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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Patrick Gruning (Latvijas Banka); Zeynep Kantur (Baskent University) |
| Abstract: | The most effective approach to tackling climate change is by decarbonising produc- tion processes. However, decarbonisation might render assets stranded, impacting not only the relevant sector but also causing a ripple effect across all sectors, thereby potentially destabilising macroeconomic stability. We develop a multi-sector New Keynesian model with two physical capital types (brown and green) and input- output linkages to examine the economic impact of sector-specific capital stranding. Stranded brown capital in the brown sector yields a relocation of economic ac- tivities to the green sector and thus environmental benefits with small aggregate consequences, while brown capital stranding in both sectors implies larger economic costs and smaller environmental benefits. Brown consumption taxes and green pro- ductivity shocks facilitate the green transition, while brown investment taxes or green investment subsidies turn out to be less favourable policies in this respect. However, a combination of these two investment policies yields favourable economic and environmental outcomes. Doubling the carbon tax in the brown sector yields significant relocation activities at relatively small economic costs. If the central bank responds strongly to short-run inflationary pressures of carbon tax increases, this leads to larger output losses in the short run and higher output gains in the long run. |
| Keywords: | capital utilization, stranded assets, production network, climate change, fiscal policy, monetary policy |
| JEL: | E22 E32 E52 E61 L14 |
| Date: | 2023–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:wpaper:202306&r=env |
| By: | Anton Nakov (ECB and CEPR); Carlos Thomas (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | We study the implications of climate change and the associated mitigation measures for optimal monetary policy in a canonical New Keynesian model with climate externalities. Provided they are set at their socially optimal level, carbon taxes pose no trade-offs for monetary policy: it is both feasible and optimal to fully stabilize inflation and the welfare-relevant output gap. More realistically, if carbon taxes are initially suboptimal, trade-offs arise between core and climate goals. These trade-offs however are resolved overwhelmingly in favor of price stability, even in scenarios of decades-long transitions to optimal carbon taxation. This reflects the untargeted, inefficient nature of (conventional) monetary policy as a climate instrument. In a model extension with financial frictions and central bank purchases of corporate bonds, we show that green tilting of purchases is optimal and accelerates the green transition. However, its effect on CO2 emissions and global temperatures is limited by the small size of eligible bonds’ spreads. |
| Keywords: | Ramsey optimal monetary policy, climate change externalities, Pigouvian carbon taxes, green QE |
| JEL: | E31 E32 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2334&r=env |
| By: | Isabella Neuweg |
| Abstract: | The paper presents the understanding of and attitudes towards climate change and climate policies in Ukraine, using a survey on a representative sample of more than 1 500 Ukrainians. The survey was carried out between October 2021 and February 2022 and presents the situation before Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine. The survey tests support for three main climate policies in detail: a green infrastructure programme, a carbon tax with cash transfers and a ban on combustion-engine cars. It shows that support for climate policies depends on three key factors: how people perceive the effectiveness of the policies in reducing emissions, how they perceive distributional impacts on lower-income households (inequality concerns), and if they think their household will gain or lose from the policy. The survey also shows that when citizens receive information that specifically addresses these concerns, they exhibit stronger support for the policy. How the policy is designed also matters: Ukrainians widely accept a carbon tax when its revenues finance green investments and/or compensate lower-income households. The paper highlights seven considerations for Ukraine policymakers to design measures that are effective and supported by citizens. Following Russia’s war of aggression and once conditions are right, Ukrainian policymakers can also use the survey results to guide the reform of the environmental tax system- one of the goals in Ukraine’s recovery and reform agenda. The survey in Ukraine that the paper describes was conducted as part of a large-scale OECD international survey of attitudes toward climate policies carried out on over 40 000 respondents in twenty countries. |
| JEL: | D78 H23 Q54 Q58 P48 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:229-en&r=env |
| By: | Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria); Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | In a rapidly changing world marked by environmental degradation and governance disparities, understanding their impact on African women’s participation in the labor force remains a critical puzzle. This research seeks to unveil the intricate connections between pollution, governance quality, and women’s economic engagement in Africa, shedding light on vital pathways to empower women, mitigate pollution’s impact, and drive sustainable development in the region. Specifically, this study evaluates the impacts of governance quality and environmental pollution on gender economic outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) using data from 28 nations spanning 1996 to 2020. The study employs the dynamic panel threshold model. The key results reveal a negative and significant influence of ecological footprint on female economic participation. Furthermore, the dynamic threshold analysis reveals that environmental degradation undermines female labour engagement irrespective of the threshold level. The study also showed that below the threshold level, the interaction between governance quality variables and the ecological footprint exacerbates the negative impact of the ecological footprint on women’s economic participation. Above the threshold level, the interaction between governance quality variables and the ecological footprint mitigates the negative impact. Overall, key recommendations like improved pollution control measures, inclusive governance, and effecting targeted policies and programs to empower women economically, among others, are proffered to contribute to the improvement in governance, environmental sustainability, and gender economic outcomes in SSA. |
| Keywords: | Governance quality, Environmental pollution, Gender economic outcomes, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/072&r=env |
| By: | Mahlkow, Hendrik; Wanner, Joschka |
| Abstract: | International trade is highly imbalanced both in terms of values and in terms of embodied carbon emissions. We show that the persistent current value trade imbalance patterns contribute to a higher level of global emissions compared to a world of balanced international trade. Specifically, we build a Ricardian quantitative trade model including sectoral input-output linkages, trade imbalances, fossil fuel extraction, and carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and use this framework to simulate counterfactual changes to countries' trade balances. For individual countries, the emission effects of removing their trade imbalances depend on the carbon intensities of their production and consumption patterns, as well as on their fossil resource abundance. Eliminating the Russian trade surplus and the US trade deficit would lead to the largest environmental benefits in terms of lower global emissions. Globally, the simultaneous removal of all trade imbalances would lower world carbon emissions by 0.9 percent or 295 million tons of carbon dioxide. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions, international trade, gravity |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:280404&r=env |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to the world’s food systems. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events threaten agricultural production and the biodiversity and ecosystem services that underpin agriculture. Within food systems, climate change affects processing, storage, transport, and retailing of food and affects our food environments. These growing climate risks impact food security, nutrition, and human health, as well as equity and livelihoods, with poor food producers and consumers hit hardest. They make food systems a riskier source of income and reduce the availability of food — worsening poverty and inequity, disrupting livelihoods, and contributing to hunger and malnutrition. At the same time, food systems are failing to provide healthy diets for all, and are generating one-third of human-caused greenhouse gases. Solutions must address this complex nexus of problems. Climate change adaptation and resilience-building efforts for food systems must be accelerated to reverse growing malnutrition, ensure that all people can access healthy diets, and provide sustainable livelihoods. At the same time, efforts to transform food systems work to reduce their environmental footprint. Farmers and small businesses along food value chains in low- and middle-income countries will have to adapt their practices to a climate marked by extreme weather events and changing seasonal patterns in order to meet growing and changing food demand, while also contributing to mitigation. Support for this critical transformation requires not only the development, dissemination, and adoption of appropriate low-emissions, climate-smart technologies and practices, but also a focus on the policies, institutions, governance, and behavior change that can promote sustainable, inclusive food systems. |
| Keywords: | agrifood systems; climate change adaptation; gender; healthy diets; hunger; livelihoods; nutrition |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136977&r=env |
| By: | Konstantins Benkovskis (Latvijas Banka); Dzintars Jaunzems (Latvijas Banka); Olegs Matvejevs (Latvijas Banka) |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel method for modelling energy substitution in CGE models using energy processes defined according to the purposes of energy use. The purpose-based approach is superior for modelling the green transition because it closely mimics firms’ decisions regarding switching energy sources and is more parsimonious, relying on fewer industry-specific elasticities in the production structure. Latvia’s Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is an integral part of the joint CGE-EUROMOD modelling system used for policy simulations at Latvijas Banka. We improve this model by 1) incorporating endogenous substitution of energy resources by enterprises through the proposed purpose-based approach, 2) including the accounting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by all public and private sector entities, and 3) introducing explicit modelling of expenses related to these emissions both due to state-level levies and participation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). To illustrate the advantages of the augmented model, we simulate a scenario in which Latvia follows a linear path to achieve GHG emissions reduction consistent with its European Green Deal objectives by 2030 achieved solely through carbon pricing. The analysis of this scenario suggests that over a three-year horizon ending in 2025, the resulting cumulative welfare losses would exceed 2% in the case of an uncompensated carbon tax (resulting in a budget balance improvement of 2.6% of GDP) or amount to 0.3% if government consumption is increased to keep the budget balance constant. If instead the size of the public sector is maintained and the higher carbon tax is compensated by a VAT rate cut, economic activity expands by 1% but GHG emissions fall by 40% less. |
| Keywords: | CGE model, Latvia, GHG emissions, Emissions Trading Scheme, carbon tax, energy substitution, green transformation, energy transition, European Green Deal, EUROMOD |
| JEL: | C68 Q58 Q48 Q54 Q41 |
| Date: | 2023–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:wpaper:202307&r=env |
| By: | David Molitor (University of Illinois and NBER); Corey White (Monash University and IZA) |
| Abstract: | Do environmental conditions pose greater health risks to individuals living in urban or rural areas? The answer is theoretically ambiguous: while urban areas have traditionally been associated with heightened exposure to environmental pollutants, the economies of scale and density inherent to urban environments offer unique opportunities for mitigating or adapting to these harmful exposures. To make progress on this question, we focus on the United States and consider how exposures—to air pollution, drinking water pollution, and extreme temperatures—and the response to those exposures differ across urban and rural settings. While prior studies have addressed some aspects of these issues, substantial gaps in knowledge remain, in large part due to historical deficiencies in monitoring and reporting, especially in rural areas. As a step toward closing these gaps, we present new evidence on urban-rural differences in air quality and population sensitivity to air pollution, leveraging recent advances in remote sensing measurement and machine learning. We find that the urban-rural gap in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has converged over the last two decades and the remaining gap is small relative to the overall declines. Furthermore, we find that residents of urban counties are, on average, less vulnerable to the mortality effects of PM2.5 exposure. We also discuss promising areas for future research. |
| Keywords: | environment, urban, rural, pollution, health |
| JEL: | I10 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-25&r=env |
| By: | GARCIA-GUTIERREZ Pelayo (European Commission - JRC); KLENERT David; MARSCHINSKI Robert (European Commission - JRC); TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The first part of this study applies life cycle analysis and life cycle costing methods to assess the impacts of eight alternative scenarios (pathways) for the management of 1 tonne of waste oil with certain physico-chemical properties, including three regeneration pathways (hydro-treatment, solvent extraction and distillation) and five energy recovery pathways (two types of distillation into fuel oil, direct incineration in cement kilns, direct incineration in hazardous waste incinerators and direct incineration in industrial boilers). Whereas regeneration outperforms all energy recovery pathways from a climate change perspective, the results are more nuanced when considering the societal life cycle costs, i.e. the sum of internal and external costs (monetised environmental emissions). In the second part of this study, we analyse different policies to achieve higher regeneration rates in terms of their environmental and socio-economic impacts. In particular, we quantify the impacts of a 70% and an 85% regeneration target at EU level. Both targets indicate rather minor benefits. The 70% target leads to 0.6 Mt total CO2-equivalent savings and 124 million € net savings in terms of societal costs over the period 2024-2045. For the 85% target, CO2-equivalent savings amount to 1.7 Mt, net savings in terms of societal costs to 330 million € (both over the period 2024-2045) and net employment creation to 329 jobs by 2045. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc133752&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Angelos Plataniotis |
| Abstract: | In this editorial, we explore the urgent need of sustainable management and preservation of marine and coastal ecosystems, by combining the insights and contributions of five research articles, each addressing critical aspects of this complex challenge. From advocating sustainable ocean-based industries to exploring the economic valuation of ecosystems in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, these articles present a multifaceted approach. They underscore the need to integrate economic, environmental, and social considerations, highlighting innovative solutions, community engagement, and policymaking leveraged toward a sustainable future for our oceans. |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2321&r=env |
| By: | Jakob Lehr; Katrin Rehdanz |
| Abstract: | This paper represents an addition to the scanty empirical evidence relating to the impact of temperature on the manufacturing sector. To study the effect of temperature on CO2 emissions (energy use) and plants’ economic performance, we combine daily temperature information from 11, 000 German municipalities with the German census of the manufacturing industry for the period 2004 - 2017. We find that temperature affects industrial emissions significantly. Low temperatures cause a large and robust increase in CO2 emissions as a reflection of heating requirements. For example, one additional day with a mean temperature below -6°C increases the average plant’s emissions by ≈ 0.15% or 6t CO2 relative to a day with mean temperatures between 12°C and 15°C. Evidence for increased emissions from electricity consumption due to cooling needs is less consistent. We extend our analysis to encompass the effect of temperature on economic performance. While finding consistent evidence for a negative effect of cold days on gross output and labor productivity, results for hot days are mixed. Finally, we interpret our estimates against the backdrop of climate projections. |
| Keywords: | Temperature, Manufacturing, Climate Change, Energy Use, CO2 Emissions, Gross Output, Germany |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 D22 L60 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_489&r=env |
| By: | Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Tian, Junyan; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing |
| Abstract: | Climate change is projected to cause an increase in average temperatures in Zambia and a decline in rainfall, particularly in the southern and western regions. The country experiences high rainfall variability, which climate change is expected to exacerbate, resulting in likely higher frequency and intensity of already reoccurring extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. The combined effect of the temperature and precipitation projections is anticipated to cause a decrease in water availability at national level and to adversely affect the Zambezi, Kafue, and Luangwa River Basins. Overall, these trends will exacerbate existing vulnerabilities in southwestern Zambia, as the region is already prone to droughts (as well as floods in some parts). On the other hand, the northern parts of the country are projected to experience a slight increase in rainfall and to be overall relatively positively affected by climate change. The key sectors most likely to be significantly affected by climate change in Zambia include agriculture, road infrastructure, and energy. In agriculture, the key risk stemming from climate change is the projected lower maize yields, as this is the country’s staple crop. Other crops are also expected to be adversely affected by higher temperatures, reduced rainfall, and increased occurrence of extreme events, particularly in southern and western Zambia. That said, changing climate conditions could create new agricultural opportunities in the north. Climate change is projected to negatively affect the livestock subsector, which will increase food security risks, particularly for subsistence farmers. In road infrastructure, the projected higher occurrence of flooding, especially in Lusaka Province, could have a knock-on effect for the rest of the economy, particularly if it damages key international corridors passing through this region and/or affects domestic supply chains. Zambia is significantly reliant on hydropower and is already experiencing severe power cuts due to drought. The risks in the sector are exacerbated by the location of key hydropower plants in the southern parts of the country and the projected drying up of main river basins. The electricity shortages have spillover effects on the rest of the economy, including the copper industry, Zambia’s key export. This has international implications, as Zambia is a top copper producer worldwide, and demand for copper is expected to increase significantly due to its crucial role in various green technologies. Thus, absent adaptation measures, the adverse impact of climate change in Zambia could affect global mitigation efforts and strategies. |
| Keywords: | ZAMBIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; climate change; extreme weather events; precipitation; water scarcity; agriculture; infrastructure; energy demand; maize; food security |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136956&r=env |
| By: | Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa |
| Abstract: | Substantial model variability exists regarding the likely meteorological impact of climate change on Kenya, particularly with respect to future precipitation levels. Significant regional differences are expected, largely due to Kenya’s diverse climate profile. Overall, temperatures are projected to increase while future precipitation levels are highly uncertain. Climate change is expected to significantly affect coastal areas, including because of sea level rise risks, stronger winds, and an overall warmer and drier climate. This will likely harm important ecosystems, including wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Some models project that arid and semi-arid areas may become drier and hotter, which would exacerbate preexisting water scarcity and agricultural challenges for the already vulnerable communities living there. That said, these projections are not corroborated by all models. The climate change impact on other areas, particularly south and west of Mount Kenya, could generally be positive, as it would provide even better conditions for agriculture. The key climate change risk for Kenya is from extreme events, in particular droughts and floods. The frequency and intensity of such events is likely to increase because of climate change. They also often lead to adverse knock-on effects, such as soil erosion, land degradation, and pest breakouts. Overall, Kenya’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2020) estimates that between 2010 and 2020, adverse climate change-related events led to annual socioeconomic losses of 3–5 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP). |
| Keywords: | KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; extreme weather events; climate change; precipitation; ecosystems; agriculture; water scarcity; drought; flooding |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136953&r=env |
| By: | Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Tian, Junyan; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing |
| Abstract: | Mozambique is already vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate change is projected to exacerbate their frequency and intensity. The occurrence of cyclones and flooding has increased in recent years and the trend is expected to continue. The country’s coast—where 60 percent of the population, the three biggest cities, and critical infrastructure are situated—is most exposed to climate change-related risks, including damage from cyclones and projected sea level rise. Densely populated and low-lying regions, such as Zambezia, Nampula, Sofala, and Maputo Provinces, are particularly exposed to risks from flooding. More broadly, climate change is projected to increase average temperatures across the country and to result in higher variability in precipitation, especially in the south. The most critical economic sectors vulnerable to climate change in Mozambique are agriculture, transport, and potentially energy. In agriculture, maize is likely to be the most affected key crop. This can pose risks to food security (alongside expected higher food inflation because of climate change), given maize’s widespread cultivation and role in nutrition. The impact on other crops is likely to be more limited, and to a large extent driven by damages from increased frequency of extreme weather events. This could exacerbate challenges in the sector, which is already constrained by low productivity and limited arable areas. That said, climate change could create some opportunities; for example, rice yields are projected to improve. Most studies project agricultural production in the central region to be most adversely affected by climate change, albeit the impact varies by crop and within regions. Mozambique’s transport infrastructure is highly vulnerable to climate change due to the projected increase in flooding, the low proportion of paved roads, their limited interconnectivity, and the vulnerability of ports to cyclones and storm surges. Damages to Mozambique’s transport sector are likely to have knock-on effects to other sectors and can have significant regional implications, as the country serves as a conduit for landlocked neighboring countries. Infrastructure damages, alongside the projected coastal erosion, may severely affect the tourism sector. Furthermore, Mozambique’s high dependence on hydropower exposes it to losses from rainfall variability, which is expected to increase. The country’s largest hydropower plant is located downstream on the Zambezi River, which various studies project to dry up due to climate change. Increased water use in upstream countries (such as because of greater irrigation needs and in response to growing populations) could also pose risks to Mozambique’s hydropower sector. |
| Keywords: | MOZAMBIQUE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; extreme weather events; climate change; infrastructure; flooding; agriculture; transport; food security; energy demand |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136961&r=env |
| By: | Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Mukashov, Askar |
