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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Caroline Devaux (CDMO - Centre de droit maritime et océanique - Nantes Univ - UFR DSP - Nantes Université - UFR Droit et Sciences Politiques - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Jean-Philippe Nicolaï (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The article focuses on digital pollution, a phenomenon that includes all environmental pollution generated by digital activities. This is currently responsible for 2.5% of greenhouse gas emissions in France, an environmental impact that continues to grow with the digital transformation of our society. This article aims to explore possible regulatory solutions to lead companies to consider the environmental impact of digital technology and modify their practices. More specifically, it is proposed to integrate the risks of digital pollution in the governance of companies. In this respect, the duty of due diligence appears as a regulatory tool to be mobilized to reduce digital pollution. The article proposes a reflection on what could be a duty of vigilance for companies. |
| Abstract: | L'article s'intéresse à la pollution numérique, un phénomène qui comprend toutes les pollutions environnementales générées par l'activité numérique. Ce phénomène est actuellement à l'origine de 2, 5 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en France, un impact environnemental qui ne cesse de croître au fil de la transformation numérique de notre société. Cet article vise à explorer les solutions de régulation possibles pour conduire les entreprises à prendre en compte l'impact environnemental du numérique et modifier leurs pratiques. Plus spécifiquement, il est proposé d'intégrer les risques de pollution numérique dans la gouvernance des entreprises. À ce titre, le devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et entreprises donneuses d'ordre est un outil de régulation à mobiliser pour engager une réduction de la pollution numérique. L'article propose ainsi une réflexion sur ce que pourrait être un devoir de vigilance numérique des entreprises. |
| Keywords: | Environment, Digital Pollution, Due Diligence Duty, Corporate Social Responsibility, Digital sobriety, Environnement, Pollution numérique, Devoir de vigilance, RSE, Sobriété numérique |
| Date: | 2022–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04190349&r=env |
| By: | Soo Keong Young; Ulrich J. Wagner; Peiyao Shen; Laure de Preux; Mirabelle Muȗls; Ralf Martin; Jing Cao |
| Abstract: | We investigate how management quality moderates the impact of carbon pricing on Chinese firms. Based on interviews with managers and lead engineers at manufacturing firms in Hubei and Beijing, we construct a novel index on climate-change related management practices and link it to firm data from various sources. We document higher average productivity and more green innovation among firms that are well managed according to this index. In an event study of the introduction of regional cap-and-trade schemes for CO2, we analyze how these management practices interact with treatment. While treated firms reduced coal consumption more than control firms, this effect is statistically significant only for well-managed firms. The reduction could have been 25% greater if badly managed firms had been well managed. Our study highlights that good management practices, in particular energy monitoring, enhance the effectiveness of market-based climate policies by enabling firm to rationally comply with them. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; firm behavior; management practices; emissions trading scheme; policy evaluation |
| JEL: | D22 O31 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_466&r=env |
| By: | Luca Bettarelli; Davide Furceri; Pietro Pizzuto; Nadia Shakoor |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of Climate Change Policies (CCPs) on green innovation, for a sample of 40 advanced and emerging market economies and 5 economic sectors, during the period 2000-2021. Our results suggest that CCPs increase green patents, with the effect increasing gradually over time. The effect is larger for non-market-based policies—such as R&D subsidies—and technology-support instruments, in countries with greater competitiveness and during periods of stronger economic activity—that is, higher GDP growth, lower uncertainty and financial stress. The results based on a difference-in-differences approach suggest that the positive effect of stricter CCPs on green innovation is stronger in sectors with limited financial constraints. |
| Keywords: | green patents; climate change policy; diff-in-diff approach; innovation |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/180&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Shafik Hebous; Nate Vernon |
| Abstract: | With increasing awareness of past environmental damage from crypto mining, questions arise as to how persistent the problem will be in the future and how taxation can help in addressing this negative externality. We estimate that the global demand for electricity by crypto miners reached that of Australia or Spain, resulting in 0.33% of global CO2 emissions in 2022. Projections suggest sustained future electricity demand and indicate further increases in CO2 emissions if crypto prices significantly increase and the energy efficiency of mining hardware is low. To address global warming, we estimate the corrective excise on the electricity used by crypto miners to be USD 0.045 per kWh, on average. Considering also air pollution costs raises the tax to USD 0.087 per kWh. Country-specific estimates vary depending on their electricity sources. |
| Keywords: | Corrective Taxes; Carbon Tax; Mitigation Policy; Crypto Assets; Crypto Mining; Bitcoin |
| Date: | 2023–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/194&r=env |
| By: | Panda, Architesh (United Nations University.); Yamano, Takashi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Asia is home to 60% of the world's population, 52% of global agricultural production, and 43% of agriculture-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While a large portion of the Asian population depends on agriculture for their livelihood and food security, the agriculture sector is one of the main sources of GHG emissions in the region. In some Asian economies, it accounts for more than 40% of total emissions. This report identifies the major sources of GHG emissions from the agriculture sector and reviews a variety of tools and technologies to change emission pathways. It also discusses the institutional, political, and economic challenges for achieving progress toward a cost-effective, inclusive, and resilient transition to net-zero agriculture. |
| Keywords: | climate change; net-zero agriculture; Asia and the Pacific; non-carbon dioxide equivalent; non-CO2e |
| JEL: | Q01 Q10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0694&r=env |
| By: | Yen Nhi Nguyen (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effect of unilateral environmental policies on global emissions under trade in intermediate inputs. I develop a model of heterogeneous firms with two countries (North-South) in which North firms can invest in abatement activities but also offshore the pollution-intensive part of the production in South. The model suggests that a unilateral increase in North emission tax promotes more abatement activities of the least productive firms while the most productive firms stop investing in abatement and offshore polluting production steps. Marginal increases in North emission tax decrease global emissions when the relative emission tax is low but increase global emissions when it is high. Tests using German firm-level data support the central prediction of the model: offshoring activities reduce firms’ domestic emission intensity, particularly when firms offshore in countries with lax environmental regulations. |
| JEL: | F10 F14 F18 F23 Q52 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2315&r=env |
| By: | Jolien Noels; Coline Pouille; Raphaël Jachnik; Marcia Rocha |
| Abstract: | Climate change mitigation scenarios are a key forward-looking input for a range of financial sector analyses and assessments. The inaccurate use of mitigation scenarios can, however, contribute to unintended incentives, environmental integrity concerns, and greenwashing risks. This paper aims to inform climate change mitigation scenario providers, financial sector participants and stakeholders, and climate policymakers on how they may contribute to improved use of scenarios for the purposes of target setting and alignment assessments in the financial sector. To do so, the paper analyses climate change mitigation scenarios currently used for these purposes, based on the following analytical dimensions: consistency with the Paris Agreement, practicality, and underlying assumptions. |
| Keywords: | climate alignment assessments, Climate change mitigation scenarios, finance, greenhouse gas emissions, investment, net zero target setting |
| JEL: | G23 G24 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:223-en&r=env |
| By: | Coline Pouille; Marcia Rocha; Jolien Noels; Raphaël Jachnik |
| Abstract: | Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement, governments and economic actors have increasingly been setting greenhouse gas emissions reduction or net zero targets. Amidst risks of delayed action and greenwashing, there is need to understand whether climate related targets and transition plans are consistent with the Paris Agreement. Climate change mitigation scenarios can be used as inputs to design such targets and plans, and as benchmarks to assess progress towards them. In this context, this paper proposes criteria for selecting global climate change mitigation scenarios that can be considered consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goal and emissions objectives, based on state-of-the-art literature on climate science and mitigation scenarios. |
| Keywords: | 1.5°C temperature goal, Climate change mitigation scenarios, greenhouse gas emissions pathways, net zero targets, Paris Agreement alignment, temperature overshoot |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 C68 |
| Date: | 2023–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:222-en&r=env |
| By: | ANDRIAANDY, Josué R.; Randriamifidy, Fitiavana M.; Andrianavony, Jovianah K. |
| Abstract: | Employing a VAR model, this work delves into Madagascar’s economic dynamics, particularly its GDP growth, agricultural production, and land use, with a pronounced emphasis on the profound influence of temperature fluctuations. The results illuminate the intricate interplay between economic activities and climatic variations, emphasizing the susceptibility of the economy to temperature changes. This underscores the urgency of formulating adaptive strategies that mitigate the adverse effects of temperature fluctuations, enabling not only economic growth but also environmental sustainability a synergy crucial for Madagascar’s prosperous future. |
| Keywords: | VAR model, Madagascar, GDP growth, agricultural production, land use, temperature fluctuations, economic dynamics, climate change, environmental sustainability |
| JEL: | A1 E6 O1 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118582&r=env |
| By: | Alpizar, Francisco; Holmgren, Milena; Carriquiry, Miguel; Borges, Magdalena |
| Abstract: | Riparian buffer zones (riparian buffers) are vegetated areas adjacent to surface watercourses and have been used around the globe as a Nature Based-Solution to reduce diffuse agricultural nutrient pollution and its negative effects in water quality (Cole et. al, 2020, Collins, et. al. 2009) . They also provide many important ecosystem services such as flood protection, carbon sequestration, water temperature regulation and habitat provision for plants and animals of land and water ecosystems (Riiss et. al., 2020). In the context of agricultural watersheds, an increase in the area of riparian buffer zones reduces the area for conventional agricultural production (e.g. livestock and crops) but it increases the provision of ecosystem functions that benefits the society as a whole. Such is the case of nutrient retention function of riparian buffers. As a result, the areas located near water courses present a trade-off between the private (farmers and landowners) and public (society) interest (Buckley et. al., 2012, Naidoo, et. al., 2006, Sparovek et. al., 2002). In this regard, buffer zones can be conceptualized as a public good that benefits society as a whole -by improving or preserving water quality- and, at the same time, imply opportunity costs of forgone agricultural production. The most common way of implementing riparian buffers is by mandatorily defining specific margins along water courses in which certain farming and herding practices are prohibited (Buckley et. al, 2012). Although this approach is relatively easy and straightforward to implement for governments, it has two main disadvantages. The first disadvantage is that from the societal point of view the measure can be unfair, since it punishes farmers near water courses whether or not they are responsible for the water pollution problem. The second disadvantage is that mandatory top-down approaches can also crowd out the intrinsic motivation of farmers for implementing them and generate negative impulses (e.g., aversion to responsibility and incompliance) towards water quality issues (Thomas et.al., 2019; Barnes et. al., 2013). One possible solution to this problem is to create a Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme funded by green taxes on fertilizer with earmarking for riparian buffers. This scheme has three advantages. Firstly, by being voluntary, it may reduce the crowding out effects of mandatory measures on farmers attitudes towards environmental issues. Secondly, it helps to reduce fertilizer overapplications and the amount of nutrients exported form farms (UNEP, 2020; Failde, et. al., 2015). In addition, it creates a funding mechanism that burdens the cost of intervention on fertilizers’ consumers who are generally considered as one of the main responsible for nutrient pollution in the context of agricultural watersheds (Liu et. al., 2020). Hence, it might be seen as a fairer mechanism than the mandatory approach. Although riparian buffers and fertilizer taxes have been extensively analyzed in the scientific literature as separated measures, there is little or no research that compares both as alternatives or complements for reducing nutrient pollution. Moreover, Liu et. al. (2020) analyze the use of a tax on fertilizer for funding an agricultural best management practices program, but this has not been done for the case of riparian buffers. In light of this, this paper has two objectives. The first is to analyze the compared cost-effectiveness of riparian buffers and tax on fertilizer as alternative and/or complementary measures to reduce nutrient exports to watercourses. The second objective is to determine the maximum riparian buffer area that can be funded with a revenue-neutral tax on fertilizer for a case study basin. This study focuses on the case of Santa Lucia River Basin in Uruguay. This basin represents 8% of country area and provides drinking water for more than half of the country’s population (Barreto et. al., 2017). Since 2015, the environmental authorities implemented a mandatory riparian zone scheme that is under revision (MVOTMA, 2018, 2015). To achieve the research objectives we use a combination of coupled biophysical and economic models -also called Integrated Assessment Models (IAM)- with public information available from secondary data sources. For estimating riparian buffers cost-effectiveness, we use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, that simulates the impacts that changes in agricultural practices have on water quality indicators over long time periods (Neitsch et. al., 2011). This model is calibrated based on local information of water quality, soil characteristics, climate, land uses and agricultural practices in the watershed. Moreover, we estimate the opportunity cost of implementing riparian buffers based on land rent prices, combined with soil and land use and cover maps (MGAP, 2021). For the case of tax on fertilizers, we build the fertilizers demand curve based on temporal series of prices and consumption at national level. This allows to estimate changes in fertilizer use after tax as well as the tax revenue and tax burden. Furthermore, the effects of the tax on nutrient export reduction are simulated with SWAT by changing the inputs of fertilizer after tax at farm level. In the light of the above, we can compare vis-a-vis two very different interventions with the same target, and explore the complementarity when both are combined in a PES scheme. Riparian ecosystems have been historically transformed and degraded and are identified as highly vulnerable to climate change in the absence of adaptation (Capon et. al., 2013). In the context of the Ecosystem Restoration Decade declared by the UN, our research will bring valuable information for designing riparian buffer zones as a nature-based solution to improve water quality in agricultural watershed. Furthermore, it will contribute to the evaluation of the current and future riparian buffer zone interventions in Uruguay and the region. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338541&r=env |
| By: | Cosbey, Aaron; Vogt-Schilb, Adrien |
| Abstract: | There is a growing wave of concern for the embodied carbon in traded goods. One manifestation of that concern is large economies such as the USA and the European Union enacting climate-related trade measures, including border carbon adjustment. This paper reviews more than ten climate-related trade measures that are currently enacted or under discussion globally and five initiatives from large companies to source low-carbon inputs. It then assesses Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Perus vulnerability to trade restrictions, based on estimated greenhouse gas intensity of their exported goods (using an input-output analysis) relative to other global producers, and an exposure analysis that assesses the likelihood that current importers of these products might implement climate-related trade measures. Finally, it reviews existing scenarios of global oil, natural gas and coal demand, and asks what they mean for fossil fuel exports from these countries. Agricultural goods stand out as vulnerable, as they are the main driver of deforestation and associated emissions. The most serious threat is the vulnerability of fossil fuel exports, primarily crude oil and gas, which dominate the four countries current exports. The paper exposes recommendations in terms of diversifying the economy away from fossil fuels and preparing exporters to comply with emerging climate-related trade restrictions. |
