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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Susanna B. Berkouwer; Joshua T. Dean |
| Abstract: | Extensive research has documented that elevated air pollution increases mortality and morbidity, with estimates reaching 8 million deaths per year. Many of the world’s one billion urban poor face both high ambient concentrations and even higher transient peaks. Should government interventions aimed at improving health prioritize reductions in ambient pollution—for example, regulating industrial emissions—or peak pollution? We conduct a field experiment studying the impacts of reducing a notorious source of peak air pollution exposure—biomass cooking—for three years in an urban environment with high ambient pollution. We collect personal, high-frequency particulate matter and carbon monoxide measurements and extensive quantitative and self-reported health measurements. Cooking increases peak PM2.5 exposure by 125 μg/m³ for the control group, but improved stove ownership reduces this by 52 μg/m³—a sizeable 42% reduction in peak cooking emissions. However, ambient pollution of 37.5 μg/m³ largely negates any impact on average air pollution exposure. The reduction in peak cooking emissions generates a 0.24 standard deviation reduction in short-term self-reported respiratory symptoms. However, we can rule out meaningful improvements in blood pressure, blood oxygen, and a wide array of self-reported diagnoses. Ambient air pollution dampens the health benefits from private technology adoption, and a government seeking to generate chronic health improvements will likely need to address negative externalities through environmental regulation. Still, despite the importance of ambient pollution, the $40 stove generates $86 in annual energy savings and reduces CO₂ emissions at $4.9 per ton when factoring in additionality rates, suggesting government subsidies would generate large societal benefits. |
| JEL: | I15 O12 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31614&r=env |
| By: | Anna Papp; Douglas Almond; Shuang Zhang |
| Abstract: | Environmental externalities from cryptomining may be large, but have not been linked causally to mining incentives. We exploit daily variation in Bitcoin price as a natural experiment for an 86 megawatt coal-fired power plant with on-site cryptomining. We find that carbon emissions respond swiftly to mining incentives, with price elasticities of 0.69-0.71 in the short-run and 0.33-0.40 in the longer run. A $1 increase in Bitcoin price leads to $3.11-$6.79 in external damages from carbon emissions alone, well exceeding cryptomining’s value added (using a $190 social cost of carbon, but ignoring increased local air pollution). As cryptomining requires ever more computing power to mine a given number of blocks, our study highlights both the revitalization of US fossil assets and the potential value of financial industry accounting standards that incorporate cryptomining externalities. |
| JEL: | Q40 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31745&r=env |
| By: | Nakov, Anton; Thomas, Carlos |
| Abstract: | We study the implications of climate change and the associated mitigation measures for optimal monetary policy in a canonical New Keynesian model with climate externalities. Provided they are set at their socially optimal level, carbon taxes pose no trade-offs for monetary policy: it is both feasible and optimal to fully stabilize inflation and the welfare-relevant output gap. More realistically, if carbon taxes are initially suboptimal, trade-offs arise between core and climate goals. These trade-offs however are resolved overwhelmingly in favor of price stability, even in scenarios of decades-long transition to optimal carbon taxation. This reflects the untargeted, inefficient nature of (conventional) monetary policy as a climate instrument. In a model extension with financial frictions and central bank purchases of corporate bonds, we show that green tilting of purchases is optimal and accelerates the green transition. However, its effect on CO2 emissions and global temperatures is limited by the small size of eligible bonds’ spreads. JEL Classification: E31, E32, Q54, Q58 |
| Keywords: | climate change externalities, green QE, Pigouvian carbon taxes, Ramsey optimal monetary policy |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232845&r=env |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | The aviation sector has pledged to become climate neutral by 2050. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) are the only available low-carbon fuel technology for air travel today. They are thus indispensable for the sector to reach its climate targets. This report presents recommendations to promote the production and deployment of SAFs, which can replace conventional fossil aviation fuel to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from aircraft. The insights come from discussions in the ITF’s Decarbonising Aviation Common Interest Group, an expert forum on SAF policies bringing together government and industry representatives. |
| Date: | 2023–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:116-en&r=env |
| By: | Michael D. Bauer; Eric Offner; Glenn D. Rudebusch |
| Abstract: | The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) represents the largest climate policy action ever undertaken in the United States. Its legislative path was marked by two abrupt shifts as the likelihood of climate policy action fell to near zero and then rose to near certainty. We investigate equity price reactions to these two events, which represent major realizations of climate policy transition risk. Our results highlight the heterogeneous nature of climate policy risk exposure. We find sizable reactions that differ by industry as well as across firm-level measures of greenness such as environmental scores and emission intensities. While the financial market response to the IRA was economically significant, it did not lead to instability financial stress, suggesting that transition risks posed by climate policies even as ambitious as the IRA may be manageable. |
| Keywords: | transition risk; carbon emissions |
| JEL: | G14 G38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:97096&r=env |
| By: | Nico, Gianluigi; Christiaensen, Luc |
| Abstract: | The agri-food system (AFS) employs about one third of the global workforce and contributes about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This together with its large exposure to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation makes what happens in AFS central to the green transition and its implications for jobs and the structural transformation. Microeconomic evidence suggests that the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices will increase labor requirements, at least in the short run and at lower levels of incomes, when its mechanization is still limited. Econometric macro-model-based simulations suggest however that especially substantial investment in climate friendly agricultural R&D as well as soil and water preserving practices and market integration will more than offset the negative effects of climate change and even accelerate the structural transformation, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Overall, the findings underscore the tremendous potential of increasing agricultural and climate friendly R&D investment for brokering an environmentally sustainable structural transformation. Repurposing of agriculture’s current US$ 638 billion support package towards supporting more climate friendly practices, including to overcome the time lag between the moment of investment and the realization of the benefits, provides an important policy entry point. |
| Keywords: | Agri-food system; global workforce; climate change; green transition; jobs; agricultural practices; structural transformation. |
| Date: | 2023–05–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:32579593&r=env |
| By: | Juan David Alonso-Sanabria; Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia; Daniel Parra-Amado |
| Abstract: | This study aims to establish a comprehensive linkage between CO2 emissions and the composition of energy sources, economic growth, and reforestation, thereby shedding light on their intricate connections in Colombia over the period 1970-2018. First, we use different types of energy consumption including non-renewable, renewable, and hydroelectric sources. As expected, our findings reveal a noteworthy effect of non-renewable sources that lead to increased emissions, while renewable sources help mitigate those emissions. Second, the preservation of forested areas plays a crucial role in mitigating CO2 emissions. Third, the agricultural sector significantly contributes to the rise in emissions, encompassing both crops and livestock, a characteristic often observed in emerging economies. Moreover, in the long-run equilibrium, we find real GDP show the characteristic inverted U-shaped pattern commonly linked with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. **** RESUMEN: Este estudio tiene como objetivo establecer los vínculos y las relaciones de largo plazo entre las emisiones de CO2 y la composición de las fuentes de energía, el crecimiento económico y la reforestación para Colombia durante el período 1970-2018. Primero, usamos diferentes tipos de consumo de energía, incluyendo aquellas fuentes no renovables, renovables e hidroeléctricas. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren, como se esperaba, que hay un efecto significativo de las fuentes no renovables asociado al incremento de las emisiones, mientras que aquellas fuentes renovables ayudan a mitigar dichas emisiones. Segundo, encontramos que la reforestación juega un papel crucial en la mitigación de las emisiones de CO2. Tercero, el sector agrícola contribuye significativamente al aumento de las emisiones (cultivos y ganadería), lo cual es una característica que se observa frecuentemente en las economías emergentes. Adicionalmente, en el equilibrio a largo plazo, encontramos que el PIB real muestra el patrón característico en forma de U invertida comúnmente relacionado con la hipótesis de la curva ambiental de Kuznets (EKC). |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Renewable energy, Energy consumption, Emisiones de CO2, Hipótesis de la Curva de Kuznets Ambiental, Energía renovable, Consumo de energía, FMOLS |
| JEL: | C33 Q53 Q56 E20 Q20 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:borrec:1252&r=env |
| By: | Julio López-Laborda; Andoni Montes-Nebreda; Jorge Onrubia |
| Abstract: | Success of centrally set environmental objectives requires the engagement of subnational governments. However, they often do not have the capacities or the incentives to apply ambitious climate mitigation and adaptation policies. Indeed, stricter environmental policies can lead to a decrease in local revenue collection as a consequence of the reduced activity resulting from the correction of externalities. To address this issue, in the line of Ecological Fiscal Transfers, we propose the inclusion of incentives linked to environmental objectives in local equalisation that would compensate for the opportunity costs faced by municipalities. In particular, we suggest greening fiscal equalisation by including a multidimensional index of local environmental performance that could be complemented by a green expenditure needs component as criteria for the allocation of equalisation grants. To illustrate how this proposal would work, we examine the financial effect that environmental fiscal equalisation would have had across Basque municipalities for the 2016-2019 period. As a main result, we find that less sustainable cities could lose up to the 5% of their per capita transfers, while small and most sustainable municipalities could win up to 13% of their per capita allocations. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaddt:2023-07&r=env |
| By: | Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Duong, Thi Minh-Phuong; La, Viet-Phuong |
| Abstract: | Environmental activism plays a vital role in raising awareness of environmental degradation and halting environmentally destructive activities, which is expected to contribute to safeguarding the Earth’s system against climate and biodiversity loss crises. Although the passion and commitment of environmental activists should be acknowledged, several groups of environmental activists are embracing the radical environmentalist movement. They support using illegal actions to achieve their primary goal of environmental protection. The actions perpetrated by radical environmentalist groups are not impulsive but rather part of a deliberately planned and organized following a long-term strategy. |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:48rdb&r=env |
| By: | Sugaipov, Denis (Сугаипов, Денис) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The regions of the Russian Federation are characterized by a strong differentiation of both the level of income and the level of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, income inequality can both contribute to an increase in pollution levels and hinder its growth. In this regard, there are risks of increasing the amount of emissions into the environment when conducting inconsistent tax or social policies. The paper presents an overview of modern research devoted to the study of the impact of inequality on environmental pollution. It turns out that high levels of income inequality can have a positive impact on environmental pollution in developed countries and rich regions and a negative impact in developing countries and poor regions. |
| Keywords: | inequality, environmental pollution, greenhouse gases, emissions, econometric models |
| Date: | 2023–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w20220231&r=env |
