favouring descriptive norms (over injunctive norms), with in a short-term (vs. long-term) perspective. In the context of the ecological transition, we suggest some avenues for managerial reflection, in particular on how practitioners can design a mobile application with an environmental focus. |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche porte sur la façon dont le quantified-self peut changer le comportement quotidien de mobilité urbaine des usagers. Dans le cadre d'une démarche exploratoire, nous analysons cinquantecinq entretiens individuels d'un public de jeunes utilisateurs quotidiens de smartphones. Nos résultats soulignent, par le biais de la théorie du cadrage, l'importance de la forme de la présentation de l'information auto-quantifiée dans le cadre d'une application à dimension environnementale. L'information CO2 d'une mobilité individuelle a plus d'impact si les bénéfices sont présentés de façon simple et en faible quantité (vs complexe), sous forme de gains (vs les pertes), dont la portée est individuelle (plutôt que collective), en privilégiant les normes descriptives (aux normes injonctives), avec dans une perspective court terme (vs long terme). Dans une démarche de transition écologique, des pistes de réflexion managériales sont proposées notamment sur la manière dont les praticiens peuvent concevoir une application mobile à visée environnementale. |
| Keywords: | carbon footprint, message framing, mobile application, responsible consumption, self-tracking, urban mobility, affordance, application mobile, cadrage de l'information, consommation responsable, empreinte carbone, mobilité urbaine, quantified-self |
| Date: | 2023–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04367651&r=env |
| By: | Tong Zhang, Paul J. Burke, and Qi Wang |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) are likely to emerge as the main means of zero-emission road transport. China has used a variety of policy approaches to encourage EV adoption, including vehicle purchase subsidies. This study uses a three-dimensional dataset to estimate the effect of purchase subsidies for domestic EVs on adoption in 316 cities in China over January 2016–December 2019. An instrumental variable approach that utilizes the timing of the cancellation of local subsidies by the central government is pursued. The findings suggest that purchase subsidies for domestic EVs have led to a sizeable increase in uptake, but have discouraged uptake of imported EVs. Higher consumer awareness of the subsidies is associated with a larger proportional effect on uptake of domestically-produced vehicles. We estimate that increases in the per-vehicle subsidy rate have on average reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at a marginal subsidy cost of about 4, 453 CNY (US$712) per tonne, which is high. However, other benefits, including long-run benefits from the emergence of a new clean technology sector, may be substantial. |
| JEL: | H23 H31 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:papers:2024-1&r=env |
| By: | Lembregts, Christophe; Cadario, Romain |
| Abstract: | A systematic review of green consumer behaviors in five prominent consumer research journals revealed that behaviors with greater potential for climate mitigation (e.g., plant-based consumption) have not been broadly studied, indicating promising opportunities for future research. In an exploratory survey, we conceptually replicate this finding using a sample of consumer researchers with a general interest in studying higher-potential behaviors. We consider evidence for potential explanations, such as researchers’ primary focus on construct-to-construct mapping, a tendency to study behaviors that researchers have personal experience with or are easy to implement, a lack of incentives to study higher-potential behaviors, and insufficient knowledge of mitigation potential. To help shift consumer researchers’ focus on higher-potential behaviors, we offer concrete recommendations, such as proactively considering mitigation potential both as authors and reviewers, and utilizing phenomenon-to-construct mapping for enhancing theoretical contributions. In sum, we hope that this research will help interested consumer researchers to provide more relevant answers to the urgent challenge of climate change mitigation. |
| Date: | 2024–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ywus6&r=env |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A.; Bueta, Gregorio Rafael P. |
| Abstract: | Solid waste management has been a complex and evolving challenge for the Philippines. Since its passage more than two decades ago, Republic Act No. 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, has anchored the country’s waste management initiatives. However, challenges persist in the policy’s implementation at both the national and subnational levels. The passage of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Act of 2022 is a positive step towards improving waste management and achieving a circular economy (CE). Moreover, issues remain, including the need for clarity in the scope and definition of CE, operationalization of PROs, setting of costs and fees, the role of NGAs and LGUs, program targets, and informal sector participation. Nevertheless, recent policy and institutional developments present avenues for better stakeholder cooperation and collaboration and the application of technological solutions and innovations. The government needs to focus on bridging critical institutional and implementation gaps, including the creation and/or operationalization of the NEC and local solid waste management or environment offices, provision of technology, facilities, and waste management resources, and facilitation of public-private partnerships for capital and infrastructure needs. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | circular economy;solid waste management;extended producer responsibility |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2023-46&r=env |
| By: | Huijie Yan (CEARC - Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mateo Cordier (CEARC - Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Takuro Uehara (Ritsumeikan University) |