| Keywords: | Trade Policy; Climate Policy; Input-Output Analysis |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 Q54 O13 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13021&r=env |
| By: | Arkema, Katie; Bailey, Allison; Guerrero Compeán, Roberto; Menéndez Fernandez, Pelayo; Reguero, Borja |
| Abstract: | This chapter describes tools and a methodology to model wind and flood risks from tropical storms under present and future climate accounting for natural infrastructure. Wind forcing provide a crucial link to hydrodynamic models that can be used in risk assessments to estimate extent of and damages from flooding and erosion. Further, such flood risk models can then include the effects of ecosystems, such as mangroves, to model the effects on risk of conservation and restoration outcomes but also individual nature-based projects to reduce risks. The chapter describes hazard modeling techniques and presents simple applications to (1) assess the effect of climate change in the Caribbean, by estimating wind fields for tropical cyclones for present and future climate scenarios, (2) address the limited observations in hurricane data by using existing tools to derive synthetic storms and readily use them in coastal models, and (3) compare modeling approaches and datasets to provide recommendations for assessing flood attenuation of mangroves. The results and data developed in these applications is available with this chapter to be used in other local applications, or to infer damages from wind or in flood hazard models. |
| Keywords: | Disaster risk assessment;tropical cyclones;flood hazard modeling;mangroves |
| JEL: | C63 Q20 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12941&r=env |
| By: | Finkelstein-Shapiro, Alan; Nuguer, Victoria |
| Abstract: | We study the labor market and macroeconomic effects of introducing a carbon tax in the energy sector in emerging economies (EMEs) by building a framework with equilibrium unemployment and firm entry that incorporates key elements of the distinct employment and firm structure of EMEs. Our model endogenizes the adoption of green energy-production technologies--a core element of policy discussions regarding the transition to a low-carbon economy. Calibrating the model to EME data, we show that a carbon tax fosters greater green technology adoption and increases the share of green energy produced. However, the tax leads to higher energy prices, which reduce salaried firm creation and formal employment and increase self-employment, labor participation, and unemployment. As a result, the tax generates output and welfare losses. Green technology adoption plays a key role in limiting the quantitative magnitude of these losses, while the response of self-employment is crucial to explaining the adverse labor market and macroeconomic effects of the policy. Given this finding, we show that a carbon tax coupled with a plausible reduction in the cost of becoming a formal firm can offset the adverse effects of the tax and generate a transition to a lower-carbon economy with minimal economic costs. Finally, we show that lowering green-technology adoption costs or the cost of green-energy production inputs--two alternative climate policies--reduces emissions while limiting the output and welfare costs compared to a carbon tax. |
| Keywords: | Environmental and fiscal policy;carbon taxes;Endogenous firm creation;Green technology adoption;Search frictions;Unemployment;Labor force par ticipation;Informality and self-employment;Emerging economies |
| JEL: | E20 E24 E61 H23 J46 J64 O44 Q52 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12813&r=env |
| By: | Naef Alain |
| Abstract: | Economists agree that carbon taxes are the most effective solution for climate change mitigation. But where do fossil fuel companies stand on carbon taxes? I analyse how the 100 largest oil and gas companies communicate on carbon taxes. Surprisingly, I find that 54% of companies that have a policy view on carbon taxes support them (78% for the 50 largest). This is puzzling as an effective carbon tax should reduce revenues and reserve value of fossil fuel companies. I present a conceptual trilemma model showing that fossil fuel companies’ existence is threatened by a carbon tax. To understand this paradox, I offer non-mutually exclusive reasons why fossil fuel companies might support carbon taxes. Oil and gas companies could use a carbon tax to get rid of the competition from coal, create a level playing field and remove regulatory uncertainty. Or they think that these taxes will not affect them because demand for oil and gas is inelastic or that international coordination will fail and lead to leakages. Finally, it could be that this is simply a communication exercise and that a carbon tax helps them shift the responsibility for climate change from fossil fuel companies to customers, voters and elected officials. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Tax, Fossil Fuel Companies, Emission Mitigation, Carbon Taxation |
| JEL: | L71 Q38 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:923&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Allen; Mathieu Boullot; Stéphane Dées*; Annabelle de Gaye; Noëmie Lisack; Camille Thubin; Oriane Wegner |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a set of short-term scenarios that reflect the diversity of climate transition shocks -- increase in carbon and energy prices, increase in public or private investment in the low-carbon transition, increase in the cost of capital due to uncertainty, deterioration of confidence, accelerated obsolescence of part of the installed capital, etc. Using a suite-of-model approach, we assess the implications of these scenarios for the dynamics of activity and inflation. By considering multiple scenarios, we therefore account for the uncertainty around future political decisions regarding climate change mitigation. The results show that the magnitude and duration of the macroeconomic effects of the transition to carbon neutrality will depend on the transition strategy chosen. While a number of short-term scenarios being inflationary or even stagflationary, there are also factors that could curb inflation and boost economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Climate Transition, Scenario Analysis, Macroeconomic Modelling |
| JEL: | C60 E44 E50 G32 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:922&r=env |
| By: | Rahal, Imen; Elloumi, Abdelkarim |
| Abstract: | Climate change has a dual impact on food security, with direct consequences related to temperature levels and water availability in agriculture, and indirect effects stemming from its influence on disease vectors and pests. This research delves into the economic ramifications of climate change on food security within Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The study employs panel data encompassing all SSA nations to scrutinize the repercussions of temperature and precipitation on food security. Specifically, the analysis leverages the coefficient of variation to assess their influence on food security. The findings of this investigation reveal that variations in both temperature and precipitation have an adverse impact on food security. These climate-related variables affect food security by directly impinging on food production and indirectly affecting other indicators of food security. In light of these results, the study advocates for the implementation of ecosystem management and enhancements in production systems. Moreover, it underscores the significant detrimental effects of climate change on food security in the SSA region. To counter these impacts, the study proposes the development of effective land use policies, the conservation of natural resources, the adoption of optimal agronomic practices, and the maintenance of the population at an appropriate level within the region. |
| Keywords: | climate change, food security, Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| JEL: | C5 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118569&r=env |
| By: | Mohamed Boly (World Bank Group); Jean-Louis Combes (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Pascale Combes Motel (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | We econometrically assess how elections affect environmental performance, namely climate policy, using a sample of 76 democratic countries from 1990 to 2014. Three key results emerge from our system-GMM estimations. First, CO2 emissions increase in election years, suggesting that incumbents engage in fiscal manipulation through the composition of public spending rather than its level. Second, the effect has weakened over recent years and is present only in established democracies. Third, higher freedom of the press and high income that can proxy high environmental preferences from citizens reduce the size of this trade-off between pork-barrel spending and the public good, namely environmental quality. Deteriorating environmental quality can bring electoral benefits to politicians. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, Electoral cycles, Environmental policy, Panel data, 2 emissions Electoral cycles Environmental policy Panel data JEL Codes D72 E62 O13 Q54, 2 emissions, Panel data JEL Codes D72, E62, O13, Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04209496&r=env |
| By: | Alice Falchi (ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Gilles Grolleau (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In contrast with the increasing green demands from various stakeholders, corporations might prefer green blushing, that is, deliberately avoiding communicating their efforts for sustainable development. Surprisingly, these companies make substantial green achievements, but decide not to communicate their greenness. Using a broad literature review on green blushing and a conceptual reasoning backed up by anecdotal evidence, we expose the likely consequences of under-communicating green achievements and develop several rationales that explain this apparent puzzle. We also propose that silent or timid corporations can make the best of two worlds, by taking advantage from communicating their greenness while avoiding its main pitfalls. We suggest practical ways to do it. |
| Keywords: | green blushing, green communication, greenhushing, stakeholders, sustainable innovations |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03545817&r=env |
| By: | Dejan Glavas (ESSCA Research Lab - ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Gilles Grolleau (ESSCA Research Lab - ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | While the literature has notably focused on the meanings, conceptualizations, causes, consequences and solutions to greenwashing, we propose a counterintuitive perspective to fill a gap by considering whether and how greenwashing can be leveraged to transform greenwashers into green(er) performers. To address this issue, we overview the literature and use conceptual reasoning to develop four mechanisms by which greenwashers may be pushed toward more environmentally friendly trajectories that would not otherwise have been considered: (1) greenwashing raises awareness and normalizes greenness; (2) a greenwashing faux pas is instrumentalized to hold companies accountable by triggering an irreversible "ratchet effect" (enforcing consistency between discourse and actions without allowing a step backward); (3) greenwashing as an aspirational green talk that can constitute an important resource to inspire and drive change; and (4) the management of greenwashing by regulators allows them to advance their sustainability agenda, notably because of enforcement spillovers. A better understanding of these mechanisms can transform the way greenwashing is managed and help addressing environmental challenges. |
| Keywords: | Enforcement spillover , Greenness normalization , Greenwashing , Ratchet effect , Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03908838&r=env |
| By: | McRae, Shaun D. |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first empirical estimates of the relationship between temperatures and household electricity consumption in Colombia, using electricity billing and weather data from 2010 to 2019. I find that higher temperatures (or higher values of the heat index) increase electricity consumption, with the largest effects observed for high-income households in regions with hot climates. However, I show that there has been partial convergence between low- and high-income households, with the effect of temperature on electricity consumption in lower-income neighborhoods more than doubling between 2011 and 2019. These results align with survey evidence of increased air conditioning adoption. Nevertheless, further growth in air conditioning adoption and use is required to alleviate the health effects of more frequent and severe heatwaves due to climate change. |
| JEL: | L94 O13 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12968&r=env |
| By: | Jeroen Scheper (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Isabelle Badenhausser (P3F - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jochen Kantelhardt (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences); Stefan Kirchweger; Ignasi Bartomeus (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas = Spanish National Research Council); Vincent Bretagnolle (CEBC - Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 - ULR - La Rochelle Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yann Clough (Lund University); Nicolas Gross (UREP - Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Montserrat Vilà (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas = Spanish National Research Council, Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla); Carlos Zaragoza-Trello (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas = Spanish National Research Council); David Kleijn (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural expansion and intensification have boosted global food production but have come at the cost of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Biodiversity-friendly farming that boosts ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control, is widely being advocated to maintain and improve agricultural productivity while safeguarding biodiversity. A vast body of evidence showing the agronomic benefits of enhanced ecosystem service delivery represent important incentives to adopt practices enhancing biodiversity. However, the costs of biodiversity-friendly management are rarely taken into account and may represent a major barrier impeding uptake by farmers. Whether and how biodiversity conservation, ecosystem service delivery, and farm profit can go hand in hand is unknown. Here, we quantify the ecological, agronomic, and net economic benefits of biodiversity-friendly farming in an intensive grassland–sunflower system in Southwest France. We found that reducing land-use intensity on agricultural grasslands drastically enhances flower availability and wild bee diversity, including rare species. Biodiversity-friendly management on grasslands furthermore resulted in an up to 17% higher revenue on neighboring sunflower fields through positive effects on pollination service delivery. However, the opportunity costs of reduced grassland forage yields consistently exceeded the economic benefits of enhanced sunflower pollination. Our results highlight that profitability is often a key constraint hampering adoption of biodiversity-based farming and uptake critically depends on society's willingness to pay for associated delivery of public goods such as biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | agroecology, ecosystem services, biodiversity-friendly farming, land-use intensity, wild bees |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04167122&r=env |
| By: | Arkema, Katie; Bailey, Allison; Chávez Cerón, Valeria; Guerrero Compeán, Roberto; Menéndez Fernandez, Pelayo; Reguero, Borja; Ruckelshaus, Mary; Silver, Jessica |
| Abstract: | We present two case studies in which coastal vulnerability modeling was used to quantify the role those coastal ecosystems play in reducing risk to coastal communities now and with future sea-level rise. These analyses were used to inform post-disaster reconstruction and coastal resilience building efforts as well as climate change adaptation strategies. Our goal is to quantify the role that coastal habitat plays in reducing risk to people and shoreline under current conditions and with future sea level rise (SLR). With SLR, we find that the extent of shoreline most exposed to coastal hazards would more than double, and the total population would nearly triple in The Bahamas. Similarly, the population living along high-risk shorelines increases by over 10x if habitat is lost and sea level rise is accounted for in the Mesoamerican Reef. |
| Keywords: | Disaster risk reduction;coastal ecosystems;sea level rise;climate change |
| JEL: | C63 Q20 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12943&r=env |
| By: | Marcin Borsuk (Narodowy Bank Polski, Poland; Institute of Economics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland; University of Cape Town, South Africa.); Nicolas Eugster (University of Queensland, Australia.); Paul-Olivier Klein (University of Lyon.); Oskar Kowalewski (IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221 – LEM – Lille Économie, France.) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between family firms and carbon emissions using a large cross-country dataset comprising 6, 610 non-financial companies over the period 2010-2019. We document that family firms display lower carbon emissions, both direct and indirect, when compared to non-family firms, suggesting a higher commitment to environmental protection by family owners. We show that this differential effect started following the 2015 Paris Agreement. Differences in governance structure, familial values, and higher R&D expenditures partly explain our results. Paradoxically, we find that family-owned firms and family CEOs commit less publicly to a reduction in their carbon emissions and have lower ESG scores, although polluting less. This suggests a lower participation in the public display of such an outcome and a lower tendency to greenwashing. |
| Keywords: | carbon emission, ESG, governance, family firms, greenwashing, climate change. |
| JEL: | G3 G38 M14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbp:nbpmis:361&r=env |