| Abstract: | Climate change is not projected to materially alter Malawi’s climate profile. Instead, it is likely to exacerbate existing climate vulnerabilities by increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, and droughts. This is largely due to increased uncertainty around future precipitation levels. These adverse effects have already started to materialize and are expected to increase substantially over the next decades, particularly if efforts to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by high emitting countries are insufficient. Climate change is also projected to increase average annual temperatures across the country. Climate change is expected to significantly affect Malawi’s economy, mainly because of its dependence on climate-sensitive economic sectors and its low capacity to take adaptation measures due to preexisting macroeconomic vulnerabilities. Malawi’s sensitivity to climate shocks is underpinned by significant environmental degradation, in particular deforestation, watershed degradation, and poor soil management. The two main impact channels are likely to be agriculture and road infrastructure. In agriculture, the increased uncertainty around future precipitation levels in Malawi will likely result in higher variability in crop yields. Climate change is projected to exacerbate preexisting environmental degradation challenges, including soil erosion. These effects are particularly problematic due to Malawi’s high poverty rate, lack of economic diversification (the agriculture sector represents one-third of the economy and employs over 70 percent of the workforce), and significant dependence on rainfed production (about 80 percent of the population). Climate change is likely to significantly impact Malawi’s road infrastructure, mainly due to increased risk of flooding, which would have broader economic and social knock-on impacts. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; climate change; extreme weather events; environmental degradation; agriculture; infrastructure; poverty; economic aspects |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136955&r=env |
| By: | Gust, Sarah |
| JEL: | H75 I21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc23:277653&r=env |
| By: | D, Silva S. K. B.; K.G.D, Piyumali; Perera, Rasitha Thilini Suranjana; Kaluarachchi, K.D. K. G; Munagamage, Thilini; R.M.R, Ahammed; P, Piyankarage C. S.; Shahmy, Seyed (National Science and Technology Commission); Karunaratne, Veranja |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy, energy storage, and green hydrogen (EES) in Sri Lanka have a significant relationship with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This commentary aims to provide a critical perspective on the report's recommendations of the National Science and Technology Commission's Biennial Conference 2023 on Science and Technology (BISOST IX), the sub-thematic technical report on Clean Energy, and their alignment with the UN SDGs in the Sri Lankan context. The technical report provides insightful recommendations for Sri Lanka's energy sector under three main sections: renewable energy, energy storage, and green hydrogen. Also, it explores the potential of various renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and green hydrogen as sustainable solutions to address the country's energy challenges with spill over effects that contribute the enterprise's job creation to the development of the economy. |
| Date: | 2023–10–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:72g43&r=env |
| By: | Jenn, Alan; Li, Xinwei |
| Abstract: | Vehicle electrification has attracted strong policy support in California due to its air quality and climate benefits from adoption. However, it is unclear whether these benefits are equitable across the state’s sensitive populations and socioeconomic groups and whether disadvantaged communities are able to take advantage of the emission savings and associated health benefits of electric vehicle (EV) adoption. In this study, we analyze the statewide health impacts from the reduction of on-road emissions reduction (from reducing gasoline powered cars) and the increase in power plant emissions (from EV charging) across disadvantaged communities (DACs) detected by using the environmental justice screening tool CalEnviroScreen. The results indicate that EV adoption will reduce statewide primary PM2.5 emissions by 24.02-25.05 kilotonnes and CO2 emissions by 1, 223-1, 255 megatonnes through 2045, and the overall monetized emission-related health benefits from decreased mortality and morbidity can be 2.52-2.76 billion dollars overall. However, the average per capita per year air pollution benefit in DACs is about $1.60 lower than that in the least 10% vulnerable communities in 2020, and this disparity expands to over $31 per capita per year in 2045, indicating that the benefits overlook some of the state's most vulnerable population, and suggesting clear distributive and equity impacts of existing EV support policies. This study contributes to our growing understanding of environmental justice rising from vehicle electrification, underscoring the need for policy frameworks that create a more equitable transportation system. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Electric vehicles, emissions, health impacts, environmental justice |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5xv65775&r=env |
| By: | Benedict Clements (Universidad de las Américas); Sanjeev Gupta (Center for Global Development); João Jalles (University of Lisbon-Lisbon School of Economics and Management (ISEG)); Bernat Adrogue (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a systemic risk to the global economy. While there is a large body of literature documenting the potential economic consequences of climate change, there is relatively little research on the link between vulnerabilities to climate change, the buildup of climate debt by countries with historically large carbon dioxide emissions, and how well financial markets incorporate (or not) these risks to sovereign governments. This paper investigates the impact of both climate debt and climate vulnerabiities/resiliency on sovereign bond yields and spreads in advanced and emerging market economies, using a novel dataset. We find that changes in climate debt are an important determinant of spreads, but only in emerging market economies. Countries with high vulnerabilities and low resilency to climate change also pay higher spreads. This implies a triple whammy of challenges for emerging market economies as they confront the economic damages of climate change, the high fiscal costs of climate adaptation, and high borrowing costs. |
| Keywords: | climate change vulnerability; government bond spreads; sovereign risk; panel data; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | C23 E21 H5 H63 H74 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:660&r=env |
| By: | Yvan Guillemette; Jean Château |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the latest update of the OECD’s long-term scenarios, which are done every 2-3 years to quantify some of the most important long-term macroeconomic trends and policy challenges facing the global economy. For the first time, this update incorporates the effect of the low-carbon energy transition. The study first presents a baseline projection that acts as a business-as-usual scenario against which the economic effects of the transition can be gauged. Next, it outlines extensions to the OECD global long-term model (LTM) to consider energy use and associated CO2 emissions and describes an alternative stylised scenario in which OECD and non-OECD G20 countries successfully transition to low-carbon energy in a way broadly consistent with a net-zero target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. These extensions rely on a variety of sources, but most crucially on simulations of CO2 mitigation costs with the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. Finally, the model’s extensions are used to explore some fiscal implications of the energy transition, in particular how the negative economic effects of carbon mitigation could be alleviated by fiscal or other structural reforms. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, CO2 mitigation costs, energy transition, fiscal pressure, fiscal sustainability, long-term projection, long-term scenario, revenue recycling |
| JEL: | H68 J11 O4 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaab:33-en&r=env |
| By: | Odile Phelpin (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Département EcoSocio - Département Économie et Sciences Sociales pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Francis Macary (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Département EcoSocio - Département Économie et Sciences Sociales pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laurence Denaix (UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère - Bordeaux Sciences Agro - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The TETRAE project "Accelerating and Accompanying Transitions: Contributions and Impacts of Agroforestry in New Aquitaine" (AC²TION), aims to study the environmental and socio-economic performance of agroforestry systems (association of trees and crops on the same agricultural plot) in south-western France. As part of research component 3 of the TETRAE AC²TION project, we propose to present the methodological approach used to assess the environmental and socio-economic performance of field crop agroforestry systems at farm level in the Charentes region, using a multi-criteria decision-support method. By storing carbon, supporting a rich biological life in the soil and sheltering auxiliary insects in the canopy, trees play an active role in erosion control and soil conservation. Tree rows also play an important role as windbreaks and barriers to the atmospheric diffusion of pesticides. Trees create a habitat for crop pest beneficials, especially in areas where hedges and copses have long since disappeared. They can also act as a reservoir for fungal and bacterial pathogens. They also make the rural landscape a pleasant place to live. Agroforestry is therefore one of the levers that can support the agroecological transition to mitigate the effects of climate change, facilitate the implementation of other agroecological practices and provide ecological functionalities. The originality of our approach is twofold: 1) relatively few studies and applications have been carried out in New Aquitaine, in comparison with other regions such as Montpellier 2) at the heart of our questioning are the quantitative and qualitative decision levers and obstacles of agroforestry farmers in field crops. We propose to identify and classify their positive or deleterious effects, integrating them into an analysis of overall performance (environmental and socio-economic). Our methodological approach involves surveys and interviews with field crop agroforestry farmers, and analysis of the survey results, identifying the socio-economic and environmental decision factors involved in the transition. We will then use multi-criteria decision-support methods: Electre Tri-nC and Electre III to evaluate agroforestry performance. Qualitative and quantitative criteria will be used to understand the impact of such a system on microclimate and biodiversity. The same applies to soil enrichment for mineral plant nutrition, and positive externalities for humans. But agroforestry should also help reduce crop pathogens, with a view to reducing pesticide use. Anchored in the regional fabric of the Neo-Aquitaine region, the project is part of a strong partnership approach, with the French Agroforestry Association providing co-leadership. The Chambers of Agriculture of Charente Maritime and the Interdepartmental Chamber of Agriculture of Deux Sèvres and Charente-Maritime are also partners, as are several farmers. Our contribution to the project is also in collaboration with various arable and agroforestry farmers, based mainly in the Charentes region. Identification and classification of socio-economic and environmental decision criteria for the overall performance of field crop agroforestry farms. |
| Abstract: | Le projet TETRAE « Accélérer et accompagner les transitions : Contributions et Impacts de l'Agroforesterie en Nouvelle Aquitaine » (AC²TION), vise à étudier les performances environnementales et socio-économiques des systèmes agroforestiers (association dans une même parcelle agricole, d'arbres et de cultures) dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Inscrit dans le volet de recherche 3 du projet TETRAE AC²TION, nous nous proposons de présenter la démarche méthodologique d'évaluation des performances environnementale et socio-économiques des systèmes agroforestiers grandes cultures à l'échelle des exploitations agricoles en Charentes, avec la méthode multicritère d'aide à la décision. En stockant le carbone, en permettant une vie biologique riche dans le sol et en abritant des insectes auxiliaires dans la canopée, les arbres ont un rôle actif contre l'érosion, ainsi que dans la conservation des sols. Les rangées d'arbres jouent également un rôle important en tant que brise-vent et barrière à la diffusion atmosphérique des pesticides. Les arbres créent un habitat pour les auxiliaires des ravageurs des cultures, surtout dans les régions où les haies et les bosquets ont disparu depuis longtemps. Ils peuvent également constituer une réserve de pathogènes fongiques ou bactériens. Ils rendent le paysage rural agréable pour la population. L'agroforesterie est donc l'un des leviers qui permet d'accompagner la transition agroécologique pour atténuer les effets du changement climatique, faciliter la mise en œuvre d'autres pratiques agroécologiques et fournir des fonctionnalités écologiques. L'originalité de notre démarche est double : 1) relativement peu d'études et applications en Nouvelle Aquitaine ont été effectuées, en comparaison avec d'autres régions comme en territoire montpelliérain 2) au cœur de notre questionnement sont les leviers de décision et freins tant quantitatifs que qualitatifs des exploitants agroforestiers en grandes cultures. Nous nous proposons d'en identifier et d'en classer les effets positifs ou délétères en les intégrant dans une analyse de la performance globale (environnementale et socio-économique). Notre démarche méthodologique met en œuvre des enquêtes et entretiens auprès d'exploitants grandes cultures en agroforesterie, et d'analyser les résultats d'enquêtes, en identifiant les facteurs de décision socio-économiques et environnementaux de la transition. Ensuite, nous utiliserons des méthodes d'aide à la décision multicritères : Electre Tri-nC et Electre III pour réaliser l'évaluation des performances agroforestières. Des critères qualitatifs et quantitatifs permettront de comprendre les impacts d'un tel dispositif sur le microclimat, et la biodiversité. De même, sur l'enrichissement du sol pour la nutrition minérale des plantes, et les externalités positives pour l'homme. Mais l'agroforesterie devrait aussi permettre de réduire les pathogènes des cultures en vue de réduire l'utilisation des pesticides. Ancré dans le tissu régional néo-aquitain, le projet s'inscrit dans une démarche partenariale forte, avec le co-leadership du projet assuré par l'association française d'agroforesterie. Les chambres d'agricultures de Charente Maritime et la chambre interdépartementale d'agriculture Deux Sèvres et Charente-Maritime sont également partenaires, ainsi que plusieurs exploitants agricoles. Notre contribution au projet est en collaboration avec aussi différents exploitants agricoles en grandes cultures et agroforesterie, basés majoritairement dans les Charentes. Une identification et une classification des critères de décision socio-économique et environnementaux pour la performance globale des exploitations grandes cultures en agroforesterie sera donc livrée. Une étude de la faisabilité de transposabilité / montée en généricité de nos résultats de modélisation à un autre contexte néo-aquitain ou agroforestier est envisageable. Les résultats du volet 3.1 de recherche au projet multidisciplinaire AC²TION a pour ambition de mettre en valeur la complexité des effets de levier ou de contrainte, de comprendre leur interdépendance et leur hiérarchisation et favoriser le développement de cette voie de transition agroécologique en région Nouvelle Aquitaine, dans un contexte d'adaptation au changement climatique. Outre l'aspect enseignement et recherche (stage et post doc), des retours avec les acteurs terrain et des valorisations scientifiques sont prévues. Cette étude sera utile pour fournir aux acteurs de terrain une aide à la décision pour leur changement de système de gestion, notamment ceux qui sont dans des processus intensifs. Elle est également très utile localement pour réconcilier la population urbaine avec les pratiques agricoles. |
| Keywords: | Decision Modeling, Agro ecological transition, Agroforestry systems, Performance Criteria, Agro - écologie, Grandes Cultures, Agroforesterie, Méthode multicritère d'aide à la décision, Performance |
| Date: | 2023–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04289632&r=env |
| By: | Chenglin Qing; Shanyue Jin |
| Abstract: | Recently, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) has become an important factor in companies' sustainable development. Artificial intelligence (AI) is also a core digital technology that can create innovative, sustainable, comprehensive, and resilient environments. ESG- and AI-based digital transformation is a relevant strategy for managing business value and sustainability in corporate green management operations. Therefore, this study examines how corporate sustainability relates to ESG- and AI-based digital transformation. Furthermore, it confirms the moderating effect of green innovation on the process of increasing sustainability. To achieve the purpose of this study, 359 data points collected for hypothesis testing were used for statistical analysis and for mobile business platform users. The following conclusions are drawn. (1) ESG activities have become key variables that enable sustainable corporate growth. Companies can implement eco-friendly operating processes through ESG activities. (2) This study verifies the relationship between AI-based digital transformation and corporate sustainability and confirms that digital transformation positively affects corporate sustainability. In addition, societal problems can be identified and environmental accidents prevented through technological innovation. (3) This study does not verify the positive moderating effect of green innovation; however, it emphasizes its necessity and importance. Although green innovation improves performance only in the long term, it is a key factor for companies pursuing sustainable growth. This study reveals that ESG- and AI-based digital transformation is an important tool for promoting corporate sustainability, broadening the literature in related fields and providing insights for corporate management and government policymakers to advance corporate sustainability. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.18351&r=env |
| By: | Camila Yamahaki; Catherine Marchewitz |
| Abstract: | Although a growing number of investors are engaging with sovereign entities on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues, little academic research investigates this new form of investor activism. Applying universal ownership theory and drawing on eleven case studies of policy engagement, this article analyzes what drives institutional investors to engage with government entities and what challenges they find in the process. We identify a trend that investors conduct policy engagement to fulfill their fiduciary duty, improve investment risk management, and create an enabling environment for sustainable investments. As for engagement challenges, investors report the longer-term horizon, a perceived limited influence toward governments, the need for capacity building for investors and governments, the difficulty in accessing government representatives, and possible accusations of interfering with national sovereignty. This research contributes to the public policy and sustainable finance literatures and offers governments insights on the demands of the investment community. |
| Keywords: | Shareholder engagement, dialogue, shareholder activism, climate risk, climate change, environmental social and governance (ESG), public policy engagement, sovereign engagement, sustainable finance, universal ownership |
| JEL: | G15 G23 G32 G30 G34 G39 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2051&r=env |
| By: | Srikanth, R; Bhatt, J R |
| Abstract: | Eighteen percent of the World's population lives in India with a per capita energy consumption equal to that of 1/8th of the Developed Countries. This paper explains the role of coal in achieving India's SDGs with energy security, and summarises potential pathways for India's low carbon development strategy to attain Net Zero by 2070. |
| Date: | 2023–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:f6dhe&r=env |
| By: | Sitarz, Joanna; Pahle, Michael; Osorio, Sebastian; Luderer, Gunnar; Pietzcker, Robert |
| Abstract: | Carbon prices in the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) are a key instrument driving Europe’s decarbonization. Between 2017 and 2021, they surged tenfold, exceeding 80 €/tCO2 and reshaping investment decisions across the electricity and industry sectors. What has driven this increase is an open question. While it coincided with two significant reforms tightening the cap (“MSR reform” and “Fit for 55”), we argue that a reduced supply of allowances alone cannot fully explain the price rise. A further crucial aspect is that actors must have become more farsighted as the reform signaled policymakers’ credible long-term commitment to climate targets. This is consistent with model results that show historic prices can be better explained with myopic actors, while explaining prices after the reforms requires actors to be farsighted. To underline the role of credibility, we test what would happen if a crisis undermines policy credibility such that actors become myopic again, demonstrating that carbon prices could plummet and endanger the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Carbon prices, EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), Myopia, Foresight, Market Stability Reserve (MSR), Policy Credibility, European Green Deal, Electricity Decarbonization |
| JEL: | Q48 Q58 D84 H23 E37 D78 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:280455&r=env |
| By: | Filippo Maria D’Arcangelo; Tobias Kruse; Mauro Pisu |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies different types of climate change mitigation strategies countries adopted over the last two decades and assesses the policy synergies they might generate. The analysis exploits the rich policy repository of the OECD’s Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF). This is the most comprehensive and harmonised mitigation policy database to date, covering more than 120 policy instruments and 50 countries over 2000-20. Statistical cluster analysis yields four types of mitigation strategies, which differ in the variety and stringency of mitigation policies. Until the mid-2000s mitigation strategies were similar and based on few policies and low overall stringency. They started to differentiate in the mid-2000s and then in the mid-2010s as some countries enlarged the variety of policy instruments and raised stringency. Regression results indicate that emissions are negatively associated with the overall stringency of the country’s mitigation strategies. Moreover, this relationship is stronger for mitigation strategies comprising a larger set of instruments, pointing to larger policy synergies. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, cluster analysis, cross-country analysis, greenhouse gas emissions |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 C23 |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1786-en&r=env |
| By: | Bellefontaine, Andre; Rich Steinmetz, Lindsay; Buffa, Valkyrie; Storment, David; Fraas, Arthur G. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Decarbonizing the electric utility sector will require a substantial investment in renewable energy projects. The federal government has set the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by half by 2030 and entirely by 2050. Investing in clean renewable energy is a vital part of realizing a goal of net zero-emissions. States have a key role in promoting the development of renewable energy facilities to replace fossil fuels in the electricity sector. They have established Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs) requiring that a certain percentage of electricity sold to customers must be from renewable sources; 31 states, Washington, DC, and three territories have adopted RPSs, and seven states and one territory have set renewable energy goals (Shields 2021). The time required to complete National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) review of major infrastructure projects—including for renewable energy—has been a key concern in recent years. The recently enacted Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (FRA) included a permitting reform provision that codified presumptive deadlines for completing NEPA reviews. At the end of July, CEQ issued a proposed NEPA rule implementing the FRA provisions.This case study examines the federal permitting processes affecting siting and construction of utility-scale solar projects to identify the possible barriers associated with achieving federal and state renewable energy goals. The Western Solar Plan defines utility-scale solar as having a nameplate capacity of 20 or more megawatts (MW). We used the 20 MW threshold to identify major utility-scale projects. We assembled a sample of 46 utility-scale solar projects completing NEPA review for 2005–2021. We believe this sample covers most—if not all—of the solar projects completing NEPA review over this period.We find that most of these projects completed formal NEPA review within two years. However, many of them required 8–10 years from filing an initial application to reach operational status. The delay in taking these projects from initial application to full operation often occurred before (in a prequel stage) and/or after formal NEPA review. Resolving potential NEPA issues before formal review has likely contributed to delays in the early prequel stage. We also examine the efforts of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to expedite review and find that a major BLM initiative—the Western Solar Plan launched in 2012—has yielded a disappointing record over its first 10 years.Section I provides background information on utility-scale solar facilities. Section II describes the NEPA process and associated reviews (Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), etc.). Section III presents summary info on the projects that went through NEPA reviews and shows that many of the operational projects took 8–10 years (as of the end of 2021) from the initial application to reach operational status; Section IV outlines BLM’s actions, including the Western Solar Plan, to expedite its review process for siting solar projects on public lands. |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-45&r=env |
| By: | Evdokia Moïsé; Enxhi Tresa |