| By: | Strokov, Anton (Строков, Антон) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Potashnikov, Vladimir (Поташников, Владимир) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Potapova, Alexandra (Потапова, Александра) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Shishkina, Elena (Шишкина, Елена) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The relevance of the study is determined by the need to analyze the consequences of monocultures in crop production in the regions of Russia, not only from an economic point of view, but also from an environmental one. The objective of the study is to develop ways for the sustainable development of agriculture in Russia, taking into account the possibilities for the development of diversification and the possibility of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The subject of the presented research is the production and environmental indicators of crop production in the regions of Russia. In the course of the work, traditional scientific methods were used - descriptive, analytical, statistical and methods of economic and mathematical modeling. The sources of information were Russian and foreign scientific publications, official publications of regulatory and legal documents and statistical data of Russian state authorities, as well as foreign databases on agricultural statistics. The results of the study conclude that in the period 2011-2019, the increase in crop production took place mainly in the Central Black Earth and South-Western regions of the country, where the plowing of abandoned lands was accompanied by an increase in crop yields (intensification), which led to a relatively low carbon track per unit of output. On the contrary, in the regions of the Far East, where the plowing of the fallow has led to an increase in soybean crops (usually low-yielding), this has affected a higher carbon footprint, which cannot be considered a sustainable characteristic for further development. Thus, the scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of scientific and analytical tools for the correct identification of regional and global environmental risks in assessing the efficiency of crop production in the regions of Russia. Thus, in our study, regional risks were assessed through the concentration of crops in the region or through the diversification index (variety of cultivated crops). Global risks were assessed through the indicator of greenhouse gas emissions, which also allowed us to estimate the so-called cumulative "carbon footprint" of each region in terms of grain unit of crop production. As a result of the study, policy recommendations were developed to improve statistical reporting on the agricultural sector. It is also recommended to promote knowledge about new and old practices for introducing diversification, incl. and the classic method of growing legumes in crops, which is not being successfully implemented by all regions so far. |
| Keywords: | externalities, monoculture, diversification, greenhouse gas emissions, carbon footprint, agricultural policy |
| JEL: | Q15 Q53 C39 |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w20220219&r=env |
| By: | João Pedro Vieira (Department of Economics, PUC-Rio); Ricardo Dahis (Department of Economics, Monash University); Juliano Assunção (Department of Economics, PUC-Rio) |
| Abstract: | We study how environmental sanctions and spillovers improve forest conservation in the Brazilian Amazon. Using a difference-in-differences framework and novel farm-level data, we show that sanctions curbed deforestation and promoted reforestation among punished farmers and their neighbors. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that even sanctions with limited incapacitation potential elicited relevant behavioral changes. In particular, farmers’ responsiveness to sanctions coincided with the government’s commitment to enforcement. We do not find substantial evidence of spatial displacement or monitoring evasion. Overall, sanctions prevented 1.6 billion tons of CO2 emissions between 2006 and 2019, equivalent to 31% of US emissions in 2021. |
| Keywords: | Law Enforcement, Spillovers, Deforestation |
| JEL: | K42 Q23 Q28 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-16&r=env |
| By: | Dumas, Patrice; Wirsenius, Stefan; Searchinger, Tim; Andrieu, Nadine; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien |
| Abstract: | Eleven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Changes in the food system are critical to achieving these carbon neutrality goals, as agriculture and the resulting land use changes are responsible for almost half of the greenhouse gas emissions in the region. We quantified the effects of options on the supply side (eg, yield improvements, silvopastoralism, agroforestry) and on the demand side (eg, waste and loss reduction, dietary change) seeking to reduce emissions and transform the land use system into a net carbon sink by 2050 while improving the nutrition of a growing population. We considered both direct emissions from agriculture and the pressure that food production exerts on changes in land use, and separately tracked emissions from the region and those linked to trade. Our results confirm that livestock play a major role, emitting around 60% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land use changes. Achieving a net-negative emissions food system, capable of balancing emissions from the rest of the economy, will require ambitious and ongoing improvements in yields and changes in diets to moderate the growing demand for beef, continuously decrease the proportion of dedicated land to agriculture and instead increase those dedicated to carbon sequestration and the preservation of biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture;Forestry and Other Land Use;AFOLU;food;yields;diets;decarbonization |
| JEL: | Q15 Q17 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12385&r=env |
| By: | Guimbeau, Amanda (University of Sherbrooke); Ji, Xinde James (University of Florida); Long, Zi (Brandeis University); Menon, Nidhiya (Brandeis University) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of in utero exposure to climate change induced high ocean salinity levels on children's anthropometric outcomes. Leveraging six geo-referenced waves of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys merged with gridded data on ocean salinity, ocean chemistry and weather indicators (temperature, rainfall and humidity) from 1993 to 2018, we find that a one standard deviation increase in in utero salinity exposure leads to a 0.11 standard deviation decline in height-for-age. Effects on weight-for-height and weight-for-age for a similar magnitude increase in salinity are 0.13 and 0.15 standard deviations, respectively. Analyses of parental investments and health-seeking behaviors demonstrate that compensating actions along these dimensions to attenuate the detrimental effects of salinity are few and restricted to poorer households. Using satellite-sourced datasets on agriculture and land-use, we find that increasing salinity constrains farmers' land use choices, leading to lower agricultural profitability. In particular, the effects of salinity on child health originate in areas with lower agricultural intensity caused by the progressive salinization of productive lands. These results highlight highlight the costs of environmental insults on early-life health outcomes in vulnerable populations. |
| Keywords: | ocean salinity, early-life health, climate change, height-for-age, weight-for-height, weight-for-age, children, adaptation, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | Q54 Q15 Q56 I15 O13 J13 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16463&r=env |
| By: | Thorsten Hens (University of Zurich; Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH); Swiss Finance Institute); Ester Trutwin (University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses sustainable investing in terms of impact and ESG investing. Using a parsimonious general equilibrium model, we integrate the different effects of sustainable investing into welfare analysis. Given that the price for polluting the environment is too low, we show that impact investing can lead to a second-best solution. If at the margin the technology is ”clean” investment should be increased while a capital reduction is appropriate if at the margin the firm’s technology is ”dirty”. However, sustainable investing requires households to anticipate the firm’s pollution activity. Therefore we show how the same solution can be implemented with ESG investing in which the burden of knowledge lies on the rating agency. Finally, we indicate that the first-best solution can be achieved by sustainable consumption. |
| Keywords: | Impact Investing, ESG Investing, Sustainable Consumption, Environmental Kuznets Curve |
| JEL: | D10 D50 D53 G41 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2383&r=env |
| By: | Döttling, Robin; Lam, Adrian (University of Pittsburgh) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically examines the interaction between monetary policy and carbon transition risk. Using an event study design, we find that the stock prices of firms with higher carbon emissions are more responsive to monetary policy shocks identified from high-frequency movements in Fed Funds futures around Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announcements. Cross-sectional tests reveal that this effect is driven by firms that are more capital intensive, with lower ESG ratings, with greater climate risk exposures, or without climate abatement plans. Using instrumental-variable local projections, we find that high-emission firms reduce emissions relative to low-emission firms, but slow down these efforts when monetary policy is restrictive. Taken together, our results indicate that monetary policy shapes the path to carbon neutrality irrespective of whether central banks embrace a climate target. |
| Date: | 2023–09–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kqdar&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that climate-related forced displacement is insufficiently addressed in two fundamental commitments made towards the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) between 2015 and 2023: National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It describes the important role NAPs and NDCs play in prioritising the tackling of certain aspects of climate change adaptation, identifies gaps on forced displacement, and proposes ways of adding it among their policy objectives, and of mobilising finance to reach them. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, climate change, conflict, disasters, forced displacement, fragility, global compact on refugees, HDP nexus, internally displaced persons, refugees |
| JEL: | F01 J60 J68 O10 O19 O21 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:46-en&r=env |
| By: | John Wiredu (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Qian Yang (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Agyemang Kwasi Sampene (Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China); Bright Akwasi Gyamfi (Sir Padampat Singhania University, India); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of institutional pressure (IP), top management support (TMS), green supply chain management practices (GSCM), and supply chain competitive advantage (SCCA) on corporate environmental performance (EP). We also analyze the mediation effect of GSCM on the interplay between TMS and EP. Additionally, the paper also provides an analysis of the moderating role of SCCA between IP and EP. To attain the objective of this research, we assembled data from 710 business entities within the Shaanxi province of China utilizing a survey design approach. The structural equation model (SEM) was applied to test and assess the hypothetical outline. The study outcomes empirically show that TMS, GSCM, and SCCA positively and significantly impact EP. Interestingly, our study found an insignificant association between IP and EP. The study's results also demonstrate that IP directly relates to top management support. Moreover, the study's empirical findings reveal that GSCM positively mediates IP and EP. The study findings show that SCCA shapes IP and EP's connection. Accordingly, the practical implications of our study’s findings suggest that business managers, investors, and government agencies must know the importance of adopting sustainable practices within the supply chain. Business managers must take action to integrate environmental criteria into supplier selection, evaluate suppliers' environmental performance, and collaborate with eco-friendly suppliers. Hence, government agencies, stakeholders, and business managers can use this information to shape regulations and policies that encourage businesses to adopt sustainable supply chain practices. Offering incentives such as tax benefits or grants for sustainability initiatives can also promote adoption. The study recommends that a business culture that targets improving environmental performance due to institutional pressure and top management support is essential in achieving GSCM practices, thereby promising competitive advantage. |
| Keywords: | Institutional pressure, Top management support, Competitive advantage, Environmental performance, Green supply chain management practices |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/063&r=env |
| By: | John Wiredu (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Qian Yang (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China); Agyemang Kwasi Sampene (Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China); Bright Akwasi Gyamfi (Sir Padampat Singhania University, India); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of institutional pressure (IP), top management support (TMS), green supply chain management practices (GSCM), and supply chain competitive advantage (SCCA) on corporate environmental performance (EP). We also analyze the mediation effect of GSCM on the interplay between TMS and EP. Additionally, the paper also provides an analysis of the moderating role of SCCA between IP and EP. To attain the objective of this research, we assembled data from 710 business entities within the Shaanxi province of China utilizing a survey design approach. The structural equation model (SEM) was applied to test and assess the hypothetical outline. The study outcomes empirically show that TMS, GSCM, and SCCA positively and significantly impact EP. Interestingly, our study found an insignificant association between IP and EP. The study's results also demonstrate that IP directly relates to top management support. Moreover, the study's empirical findings reveal that GSCM positively mediates IP and EP. The study findings show that SCCA shapes IP and EP's connection. Accordingly, the practical implications of our study’s findings suggest that business managers, investors, and government agencies must know the importance of adopting sustainable practices within the supply chain. Business managers must take action to integrate environmental criteria into supplier selection, evaluate suppliers' environmental performance, and collaborate with eco-friendly suppliers. Hence, government agencies, stakeholders, and business managers can use this information to shape regulations and policies that encourage businesses to adopt sustainable supply chain practices. Offering incentives such as tax benefits or grants for sustainability initiatives can also promote adoption. The study recommends that a business culture that targets improving environmental performance due to institutional pressure and top management support is essential in achieving GSCM practices, thereby promising competitive advantage. |
| Keywords: | Institutional pressure, Top management support, Competitive advantage, Environmental performance, Green supply chain management practices |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/063&r=env |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia; Pajarinen, Mika |