| By: | Michaela Dolk; Mr. Dimitrios Laliotis; Sujan Lamichhane |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the financial stability implications of acute physical climate change risks using a novel approach that focuses on a severe season associated with a sequence of tropical cyclone and flood events. Our approach was recently applied to study physical risks in the Mexican financial sector, but the framework is applicable to other countries as well. We show that even if the scale of individual climate events may not be material at an aggregate national scale, considering a sequence of events could lead to potentially significant macro-financial impacts in the short term. This could occur even if none of the individual events affect the particular region(s) with highest concentrations of banking sector exposures. Our results indicate potential for even greater effects in the future given the increasing severity and frequency of extreme events from climate change. Thus, this paper highlights the importance of considering sequences of extreme physical risk events driven by climate change, rather than just individual extreme events, to better understand financial stability implications and design effective policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; physical risk; disasters; extreme seasons; financial stability; stress testing; climate change risk; risk event; IMF working paper No. 23/176; damage estimate; climate change condition; Natural disasters; Stocks; Financial sector; Global |
| Date: | 2023–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/176&r=env |
| By: | Shoji Haruna; Rajeev K. Goel |
| Abstract: | This paper adds to the literature on transboundary pollution by considering pollution related to both production and consumption activities. In particular, we consider a symmetric strategic two firm-two country game model with bilateral trade and transboundary pollution to analyze the effects of trade liberalization on economic performance under two types of pollution. Our game-theoretic results with two trading countries find significant differences compared to the case where only production pollution is considered. When trade liberalization policy is mutually implemented, consumer surplus and social environmental damage in the Home and Foreign countries are both increased under production pollution, while they are both decreased under consumption pollution. Furthermore, when the two countries face either production or consumption pollution composed of transboundary pollution and local pollution, consumer surplus, producer surplus, and social environmental damage are larger in the presence of consumption pollution than in the presence of production pollution; and, under certain conditions, social welfare can be larger or smaller in the presence of production pollution than in the presence of consumption pollution. It is uniquely shown that in the three-stage game model trade policy may lose its effectiveness as a policy under consumption pollution. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | environment, transboundary pollution, consumption pollution, production pollution, trade liberalization, environment tax, oligopoly, tariff |
| JEL: | D43 F13 L13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10667&r=env |
| By: | Sebastian Goerg (TUMCS for Biotechnology and Sustainability, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich); Andreas Pondorfer (TUMCS for Biotechnology and Sustainability, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich); Valentina Stöhr (TUMCS for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich) |
| Abstract: | To reach the goals of the Paris agreement more ambitious climate policies will need to beimplemented. In an experimental survey that is representative for the population at thesub-national level in Germany (N=15, 000), we investigate how a change from existing climate policies to more ambitious policies drives public support. Using different descriptions of policies, we demonstrate that in general, more ambitious policies reduce public support.This effect is stronger if the focus is on an increase of carbon prices compared to a focuson a policy mix to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Economic preferences (i.e., reciprocity, trust, risk and patience) and other individual characteristics (e.g., experience of recent hazards, belief in climate change) as well as regional characteristics (i.e., Eastern Germany, macro-economic indicators, cohesion policies, and climate change) are substantially correlated with public support. This demonstrates challenges for the communication of tighter climate policies and underlines the need to address an audience with heterogeneous preferences and diverse regional backgrounds. |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 Q58 C99 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiw:wpaper:30&r=env |
| By: | Liepold, Constanze (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Fabianek, Paul (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)); Madlener, Reinhard (E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN)) |
| Abstract: | This study aims at identifying the strengths and weaknesses of GHG Quota Trading as an alternative to allowance trading and carbon taxes. Information was gathered from the websites and publications of the responsible authorities and relevant legal texts. Moreover, literature on comparable environmental policy instruments was analyzed based on predefined criteria. Assumptions were made to create models in order to assess cost effectiveness, Pareto-efficiency, and dynamic incentive effects. The results show that the GHG Quota Trading only partially meets the basic criteria of environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and Pareto-efficiency, and has further weaknesses regarding legitimacy and practical feasibility. In order to reduce GHG emissions from fossil fuels as efficiently as possible, a key policy priority should therefore be to adapt the GHG Quota Trading and to combine it systematically with other environmental economics policies such as a carbon tax. |
| Keywords: | GHG Quota; environmental policy instruments; fuel market; Germany |
| JEL: | F64 G28 |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:fcnwpa:2023_010&r=env |
| By: | Duong, Thi Minh-Phuong |
| Abstract: | The ASA’s criticism serves as a reminder that organizations must align their actions with their environmental claims to contribute to environmental betterment genuinely. Otherwise, that will not be a pursuit of eco-surplus culture but a greenwashing culture that keeps distancing the business sector from achieving the environmental semiconducting principle |
| Date: | 2023–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6qnhb&r=env |
| By: | Amer Ait Sidhoum (TUM - Technische Universität München = Technical University of Munich); H Dakpo (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, D-MTEC - Department of Management, Technology, and Economics [ETH Zürich] - ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]); Laure Latruffe (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article studies trade-offs of farms in terms of economic sustainability (proxied here by technical efficiency), environmental sustainability (proxied here by farmers' commitment towards the environment) and social sustainability (proxied here by farmers' contribution to on farm well-being and communities' well-being). We use the latent class stochastic frontier model and create classes based on three separating variables, representing farms' environmental sustainability and social sustainability. The application to a sample of Spanish crop farms shows that more environmentally sustainable farms are likely to have lower levels of technical efficiency. However, improvements in social concerns, both towards own farm and the larger community, may lead to improved technical efficiency levels. In general, our study provides evidence of trade-offs for farms between economic sustainability and environmental sustainability, but also between environmental sustainability and social sustainability. |
| Abstract: | Cet article étudie les compromis des exploitations agricoles en termes de durabilité économique (représentée ici par l'efficacité technique), de durabilité environnementale (représentée ici par l'engagement des agriculteurs envers l'environnement) et de durabilité sociale (représentée ici par la contribution des agriculteurs au bien-être de l'exploitation et des communautés). Nous utilisons le modèle de frontière stochastique à classes latentes et créons des classes basées sur trois variables séparatrices, représentant la durabilité environnementale et la durabilité sociale des exploitations. L'application à un échantillon d'exploitations agricoles espagnoles montre que les exploitations plus durables sur le plan environnemental sont susceptibles d'avoir des niveaux d'efficacité technique plus faibles. Toutefois, l'amélioration des préoccupations sociales, tant à l'égard de l'exploitation elle-même que de la communauté dans son ensemble, peut conduire à une amélioration des niveaux d'efficacité technique. En général, notre étude fournit des preuves de compromis pour les exploitations agricoles entre la durabilité économique et la durabilité environnementale, mais aussi entre la durabilité environnementale et la durabilité sociale. |
| Date: | 2022–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04139708&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; Kelly Gao |
| Abstract: | The world is not decarbonizing fast enough, with global warming on track to reach as much as 4°C over the next century absent a global green transition. Policymakers in Europe—and beyond—still have an opportunity both to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and to strengthen economic prospects by increasing energy efficiency, along with changing the energy mix from fossil fuels to renewables. In this paper, we assess energy efficiency (or intensity) in a panel of 38 European countries over the period 1980–2021 by using the stochastic frontier analysis and obtain statistically significant and intuitive results. We have two key findings. First, price signals, including through the introduction of a carbon tax and the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, are critical for energy efficiency, as consumers respond to changes in energy prices. Second, stronger environmental policies and institutions generate unambiguous improvements in energy efficiency by inducing investment in energy efficient equipment and buildings and nudging consumers for energy conservation. These results—robust to alternative specifications and methods—have important policy implications for green growth with higher energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Energy consumption; energy efficiency; stochastis frontier analysis; Europe |
| Date: | 2023–09–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/198&r=env |
| By: | Gong Cheng; Eric Jondeau; Benoit Mojon; Dimitri Vayanos |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of green investors on stock prices in a dynamic equilibrium asset pricing model where investors are green, passive or active. Green investors track an index that excludes progressively the firms with the highest greenhouse gas emissions. Active investors maximize expected returns and can buy stocks of brown firms whereas passive investors hold an index of the entire market. Contrary to the literature, we find a large fall in the stock prices of the high-emitting firms that are excluded and in turn an increase in stock prices of greener firms when the exclusion strategy is announced and during the transition process. The immediate and large effects at the announcement date yield a first-mover advantage to green investors that adopt the decarbonization strategy early. This large price impact comes from the imperfect substitution of stocks among investor populations. A smaller size of active investors relative to green investors amplifies the price impact of green investment. |
| Keywords: | asset pricing, green investing, passive investing, portfolio rebalancing |
| JEL: | G12 G23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1127&r=env |
| By: | Arnaud Abad (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Michell Arias (UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia); Paola Ravelojaona (ICN Business School, CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, environmental productivity change is analysed through the production theoretic approach to index numbers. Specifically, pollution-adjusted Malmquist and Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indices are considered. These productivity indices are defined as combination of multiplicative distance functions. Non convex pollution-generating technology is assumed to estimate the pollution-adjusted Malmquist and Hicks-Moorsteen productivity measures. Moreover, the main sources of the environmental productivity change are displayed. An empirical illustration is provided by considering a sample of 20 Ecuadorian oil companies over the period 2014-2018. The results are estimated through a non parametric analytic framework. |
| Keywords: | Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Ecuadorian Oil industry, Environmental Efficiency, Productivity Indices, Non Convexity, Pollution-generating Technology |
| Date: | 2023–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03574542&r=env |
| By: | Lylah Davies; Mireille Martini |
| Abstract: | Water-related risks are intrinsically linked to both climate and nature challenges and can be closely tied to socio-economic challenges, such as poverty, food security, and domestic and international conflicts. There is increasing evidence that water-related risks are financially material across actors in the financial system, and further still, that there may be important implications for financial stability. However, a review of current practices indicates that these risks are not fully captured by current approaches to assessing risk. This working paper explores how the financial sector understands the concept of financial materiality as a lever for decision making on water-related climate and nature risks. The paper also looks at how regulatory and supervisory guidance considers water in the context of climate and nature risks, and finally how sustainable finance tools and initiatives can support market participants in gaining an improved understanding of water-related risks. |
| Keywords: | economics, finance and investment, financial materiality, water, water finance, water-related risks |
| JEL: | F30 G10 G20 Q25 Q28 E60 |
| Date: | 2023–09–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:224-en&r=env |
| By: | Borges, Magdalena; Hein, Lars |
| Abstract: | Traditional economic valuations do not explicitly consider nature’s value, making it invisible and preventing unbiased decision making. When failing to consider ecosystems in the assessment of an activity or project under evaluation, we implicitly assign them a value of zero and therefore we ignore whether and to what degree nature is affected. Negative consequences are generally seen after the fact, and the margin to prevent further deterioration or remediate the damages already caused is usually smaller than if it had been considered from the beginning. Moreover, gross domestic product (GDP), the main economic indicator to measure progress, grows when some ecosystem services (ES) are degraded and artificially replaced (WAVES, 2014). This is usually interpreted as a positive signal, even when it may be compromising future development and prosperity. Diverse methods have been developed so far in order to measure ecosystem services value (United Nations et al., 2021). Some of them involve a price that is directly observable (e.g. land rent) or it is obtained from markets for similar goods and services (e.g. if mushrooms from one forest are commercialized, but those from a similar forest are not, the prices observed in the former can be applied to the latter). In other cases, the price for the ES is embodied in a market transaction (e.g. resource rent, productivity change and hedonic pricing methods) or is based on revealed costs (e.g. averting behavior and travel cost methods) or expected costs (e.g. replacement cost or avoided damage costs methods). A summary of the most relevant literature on this topic can be found in the Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (https://www.esvd.net/). This research shows how some of those approaches can be applied in a sub basin of Santa Lucia river catchment as a case study, and provides a comparison of the results obtained through alternative valuation methodologies. This type of assessments are scarce in the Latin American context. The selected services are soybean, corn and wheat provisioning services, grazed biomass provisioning services for meat and milk production, drinking water supply and water purification (through the retention and breakdown of nutrients made by riparian forests). The methods used to estimate the value of these services are land rent, resource rent, replacement costs and avoided damage costs. The period of analysis is 2014 to 2019. The physical flows of ecosystem services, which is the base for later economic valuation, is obtained from a model developed in SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) in Borges et al. (unpublished). We focus on the Santa Lucía river basin, which provides drinking water for about 60% of Uruguay’s populations. For this analysis data is mainly obtained from the Agricultural Statistics Office of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (DIEA - MGAP), the national accounts published by the Central Bank (BCU) and the national drinking water supply company (OSE). Estimations suggest that the value of soybean and milk provisioning services are the highest. Additionally, the highest values are obtained by applying the replacement cost method, which may indicate that the methods based on directly observed market values (land rent) and on residual values (resource rent) have a tendency to underestimate ecosystem value and that, artificially substituting the service provided by nature may be very expensive. These results can be used in different ways. On the one hand, the value of the ecosystem services that are not included in the current GDP (for instance, water purification) can be added, in order to better reflect the influence of nature on the economy. On the other hand, the contributions of ecosystems in the supply of goods and services already accounted in the value-added calculations (typically provisioning services), can be distinguished from human contributions. Additionally, ecosystem services values can be used in social cost benefit analysis of multiples measures or projects and in the valuation of environmental assets (as they reflect the value of all the services they provide), among others. References: Borges, M., Hastings, F., Hein, L. and Carriquiry, M. (unpublished) Modelling hydrological ecosystem services and externalities using SWAT and an ecosystem accounting approach. Wageningen University and Resaerch United Nations et al. (2021). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting— Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA). White cover publication, pre-edited text subject to official editing. Available at: https://seea.un.org/ecosystem-accounting WAVES (2014) Natural capital accounting (NCA) and payments for ecosystem services - frequently asked questions. World Bank Group. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338533&r=env |