| Abstract: | Plastic pollution has attracted the attention of the media, public, and government worldwide. Analysis of the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between economic development and plastic pollution is crucial because economic growth is a critical driver of plastic pollution. In this study, for the first time, we (i) used the stochastic impacts of regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) model to investigate the EKC relationship; (ii) performed a comprehensive analysis of the effects of sociodemographic factors on plastic pollution; and (iii) used a panel dataset of 128 countries for empirical analyses. The STIRPAT model was used to conduct scenario analyses to explore the impacts of sociodemographic driving forces on future plastic pollution by 2050 on a national (217 countries) and global scale. The empirical results confirmed the EKC relationship and revealed that changes in population structure and urbanization could substantially affect plastic pollution. Global plastic pollution was projected to reach 66.1 MT/y by 2050 under the business-as-usual scenario. Low-income countries and sub-Saharan Africa are projected to become major contributors to plastic pollution, leading to a global trend of increasing plastic pollution. These findings will help policymakers identify targets to effectively reduce future global plastic pollution. |
| Keywords: | plastic pollution, environmental Kuznets curve, STIRPAT model, scenario analysis, urbanization, population structure, economic development, pollution forecasting, sociodemographic |
| Date: | 2024–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04396682&r=env |
| By: | Dorothée Charlier (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Mouez Fodha (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Djamel Kirat (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the determinants of residential CO 2 emissions, which are not covered by the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), in 19 European countries between 2000-2017. Using both static and dynamic panel models, we found strong relationships between CO 2 emissions per capita, GDP per capita, energy prices and heating needs. We then assessed the impact of European carbon taxation and show that a e20/tonne CO 2 tax lowers emissions by 1% on average. We found that this tax affects countries differently in terms of tax revenue-to-GDP ratio. Poland and the Czech Republic would have to pay the highest contribution, and Portugal and Denmark the lowest. Finally, we propose a scenario that equalizes countries' tax burdens. We show that, were Europe to redistribute all tax revenues, the main beneficiaries would be Poland and Belgium, while Denmark and Luxembourg would have to pay a surtax. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Residential Sector, Panel data, Energy prices, Carbon tax |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03901487&r=env |
| By: | Jérôme Caby (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School); Ydriss Ziane (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School); Eric Lamarque (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03517818&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The IMF Executive Board approved in July 2022, 42-month Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangements (391 percent of quota; about US$650 million) to help Benin meet pressing financing needs and support the country’s National Development Plan centered on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Program implementation remains strong, with additional (concessional) budget support from donors and new SDG financing complementing front-loaded Fund support beyond expectations. After strong momentum over the last several quarters, the Beninese economy faces headwinds from Niger border closure amidst regional sanctions following a coup in that country and post-electoral policy shifts in Nigeria, compounding preexisting challenges, including climate-related vulnerabilities and regional security risks. The authorities remain committed to reform notwithstanding those challenges. They have requested Fund support under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) to support their ambitious climate agenda, thereby complementing the EFF/ECF in improving socioeconomic resilience. |
| Date: | 2024–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/003&r=env |
| By: | Alberini, Anna; Vance, Colin |
| Abstract: | With more than 3 million new passenger cars sold every year, Germany's automobile industry is a major player on the European car market, and one seen as an important arena for achieving climate protection targets. Using high-resolution car registration data from each state in Germany between January 2015 to March 2020, we estimate reduced-form panel data models to identify the effects of three flagship policies aimed at reducing transport emissions from cars: diesel bans, rebates for battery vehicles, and subsidies for charging station projects. The models show that the policies have significant effects on the sales of specific powertrains. But policy simulations that incorporate estimates of lifecycle CO2-emissions reveal that they have only negligible effects on emission reductions and are costly. Rebates on the purchase of a battery-electric or plug-in hybrids result in a cost per ton of reduced CO2-emissions of over €1000. Even the most optimistic scenarios result in a cost per ton of CO2-reduced by subsidies for the construction of charging stations of at least €400. These figures are very large when compared with the cost of abatement implicit in the price of allowances on the European Emissions Trading System, with important implications on cross-sectoral trading, such as that envisioned in the European Union's Fit-for-55 program. |
| Abstract: | Mit mehr als 3 Millionen verkauften Neuwagen pro Jahr ist die deutsche Automobilindustrie ein wichtiger Akteur auf dem europäischen Automobilmarkt und gilt als wichtiger Schauplatz für die Erreichung der Klimaschutzziele. Unter Verwendung von detaillierten Kfz-Zulassungsdaten aus allen deutschen Bundesländern für den Zeitraum von Januar 2015 bis März 2020 schätzen wir reduzierte Paneldatenmodelle, um die Auswirkungen dreier politischer Maßnahmen zu ermitteln, die auf die Reduzierung der verkehrsbedingten Emissionen von Pkw abzielen: Dieselfahrverbote, Rabatte für Batteriefahrzeuge und Subventionen für Ladestationen. Die Modelle zeigen, dass diese Maßnahmen erhebliche Auswirkungen auf den Absatz bestimmter Antriebsarten haben. Simulationen, die Schätzungen der CO2-Emissionen über den gesamten Lebenszyklus einbeziehen, zeigen jedoch, dass diese Maßnahmen nur vernachlässigbare Auswirkungen auf die Emissionsreduzierung haben und kostspielig sind. Rabatte für den Kauf eines batterieelektrischen Fahrzeugs oder eines Plug-in-Hybridfahrzeugs führen zu Kosten pro Tonne reduzierter CO2-Emissionen von über 1000 €. Selbst die optimistischsten Szenarien führen zu Kosten pro Tonne CO2, die durch Subventionen für den Bau von Ladestationen reduziert werden, von mindestens 400 €. Diese Zahlen sind sehr hoch, wenn man sie mit den Vermeidungskosten vergleicht, die im Preis der Zertifikate im Europäischen Emissionshandelssystem enthalten sind, was erhebliche Auswirkungen auf den sektorübergreifenden Handel hat, wie er im Fit-for-55-Programm der Europäischen Union vorgesehen ist. |