| Abstract: | Abstract This report examines the production of green goods in Finland’s manufacturing sector. Our findings reveal a notable concentration of green products to high-tech industries. While most firms maintain their green product portfolios stable over time, multi-product firms tend to expand their green product portfolios more actively. Large firms stand out with active management of their green goods portfolios, discontinuing some green products while introducing new ones. Additionally, we examine firm characteristics that associate with firms’ engagement in the production of green goods. We find a positive correlation between production of green products and factors such as labor productivity, product diversity, and multi-industry operations. |
| Keywords: | Environmental goods, Green products, Firm renewal, Manufacturing industries |
| JEL: | C23 L60 O44 Q54 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:140&r=env |
| By: | Bakkar, Yassine |
| Abstract: | We study the role of climate risk exposure in the dynamic behavior of banks' regulatory capital adjustment using a large European sample from 39 countries during the 2006-2021 period. We find that banks facing high exposure to climate risk opt for higher target (regulatory) capital adequacy ratio and make faster adjustment to their optimal capital structure, especially if they are more exposed to carbon pollution. Such banks boost their adjustment during the post Paris Agreement period. These banks move to their target capital adequacy ratio by mainly adjusting their risk-weighted assets or by reallocating them more promptly than other peers, but without necessarily altering assets, particularly, lending. This paper lends support to the importance of the climate change-related risks into prudential supervision to protect the financial system's resilience and contributes to the debate on climate-related capital requirements. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic capital structure, Speed of adjustment, Climate change, Paris Agreement, Balance sheet composition |
| JEL: | G21 G28 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202304&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Pietro Colelli (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari; CMCC Foundation); Enrica De Cian (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari; CMCC Foundation); Wilmer Pasut (Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari, University of Venice); Lucia Piazza (Department of Economics, University Of Venice Cà Foscari) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to provide insights on potential strategies for a sustainable energy transition amidst market fluctuations. We analyze the impact of PV adoption on electricity consumption during a volatile price time span, leveraging high-frequency consumption data of over 10, 000 households in Northern Italy during the period of the 2022 energy crisis. Our findings reveal that PV adoption reduces electricity consumption responsiveness during extreme price and temperature events, enhancing energy security and affordability. Based on estimated demand, we measure changes in consumer surplus, highlighting substantial benefits from PV adoption: the change in the annual consumer surplus due to the 2022 price increase is around 300 euros for the median consumer with no PV and 133 euros when PV is adopted by a comparable median household. |
| Keywords: | electricity demand; solar photovoltaics; energy prices; climate change |
| JEL: | Q20 Q21 Q41 Q42 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2023:18&r=env |
| By: | Natascha Hinterlang (Deutsche Bundesbank and Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Using the dynamic, three-region environmental multi-sector general equilibrium model EMuSe, we find that pricing carbon in Germany or Spain only leads to a permanent negative effect on output in these economies. The induced emissions reduction is not large enough to overcompensate for the increase in marginal production costs. If the rest of Europe joins the carbon pricing scheme, long-run output effects are positive. However, in this case, transition costs are even larger due to close trade relations within Europe. We find evidence for carbon leakage, which can be reduced slightly by a border adjustment mechanism. Still, it is no game changer as it mainly protects dirty domestic sectors. While Germany benefits from border adjustment, Spain actually loses throughout the transition. In the long run, the Spanish energy sector benefits most because of its relatively low emission intensity. Finally, Europe has a strong incentive to get the rest of the world on board as then the downturn is shorter and long-run benefits are larger. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, border adjustment, climate clubs, international dynamic general equilibrium model, sectoral heterogeneity, input-output matrix |
| JEL: | E32 E62 F42 H32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2328&r=env |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia; Pajarinen, Mika |
| Abstract: | Abstract The production of green goods in Finland’s manufacturing is concentrated within high-tech industries, particularly in the manufacturing of computer, electronic and optical products, as well as electrical equipment. Many firms tend to maintain a consistent portfolio of green products over time. Active expansion of green product portfolios is more common among large and multi-product firms. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between labor productivity and production of green products. Although the production of green goods constitutes a relatively modest share of Finland’s overall manufacturing output, its role is steadily increasing over time. |
| Keywords: | Environmental goods, Green products, Firm renewal, Manufacturing industries |
| JEL: | C23 L60 O44 Q54 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:124&r=env |
| By: | Cavalcanti, Tiago; Hasna, Zeina; Santos, Cezar |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the aggregate and distributional effects of climate change mitigation policies using a multi-sector equilibrium model with intersectoral input-output linkages and worker heterogeneity calibrated to different countries. The introduction of carbon taxes leads to changes in relative prices and inputs reallocation, including labor. For the United States, reaching its original Paris Agreement pledge would imply at most a 0.8% drop in output. This impact is distributed asymmetrically across sectors and individuals. Workers with a comparative advantage in dirty energy sectors who do not reallocate suffer a welfare loss at least six times larger than workers in other sectors, but constitute less than 2% of the US labor force. |
| Keywords: | climate change;carbon taxes;Worker heterogeneity;Labor reallocation |
| JEL: | E13 H23 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12494&r=env |
| By: | Ricardo Dahis (Department of Economics, Monash University); Ivan de las Heras (Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University); Santiago Saavedra (Department of Economics, Universidad del Rosario) |
| Abstract: | Policies often entail costs today but benefits only far into the future, as in climate change mitigation. An essential aspect of how this trade-off is faced relates to how young are the politicians in power. We study closely contested elections in Brazil and show that young politicians reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions with no significant effects on local income. We further show that young politicians invest in long-term policy and hire more young bureaucrats. Our results suggest a cohort effect: young politicians matter not because of their age, but because they are part of a new generation. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation, Deforestation, Young politicians, Political selection |
| JEL: | P18 Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-17&r=env |
| By: | Debalke, Negash Mulatu |
| Abstract: | The systematic review examines the use of system dynamics models to decarbonize road transport with electric vehicles (EVs). The study assesses model structures, components, functions, and their environmental and policy implications across 31 selected journal articles. The review finds that many papers lack quantitative aspects and do not adequately validate their models, potentially limiting our understanding of policy impacts. It highlights that models often focus on policy variables for market penetration and decarbonization, overlooking holistic perspectives. Coordinated policies are crucial for effective EV adoption. The review calls for greater transparency in reporting and emphasizes the importance of understanding the time component of models. It stresses the need for model validation to ensure practical relevance. Additionally, the study suggests that EVs can reduce global greenhouse gas emissions but face various challenges. Policy tools like purchase subsidies can boost EV demand. The review underscores the necessity of a mix of policy instruments and regulatory requirements to promote EV adoption and carbon emissions reduction. It advocates a comprehensive approach involving investment, incentives, marketing, and regulation. Future research should consider holistic models, explore EVs' role in Africa, and investigate emissions reduction at the mode of transportation level. |
| Keywords: | road transport; decarbonization; electric vehicle; emission reduction; policy implication; system dynamics; systematic literature review. |
| JEL: | Q42 Q52 Q54 Q58 Q59 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118596&r=env |
| By: | Sujan Lamichhane |
| Abstract: | Climate mitigation policies are being introduced around the world to limit global warming, generating new risks to the economy. This paper develops a continuous time heterogeneous agents model to study the impact of carbon pricing policy shocks on corporate default risk and the consequent transition dynamics. We derive a closed-form solution to corporate default probability based on firms' intertemporal optimization decisions and explicitly characterize the transition speed. This allows for studying policy implications in an analytically tractable way. The model is calibrated to different US corporate sectors to quantify the heterogeneous effects of carbon price shocks. While carbon-intensive sectors face increased default risks, there are notable asymmetric effects within sectors. Higher carbon prices increase default risk but also induce faster transition towards the new post-shock steady state with a highly non-linear impact. Our results suggest that once a range of possible price shocks are accounted for, the increase in the cost of capital/risk premiums might be sharply different across sectors. |
| Keywords: | Default risk; climate risk; carbon price; transition dynamics; cost of capital; risk premium.; climate mitigation policy; carbon price shock; policy shock; price shock; default rate; Debt default; Greenhouse gas emissions; Manufacturing; Global |
| Date: | 2023–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/174&r=env |
| By: | Jozef Kalman (National Bank of Slovakia); Jan Klacso (National Bank of Slovakia); Roman Vasil (National Bank of Slovakia); Juraj Zeman (National Bank of Slovakia) |
| Abstract: | The ongoing trend of global warming is damaging not only human society but also economic activity. Central banks, supervisors, and macroprudential authorities are not immune to the climate-related risks in the financial sector. This study analyses how climate transition risks indirectly affect the banking sector through the credit risk channel for both households and non-financial corporations. We integrate Network for Greening the Financial System scenarios into conventional stress testing framework. The analysis focuses on a short-term horizon to reduce the impact of high modeling uncertainty on the outcomes. We find that a relatively smooth substitution of emission-intensive sectors results in relatively low indirect costs for banks. An uneven transition can, however, generate significantly higher credit losses, occasionally exceeding adverse scenario outcomes of conventional stress testing. The results are sensitive to an increase in energy prices or to higher defaults of firms in emission-intensive sectors. |
| JEL: | C60 E50 G32 O44 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:svk:wpaper:1099&r=env |
| By: | Klein, Jordan D. (Princeton University); Rasoanomenjanahary, Anjarasoa |
| Abstract: | BACKGROUND Global climate change poses grave risks to population health, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). It both threatens the sustainability of nascent epidemiological transitions and raises prospects for counter transitions driven by indirect climate impacts on mortality such as those from reemerging infectious diseases and by direct impacts of extreme climatic events. OBJECTIVE We investigate how the relationship between climate and mortality has changed as Antananarivo, Madagascar progressed through the stages of the epidemiological transition focusing on enteric infection mortality in children under 5. METHODS Using death registration, precipitation, and temperature time series data spanning over four decades we model the climate-cause-specific mortality relationships during each stage of the epidemiological transition using generalized additive models. CONCLUSIONS While we find that childhood enteric infection mortality has become less sensitive to low rainfall and higher temperatures, it has become more sensitive to heavy rainfall. Mortality from other causes has also become less sensitive to high temperatures but has become slightly more sensitive to heavy rainfall while significantly more sensitive to low temperatures. CONTRIBUTION This is the first multidecade climate-mortality study of a city in Sub-Saharan Africa outside of South Africa. |
| Date: | 2023–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:hk7fp&r=env |
| By: | Bedoya-Maya, Felipe; Calatayud, Agustina; González Mejia, Vileydy |
| Abstract: | Road congestion and air pollution are key challenges for quality of life in urban settings. This research leverages highly disaggregated crowdsourced data from Latin America to study the effect of road congestion on levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter in four of the most congested cities in developing countries: Bogota, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, and Santiago. Based on a panel data econometric approach with over 4.4 billion records from Waze and hourly data from 54 air monitoring stations for 2019, our two-stage least square model shows a cumulative increase of 0.6% in response to a 1% of road congestion on the three air pollutants. Moreover, we find a nonlinear relationship between road congestion and air quality and estimate the threshold above which the effect decays. This study provides evidence that supports public policies designed to make urban mobility more sustainable by implementing measures to reduce road congestion in developing contexts. |