| By: | Mari Sakudo; Toshi H. Arimura; Hajime Katayama |
| Abstract: | While a number of researchers analyze pro-environmental behavior in households, the study on individuals¡Ç energy and resource conservation practices in the workplace is still in the early stage. Paying a particular attention to social norms in the workplace, this paper estimates a structural model of the social interactions in individuals¡Ç decisions to engage in environmentally friendly practices in the workplace using data from a Japanese survey. Accounting for endogeneity that stems from simultaneity, common shocks and nonrandom group selection, we find some influence of social norms on individuals¡Ç pro-environmental behavior in the workplace. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e188&r=env |
| By: | Etienne Espagne; William Oman; Jean-François Mercure; Romain Svartzman; Ulrich Volz; Hector Pollitt; Gregor Semieniuk; Emanuele Campiglio |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the cross-border risks that could result from a decarbonization of the world economy. We develop a typology of cross-border risks and their respective channels. Our qualitative and quantitative scenario analysis suggests that the mid-transition – a period during which fossil-fuel and low-carbon energy systems co-exist and transform at a rapid pace – could have profound stability and resilience implications for global trade and the international financial system. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; transition risks; cross-border risks; trade; international money and finance. |
| Date: | 2023–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/184&r=env |
| By: | Falk, Thomas; Walter, Kibet |
| Abstract: | The workshop was organized by the CGIAR Research Initiative on Low-Emission Food Systems (MITIGATE+), which is implemented by a large consortium of partners. The Initiative aims to reduce annual global food systems emissions by working closely with key actors in target countries to co-create knowledge that enables them to make evidence-based decisions and address challenges in food systems discourse, policy development, and implementation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Initiative’s partners support the establishment of a multistakeholder platform and a “living lab for people†(LL4P) that will support bottom-up innovation cases to help transform food systems in Nandi county, Kenya, while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The workshop was part of a series of stakeholder workshops that aims to help clarify development opportunities, the role of different actors in Nandi county, and their interests. The intention was to bring actors together, invite them to think about a joint vision for food systems in the county, and share perspectives on entry points for initiating system change. |
| Keywords: | KENYA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; agriculture; climate change mitigation; emissions from agriculture; food systems; greenhouse gas emissions; policy innovation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:resrep:136905&r=env |
| By: | Oliver Frings (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Montagné-Huck (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Salomé Gorel (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Anne Stenger (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Based on a survey of the French population, this study investigates consumer preferences for forest ecosystem services (FES) provision towards efficiency and equity in the context of additionality, and differences in willingness to pay (WTP) for FES between a tax-based and a donation-based payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme. We show that consumers prefer equity to strict additionality adherence, with this preference being significantly stronger among females. However, consumer preferences are heterogeneous, and respondents with a closer connection to forests express the opposite preference. Regarding WTP, we find no systematic difference between the two payment vehicles, though WTP does vary depending on how respondents perceive potential free-riding. When considering that non-contributors also benefit from a particular PES scheme, a small group perceived this as unfair and reacted by reducing their contribution. A second, significantly larger group interpreted this as an opportunity to contribute to the common good and showed a higher WTP, indicating a markedly altruistic attitude towards FES provision in French society. We conclude by discussing the role of altruism in PES, the dilemma posed by the partial economic and legal incompatibilities of additionality and equity, and the environmental impact of environmental credits when credit buyers do not account for additionality. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services valuation Additionality Equity Warm glow Free-riding Payment vehicle |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04192829&r=env |
| By: | Gilles Grolleau (ESSCA School of Management, France); Luc Meunier (ESSCA Research Lab - ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Pollution is frequently "rationalized" by involved firms as a necessary bad to reach economic or social goals. Unfortunately, little is known about how external observers form moral judgment when confronted to such a dual output, precisely an economic or social gain (e.g., profits, job preservation) and an environmental harm. Using two experimental surveys, we fill this gap by inviting participants to judge the morality of two companies engaging in the same environmental wrongdoings (river pollution and deforestation) while varying the generated monetary gain. In the preliminary study, individuals perceive environmental degradations generating higher profits for the firm as more morally acceptable. In the main study, we used a multiple-item measure of behavioral intentions towards the firm and we analyzed potential moderating effects. The results are threefold: (i) the attitude towards the firm improves as the profit obtained by the firm increases, up to a tipping point; (ii) when the profit gained by the firm increases, environmentally-unconcerned (resp. concerned) individuals display more positive (resp. negative) attitude towards the firm; (iii) respondents thinking that the firm main objective should be only about profit and not social well-being express a more lenient judgment. We draw several policy and managerial implications. |
| Keywords: | deforestation, water pollution, outcome bias, moral judgment |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04182138&r=env |
| By: | Christian Fries; Lennart Quante |
| Abstract: | Assessing the costs of climate change is essential to find efficient pathways for the transition to a net-zero emissions economy, which is necessary to stabilise global temperatures at any level. Evaluating benefits and costs of climate change mitigation the discount rate converting future damages and costs into net-present values influences timing of mitigation. Here, we amend the DICE model with a stochastic interest rate model to consider uncertainty of discount rates in the future. Since the optimal abatement paths depends on interest rates, we assume a stochastic abatement model. We show that the optimal stochastic abatement path can increase the intergenerational inequality with respect to cost and risk. If we consider additionally that abatement costs may be funded via loans for which interest has to be paid, it is optimal to achieve net-zero earlier. Here we show, that introducing funding of abatement cost reduces the variation of future cash-flows, which occur at different times, but are off-setting in their net-present value. This effect can be interpreted as an improvement of intergenerational effort sharing, which might be neglected in the classical optimisation. This mechanism is amplified including a dependence of the interest rate risk on the amount of debt to be financed, \ie considering the limited capacity of funding sources. As an alternative policy optimisation method, we propose limiting the total cost of damages and abatement below a fixed level relative to GDP - this modification induces equality between generations compared to their respective economic welfare, inducing early and fast mitigation of climate change to keep the total cost of climate change below 3\% of global GDP. Overall, we analyse how different approaches for the valuation of cost under interest rate risk influence optimal mitigation pathways of climate change. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.16186&r=env |
| By: | Cavalcanti, Francisco; Helfand, Steven M.; Moreira, Ajax |
| Abstract: | OVERVIEW. Climate change is a major challenge facing humanity, and understanding its myriad effects is important for learning how to lessen its negative consequences. Climate change is expected to alter the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters. This paper is drawn from a larger research project that studies how climate change has affected one type of natural disaster, drought, and how this has impacted agricultural production, productivity and poverty in Brazil. The research project studies: 1) whether climate change is altering the frequency, duration, and severity of droughts over more than a century, 2) how droughts have affected agricultural production in the past 50 years, 3) whether droughts affect total factor productivity (TFP) in agriculture, 4) how different dimensions of drought cause poverty, and 5) to what extent droughts affect poverty through the causal channel of TFP in agriculture. This current paper draws from the first two topics. 1. MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT. The first part of the paper constructs a host of short- and long-run measures of drought that all incorporate potential evapotranspiration. Some prominent studies have analyzed the frequency, duration, and severity of drought using indicators that depend mainly on the rainfall regime or vegetation index. However, despite the increase in temperature in recent decades, changes in rainfall have not exhibited a clear trend, while evapotranspiration shows the same rising trend as temperature. Drought impacts are likely underestimated without considering all factors that are influenced by global warming. This section of the paper studies whether drought has increased in Brazil in several dimensions, checking the robustness to alternative measures. Our preferred measure is a Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) that is constructed to measure short-run droughts (between 3 and 12 months), and the frequency, duration, severity and extension of longer-run droughts (measured in 5- or 10-year windows). The data on temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration used to construct the drought indicators from 1901 to 2020 are drawn from the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia (CRU-UEA). They provide monthly information at a 0.5 grid level, representing approximately 55 km2. Among the many interesting descriptive findings are: a) the severity of drought increased in level and variability in the second half of the 20th century, and the level more than doubled in the most recent decade; b) drought severity has increased much more in the North and Center-West Regions of the country; c) the duration, but not frequency, of drought has followed the same pattern as the severity; and d) a decomposition of the increase in drought severity reveals that it has largely been caused by rising evapotranspiration, not by changes in precipitation. 2. IMPACTS OF DROUGHT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. The second part of the paper estimates the effects of drought on Brazilian agricultural production between 1974 and 2020. This section aims to understand how different types of drought measures based on the SPEI—such as long-run drought severity or duration, annual drought, and quarterly drought—differentially impact agricultural production and productivity. Because drought is a rare event, we calculate the distribution of impacts across municipalities. The data used to measure agricultural production—calculated with a Fischer quantity index—are drawn from the survey Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM) from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The data cover the 69 principal crops in Brazil—33 annual and 36 perennial—by year and municipality from 1974 to 2020. The data used to construct the drought measures were described above. We explore a variety of models to control for time-invariant and time-varying local unobservables, as well as the lagged effects of drought. After testing, we settle on a model with municipal fixed effects and state level quadratic trends. Under the assumption that droughts are exogenous to agricultural producers at the municipal level, and that unobservables are adequately controlled for, we estimate the causal impacts of drought on municipal level agricultural production. We use the estimated coefficients to calculate the distribution of drought impacts across municipalities and years. We also explore heterogeneity in the distribution of impacts by crop type, biome and sub-period, as well as decompose the impact on production into productivity and area effects. Among the many interesting results, we highlight: a) droughts that take place in the first two quarters of the year have much stronger negative effects than droughts that happen later in the year; b) as expected, droughts impact annual crops much more than perennial crops; c) across biomes, and relevant to poverty, droughts that happen in the Caatinga (semi-arid Northeast) have much more severe effects in percentage terms than in the Mata Altantica (2nd) or Cerrado (3rd); d) a drought at about the 50th percentile of impacts in the Caatinga biome has about the same impact (-20%) on production as a drought in the 1st percentile of impacts in the Cerrado biome; e) in terms of the volume of output, droughts have the largest effect in the Cerrado; and f) the impact of droughts has been increasing over time. 3. SIMULATED IMPACTS OF DROUGHT FROM 2021 to 2100 . The third part of the paper, which is in progress, conducts simulation exercises. We rely on climatological models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 6 (CMIP6) for alternative scenarios of what might happen to precipitation and evapotranspiration, and thus our SPEI drought measures, to simulate the impacts of drought on agricultural production in Brazil throughout the 21st century. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS In progress. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338539&r=env |
| By: | Medel-Ramírez, Carlos; Medel-López, Hilario; Lara-Mérida, Jennifer |
| Abstract: | In a study presented at the VII Conference of the Latin American and Caribbean Association for Human Development and the Capabilities Approach (ALCADECA) at the University of the Americas Puebla (UDLAP), Medel-Ramírez and Medel-López (2019) delved into the challenges of multidimensional poverty and social marginalization experienced by indigenous communities. The primary argument presented was that empowering these communities in managing productive ventures can be a key strategy in tackling these socio-economic issues effectively. Moreover, a subsequent research paper by Medel-Ramírez and Medel-López (2020) discussed the notions of sustainability and justice within the Totonacapan region, factoring in its rich cultural heritage and profound connection with the environment. This work was unveiled at the 2020 HDCA conference themed "New Horizons: Sustainability and Justice" held in Auckland, New Zealand. The duo emphasized the need to view the matters concerning the Totonacapan region with a lens of introspection. The overarching objective of this segment is to discern the correlation between the principles laid out in the United Nations' Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development and the development blueprints at various governmental levels - national, state, and municipal. This endeavor also seeks to juxtapose the sustainable development approach of Totonacapan with these international guidelines. Additionally, it underscores the value and uniqueness of Totonacapan, advocating for an inclusive approach towards social justice and sustainability that honors its age-old customs, narrative, and heritage. This section commits to a holistic exploration of the prevailing conditions within the Totonacapan landscape. The focus is to scrutinize the strategies employed and gauge the role of human rights, ecological sustainability, and cultural conservation in steering the region's trajectory. This knowledge is paramount to fathom the depths of how the principles of Agenda 2030 have been instrumental in advancing equity and environmental sustainability in the region. The aspiration is to mold the discourse in line with a paradigm that harmonizes human rights, ecological balance, and cultural integrity in the broader context of Agenda 2030. |
| Keywords: | Indigenous communities Multidimensional poverty Social marginalization Sustainable development Human rights |
| JEL: | I31 I32 I38 O35 O38 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118487&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Dimitrios Laliotis; Sujan Lamichhane |
| Abstract: | This paper explores a novel forward-looking approach to study the financial stability implications of climate-related transition risks. We develop an integrated micro-macro framework with a new class of scenario called delayed-uncertain pathways. An additional stochastic financial modeling layer via a jump-diffusion process is considered to capture continuously changing risks, as well as the potential of large/sudden shocks in the financial markets. We applied this approach to study transition risks in the Mexican financial sector. But the implications are global in scope, and the framework is easily adaptable to other countries. We quantify the projections of future distributions of various risk metrics and, hence, the evolving tail risks due to compounding effects from delays in transitioning to a low-carbon economy and the consequent uncertainty of the future policy path. We find that the longer the delays in transition, the larger the future tail financial risks, which could be material to the overall system. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; transition risk; greenhouse gas emissions; financial stability; stress testing; default risk; jump-diffusion; mapping CGE model sector; tail risk; NAICS sector classification; probabilities of default; vulnerability indicator; Credit risk; Global |