| Abstract: | Plastic products present several environmental, health, social and economic challenges that span from the extraction of raw materials to primary and final plastics production, to their distribution and use, and to the collection and sorting of plastic waste. International trade, which has facilitated the development of plastics supply chains, also comes with a range of challenges, such as a surge in demand for plastics ― notably in packaging ― difficulties to monitor plastics embedded in other products, and an increased risk of plastic waste leaking in countries that have less rigorous environmental regulations. Yet trade can also serve as a vehicle to access foreign pollution control technologies or to foster economies of scale for circular economy practices. Indeed, the implementation of circular economy solutions through trade policies is crucial in addressing plastic pollution. Such policies could include reduced tariffs on environmentally-friendly alternatives to plastic products; trade facilitation measures for reverse supply chains; or technical regulations, standards, labelling schemes, and conformity assessment procedures that promote product designs which will minimise pollution throughout the entire plastic lifecycle. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, Trade policies, Value chains |
| JEL: | F18 F53 F64 O34 Q38 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaab:279-en&r=env |
| By: | Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | By developing a conceptual analysis, this research explores the possibility of fostering a convergence between digitalization and sustainability, also named digitainability. This convergence is often seen as an opportunity to solve the various challenges the agrifood sector faces nowadays, especially those of feeding more people without deteriorating the environment and creating social divides and, at the same time, managing specific risks related to climate change, biodiversity loss, and hunger. The research describes how open innovation is becoming an imperative and explains the contribution of startups in the development of these new innovative initiatives. It also explains how sustainability considerations are closely linked to the development of servitization in the business context. Finally, it explores how these changes impact established companies, forcing them to develop ambidextrous innovation strategies to maintain and support their competitive advantage. In doing so, the paper illustrates some of the well-known effects of this ongoing change, while identifying the opportunities created and the challenges for which more research is still needed. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, ambidexterity, digitainability, agrifood value chain, servitization |
| Date: | 2023–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04317295&r=env |
| By: | Masako Ikefuji; Yoshiyasu Ono |
| Abstract: | Global warming is a serious and acute threat to our planet, but, when negotiating the allocation of permissible carbon emissions, conflicts of interest exist between developed and developing countries. Developing countries insist that global warming is the result of prolonged pollution emissions by developed countries, while developed countries demand that developing countries make efforts comparable to their own to reduce carbon emissions. They both generally believe that stricter emission limits will burden their economies because of the extra abatement costs required. We use a two-country model with wealth preferences and find that the effects of a country’s emission limit on the two countries’ real consumption and pollution emissions differ, depending on the combination of their business situations. If both countries achieve full employment, one country’s stricter emission limit decreases both countries’ real consumption, as expected. However, if one country faces aggregate demand stagnation and the other achieves full employment, a stricter emission limit imposed by the stagnant country increases both countries’ real consumption. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1222&r=env |
| By: | Dr Mir Hasan Naqvi; Asnan Ahmed; Dr Asif Pervez |
| Abstract: | The aim of the research paper is to understand the sustainability challenges faced by resorts mainly luxury in Maldives and to implement the sustainable tourism practices. The Maldives economy is dependent mostly on the fishing, boat building, boat repairing and tourism. Over recent years there is a drastic change that has took place in Maldives in tourism industry. Maldives has progressed to be the upper middle-income country and luxury resorts are the reason for increased GDP in the country. Although there are some practices associated with the luxury resorts to follow in terms of environmental concerns. Present study focuses on the triple bottom line approach and the 12 major Sustainable Tourism Principles as a framework for sustainability practices and its implementation including the challenges associated in Maldives. The paper suggests some recommendations on several paradigm of enforcing laws and regulations, waste management facilities, fostering collaboration along with promoting local agriculture. The study also contemplates on several other areas such as on the impact of sustainability initiatives, coral restoration, and the use of sustainable supply chains. The intent of the current research is to suggest methods to promote the sustainable practices in luxury resort in Maldives. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.18453&r=env |
| By: | Picchio, Matteo; Ours, Jan C. van |
| Abstract: | High temperatures can have a negative effect on work-related activities because workers may experience difficulties concentrating or have to reduce effort in order to cope with heat. We investigate how temperature affects performance of professional tennis players in outdoor singles matches in big tournaments. We find that performance significantly decreases with ambient temperature. This result is robust to including wind speed and air pollution in the analysis. There are no differences between men and women. However, there is some heterogeneity in the magnitude of the temperature effect in other dimensions. In particular, we find that the temperature effect is smaller when there is more at stake. Our findings also suggest that the negative temperature effect is smaller if the heat lasts, i.e. there is some adaptation to high temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, temperatures, tennis, performance, productivity |
| JEL: | J24 J81 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1353&r=env |
| By: | Paolo Melindi-Ghidi (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Thomas Seegmuller (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature interested in the new factors that may determine fertility behaviors. Many studies underlay that environmental concerns have a direct effect on households' fertility decisions. We present a dynamic model that explicitly examines this interplay, considering whether the number of children and environmental concerns may be complementary or substitutable. Interesting results occur when environmental concerns and the number of children are substitutable. At a stable steady state, a stronger effect of environmental concerns on household's preferences reduces the number of children, as also stressed by a recent literature. The dynamics can be described by an inversely Ushaped relationship between fertility and environmental indicators reflecting the impact of economic production, such as the carbon intensity, as we illustrate using data on US States. The dynamics also explain that regions with lower carbon intensity are those with lower fertility. |
| Keywords: | fertility, Environmental concerns, Quantity-quality trade-off, Transitional dynamics |
| JEL: | J11 J13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2324&r=env |
| By: | Alejandra Martínez – Martínez (Departamento de Estructura Económica, Facultad de Economía. Avda, de los Naranjos s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain); Silviano Esteve – Pérez (Departamento de Estructura Económica, Facultad de Economía. Avda, de los Naranjos s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain); Salvador Gil – Pareja (Departamento de Estructura Económica, Facultad de Economía. Avda, de los Naranjos s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain); Rafael Llorca - Vivero (Departamento de Estructura Económica, Facultad de Economía. Avda, de los Naranjos s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Climate change impacts international trade. The literature suggests that thisrelationship is driven by the damage to infrastructure and reduced productivitycaused by this global phenomenon. Furthermore, recent research indicates thatthe impact on energy consumption could explain the real effects of disasters inthe United States. Using a sample of 67 countries during the period 1986–2016, we analyze whether the secular increase in global temperatures and theoccurrence of drastic climate events (wildfires, floods, extreme temperatures, epidemics, insect infestations, storms, droughts, and landslides) affectcountries’ energy consumption and labor productivity, which can subsequentlyimpact international trade. By estimating a theory-based gravity model, ourresults suggest that energy intensity is the channel through which risingtemperatures affect international trade. Furthermore, the impact of events oninternational trade does not seem to be channeled through either energyefficiency or labor productivity. A deeper analysis suggests the key role playedby China in this regard. The Chinese government’s enormous investment ininfrastructure since 1998 to manage these types of disasters seems to be themost reasonable explanation. |
| Keywords: | climate change, energy consumption, productivity, extreme weather events, international trade |
| JEL: | C1 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2310&r=env |
| By: | Hufschmidt, Patrick |
| Abstract: | This paper studies whether the rise of environmental parties during the last few decades can provide an explanation for reduced housing supply. Specifically, we examine the impact of Green Party presence on short-term housing supply in Bavarian municipalities from 1987 to 2019. Using a set of staggered difference-in-differences approaches and a large panel data set, we find that the entry of Green Party members into municipal councils leads to an approximate 5.6% decrease in the short-term issuance of building permits. Our results suggest that even in minority positions, Green Party members can influence local decision-making through highlighting the negative externalities associated with construction projects. Moreover, this influence may lead to policy convergence, where other parties adopt some elements of the Green Party's environmental agenda to appeal to environmentally conscious voters. Overall, our study contributes to understanding the trade-offs between housing supply and environmental protection in decentralized democratic settings and sheds light on the role of Green Party members in shaping local land use policy. |
| Abstract: | Dieses Papier untersucht, ob der Aufstieg von Umweltparteien in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine Erklärung für reduzierte Wohnraumversorgung bieten kann. Insbesondere werden die Auswirkungen der Präsenz der Grünen auf die kurzfristige Wohnraumversorgung in bayerischen Gemeinden von 1987 bis 2019 analysiert. Unter Verwendung eines Satzes von gestaffelten Differenz-in-Differenzen-Ansätzen und eines großen Paneldatensatzes zeigt sich, dass der Eintritt von Mitgliedern der Grünen in die Gemeinderäte zu einem ungefähren Rückgang der kurzfristigen Erteilung von Baugenehmigungen um 5, 6 Prozent führt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Mitglieder der Grünen auch in Minderheitspositionen die lokale Entscheidungsfindung beeinflussen können, indem sie die negativen Externalitäten hervorheben, die mit Bauvorhaben verbunden sind. Darüber hinaus kann dieser Einfluss zu einer Politikkonvergenz führen, bei der andere Parteien einige Elemente der umweltpolitischen Agenda der Grünen übernehmen, um umweltbewusste Wähler anzusprechen. Insgesamt trägt diese Studie zum Verständnis der Abwägungen zwischen Wohnraumversorgung und Umweltschutz in dezentralisierten demokratischen Systemen bei und beleuchtet die Rolle von Mitgliedern von Umweltparteien bei der Gestaltung der lokalen Flächennutzung. |
| Keywords: | Party effects, housing supply, land use policies, natural resources, difference-indifferences |
| JEL: | H73 H77 R31 R38 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:280424&r=env |
| By: | Golka, Philipp; Murau, Steffen; Thie, Jan-Erik |
| Abstract: | Sustainable finance is often discussed as a solution to the climate crisis, but its impacts are limited and its discourse focusses on mobilizing private investments through public de-risking, without considering direct government action. We argue that this is due to an implicit reference to mainstream economic theory assuming that an active state leads to time inconsistency problems and crowding-out effects. However, these assumptions have been sufficiently refuted as public investments may actually crowd-in private capital. We therefore propose a paradigm shift towards what we call “Public Sustainable Finance”, geared at empowering the role of the state in the Green Transition on the discursive, policy, and political economy levels. Studying the case of Germany, we show how Public Sustainable Finance can be introduced despite tight fiscal regimes. To this end, we propose that – and describe how – the Klima- und Transformationsfonds (KTF) be given its own borrowing powers. By borrowing an average of 23 billion euros annually from 2024 to 2030, the existing financing gap that has been exacerbated following the November 2023 constitutional court ruling can be closed, enabling a more rapid and effective Green Transition. |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zcvue&r=env |
| By: | La, Viet-Phuong; Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Vuong, Quan-Hoang |
| Abstract: | Climate change, primarily driven by human activities, is becoming one of the most urgent global challenges of our time. Despite lingering doubts about climate change in some research documents, strong consensus within the scientific community still affirms that global surface temperatures have risen in recent decades. Over the past decade, significant efforts have been made by humans to address the climate change crisis, resulting in certain impacts in combating climate change and raising awareness about its consequences. However, the question remains: Are we heading in the right direction to effectively address this crisis, or do we need to reconsider our approach? This essay will examine some of major achievements in the fight against climate change, the increasing awareness of its impacts, the escalating severity of the climate crisis, and whether our actions are on the right track or require reevaluation. |
| Date: | 2023–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:xv4u5&r=env |
| By: | Conte Grand Mariana; Soria Matias |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence on the likely benefits of reducing the burden of heat in the labor market. We consider two different measures of wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) to estimate heat stress under the shade and the sun for 5 climate models and two future scenarios as of 2035, 2050 and 2100. Using Paraguay’s household survey, we calculate the share of people employed per working age population in agriculture and construction, industry, and services. Then, we consider a standard workability-temperature loss function for the average worker of each sector and exposure to WBGT and level of work effort. Using the discounted present value added per worker along with GDP projections, we assess the productivity losses attributed to climate change. When comparing 2050 with 2020, productivity losses due to climate change are 1.4% for agriculture and service, 0.3% for industry and 0.05% for services under the mildest scenario, and 3.7%, 1.1% and 0.2%, respectively if the future is hotter. Losses vary geographically and across climate models. When forecasting people employed and value added per worker, productivity losses attributable to climate change, when comparing 2050 with 2020, range between 1.4% and 2.1% of GDP under the mildest and harshest climate scenarios, respectively. |
| JEL: | J08 J28 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4636&r=env |
| By: | Alice Di Bella; Federico Canti; Matteo Giacomo Prina; Valeria Casalicchio; Giampaolo Manzolini; Wolfram Sparber |
| Abstract: | In 2021, the European Commission has adopted the Fit-for-55 policy package, legally binding European countries to reduce their CO2 emissions by 55% with respect to 1990, a first step to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050. In this context, it is crucial to help national policymakers to choose the most appropriate technologies to achieve these goals and energy system modelling can be a valuable tool. This article presents a model of the Italian power system realized employing the open energy modelling framework Oemof. A Linear Programming Optimization is implemented to evaluate how to minimise system costs at decreasing CO2 emissions in 2030. The developed tool is applied to evaluate different research questions: i) pathway towards full decarbonization and power self-sufficiency of the electricity sector in Italy, ii) relevance of flexibility assets in power grids: li-ion batteries, hydrogen storage and transmission lines reinforcement. A 55% CO2 emissions reduction for the actual Italian power sector can be achieved through an increase of 30% of the total annual system cost. Full decarbonization can be reached with four times today's annual costs, which could be lowered with sector coupling and considering more technologies. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.17443&r=env |
| By: | Simona Pojar |
| Abstract: | Green budgeting can help governments to incorporate environmental considerations into the budget decision making process and, thus, to meet their green commitments. Integrating such tools into the regular budget process is crucial to ensure that green budgeting can influence policy development and budget allocation. This paper presents an overview of how some EU Member States use green budgeting tools when planning the budget. It shows that, considering the various stages of the budget cycle, such tools are commonly used during the preparation phase, which is essential for the inclusion of green considerations into the budget. However, green budgeting has so far been mostly used to provide transparency over government actions and less so to decide on budget allocations. As the process matures, countries aim to use green budgeting more strongly as a decision-making tool. |
| JEL: | H5 H61 Q58 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:196&r=env |
| By: | Davydova Altana (Department of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University) |
| Abstract: | The paper compares the economic effects of the introduction of a national carbon taxation and the emission trading system (ETS) between the EAEU and BRICS countries in the medium-term. We also add to this group of countries Uzbekistan, which has an observer status in the EAEU, and Turkmenistan, trade and economic partner of the EAEU. The static computable general equilibrium model GTAP-E is used. Targets for reducing emissions are formulated on the basis countries’ intermediate goals, according to the national documents under the Paris Agreement. The results of simulations show that in terms of real GDP, countries such as Belarus, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Brazil, and India prefer an emission trading scheme to national taxation. While for China, South Africa, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, participation in the ETS leads to a greater reduction in GDP. Since the second group of countries has lower abatement costs than the equilibrium carbon price under the ETS, in the ETS scenario they reduce emissions by a greater amount and sell emission permits. The analysis also shows which sectors increase production after the carbon regulation. A considerable increase in production and exports is observed in chemicals, nonferrous, ferrous metals in several BRICS and EAEU countries. Despite that these industries are energy-intensive, countries decrease emissions by reducing production in the energy sectors. These industries can be potential joint comparative advantages in the context of declining demand for traditional energy sources. The findings can be useful for the integration policy. |
| Keywords: | Computable general equilibrium model, Carbon regulation, ????2 emissions, BRICS, EAEU, integrational policy |
| JEL: | D58 F11 Q43 Q48 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upa:wpaper:0058&r=env |
| By: | Isabella Neuweg (OECD); Nelly Petkova (OECD); Krzysztof Michalak (OECD); Yuliia Oharenko |
| Abstract: | The paper analyses the current system of environmental taxation and environmental expenditure in Ukraine, identifies issues in the way environmental tax policy is currently designed and implemented and highlights main areas where environmental taxation and expenditure could be improved. It uses data on environmental tax revenue and budgets from expenditure reports of the State Treasury Service of Ukraine over the period 2010 - 2020. Where available, preliminary data for 2021 were also included. The paper aims to support the government of Ukraine in reforming environmental taxation and public funding for environmental protection. Ukraine’s Post-War Recovery and Reconstruction Plan outlines ambitious plans for reform, including in the environmental domain. It envisions restructuring the current environmental tax system, expanding it to energy and transport and harmonising it with that of the European Union. It also foresees an analytical study systematising current taxes and payments in line with Eurostat classification standards. This paper can support these efforts. |
| JEL: | H23 H61 H71 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:231-en&r=env |
| By: | Bhatta, Bibek |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether the current discourses and debates at international level are aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 for i) affordable energy and ii) clean energy. Guided by the overarching vision of SDG7, this study assumes that both "affordably energy" and "clean energy" are of equal importance and examines their prevalence along two dimensions: parliamentary debates and news cycle. Results suggest that "clean energy" is used significantly more compared to "affordable energy" in both parliamentary debates and newspapers in the UK, US and Ireland. This is the first study that we are aware of that examines the possible incongruity between international discourses and SDG7. It also adds to the emerging debate on whether affordable energy and clean energy are of equal importance or whether one is superior to the other. It also points towards the need for a macroeconomic evaluation and cost consideration when it comes to creation of 'green jobs'. Finally, given that this incongruity is most severe in the US congress, this study also points to geopolitical implications for other countries. |
| Keywords: | SDG7, clean energy, affordable energy, green jobs, sustainable development |
| JEL: | Q40 Q42 Q43 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202308&r=env |
| By: | EGLE Lukas (European Commission - JRC); MARSCHINSKI Robert (European Commission - JRC); JONES Arwyn (European Commission - JRC); YUNTA MEZQUITA Felipe (European Commission - JRC); SCHILLACI Calogero (European Commission - JRC); HUYGENS Dries (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to bring forward a preliminary assessment of policy options for a possible review of the Sewage Sludge Directive. The main problem identified is that current sludge management is not fully aligned with current EU policy objectives, particularly on environmental and human health protection and circular economy. Two policy options were evaluated in detail: (i) monitoring and control of sludge, or derived materials thereof, returned to agricultural land complemented by targets for the return of the critical raw material phosphorus to agricultural land; and (ii) environmental and health protection through the mandatory transformation of sewage sludge into EU fertilising products that classify as phosphorus fertilisers, presently mostly following sludge incineration. The report quantifies and discusses costs and benefits for both policy options, including aspects related to human health and environmental protection, nutrient recycling potential, methane emissions, potential to stimulate innovation, and social and distributional impacts. In addition, further information is provided on information gaps and research needs. The report may help to further increase the knowledge base on sustainable sewage sludge management and stimulate informed discussions amongst all relevant stakeholders. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134591&r=env |
| By: | Marwil J. Dávila-Fernández; Germana Giombini; Edgar J. Sánchez-Carrera |
| Abstract: | Recent empirical evidence is challenging the conventional paradigm in macroeconomics, which assumes money is neutral in the long run. On the other hand, central banks are gradually acknowledging that climate change can potentially impact price stability, and the term climateflation has entered the vocabulary of policymakers. This paper contributes to current developments between these two major themes. We present an Overlapping Generations (OLG) model to study the interplay between conventional monetary policy and the environment in a context where the so-called “independence hypothesis” does not hold. Individuals are assumed to derive utility from consumption and environmental quality. Firms operate in a competitive market, but output is weighted by a damage function reflecting a negative externality from ecological degradation. We innovate by linking the environment to inflation through inflationary expectations in a modified Phillips curve. Central banks set the nominal interest rate using a generalised Taylor rule. They affect wealth composition via the individual’s intertemporal optimisation problem. Numerical experiments allow us to assess the robustness of the trade-off between environmental quality and economic activity when (i) expectations are more responsive to climateflation, (ii) the monetary authority is more inflation-averse, (iii) the central bank increases the inflation target, and (iv) fiscal policy is less stringent. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; Inflation targeting; Green transition; OLG. |