| Keywords: | Congestion;Air quality;Latin America;Pollution |
| JEL: | R41 O18 L91 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12468&r=env |
| By: | Langenmayr, Uwe; Ruppert, Manuel |
| Abstract: | While the decarbonization of the electricity sector is proceeding globally with the ongoing increase of wind and solar generation, reducing the carbon footprint of other sectors such as industry, transportation, and agriculture proves more challenging. One reason is the challenge of electrifying processes in these sectors. Here, power-to-X applications can support the transformation of these sectors by replacing conventional energy carriers with synthetic energy carriers from renewable sources. In this work, an approach to determine the production cost of synthetic energy carriers with a high temporal and spatial resolution on a global scale is presented and applied to Australia, New Zealand, and Germany. Hourly weather data with a spatial resolution of 0.25ê x 0.25ê is processed into capacity factor profiles. These capacity factor profiles, covering 11 years, are clustered into profiles including the representative weeks for each cell in the covered area using k-means clustering. The production processes of green hydrogen, ammonia, methanol as well as green crude are modeled with a generalized linear program. The results show that low production costs can be achieved especially in Australia. Combined with large land availability, this enables large-scale synthetic energy carrier production and possible export opportunities. Hydrogen derivatives are more expensive in production, but transportation might play a significant role when deciding which synthetic energy carrier should be produced. Production costs of synthetic energy carriers in Germany are higher when compared to the model results for Australia, however, regions with favorable renewable potential might still be attractive for domestic demand. |
| Keywords: | Power-to-X, linear programming, k-means clustering, synthetic energy carriers |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:72&r=env |
| By: | Heilmann, Felix; Steitz, Janek; Müller, Simon; Sigl-Glöckner, Philippa |
| Abstract: | Europe, and Germany in particular, have quickly ramped up liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports to partially offset the loss of Russian pipeline gas deliveries. While many observers rightly applaud this historical achievement, there are also concerns that LNG decisions taken in the face of the crisis can lead to new, risky path dependencies incompatible with climate safeguards. This paper seeks to build bridges and inform more nuanced deliberations. It does so by exploring in detail relevant aspects along the LNG supply chain, guided by the principal assumption that both climate goals and energy security must be achieved. It has been informed by extensive stakeholder engagement, including a workshop bringing together different experts. We find that the development of new LNG export terminals that have not yet reached a final investment decision poses the biggest risk of violating climate targets. In contrast, European import terminals can act as back-up capacities for crisis times. For this, their use needs to be restricted during non-crisis periods. In terms of LNG market balancing, large new export projects currently under development are already set to enter operation before 2027, significantly easing currently tight markets. Additional export capacity beyond this cannot contribute to easing the current supply crunch at scale given long development times and risks ending up as stranded assets. Europe should therefore refrain from supporting new upstream projects, including through longterm contracts that enable such projects, and instead focus contracting efforts on the growing amount of uncontracted volumes from expiring legacy contracts, portfolio players, and from export projects that have already reached final investment decisions. Short- and medium-term contracts could decrease uncertainties resulting from excessive spot market exposure while limiting climate risks. There may be a role for governments to enable such contracts. Lastly, there are two no-regret strategies. In the short term, tackling methane emissions can deliver significant climate and energy security benefits. In the long term, only phasing out natural gas by transitioning to efficient renewable energy systems ultimately reconciles energy and climate security. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dzimps:277914&r=env |
| By: | Lykke E. Andersen (SDSN Bolivia); Jhanira Rodriguez (SDSN Bolivia); Alejandra Gonzales (SDSN Bolivia); Ignacio Nava (SDSN Bolivia); Shabelle Flores (Quorsus Consulting) |
| Abstract: | Race to Zero is a global campaign to rally leadership and action in the education sector in order to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. The campaign is promoted by the United Nations Environment Programme, EAUC – The Alliance for Sustainability Leadership in Education, and Second Nature. Around 500 universities have already committed to achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (see https://www. educationracetozero.org/home). In November 2021, the UPB was the first university in Bolivia to join the campaign with the goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2030, and publishing an annual report on the direct and indirect emissions of the university and the actions that are being taken to reduce the emissions. This document is the first annual report of UPB, which establishes the 2019 emissions baseline for the three UPB campuses, located in the cities of Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and the changes in emissions in 2022. The Cochabamba campus (Julio León Prado) is the oldest campus of UPB, established in 1992, and is currently the largest campus, with 2, 003 enrolled students and 164 full-time employees in 2022. The La Paz campus (Fernando Illanes de la Riva) was inaugurated in 2007 and had 1, 866 enrolled students and 99 full-time employees in 2022. Finally, the Santa Cruz campus was inaugurated in February 2020, a few days before the entire country went into quarantine due to the pandemic. Only in 2021 did it start operating with in-person classes, and in 2022 it had 305 students enrolled and 25 employees. |
| Keywords: | Carbon footprints, Race to Zero, Universidad Privada Boliviana |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:0123&r=env |
| By: | Villoria, Nelson B. |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of international trade in alleviating food price spikes when supply shocks are correlated across trading partners. Gravity-derived maize supply and consumer prices in Southern and Eastern Africa increase significantly in response to El Ni˜no Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a global climate phenomenon that induces weather correlation across continents. Hypothetical scenarios of freer trade reduce the volatility and levels of maize consumer prices but do not eliminate their sensitivity to ENSO. The results highlight that the ability of trade to alleviate price spikes depends as much on the volume of trade as on the spatial location of trading partners. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338552&r=env |
| By: | Casciotti, Paola |
| Abstract: | Implementing the complex Agenda 2030, with its high global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires, in the by now short time horizon of reference, an extraordinary effort, at all institutionals and private levels, to converge effectively on the whole system of intermediate and interrelated targets. At the same time, it is highly strategic to ensure macro and microeconomic financial long term balances among public and private sectors. The role of Sustainable Finance, in this context, is absolutely central. On the legislative side, the evolution of international directives, from Non Financial Reporting to Sustainability Reporting, impose to pay attention to new criteria and contents, also in order to distinguish deviant greenwashing phenomena. The paper compares the main frameworks, concerning the multiple and complex dimensions of Sustainability, like the institutional ones (MDG, SDG, BES) and one of the most widespread standard of non financial reporting framework (GRI) adopted by companies. The study aims to identify suitable criteria to allow the development of a simplified integrated analysis model of all targets and indicators established and currently in use, in order to converge effectively on the SDGs, to implement coherent public and enterprise’s policies and to produce realistic sustainability reports. The identified suitable criteria are the so called “ESG” criteria, increasingly recommended in the context of Sustainable Finance and by Supervisory bodies, as drivers in sustainability analyses, portfolio selection and rating determination. The paper, therefore, shows the results achieved by comparing these frameworks according to the proposed classification based on the individual E-S-G criteria and on their possible combinations (ES-EG-SG-ESG), through multidimensional matrixes of each goal, dimension, target and indicator (n.° 855) of the examined frameworks. The analysis quantifies the importance of environmental, social and governance drivers and the importance of their combination for each framework considered and also through them altogether. As mentioned in this paper, further analysis by the author leads to develop, according to this ESG simplified classification approach, a new enterprise internal framework, to integrate both sustainability and financial drivers, into Corporates strategic investment decision models and internal capital allocation (tangible and intangible) policies. In this way, the integration of sustainability criteria in all enterprises’ decision-making and risk management and control processes, becomes more effective and coherent with the Sustainable Development Goals. Consequently, the complex frameworks analysed, may become more easily comparable and integrated at an application enterprise level. |
| Keywords: | Financial Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2023–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:338664&r=env |
| By: | Suésécenko, Oleksandr; Schwarze, Reimund |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:32023&r=env |
| By: | Dumortier, Jerome; Elobeid, Amani; Carriquiry, Miguel |
| Abstract: | The increasing number of electric vehicles in the United States (U.S.) will alter global agriculture in the upcoming decades because approximately one-third of U.S. maize production is blended with gasoline (Dumortier et al., 2022a). More electric vehicles reduce gasoline demand since every litre of gasoline sold in the U.S. contains approximately 10% ethanol. The reduction in maize ethanol demand leads to lower commodity prices not only for maize but for all other commodities as well because global crop allocation is based on the relative profitability of crops. Previous research has shown that a reduction in total cropland use is expected from an increasing fleet of electric vehicles (Dumortier et al. 2022a, b). This reduction in cropland is leading to fewer biomass and soil carbon emissions from land use change, which can be counted as an additional lifecycle benefit of electric vehicles. This paper is an extension of Dumortier et al. (2022a) by assessing the effects on biodiversity, i.e., richness of mammals, birds, and—if applicable—amphibians. The analysis combines three models: (1) U.S. light-duty vehicle model, (2) global agricultural outlook model, and (3) global biodiversity model. The first two models have been used in previous publications such as Carriquiry et al. (2020) or Elobeid et al. (2021). The biodiversity model is a new addition and is based on data sets presented in Jenkins et al. (2013). The global data set differentiates between mammals, birds, and amphibians and not only covers the species richness, i.e., the number of species for a given area, but also areas with threatened species and with a less than median number of species. We use output provided by Dumortier et al. (2022a) which calculates future U.S. maize ethanol use under various electrification scenarios in the light-duty vehicle sector until 2050. The output is generated by combining the U.S. light-duty vehicle model with the global agricultural outlook model. The important variable for this analysis is the crop area by country/region. Changes in cropland are converted into GIS raster data using the spatial distribution of cropland. Based on overlaying the raster data of changes in crop area with the biodiversity maps, we calculate how many species-rich areas are impacted by an electrification of the U.S. LDV fleet. Since the information is also available for threatened species, the calculations are done for those as well. Preliminary results indicate that fewer species are affected under more rapid electrification. The U.S. has lower species diversity than other important maize exporters such as Brazil. The reduction in the demand for maize leads to an increase in U.S. exports at the expense of other countries that are richer in biodiversity. The increase in U.S. maize ethanol use had important impacts on global agriculture and a more rapid electrification of the U.S. vehicle fleet can have valuable impacts on biomass and soil carbon as shown in previous research but also on biodiversity as shown in this analysis. The analysis adds the component of biodiversity to the discussion around electrification in the United States. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338547&r=env |
| By: | Costella, Cecilia; Diez, Ana; Beazley, Rodolfo; Alfonso, Mariana |
| Abstract: | Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the regions most exposed and vulnerable to climate-related risks, with large shocks occurring regularly. Climate change is exacerbating the frequency and variability of climate related extremes and increasing slow onset events, threatening social and economic outcomes in the region. Responding to climate change will require stronger risk management systems that include social protection. Social protection systems in LAC are relatively advanced, but they do not yet consider climate shocks. Overall, social protection systems suffer from relatively low coverage, leaving significant parts of the population vulnerable to transient and chronic poverty in the face of shocks. The large social protection responses that LAC implemented to address the impacts of COVID-19 present an opportunity to prepare for the challenges arising from increased climate-related shocks. This study investigates how non-contributory social protection (mainly income support) has been used to respond to previous climate-related shocks and to COVID-19, and what are the implications for managing climate-related shocks in the future. |
| Keywords: | shock-responsive;Social protection;Cash transfers;climate change;Latin America;Caribbean |