| Date: | 2023–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/175&r=env |
| By: | Chiara Colesanti Senni; Maria Sole Pagliari; Jens van ‘t Klooster |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the climate impact of central bank refinancing operations, with a focus the ECB’s TLTRO III program. Notably, we construct a novel database that combines i) confidential data on loans granted by EU banks to non-financial corporations; ii) confidential data on TLTRO III participation and iii) data on sectoral emissions. We find that the emissions content of bank loans granted over the TLTRO III reference period amount to 8% of overall Euro Area 2019 emissions and that more than 80% of total cumulated loans issued in the reference period was directed towards polluting companies. We then investigate the effectiveness of a green credit easing scheme via a general equilibrium model. Our findings are twofold: first, the central bank policy can increase the costs for lending to polluting companies, thus re-directing loans to less-polluting firms; second, the financial stability implications of such a policy should be carefully considered. Finally, we address legal and operational challenges to such a policy by outlining three alternative ways of implementing a “green†TLTRO programme. |
| Keywords: | TLTRO, CO2 emissions; transition risk; monetary policy; financial stability |
| JEL: | E40 E50 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:792&r=env |
| By: | García, Felipe; Ackermann, Maria Noel; Cortelezzi, Ángela; Barboza, Natalia; Costa, Nocolas; Román, Natalia; Muñoz, Gonzalo; De Salvo, Carmine |
| Abstract: | Agricultural policies in Uruguay: specific support quantification in 2017-2020 and its link to greenhouse gas emissions. Felipe García (OPYPA), Maria Noel Ackermann (OPYPA), Ángela Cortelezzi (OPYPA), Natalia Barboza (OPYPA), Nicolás Costa (OPYPA), Natalia Román (OPYPA), Gonzalo Muñoz (BID), Carmine Paolo De Salvo (BID) The Agricultural Policy Office (OPYPA) of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (MGAP) of Uruguay, with support from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) under the AGRIMONITOR program, has applied the Producer Support Estimates (PSE) methodology, developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), to generate indicators and information to monitor the evolution and composition of agricultural policy support. In line with the methodology, the questions answered are: What is the level of policy support provided to the agricultural sector and how has it evolved between 2017 and 2020? What is its composition and how does it compare to other countries? On this occasion, direct support was quantified by specific products. Additionally, it was included a chapter referring to general policies in the economy in which the agricultural sector is also beneficiary. These supports are not included in the quantification by the PSE methodology, since they are not specifically designed for the agricultural sector, and they should not be considered (OECD, 2016). However, it allows broadening the scope in order to have a comprehensive picture of the support received by the sector. Likewise, and continuing the study conducted in 2017, the coherence between the objectives of these policies and the national objectives related to climate change was studied. Therefore, the following question was incorporated into the study: what is the relationship between the products that contribute most to GHG emissions and their levels of support? Total Support Estimate (TSE) in Uruguayan agricultural sector averaged US$430 million per year between 2017 and 2020, equivalent to 0.76% of the economy's GDP. General support predominates (41% average 2017-2020), with special emphasis on those associated to innovation and knowledge transfer. Next in relevance are those related to inspection services (of great importance in a food exporting country), infrastructure spending and, with a marginal participation, public support for marketing. The remaining percentage refers to support granted to producers either through budgetary transfers (i.e. direct support for extension services, inputs, fixed assets, income subsidies) or through prices supports, with a share of 25% and 34%, respectively, in the TSE. In the international comparison, Uruguay is situated in the group of countries with low levels of support in relation to the value added of the sector and the income received by producers. Thus, it is in line with countries such as Brazil, Australia, New Zealand and Chile. According to the contribution of each product to total emissions, it is possible to infer the consistency between the transfers to each one and country’s goals related to climate change. It is concluded that agricultural policies that generate differences between producer prices and the international reference are focused to activities with less impact on climate change. Exports items, which are the ones with the highest amount of GHG emissions, do not have border policies that distort prices and, although they have direct support, these are low in relation to the income generated and are in some cases are related to adaptation or mitigation of climate change effects. This information is a useful input for various public policy applications in OPYPA, in other areas of the MGAP and in public institutions in general. It is considered a relevant tool for the diagnosis, design and management of agricultural policies, as well as for generating a comprehensive picture of the level and evolution of agricultural support as a whole and disaggregated by product. Finally, it is a tool of great potential for government dialogue and negotiations with other countries (especially on trade issues) and with producers. This compilation could be an interesting input for future studies, comparing, for example, with the tax contributions made by the agricultural sector, or to discuss about the efficiency of spending that support the sector. It could also be an input for further regional or international comparison and generate specific analyses on the composition of public spending on research, education and inspection and control. In turn, it could be complemented with a more comprehensive approach of the environmental dimension, beyond the GHG emissions, and visualizes the impact on other resources such as the use of water, soil and energy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338536&r=env |
| By: | Effrosyni Diamantoudi (Concordia University Montreal); Eftichios S. Sartzetakis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); Stefania Strantza (Thompson Rivers University) |
| Abstract: | The paper provides a fresh look at the literature on the formation of international environmental agreements by introducing into the classic model emissions and abatement as countries’ separate choice variables. The model’s structure is kept unchanged, assuming a two-stage game in which the internal and external stability conditions define coalition’s stability. We illustrate the way in which each of the three components of countries welfare, benefits from own emissions, damages from aggregate emissions and own abatement costs, interact in determining nonsignatories’ equilibrium choices, which in turn, determine the stable coalition’s size. We show that, ceteris paribus, as abatement becomes cheaper, nonsignatories become more responsive to signatories’ choices, strengthening the signatories’ leadership position, allowing thus, largest stable coalitions to be formed. However, when abatement costs are low the same choices are individually rational, that is, forming a coalition does not add much over the Nash. Furthermore, large stable coalitions are possible under high abatement costs, only if damages are high relative to benefits, but such coalitions require negative net emissions. Finally, in the absence of leadership, only very small coalitions are stable. Therefore, even if the coalition has leadership power in setting abatement and emission targets, the reduction of free-riding incentives is significant, yielding larger stable coalitions, only when it is welfare irrelevant, i.e., when the same targets are individually rational. |
| Keywords: | Coalition Formation, International Environmental Agreements, Size of Stable Coalitions |
| JEL: | D6 Q5 C7 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2023_04&r=env |
| By: | Lucas Woodley; Chung Yi See; Peter Cook; Megan Yeo; Daniel S. Palmer; Laurena Huh; Seaver Wang; Ashley Nunes |
| Abstract: | Recently proposed tailpipe emissions standards aim to significant increases in electric vehicle (EV) sales in the United States. Our work examines whether this increase is achievable given potential constraints in EV mineral supply chains. We estimate a model that reflects international sourcing rules, heterogeneity in the mineral intensity of predominant battery chemistries, and long-run grid decarbonization efforts. Our efforts yield five key findings. First, compliance with the proposed standard necessitates replacing at least 10.21 million new ICEVs with EVs between 2027 and 2032. Second, based on economically viable and geologically available mineral reserves, manufacturing sufficient EVs is plausible across most battery chemistries and could, subject to the chemistry leveraged, reduce up to 457.3 million total tons of CO2e. Third, mineral production capacities of the US and its allies constrain battery production to a total of 5.09 million EV batteries between 2027 and 2032, well short of deployment requirements to meet EPA standards even if battery manufacturing is optimized to exclusively manufacture materials efficient NMC 811 batteries. Fourth, disequilibrium between mineral supply and demand results in at least 59.54 million tons of CO2e in total lost lifecycle emissions benefits. Fifth, limited present-day production of battery-grade graphite and to a lesser extent, cobalt, constrain US electric vehicle battery pack manufacturing under strict sourcing rules. We demonstrate that should mineral supply bottlenecks persist, hybrid electric vehicles may offer equivalent lifecycle emissions benefits as EVs while relaxing mineral production demands, though this represents a tradeoff of long-term momentum in electric vehicle deployment in favor of near-term carbon dioxide emissions reductions. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.15368&r=env |
| By: | Guimaraes, Pablo Miranda; Braga, Marcelo Jose |
| Abstract: | One of the main strategies to provide global food security is sustainable intensification, whereby technological improvements and specific management practices, increase agricultural yield without expanding agricultural area or causing significant negative environmental impacts. Brazil and its Cerrado biome have been prominent in these agricultural considerations, being the biome become known as “one of the world‘s great breadbaskets” (ECONOMIST, 2010). Agricultural production in the Cerrado has also posed relevant environmental issues and these have not gained as much attention as those in other Brazilian biomes, like the Amazon and Atlantic forest (NEPSTAD et al., 2014; SILVA; PERRIN; FULGINITI, 2019; SILVA et al., 2021). The Cerrado developments in modern agriculture have contributed to local development and have expanded food production but at the cost of a high conversion rate of native area (FILHO; COSTA, 2016; BOLFE; SANO; CAMPOS, 2020). Pasture accounts for 27% of 203.4 million hectares in the Brazilian Cerrado. In addition, the Cerrado has the highest potential for deforestation among Brazilian biomes, due to the absence of well-defined monitoring and surveillance programs (FILHO, 2018). Between 2006 and 2017, 11, 555, 342.43 ha was deforested in the Cerrado (PRODES/INPE, 2021). Sustainable intensification addresses this problem by recovering degraded pasture, allowing the continued increase in food and energy production without expanding into native areas, thus maintaining environmental equilibrium and reducing CO2 emission (FILHO; RIBERA; HORRIDGE, 2015). Therefore, the conversion of degraded pastures into productive agricultural areas is an important element in the intersection between agricultural expansion and environmental conservation. Nevertheless, it is also important to know, what additional income accrues when degraded pasture is converted into well-managed pasture? The improvement of pastures efficiency implies an increase in production (FELTRAN-BARBIERI; FERES , 2021), the slowdown of deforestation (AZEVEDO; RODRIGUES; SILVA, 2021) and reduction of the GHG emission (SILVA et al., 2015). Therefore, this research offers economic parameters for the adoption of public and private actions to mitigate environmental issues and support livestock production. The sizing of additional marginal gain from the pasture restoration can support the design of rural advisory services, indicating a direct incentive based on GPV gains. Considering the difference in pasture qualities over the elasticity of pasture productivity, this article measure income gains in livestock production from the conversion of degraded pasture into the good-planted pasture. To do this, we estimated an Output Distance Function associated with a technology-changing variable. The measure established is directly and objectively based on local productivity and livestock GPV. The analysis used data at the municipal level from the last two Brazilian agricultural censuses, which provide a pooled database on all municipalities from Cerrado. The production information is represented by a local agricultural GPV per activity: livestock, agriculture, and other activities. The input variables for Labor are measured by the number of farm workers, Capital is the number of tractors. The productive agricultural areas are divided into four: crops land, good planted pasture, degraded pasture, and Natural pasture. To control the productivity considering the soil characteristics, the frontier is parameterized by the mean soil Suitability Index from each municipality. Three exogenous determinants are included: Schooling represents the share of farm managers who have, at least, a bachelor’s degree; Social Capital, represents the amount of agricultural land area in production by a member of cooperatives. The Aridity Index (AI) is based on the method proposed by Davis, Giuseppe e Zezza (2014). The degraded pasture variable is obtained by self-report, so the information is not necessarily based on technical parameters. The average share of degraded pasture among of pastures increased from 6.66% in 2006 to 8.11% in 2017. Even with the dynamics from Census, these scenarios are very optimistic when compared with analyses based on technical classifications, obtained from satellite and remote sensing technology. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the agricultural technology used in reclaiming degraded pasture, we use this Output Distance Function. Applying the implicit function theorem as in Rada, Buccola e Fuglie (2011), Rada e Valdes (2012) and Rada (2013) we can analyze the transformation of the region degraded pasture area into good planted pastures with the same yields average from the region, obtaining a semi-elasticity for good planted pastures to livestock production, . The technology change variable results show that a 10% change in the pasture area shifts the production function -0.2866. Complementary, the sum along with the other input coefficients shows the aggregated technology has constants return to scale. The effect of pasture degradation indicates a negative impact on the productivity of the land, while the increment of good pasture has a positive impact. Considering the huge stock of good and natural pasture, the direct marginal contribution of good pasture can be short. Although the impact of increment of pastures without management can result in a significant consequence, direct overproduction and also environmental. All the exogenous variables to control the inefficiency of the ODF behave working to increase local efficiency. The semi-elasticity of livestock GPV from good converted pastures where the livestock is a traditional and consolidated activity shows a short impact on the restoration of pastureland. In regions where the activity is consolidated the marginal conversion of one hectare has a small impact on production when compared with others. The economic impact to convert degraded pasture into a good planted pasture means a marginal increase of local GPV caused by the recovery of one hectare of degraded pasture. In regions, such as MATOPIBA, where the return of recovery is lower, the incentives to do deforestation are bigger. Considering the marginal GPV, to convert one hectare of degraded pasture into good planted pasture, in 2017 34% of municipalities from Cerrado showed average gains per hectare higher than R$ 652.46, while 61.8% showed marginal GPV higher than R$ 300.62. Therefore, the estimation of marginal gains to recovery pasture can support the development of actions, such as adjustments in rural credit lines focused on restoration, as developed by the ABC Plan, especially in regions with high levels of deforestation and a large area of degraded pasture. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338557&r=env |
| By: | Peña, Jorge; Mullon, Charles; Lehmann, Laurent |
| Abstract: | Many social interactions happen indirectly via modifications of environmental variables, e.g. through the depletion of renewable resources or the secretion of functional compounds. Here, we derive the selection gradient on a quantitative trait affecting the dynamics of such environmental vari-ables that feedback on reproduction and survival in a patch-structured population that is finite, of con-stant size, and subject to isolation by distance. Our analysis shows that the selection gradient depends on how a focal individual influences the fitness of all future individuals in the population through modifications of the environmental variables they experience, weighted by the neutral relatedness be-tween recipients and the focal. The evolutionarily relevant trait-driven environmental modifications are formalized as the extended phenotypic effects of an individual, which quantify how a trait change in the individual in the present affects the environmental variables in all patches at all future times. When the trait affects reproduction and survival through some payoff function, the selection gradient can be expressed in terms of extended phenotypic effects weighted by scaled-relatedness coefficients. We show how to compute extended phenotypic effects, relatedness, and scaled-relatedness coefficients using Fourier analysis, allowing us to investigate a broad class of environmentally mediated social in-teractions in a tractable way. We illustrate our approach by studying the evolution of a trait controlling the costly production of some lasting commons (e.g. a common-pool resource or a toxic compound) that can diffuse in space. We show that whether selection favours environmentally mediated altruism or spite depends on the spatial correlation between an individual’s lineage and the commons originat-ing from its patch. The sign of this correlation depends on interactions between dispersal patterns and the commons’ renewal dynamics. More broadly, we suggest that selection can favour a wide range of social behaviours when these are mediated in space and time through environmental feedback. |