| JEL: | E52 E60 O44 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:905&r=env |
| By: | Jakob Lehr |
| Abstract: | Using the German census of the manufacturing industry, I analyze the impact of import competition on carbon emissions per unit of deflated sales (emission intensity). I combine precise information on firm-level CO2 emissions with sector-level trade flows. Looking at the period 1995 until 2017, I focus on the impact of the rise of Eastern Europe and China while addressing the endogeneity of trade flows with an instrumental variable approach. The baseline results suggest that a 1pp increase in the import penetration ratio caused a reduction of the average firms’ emission intensity by approximately 0.3%. This result implies that the rise of the joint East kept the average firm emission intensity 6% below the level it would have had in the absence of the East’s rise. I do not find strong indication for reallocation of production towards more efficient firms. Finally, I supplement the analysis by examining the effect of export opportunities due to the East’s rise. The results indicate that exporting to the East increased sales and, through that channel, lowered emission intensities. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emission Intensity, Energy Efficiency, Import Competition, Manufacturing Firms, Environment, Germany |
| JEL: | F18 Q54 L60 D22 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_488&r=env |
| By: | Nobuhiro Abe (Bank of Japan); Yusuke Kawasumi (Bank of Japan); Yutaro Takano (Bank of Japan); Tomomi Naka (Bank of Japan); Naohisa Hirakata (Bank of Japan); Kohei Matsumura (Bank of England); Ko Munakata (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | The use of scenario analysis for climate-related financial risks is progressing in various jurisdictions. In this paper, we conduct a top-down scenario analysis of transition risk for Japanese banks. We analyze a short-term (5-year) scenario, while long-term scenarios of about 30 years are often used in climate-related scenario analysis. In our analysis, we examine two cases regarding the extent to which firms adjust smoothly to carbon price increases: a smooth adjustment case and a slow adjustment case. In addition, we use a multi-sector dynamic general equilibrium model to account for inter-industry spillovers. There are two main findings of this paper. First, we find that the degree of firms' adjustment leads to substantial differences in credit cost ratios of banks. This suggests the importance of accounting for the degree of adjustment to carbon price increases. Second, we find that the carbon price increase not only has an impact on the directly affected key sectors, but also spreads indirectly to other sectors through inter-industry linkages, resulting in an increase in the credit cost ratio. This suggests that even regional banks with relatively small exposure to key sectors need to pay close attention to the transition risk. |
| Keywords: | Banks' stability; Macro stress test; Climate change; Transition risks; Carbon tax |
| JEL: | E10 E17 E44 E47 E65 F20 G10 G21 G28 G38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojron:ron231221a&r=env |
| By: | Celine Huber (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Luc Doyen (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Sylvie Ferrari (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity offsets (BOs) are increasingly used as economic instruments to manage biodiversity and ecosystem services in the context of economic development. This study investigates the sustainability conditions of BOs. It focuses especially on both the timing and pricing of BOs in development‐offset projects. To address this issue, a minimal time control model is proposed, allowing a dynamic and multicriteria approach to be combined through both ecological and economic targets. We rely here on no net loss (NNL) and positive net present value (NPV) goals. In particular, we focus on an offset marginal price, called offset sustainability price (OSP), which equalizes the NNL and payback times. We prove analytically how this OSP pricing corresponds to a win–win solution in terms of ecological‐economic synergy. We also show that this OSP pricing can be very high compared to the project rate of return, particularly when the biodiversity loss is high. More globally, a static comparative analysis shows the extent to which the economic and biodiversity parameters impact the OSP. Finally, a numerical application related to mangroves and aquaculture in Madagascar illustrates the analytical findings. For this case study, we argue that the current BO price is underestimated. |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04312260&r=env |
| By: | Ying Li; Lei Li; Zhi Su; Libo Yin |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the propagation of environmental regulation along the supply chain and quantifies its welfare implications. By incorporating input-output linkages into the workhorse tax incidence model, we derive statistically sufficient representations of the incidence under a general imperfect competition framework. In the context of China’s SO2 emission regulation, we show that emission fees affect manufacturing producers through two channels. First, manufacturing producers bear the full brunt of emissions fees imposed directly on them. Second, emission fees imposed on their upstream suppliers translate into higher input costs faced by manufacturing producers, who bear 29% of the burden. Neglecting the role of the latter would result in an underestimation of 5%–13% of the cost burden for most industries. |
| Keywords: | Input-Output-Linkage, Emission Fees, Incidence, Pass-Through |
| JEL: | H22 H23 Q52 D57 L60 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_483&r=env |
| By: | Scott Morris (Center for Global Development); Rowan Rockafellow (Center for Global Development); Alan Cameron (BlueCrest Capital Management) |
| Abstract: | Sovereign bond guarantees (SBGs) are an effective but underutilized instrument available to the US government in support of developing country partners. By protecting bond purchasers in the event of a foreign issuer country’s default, SBGs substantially reduce borrowing costs for developing country governments. In this CGD policy paper, we estimate the costs and benefits of historical US sovereign bond guarantees in order to model the use of SBGs for climate finance purposes. We demonstrate that the US government-provided SBG has the effect of conferring the US government’s cost of borrowing on the partner government. On that basis, it represents substantial savings for these countries. Based on this analysis, we propose a $20 billion “Green” SBG program aimed at financing climate change mitigation efforts in 28 emerging market economies. We estimate that the US government could support $20 billion in bond issuances through a subsidy outlay of $2 billion, resulting in a 22 percent reduction in borrowing cost of the target countries, which represents $4 billion in budgetary saving for their governments. We propose that the subsidy appropriations in support of the guarantees be retained and recycled within the Green SBG program, which would substantially improve the financial leverage of the program over time. We also suggest that the program could be used for climate adaptation purposes by targeting a different group of developing countries |
| Date: | 2022–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:250&r=env |
| By: | Marco Compagnoni (Dept. of Economics and Management, University of Trento (Italy)); Marco Grazzi (Dept. of Economic Policy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan (Italy)); Fabio Pieri (Dept. of Economics and Management, University of Trento (Italy)); Chiara Tomasi (Dept. of Economics and Management, University of Trento (Italy)) |
| Abstract: | In the debate on international waste trade, the focus on resource efficiency and recycling has gradually begun to accompany the focus on negative environmental externalities. In this context, we examine the impact of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) on the export of waste batteries (WB). EPR is considered as a key policy for the “marketization of waste”. On the other hand, WB are a hazardous waste that also contain a high concentration of critical raw materials. As such, they are of strategic importance for the recovery of critical resources, while at the same time requiring proper environmental management. Therefore, it is crucial to understand where WB are treated and how this is affected by related policies. Our results, based on difference-in-difference models in a gravity framework, show a consistent increase in WB exports after EPR implementation compared to the trend for other wastes. This result is likely to be an indirect consequence of the ability of EPR to support growth in waste collection rates, more accurate tracking of transboundary waste flows, and specialization of national waste management systems. In particular, EPR exports appear to be directed to countries with more advanced waste management systems rather than to developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Extended producer responsibility, batteries, trade, recycling, circular economy |
| JEL: | K32 Q51 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:488&r=env |
| By: | LELLA Ludovica; OSÉS-ERASO Nuria |
| Abstract: | The Final Report analyses the results of the participation of 10 European Regions in the pilot project "REGIONS2030: monitoring the SDGs in the EU regions - filling the data gaps" (published by the JRC of the European Commission on September 1, 2022, with the support of the European Parliament) and their proposals to develop and improve the framework of indicators for the regional monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. The Report illustrates the methodological approach and the data analysis for developing the indicator set, useful in the European framework for all European regions. Based on the analysis of the indicators proposed by the JRC about the SDG Targets, the 10 Regions (North Aegean, Western Macedonia, Navarra, Andalucia, Piemonte, Puglia, Pomorskie, Centro, Nord-Vest, and Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kutahya, Usak – T33) selected a set of available, functional, and additional indicators, in coherence with regional needs and priorities, also concerning the regional (and national) monitoring system. Thanks to the valuable work carried out by the regions in collaboration with the JRC and the regions' suggestions, the Report presents the final set of indicators proposed to monitor the achievement of the SDGs at the regional level in Europe. The availability of a coherent and comprehensive monitoring framework with a related set of indicators like the SDGs is critical to designing better place-based policies to foster sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135594&r=env |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Edeh, Hyacinth; Lawal, Akeem; Oniybe, Johnson E.; Daudu, Christogonus K.; Andam, Kwaw S. |
| Abstract: | Managing biotic stress, such as pests, diseases, and weeds, remain critical in enhancing the productivity of agrifood systems in developing countries, including Nigeria. The public sector continues to seek solutions for efficient and effective measures for addressing these biotic stresses, ranging from varietal technologies, improved crop husbandry, and the application of agrochemicals. The field-level evidence remains scarce regarding the effectiveness of these measures in developing countries like Nigeria. Furthermore, increasing climate uncertainty poses further challenges in identifying effective measures. This study assesses the damage abatement effects of agrochemicals in Nigeria and how these effects are affected by weather shocks. We extend the standard damage abatement framework to 4 waves of farm panel data to minimize the potential bias due to the endogeneity in agrochemical use decisions. Our results indicate that weather shocks have significant effects. In particular, rising nighttime minimum temperatures above 20 ℃ have significantly increased damage abatement effects of pesticides in Nigeria. This is possibly because of increased pest activities induced by the warmer nighttime temperatures, which, in the absence of pesticide uses, would cause more significant damage to crops. These results hold for all crops combined, as well as individual crops, including cowpea and maize, for which Nigeria has intensified its effort in pest control through both agrochemicals and Bt varieties in recent years. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; damage abatement framework; maximum likelihood estimation; pesticides; climate change; data; biotic stress; agrifood systems; developing countries; agrochemicals; weather; shocks |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2204&r=env |
| By: | David Ubilava |
| Abstract: | I present new evidence of the effects of climate shocks on political violence and social unrest. Using granular conflict and weather data covering the entire continent of Africa from 1997 to 2023, I find that exposure to El Ni\~no events during the crop-growing season decreases political violence targeted at civilians during the early postharvest season. A moderate-strength El Ni\~no event results in a three percent reduction in political violence with civilian targeting in croplands compared with the benchmark levels of this conflict evaluated at average cropland size and average growing-season exposure of local weather to El Ni\~no shocks. Because this effect manifests itself only in cells with crop agriculture and only during the postharvest season supports the idea that agriculture is the key channel and rapacity is the key motive connecting climatic shocks and political violence. Reassuringly, the magnitude of the estimated effect increases substantially, in one instance more than doubles, when I use subsets of data that are better suited for unveiling the proposed mechanism. This study advances knowledge of the relationship between climate and conflict. And because El Ni\~no events can be predicted several months in advance, these findings can contribute to creating a platform for early warning of political violence, specifically in predominantly agrarian societies in Africa. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.16370&r=env |
| By: | Alessandro De Palma; Marco Faillo; Roberto Gabriele |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on decentralized energy in Germany and how households’ environmental behavior in terms of energy consumption is shaped in these contexts. It sets out to gain a more precise understanding of whether decentralized energy initiatives are a good tool to promote the adoption of renewable energies and engagement in other sustainable behaviors to mitigate global warming. This study would be one of the first to investigate the effect of living in 100% Renewable Energy Regions, i.e., regions committed to achieving the status of 100% renewable, on households’ behavior using a large-scale dataset, with a quasi-experimental setting. The analysis, indeed, combines micro-level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with information on the Landkreis (districts) that took part in a regional energy project aimed at supporting regions to achieve 100% neutrality of energy production: Project 100% Erneuerbare-Energie-Regionen (100ee-Region). The findings show that German households living in these districts have considerably increased their energy consumption through the years with respect to untreated households. Moreover, results report that the adoption of renewable energies mediates the effect of the treatment on energy usage, outlining a concave parabolic relationship between the mediator and the outcome. These findings, based on real-world evidence, provide powerful information that should be considered by policymakers when promoting the decentralization of energy. Moreover, this study fits into the literature on the determinants of pro-environmental behavior, showing that contextual factors are crucial drivers of it. |
| Keywords: | Decentralized energy, energy behavior, rebound effects, Germany, policy evaluation |
| JEL: | C22 D19 Q40 Q48 Q28 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2055&r=env |
| By: | Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva |
| Abstract: | Interventions/Innovations Africa RISING (AR) initiatives in Mali were implemented in Bougouni, Yanfolila, and Koutiala cercles (administrative units) in the Sikasso region of the country. The initiatives included an ambitious cropping systems component focused on the adoption of improved crop varieties (sorghum, groundnut, okra, eggplant, and tomato) and farming methods (cereal-legume intercropping, cereal-vegetable intercropping, and fertilizer microdosing). Livestock system interventions aimed at improving small ruminant production through improved feeding and vaccination, while natural resource management activities concentrated on the reduction of soil erosion through contour bunding. Program interventions also included a series of nutrition-oriented trainings directed to extension workers and women as well as the establishment of nutrition support groups. |
| Keywords: | MALI; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; sustainable development; fertilizers; intercropping; extension services; climate change; dietary diversity; wealth; nutrition |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:137005&r=env |
| By: | Kammann, Ulrike; Aust, Marc-Oliver; Lewin, Wolf-Christian; Nogueira, Pedro; Panten, Kay; Sell, Anne Friederike; Stepputtis, Daniel; Strehlow, Harry Vincent; Weltersbach, Marc Simon; Wysujack, Klaus |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimac:339092&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Caloia; David-Jan Jansen; Kees van Ginkel |
| Abstract: | We study whether floods can affect financial stability through a credit risk channel. Our focus is on the Netherlands, a country situated partly below sea level, where insurance policies exclude property damages caused by some types of floods. Using geocoded data for close to EUR 650 billion in real estate exposures, we consider possible implications of such floods for bank capital. For a set of 38 adverse scenarios, we estimate that flood-related property damages lead to capital declines that mostly range between 30 and 50 basis points. We highlight how starting-point loan-to-value ratios are one important driver of capital impacts. Our estimates focus on property damages as the main transmission channel and are also subject to a number of assumptions. If climate change continues, more frequent floods or flood-related macrofinancial disruptions may have stronger implications for financial stability than our estimates so far indicate. |
| Keywords: | floods; financial stability; real estate; credit risk; climate change |
| JEL: | G21 Q54 R30 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:796&r=env |
| By: | Polanco, Rodrigo |
| Abstract: | Abstract This article describes the sustainable development provisions found in general in international investment agreements, as well as those that explicitly refer to environmental and labour standards. In turn, it examines in detail Chilean international investment agreements and their sustainable development provisions, both in bilateral investment promotion and protection agreements and as part of free trade agreements and compares them with the inclusion of these provisions in international investment agreements worldwide. Considering that Chile is one of the leading countries in the negotiation of trade agreements and, at the same time, has made a strong public commitment to promote sustainable development, in the conclusion, we propose some recommendations for future negotiations or renegotiations of Chilean international investment agreements to include more provisions on sustainable development. About the author Dr Rodrigo Polanco, WTI Senior Researcher and Lecturer, Academic Coordinator, Advanced Master Programmes |
| Date: | 2023–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1427&r=env |
| By: | Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Tzintzun, Ivan; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the impact of Africa RISING, a sustainable intensification (SI) program, implemented in Bougouni, Yanfolila, and Koutiala cercles in southern Mali beginning in 2012. Using a participatory action research framework, the program validated and promoted alternative SI options including fertilized groundnut and sorghum, crop-legume intercropping, intercropping of two compatible legumes, access to extension services, and fertilizer microdosing, while preserving ecosystem services in the face of projected population growth and climatic changes. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of quasi-experimental panel data (surveys conducted in 2014 and 2022) and difference-in-differences techniques. The unique study design allows us to estimate the impact of Africa RISINg by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within-village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison) on several indicators across five SI domains— environment, productivity, economic, human, and social. We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. We find no statistically significant differences among households in the within-village and out-of-village comparisons, most likely because of misreporting of program participation. Overall comparisons between households in target and non-target villages show a positive impact of AR on environmental variables such as access to extension services, implementation of intercropping techniques, and adoption of improved crops; on productivity variables such as green bean yield; and on economic variables such as an increase in the non-agricultural wealth index; but no statistically significant effect on human and social indicators, namely household dietary diversity, food consumption scores, and nutritional indicators for children 0–59 months old and women 15–49 years old. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights useful empirical lessons learned to inform future program design and impact assessments. |
| Keywords: | MALI; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; sustainable development; fertilizers; intercropping; extension services; climate change; dietary diversity; wealth; nutrition |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:137003&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) for Seychelles shows a relatively well-designed public investment management system, with well-unified budgeting arrangements and effective funding processes for capital projects. However, the assessment also notes under-execution of capital budgets and identifies important areas for improvement in medium-term budgeting, project planning, and asset management. The Climate Public Investment Management Assessment (C-PIMA) provides a climate perspective on public investment management in Seychelles. This module identifies proactive climate-related public investment coordination but gaps in the incorporation of climate resilience measures within the investment framework. Recommended reforms are geared towards enhancing project appraisal, defining roles in the public investment system, and integrating climate change adaptation into the planning process. These reforms, aligned with Seychelles' National Development Strategy, aim to optimize public investment management and ensure sustainable development in the face of climate-related challenges. |
| Keywords: | Public investment management; climate; fiscal risk; small island states; Seychelles. |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/371&r=env |
| By: | Marius BOTTIN; Ana Beatriz PIZARRO; Sara CADAVID; Luisa RAMIREZ; Sergio BARBOSA; Juan Gabriel OCAMPO-PALACIO; Benjamin QUESADA |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a pressing global issue, and educating young generations about its causes, consequences, and potential solutions is crucial for fostering sustainable practices; mitigating and adapting to its impacts. Despite many efforts, the effects of climate change education on the cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors of schoolchildren and their surrounding communities, and the kind of interventions that are more effective for different populations and settings, are still poorly known. We conducted a systematic review encompassing a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of studies published until 2023, in 13 databases and five different languages, focusing on the impact of climate change education interventions targeting schoolchildren aged 5 to 19 years and their entourages. A rigorous search strategy resulted in a final selection of 146 articles from diverse geographical locations, educational frameworks, and intervention and assessment methodologies. Findings from the systematic review shed light on a highly dynamic body of research and educational practices, with a high diversity of original theoretical and practical strategies and analysis frameworks. Moreover, most documents (>80%) showed positive effects of the described interventions for the cognitive, attitudinal, or behavioral outcomes they analyzed. The cognition outcomes (knowledge and awareness) were clearer and more predominant than the effects on emotions and intent (attitudes) or habits and actions (behavior), which illustrates the so-called knowledge-behavior gap. We draw an overview of research and educational practices in climate change and report the efficient and innovative practices (e.g., intergenerational learning, student-centered pedagogical strategies) when the literature permits it. Competition (vs. collaboration) & fear/anger (vs. hope) emotions dampen positive outcomes for climate change behaviors while local, personally relevant, and transversal interventions or fostering strong links to nature, give promising positive outcomes. However, we highlight a probable publication bias, i.e., researchers and journals tend to preferentially publish original interventions showing positive effects as opposed to negative or null results. Therefore, for climate change education to become the motor of positive change that we hope for future generations, it appears crucial that the actors of this field strengthen the CCE community of practices (national curriculum, materials, and teachers’ training), report more systematically all context-specific educational intervention results and use a more common language in their evaluations of educational practice outcomes. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en16160&r=env |
| By: | J. Bonan; C. Cattaneo; G. d’Adda; A. Galliera; M. Tavoni |