| Keywords: | New car sales, CO2-emissions, German Bundesländer, policy simulation |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 R41 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:281189&r=env |
| By: | Brunelle Marche (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Brice Corrigeux (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Mauricio Camargo (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Christophe Bachmann |
| Date: | 2023–06–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04381955&r=env |
| By: | Koshy, Perumal |
| Abstract: | Indian entrepreneurial ecosystem and policy framework evolved over the years as one with potential to facilitate new venture creation at ease. The current ecosystem and regulatory framework is much more entrepreneur and small business friendly. Enterprise ecosystem and entrepreneurship approach has to focus on nurturing economic & business who take the economy & society in the path of a sustainable future, while contributing to Global Sustainability Objectives and to be attuned to facilitate the formalization of informal sector enterprises, ease of doing business for micro and small enterprises. This chapter is an attempt to look at key aspects of Indian entrepreneurial system, its evolution and as well as some of the challenges, entrepreneurship policies and approaches, startup ecosystem, training and skill development challenges and addresses focal areas in the formalization of informal sector enterprises into formal enterprise space and how they can potentially contribute in attaining sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Small and Micro Enterprises, Enterprise Ecosystem; Startup ecosystem, Informal Sector Enterprises, Reforms to facilitate enterprise formalization, Skill development, Sustainable Development Goals: SDG-8, SDG-8.3, SDG12 SDG-4 |
| JEL: | E60 E61 L5 L52 L53 |
| Date: | 2023–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119757&r=env |
| By: | Daouda Bamba (UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | In 2017, Côte d'Ivoire imposed restrictions on the imports of used vehicles into its territory, one of which aims is environmental protection. This paper focuses on this policy and investigates its impacts on both (i) vehicle smuggling and (ii) environmental protection in the country. As finding a credible control for Côte d'Ivoire in the aim of the evaluation is thus challenging, the Augmented Synthetic Control Method is implemented to construct a valid counterfactual for the country's path without the law, with WAEMU member countries as control states. This method is used with an outcome model in a Panel Fixed Effects simulation and covariates configuration, to assess the Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) on the outcome of interest after the passage of the 2017 law. The use of a panel structure allows for controlling time-invariant omitted variables correlated with the law adoption. The assessment shows that the policy has led to an increase of almost 39% in the per capita vehicle smuggling in the country. Furthermore, the policy has induced a reduction in the per capita CO2 emissions in the country with an average treatment effect indicating a decrease of -0.051 metric tons per inhabitant. These effects do not vanish over time and results remain robust to different robustness and falsification placebo tests. |
| Keywords: | Synthetic Control Method, Policy evaluation, Smuggling, Environment |
| Date: | 2023–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cdiwps:hal-04391362&r=env |
| By: | Krekel, Christian; Rode, Johannes; Roth, Alexander |
| Abstract: | While wind power is considered key in the transition towards net zero, there are concerns about adverse health impacts on nearby residents. Based on precise geographical coordinates, we link a representative longitudinal household panel to all wind turbines in Germany and exploit their staggered rollout over two decades for identification. We do not find evidence of negative effects on general, mental, or physical health in the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), nor on self-assessed health or doctor visits. We also do not find evidence for effects on suicides, an extreme measure of negative mental health outcomes, at the county level. |
| Keywords: | wind turbines; externalities; health; renewable energy; difference-in-differences; event study; wellbeing |
| JEL: | D62 I10 Q20 Q42 R10 |
| Date: | 2023–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121311&r=env |
| By: | Tang, Cheng Keat; Gibbons, Steve |
| Abstract: | Overhead electrical power lines and pylons have long raised concerns regarding the effects of electromagnetic fields on health, noise pollution and the visual impact on rural landscapes. These issues are once again salient because of the need for new lines to connect sources of renewable energy to the grid. In this study we provide new evidence on the cost implied by these externalities, as revealed in house prices. We use a spatial difference-in-difference approach that compares price changes in neighbourhoods that are close to overhead power lines, before and after they are constructed, with price changes in comparable neighbourhoods further away. Our findings suggest that the construction of new overhead pylons reduces prices by 3.6% for properties up to 1200 meters away, suggesting the impacts extend further than previously estimated. |
| Keywords: | externalities; overhead power lines; pylons; house prices; revealed preferences |
| JEL: | R32 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121288&r=env |
| By: | Khondaker Golam Moazzem; M.M. Fardeen Kabir; Tamim Ahmed |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Citizen’s Manifesto, Power and energy sector, Sustainable developmen |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:report:49&r=env |