| Keywords: | Adaptive dynamics; Metacommunity; Extended Phenotype; Altruism; Spite |
| Date: | 2023–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:iastwp:128557&r=env |
| By: | Matthew Klesta |
| Abstract: | Because of its topography, location, and coal mining legacy, eastern Kentucky has a long history of flooding. This report focuses on housing in the 13 counties declared federal disaster areas after the July 2022 flood. |
| Keywords: | affordable housing; Infrastructure; rural economy; natural disasters |
| Date: | 2023–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:c00034:96932&r=env |
| By: | McLain, Rebecca |
| Abstract: | Research since the 1990s highlights the importance of tenure rights for sustainable natural resource management, and for alleviating poverty and enhancing nutrition and food security for the 3.14 billion rural inhabitants of less-developed countries who rely on forests and agriculture for their livelihoods. The specific rights or combination of rights held by an individual, household, or community affects whether they have access to land and resources, as well as how those can be used and for how long. Equally important is the degree to which landholders perceive their tenure to be secure. Landowners are more likely to engage in land and resource conservation if they perceive that the likelihood of losing their land or resource rights is low. Between 2013 and 2021, the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) supported researchers to explore the drivers of tenure insecurity and their consequences, as well as mechanisms that can enhance tenure security. Their work focused on rights held by individuals and households, as well as collectively held rights. Studies found that tenure insecurity has a variety of negative consequences for natural resource management, agricultural productivity, and poverty reduction, but the sources of tenure insecurity differ for men and women, and for individual, household, and collective lands. Statutory recognition of customary rights, multistakeholder processes (MSPs) such as for land use planning, and organized social alliances such as Indigenous peoples’ groups have emerged as important mechanisms for securing rights or enhancing access to collectively held lands. Long-term partnerships, ongoing engagement, and training for actors at multiple scales increase the likelihood of successful implementation of tenure reforms. Further research on tenure security can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, especially by clarifying how customary tenure can provide security and how tenure affects decision-making in multistakeholder platforms. |
| Keywords: | AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; CENTRAL AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; NORTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; WEST AFRICA; land tenure; women; gender; land rights; tenure security; forests; natural resources management; food security; nutrition; agriculture; collective tenure; forest rights |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:136901&r=env |
| By: | Gilles Grolleau (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Lisette L. Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Environment-related decisions can be taken in situ or remotely. We discuss theoretically why and how this seemingly irrelevant factor, that is, the distance between the place of decision and the place where it is applied, affects the moral judgment by external third parties. We mobilize the out-group bias and the construal level theory to predict that distant decisions will be judged more severely than close equivalent ones. Using an experimental survey, we test whether an identical decision regarding an environmental wrongdoing is judged differently when observers are informed that the decision has been taken in situ or remotely. The findings support that the distance between decision centers and application places matters. An increase in spatial distance leads to a more severe judgment of an otherwise identical decision. We draw implications for business environmental strategy and suggest the existence of a liability of distance in the moral domain. |
| Keywords: | decisions, distance, moral judgment, environmental wrongdoings., CSR, sustainability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03712726&r=env |
| By: | Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick); Gazze, Ludovica (University of Warwick); Bishop, Menna (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Which households are most affected by energy price shocks? What can we learn about the distributional implications of carbon taxes? How do interventions in energy markets affect these patterns? This paper introduces a measurement framework that leverages granular property-level data representing more than 50% of the English and Welsh housing stock. We use this ex-ante measurement framework to investigate these questions and set out an empirical evaluation framework to study the causal effects of the energy crisis more broadly. We find that the energy price shock has a more pronounced effect on relatively more affluent areas highlighting the likely progressive impact of carbon taxation. We document that commonly used untargeted interventions in energy markets significantly weaken market price signals for able-to-pay households. Alternative, more targeted policies are cheaper, easily implementable, and could better align energy saving incentives. |
| Keywords: | Energy crisis, Carbon taxation, Climate change, Energy efficiency gap JEL Classification: Q48, C55 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:671&r=env |
| By: | Scanlan, Oliver |
| Abstract: | The outcome of COP 15 is unlikely to end the debate over the potential adverse effects on human beings caused by a dramatic expansion of area-based conservation targets. Despite uncertainties, common features of a design for conservation approaches that are compatible with human rights commitments have emerged from the literature. These include a substantive decentralisation of decision making to communities, and the application of the principles of recognitional, procedural and distributive justice. Simply by analysing existing documentation disclosed by major conservation initiatives, it is possible to assess how effectively current mainstream approaches, defined by those supported by multilateral donors like the World Bank, embed these features at the intervention level. The Sustainable Forests and Livelihoods (SUFAL) project is currently being funded by the World Bank in Bangladesh, and suffers from major shortcomings relating to all of these characteristics. It is likely that the project will have an adverse impact on local communities, including highly marginalised Indigenous peoples, if it has not already done so. To the extent that the approach used by the World Bank in Bangladesh is replicated by other major actors in the conservation space, so too will these negative human impacts be replicated, vindicating critics of the “30 x 30” target. |
| Date: | 2023–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8tcys&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Cheikh T. Ndour (Dakar, Senegal); Judith C. M. Ngoungou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the difficulty of ensuring gender equality and the chaotic state of democracy, we analyze the effects of gender political inclusion and democracy on environmental policy performance. The study uses a panel of 45 African countries over the period 2012-2018 and employs the method of moments by quantile regression. The results show that, gender political inclusion and democracy positively affect environmental performance in all quantiles. These positive effects tend to be stronger at higher quantiles. The magnitude is larger for gender political inclusion. When performance is decomposed into the sub-indices of environmental health and ecosystem vitality, positive effects of gender political inclusion and democracy are observed in all quantiles. The effects are larger for the gender dimension than for the democracy dimension, regardless of the sub-index used. |
| Keywords: | Gender political inclusion; democracy; environmental performance; regression quantile method of moments; Africa |
| JEL: | J13 Q56 C31 C33 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:23/013&r=env |
| By: | Xuwen Gao; Ran Song; Christopher Timmins; Fang Xia |
| Abstract: | We provide the first estimates of the negative impact of exposure to extremely high temperatures during pregnancy on mothers’ labor market outcomes. We employ individual-level survey data from China and leverage plausibly exogenous fluctuations in heat exposure within cities. The results demonstrate that exposure to extremely hot weather during pregnancy reduces women’s wages and labor supply later in life and increases the likelihood that they will work in an unskilled sector. The effects are stronger for heat exposure during the third gestational trimester. The mechanism for these results is that extreme temperature exposure during pregnancy undermines maternal health. Our analysis proposes a new channel through which extreme weather generates health and economic costs. |
| JEL: | I10 J22 J31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31684&r=env |
| By: | Gilles Grolleau (ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Deborah Peterson (Crawford School of Public Policy – Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | A first order law of behavioral change is to make change easy. Nevertheless, this recommendation can sometimes backfire, at least for some subgroups. We examine mechanisms which may cause application of this intuitively convincing rule to be counterproductive, namely lack of meaning, the moral licensing effect, and the boredom threat. We suggest a number of hypotheses, based on our review of the behavioral literature in this area, which could be empirically tested in future research. We also propose some practical ways to avoid the "making things easy" trap and make environmental change more attractive. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral change, environment, goals, public policy, public strategies |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03843295&r=env |
| By: | Shuyao Wu; Kai-Di Liu; Wentao Zhang; Yuehan Dou; Yuqing Chen; Delong Li |
| Abstract: | Realized ecosystem services (ES) are the actual use of ES by societies, which is more directly linked to human well-being than potential ES. However, there is a lack of a general analysis framework to understand how much ES was realized. In this study, we first proposed a Supply-Demand-Flow-Use (SDFU) framework that integrates the supply, demand, flow, and use of ES and differentiates these concepts into different aspects (e.g., potential vs. actual ES demand, export and import flows of supply, etc.). Then, we applied the framework to three examples of ES that can be found in typical urban green parks (i.e., wild berry supply, pollination, and recreation). We showed how the framework could assess the actual use of ES and identify the supply-limited, demand-limited, and supply-demand-balanced types of realized ES. We also discussed the scaling features, temporal dynamics, and spatial characteristics of realized ES, as well as some critical questions for future studies. Although facing challenges, we believe that the applications of the SDFU framework can provide a systematic way to accurately assess the actual use of ES and better inform management and policy-making for sustainable use of nature's benefits. Therefore, we hope that our study will stimulate more research on realized ES and contribute to a deeper understanding of their roles in enhancing human well-being. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.15574&r=env |
| By: | Arrizaga, Rubí; Clarke, Damian; Cubillos, Pedro P.; Ruiz-Tagle V., Cristóbal |
| Abstract: | Wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. We study the impact of exposure to wildfires on air pollutants and on human health in Chile, finding substantial impacts on both classes of outcomes. We use data on 15 wildfire seasons (2004-2018) matched with granular (intra-day) records of wind direction and air quality, as well as administrative records of all hospitalizations in the country. By combining the precise location of fires with wind direction at the moment in which fires occur, we estimate causal impacts of exposure to wildfires. We find considerable impacts. Exposure to a large wildfire (250 Ha) is observed to increase PM2:5 concentrations by 10% on average in municipalities up to 200km from the epicenter of the wildfire. These effects have appreciable impacts on rates of hospitalization. A one standard deviation increase in exposure to large wildfires is estimated to increase rates of respiratory hospitalizations by 0.75%, while the effect of exposure to the most extreme week of wildfires observed is estimated to increase hospitalizations by as much as a third. Effects are found to be particularly acute for infants, and to grow with the size of the exposure to wildfire (both in terms of duration and area burned). |
| Keywords: | natural disasters;Wildfires;Air pollution;human capital;Heal |
| JEL: | Q54 I18 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:12954&r=env |
| By: | Marisol Garrouste; Michael T. Craig; Daniel Wendt; Maria Herrera Diaz; William Jenson; Qian Zhang; Brendan Kochunas |
| Abstract: | Low carbon synfuel can displace transport fossil fuels such as diesel and jet fuel and help achieve the decarbonization of the transportation sector at a global scale, but large-scale cost-effective production facilities are needed. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants are closing due to economic difficulties: electricity prices are too low and variable to cover their operational costs. Using existing nuclear power plants to produce synfuels might prevent loss of these low-carbon assets while producing synfuels at scale, but no technoeconomic analysis of this Integrated Energy System exist. We quantify the technoeconomic potential of coupling a synthetic fuel production process with five example nuclear power plants across the U.S. to explore the influence of different electricity markets, access to carbon dioxide sources, and fuel markets. Coupling synfuel production increases nuclear plant profitability by up to 792 million USD(2020) in addition to a 10 percent rate of return on investment over a 20 year period. Our analysis identifies drivers for the economic profitability of the synfuel IES. The hydrogen production tax credit from the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act is essential to its overall profitability representing on average three quarters of its revenues. The carbon feedstock transportation is the highest cost - more than a third on average - closely followed by the synfuel production process capital costs. Those results show the key role of incentive policies for the decarbonization of the transportation sector and the economic importance of the geographic location of Integrated Energy Systems. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.12085&r=env |
| By: | Bernal, Carolina; Vlaicu, Razvan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how rural households cope with climate change related rainfall shocks by re-allocating childrens time between domestic activities and school attendance. Households affected by an unanticipated rainfall shock face an inter-temporal trade-off between current household income and future potential earnings. Financial inclusion may mitigate or exacerbate the human capital impacts of rainfall shocks depending on whether it relaxes or constrains household budgets. The data come from a three-round panel household survey in rural Colombia collected between 2010-2016. The main findings are that rainfall shocks induce households to choose immediate benefits over long-run investments in education by increasing the incidence of child labor and household chores at the expense of school attendance. Over-indebtedness through pre-existing formal loans reinforces the likelihood that a child works due to rainfall shocks, whereas asset insurance, foreign remittances, and natural disaster aid mitigate or eliminate the shock-induced shift toward domestic activities and away from schooling. |
| Keywords: | Child Labor;human capital;Rainfall shocks;climate change;financial inclusion;Rural households;Schooling |
| JEL: | D14 J13 J22 O15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13008&r=env |