| Abstract: | Policymakers and firms use behavioral interventions to promote sustainable development in various domains. Correctly evaluating the impacts of a nudge on behavior and satisfaction requires looking beyond the targeted domain and assessing its interactions with other similar interventions. Existing evidence on these aspects is limited, leading to potential misestimation of the cost-effectiveness of this type of intervention and poor guidance on how to design them best. Through a large-scale randomized controlled trial implemented with a multi-resource utility company, we test the impact of a social information campaign to nudge water conservation over two years. We find that the water nudge significantly decreases water and electricity usage, but not gas. The effect is driven by customers who do not receive nudges targeting the other resources. Customers receiving the water report are also significantly less likely to deactivate their gas and electricity contracts, regardless of whether they receive other reports. Our results suggest that multiple nudges strain users’ limited attention and ability to enact conservation efforts. Users’ constraints in attending to multiple stimuli pose important challenges for designing policy interventions to foster sustainable practices. |
| Keywords: | Social information, spillover effects, resource conservation |
| JEL: | Q5 Q25 D9 |
| Date: | 2023–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:491&r=env |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Yann Raineau; Cécile Aubert; Niklas Möhring (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Pauline Pedehour (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marc Raynal (IFVV) |
| Abstract: | Green insurance is an innovative tool to help producers manage (perceived) risks of transitioning to more environmentally-friendly crop management strategies. It is is not yet part of the agricultural policy toolbox nor is it marketed privately on a large scale. We here investigated the best design, uptake determinants and potential pesticide reduction from green insurance for a decision support system (DSS) for pesticide reduction in grape-vine production. This is an important example, as pesticide use reduction is high on the agricultural policy agenda and grape-vine production is a major contributor to global pesticide use. For our analysis, we conducted a Discrete Choice Experiment with 412 French vine growers. We find that 48% to 60% of growers are likely to subscribe to green insurance, with differences across contract types and prices. Producers transitioning to organic production are the most interested in the contract. All types of producers exhibit on average lower interest for group contracts and index-based insurance than for the traditional individual loss-based contract. Using data from field experiments on DSS performance in reducing fungicide use, we estimate that adopters could reduce their fungicide use by 45% on average. Our results suggest that green insurance could be a cost-effective tool to advance ambitious EU Green Deal pesticide policy goals, and more broadly, support the transformation to more environmentally-friendly farming practices. |
| Keywords: | Choice experiment, Pesticides, Viticulture, Insurance, Index, Mutual fund, Integrated Pest Management |
| Date: | 2023–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04154920&r=env |
| By: | Nandeeta Neerunjun (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, GAEL, 38000 Grenoble, France); Hubert Stahn (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper is essentially based on the assumption that policies supporting investment in intermittent renewable technologies cannot be contingent on meteorological events causing this intermittence. This decision was taken by most policymakers to avoid overly complex policy prescriptions. But in doing so, the first-best energy mix may be out of reach. We compare, in a unified second-best setting, the feed-in tariff, renewable premiums and tradable green certificates policy. We consider a "two-period, S-state" model. The S states reflect intermittency. Production decisions for renewable electricity are taken prior to the resolution of the uncertainty while the fossil-fuel sector adjusts its decision in each state. Retailers buy electricity on a state-dependent wholesale market which they deliver to consumers according to a fixed-tariff or a real-time-pricing contract. All these elements matter in the efficiency assessment of these policies. |
| Keywords: | intermittency, renewables, feed-in tariff, premiums for renewable, tradable green certi ficates |
| JEL: | D24 D61 D62 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2335&r=env |
| By: | OHASHI Hiroshi |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:23027&r=env |
| By: | Linsenmeier, Manuel; Shrader, Jeffrey G. |
| Abstract: | Global weather forecasts are of great economic value for society, but geographical differences in forecast accuracy can create new - and potentially exacerbate existing - economic inequalities. Regional differences in forecast accuracy are particularly relevant if weather forecasts are considered as an important tool to help reduce the negative effects of future climate change such as mortality from extreme temperature events. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive global analysis of the accuracy of short-term numerical weather predictions of temperature and relate our findings to both existing economic inequalities and inequities in global weather monitoring infrastructure. We report three main results: First, temperature forecasts are currently substantially more accurate in high income countries than in low income countries. A seven-day-ahead forecast in a high-income country is on average more accurate than a one-day-ahead forecast in a low income country. Second, while forecast accuracy has improved steadily between 1985 and the present - with the largest increases in the 1990s - there is a persistent gap between high income and low income countries. Third, the infrastructure for weather observations is highly unequally distributed across countries, with fewer land-based weather stations and radiosondes in poorer countries. These inequalities grow even larger when lower reporting rates are taken into account. Remedying these differences in infrastructure would help close the forecast accuracy gap. |
| Date: | 2023–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7e2jf&r=env |
| By: | Yue Sun (Center for Policy Research, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, 426 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244) |
| Abstract: | Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, but there are large disparities in CVD death rates across the country. Air pollution also plays an important role in shaping geographic disparities in CVD mortality, as air pollutants can become absorbed in human circulation systems, and cause inflammation, damage nervous systems, and trigger poor CVD outcomes. This brief reports the results of a study that used data on air pollution and from death certificates to estimate the association between fine particulate matter and cardiovascular disease mortality rates in the U.S. in 2016-2018. Results show that cutting air pollution to match the World Health Organization’s proposed standards could have prevented over 300, 000 CVD deaths in the U.S. over this period. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, Cardiovascular Disease |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:max:cprpbr:66&r=env |
| By: | Bonan, Jacopo; Cattaneo, Cristina; D'Adda, Giovanna; Galliera, Arianna; Tavoni, Massimo |
| Abstract: | Policymakers and firms use behavioral interventions to promote sustainable development in various domains. Correctly evaluating the impacts of a nudge on behavior and satisfaction requires looking beyond the targeted domain and assessing its interactions with similar interventions. Existing evidence on these aspects is limited, leading to potential misestimation of the cost-effectiveness of this type of intervention and poor guidance on how to design them best. Through a large-scale randomized controlled trial implemented with a multi-resource utility company, we test the impact of a social information campaign to nudge water conservation over two years. We find that the water nudge significantly decreases water and electricity usage but not gas. The effect is driven by customers who do not receive nudges targeting the other resources. Customers receiving the water report are also significantly less likely to deactivate their gas and electricity contracts, regardless of whether they receive other reports. Our results suggest that multiple nudges strain users’ limited attention and ability to enact conservation efforts. Users’ constraints in attending to multiple stimuli pose important challenges for designing policy interventions to foster sustainable practices. |
| Date: | 2023–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-46&r=env |
| By: | M. Scott Taylor; Rolf Weder |
| Abstract: | Human beings' domination of the planet has not been kind to many species worldwide. This is to be expected. Humans have radically altered natural landscapes, harvested heavily from the ocean, and altered the climate in an unprecedented way. Recent concerns over the extent and rate of biodiversity loss have led to renewed interest in extinction outcomes and speculation concerning humans' potential role in any future mass extinction. In this paper, we discuss the economic causes of extinction in two high-profile cases - Sharks and the North American Buffalo - and then extend our framework to allow for multiple species and the possibility of mass extinction. Throughout, we present evidence drawn from authoritative data sources with a focus on shark populations to ground our analysis. Despite large gaps in our data, the available evidence suggests extinction risks are rising for many species and policy is slow to react. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q20 Q27 Q5 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31952&r=env |
| By: | Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva |
| Abstract: | Interventions/Innovations The Africa RISING (AR) program in Malawi was implemented in Dedza and Ntcheu districts in the country’s Central region, primarily using an on-farm participatory approach. The program supported cropping system improvements through promotion of improved varieties and quality seeds for beans, soybeans, groundnuts, and pigeon peas. It also aimed to foster the adoption of sustainable and productivity enhancing practices (e.g., legume legume or maize-legume intercropping and consistent grain-legume rotation) and nutrient cycling for soil enrichment (e.g., building soil organic matter, implementing a rainfall responsive nitrogen fertilization strategy). Livestock interventions focused primarily on supplementary feeding of goats to promote animal health and weight gain. Increased agricultural productivity and the processing of more nutritious grain legumes were considered prime channels for improving household income, diet diversity, and overall nutrition. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; sustainable development; fertilizers; intercropping; extension services; climate change; dietary diversity; wealth; nutrition |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:137007&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonello Lobianco (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Etienne Lorang (CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, TiSEM - Tilburg School of Economics and Management - Tilburg University [Netherlands]); Lise Peragin (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Face à des enjeux environnementaux multiples, le concept d'économie circulaire, dont le recyclage constitue un des sept piliers, est parfois présenté comme un système permettant de générer des bénéfices économiques et écologiques de manière conjointe. En théorie, un usage accru du recyclage permet de réduire la pression sur les matières premières brutes, ainsi que de réduire les stocks de déchets dont la gestion peut s'avérer problématique (risques de contamination des sols et des nappes phréatiques, d'émanations toxiques ou d'incendies). Toutefois, celui-ci ne doit pas apparaître comme la solution miracle aux questions environnementales. Par exemple, même s'il présente souvent un meilleur bilan carbone que l'extraction de matière vierge, le recyclage n'est pas exempt d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre (Delacote, Lorang et Lafforgue, 2019). Ainsi, le recours au recyclage ne dédouane pas d'une nécessaire action sur la sobriété, et les arbitrages ressource-déchets- carbone doivent être analysés avec attention. |
| Keywords: | Emission CO2, Economie circulaire, Recyclage - Réutilisation, Pomme |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04305137&r=env |
| By: | Kamil Aliyev (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | We develop a small open economy model with non-renewable natural resource, where firms can improve the extraction technology by investment. We analytically derive the equilibrium investment in extraction technology and then derive the equilibrium duration of non-renewable resource extraction. We show that a subsidy for investment in extraction technology promotes the investment and extends the duration. Moreover, we assume that the subsidy is financed by the income tax, and examine the effect of the investment subsidy. As a result, the higher the share of natural resource earnings in total output, the weaker the positive effect of subsidy on the duration is. The optimal subsidy which maximizes the profit from natural resource sales is lower as the ratio of resource sales to non-resource output is higher. |
| Keywords: | non-renewable natural resource, small open economy, optimal subsidy |
| JEL: | H21 O40 Q32 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:2312&r=env |
| By: | Dahlström, Petter (Indek, Royal Institute of Technology); Lööf, Hans (Indek, Royal Institute of Technology); Sjöholm, Fredrik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Stephan, Andreas (Linnaeus University) |
| Abstract: | The net-zero agreement on carbon emission from Paris 2015 gives a key role to fossil-free energy technologies with an expected multifold growth rate over the coming decades, when successively replacing oil, coal, and gas. In this paper, we delve into the EU’s competitive advantage in the evolving trade war in clean energy, investigate European strengths and weaknesses in innovation and production, and discuss the impact of the upcoming trade war on the global warming challenge. Our results show that the EU has a strong position in innovation capabilities in the strategic net-zero technologies. However, this is not matched by production capabilities: EU has only a few firms among the leading manufacturers in net-zero technologies. |
| Keywords: | Energy geopolitics; Net-zero technologies; Patents; Innovation Energy geopolitics; Net-zero technologies; Patents; Innovation |
| JEL: | F02 O18 Q50 R10 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1483&r=env |
| By: | Cisneros , Elías (University of Texas at Dallas); Kis-Katos, Krisztina (University of Göttingen); Reiners , Lennart (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | State decentralization is often promoted to improve public service delivery. However, its effects on forest conservation are ambiguous. Decentralization might not only improve local forest governance, but also change the incentives to promote agricultural expansion into forests. This study focuses on the power devolution caused by the proliferation of new administrative units in Indonesia. The discontinuous changes in government responsibilities at new administrative borders provide exogenous spatial variation to study forest outcomes. Using a spatial boundary discontinuity design with 14, 000 Indonesian villages, we analyze the effects of 115 district splits between 2002 and 2014. Results show a 35% deforestation decline within new districts relative to existing districts both immediately before and after splits. In presplit years, this can be explained through agricultural divestment by existing districts on territories that will be lost. In post-split years, the short-term forest conservation benefits seem to be rooted in temporary administrative incapacity to attract agricultural investments. |
| Keywords: | deforestation; decentralization; environmental protection; Indonesia; spatial RDD |
| JEL: | H77 O13 Q15 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0708&r=env |
| By: | Dimnwobi, Stephen; Madichie, Chekwube; Ekesiobi, Chukwunonso; Asongu, Simplice A |
| Abstract: | Financial sector performance is increasingly linked with the transition to renewable energy in the sustainability discourse of developing economies. This paper examines the nexus and implication (s) of financial development on renewable energy consumption in Nigeria (the largest and most populous economy in Africa). Specifically, this study utilised the broad based financial development index data to effectively address the multidimensional nature of financial development and the portion of renewable energy in total energy consumption as key variables, while other relevant pieces of information (growth rate of per capita GDP, foreign direct investment and consumer price index) were incorporated. The study employed a blend of the ADF test and Zivot-Andrew test to ascertain stationarity properties as well as the likelihood of structural breaks, while the ARDL was utilized to determine the long-run relationship(s) using data from 1981 to 2019. The study estimation finds, among other things, that financial development is critical for renewable energy consumption in Nigeria and recommends policies to promote better outcomes for the financial and energy sectors, respectively. |
| Keywords: | Financial development; Renewable energy consumption; Nigeria |
| JEL: | O1 O13 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119312&r=env |
| By: | Fabian Stephany; Eugenia Gonzalez Ehlinger |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:wpaper:node_9605&r=env |
| By: | Hideo Konishi (Boston College); Minoru Nakada (Nagoya University); Akihisa Shibata (Kyoto University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the e§ects of a free trade agreement (FTA) with environmental provisions between northern and southern countries. We explicitly consider clean technology transfers from the North to the South and the enforcement levels of adopting clean technology in the South, which have not been discussed so far. Southern producers beneÖt greatly from having unimpeded access to a northern market, but they are reluctant to use new high-cost, clean technology provided by the North. We investigate how environmentally conscious northern countries could design an FTA in which southern countries are provided with sufficient membership benefits but follow tighter enforcement requirements. We provide a quantitative evaluation of FTA policies using a numerical example. |
| Keywords: | Free trade agreements; Deep integration; Technology transfer; Monetary transfer; Environmental provisions; Enforcement |
| JEL: | F15 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:bocoec:1063&r=env |
| By: | Ekaterina Alekhanova (Department of Economics, Carleton University); Kate Foreman (NERA Economic Consulting); Maya Papineau (Department of Economics, Carleton University); Reid Stevens (Independent Consultant) |
| Abstract: | On July 1, 2010, congestion pricing during peak traffic times was implemented on the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. In response to the toll, automobile traffic on the bridge declined. Exploiting a quasi-experimental approach, the study finds that although public transit ridership increased after the new road toll policy went into effect, congestion pricing did not cause a change in traffic-related air pollution and respiratory illness incidence in the bridge vicinity, in contrast with the past work on the topic in other settings. This points to the importance of considering the heterogenous place-based factors that drive the welfare effects of environmental policy. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, Respiratory Health, Congestion Pricing, Public Transit |
| Date: | 2023–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:car:carecp:23-07&r=env |
| By: | Sergei, Chernavskii |
| Abstract: | Many countries, for one reason or another, suffer from a shortage of fossil fuels, which have been the main source of primary energy in the world for more than 200 years. As early as the 1960s, nuclear power plants with lower production costs than fossil fuel condensing power plants began to be built. This created a widespread demand for nuclear power plants in many not only developed but also developing countries. However, the spread of nuclear power as a primary energy source has been very uneven. Periods of accelerated growth of nuclear power alternate with periods of deceleration and even stagnation. A wide palette of factors influencing both the growth of nuclear power (energy balance deficit, countries' desire for energy independence and reduction of energy supply costs, threat of global warming on Earth, depletion of fossil fuel resources, use of economies of scale, etc.) and its inhibition (assessment of the acceptability of nuclear energy as a primary energy source, lack of knowledge about the development of nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors, complexity of human and technical systems, serious a It is shown that a realistic, objective and comprehensive assessment of the whole palette of drivers and limiting factors of nuclear power growth requires an interdisciplinary approach and contributes to improving the quality of forecasting the development of nuclear power and society as a whole. |
| Keywords: | nuclear power, public welfare, energy demand, energy production costs, primary energy, accidents at nuclear power plants, acceptability, global climate warming, renewable energy sources, depletion of fossil fuel resources |
| JEL: | Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119263&r=env |
| By: | Tristan Grupp; Prakash Mishra; Mathias Reynaert; Arthur A. van Benthem |
| Abstract: | The European Union designates 26% of its landmass as a protected area, limiting economic development to favor biodiversity. This paper uses the staggered introduction of protected-area policies between 1985 and 2020 to study the selection of land for protection and the causal effect of protection on vegetation cover and nightlights. Our results reveal protection did not affect the outcomes in any meaningful way across four decades, all countries, protection cohorts, and a wide range of land and climate attributes. We conclude that European conservation efforts lack ambition because policymakers select land for protection not threatened by development. |
| JEL: | Q23 Q24 Q57 R14 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31934&r=env |
| By: | Shih, Wan-Yu (National Taiwan University) |
| Abstract: | 本研究探討台北盆地夏季的風場、溫度變化並提出相對應的土地規劃策略，以期了解盆地都市發展區的自然通風機制，為都市高溫減緩和風廊指認…等提供科學證據參考。本文彙整2011至2020年間，台北盆地及周遭地區共28個中央氣象局地面測量氣象站的夏季風向、風速和溫度資訊，透過描述統計、風瑰圖製作以及空間分析將風紋、溫度分布與地理特徵進行視覺化的呈現。結果顯示，夏季盛行風受海陸循環和地形的交互作用影響，在大部分地區以東風出現的機率為最高，但各地在風向、風速上都存在時空差異。盆地北側淡水河周遭有明顯的海陸風轉換現象；淡水河以西有局部輻合的風場特徵；而盆地南側則受到較顯著的南風影響。溫度分析顯示，下風處的蘆洲、社子、石牌一帶是夏季高溫盤據的地區。據此，建議城市氣候規劃考量盆地通風機制的整體性並針對區域風紋調整開發強度、劃設風廊及開放空間：對於上風處地土地使用與熱氣排放也需要有所管制，避免高溫風險轉嫁至下風處。This study explores the variation of wind field and air temperature of Taipei Basin in summer, thereby proposes corresponding land planning strategies. It aims to understand the mechanism of natural ventilation of the urban development areas inside the basin so as to inform urban heat mitigation and wind corridor designation with scientific evidence. This paper adopts wind direction, wind speed and temperature between 2011 and 2020 summer from 28 weather stations across the space of Taipei Basin. Through descriptive statistics, wind rose making and spatial analyses, this study visualises the spatial pattern of wind and temperature against topography. The result shows, the dominant wind in summer is influenced by the interaction of sea-land circulation and terrain. Eastern is the dominant wind direction for the most areas, but there are spatial-temporal differences on wind direction and speed. Sea-land wind was obvious around northern basin near the Tam-shui river; convergence pattern was found on the west side of the Tam-shui river; and southern basin have more frequent southern wind. The result of temperature analysis showed that the downwind area, such as Luzhou, Shezi, and Shipai, are subjected to high summer temperature. Accordingly, this study suggests considering ventilation mechanism of Taipei basin as a whole system and adjusting development intensity, allocating wind corridors and open spaces based on specific local wind pattern. It is also necessary to control land use and heat emission at upwind areas to avoid transferring heat risk to downwind areas. |
| Date: | 2023–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xa8wj&r=env |
| By: | Patel, Sejal (Grupo de Mercados Sostenibles y Cambio Climático del IIED); Plutshack, Victoria (Proyecto James E. Rogers de Acceso a la Energía de la Universidad de Duke); Kajumba, Tracy C (Equipo de fortalecimiento de asociaciones del Grupo de Cambio Climático del IIED); López-Uribe, María del Pilar (Universidad de los Andes); Krishnapriya, PP (Stanford School of Public Policy de la Universidad de Duke) |
| Abstract: | El cambio climático tendrá importantes repercusiones a largo plazo sobre las personas, los ecosistemas y la economía mundial. Para evitar impactos catastróficos, el mundo debe movilizar financiación a gran escala para lograr transiciones rápidas y sustanciales con bajas emisiones de carbono en todos los sectores y regiones. Es crucial mejorar los enfoques de financiación sostenible y reforzar la alineación de los mercados con esta transición. Está demostrado que la financiación de la lucha contra el cambio climático no llega a quienes más la necesitan. A pesar de los importantes riesgos climáticos a los que se enfrentan las mujeres y las niñas, sólo el 2, 3% de la financiación climática pretende apoyar principalmente la igualdad de género. Las transiciones con bajas emisiones de carbono deben diseñarse teniendo debidamente en cuenta las desigualdades de género contextuales. |
| Keywords: | Equidad de género; financiación climática; desarrollo resiliente con bajas emisiones de carbono; economía del cambio climático; inversión inclusiva. |
| JEL: | J16 P28 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021002&r=env |