| By: | Pagano, Andrea (European Commission); Bellia, Mario (European Commission); Di Girolamo, Francesca (European Commission); Papadopoulos, Georgios (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a simulation model to evaluate the effects of river flooding events occurring within Germany on regional' banks. Under a 1.5 degrees Celcius increase in temperature, the impact is overall rather small, even accounting for the devaluation of loans exposed to floods. However, under a 3 degrees Celcius increase, bank losses can reach 1% of total assets. We show that the implementation of adaptation solutions would be successful in keeping risks at the current level. |
| Keywords: | Physical risk, river flood events, dynamic balance sheet, banking crisis |
| JEL: | C15 G2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202313&r=env |
| By: | Harleman, Max; Weber, Jeremy G. |
| Abstract: | A core public administration literature seeks to understand whether decentralized collective action institutions will emerge to provide public goods, such as management of environmental resources. Few studies examine how they perform relative to the state at providing public goods, and they fail to account for the possibility that the state might self-select into providing public goods in the most challenging contexts. If it does, finding that the state performs worse than collective action institutions could reflect its more challenging context rather than differences in knowledge, skill, or motivation. We examine several quantitative measures of performance in remediating polluted water discharges from abandoned coal mines in Pennsylvania, a task sometimes done by the state and sometimes by nonprofit watershed associations. We find that the two types of institutions address discharges with generally similar water quality problems and build systems that yield similar initial improvements in water quality. But watershed association systems better maintain effectiveness at reducing acidity and removing heavy metals over time. The findings suggest a role for sustained public investment in collective action institutions to address complex and enduring environmental problems. |
| Keywords: | collective action, abandoned mines, water quality, decentralization |
| JEL: | H4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119861&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Colmer; Suvy Qin; John Voorheis; Reed Walker |
| Abstract: | This paper uses administrative tax records linked to Census demographic data and high-resolution measures of fine small particulate (PM2.5) exposure to study the evolution of the Black-White pollution exposure gap over the past 40 years. In doing so, we focus on the various ways in which income may have contributed to these changes using a statistical decomposition. We decompose the overall change in the Black-White PM2.5 exposure gap into (1) components that stem from rank-preserving compression in the overall pollution distribution and (2) changes that stem from a reordering of Black and White households within the pollution distribution. We find a significant narrowing of the Black-White PM2.5 exposure gap over this time period that is overwhelmingly driven by rank-preserving changes rather than positional changes. However, the relative positions of Black and White households at the upper end of the pollution distribution have meaningfully shifted in the most recent years. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-04&r=env |
| By: | Béatrice Cointe (CSI i3 - Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CMB - Centre Marc Bloch - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The range of climate change mitigation scenarios in the IPCC reports frames the futures and policies that we deem possible. In the mitigation pathways produced by Integrated Assessment Models (IAM), economic growth is sustained throughout the century, as we show by surveying the GDP trajectories considered in the IPCC AR5 scenario database and in the more recent IAM literature. We unpack the reasons for IAM's commitment to GDP growth, and seek to understand the quasi-absence of no-growth and degrowth scenarios. An overview of the current organisation of IAM research highlights the internal dynamics within the IAM community and the resulting coordination of choices. We then analyse the representation of economic growth in two IAMs, GCAM (exogenous growth) and WITCH (endogenous growth). From a technical point of view, degrowth scenarios could be considered, but the modelling teams have coordinated their work around growth scenarios. Ultimately, the absence of degrowth/no growth scenarios stems from the fact that, economic growth is largely conceived of and computed as a "natural" driver in IAM research, and not as an intervention point. |
| Abstract: | Los escenarios de mitigación del cambio climático identificados en los informes del IPCC limitan la gama de futuros y políticas consideradas. Los escenarios de mitigación producidos por los Modelos de Evaluación Integrada (IAM) suponen un crecimiento económico continuo a lo largo del siglo, lo que demostramos al revisar las trayectorias del PIB consideradas en la base de datos del Quinto Informe del IPCC y en la literatura reciente de los IAM. Analizamos las razones que podrían explicar la virtual ausencia de escenarios de no crecimiento o decrecientes en esta literatura. Con base en una descripción general de la organización actual de la investigación en torno a los IAM, destacamos el papel de la dinámica interna dentro de la comunidad IAM y las opciones de coordinación resultantes. Luego analizamos la representación del crecimiento en dos modelos: GCAM (modelo de crecimiento exógeno) y WITCH (modelo de crecimiento endógeno). Desde un punto de vista técnico, sería posible considerar escenarios de declive, pero hasta ahora los equipos de modelización han coordinado su trabajo en torno a escenarios de crecimiento. La ausencia de escenarios sin crecimiento o declive se explica principalmente por el hecho de que, en las investigaciones sobre IAM, el crecimiento económico sigue siendo considerado y calculado como un factor "natural" y no como un punto de intervención. |