| JEL: | I38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12699&r=env |
| By: | Calfucoy, Paulina; Torres Gunfaus, Marta; Fazekas, Andreas; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien |
| Abstract: | Long-term Strategies for Decarbonization, termed long-term low emissions and development strategies (LT-LEDS) by the UNFCCC, and sometimes referred to as LTS, can influence the transition to a resilient and decarbonized economy. LT-LEDS additionally make it possible to identify investments and regulatory changes needed to enable the deployment of new technologies and to identify measures which facilitate a just transition. This study seeks to improve the understanding of the value that LT-LEDS can bring to climate policy and action at the national level, based on the perspective of local actors who have participated in their design. The study explores the process of formulating LT-LEDS in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Peru. It combines three distinct methodologies, namely content analysis, literature review and semi- structured interviews with actors who participated in the LT-LEDS design processes. We identify common aspects among these processes, as well as weaknesses and difficulties, and provide recommendations for formulating and updating LT-LEDS. Stakeholders expressed their appreciation for many of the attributes of LT-LEDS, for instance using simulations to demonstrate how long-term goals can be achieved, and the possibility of using LT-LEDS to assess and inform Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). However, LT-LEDS are sometimes perceived as instruments primarily designed to fulfill external requirements but disconnected from national development priorities (and from the need to improve resilience). In addition, LT- LEDS are not yet fully equipped to mobilize the private sector. The findings of this study can be taken into consideration to improve LT-LEDS drafting processes. |
| Keywords: | Climate Strategies;Climate Governance;Paris Agreement |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 D78 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12327&r=env |
| By: | Van den Bossche, Peter L.H. |
| Abstract: | We are proud to see WTI's Director of Studies, Prof Peter Van den Bossche, among the authors of the new report on “Principles of International Law Relevant for Consideration in the Design and Implementation of Trade-Related Climate Measures and Policies, ” the product of an international legal experts group convened by the Forum on Trade, Environment & the SDGs (TESS). Prof Van den Bossche worked with a diverse group of experts in international law related to climate, environment, and trade and general international law from around the world. In this report, the expert group offers governments and stakeholders independent guidance on principles of international law relevant for consideration in the design and implementation of trade-related climate measures and policies. The principles are analysed in a way that presents them as cumulative and simultaneously applicable, in a mutually supportive and coherent manner, giving full effect to all relevant parts of international law, insofar as possible. The vision driving the report is that a shared understanding on such principles could go a long way in reducing tensions and avoiding politically charged disputes at the WTO, while fostering inclusive cooperation on trade policies that support climate action and advance sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2023–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1409&r=env |
| By: | Sheenan, Lisa |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses linkages between green, conventional (corporate and sovereign) bond markets and geopolitical risk in high and low volatility periods between 2014 and 2022 using a Markov-switching VAR (MS-VAR) framework. The results indicate that geopolitical risk significantly affects green bonds in periods of high volatility, but does not do so to conventional bond markets. Green bond markets are significantly affected by sovereign and corporate bonds in both regimes, with stronger effects from corporate bonds evident in high volatility periods. This suggests that green bonds behave differently to conventional bonds and may be more susceptible to geopolitical risk and contagion. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds, Geopolitical Risk, Markov Switching |
| JEL: | G10 G11 C34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202305&r=env |
| By: | John C. Whitehead; William P. Anderson, Jr.; Dennis Guignet; Craig E. Landry; O. Ashton Morgan |
| Abstract: | We estimate economic benefits of avoiding reductions in drinking water quality due to sea level rise accruing to North Carolina (NC) coastal tourists. Using stated preference stated preference methods data with recent coastal visitors, we find that tourists are 2%, 8%, and 11% less likely to take an overnight trip if drinking water tastes slightly, moderately, or very salty at their chosen destination. The majority of those who decline a trip would take a trip to another NC beach without water quality issues, others would take another type of trip, with a minority opting to stay home. Willingness to pay for an overnight beach trip declines with the salty taste of drinking water. We find evidence of attribute non-attendance in the stated preference data, which impacts the regression model and willingness to pay for trips. Combining economic and hydrology models, annual aggregate welfare losses due to low drinking water quality could be as high as $401 million, $656 million and $1.02 billion in 2040, 2060 and 2080. Key Words: Attribute non-attendance, barrier-island aquifers, sea-level rise, stated preference, tourism |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:23-09&r=env |
| By: | Uju Regina Ezenekwe (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley Ikechukwu Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Stephen Kelechi Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Amid Nigeria’s economic growth and energy challenges, the escalating public debt levels and persistent energy poverty raise critical questions about their potential impacts on the environment. Given the potential conflict between economic development, energy poverty alleviation, and ecological conservation, it becomes pertinent to understand whether increased public debt and efforts to address energy poverty inadvertently contribute to or alleviate ecological imbalances within the country. Hence, this research investigates the effect of public debt and energy poverty on the load capacity factor (LCF) in Nigeria. Using the STIRPAT model and annual data from 1990 to 2021, the study explores the relationships among total public debt, energy poverty, gross domestic product per capita, urbanization, and LCF. Descriptive analysis, correlation assessments, and unit-root tests precede the data analysis conducted with the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and dynamic ARDL (DARDL) technique. Key findings reveal significant negative effects of urbanization and energy poverty on LCF. Additionally, the ARDL and DARDL procedure highlights a positive long-term relationship between public debt and LCF. Both ARDL and DARDL analyses show a negative short-term relationship between GDP growth per capita and LCF, signaling the need for sustainable economic practices. The study concludes with policy recommendations that aim to promote sustainable development and address ecological imbalances by tackling energy poverty and public debt challenges in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Public Debt, Energy Poverty, Load Capacity Factor, STIRPAT Model, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/062&r=env |
| By: | Uju Regina Ezenekwe (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley Ikechukwu Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Stephen Kelechi Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Amid Nigeria’s economic growth and energy challenges, the escalating public debt levels and persistent energy poverty raise critical questions about their potential impacts on the environment. Given the potential conflict between economic development, energy poverty alleviation, and ecological conservation, it becomes pertinent to understand whether increased public debt and efforts to address energy poverty inadvertently contribute to or alleviate ecological imbalances within the country. Hence, this research investigates the effect of public debt and energy poverty on the load capacity factor (LCF) in Nigeria. Using the STIRPAT model and annual data from 1990 to 2021, the study explores the relationships among total public debt, energy poverty, gross domestic product per capita, urbanization, and LCF. Descriptive analysis, correlation assessments, and unit-root tests precede the data analysis conducted with the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and dynamic ARDL (DARDL) technique. Key findings reveal significant negative effects of urbanization and energy poverty on LCF. Additionally, the ARDL and DARDL procedure highlights a positive long-term relationship between public debt and LCF. Both ARDL and DARDL analyses show a negative short-term relationship between GDP growth per capita and LCF, signaling the need for sustainable economic practices. The study concludes with policy recommendations that aim to promote sustainable development and address ecological imbalances by tackling energy poverty and public debt challenges in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Public Debt, Energy Poverty, Load Capacity Factor, STIRPAT Model, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/062&r=env |
| By: | Dolabella, Marcelo; Mesquita Moreira, Mauricio |
| Abstract: | The dire prospects of global warming have been increasing the pressure on policymakers to use trade policy as a mitigation tool, challenging trade economists canonical “targeting principle.” Even though the justifications for this stance remain as valid as ever, it no longer seems feasible in a world that is already engaging actively in using trade policy for climate purposes. However, the search for second-best solutions remains warranted. In this paper, we focus on the climate benefits of tariff reform for a broad sample of Latin American and Caribbean countries, drawing on Shapiros (2021) insights about the environmental bias of trade policy. Using a partial equilibrium approach and GTAP 10-MRIO data for 2014, we show that even though there is evidence of a negative bias toward “dirty goods” in half of the countries studied, translating this into actionable tariff reforms is plagued by interpretation and implementation difficulties, as well as by jurisdictional and efficiency trade-offs. There are also questions about their efficacy in curbing greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Keywords: | International trade;Latin America and the Caribbean;Latin America andthe Caribbean |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F18 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12384&r=env |
| By: | Jerome Apt; Dennis Epple; Fallaw Sowell |
| Abstract: | Quantifying factors giving rise to temporal variation in forest fires is important for advancing scientific understanding and improving fire prevention. We demonstrate that eighty percent of the large year-to-year variation in forest area burned in California can be accounted for by variation in temperature, precipitation, housing construction, electricity transmission, and ocean surface temperatures in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Equatorial Pacific. California is of particular interest because of its large acreage burned and proximity of fires to human populations. We believe our model is the first unified treatment of climatic factors and human activities that affect forest area burned. |
| JEL: | Q23 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31738&r=env |
| By: | Nam, Nguyen Hoang |
| Abstract: | After more than 350 years since the first steam-powered vehicle was invented in 1672, much has been changed in the automotive industry towards sustainable and environmentally friendly products. Nowadays, the development of a circular economy (CE) in the automotive industry has attracted the attention of many countries. The main objective of study is to understand how to approach sustainable products in the automotive industry and adapt to social needs. Through analysis and synthesis methods, the study analyzed international car manufacturers’ experience in developing sustainable products. The results indicate that there is a trend of switching to electric vehicles in the policies of international car manufacturers, while car manufacturers also set policies and regulations in accessing sustainable products for the development of CE. |
| Date: | 2023–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ybqrj&r=env |
| By: | Amrit Amirapu (University of Kent); Irma Clots-Figueras (University of Kent/IZA); Juan Pablo Rud (University of London/IZA/Institute of Fiscal Studies) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of temperature shocks on electoral outcomes in Indian elections. Taking advantage of localized, high-frequency data on temperatures, we find that exposure to extreme temperatures the year before an election increases voter turnout, changes the composition of the candidate pool, and leads to different electoral outcomes (e.g. winning candidates are more likely to have an agricultural background). The effects are driven by reductions in agricultural productivity and are strongest in rural areas. We also show that temperature shocks increase the value voters place on agricultural issues and on policies which mitigate the effects of extreme temperatures, such as irrigation. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:281&r=env |
| By: | Mullon, Charles; Peña, Jorge; Lehmann, Laurent |