| By: | Alessandro Bratti (Autorità di bacino distrettuale del fiume Po (ADBPO) and University of Ferrara); Alberto Cavazzini (University of Ferrara, DOCPAS, Italy); Elisa Chioatto (University of Ferrara, DEM, Italy); Massimiliano Mazzanti (University of Ferrara, DEM, Italy); Fabiola Onofrio (University of Ferrara, DEM, Italy) |
| Keywords: | green chemistry, innovation, petrochemical industry |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0323&r=env |
| By: | Baldwin, Katherine; Williams, Brian; Sichko, Christopher; Tsiboe, Francis; Toossi, Saied; Jones, Jordan W.; Turner, Dylan; Raszap Skorbiansky, Sharon |
| Abstract: | This is the 2022 edition of the annual series documenting developments in U.S. agricultural policies, with a focus on policies related to production agriculture, agrofood value chains, and food and nutrition assistance. Developments related to production agriculture include temporary assistance programs in response to extreme weather and the continuing effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; changes to standing farm programs, including commodity programs, conservation programs, credit programs, and crop insurance; the development of new programs, including the Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities, and the allocation of additional resources for existing USDA conservation programs to support the adoption of certain practices with climate mitigation benefits; the introduction of new measures and programs focused on improving equity; updates to USDA organic regulations and the launch of new programs to support producers transitioning to organic operations; and developments in certain laws and regulations overseen by agencies other than USDA that affect the agricultural sector. In 2022, developments in agrofood value chain policies related to the continued economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain vulnerabilities. In the realm of food and nutrition assistance, 2022 saw the continued development of temporary changes to existing food assistance programs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; the establishment of a new permanent Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer program; the implementation of various emergency actions to respond to reduced infant formula availability; and the release of a National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health in conjunction with the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing, Public Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:339005&r=env |
| By: | Geden, Oliver; Knopf, Brigitte; Schenuit, Felix |
| Abstract: | Nach dem Abschluss des Fit for 55-Pakets wird die Klimapolitik der Europäischen Union (EU) in ihre nächste Phase eintreten. Eine der wichtigsten Entscheidungen wird sein, das übergreifende Emissionsreduktionsziel für 2040 festzulegen, das den Ausgangspunkt für die nächste Runde der Überarbeitung aller klimapolitischen Rechtsvorschriften der EU bilden wird. Das Europäische Klimagesetz sieht vor, dass die Europäische Kommission ein Ziel für 2040 vorschlägt, das unter anderem auf einem "projizierte[n] indikative[n] Treibhausgasbudget der Union für den Zeitraum von 2030 bis 2050" basiert. Dieses Budget wiederum stützt sich auf einen Bericht des mit dem EU-Klimagesetz neu geschaffenen Europäischen wissenschaftlichen Beirats zum Klimawandel. Das Kumulieren von Emissionen, die sich aus verschiedenen Minderungsszenarien ergeben, kann bei der Bewertung der jeweiligen Ambitionsniveaus helfen; dagegen birgt die strikte Ableitung eines EU-Emissionsbudgets aus dem globalen CO2-Budget mehrere Fallstricke. Die Debatte über die Gestaltung der EU-Klimapolitik nach 2030 sollte sich indes nicht zu sehr auf ein "wissenschaftlich angemessenes" Niveau des Ziels für 2040 konzentrieren, sondern darauf, wie die Governance-Architektur weiterentwickelt, die politischen Instrumente gestärkt und die öffentliche Unterstützung für eine ehrgeizige Klimapolitik befördert werden kann. |
| Keywords: | Klimapolitik EU, Europäischer Grüner Deal, European Green Deal, Überarbeitung klimapolitische Rechtsvorschriften EU, Emissionsreduktionsziel EU 2040, Treibhausgasbudget, Budgetierung, CO2-Budget, Treibhausgasemissionen, Kumulieren von Emissionen, Kumulierung, Pariser Abkommen, Pariser Klimaabkommen, pledge and review, Verteilungsprinzipien, Weltklimarat, IPCC, Europäisches Klimagesetz, EU-Klimagesetz, Klimaschutz-Governance EU, Emissionsminderungspfade |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:279924&r=env |
| By: | Mariam Maki Sy (UMR MARBEC SETE - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation [Sète] - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Charles Figuières (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Richard Howarth (Dartmouth College [Hanover]); Rutger de Wit (UMR MARBEC SETE - MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation [Sète] - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes an empiric study of aggregation and deliberation—used during citizens' workshops—for the elicitation of collective preferences over 20 different ecosystem services (ESs) delivered by the Palavas coastal lagoons located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea close to Montpellier (S. France). The impact of deliberation is apprehended by comparing the collectives preferences constructed with and without deliberation. The same aggregation rules were used before and after deliberation. We compared two different aggregation methods, i.e. Rapid Ecosystem Services Participatory Appraisal (RESPA) and Majority Judgement (MJ). RESPA had been specifically tested for ESs, while MJ evaluates the merit of each item, an ES in our case, in a predefined ordinal scale of judgment. The impact of deliberation was strongest for the RESPA method. This new information acquired from application of social choice theory is particularly useful for ecological economics studying ES, and more practically for the development of deliberative approaches for public policies.. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services, preference elicitation, non-monetary methods, deliberation, social choice theory, coastal lagoons |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03769324&r=env |
| By: | David Kr\"oger; Jan Peper; Nils Offermann; Christian Rehtanz |
| Abstract: | Offshore wind power in the North Sea is considered a main pillar in Europe's future energy system. A key challenge lies in determining the optimal spatial capacity allocation of offshore wind parks in combination with the dimensioning and layout of the connecting high-voltage direct current grid infrastructure. To determine economically cost optimal configurations, we apply an integrated capacity and transmission expansion problem within a pan-European electricity market and transmission grid model with a high spatial and temporal granularity. By conducting scenario analysis for the year 2030 with a gradually increasing CO2 price, possible offshore expansion paths are derived and presented. Special emphasis is laid on the effects of weather uncertainty by incorporating data from 21 historical weather years in the analysis. Two key findings are (i) an expansion in addition to the existing offshore wind capacity of 0 GW (136 EUR/tCO2), 12 GW (159 EUR/tCO2) and 30 GW (186 EUR/tCO2) dependent on the underlying CO2 price. (ii) A strong sensitivity of the results towards the underlying weather data highlighting the importance of incorporating multiple weather years. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.17981&r=env |
| By: | Christian Krekel; Johannes Rode; Alexander Roth |
| Abstract: | While wind power is considered key in the transition towards net zero, there are concerns about adverse health impacts on nearby residents. Based on precise geographical coordinates, we link a representative longitudinal household panel to all wind turbines in Germany and exploit their staggered rollout over two decades for identification. We do not find evidence of negative effects on general, mental, or physical health in the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF- 12), nor on self-assessed health or doctor visits. We also do not find evidence for effects on suicides, an extreme measure of negative mental health outcomes, at the county level. |
| Keywords: | wind turbines, externalities, health, renewable energy, difference-in-differences, event study |
| JEL: | D62 I10 Q20 Q42 R10 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2054&r=env |
| By: | Spencer-Cotton, Alaya; Navarro, Matt; Hamre, Nicole |
| Abstract: | ● Effective design and planning of marine protected areas requires an understanding of the socioeconomic uses and values that exist for the proposed marine area. Inevitably, different stakeholders will have different preferences for the spatial design of the no-take sanctuary zones within a marine park. One key stakeholder group that is often missing from marine park planning is the broader community, or public. This group might currently visit and use the proposed marine park area, they might plan to visit in the future, and may also derive benefit from other non-use outcomes such as from marine ecosystem services. ● In 2023, Western Australia started consultation for the establishment of two new marine parks. The extension and rezoning of an existing marine park adjacent to metropolitan Perth, the Marmion Marine Park, and one new marine park on the south coast of the state, named here as the Proposed South Coast Marine Park. ● This working paper presents results from surveys of the Western Australian public that included two stated preference experiments, a single binary choice question and a multiple discrete choice experiment. ● Results demonstrate a strong public desire for world-class conservation outcomes for both the Marmion and the Proposed South Coast Marine Parks, with 75% of the general public supporting the creation of no-take sanctuary zones across at least 31% of both marine park areas. We estimate that Western Australian households are willing to pay more to achieve larger areas of no-take sanctuary zones - A$112 per household per year for 45% at Marmion Marine Park and A$123 per household per year for 45% at the Proposed South Coast Marine Park, for an aggregate value of A$84.3 million and A$92.3 million respectively. We also find that public valuation increases by between 19% and 57% when sanctuary zones include extensive shore protection enabling greater connection with the community. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:339006&r=env |
| By: | Christian Krekel; Johannes Rode; Alexander Roth |
| Abstract: | While wind power is considered key in the transition towards net zero, there are concerns about adverse health impacts on nearby residents. Based on precise geographical coordinates, we link a representative longitudinal household panel to all wind turbines in Germany and exploit their staggered rollout over two decades for identification. We do not find evidence of negative effects on general, mental, or physical health in the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), nor on self-assessed health or doctor visits. We also do not find evidence for effects on suicides, an extreme measure of negative mental health outcomes, at the county level. |
| Keywords: | wind turbines, externalities, health, renewable energy, difference-in-differences, event study |
| JEL: | D62 I10 Q20 Q42 R10 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp1197&r=env |
| By: | Beisheim, Marianne |
| Abstract: | Am 18./19. September 2023 wird zum Auftakt der UN-Generalversammlung das Gipfeltreffen zu den Zielen nachhaltiger Entwicklung (SDGs) stattfinden. Die Staats- und Regierungschefs werden dabei zur Halbzeitbilanz der SDGs sprechen. Bislang dienten die 2030-Agenda und die dort aufgestellten Ziele als eine Art Kitt, der die Vereinten Nationen trotz geopolitischer Verwerfungen zusammenhielt. Ob das jetzt - wenn Taten auf Worte folgen müssen - weiter so bleiben wird, ist noch offen. Wie Analysen offenbaren, mangelt es auf nationaler wie globaler Ebene am politischen Willen. Für einen erfolgreichen Gipfel muss das Zusammenspiel zwischen nationalen Verpflichtungen samt Rechenschaftslegung einerseits und internationaler Unterstützung und Anreizen andererseits stimmig ausgestaltet werden. |
| Keywords: | Vereinte Nationen, 2030-Agenda, Ziele nachhaltiger Entwicklung (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs), New Yorker SDG-Gipfel im September 2023, Hochrangiges Politisches Forum für nachhaltige Entwicklung (HLPF), UN-Generalsekretär António Guterres, SDG-Fortschrittsbericht, freiwillige nationale Überprüfungen (Voluntary National Reviews, VNRs) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:279941&r=env |
| By: | Sivropoulos-Valero, Anna Valero; Van Reenen, John |
| Keywords: | ES/V009478/1; ES/T014431/1; Wiley deal |
| JEL: | Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120737&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Pakistan is working to improve its public investment management (PIM) to support economic growth and service delivery and make public infrastructure more sustainable and resilient to climate change. This assessment applies the IMF’s Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) framework, including the Climate-PIMA module. It highlights some of the important efforts made in recent years to strengthen PIM and identifies scope for further strengthening of key institutions. In a context where fiscal space is tight and climate action urgent, it recommends a number of targeted actions to move reforms forward. |
| Keywords: | Public Investment Management; Climate Change; Public financial management; Infrastructure Governance; climate PIMA; management ASSESSEMENT-PIMA; IMF's Fiscal Affairs Department; management institution; D. investment allocation; auditor general; Public investment spending; Budget planning and preparation; Climate policy; Infrastructure; Global |
| Date: | 2023–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/370&r=env |
| By: | Eddy Renaud (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Brunet (SWDE - Société wallonne des eaux); Eric Smit (SWDE - Société wallonne des eaux); Yves Le Gat (UR ETTIS - Environnement, territoires en transition, infrastructures, sociétés - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The Wallon Water Company (SWDE) and the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE) joined forces from 2020 to 2023 to carry out the applied research project entitled ‘multi-scale asset management of drinking water networks' (GePaME). This scientific program is based on a service-performance driven water infrastructure asset management, mainly in terms of preservation of drinking water resources (control of water losses), continuity of service (control of network failures), quality of water, and service pressure. It adopts a multi-scale approach, which considers service performance from the local level (pipe segment) to the territorial level (District Metered Area (DMA), entire system) and from the short term (annual work programing) to the long term (investment strategy for the next decades). This requires being able to assess user vulnerabilities and knowing what elements of the network environment are affected by poor service performance. Furthermore, the methods and tools developed must take into account the operational organization and governance of the SWDE. |
| Abstract: | La Société Wallonne des Eaux (SWDE) et l'Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE) se sont associés de 2020 à 2023 pour réaliser le projet de recherche appliquée intitulé « Gestion patrimoniale multi-échelle des réseaux d'eau potable » (GePaME) . Ce programme scientifique s'appuie sur une gestion du patrimoine des infrastructures d'eau axée sur la performance des services, principalement en termes de préservation des ressources en eau potable (maîtrise des pertes en eau), de continuité de service (maîtrise des pannes des réseaux), de qualité de l'eau et de pression de service. Il adopte une approche multi-échelle, qui considère la performance du service depuis le niveau local (segment de canalisation) jusqu'au niveau territorial (secteur hydraulique, système complet) et du court terme (programmation annuelle des travaux) au long terme ( stratégie d'investissement pour les prochaines décennies). Cela nécessite d'être capable d'évaluer les vulnérabilités des utilisateurs et de savoir quels éléments de l'environnement réseau sont affectés par de mauvaises performances de service. Par ailleurs, les méthodes et outils développés doivent tenir compte de l'organisation opérationnelle et de la gouvernance de la SWDE. |
| Keywords: | Water infrastructure asset management, Water losses, Active leakage control, Drinking water networks, Sociology of work, Statistical modelling, User preferences, Data processing, Réseau d'eau potable, Gestion patrimoniale des infrastructures liées à l'eau, Pertes en eau, Recherche des fuites d'eau, Sociologie du travail, Préférences des usagers, Traitement de Données |
| Date: | 2023–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04313658&r=env |
| By: | Jules Linden; Cathal O’Donoghue; Denisa M. Sologon |
| Abstract: | This paper decomposes and compares the distributional impact of uniform national carbon taxes across six EU countries. We quantify the contribution of the key determinants of the carbon tax burden to its impact on inequality and regressivity indicators. We identify large cross-country differences in carbon tax burdens, their composition, and the drivers of the within-country distributional impact. A carbon tax is regressive in all countries, but carbon tax burdens and their impact on income inequality are larger in poorer countries of our sample. Cross-country differences in the primary driver of carbon tax regressivity suggest that the most effective policy lever to mitigate carbon tax regressivity differs across countries. Differences in the composition of the consumption basket play an important role in most countries, but not all. Differences in savings rates play the most important role in the wealthier countries of our sample. The carbon intensity of consumption plays a larger role in the poorer countries of our sample. Overall, this article suggests that differences in the structure of carbon tax incidence and the drivers of its distributional impact across countries pose a challenge to cross-country policy learning, and highlights the need for in-depth country-level and comparative analysis. |
| Keywords: | Distributional effect; Carbon pricing; Energy; Decomposition; Income inequality; Carbon Intensity |
| JEL: | D12 D31 H22 H23 Q48 Q50 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2023-10&r=env |
| By: | Robert Stewart (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses property assessed clean energy (PACE) financing as an arrangement to support building decarbonization efforts in Canadian cities. PACE financing allows building owners to acquire debt financing for energy efficiency upgrades to their property, secured through a property tax lien on the building, and the debt is repaid through the property tax. The debt is bonded to the property and not the owner, and the property tax lien provides a collateralization feature that may support more favourable borrowing terms. This paper outlines and examines the three general approaches used to deliver PACE financing: government administered and financed; privately administered but government financed; and privately administered and financed. It further makes a recommendation for privately administered and financed programs to support the scaling up of PACE financing in Canada. Privately administered and financed programs can bring significant private capital to PACE programs while also reducing the public administrative burdens associated with program delivery. This paper then presents sustainability-linked debt as a funding tool to attract private capital to PACE programs. Sustainability-linked debt is debt that is linked to sustainability performance outcomes. The paper details the characteristics of sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) and discusses how they could be used to attract impact investors by linking the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions from buildings to the return (coupon) rate of the SLBs. SLBs could be used by private PACE program providers to raise capital or by local government administered programs to acquire private capital to support PACE financing. In the latter case, the paper suggests that municipalities establish special purpose entities dedicated to PACE financing and capitalize these entities through SLB issuances. |
| Keywords: | property assessed clean energy financing; PACE financing; sustainabilitylinked bonds; SLBs; building decarbonization; energy performance contracting; EPC; guaranteed savings; shared savings |
| JEL: | O10 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:wpaper:65&r=env |
| By: | Eric Bidet (ARGUMans - Laboratoire de recherche en gestion Le Mans Université - UM - Le Mans Université); Nadine Richez-Battesti (LEST - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article addresses the issue of the contribution of SSE to the SDGs through a comparative analysis conducted in two countries: France and South Korea. The theoretical perspective adopted is that of public action renewal through a co-production process and the method uses a multidimensional analysis of the institutionalisation of SSE in both surveyed countries. Our results show that, far from a path dependency, there is a convergence process based on an increasing heterogeneity of the SSE dynamics in each of the national contexts. They also reveal that the institutionalisation of SSE reflects two conceptions of social innovation that each characterise the renewal of public action. In Korea, this conception is based on the production of goods and services with a social purpose by private actors, and in France, on co-construction processes that have been widely experimented with by SSE actors but remain unfinished. The result is an original and specific contribution in both countries to the SDGs, although this contribution is not fully explicit and recognised, both in terms of its results and process. This invisibilisation weakens the transformative potential of SSE in its contribution to sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Social and Solidarity Economy, International Comparison, South Korea, Social Innovation |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04287928&r=env |
| By: | Grafström, Jonas (The Ratio Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of volatile electricity prices on the industrial landscape of Europe. The record-breaking prices experienced in the European wholesale electricity market throughout 2022, along with contributing factors such as the surging gas prices, nuclear power limitations, and reduced hydroelectric output, present complexities and challenges to Europe at the same time as a new wave of green industrialization is forming. Drawing from European Commission- and Eurostat data a new tool, the Green Industrial Location Attractiveness Index (GILAI) is introduced that should be helpful for predicting future green industrial establishments. The top three countries for green industrial establishments in Europe are Sweden, Finland, and Austria. A North/South European split with northern countries achieving higher rankings, while southern countries grapple with several factors. Through this analysis, the aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the evolving industrial landscape in Europe and identify strategies to enhance industry competitiveness and sustainability in the face of fluctuating electricity prices. |
| Keywords: | Electricity; Industry; Europe; Renewable; Transformation |
| JEL: | L94 Q41 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0369&r=env |
| By: | Fabio GALEOTTI; Astrid HOPFENSITZ; César MANTILLA |
| Abstract: | One of the most challenging problems of society today is climate change. Faced with this problem, people must change the way they behave to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to them. Such change in behavior can be achieved through a normative shift, i.e., a change in the social norms that regulate people’s social interactions and behavior in a society or a group. Climate change education (CCE) can be a powerful tool to achieve this shift. In this paper, we conduct a systematic review (SR) of the literature on CCE, with the aim of offering a comprehensive overview of the empirical research in this field. We particularly emphasize studies that assess the effects of educational interventions on social norms. Specifically, we focus on studies that either measure actual behaviors or investigate individuals' beliefs regarding the prevalence or acceptability of these behaviors in a society or reference group. We identify 86 studies evaluating CCE interventions. Among these, only 19 look at the effects of CCE on norm-related beliefs or actual behavior. Among the 86 studies, we find a disproportionate focus on interventions conducted in high-income, less climate-vulnerable countries and urban populations, with a general absence of cross-country comparisons. Most studies also employ pre-post evaluations, which are more susceptible to demand effects and social desirability bias. Among the 18 studies that look at norms, only few of them provide a belief-based measure of social norms. The vast majority measures actual behavior, mainly in terms of recycling, trashing and energy saving. Most interventions involve activities aimed at engaging learners. Others focus on nudges (like stickers or posters). A minority is based on lectures, deliberative discussions and interaction with scientists or science in general. The results of this SR reveal important gaps in the literature and potential tensions that can inform future research in this area. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en16145&r=env |