| Abstract: | Les scenarios d'atténuation du changement climatiques recensés dans les rapports du GIEC contraignent l'éventail des futurs et des politiques envisagés. Les scénarios d'atténuation produits par les modèles d'évaluation intégrés (IAM) supposent un maintien de la croissance économique tout au long du siècle, ce que nous montrons en passant en revue les trajectoires de PIB considérés dans la base de données du cinquième rapport du GIEC et dans la littérature récente émanant des IAM. Nous analysons les raisons pouvant expliquer la quasi-absence de scénario sans croissance ou décroissant dans cette littérature. A partir d'un panorama de l'organisation actuelle de la recherche autour des IAMs, nous soulignons le rôle des dynamiques internes au sein de la communauté des IAM et les choix de coordination qui en résultent. Nous analysons ensuite la représentation de la croissance dans deux modèles : GCAM (modèle à croissance exogène) et WITCH (modèle à croissance endogène). D'un point de vue technique, il serait possible de considérer des scénarios de décroissance, mais les équipes de modélisation ont jusqu'à présent coordonné leur travail autour de scénarios de croissance. L'absence de scénarios sans croissance ou de décroissance s'explique essentiellement par le fait que, dans la recherche autour des IAM, la croissance économique reste considérée et calculée comme un facteur « naturel » et non comme un point d'intervention. |
| Keywords: | degrowth, GDP, mitigation scenarios, Integrated Assessment Models, decrecimiento, PIB, escenarios de mitigación, modelos de evaluación integrados, décroissance, scénarios d’atténuation, modèles d’évaluation intégrés |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04384329&r=env |
| By: | Kevin Bl\"attler; Hannes Wallimann; Widar von Arx |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we assess the impact of a fare-free public transport policy for overnight guests on travel mode choice to a Swiss tourism destination. The policy directly targets domestic transport to and from a destination, the substantial contributor to the CO2 emissions of overnight trips. Based on a survey sample, we identify the effect with the help of the random element that the information on the offer from a hotelier to the guest varies in day-to-day business. We estimate a shift from private cars to public transport due to the policy of, on average, 16.9 and 11.6 percentage points, depending on the application of propensity score matching and causal forest. This knowledge is relevant for policy-makers to design future offers that include more sustainable travels to a destination. Overall, our paper exemplifies how such an effect of comparable natural experiments in the travel and tourism industry can be properly identified with a causal framework and underlying assumptions. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.14945&r=env |
| By: | Juan, Benavides (FEDESARROLLO); Sergio, Cabrales (FEDESARROLLO) |
| Abstract: | Este documento amplía la argumentación efectuada por Benavides, Cabrales y Delgado (2022), artículo que argumentó la importancia del gas natural y cuantificó los costos de desmontar el gas natural y el carbón de la generación eléctrica en Colombia entre 2023 y 2035. En esta ocasión se presentan cifras de orden de magnitud sobre densidad energética y los altos costos de la electricidad producida con fuentes no convencionales y baterías, para reforzar la necesidad de una transición a una velocidad que no lesione la economía del país; y se amplía el universo de cálculo de costos directos asociados a las restricciones en oferta de gas, incluyendo los principales sectores de consumo como el residencial, la generación térmica a gas y la industria (por fuera de coquería y refinación). La cuantificación utiliza la mejor información disponible en fuentes públicas.***** Abstract This document expands the argument made by Benavides, Cabrales and Delgado (2022), an article that argued the importance of natural gas and quantified the costs of removing natural gas and coal from electricity generation in Colombia between 2023 and 2035. It introduces figures on energy density and the high costs of electricity produced with non-conventional sources of energy and batteries are presented, to reinforce the need for a transition at a speed that does not harm the country's economy. In addition, it presents the direct costs associated with gas supply restrictions, including the main consumer sectors such as residential, gas-fired thermal generation and industry (apart from coking and refining). Quantification uses the best information available from public sources. |
| Keywords: | Gas; Exploración; Transición Energética; Gas; Exploration; Energy Transition Energy Transition |
| JEL: | L72 L95 O13 Q41 |
| Date: | 2023–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:021021&r=env |
| By: | Becker, Annette (European Commission); Di Girolamo, Francesca (European Commission); Rho, Caterina (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity loss can have direct economic impacts, as it limits the availability of natural resources and increases costs across various industries. When firms face significant risks due to biodiversity loss, their creditworthiness may be compromised. This raises concerns for lending institutions that have provided credit to these companies, potentially leading to stricter lending conditions for borrowers. This paper analyzes how these risks spread from the real economy to the syndicated loans market in the European Union and United Kingdom. Firstly, we construct a country-level indicator of biodiversity exposure for EU lenders. Our findings show that the exposure of EU banks to biodiversity varies across countries, depending on the level of exposure of borrowing firms and the loan volumes. Secondly, using data on syndicated loans from 2017 to 2022, we observe a positive and significant correlation between loan pricing and the level of biodiversity exposure of the borrower. These findings suggest that creditors are increasingly incorporating nature-related investor information into their financing decisions, allowing them to diversify and pool risks. On the other hand, debtors cannot fully detach themselves from their dependence on natural capital and can only shift their business models in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Nature-related risk, Natural capital, Biodiversity, Financial sector, Banks, Debt financing, Syndi- cated loans, Loan pricing, Premium, International spillovers, Risk transmission, Borrower diversification, EU |
| JEL: | C55 G21 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202311&r=env |
| By: | Navarro, Adoracion M. |