| Abstract: | Many social interactions happen indirectly via modifications of environmental variables, e.g. through the depletion of renewable resources or the secretion of functional compounds. Here, we derive the selection gradient on a quantitative trait affecting the dynamics of such environmental vari-ables that feedback on reproduction and survival in a patch-structured population that is finite, of con-stant size, and subject to isolation by distance. Our analysis shows that the selection gradient depends on how a focal individual influences the fitness of all future individuals in the population through modifications of the environmental variables they experience, weighted by the neutral relatedness be-tween recipients and the focal. The evolutionarily relevant trait-driven environmental modifications are formalized as the extended phenotypic effects of an individual, which quantify how a trait change in the individual in the present affects the environmental variables in all patches at all future times. When the trait affects reproduction and survival through some payoff function, the selection gradient can be expressed in terms of extended phenotypic effects weighted by scaled-relatedness coefficients. We show how to compute extended phenotypic effects, relatedness, and scaled-relatedness coefficients using Fourier analysis, allowing us to investigate a broad class of environmentally mediated social in-teractions in a tractable way. We illustrate our approach by studying the evolution of a trait controlling the costly production of some lasting commons (e.g. a common-pool resource or a toxic compound) that can diffuse in space. We show that whether selection favours environmentally mediated altruism or spite depends on the spatial correlation between an individual’s lineage and the commons originat-ing from its patch. The sign of this correlation depends on interactions between dispersal patterns and the commons’ renewal dynamics. More broadly, we suggest that selection can favour a wide range of social behaviours when these are mediated in space and time through environmental feedback. |
| Keywords: | Adaptive dynamics; Metacommunity; Extended Phenotype; Altruism; Spite |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128560&r=env |
| By: | Navarro, Ana; Camusso, Jorge |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies key issues and obstacles faced by Sustainable AgTech startups in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Our empirical approach is based on the analysis of statistical data from the Sustainable AgTech Challenge 2021 (created and launched by UNEP and the Yield Lab Institute with Yield Lab LATAM and Universidad Austral as key partners) and interviews with various stakeholders and experts in the AgTech area. We found that the AgTech sector is providing dynamic solutions that target multiple SDGs, but that the general awareness of sustainability and how to track impacts must continue to improve for AgTech startups to maximize their contribution to sustainable agriculture, while increase their possibilities for growth and scalability. These startups still face difficulties in accessing capital and markets, as well as bureaucratic obstacles and heterogeneous regulations within the region. Finally, based on our analysis of the current state of the Sustainable AgTech sector, we propose thirteen policy recommendations focused on building a support ecosystem that maximizes innovation and the impact of AgTech startups. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338553&r=env |
| By: | Rose Deperrois; Adélaïde Fadhuile; Julie Subervie |
| Abstract: | Social learning and the diffusion of innovations through peers are key components of agro-ecological transition, as they contribute to the generalization of good practices and improve the efficiency of public policies by increasing the number of farmers reached at no additional cost. We evaluated the spillover effects of a pesticide reduction scheme, implemented in France during the 2010s, which was designed to train farmers in pesticide-saving practices and encourage knowledge diffusion beyond the scope of enrolled farms. We estimated a fixed-effect model using pseudo-panel data collected at the national scale and found that doubling the share of enrolled farms within cohorts would reduce pesticide use by 7.3% to 10% on average. We found an additional effect of a similar magnitude when doubling the share of farms attending demonstration days hosted by farmers trained through the program, this impact being all the stronger as the share of enrolled farms is high. These results suggest that agricultural training programs with peer-sharing component are likely to generate spillover effects and increase the adoption of new practices at a lower cost than traditional programs. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Policy, Pesticide, Social Learning, Public Policy Evaluation |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q25 Q28 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2023-06&r=env |
| By: | Müller, Lukas; Ringel, Marc; Schiereck, Dirk |
| Date: | 2023–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:140476&r=env |
| By: | Li, Guozhen |
| Abstract: | This thesis is a preliminary investigation into the technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of a hydrogen-fueled aviation system. A review on hydrogen aircraft reveals that designing and manufacturing hydrogen-powered aircraft is technically feasible. Major hydrogen supply technologies are available, but their capacity is far below the need of a hydrogen aviation system. A large airport such as San Francisco International Airport (SFO) can consume over 3000 metric tons of hydrogen per day, if its air traffic is entirely fueled by hydrogen. Such an energy flow could support over 3 million typical hydrogen fuel cell cars’ normal use. Airport liquid hydrogen cost modeling provides an estimation of hydrogen fuel cost as an aviation fuel. The cost is found to be 20%-90% higher than conventional jet fuel on a per energy basis, and supplying liquid hydrogen creates major electric power and land use challenge to the airport. The economies of scale are limited when hydrogen is supplied at an airport level scale, given hydrogen production, liquefaction, delivery, and storage technologies available today. Compared to other alternative aviation fuels (e.g. biofuel and LNG), hydrogen is highly costly but offers huge GHG saving potentials. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, alternative aviation fuel, hydrogen, airport, zero emission aviation |
| Date: | 2023–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3sh5x1vk&r=env |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest nickel mineral potential in the world with the greatest potential being in the heart of the island of Sulawesi and small islands in the North Maluku archipelago and Southeast Sulawesi. Based on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), Indonesia has at least 72 million Nickel (Ni) reserves, including Limonit1, or 52% of the world's total nickel reserves of 139, 419, 000 Tons of Ni (Indonesian Nickel Investment Opportunities Booklet, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources , 2020). Therefore, most nickel mining activities are only spread across 4 provinces, which contain 90% of all nickel reserves in Indonesia. 3 provinces are in Sulawesi, namely Central Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi, as well as 1 province in Maluku, namely North Maluku. nickel mining, and the impact of nickel mining activities in Sulawesi. Previously, we will explain the whys and whys of policy directions related to nickel resources in Sulawesi in national and global development. This brief paper departs from experiences in Sulawesi in advocating for environmental sustainability and its impact on the lives of people in rural areas. Ambition to make Indonesia the number one battery producer in the world. To achieve such big ambitions, the Indonesian Government continues to boost the growth of the nickel mining industry, starting from upstream to downstream. |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:y58qe&r=env |
| By: | Missbach, Leonard; Steckel, Jan Christoph; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien |
| Abstract: | One reason carbon prices are difficult to implement is that they might imply high additional costs on poor and vulnerable households. In response, studies often highlight that recycling revenues through cash transfers can render carbon pricing reforms progressive. This neglects that existing cash transfer programs target households from low-income groups often imperfectly and that impacts of a carbon price are heterogeneous within income groups. In this study we analyze the role of existing cash transfer schemes to alleviate distributional effects of carbon pricing in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries. We find carbon pricing to be regressive in 11 countries, progressive in 5, and show that differences within income groups exceed differences between them. Beyond total household expenditures, car ownership and cooking fuel explain the variance in carbon pricing impacts. We show that households who are most affected by carbon pricing, some of them poor, do not necessarily have access to existing cash transfer programs. Governments aiming to compensate households may broaden coverage of existing cash transfer programs or consider complementing instruments such as in-kind transfers or removing existing distortionary taxes. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing;Climate mitigation;Energy Poverty;social acceptability;Tax Incidence |
| JEL: | C67 H23 O54 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12536&r=env |
| By: | Bastien Bedossa |
| Abstract: | The present study proposes to build a systematic approach to detecting and specifying situations of double vulnerability. Double vulnerability refers to a situation where a country combines climate and macro-financial vulnerabilities. It is defined as a situation where climate change (either in the form of occasional shocks or chronic deterioration in climate conditions) is likely to have multidimensional impacts on populations, ecosystems and economic activity, leading to an increase in fiscal imbalances and public debt ratios in the short to medium term.In turn, this negative dynamic limits governments’ ability to deal effectively with the consequences of climate change in the future, and in particular to support the most vulnerable segments of the population. We refer to this vicious circle as a “climate-financial trap”. |
| JEL: | E |
| Date: | 2023–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en16053&r=env |
| By: | Jorge Garcia-Hernandez; Roy Brouwer |
| Abstract: | Water markets represent a policy tool that aims at finding efficient water allocations among competing users by promoting reallocations from low-value to high-value uses. In Canada, water markets have been discussed and implemented at the provincial level; however, at the national level a study about the economic benefits of its implementation is still lacking. This paper fills this void by implementing a water market in Canada and examine how water endowment shocks would affect the economy under the assumptions of general equilibrium theory. Our results show a water market would damp the economic loss in case of reductions in water endowment, but it also cuts back on the economic expansion that would follow from an increase on it. These results provide new insights on the subject and will provide a novel look and reinvigorate informed discussions on the use of water markets in Canada as a potential tool to cope with climate-induced water supply changes. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.16678&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Cheikh T. Ndour (Dakar, Senegal); Judith C. M. Ngoungou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the difficulty of ensuring gender equality and the chaotic state of democracy, we analyze the effects of gender political inclusion and democracy on environmental policy performance. The study uses a panel of 45 African countries over the period 2012-2018 and employs the method of moments by quantile regression. The results show that, gender political inclusion and democracy positively affect environmental performance in all quantiles. These positive effects tend to be stronger at higher quantiles. The magnitude is larger for gender political inclusion. When performance is decomposed into the sub-indices of environmental health and ecosystem vitality, positive effects of gender political inclusion and democracy are observed in all quantiles. The effects are larger for the gender dimension than for the democracy dimension, regardless of the sub-index used. |
| Keywords: | Gender political inclusion; democracy; environmental performance; regression quantile method of moments; Africa |
| JEL: | J13 Q56 C31 C33 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/060&r=env |
| By: | Mrs. Nina Budina; Mr. Christian H Ebeke; Ms. Florence Jaumotte; Andrea Medici; Augustus J Panton; Marina M. Tavares; Bella Yao |
| Abstract: | In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging market and developing economies are grappling with economic scarring, social tension, and reduced policy space. Policy actions are already urgently needed to boost growth in the near term and support the ongoing green transition. At the same time, high public debt and persistently high inflation have constrained policy space, posing difficult policy trade-offs. This Staff Discussion Note focuses on emerging market and developing economies and proposes a framework for prioritization, packaging, and sequencing of macrostructural reforms to accelerate growth, alleviate policy trade-offs, and support the green transition. The note shows that prioritizing the removal of the most binding constraints on economic activity, bundling reforms (governance, business deregulation, and external sector reforms), and appropriate sequencing of other reforms (such as labor market and credit sector reforms) can help front-load reform gains. In emerging market and developing economies with large initial structural gaps, the estimated output effects of such a major reform package are sizable—about 4 percent in two years and 8 percent in four years. Achieving higher growth and lower absolute carbon emissions over time requires a well-designed strategy that includes both macrostructural and green reforms. |
| Keywords: | policy trade-off; climate policy stringency; policy space; policy action; developing economy; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Structural reforms; Climate policy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Global; Caribbean |
| Date: | 2023–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfsdn:2023/007&r=env |
| By: | Astigarraga, Laura; Baraldo, Juan; Costa, Nicolás; Lamanna, Alejandro; Triñanes, Ernesto |
| Abstract: | Este artículo presenta la metodología y los resultados de la huella de carbono parcial de la lechería uruguaya, estimada a partir de datos de la Encuesta Lechera del ejercicio 2019. Para los tambos remitentes del país, la huella promedio es de 0, 986 kg CO2eq/kg de leche, con un rango que abarca desde 0, 883 a 1, 387 kg CO2eq./kg de leche. Este resultado coloca a la lechería uruguaya en una posición favorable en una perspectiva internacional. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338551&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Este documento detalla el proceso participativo que, con el objetivo de priorizar objetivos estratégicos del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de Cuba (PND) y articularlos con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), fue realizado a partir de la metodología de identificación de nodos y eslabones críticos definida por la CEPAL, con la participación de expertos de instituciones nacionales e internacionales. El resultado, que evidenció la alta convergencia entre el PND y los ODS, derivó en la construcción de ocho circuitos de objetivos estratégicos del desarrollo, entre los que destacan la potenciación de las capacidades institucionales, como escenario propicio para generar recursos financieros y para detonar procesos de inversión en sectores clave, ello mediante la modernización tecnológica. También resalta la garantía de derechos de toda la población, mediante acciones relevantes como la formación de capacidades en ciencia y tecnología, que detonen la generación de mejores empleos y propicien un incremento de la productividad y las exportaciones en los sectores clave, considerando la sostenibilidad ambiental, y teniendo como horizonte final el alcance efectivo de las metas clave de desarrollo sostenible en el país. |