| By: | Florence Allard-Poesi (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Lorena B.S. Matos (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel); Justine Massu (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | A growing amount of research shows a positive association between urban nature and urban residents' psychological and physical well-being and quality of life. With its focus on specific dimensions of well-being and reliance either on large-scale objective data sets or experimental and comparative designs, prior research does not explicitly address the relationships between the various types of urban nature as experienced by citizens and their overall well-being. The present research proposes a model for the potential influence of the perceptions of the type and characteristics of nature close to urban residences and citizens' well-being via their frequency of exposure to, and their activities in, nature. Using WHOQOL-26 as a measure of well-being and constructing or adapting measurements for the other variables, a questionnaire was designed and administered among a sample of 2, 500 French urban residents. Psychometric tests, structural equation modeling, and mediation analyses were conducted on the collected data. The results show that: (1) The perceived characteristics of nature near urban residences have both direct and indirect influences on the psychological, physical, environmental, and resources-related dimensions of citizens' well-being; (2) Less domesticated nature—forests, fields, and scrubland—contributes to psychological well-being by favoring light or calm activities in nature, and to physical well-being by supporting exposure to nature. Such wilder nature is also positively associated with the perceived quality of urban residences; (3) Small spots of nature, located close to one's residence—a balcony, a patio, or a roof garden—make a similar but smaller contribution to well-being; (4) Domesticated nature—city gardens and parks—contribute marginally to the physical and resources-related dimensions of well-being. These results complement past research on the perceived characteristics of nature by showing how nature, as experienced by urban citizens, refers to different vegetation spaces. They also invite urban planners and policymakers to acknowledge the positive association between "wilder" natural spaces and well-being. |
| Keywords: | Quality of life, structural equation modeling, urban green areas, urban nature, quality of life, well-being, WHOQOL-26 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03599664&r=env |
| By: | Botta, Alberto; Spinola, Danilo; Yajima, Giuliano; Porcile, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between financial integration, external debt sustainability, and fiscal policy space in emerging and developing (EDE) countries. We do so by applying Pasinetti’s “geometry of debt sustainability” to EDE countries and analysing how it is shaped by exposure to global financial cycles. Through the lenses of Pasinetti’s theoretical framework, we study whether global finance opens “windows of opportunities” or creates more constraints for EDE countries in offering fiscal support for structural changes, including green structural transformations. This analysis is crucial for tackling the pressing issue of the climate crisis. We suggest EDE countries may face a “gridlock”. Global finance and pressures to keep external debt sustainable make them struggle to maintain vital public investment and enact counter-cyclical fiscal actions. Lack of fiscal space in turn exacerbates technological backwardness, which feeds back in the form of more binding external constraints and tighter “surveillance” by international creditors. We support our theoretical analysis with an econometric study over a sample of 55 countries from 1980-2018. Capital controls and external macroprudential policy emerge as fundamental policies enabling EDE countries to adeptly manoeuvre through debt challenges without falling into the pitfalls of stagnation and enduring technological underdevelopment. |
| Keywords: | Financial globalisation; fiscal space; structural change |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:akf:cafewp:25&r=env |
| By: | Piergiorgio M Carapella; Ms. Tewodaj Mogues; Julieth C Pico-Mejia; Mauricio Soto |
| Abstract: | This note provides a technical overview and description of the 3rd edition of the IMF SDG costing tool that estimates the additional spending needs to achieve a strong performance in selected SDGs for human capital development (health and education) and physical capital development (infrastructure), in particular, water and sanitation, electricity, and roads. The 3rd edition includes data and methodological updates to, but generally remains faithful to the original approach described in, Gaspar et al. (2019). Globally, additional spending needed to achieve a strong performance in the selected SDGs in 2030 amounts to US$3.0 trillion (3.4 percent of 2030 world GDP). Estimated at 16.1 percent of 2030 LIDC GDP, the average additional SDG cost of this income group is significantly higher than in EMEs, who face additional spending amounting to 4.8 percentage points of their GDP in 2030. In contrast to EMEs and LIDCs, the additional cost for AEs is low, under 0.2 percent of their 2030 GDP. |
| Keywords: | SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals; expenditure; spending needs; cost; health; education; water; sanitation; electricity; roads; SDG spending; edition SDG; desk estimate; costing tool; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Health care spending; Infrastructure; Global; Caribbean; Central Asia and the Caucasus; Middle East; North Africa |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfhtn:2023/005&r=env |
| By: | Wadim Strielkowski; Evgeny Kuzmin; Arina Suvorova; Natalya Nikitina; Olga Gorlova |
| Abstract: | This review paper focuses on enhancing organizational economic sustainability through process optimization and human capital effective management utilizing the soft systems methodology (SSM) approach which offers a holistic approach for understanding complex real-world challenges. By emphasizing systems thinking and engaging diverse stakeholders in problem-solving, SSM provides a comprehensive understanding of the problem's context and potential solutions. The approach guides a systematic process of inquiry that leads to feasible and desirable changes in tackling complex problems effectively. Our paper employs the bibliometric analysis based on the sample of 5171 research articles, proceedings papers, and book chapters indexed in Web of Science (WoS) database. We carry out the network cluster analysis using the text data and the bibliometric data with the help of VOSViewer software. Our results confirm that as the real-world situations are becoming more complex and the new challenges such as the global warming and climate change are threatening many economic and social processes, SSM approach is currently getting back at the forefront of academic research related to such topics as organizational management and sustainable human capital efficiency. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.17882&r=env |
| By: | Wolf-Peter Schill; Alexander Roth; Adeline Guéret; Felix Schmidt |
| Abstract: | The German traffic light coalition began its term two years ago with ambitious energy policy goals. Halfway through the legislative period, its track record is mixed. Good progress has been made in some areas, but in others a large gap between targets and the status quo remains. The Ampel-Monitor Energiewende by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) shows where we stand today in terms of key technologies for the transition to climate neutrality. This brief study first provides an overview of various indicators, followed by a detailed look at the dynamics of individual developments. While Germany is making good progress with photovoltaics, for example, the expansion of onshore wind power is currently well below the target path. Progress in electromobility is also clearly too slow. Overall, the pace of the energy transition must be significantly increased to meet Germany's climate protection commitments. How-ever, if the government increases its efforts and acts consistently, the targets can still be achieved. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwfoc:10en&r=env |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Djanibekov, Nodir; Abduvalieva, Nilufar; Mirkasimov, Bakhrom; Akramov, Kamiljon |
| Abstract: | Economic resilience within the agrifood system is becoming increasingly crucial for assuring sustainable development. This is particularly so in regions with volatile and fragile environments, including Central Asia. Evidence remains scarce regarding what factors can enhance the economic resilience of agents within the agrifood system, including the resilience of productivity and technical efficiency. We partly fill this knowledge gap using the unique panel datasets of farm enterprises in Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan, collected in 2019 and 2022, during which these enterprises experienced significant economic shocks in input prices. Using novel methods that combine Inverse Probability Weighting and panel stochastic frontier analyses models, we show that farmers who received more agricultural training and who had been granted greater autonomy in their production decisions in 2018 experienced greater resilience in technical efficiency despite the need to reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and oil/diesel in response to their price surges. Our findings suggest that providing critical public goods like information (related to training) and enabling environment (related to decision-making autonomy) can potentially enhance the resilience in the technical efficiency of farm enterprises. Furthermore, with chemical fertilizer and oil/diesel being potentially environmentally harmful inputs, these farmers also indirectly demonstrated resilience toward environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | UZBEKISTAN; KAZAKHSTAN; CENTRAL ASIA; ASIA; resilience; agrifood systems; sustainable development; farms; shocks; agricultural training; inputs; prices; access to information; inverse probability weighting; panel stochastic frontier analyses |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2205&r=env |
| By: | Guillaume Carton (EM - emlyon business school); Bertrand Valiorgue (EM - emlyon business school) |
| Abstract: | The Shift Project recently challenged French management scholars on the lack of commitment regarding the ecological and energy transition of the various higher education structures. To evaluate if this call to change French management education has some chances of success, we compare what the Shift Project proposes today with the transformation program of management education implemented by the Ford foundation between 1954 and 1966 in the USA. This comparison makes it possible to identify three principles of action likely to lead to a greater integration of ecological and energy issues in French higher management education structures. It also allows us to understand that the FNEGE is likely to play a pivotal role in this transition dynamic. |
| Abstract: | Le Shift Project a récemment interpellé les différentes structures de l'enseignement supérieur de gestion afin qu'elles acroissent leur engagement en matière de transition écologique et énergétique. Afin de déterminer si cet appel à la réforme peut aboutir, nous évaluons les propositions du Shift Project à l'aune de celles mises en œuvre par la fondation Ford aux États-Unis dans les années 1950/1960. Cette comparaison permet de dégager trois principes d'action susceptibles de conduire à une meilleure intégration des enjeux écologiques et énergétiques. Elle permet également de comprendre que la FNEGE est susceptible de jouer un rôle pivot dans cette dynamique de transition. |
| Keywords: | Anthropocene, Energy and ecological transition, Higher education in management, Scientific and pedagogical paradigm, Ford Foundation, Shift Project, FNEGE |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04294618&r=env |
| By: | Khezr, Peyman; Pourkhanali, Armin |
| Abstract: | The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), as the largest cap-and-trade system in the United States, employs quarterly auctions to distribute emissions permits to firms. This study examines firm behavior and auction performance from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. We utilize auction theory to offer theoretical insights regarding the optimal bidding behavior of firms participating in these auctions. Subsequently, we analyze data from the past 58 RGGI auctions to assess the relevant parameters, employing panel random effects and machine learning models. Our findings indicate that most significant policy changes within RGGI, such as the Cost Containment Reserve, positively impacted the auction clearing price. Furthermore, we identify critical parameters, including the number of bidders and the extent of their demand in the auction, demonstrating their influence on the auction clearing price. This paper presents valuable policy insights for all cap-and-trade systems that allocate permits through auctions, as we employ data from an established market to substantiate the efficacy of policies and the importance of specific parameters. |
| Keywords: | Emissions permit, auctions, uniform-price, RGGI |
| JEL: | C5 D21 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119289&r=env |
| By: | Sousa, Ricardo (University of Minho); Kyophilavong, Phouphet (National University of Laos); Abdullah-Al-Baki, Chowdhury (Linköping University); Uddin, Gazi Salah (Linköping University); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of electrification on the economic, educational, and environmental outcomes of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). We use household-level data and a novel identification scheme, whereby we instrument the electrification status with the proportion of grid-connected households in a community. We find evidence consistent with the so-called “peer pressure for technology adoption, ” as a higher proportion of electrified households is linked with a boost in the electrification of neighboring households. Additionally, we find that electrification: (i) significantly increases income (in particular, farm income); (ii) improves children's educational completion; and (iii) reduces the use of dirty fuel for lighting and cooking. From a policy perspective, public investments and financial incentives for electricity generation and distribution can play a key role in alleviating the existing economic, educational, and environmental bottlenecks of developing countries like the Lao PDR. |
| Keywords: | electrification; household; fuel; income; education; Lao People’s Democratic Republic |
| JEL: | Q40 Q49 |
| Date: | 2023–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0705&r=env |
| By: | J. Bonan; C. Cattaneo; G. d’Adda; A. Galliera; M. Tavoni |
| Abstract: | We study the introduction of a social information program on waste disposal in a setting characterized by varying economic incentives. Households pay for unsorted waste a fixed amount if their yearly disposal is below a pre-defined cap, and pay per disposal after exceeding the cap. We randomise the receipt of a report informing customers of their disposal relative to that of similar neighbours. An additional treatment couples the social comparison with information on the customer’s disposal cap. We find that the report containing the social norm alone leads to a 7% reduction in the volume of unsorted waste, while making the cap salient reduces the effectiveness of the social norm. Both types of treatments have the same effect on the likelihood of exceeding the disposal cap. The reduction in unsorted waste is partly achieved through an increase in waste sorting, and is not accompanied by any increase in illegal disposals or a decrease in the quality of sorted waste. Our results confirm the effectiveness of descriptive norms in coordinating behaviour in a novel decision domain and in the absence of economic benefits resulting from changing behaviour. They indicate that their effectiveness as focal points is undermined by the provision of alternative reference points. |
| Keywords: | Field experiments, household waste, social norm, norm-based feedback |
| JEL: | C93 D90 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:490&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | This technical report discusses the results of the Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) of Benin, undertaken in March 2023 to update a previous assessment based on an October 2017 mission. The mission found out that public investment in Benin has significantly increased from its 2019 low and should help sustain progress in terms of physical access to infrastructure. The assessment highlighted progress since the late 2017 PIMA with respect to the institutional framework for public investment management, facilitated by the adoption of a comprehensive PIM legal framework. It also identified areas where effectiveness is still lagging, notably in terms of project appraisal and selection, maintenance and for PIMA institutions related to the execution of public investment. The report also includes the results of the climate module of the PIMA evaluation, which reflect that Benin’s long-lasting commitment in the fight against climate change, captured in a 2018 national law against climate change, are starting to feed into some public investment management practices. On the basis of this assessment, the report proposes seven high-priority recommendations that could greatly improve public investment management in the short to medium term. |
| Keywords: | Public Investment Management; Climate Change; Public financial management; Budget planning and preparation; Budget execution; Expenditure; Infrastructure; public investment spending. |
| Date: | 2023–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/367&r=env |
| By: | Schwank, Hanna |
| JEL: | N91 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc23:277579&r=env |
| By: | Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva; Chikowo, Regis |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the impact of Africa RISING, a large-scale sustainable intensification (SI) program that has been implemented in Central Malawi’s Dedza and Ntcheu districts beginning in 2012. Using a participatory action research framework, the program validated and promoted alternative SI options including fertilized maize, maize-legume intercropping, intercropping of two compatible legumes, cereal-legume rotation, and double-row planting of legumes. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of panel data and difference-in-differences techniques. The unique study design allowed us to estimate impact by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison). We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. The within-village comparison shows positive impact on several agricultural and economic indicators including access to agricultural information, value of harvest, on-farm diversity, labor productivity, annual net household income, per capita household consumption expenditure, household wealth, commercial orientation, and household dietary diversity score. We do not find a statistically significant impact on human indicators such as child and maternal nutrition. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights important lessons learned to inform future program design and impact assessments. |
| Keywords: | MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; sustainable development; fertilizers; intercropping; extension services; climate change; dietary diversity; wealth; nutrition |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:137004&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Teran-Escobar (LAPPS - Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre); Sarah Duché (PRODIG - Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP4 - Université Paris-Sorbonne - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Hélène Bouscasse (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2016-2019] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019], LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Camille Cavaliere (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Clement Ginoux (SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Ian Hough (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Patrick Juen (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2016-2019] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019], LTHE - Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement - OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - INPG - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Colin Kerouanton (UR - Université de Rennes); Lilas Lacoste (SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sarah Lyon-Caen (IAB - Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) - CHU - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - EFS - Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sandrine Mathy (CIRED - centre international de recherche sur l'environnement et le développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Estelle Ployon (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Anna Risch (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Philippe Sarrazin (MAP - SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1, SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA [2016-2019] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019], SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Rémy Slama (IAB - Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) - CHU - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - EFS - Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Kamila Tabaka (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2016-2019] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019], PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Carole Treibich (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sonia Chardonnel (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2016-2019] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019], PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Aïna Chalabaev (CeRSM - Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre, SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Keywords: | Behaviour change, Car use, Active mobility |
| Date: | 2023–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04295934&r=env |
| By: | Christophe Midler (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Académie des Technologies); Marc Alochet (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In China, Europe and the United States, the transition from thermal to battery electric vehicles is ongoing under the effect of technology forcing regulations. We investigate whether and how those related to high voltage batteries could shape the future of the automotive industry. Wile China is leading the way, Europe and the United States, with very high levels of funding, are racing against time to catch up and develop a sustainable battery value chain controlled by local champions. As the U.S. resorts to protectionism, we hypothesize that we may see the emergence of three geographic production hubs, ending the globalization of the battery industry. |
| Keywords: | High voltage battery, zero emission vehicle, regulation, China, Europe, United States, Battery manufacturing, battery supply chain, localization |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04303575&r=env |
| By: | Julja Prodani; Sebastien Gallet; David-Jan Jansen; Ide Kearney; Guido Schotten; Guus Brouwer; Willem-Jan van Zeist (Wageningen University Research); Alexandra Marques (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving) |
| Abstract: | This study is a first exploration of the potential economic and financial stability impacts of a set of tail-event scenarios that reflect strong measures taken suddenly in response to nature degradation. We consider four transition risk scenarios, for which we find varying degrees of materiality. We do not focus on physical risk scenarios, with the exception of a scenario of pollination decline, due to methodological limitations. This study is a first, methodological contribution to the analysis of the impact of nature degradation on economic developments and financial stability. To draw policy conclusions from this analysis would require further work. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbocs:2102&r=env |
| By: | Hirvonen, Kalle; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene; Villa, Victor |
| Abstract: | We study the role of a multifaceted ultra-poor graduation program in protecting household wellbeing and women’s welfare from the effects of localized droughts in Ethiopia. We use data from a large experimental trial of an integrated livelihood and nutrition intervention that supplemented the consumption support provided by Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), conducted within a sample in which all households were beneficiaries of the PSNP. We match three rounds of household survey data to detailed satellite weather data to identify community-level exposure to droughts. We then exploit random assignment to the graduation program to evaluate whether exposed households show heterogeneous effects of drought on household food security and livestock holdings, women’s diets and nutritional status, and prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV). We find that droughts have substantial negative effects on these outcomes, but the intervention serves to consistently moderate these effects, and for some outcomes (particularly diets and nutrition and IPV), the intervention fully protects households from any adverse drought affects. A further analysis exploits variation across treatment arms that received different program elements and suggests that the primary mechanism is enhanced household savings. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; resilience; shocks; weather; climate change; social safety nets; poverty; households; welfare; women; livelihoods; nutrition; drought; food security; livestock; gender; graduation program models; intimate partner violence |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2206&r=env |
| By: | Robert Mackay; Astghik Mavisakalyan; Yashar Tarverdi |
| Abstract: | Individuals are at their most mental plasticity in their impressionable years (ages 18-25 years) forming long-term attitudes and behaviours essential to functioning in a society, such as trust. In this paper we ask how exposure to natural disasters within the impressionable years may affect the formation of trust by matching data from over 1, 000 disaster occurrences with data from 88, 670 individuals across 36 African nations. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters, Trust, Africa, Youth |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-143&r=env |
| By: | Ekaterina Alekhanova (Department of Economics, Carleton University); Maya Papineau (Department of Economics, Carleton University); Kareman Yassin (Department of Economics, University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | We assess realized energy and air leakage changes in homes constructed before and after new building energy code adoptions in three Canadian provinces: Ontario, New Brunswick, and Alberta. We find no energy or air leakage reductions attributable to more stringent code requirements. There is no evidence that natural gas consumption declined among houses built up to five years before or four years after a code change. Instead, a generalized improvement in residential electricity consumption and air leakage rates is observable at least three to five years before any new code adoptions, depending on the province. These pre-existing trends in electricity consumption and air leakage may point to changes in building industry practice preceding new building code adoptions, though further investigation is required to assess the drivers of these changes. The estimated energy savings are also not in line with ex-ante engineering projections, which predicted natural gas savings of about 10% and little to no electricity savings. |