| Abstract: | Land use misgovernance in the Philippines arises due to the non-institutionalization of a national-level framework for land use and the lack of harmonization of sector-specific laws on land resources. But the effort to push for a National Land Use Act (NaLUA) is almost three decades old, and advocates are finding it hard to hurdle the legislative mill. This study establishes that to strengthen the push to enact a NaLUA, advocates need to employ a transdisciplinary approach and deepen, through updated data and evidence, the appreciation by policymakers and stakeholders of the arguments for having this legislation. The review of the theoretical foundations for land use analysis explains the evolution of land use analysis and the principles for land use governance. It also implies that a transdisciplinary approach is needed in advocating for a NaLUA. The assessment of data and pieces of evidence on conflicting land uses, land use misgovernance, and inadequacies of existing mechanisms for dealing with land use problems bolster the case for having a NaLUA. Insights of stakeholders during focus group discussions and key informant interviews confirm the findings from the assessment of data. Thus, the study concludes that enacting a NaLUA and ensuring it is implemented through an appropriate institutional mechanism can help resolve land use conflicts in the country. In addition, it can support greater and sustainable value addition in the economy through land use optimization. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | land use;land use analysis;land use changes;land use conflicts;land use planning;land use governance;National Land Use Act |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2023-40&r=env |
| By: | Aditya Ramji; Daniel Sperling; Lewis Fulton |
| Abstract: | Strong policies with sustainable incentives are needed to accelerate the EV transition. This paper assesses various feebate designs assessing recent policy evolution in five European countries. While there are key design elements that should be considered, there is no optimal feebate design. Different policy objectives could be served by feebates influencing its design and effectiveness. Using feebates to transition to EVs has emerged a key objective. With the financial sustainability of EV incentive programs being questioned, a self financing market mechanism could be the need of the hour solution. Irrespective of the policy goals, a feebate will impact both the supply side, i.e., the automotive industry and the consumer side. Globally, feebates can be used to effect technology leapfrogging while navigating the political economy of clean transportation policy in different country contexts. This paper highlights thirteen design elements of an effective feebate policy that can serve as a foundation for policymakers. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.15069&r=env |
| By: | Laura Grigolon; Eunseong Park; Kevin Remmy |
| Abstract: | We use micro-level data on fuel consumption, mileage, and travel mode to study plug-in hybrid drivers' response to fuel prices. When fuel prices rise, plug-in hybrids reduce fuel consumption more than gasoline and diesel cars. They do not reduce their mileage but increase electric recharging, without evidence of habit formation. As the share of kilometers driven in electric mode by plug-in hybrids is only half the official test cycle value, fuel prices are effective in improving the environmental performance of these vehicles. Considering the choice of fueling versus recharging, we estimate that drivers value time at €15 to €41/hour. |
| Keywords: | plug-in-hybrids, fuel prices, fuel elasticities, value of time, fuel consumption, driving habit formation |
| JEL: | D12 L91 Q31 Q41 L71 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_494&r=env |
| By: | Karima AFIF (Department of Agri-Food Economics and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Canada); Bocar Samba BA (Department of Agri-Food Economics and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Canada); Eugénie JOLTREAU (RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment (EIEE), Fondazione Centro Euromediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Milan, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to theoretically understand the impact of a tax-subsidy system (as implemented in Extended Producer Responsibility) on packaging source reduction, waste generation, and recycling in the presence of economies of scale and quality concerns in the recycling industry. We use a static equilibrium and a non-homothetic technology function to study asymmetric substitution between the virgin and the recycled material. The model displays a trade-off between recycled content and material productivity, and between waste generation and the recycling industry's profitability. A tax-subsidy scheme in the form of an excise charge and a dual subsidy restores the social optimum, providing that the recycler reaches a positive profit. We find that the excise tax favors virgin material and packaging refinement, all else equal. At the same time, it decreases the use of recycled material, sales, and total waste generation. The subsidy granted to the producer has the opposite effect. The subsidy granted to the recycler increases its profit and the recycling rate. |
| Keywords: | Waste, Recycling, Substitutability, Plastics, Tax-subsidy |
| JEL: | H23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2024.02&r=env |
| By: | Backeberg, Werner; Elscher, Thorsten; Jung, Wolfgang; Müller, Eike; Priebs, Axel; Suttner, Gerhard; Viergutz, Malte; von Haaren, Christina; von Seht, Hauke; Warner, Barbara; Zischkale, Uwe |
| Abstract: | Nach dem am 1. Februar 2023 in Kraft getretenen Windenergieflächenbedarfsgesetz (WindBG) müssen bis 2032 2% der Fläche Deutschlands für die Produktion von Windenergie bereitgestellt werden. Das Gesetz legt dabei Flächenbeitragswerte für die Länder fest, die in den Flächenländern zwischen 1, 8% und 2, 2% der jeweiligen Landesfläche liegen. Auch wenn die weitgehenden Änderungen des Planungsrechts im Sinne der Energiewende zu begrüßen sind, stellt die Implementierung des 2-%-Flächenziels bei der Windenergie für die Planungsträger eine große Herausforderung dar. In den 12 Ländern, in denen es die Ebene der Regionalplanung gibt, wurde diese mit der Umsetzung beauftragt. Sie muss in den meisten Planungsregionen deutlich mehr Flächen als bisher ausweisen. Dabei ist sie auf die Zuarbeit anderer Institutionen angewiesen, um rechtssicher planen zu können. Wo die Flächenziele nicht erreicht werden, drohen rechtliche Sanktionen. Das vorliegende Positionspapier stellt auf Basis der Diskussionen im Ad-hoc-Arbeitskreis "Windenergie an Land" der ARL zentrale Thesen vor, die jeweils argumentativ unterlegt die Umsetzung des "2%- Zieles" und die Optimierung des Planungsprozesses unterstützen sollen. |