| By: | Abid Ali (3IT - Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique [Sherbrooke] - UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke, LN2 - Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] - UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke - ECL - École Centrale de Lyon - Université de Lyon - CPE - École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Maïté Volatier (3IT - Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique [Sherbrooke] - UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke, LN2 - Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] - UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke - ECL - École Centrale de Lyon - Université de Lyon - CPE - École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Maxime Darnon (3IT - Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique [Sherbrooke] - UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke, LN2 - Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] - UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke - ECL - École Centrale de Lyon - Université de Lyon - CPE - École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Despite abundant solar resources, Mali has remained one of the least electrified countries in the world. Besides daily life activities and the economy, the shortage of electricity has severely affected the quality of healthcare services in the country. In the absence of electrical grids, standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems could be an alternative option in Mali for the electrification of isolated community health centers. However, because standalone PV systems are highly weather-dependent, they must be properly sized according to the local weather conditions. This paper presents the optimal sizing of standalone PV systems for the electrification of community health centers in Mali. The optimization for PV systems was performed for five different locations through simulation and modeling using PVsyst, considering the autonomy of 1 to 3 days and the probability of loss of load for 1 to 5%. Furthermore, for the economic analysis, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), payback period and return on investment for the standalone PV systems were calculated. Through the optimization, it was found that the standalone PV systems with PV array sizes ranging from 1650 to 2400 watts, along with 606 Ah battery storage, would be suitable to supply the daily energy demand for community health centers anywhere in the country. Moreover, by only replacing the 606 Ah battery storage with 1212 Ah and 1818 Ah sizes, the PV systems would be able to help and keep the energy reserves for 2 and 3 autonomous days, respectively. Furthermore, the results show that in comparison to a LCOE of 0.94–0.98 USD/kWh for a diesel generator, the LCOE for the standalone PV system would range from 0.23 to 0.46 USD/kWh without discounted rates and from 0.33 to 0.60 USD/kWh if discounted at 6%. In addition to a lower LCOE, the saving of 46–76 tons of CO2 during the project's lifespan, the short payback periods and high return of investment (ROI) values make standalone PV systems a suitable electrification option for Mali. Considering the total expenses, LCOE, payback period, and ROI, standalone PV systems for community health centers were found to be economically viable in all cases for Mali. |
| Keywords: | standalone photovoltaic systems, optimal sizing, PVsyst, loss of load probability, levelized cost of energy, community health centers, Mali |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04210722&r=env |
| By: | Euamporn Phijaisanit (Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University) |
| Abstract: | This study revisits the conventional wisdom of development, sustainability and happy ageing. The first part explores the existing research frontier on how happiness proceeds with age and assimilates different notions of happiness which influence public policies and global demands. The second part extracts the statistics from the National Statistical Office’s 2021 Survey of the Older Persons in Thailand and presents stylised facts about the characteristics of Thailand’s ageing population in connection with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The third part examines happiness in older persons using ordered logistic regression. Happiness is represented by the reported scale based on the respondent’s own value judgment. The finding reveals that the happiness level significantly reflects socio-economic and health well-being and, thus, can potentially be intervened by political commitment and suitable public policies in concert with the SDGs. Happiness can be considered both as an outcome and a useful success indicator of public policies. However, the criteria for happiness can be very subjective. The public sectors must take precautions against political bias and inefficiency in incorporating old-age happiness into their development agenda. An effective policy coherence, particularly in Non-High- Income Countries (NHICs), requires a thorough understanding of old-age happiness in a more local areaspecific context which is an attempt of this study. Policy recommendations from the findings are summoned into four arenas, namely: (i) policy on education and lifelong learning, (ii) policy on income and old-age employment, (iii) policy on healthcare, public services and revenue raising, and (iv) policy on local area disparity. |
| Keywords: | ageing, old-age happiness, sustainable development, public policy, SDGs |
| JEL: | F13 F16 O53 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tha:wpaper:71&r=env |
| By: | Markus Brückner; Chadi Bou Habib; Martin Lokanc |
| Abstract: | This paper revisits the relationship between countries' natural resource abundance and economic development. We find that natural resources are supportive of pro-poor, inclusive, long-term economic growth. Cross-country regressions show that: (i) countries with greater natural resource abundance have on average significantly higher levels of GDP per capita; (ii) poverty rates are significantly lower in resource abundant countries; (iii) natural resource abundance has a significant positive effect on countries' Human Development Index. We show that state ownership is a significant transmission channel through which countries' natural resource abundance affects economic development. This is particularly true in countries that combine above-median state ownership and highly performing policies and institutions. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; National Income; Poverty; Human Development; State Ownership |
| JEL: | C3 O1 O4 Q3 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:acb:cbeeco:2023-694&r=env |
| By: | Nguyen Huy, Tung (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:850a17c1-77ce-468e-9676-92e7c18567af&r=env |
| By: | Fernando M. Aragon, Juan Pablo Rud (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the heterogeneous impact of extreme heat on household farms in low-income countries. Our source of heterogeneity is farm size, as it has been shown to matter for productivity and agricultural practices. Using a large panel dataset from Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Malawi, we show that extreme heat reduces agricultural output and food security, independently of farm size. We do find, however, that some responses to temperature shocks are different, e.g., small farms increase land use. These findings suggest that all household farms are vulnerable to the negative impact of climate change, even the largest ones. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sfu:sfudps:dp23-10&r=env |
| By: | La, Viet-Phuong |
| Abstract: | Several questions about the ecological loss concept in the socio-economic context. |
| Date: | 2023–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cuvgx&r=env |
| By: | Neubauer, Florian; Wall, Alan; Njuki, Eric; Bravo-Ureta, Boris |
| Abstract: | The connection between farm productivity and climatic effects is of growing importance around the globe, as farmers are expected to satisfy a rising demand for food and agricultural products driven by an increasing population and income while contending with mounting uncertainty imposed by climate change. This presentation is a component of a larger project which seeks to establish the connection between the productivity performance of farming units and climatic effects. We seek to shed light on two specific issues: (i) what variables are most commonly-used to capture climatic effects; and (ii) to what extent does the choice of climatic indicators in production models affect the agricultural productivity measures obtained across different types of farming systems. An a priori requirement imposed when searching the literature and selecting the papers included in the analysis is that they apply stochastic production frontier (SPF) methods. The advantages and popularity of this methodology in agricultural productivity studies and beyond is well established (Fried et al., 2008, O’Donnell; 2018). The agricultural productivity literature has seen considerable growth in recent years, motivated by significant methodological developments and the increasing availability of microdata sets in some regions (e.g., LSMS-ISA data for Africa). An increasing body of productivity research is being devoted to the connection between farm output, food security and climatic effects, as well as to the role of different farming technologies or practices that can serve in strategies to promote adaptation. Two clear examples are the adoption of irrigation and improved seed varieties. The specific focus here is on three subsets of studies found in the received literature: (1) Dairy productivity studies published using data from different countries; 2) Water, irrigation, and precipitation studies again using data from different countries; and 3) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) studies that explicitly account for the climatic component in TFP in Latin America (LA) as well as in other geographical areas. Taken together, these studies provide a useful point of departure for our future work. Our choice of papers at this point is somewhat arbitrary but serves as an initial step towards undertaking a systematic search of the literature to cover a more comprehensive set of studies. We justify our current focus by noting the importance of dairy in farming systems in both the developed and developing world (Bravo-Ureta, Wall, and Neubauer 2022) and the critical role water plays in the adaptation of farming to climate change (Bopp et al. 2022). 1. Dairy Productivity Studies The measurement of TFP in dairy farming and its decomposition into different elements (e.g., technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, scale effects and technical change) has been the subject of several stochastic frontier studies going back at least to Ahmed and Bravo-Ureta (1995). Parametric output distance functions have been used to measure and decompose productivity in dairy farming by Brümmer et al. (2002) for Dutch, German and Polish farms, Newman and Matthews (2006) for Irish farms and Emvalomatis (2012) for German farms. All these studies report that TFP growth has been driven fundamentally by technological progress. Cechura et al. (2017) analyze the impact of technological progress in a study of 24 EU Member States. Aside from technical change (and efficiency gains) as drivers of TFP growth, Parikoglou et al. (2022) found that extension services contributed to the productivity growth-of Irish farms. Parametric input distance functions have been used to study dairy farm productivity by Sipiläinen et al. (2014), who investigated the profitability and productivity dynamics of Finnish and Norwegian farms; Sauer and Latacz-Lohmann (2015), who analyzed TFP change for German farms (with a Luenberger index); and Singbo and Larue (2016) for farms from Quebec. The climatic effect has been clearly absent in much of this work. 2. Water, Irrigation and Precipitation Studies Water is critical in the adaptation of farming to climate change. Therefore, we review studies that consider precipitation as a climatic variable in their models. Bravo-Ureta et al. (2016) identify 110 water studies in a meta-analysis of technical efficiency in agriculture and find that most ignore climatic effects. Among the studies that use SPF methods, only five considered a precipitation variable. McGuckin et al. (1992) specify a continuous rainfall variable in a study analyzing maize farmers in the USA. Sherlund et al. (2002) use the number of rainy days and the quantity of rain in a study of rice producers in Ivory Coast. Mariano et al. (2010) define dummies for dry and wet seasons in a rice farming study in the Philippines. Hussain et al. (2012) employ a composite variable for the number of irrigations and rainfall in a sample of wheat farmers in Pakistan. Ndlovu et al. (2014) incorporated a location dummy for high rainfall areas of maize farming in Zimbabwe. We complement these studies with 11 papers that have been published more recently. 3. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) Studies with a Climatic Component. We focus explicitly on work that examines the climatic component in TFP in LA as well as in other geographical areas. Agriculture is a major sector in the economy of most LA countries. To implement effective policies addressing climate change and promoting the adaptation of farming to the rising climatic threat, it is critical to have a thorough understanding of what drives productivity change and the role climatic effects have in the region’s agricultural productivity growth. However, a recent review by Bravo-Ureta (2021) reveals that productivity research for LA is limited and based primarily on aggregate county-level data with scant inclusion of climatic effects. We conjecture that the limited supply of studies for LA is likely due to data limitations and lack of funding to conduct the necessary work. We highlight around 10 recent articles that address the connection between climatic effects and TFP and explicitly quantify the effect of a climatic component in TFP growth. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338540&r=env |
| By: | Alexander P. Kartun-Giles; Nadia Ameli |
| Abstract: | In this perspective, we introduce recent research into the structure and function of complex investor networks supporting sustainability efforts. Using the case of solar, wind and hydro energy technologies, this perspective explores the complexity in low-carbon finance markets, defined as markets that direct capital flows towards low-carbon technologies, using network approaches to study their structure and dynamics. Investors are modeled as nodes which form a network or higher-order network connected by edges representing projects in which joint funding or security-related insurance was provided or other investment-related interaction occurred. We review the literature on investor networks generally, particularly in the case of complex networks, and address areas where these ideas were applied in this emerging field. The complex investor dynamics which emerge from the extant funding scenarios are not well understood. These dynamics have the potential to result in interesting non-linear behaviour, growth, and decline, which can be studied, explained and controlled using the tools of network science. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.15890&r=env |
| By: | Yannick Gomez (ISEC - Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des énergies bas carbone - CEA-DES (ex-DEN) - CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives); Gérald Naro (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School) |
| Abstract: | The Triple Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) developed by Joyce & Paquin (2016) offers a new contribution to research on Sustainable Business Models. Its differentiating charac-ter lies in its structuring into three specific layers of canvas (economic, social, environmental) for which it is appropriate to seek horizontal coherence within each canvas and vertical co-herence between the three layers. Based on a review of the literature, we question the vertical coherence by considering that the order in which the three layers are linked in the TLBMC cons-truction methodology is not neutral in that it reflects a vision of sustainability and can lead to dif-ferentiated conclusions, depending on which layers is prioritized. This analysis of the vertical coherence of the TLBMC then allows us to analyze the evolutions and perspectives of the auto-motive industry. |
| Abstract: | Le Triple Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) développé par Joyce & Paquin (2016) offre une contribution nouvelle à la recherche sur les Sustainable Business Model. Son caractère différenciant réside notamment dans sa structuration en trois canevas spécifiques (économique, social, environnemental) pour lesquels il convient de rechercher une cohérence horizontale interne à chaque canevas et une cohérence verticale inter canevas. En nous appuyant sur une revue de littérature, nous questionnons la cohérence verticale en considérant que l'ordre dans lequel s'enchaînent les 3 canevas dans la méthodologie de construction du TLBMC, n'est pas neutre en ce qu'elle traduit une vision de la soutenabilité et peut conduire à ces conclusions différenciées selon que tel ou tel canevas est priorisé. Cette analyse de la cohérence verticale du TLBMC nous permet ensuite d'analyser les évolutions et perspectives de l'industrie automobile. |
| Keywords: | TLBMC, Sustainable Business Model, Sustainability, Automotive Industry, Triple Layered Business model Canvas (TLBMC), Triple Valeur, Soutenabilité, Industrie Automobile |
| Date: | 2023–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04192013&r=env |
| By: | Julie de Brux; Patrice Geoffron (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre-Benoît Joly (TSV - Transformations Sociales et Politiques liées aux Vivants - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel); Reza Lahidji (GREGH - Groupement de Recherche et d'Etudes en Gestion à HEC - HEC Paris - Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jacques Percebois; Émile Quinet (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Cigéo aims to store the most hazardous radioactive waste in a deep geological repository. The Socio-Economic Assessment (SEA) of the project is intended to analyse the gains and costs for the community, particularly in comparison with long-term storage, which will be the responsibility of future generations. This SEA has raised various methodological questions due to the duration of the project, the difficulties in monetising certain costs and benefits, the uncertainties about future societies and the choice of the discount rate. One conclusion is that Cigéo provides, through the safe burial of the waste, an ‘‘insurance benefit'' in the face of a risk of degradation of future societies. |
| Abstract: | Cigéo vise à stocker en couche géologique profonde les déchets radioactifs les plus dangereux. L'évaluation socio-économique (ESE) du projet est destinée à analyser les gains et les coûts pour la collectivité, notamment par comparaison à un entreposage de longue durée restant à la charge des générations futures. Cette ESE a soulevé diverses questions méthodologiques en raison de la durée du projet, des difficultés à monétiser certains coûts et avantages, des incertitudes sur les sociétés du futur et du choix du taux d'actualisation. Une conclusion est que Cigéo procure, grâce à l'enfouissement sécurisé des déchets, un « bénéfice assurantiel » face à un risque de dégradation des sociétés futures. |
| Keywords: | Déchets radioactifs, Méthodologies de calcul, Nucléaire, Prospective, Stockage |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04202331&r=env |
| By: | Bopp, Carlos; Jara-Rojas, Roberto; Engler, Alejandra; Araya-Alman, Miguel |