| Keywords: | Building Codes, Residential Energy Consumption, Building Simulation, Energy Efficiency Policy, Climate Change, Net Zero |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:car:carecp:23-06&r=env |
| By: | Bastien Bedossa |
| Abstract: | El presente estudio propone diseñar un método sistemático para detectar y especificar situaciones de doble vulnerabilidad. La doble vulnerabilidad se refiere a una situación en la que un país sufre de manera simultánea vulnerabilidades climáticas y macrofinancieras. Se define como un estado en el que es probable que el cambio climático (ya sea en forma de perturbaciones ocasionales o de deterioro crónico de las condiciones climáticas) tenga repercusiones multidimensionales en las poblaciones, los ecosistemas y la actividad económica, provocando un aumento de los desequilibrios fiscales y de las ratios de deuda pública a corto y medio plazo.A su vez, esta dinámica negativa limita la capacidad de los gobiernos para hacer frente con eficacia a las consecuencias del cambio climático en el futuro y, en particular, para apoyar a los segmentos más vulnerables de la población. Denominamos a este círculo vicioso «trampa climática-financiera». |
| JEL: | E |
| Date: | 2023–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:es16053&r=env |
| By: | Farreras Verónica; Lauro Carolina; Abraham Laura; Vaccarino Emilce; Salvador Pablo F. |
| Abstract: | Si los modelos climáticos resultan acertados y continúan las actuales políticas de gestión del agua, el déficit hidrológico generará importantes consecuencias sobre la Disponibilidad Hídrica (DH). La eficiencia en el uso del agua puede generar beneficios sociales por permitir “ahorrar” agua para reasignarla a otros usos. En base a una aplicación del método de la transferencia de beneficios, se integra un enfoque económico e hidrológico cuyo objetivo fue estimar, en términos monetarios, el cambio en el bienestar de los ciudadanos del oasis Norte de Mendoza por políticas de reasignación del agua de los viñedos a otros usos. Se estimó que las personas están dispuestas a pagar por hogar, en promedio, 4.319, 49 (2.065, 14; 9.028, 59) pesos argentinos, en moneda de 2023 sujeto a un ajuste por inflación, durante los próximos 30 años por un aumento de –al menos– 21 puntos porcentuales de DH en el oasis. El análisis propuesto en esta investigación proporciona un marco que podría guiar la estimación de valor de políticas de gestión de recursos hídricos similares en otras regiones. |
| JEL: | Q2 H8 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4652&r=env |
| By: | Augustin Kwasi Fosu (ISSER, University of Ghana, Ghana; CBE, University of Johannesburg, S. Africa; EMS, University of Pretoria, S. Africa; CSAE, University of Oxford, UK); Dede Woade Gafa (African School of Economics, Benin) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the importance of non-renewable resources in the developing world and the expected future trends in the demand and supply of minerals, metals, and hydrocarbon resources. It examines how these trends would potentially influence growth and development trajectories in low- and middle-income countries. The impact will be heterogeneous: some countries will see new opportunities from mineral extraction related to renewable production, but for countries with extreme dependence on oil, gas and coal—predominantly middle-income economies—the outlook does not augur well as the decreasing demand for hydrocarbons in the next decades may mean poorer economic growth and shrinking fiscal revenue. |
| Date: | 2023–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:664&r=env |
| By: | Tal, Gil; Gamage, Tisura; Karanam, Vaishnavi; Garas, Dahlia |
| Keywords: | Engineering, electric vehicle, charging infrastructure, zero-emissions vehicle, DC fast charger |
| Date: | 2023–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0z69n0x6&r=env |
| By: | Miriam Fritzsche; Nikolaus Wolf |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuels have shaped the European economy since the industrial revolution. We use new long-run panel data to analyse the effect of both, coal and oil on economic growth between 1900 and 2015, exploiting variation at the level of European NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions. We show that the reversal of fortune of coal regions resulted from the second energy transition. Specifically, an “oil invasion” in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse. Human capital accumulation contributed to this reversal of fortune and fully explains the negative effects until today. Moreover, we find substantial heterogeneity between former coal regions that is in line with Glaeser’s “reinvention hypothesis”: regions with a higher skill-level adjusted much better to the decline of coal. In particular, we show that coal regions with a higher urban density before 1800 were much more resilient than others. |
| Keywords: | coal, oil invasion, second energy transition, education, reinvention, growth |
| JEL: | O13 O44 Q32 N14 R10 I25 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10805&r=env |
| By: | Cerimelo Manuela; De la Vega Pablo; Porto Natalia |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates wage differentials between green and non-green jobs (wage greenium) in nine major Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay), which account for 81% of the region’s GDP.We contribute to the recent literature highlighting a positive wage gap for those working in green jobs in developed countries and explore possible heterogeneities that may arise within countries in the same region. A positive wage gap for green jobs may be a virtuous market feature, as it means that in the future workers might be encouraged to switch to greener occupations. To do so, we define green jobs as those occupations with high greenness scores using the occupational approach as in Vona et al. (2018), Vona (2021) and Porto et al. (2022). Our results suggest that the wage greenium for the period 2012-2019 was, on average, 23% in Latin America, ranging from 15% to 30%. Moreover, this wage gap has remained relatively stable over the years. |
| JEL: | E24 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aep:anales:4633&r=env |
| By: | Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | América Latina y el Caribe es un importante protagonista en la producción y el comercio de productos agroalimentarios, ya que es el principal exportador neto de estos productos. La región cuenta con los recursos naturales (tierra, agua y energía renovable) y la capacidad necesaria para producir alimentos de manera sostenible y para satisfacer sus necesidades y abastecer al mundo. Sin embargo, durante 2021, la inseguridad alimentaria moderada o grave afectó al 40, 6% de la población en la región (267, 7 millones de personas), cifra considerablemente superior al promedio mundial (29, 3%). Aumentar la productividad es fundamental para mejorar la situación y alcanzar la seguridad alimentaria, pero con frecuencia no es suficiente. El propósito de este estudio es analizar el impacto del comercio intrarregional de alimentos en América Latina y el Caribe y su contribución a la seguridad alimentaria en la región, así como identificar oportunidades para expandir el comercio intrarregional de alimentos nutritivos. |
| Keywords: | LATIN AMERICA; CARIBBEAN; food security; trade; agricultural trade; exports; sustainability; productivity |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:137002&r=env |
| By: | Burda, Michael; Zessner-Spitzenberg, Leopold |
| JEL: | O44 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc23:277677&r=env |
| By: | Rakas, Jasenka PhD; Achatz Antonelli, Pietro; Walia, Chanan; Rouzbahani, Parham; Gikas, George |
| Abstract: | The use of airport gate electrification infrastructure in the form of ground power (GP) and preconditioned air (PCA) systems can reduce energy and maintenance costs, emissions, and health risks by limiting the use of aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) engines at the gate. However, their benefits can only be gained when they are actually being used; otherwise, pilots keep APUs on to fulfill their aircraft’s demands for electrical power and air conditioning. GP and PCA systems require a large initial infrastructure investment to increase energy efficiency, and they are installed with the assumption that they will be highly utilized. In this report, a method is developed to examine how much and why GP and PCA are not used to their full potential when they are readily available. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt71q5d7x3&r=env |
| By: | Miriam Fritzsche (HU Berlin); Nikolaus Wolf (HU Berlin) |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuels have shaped the European economy since the industrial revolution. We use new long-run panel data to analyse the effect of both, coal and oil on economic growth between 1900 and 2015, exploiting variation at the level of European NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions. We show that the reversal of fortune of coal regions resulted from the second energy transition. Specifically, an “oil invasion” in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse. Human capital accumulation contributed to this reversal of fortune and fully explains the negative effects until today. Moreover, we find substantial heterogeneity between former coal regions that is in line with Glaeser’s “reinvention hypothesis”: regions with a higher skill-level adjusted much better to the decline of coal. In particular, we show that coal regions with a higher urban density before 1800 were much more resilient than others. |
| Keywords: | coal; oil invasion; second energy transition; education; reinvention; growth; |
| JEL: | O13 O44 Q32 N14 R10 I25 |
| Date: | 2023–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:465&r=env |
| By: | Michele Costa |
| Abstract: | We aim to explore the interplay between ESG scores and assets characteristics, specifically focusing on volatility. We classify stocks on the basis of both high/low ESG and high/low ESG momentum and we evaluate ESG effects by measuring the distance between the 2 group distributions. The analysis of stocks within the STOXX Europe 600 Index from 2017 to 2022 suggests that companies with higher ESG tend to exhibit lower volatility. However, we haven’t observed a similar trend when examining ESG momentum. Furthermore, our findings enable us to highlight and compare the effects associated with the COVID pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine. |
| JEL: | G11 C40 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1189&r=env |
| By: | Pascal Troxler, Marcus Roller, Monika Bandi Tanner |
| Abstract: | Cableways alleviate access to the Alps and were crucial in establishing the skiing tourism boom of the after-war years. Moreover, cableway operators employ a large share of residents, are complemented by tourism-related services and are therefore a key economic pillar in otherwise laggard regions. We exploit comprehensive historical data of all ever-built cableways in Switzerland linked to federal tax and population data to show how much ski area access benefits the municipality's economy. Evaluating difference-in-differences sheds light on how ski area access municipalities evolved economically compared to those without access. We find that opening a ski area between 1940 and 1980 is related to economic growth that persists until today. Particularly, it attracted new residents and created more productive employment opportunities in tourism-related services. Thereby raising incomes and tax revenues. Our results contribute to the debate of what economic risks access municipalities face once the decreasing snowpack forces a ski area to close. |
| Keywords: | Tourism development, regional economics, historical ski area data, climate change exposure |
| JEL: | N74 N94 O18 R11 Z32 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rdv:wpaper:credresearchpaper44&r=env |
| By: | Vilalta-Perdomo, Eliseo (Aston University); Michel-Villarreal, Rosario; Thierry-Aguilera, Ricardo; Krejci, Caroline; Rainer, Javier; Burgos, Daniel |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on the role that international logistics performance may play in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). We conducted a confirmatory piece of research to determine the potential importance of regional logistics coordination. Secondary data concerning the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) by the World Bank and the SDG2 scores by the UN database were examined at the level of countries and regions. The analysis considers an unconditional growth model with time as the only fixed effect and random effects of time within regions and countries. The findings show that LPI is a good predictor for SDG2 level of achievement; however, there are other sources for important variation between and within regions. Therefore, when developing and implementing strategies for the improvement of international logistics performance specific regional needs should be considered. Anyway, there is a global consensus among logistics professionals that the most impactful LPI component is ‘Customs’, which needs improvement across all the regions of the world. Other priorities vary depending on the region under study. For instance, developed countries are particularly sensitive to shipment costs, whilst less developed countries’ concerns focus on improving their infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2023–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3ykgx&r=env |
| By: | Darracq Pariès, Matthieu; Dées, Stéphane; Parisi, Laura; Sun, Yiqiao; De Gaye, Annabelle |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyse the sensitivity of the macroeconomic outcomes under the Network for Greening the Financial System’s (NGFS’s) Phase III net-zero and delayed transition scenarios to different monetary and fiscal policy settings. In doing so, we provide a rare application of the NGFS climate scenarios to economic assessment through the lens of the macroeconomic modelling frameworks underlying the scenario construction (e.g. NiGEM). Using the model to disentangle the main drivers of the scenarios, we show that gross domestic product (GDP) growth is shaped by physical and transition shocks jointly, whereas transition shocks account for most of the inflationary pressure. As regards alternative policy settings within the model, it turns out that Fiscal recycling options become more discriminant in terms of GDP impact in the medium term. Full recycling through government investment yields the strongest output multiplier, whereas recycling through household transfers or reduced income taxes yields the lowest multiplier. During the transition, euro area macroeconomic variables respond very similarly if two-pillar or price level-targeting monetary policy rules are followed. The Taylor- rule, reacting to inflation and output gap, yields higher and more persistent inflation as well as stronger short-term interest rate increases. These findings are certainly model-specific but do reflect the policy sensitivity embedded of the NGFS scenarios, within the confines of the very model used to build them up. JEL Classification: Q54, E3, E6, D6 |
| Keywords: | climate scenarios, fiscal policy, modelling strategy, monetary policy |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2023336&r=env |
| By: | Catherine Locatelli (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Mehdi Abbas (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | What are the effects of the intensification of energy interdependence between Russia, the world's second largest exporter of hydrocarbons, and China, the world's largest importer? Bilateral interdependence is the lever for the hybridization of the institutions governing international energy relations. Based on the issues of power and energy security, the intensification of interdependence leads to institutional changes, known as hybridisation, which are linked to a specific security-efficiency trade-off. Four factors shape this hybridisation: the structural context faced by the actors, the strategic behaviour of the state-firm complex, sectoral properties and existing institutional arrangements. |
| Abstract: | Quels sont les effets de l'intensification de l'interdépendance énergétique entre la Russie, deuxième exportateur mondial d'hydrocarbures, et la Chine, premier importateur mondial ? L'interdépendance bilatérale serait le levier de l'hybridation des institutions d'encadrement des relations énergétiques internationales. Centrée sur des enjeux de puissance et de sécurité énergétique, l'intensification de l'interdépendance s'accompagne de changements institutionnels, qualifiés d'hybridation, fondés sur un arbitrage sécurité-efficience spécifique. Quatre facteurs paramètrent cette hybridation : le contexte structurel auquel font face les acteurs, le comportement stratégique du complexe Etat-Entreprises, les propriétés sectorielles et les arrangements institutionnels existants. |
| Keywords: | Hybridization, Energy interdependence, Energy security, Hybridation, Interdépendance énergétique, Sécurité énergétique |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04297005&r=env |
| By: | OCDE |
| Abstract: | Ce document donne un aperçu du développement des énergies renouvelables dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’Union européenne (RUP de l’UE), se concentrant sur la capacité de ces énergies à contribuer à la transition verte tout en ouvrant des perspectives de développement économique durable. Il décrit les cadres d'action et les outils mis en place par les RUP de l’UE pour agir dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, et formule des recommandations politiques. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde. |
| JEL: | O52 O54 O55 P45 R11 R58 Q42 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:52-fr&r=env |
| By: | Maxime TERRIEUX |
| Abstract: | Après trois décennies de forte croissance (7 % en moyenne) qui ont permis au pays d’éradiquer la pauvreté extrême et de rentrer dans la catégorie des pays à revenu intermédiaire, le Vietnam continue d’offrir des perspectives très attractives. La stabilité sociopolitique du pays, la prudence du policy mix, la croissance économique encore élevée, ou encore la taille du marché domestique de 100 millions d’habitants sont des atouts de première importance. Le Vietnam jouit par ailleurs d’un taux d’endettement public limité. Enfin, l’économie continuera de s’appuyer sur son insertion forte dans le commerce international, dont les bouleversements récents (reconfiguration des chaînes de valeur liée à la crise de Covid-19 et à la guerre commerciale sino-américaine) lui ont été largement bénéfiques. |
| Keywords: | Vietnam |
| JEL: | E |
| Date: | 2023–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr16154&r=env |
| By: | Hansen, Gerrit |
| Abstract: | Die diesjährigen Zwischenverhandlungen der Klimarahmenkonvention der Vereinten Nationen (UNFCCC) in Bonn geben wenig Grund zum Optimismus. Verhärtete Fronten vor allem zwischen einigen großen Schwellenländern und den Industriestaaten prägten das Treffen. Uneinigkeit darüber, wie die »gemeinsame, aber differenzierte Verantwortung« und das Gerechtigkeitsprinzip auszulegen seien, verhinderten substantielle Fortschritte. Die Vorbereitungen für die erste Globale Bestandsaufnahme zur Ambitionssteigerung im Rahmen des Klimaabkommens von Paris, die bei der 28. Vertragsstaatenkonferenz (COP28) im Dezember in Dubai abgeschlossen werden soll, verliefen enttäuschend. Gleichzeitig versuchten einige Schwellenländer und insbesondere China, die Bedeutung des sechsten Sachstandsberichts (AR6) des Weltklimarates IPCC als gemeinsame wissenschaftliche Basis zu relativieren. Sollte China bei dieser Haltung bleiben, drohen negative Konsequenzen für den multilateralen Klimaprozess weit über die COP28 hinaus. |
| Keywords: | UN-Klimaprozess, UN-Klimarahmenkonvention, UNFCCC, Klimaabkommen von Paris, Pariser Klimaabkommen, Prinzipien des Pariser Klimaabkommens, Artikel 2 Pariser Abkommen, IPCC, COP28 Dubai, Globale Bestandsaufnahme, Global Stocktake, GST, nationale Klimabeiträge, NDCs, Klimafinanzierung, Bridgetown-Agenda, Klimaprozess und wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:279921&r=env |
| By: | Mélody Leplat (L@BISEN - Laboratoire ISEN - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN) - YO - YNCREA OUEST); Youenn Loheac (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, RTO - Rethinking Tomorrow’s Organisation - Rennes School of Business - ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Eric Teillet |
| Abstract: | People are interested by meat reduction or meat substitution for many arguments: health, environment, animal welfare. Firms explore new models and new supply (better meat or meat substitutes) to take, to keep or to increase market shares. What consumers really prefer and choose? In choice experiments… |
| Date: | 2023–08–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04297270&r=env |
| By: | Bianchetti, Luca |
| Abstract: | El presente trabajo se enmarca en una investigación más amplia que busca describir el avance de la transición energética en Argentina. En este se presentan cuatro dimensiones (seguridad energética, democracia y ciudadanía, justicia y sostenibilidad ambiental) que se proponen utilizar al describir la transición energética desde el enfoque de la triple sostenibilidad, así como también la operacionalización de las variables que se suscriben a estas dimensiones y su respectiva disponibilidad. |
| Keywords: | Transición Energética; Recursos Energéticos; Fuentes de Energía Renovables; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3988&r=env |
| By: | Muhammad, Andrew; Menard, R. Jamey; Hughes, David W.; Clark, Harrison; Taylor, Adam |
| Abstract: | The U.S. is the world’s largest source of industrial wood production (FAO, 2019), with the U.S. South accounting for half of total production (Howard and Liang, 2019). Most of this production is from the “pine belt, ” which includes states like Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Unlike these pine-belt states, Tennessee is primarily a hardwood state (deciduous trees), which are rela- tively high value and make an important contribution to Tennessee’s economy (Pelkki and Sherman, 2020). Tennessee’s forestry activity tends to be in rural areas and is often smaller scale than other industries, so the economic and social importance of the wood products industry are often underappreciated. It is estimated that forestry in Tennessee provides over 85, 000 jobs and has an annual economic impact of over $21 billion (Menard, English and Jensen, 2021). Tennessee is among the top ten states in terms of the relative importance of forestry, alongside Maine, Wisconsin, and Oregon (Pelkki and Sherman, 2020). Tennessee’s forestry industry is globally connected, and many sawmills in the state are dependent on global sales. About half of the higher-grade hardwood lumber produced in Tennessee is exported (Luppold et al., 2018). Consequently, changes in global markets can have a significant impact on Tennessee’s forest economy. In this report, we discuss the economic impact of Tennessee’s forestry exports. We examine the export changes in 2022 (relative to 2021) across destination countries (e.g., China, European Union) and by product (e.g., oak lumber, hardwood logs, barrels), and further assess the full economic impact of export sales on income and jobs at the state level. Forestry exports are not just important to Tennessee but to the entire country. U.S. sales of forest products to foreign countries were $10.5 billion in 2022. In the context of agriculture and related products (as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture), 1 forest products are an important share of total U.S. exports, with global sales comparable to America’s top agricultural exports: beef ($11.8 billion), dairy products ($9.5 billion), cotton ($8.9 billion), and wheat ($8.3 billion). Forestry exports in Tennessee ($194 million in 2022) ranked third among agricultural and related exports behind distilled spirits and cotton (USDA, 2023). Exports of forest products were negatively impacted by the U.S. trade war with China in 2018 and 2019 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This was the case for both the U.S. and Tennessee. The pandemic had a significant impact on global sales due to supply and demand disruptions in the global market for finished wood products (e.g., furniture) and the interrelated market for raw materials and inputs (e.g., logs and lumber) (Muhammad and Taylor, 2020). These effects were in addition to the negative impacts of China’s retaliatory tariffs on U.S. timber, which are still in place (Muhammad et al., 2022). Exports of forest products from 2019 to 2022, nationally, regionally, and for Tennessee are reported in Table 1. From 2020 to 2021, U.S. exports increased by $2.1 billion. In 2022, exports continued to increase by $756 million (nearly 8%) when compared to the previous year, reaching 10.5 billion. This increase was mostly in Southern states, followed by Western states. U.S. and Tennessee exports further recovered in 2022 by 8% and 4%, respectively, when compared to 2021 (USDA, 2023). The increase in exports sales in 2021 and 2022 was a welcomed turnaround given the declines experienced in previous years. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:339038&r=env |
| By: | Mélody Leplat (L@BISEN - Laboratoire ISEN - Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN) - YO - YNCREA OUEST); Youenn Loheac (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Eric Teillet |
| Abstract: | People are interested by meat reduction or meat substitution for many arguments: health, environment, animal welfare. Firms explore new models and new supply (better meat or meat substitutes) to take, to keep or to increase market shares. What consumers really prefer and choose? In choice experiments… |
| Date: | 2023–08–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04297302&r=env |
| By: | Arthur Willemaers (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, HEC Liège) |
| Abstract: | Présentation sous forme de poster du sujet de thèse. Titre de la thèse: Enjeux, modélisation et évaluation économique de la décarbonisation du secteur industriel européen. |
| Keywords: | SEQE-UE |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04295302&r=env |