| Abstract: | According to the "Windenergieflächenbedarfsgesetz" (WindBG), which came into force on February 1, 2023, 2% of Germany's territory must be made available for production of wind energy by 2032. The law sets out area contribution values for the federal states, which are between 1.8% and 2.2% of the respective state's area. The fundamental changes to planning law are certainly to be commended in the interests of the energy transition. However, the implementation of the 2% area target for wind energy is a great challenge for the planning authorities. In the 12 federal states where a regional planning level is established, regional planning has to implement the goals. In most planning regions, significantly more areas need to be designated than in the past. To be able to plan with confidence, the planning authorities are reliant on the input of other institutions. Where the area targets are not met, there is a threat of legal sanctions. This position paper presents central theses based on the discussions in the ARL ad hoc working group "Windenergie an Land", which are aimed at supporting the implementation of the "2% target" and the optimization of the planning process by providing arguments. |
| Keywords: | Windenergieplanung, Beteiligung, Planungsrecht, Energiewende, Naturschutzrecht, Regionalplanung, Planning law, planning for wind energy, participation, energy transition, nature conservation law, regional planning |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arlpos:281774&r=env |
| By: | Andor, Mark Andreas; Grossmann, Igor; Hönow, Nils Christian; Tomberg, Lukas |
| Abstract: | Prosocial behavior is crucial for tackling global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and conflict, yet people often prioritize personal benefits over the common good. A classic philosophical proposition is that prosocial behavior benefits from psychological wisdom - a concept characterized by cognitive and behavioral scientists by expression of intellectual humility, open-mindedness towards different ways in which events may unfold, as well as consideration and integration of diverse viewpoints. We investigate the relationship between these features of wisdom and prosocial behavior in an incentivized donation experiment, as well as self-reported real-world behaviors such as blood and charity donations across 13, 500 households in nine European countries. Our findings reveal that greater expression of wisdom was systematically aligned with contributions to climate change mitigation, donating blood and money to charitable causes, compliance with rules and behaviors to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus, voting in parliamentary elections, volunteering and being a member of an environmental group. These results were robust across experimental conditions varying vantage point (self-focused or other-focused), when examining wisdom in reflections specific to climate donation decisions, or reflections on one's personal life experiences, or when accounting for effect socioeconomic characteristics, personality, and values of prosocial behavior. Finally, the association was observed in each of the country samples, albeit with varying strengths. |
| Abstract: | Prosoziales Verhalten ist für die Bewältigung globaler Herausforderungen wie Klimawandel, Armut und Konflikte von entscheidender Bedeutung, jedoch stellen Menschen oftmals den persönlichen Nutzen über das Gemeinwohl. Laut einer klassischen philosophischen These wird prosoziales Verhalten erhöht durch Weisheit, einem Konzept, das von Verhaltenswissenschaftlerinnen und Verhaltenswissenschaftlern durch den Ausdruck intellektueller Bescheidenheit, Aufgeschlossenheit gegenüber verschiedenen Möglichkeiten, wie sich Ereignisse entfalten können, sowie durch die Berücksichtigung und Integration unterschiedlicher Standpunkte charakterisiert wird. Wir untersuchen die Beziehung zwischen der durch diese Facetten ausgedrückten Weisheit und prosozialem Verhalten in einem Spendenexperiment sowie in angegebenem realen Verhalten, bspw. Blut- und Geldspenden anhand von 13.500 Haushalten in neun europäischen Ländern. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine stärkere Ausprägung von Weisheit systematisch mit höheren Spenden zum Klimaschutz, Blut- und Geldspenden für wohltätige Zwecke, der Einhaltung von Regeln und Verhaltensweisen zur Eindämmung der Ausbreitung des COVID-19-Virus, der Teilnahme an Parlamentswahlen, Freiwilligenarbeit und der Mitgliedschaft in einer Umweltgruppe verbunden war. Diese Ergebnisse waren unter verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen, über unterschiedliche Perspektiven (selbst- oder fremdorientiert), bei der Untersuchung der Weisheit im Kontext von Klimaspendenentscheidungen und im Kontext von persönlichen Lebenserfahrungen robust, sowie auch unter Berücksichtigung von sozioökonomischen oder persönlichkeitsbezogenen Merkmalen. Der Zusammenhang wurde darüber hinaus in jeder der Länderstichproben beobachtet, wenn auch in unterschiedlicher Stärke. |
| Keywords: | Wise reasoning, prosocial behavior, field experiment, survey, epistemic cognition |
| JEL: | D83 D91 Z13 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:281195&r=env |
| By: | Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.; Baum-Snow, Nathaniel; Jedwab, Remi |
| Abstract: | Tall buildings are central to facilitating sustainable urbanization and growth in cities worldwide. We estimate average elasticities of city population and built area to aggregate city building heights of 0.12 and -0.17, respectively, indicating that the largest global cities in developing economies would be at least one-third smaller on average without their tall buildings. Land saved from urban development by post-1975 tall building construction is over 80% covered in vegetation. To isolate the effects of technology-induced reductions in the cost of height from correlated demand shocks, we use interactions between static demand factors and the geography of bedrock as instruments for observed 1975-2015 tall building construction in 12, 877 cities worldwide, a triple difference identification strategy. Quantification using a canonical urban model suggests that the technology to build tall generates a potential global welfare gain of 4.8%, of which only about one-quarter has been realized. Estimated welfare gains from relaxing existing height constraints are 5.9%in the developed world and 3.1% in developing economies. |
| Keywords: | urban density; international buildings heights; skyscrapers; tall buildings; sustainable urbanization; city growth; commercial real estate; housing supply; urban sprawl; land savings; housing affordability; geographical constraints; environment |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R14 R31 R33 O18 O13 |