| Date: | 2023–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:49071&r=env |
| By: | Marcel A. T. Dossou (University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin); Emmanuelle N. Kambaye (Chengdu, China); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Alastaire S. Alinsato (University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin); Mesfin W. Berhe (Chengdu, China); Kouessi P. Dossou (University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin) |
| Abstract: | Existing studies have been separated, considering the foreign direct investment (FDI) and renewable energy development (RE) nexus and the governance quality- renewable energy development relationship. However, the study regarding the moderation of governance quality on the FDI-renewable energy nexus is quite scarce. To fill the gap in the literature, the study therefore examines the moderation of governance quality on the influence of FDI on (RE) in 37 sub-Saharan African economies over the period 1996-2020. To achieve this goal, the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimation technique has been adopted. The results show that FDI has a positive and significant effect on RE, meaning that an increase in foreign direct investment could lead to a 0.05 increase in RE. Moreover, the results unveil that governance quality is positively and significantly associated with RE. This means that a unit increase in control of corruption, governance effectiveness, rule of law, and voice and accountability leads to a 9.64, 9.10, 10.10 and 9.08 increase unit in the renewable energy sector, respectively. Most importantly, the results indicate that the interaction between FDI and governance quality has a positive and significant effect on RE. Policy implications are discussed based on the findings revealed by this study. |
| Keywords: | Gender political inclusion; democracy; environmental performance; regression quantile method of moments; Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/061&r=env |
| By: | Michelle M. Marcus; Rosie Mueller |
| Abstract: | Our understanding of individuals' response to information about unregulated contaminants is limited. We leverage the highly publicized social discovery of unregulated PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) contamination in public drinking water to study the impact of information about unregulated contaminants on housing prices. Using residential property transaction data, we employ a difference-in-differences research design and show that high profile media coverage about PFAS contamination significantly decreased property values of affected homes. We also find suggestive evidence of residential sorting that may have worsened environmental inequality. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 R21 R23 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31731&r=env |
| By: | Cosaert, Sam (University of Antwerp); Nieto Castro, Adrian (University of Luxembourg, LISER); Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (University of Luxembourg, LISER) |
| Abstract: | We leverage U.S. county-day temperature variation combined with daily time use data to examine the effect of temperature on the timing of work. We find that warmer (colder) temperatures increase (decrease) working time during the night and decrease (increase) working time in the morning. These effects are pronounced among workers with increased bargaining power, flexible work schedules, greater exposure to ambient temperature while at work, and fewer family-related constraints. Workers compensate for the shifts in the timing of work triggered by temperature fluctuations by adjusting their sleep time, without changing the timing of leisure and home production activities. |
| Keywords: | weather, time use, work schedule, labor supply, non-market activities, sleep |
| JEL: | J22 Q54 I31 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16480&r=env |
| By: | Flavin, Thomas; Sheenan, Lisa |
| Abstract: | We investigate if green bonds can act as a safe-haven asset for equity investors by analysing their relationship with stocks and other alternative safe havens, namely sovereign bonds and gold. Safe havens are defined as assets that exhibit zero or negative comovement with equity during a stock market downturn. We analyse the interrelationships between the asset classes using the Marginal Expected Shortfall of Acharya et al. (2017) and by comparing the regime-dependent GIRFs from a Markovswitching VAR model. Our results suggest that green bonds are not safe haven assets for equity investors but rather show positive comovement during periods of market stress. The sovereign bond is the most consistent in delivering diversification benefits across market conditions, while gold acts as a safe-haven asset during all regimes except during rare periods of extreme turbulence. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds, Contagion, Financial crisis, Markov-switching VAR |
| JEL: | C15 C34 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202306&r=env |
| By: | Kiran B. Krishnamurthy, Chandra (CERE - Center for Environmental and Resource Economics (CERE), Department of Forest Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Umeå, Sweden); Ngo, Nicole (School of Planning, Public Policy, and Management, University of Oregon) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of Uber’s entry on freeway traffic and pollution in California. We use a panel difference-in-differences design and exploit variation in timing and occurrence of Uber’s entry into different counties using hourly freeway traffic data and daily pollution data between 2009 and 2017. We find reductions in weekday freeway congestion and PM2.5 concentrations in the average county entered. However, this reduction occurs at off-peak times and in less populated counties. During evening rush hour and in the most populated counties, we find increases in congestion and air pollution. We estimate that Uber’s entry resulted in an overall net social cost between $1.4 and $13.9 million for counties where and time periods when congestion is greatest. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution; Traffic Congestion; ride-hailing; ridesharing |
| JEL: | C21 C23 L91 R41 |
| Date: | 2022–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2021_018&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | In recent years, international development co-operation has undergone a transition from a conventional donor-recipient model to a partnership-centred approach, including with regions and cities. Friuli Venezia Giulia, a small region in north-eastern Italy with extensive policy autonomy, has been active in international co-operation and is seeking to get more out of its actions both for the region and with its co-operation partners around the world. This paper evaluates its strategy on international partnership and co-operation and proposes recommendations, including more targeted initiatives that leverage the expertise of the region for greater impact in partner countries and for local benefits. |
| Keywords: | 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Decentralised Development Co-operation, multi-level governance, multi-stakeholder partnership, Official Development Assistance, Regional Development |
| JEL: | F35 F63 H70 O19 R10 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/17-en&r=env |
| By: | Staritz, Cornelia; Tröster, Bernhard; Wojewska, Aleksandra |
| Abstract: | Research and debates around mineral extraction in the context of social-ecological transformation have dedicated limited focus on price-making processes. Drawing on the systems of provisioning approach, this paper assesses price-making and related institutions in mineral provisioning as contested processes. We argue that price-making is not an objective or solely technical process taking place on abstract markets; rather, it is, first, reflective of power struggles over specific rules and devices between different actors, embedded in social relations, network practices and institutions and, second, linked to characteristics of specific materialities of commodities and territorial and organizational forms of their provisioning. Empirically, we analyze the 'electric vehicle metals' copper, cobalt and lithium, for which derivative markets are intensifying their role as key price-determination institutions linked to financial actors' interest to get price exposure. The paper criticizes current shifts to benchmark- and derivative markets-based price-determination. This approach primarily focuses on short-term and narrow production costs without considering local producer-region specificities, broader economic impacts and environmental and social costs and risks. Moreover, it fails to address the long-term insecurities related to resource depletion. With financial actors dominating price-determination on derivative markets, prices deviate even from such a short-term and narrow fundamental perspective. Alternative price-making mechanisms are needed for social-ecological transformation, which requires political debates and democratic decision-making. Methodologically, the paper is based on trade and financial data and semi-structured interviews with price-determination institutions, metal provisioning and producer country actors. |
| Keywords: | price-making, provisioning systems, infrastructures, financialization, electric vehicle metals |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsew:74&r=env |
| By: | Musungu, Arnold L.; Kubik, Zaneta; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | We study how rural households in Ethiopia adapt to droughts through labor reallocation. By using three waves of panel data and exploiting spatial-temporal variations in drought exposure, we find that households reduce on-farm work and increase off-farm self-employment in response to both short-term and persistent droughts, without abandoning family farming. Diversification into off-farm activities is driven by drought-related productivity declines in agriculture and contributes to consumption smoothing. Households with better access to markets and financial services find it easier to reallocate labor off-farm. Our results highlight the importance of strengthening the rural non-farm economy to enhance rural households’ climate resilience. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2023–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:338675&r=env |
| By: | Marcel A. T. Dossou (University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin); Emmanuelle N. Kambaye (Chengdu, Sichuan, China.); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Alastaire S. Alinsato (University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin); Mesfin W. Berhe (Chengdu, Sichuan, China); Kouessi P. Dossou (University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin) |
| Abstract: | Existing studies have been separated, considering the foreign direct investment (FDI) and renewable energy development (RE) nexus and the governance quality- renewable energy development relationship. However, the study regarding the moderation of governance quality on the FDI-renewable energy nexus is quite scarce. To fill the gap in the literature, the study therefore examines the moderation of governance quality on the influence of FDI on (RE) in 37 sub-Saharan African economies over the period 1996-2020. To achieve this goal, the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimation technique has been adopted. The results show that FDI has a positive and significant effect on RE, meaning that an increase in foreign direct investment could lead to a 0.05 increase in RE. Moreover, the results unveil that governance quality is positively and significantly associated with RE. This means that a unit increase in control of corruption, governance effectiveness, rule of law, and voice and accountability leads to a 9.64, 9.10, 10.10 and 9.08 increase unit in the renewable energy sector, respectively. Most importantly, the results indicate that the interaction between FDI and governance quality has a positive and significant effect on RE. Policy implications are discussed based on the findings revealed by this study. |
| Keywords: | Foreign direct investment, governance quality, renewable energy development, sub-Sharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/061&r=env |
| By: | Griffith, Andrew P.; Smith, Katy V.; DeLong, Karen; Boyer, Christopher N.; Martinez, Charley C.; Fryxell, Rebecca Trout |
| Abstract: | Horn flies (Haematobia irritans (L.)) are a common livestock pest. They feed 20-40 times per day, resulting in blood loss, pathogen introduction, production inefficiencies, and hide damage, which could reduce profitability in livestock production. Horn fly management strategies can reduce the severity of these problems. Several studies have found greater weight gains in cattle with fewer flies compared with cattle with heavy infestations. Kunz et al. (1991) estimated the monetary damages of horn flies to the United States (US) livestock industry to be $876 million, which is $1.75 billion in 2021 dollars. Since horn flies can cause monetary losses, it is important to evaluate the economic impact of using different control methods in cattle production. One measurable aspect is how much producers spend managing horn flies, which may include chemical delivery methods (e.g. ear tags, pour-ons, sprays, feedthroughs) and non-chemical methods (e.g., walk through traps, BT technology, and pasture management). We surveyed Tennessee and Texas cow-calf producers regarding their horn fly management costs and approaches and estimated the factors influencing their horn fly management costs. This information is important because horn fly management costs are likely to differ based on location, demographics, perceptions, and traditional practices. Additionally, producers and researchers may be interested in the factors affecting producer decision making and horn fly management expenditures. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2023–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:338730&r=env |