| Date: | 2023–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121293&r=env |
| By: | Yang Xia (Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School [Shenzhen] - THU - Tsinghua University [Beijing], THU - Tsinghua University [Beijing]); Wenjia Zeng (Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School [Shenzhen] - THU - Tsinghua University [Beijing], THU - Tsinghua University [Beijing]); Xinjie Xing (University of Liverpool); Yuanzhu Zhan (Birmingham Business School - University of Birmingham [Birmingham]); Kim Hua Tan (Nottingham University Business School [Nottingham]); Ajay Kumar (EM - emlyon business school) |
| Abstract: | Alongside the rise of ‘last-mile' delivery in contemporary urban logistics, drones have demonstrate commercial potential, given their outstanding triple-bottom-line performance. However, as a lithium-ion battery-powered device, drones' social and environmental merits can be overturned by battery recycling and disposal. To maintain economic performance, yet minimise environmental negatives, fleet sharing is widely applied in the transportation field, with the aim of creating synergies within industry and increasing overall fleet use. However, if a sharing platform's transparency is doubted, the sharing ability of the platform will be discounted. Known for its transparent and secure merits, blockchain technology provides new opportunities to improve existing sharing solutions. In particular, the decentralised structure and data encryption algorithm offered by blockchain allow every participant equal access to shared resources without undermining security issues. Therefore, this study explores the implementation of a blockchain-enabled fleet sharing solution to optimise drone operations, with consideration of battery wear and disposal effects. Unlike classical vehicle routing with fleet sharing problems, this research is more challenging, with multiple objectives (i.e., shortest path and fewest charging times), and considers different levels of sharing abilities. In this study, we propose a mixed-integer programming model to formulate the intended problem and solve the problem with a tailored branch-and-price algorithm. Through extensive experiments, the computational performance of our proposed solution is first articulated, and then the effectiveness of using blockchain to improve overall optimisation is reflected, and a series of critical influential factors with managerial significance are demonstrated. |
| Keywords: | Drone-assisted delivery, Sustainable supply chain management, blockchain, Mixed-integer programming model |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04381308&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | A systemic vulnerability analysis and stress tests were conducted as part of the Maldives FSAP. The vulnerability analysis and stress tests were based on quarterly aggregate balance sheet supervisory data for the eight banks in Maldives as of December 2022. Identified vulnerabilities were subjected to hypothetical extreme but plausible scenarios that were informed by the Risk Assessment Matrix. Risks analyzed were credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk. Credit risks materialized as non-performing loans and pressure on pre-provision income, liquidity risks as deposit outflows, and market risks as changes in interest and exchange rates. |
| Date: | 2024–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/019&r=env |
| By: | Louison Cahen-Fourot (Institut de sciences sociales et de commerce, Université de Roskilde); Gaël Plumecocq (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Franck-Dominique Vivien (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04398543&r=env |
| By: | Falilou Fall; Priscilla Fialho; Tony Huang |
| Abstract: | Infrastructure investment has been low in Brazil over the last decades, leaving significant gaps in all infrastructure sectors. To close these gaps, public investment will need to increase and become more effective, while additional private resources need to be mobilised. Improving strategic planning and effectively translating it into budget allocations over time would increase the quality of infrastructure projects. Promoting foreign participation in public procurement would raise competition and value for public money, while strengthening the governance of SOEs would enhance the quality of infrastructure services. Minimising policy and judicial risks would help to leverage more private infrastructure financing, including at longer maturities, while ensuring an adequate risk sharing between public and private actors. |
| Keywords: | Financial Risk and Management, Financing Policy, Government Investment, Infrastructure, Road Maintenance, Transportation Planning |
| JEL: | G32 H54 L91 R42 |
| Date: | 2024–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1790-en&r=env |
| By: | Alberto Pliego Marug\'an; Fausto Pedro Garc\'ia M\'arquez; Jes\'us Mar\'ia Pinar P\'erez |
| Abstract: | Currently, wind energy is one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Offshore locations for wind turbines are increasingly exploited because of their numerous advantages. However, offshore wind farms require high investment in maintenance service. Due to its complexity and special requirements, maintenance service is usually outsourced by wind farm owners. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to determine, quantify, and reduce the possible conflicts of interest between owners and maintenance suppliers. We created a complete techno-economic model to address this problem from an impartial point of view. An iterative process was developed to obtain statistical results that can help stakeholders negotiate the terms of the contract, in which the availability of the wind farm is the reference parameter by which to determine penalisations and incentives. Moreover, a multi-objective programming problem was addressed that maximises the profits of both parties without losing the alignment of their interests. The main scientific contribution of this paper is the maintenance analysis of offshore wind farms from two perspectives: that of the owner and the maintenance supplier. This analysis evaluates the conflicts of interest of both parties. In addition, we demonstrate that proper adjustment of some parameters, such as penalisation, incentives, and resources, and adequate control of availability can help reduce this conflict of interests. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.08251&r=env |