| By: | Schling, Maja; Guerrero Compeán, Roberto; Pazos, Nicolás; Bailey, Allison; Arkema, Katie; Ruckelshaus, Mary |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the local economic impact of pelagic Sargassum seaweed washed ashore in tourism-heavy coastal zones in the Mexican State of Quintana Roo. The study relies on a carefully designed Geographic Information Systems (GIS) dataset of monthly observations from 2016 to 2019 for 157 beach segments. The dataset comprises an innovate measure of Sargassum seaweed presence, remotely sensed nighttime light intensity as a proxy of economic growth, as well as information on key infrastructure, sociodemographic and beach characteristics. We apply a fixed-effects regression model that controls for general time trends and unobserved, time-invariant differences across observations. We estimate that the presence of Sargassum in a beach segment reduces nighttime light intensity by 17.5%, representing an approximate 11.6% decrease in gross local product. Considering that impacts of Sargassum on local economic activity may be delayed due to reputational effects, our analysis finds that significant lagged effects can be detected up until 12 months after Sargassum was detected on the shoreline. These effect sizes range between a 5.9 and a 9.9% reduction in gross local product. Various robustness checks, including an adjusted measurement of Sargassum and the consideration of potential spatial correlation across beach segments, indicate that estimated impacts are consistently significant and negative across numerous specifications. For one of most tourism-dependent regions in the world, the recurrent influx is one of the most threatening manifestations of climate change. Our research is the first to robustly quantify the economic impact of Sargassum, and highlights the extent to which economic activity is negatively affected by the accumulation of seaweed and how these effects persist over time. The next important step is for both public and private sectors to invest in forecasting systems and containment strategies as well as engage in cleanup efforts to mitigate severe accumulations, inducing economic resilience in coastal communities. |
| Keywords: | Sargassum;economic growth;coastal zone management;Mexico;coastal zonemanagement |
| JEL: | C23 C52 N56 O44 Q56 R11 Z32 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12460&r=env |
| By: | Blackman, Allen; Dissanayake, Sahan; Martinez Cruz, Adan; Corral, Leonardo; Schling, Maja |
| Abstract: | We conduct a discrete choice experiment with leaders of a random sample of 164 Peruvian indigenous communities (ICs) - to our knowledge, the first use of rigorous stated preference methods to analyze land titling. We find that: (i) on average, IC leaders are willing to pay US$35, 000-45, 000 for a title, roughly twice the per community administrative cost of titling; (ii) WTP is positively correlated with the value of IC land and the risk of land grabbing; and (iii) leaders prefer titling processes that involve indigenous representatives and titles that encompass land with cultural value. |
| Keywords: | discrete choice experiment;Indigenous Community;land rights;mixed multinomiallogit |
| JEL: | O13 Q15 C93 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12633&r=env |
| By: | Ashok Gulati (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Manasi Phadke; Bhushana Karandikar |
| Abstract: | The research objective was to understand how the evolving interface of agritech startups and FPOs is impacting farmers in terms of economic returns, and what important lessons can be drawn to strengthen the existing policy framework. The study included mapping of the landscape of agritech startups and FPOs in the area of agriculture marketing; a deep dive into the experience of agritech startups and FPOs working together; a measure of the early impact and direction of progress through case study approach; and coming up with policy recommendations that can help strengthen this ecosystem for larger sustainable gains for the farmers. The research findings clearly demonstrate the potential of technology and institutional innovations in improving agriculture market efficiency and delivering higher returns to the farmers. We hope this research will add value to the discourse on how innovations are critical for getting market right, and both practitioners and policymakers can benefit from the case study findings and policy recommendations presented in this report. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture Market, Value Chain, Fintech Solutions, Innovation, NCEDX, icrier |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:report:23-r-05&r=env |
| By: | Mohammad Hadavi; Lutong Sun; Djordje Romanic |
| Abstract: | Severe windstorms pose threats to people, human-made structures, and the environment. An investigation of insured losses caused by windstorms is a multipurpose study that serves to advance the resilience and sustainability of modern communities. The present study proposes a systematic analysis of insured losses imposed by different types of windstorms in two Canadian provinces, Ontario (ON) and Quebec (QC), during the period 2008-2021. Actual wind damage data from the Canadian insurance market were considered in this study. Our calculations show that ON and QC received half of all wind catastrophes across Canada, and nearly three-quarters of all types of catastrophes in ON and QC were wind-related ones. The total windstorm loss of over CA$5.2 billion was not evenly distributed between QC and ON, but rather had a QC:ON ratio of 1:3.1. We attributed this discrepancy in the inflicted damage between two provinces to the predominantly eastward and northeastward storm trajectories and the higher density of wealth and population in ON. Convective storms were the most devastating wind type comprising nearly 65% and 67% of the total number of events and associated damage, respectively. Finally, tornadoes had the highest average loss per event in two provinces combined. Future prospects and the implication of this research are also discussed. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.16695&r=env |
| By: | Vieira Rodrigues, Valquíria; Wander, Alcido; Rosa, Fabricia |
| Abstract: | O trabalho visa apresentar o diagnóstico da sustentabilidade de cadeia produtiva da avicultura de corte, sob a perspectiva da Contabilidade de Gestão Ambiental, Desse modo analisou informações de natureza descritiva e quantitativa, acerca do patrimônio ambiental, como o diagnóstico florestal, geração de resíduos, recursos hídricos, energia e emissões, gestão ambiental e contabilidade, trazendo aos gestores, as informações sobre os fluxos físicos ambientais, que os auxiliará na tomada de decisões. Para tanto, foram investigadas 09 organizações empresariais, 230 fazendas integradas com um total de 816 aviários que compõem a cadeia da avicultura de corte, localizada em 43 municípios no estado de Goiás, Brasil. Os resultados demonstram a estratégia de negócio vertical e a adoção de modelo de negócio circular por parte da cadeia avícola, caracterizada por matrizeiro, incubatório ou nascedouro, aviário, armazém, fábrica de farinhas e óleos, estação de tratamento de efluente química, fábrica de ração, frigorífico (abatedouro) e fábrica (industrialização). No total de 121.423.685 frangos de corte em 2021, foram comercializadas 41, 2 mil toneladas de resíduos, o que gerou uma receita ambiental de R$ 102, 59 milhões. Também verificou que a Contabilidade de Gestão Ambiental possibilita mapear os processos, obter reconhecimento sobre aspectos físicos e financeiros, estabelecer mecanismos de controle ecológico, e, possibilitar evidenciar as ações, políticas e programas voltados para a sustentabilidade. Conclui-se que, a Contabilidade de Gestão Ambiental alinhada com o planejamento estratégico, contribui de forma direta no processo de monitoramento e a avaliação de forma contínua, proporcionando à cadeia avícola conhecimento sobre a seu desempenho na busca por soluções mitigadoras e o controle da poluição provocada por sua atividade. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338544&r=env |
| By: | Tabuga, Aubrey D.; Domingo, Sonny N.; Umlas, Anna Jennifer L.; Zuluaga, Katrina Mae C. |
| Abstract: | Social norms and structures are vital factors that shape people’s behavior and attitudes. Therefore, analyzing such underlying forces in creating strategies to influence behavior and activities is useful. Agricultural extension services, such as information dissemination and farmers’ training, are some of the interventions that can benefit from such analyses, especially within a context of limited human and financial resources. The lessons learned from analyzing social networks and norms can be used to identify potential local knowledge and information disseminators, thereby aiding the extension services. It also helps in formulating more contextualized approaches to reach the underserved and hard-to-reach areas. Applying this approach, this study used the case of a remote upland area in Atok, Benguet, a major vegetable producer. A social network analysis was used to develop insights for designing more effective extension strategies. The results show that interventions like information and education campaigns can be improved by acknowledging the nuances in social relation structures. |
| Keywords: | social network analysis;information and education campaign;Philippines;Benguet farming;upland farming |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:rpseri:rps_2023-03&r=env |
| By: | Becka Brolinson (Federal Housing Finance Agency) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I quantify the value of access to public transit in New York using the surprise, hurricane-related announcement of the temporary shutdown of an important piece of transportation infrastructure: the L-train connecting Brooklyn and Manhattan. My approach allows me to measure changes in housing sales prices by using a change in public transit infrastructure that is (a) temporary, and (b) not an outcome of city transit planning, but rather an unexpected consequence of a natural disaster. I find that the L-train’s shutdown announcement caused a temporary decrease in sales prices for affected housing units of 6.4 percent. This estimate suggests a monthly capitalization rate of public transit access of around $863 for housing units where the L-train is the nearest subway stop, demonstrating that households in New York City ascribe a high value to transit access. Using these estimates, the benefits of the repair outweigh the costs, with the benefit-to-cost ratio of the repairs ranging from 2.76 to 2.78. |
| Keywords: | transportation, house prices, natural disaster risk |
| JEL: | Q54 R31 R38 R4 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hfa:wpaper:23-06&r=env |
| By: | Honorati, Maddalena; Banaszczyk, Anna |
| Abstract: | The objective of this policy note is to provide an overview of the three draft project proposals and to recommend key design principles and implementation arrangement options for a coordinated outplacement program in the Eastern Wielkopolska region that would provide a package of services to motivate and help affected workers find suitable jobs in alignment with the TJTP. The focus of the note is on interventions supporting the social and labor transition in Eastern Wielkopolska, rather than the economic, spatial, and energy transformations which are also part of the JTM Pillar. Efforts to promote local economic development and environmental rehabilitation of affected subregions as well as to develop stakeholder engagement and public communication strategies are beyond the scope of this note. |
| Keywords: | Just transition; jobs; coal transition; job displacements; income support; ALMPs/active labor market policies. |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:32574393&r=env |
| By: | Gómez-Lobo, Andrés; Gutiérrez, Mauro; Huamaní, Sandro; Marino, Diego; Serebrisky, Tomás; Solís, Ben |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the results of a quasi-experimental study for which information was collected through a survey conducted in peri-urban areas of Metropolitan Lima between October and November 2021. The survey was conducted on households residing near and on both sides of the border of coverage of the public water network. Our work finds that access to networked water was associated with a reduction in the probability of infection by COVID-19. Likewise, an extension to the model, using heterogeneous effects, suggests that it is not enough for a home to be connected to the network, but that a minimum amount of consumption must also be guaranteed. The results should be interpreted taking into consideration the limitations in the information. These results highlight the need for investment in infrastructure to close access gaps, and the importance of ensuring quality and affordable services for the population. |
| Keywords: | water;COVID-19;health;regression discontinuity;Lima;Peru |
| JEL: | L95 I14 I15 I10 I18 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12332&r=env |
| By: | Honorati, Maddalena; Ferré, Céline; Gajderowicz, Tomasz |
| Abstract: | After Germany, Poland is the EU’s second largest coal producer and consumer.1 96 percent of EU-27 hard coal production, or 54.4 million tons, is extracted in Poland (EURACOAL, 2020). In 2020, over 40 percent of the country’s total energy supply (TES) and 70 percent of its electricity generation come from coal and lignite (IEA, 2022), the highest rate in Europe. Coal in Poland also continues to employ about 88, 000 people directly in the mines, down from about 444, 000 in 1989. Europe’s commitment to stop its fossil fuel imports from Russia following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is slowing down Poland’s coal phase-out to ensure energy security in Europe, 2 but Poland remains committed to a complete coal mine closure by 2049. |
| Keywords: | Just transition; jobs; coal transition; job displacements; income support; ALMPs/active labor market policies. |
| Date: | 2023–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:32575393&r=env |
| By: | Padilla, Ramón; Lage, Carlos |
| Abstract: | El Programa Conjunto “Apoyo al desarrollo de un Marco Nacional Integrado para el Financiamiento de los ODS en Cuba” o CIFFRA forma parte de las más de 70 experiencias internacionales impulsadas por el sistema de las Naciones Unidas para financiar la Agenda 2030. La implementación de CIFFRA requirió de un proceso de aprendizaje, asimilación e innovación, dadas las peculiaridades de la economía cubana y la concreción del proyecto en medio de la crisis provocada por el COVID-19. Este informe describe en detalle el proceso seguido para llevar a cabo el proyecto, resumiendo los principales hitos, lecciones, desafíos y contribuciones. Sistematizar la experiencia CIFFRA puede orientar procesos similares en otros países y servir de guía al Gobierno cubano para replicar ejercicios similares en el futuro. |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:67984&r=env |