| Abstract: | In wine grape production, growers decide between alternative management strategies of the vineyard that have direct consequences on competitiveness. Since on-farm competitiveness allows growers to remain in the industry, it has become a highly relevant issue for the viticultural sector and a better understanding is required of the factors affecting vineyards’ economic performance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact on the economic performance of four management strategies. The vineyards management strategies analyzed in this study were: a) training system (tendone vs. vertical structures), b) wine grape destination (reserve vs. varietal wines), c) irrigation method (pressurized vs. gravity irrigation), and d) mechanization in harvesting (mechanized vs. hand-picked). These vineyards’ strategies are of different scope and nature, some of them represent structural (fixed) decisions while others are more related to flexible (alternative) decisions. This study uses the case of Chile, a country that has experienced rapid development of its export-oriented wine industry in recent decades; between 1990 and 2015, vineyard plantations doubled, wine production increased fivefold, and wine export volume grew from 22 to 1, 445 million liters. The data used in the study come from face-to-face interviews administered to 336 Chilean wine grape growers, which was complemented with climatic variables retrieved from Geographic Information Systems. The study area covers the O’Higgins and Maule regions in Central-South Chile (33° 50’ and 36° 33’ S, WGS84 datum), located in central Chile in the heart of the fruit and vineyard production (Figure 1). Combined, both regions comprise 73% of the national planted area of vineyards, distributed among three important valleys, from north to south: Rapel, Curicó, and Maule. The area under study has a temperate Mediterranean climate, characterized by a six-month dry season (Sept- Mar) and a rainy winter, with precipitation between 600 and 700 mm annually. The primary data used in this study was generated at the vineyard level, administering a georeferenced survey on-site to 436 wine grape growers between October 2014 and March 2015. This survey was restricted to vineyards from irrigated lands, growing at least one hectare. The sampling procedure consisted of a stratified random sample across 16 municipalities, where the number of surveys administered was determined depending on the relative number of vineyards in each municipality. The questionnaire administered to wine grape growers collected detailed economic and agronomic information for the main variety grown in the vineyard, such as planted area, yield, grape price, and (per hectare) intensity of use of inputs and labor. Growers were asked about the number of applications, doses, and unitary prices in the case of agrochemicals (i.e., fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and acaricides) and the number of working days or agricultural machines/equipment in the case of labor (i.e., harvest, pruning/mooring, tipping of shoots, de-sprouting, canopy defoliation, physical weed control, and other labor), which were valued at fixed market prices. Regarding growers’ performance, the yield obtained by each grower was multiplied by the average grape price of the variety in the sample. A log-log regression model of total value product (TVP) for the main variety grown in the vineyard was estimated, using production factors, vineyards’ attributes, management strategies, and climate-related conditions as explanatory variables. An interesting contribution of this study is the identification of TVP functions for land, fertilizers, fungicides, other agrochemicals, labor, and the age of vines. Our results show that the training system has the most impact on TVP, where tendone-trained vineyards demonstrated 50% higher TVP than those vertically trained. Reserve quality production also has a positive effect on TVP, increasing it by 22% compared to vineyards producing varietal quality grapes. In contrast, the use of pressurized irrigation systems and mechanization in harvesting do not present a significant effect on TVP. The findings of this paper represent an advance in the understanding of the economic performance factors associated with wine grape growing and could serve to guide on-farm decisions and sectoral policies in pursuing the competitive development of wine grape growers. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae23:338550&r=env |
| By: | Amalie Bjørnåvold (Department of Engineering Management - Faculty of Business and Economics - UA - University of Antwerp); Maia David (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Vincent Mermet-Bijon (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Olivier Beaumais (LERN - Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie - LITTORAL - LITTORAL - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer); Romain Crastes Dit Sourd (Leeds University Business School - University of Leeds); Steven van Passel (Department of Engineering Management - Faculty of Business and Economics - UA - University of Antwerp); Vincent Martinet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In 2023, the European Union will vote on the reauthorization of glyphosate use, renewed in 2017 despite concern on impacts on the environment and public health. A ban is supported by several Member States but rejected by most farmers. What are citizens' preferences to phase out glyphosate? To assess whether taxation could be an alternative to a ban, we conducted a discrete choice experiment in five European countries. Our results reveal that the general public is strongly willing to pay for a reduction in glyphosate use. However, while 75.5% of respondents stated to support a ban in the pre-experimental survey, experimental results reveal that in 73.35% of cases, earmarked taxation schemes are preferred when they lead to a strong reduction in glyphosate use for an increase in food price lower than that induced by a ban. When glyphosate reduction is balanced against its costs, a tax may be preferred. |
| Abstract: | En 2023, l'Union européenne votera sur la réautorisation de l'utilisation du glyphosate, renouvelée en 2017 en dépit des préoccupations sur les impacts sur l'environnement et la santé publique. Une interdiction est soutenue par plusieurs États membres, mais rejetée par la plupart des agriculteurs. Quelles sont les préférences des citoyens pour l'élimination progressive du glyphosate? Pour évaluer si la fiscalité pourrait être une alternative à une interdiction, nous avons mené une expérience de choix discret dans cinq pays européens. Nos résultats révèlent que le grand public est tout à fait disposé à payer pour une réduction de l'utilisation du glyphosate. Cependant, alors que 75, 5% des répondants ont déclaré soutenir une interdiction dans le sondage pré-expérimental, les résultats expérimentaux révèlent que dans 73, 35% des cas, les régimes fiscaux spécifiques sont préférables lorsqu'ils conduisent à une forte réduction de l'utilisation du glyphosate pour une augmentation du prix des denrées alimentaires inférieure à celle induite par une interdiction. Lorsque la réduction du glyphosate est équilibrée avec ses coûts, une taxe peut être préférée |
| Keywords: | Discrete Choice Experiment, Glyphosate |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04057671&r=env |
| By: | Bardt, Hubertus; Schaefer, Thilo |
| Abstract: | Die deutlich gestiegenen Preise im europäischen Emissionshandel für Treibhausgase führen zu spürbaren Zusatzkosten für die Industrie. Beim schrittweisen Wegfall der bisher freien Zuteilung von Emissionsrechten drohen zudem weitere Kostenbelastungen in Milliardenhöhe. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:662023&r=env |
| By: | Mohan, Preeya |
| Abstract: | Eastern Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have a high dependence on international trade for income, employment and poverty reduction given their extreme openness, small market size, narrow range of resources and productive capabilities and specialized economic structures, making them vulnerable to external shocks, the most frequent being tropical storms. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of tropical storms on international trade for eight Eastern Caribbean SIDS over the period 2000-2019, as well as the mediating role of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER). The results indicate that hurricanes have a more long-term impact on exports, reducing exports of goods by 20 percent in the month of a strike and up to three months thereafter, while the impact on imports was just as severe but more immediate, reducing imports of goods by 11 percent in the month of a strike. The mediation analysis suggests that the REER plays no mediating role in explaining the impact of tropical storm damage on exports and imports in the region. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters;Hurricanes;International trade;Small Island Developing States;Caribbean |
| JEL: | F1 F4 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13084&r=env |
| By: | Mattias Delpont (IHAP - Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Luis G. Salazar (IHAP - Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jeroen Dewulf (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Faculteit Diergeneeskunde [UGhent, Belgium] - UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University); Artur Zbikowski (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Piotr Szeleszczuk (SGGW - Warsaw University of Life Sciences); Anne-Christine Dufay-Lefort (ITAVI); Nathalie Rousset (ITAVI); Annick Spaans (Southern Agriculture and Horticulture Organization); Arthi Amalraj (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Faculteit Diergeneeskunde [UGhent, Belgium] - UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University); Giuditta Tilli (Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua); Alessandra Piccirillo (Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua); Aitor Devesa (CECAV - Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana); Sandra Sevilla-Navarro (CECAV - Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana); Hilde van Meirhaege (Vetworks BV); László Kovács (UNIVET - University of Veterinary Medicine [Budapest, Hungary]); Ákos Bernard Jóźwiak (UNIVET - University of Veterinary Medicine [Budapest, Hungary]); Jean-Luc Guerin (IHAP - Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mathilde C. Paul (IHAP - Interactions hôtes-agents pathogènes [Toulouse] - ENVT - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Compliance with required on-farm biosecurity practices reduces the risk of contamination and spread of zoonotic and economically important diseases. With repeating avian influenza epidemics in the poultry industry, the need to monitor and improve the overall level of biosecurity is increasing. In practice, biosecurity compliance is assessed by various actors (e.g., academic, private and public institutions), and the results of such assessments may be recorded and gathered in databases which are seldom shared or thoroughly analyzed. This study aimed to provide an inventory of databases related to the assessment of biosecurity in poultry farms in seven major poultry-producing European countries to highlight challenges and opportunities associated with biosecurity data collection, sharing, and use. The institutions in charge of these databases were contacted and interviewed using a structured questionnaire to gather information on the main characteristics of the databases and the context of their implementation. A total of 20 databases were identified, covering the gamut of poultry species and production types. Most databases were linked to veterinary health authorities or academia, and to a lesser extent interbranch organizations. Depending on the institutions in charge, the databases serve various purposes, from providing advice to enforcing regulations. The quality of the biosecurity data collected is believed to be quite reliable, as biosecurity is mostly assessed by trained farm advisors or official veterinarians and during a farm visit. Some of the databases are difficult to analyze and/or do not offer information concerning which biosecurity measures are most or least respected. Moreover, some key biosecurity practices are sometimes absent from certain databases. Although the databases serve a variety of purposes and cover different production types, each with specific biosecurity features, their analysis should help to improve the surveillance of biosecurity in the poultry sector and provide evidence on the benefits of biosecurity. |
| Keywords: | prevention, surveillance, audits, avian influenza, broilers, egg layers, turkeys |
| Date: | 2023–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04209975&r=env |
| By: | Cécile Guibert (LISST - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INP - PURPAN - Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse); Julien Frayssignes (LISST - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INP - PURPAN - Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse); Michaël Pouzenc (LISST - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - ENSFEA - École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In a context marked by the affirmation of the framework of agroecological transtion, agrochains strategy is a source of concern, as they are the major part of French agribusiness environment. The understanding of the link between the territorial anchorage of stakeholders and their contribution to transition dynamics in the territories seems to be essential. First, this paper examines agrochain's positioning in a context of transition, then offers a perspective on two pulses chains – emblematic crops agroecological transition – in Occitanie region, the FILEG project and the PGI red label haricot tarbais. This view leads to confront their modes of organisation and to debate in a third part about their respective positioning. Thus, it seems that actors of long agrochains implement strategies at various scales to reach development objectives, but also to benefit from local advantages and large cooperations. |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte d'affirmation du cadre de la transition agroécologique, la stratégie des filières longues pose question, puisqu'elles forment l'essentiel du paysage agroalimentaire français. La compréhension de l'articulation entre les formes d'ancrage territorial des acteurs et leur participation aux dynamiques de transition dans les territoires semble essentielle. Cet article interroge le positionnement des filières longues dans un contexte de transition dans un premier temps, puis propose une mise en perspective de deux filières légumineuses – productions emblématiques de la transition agroécologique – en région Occitanie, le projet FILEG et la filière IGP label rouge haricot tarbais. Cette mise en regard conduit à confronter leur mode d'organisation et à discuter dans une troisième partie leur positionnement respectif. Ainsi, il apparaît que les acteurs des filières longues déploient des stratégies à diverses échelles pour répondre à des objectifs de développement, mais aussi pour tirer bénéfice à la fois d'avantages locaux et de coopérations larges. |
| Keywords: | long chain, agrofood system, transition, pulses, territorial anchorage, Filière longue, Système agroalimentaire, Transition, Légumineuse à graines, Ancrage territorial |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04015868&r=env |
| By: | Malte Jahn |
| Abstract: | A nonlinear regression framework is proposed for time series and panel data for the situation where certain explanatory variables are available at a higher temporal resolution than the dependent variable. The main idea is to use the moments of the empirical distribution of these variables to construct regressors with the correct resolution. As the moments are likely to display nonlinear marginal and interaction effects, an artificial neural network regression function is proposed. The corresponding model operates within the traditional stochastic nonlinear least squares framework. In particular, a numerical Hessian is employed to calculate confidence intervals. The practical usefulness is demonstrated by analyzing the influence of daily temperatures in 260 European NUTS2 regions on the yearly growth of gross value added in these regions in the time period 2000 to 2021. In the particular example, the model allows for an appropriate assessment of regional economic impacts resulting from (future) changes in the regional temperature distribution (mean AND variance). |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2309.10481&r=env |
| By: | Alice Falchi (ESSCA Research Lab - ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Gilles Grolleau (ESSCA School of Management, France); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sanja Pekovic (UCG - University of Montenegro) |
| Abstract: | Does adopting eco-innovations lead to more satisfied employees? Eco-innovations have the potential to enhance (and sometimes decrease) the job satisfaction of employees for several reasons, such as their positive effects on performances and wages, contribution to the well-being of others, or increased alignment between employees' and company values. We examine empirically the relationship between eco-innovations and job satisfaction on a large number of observations using a moderated mediation model. We posit that the effect of adopting eco-innovations is mediated by job recognition, while the effect of the latter is moderated by job insecurity. Our structural equation modeling findings based on a sample of 5384 respondents show that (i) eco-innovations do not directly lead to increased job satisfaction, (ii) job recognition mediates positively the relationship between the adoption of eco-innovations and job satisfaction, and (iii) job insecurity moderates negatively the positive mediating effect between the adoption of eco-innovations and job satisfaction. |
| Keywords: | eco-innovations, job satisfaction, moderated mediation, structural equation modeling, well-being. |
| Date: | 2023–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04198163&r=env |
| By: | Dragomir, Vili; Rodino, Steliana |
| Abstract: | The present volume is the collection of the conference papers presented on the 13th International Symposium Agricultural economy and rural development. Realities and perspectives for Romania, organized by The Research Institute for Agrarian Economy and Rural Development during 17 November 2022, in Bucharest, Romania. The main aim of this symposium was both to present the newest research results and findings in field of agricultural and rural development research and, also to encourage the direct implementation of these results in practice by creating a strong cooperation between academicians and researchers with the field experts and investors. |
| Keywords: | agrarian economy, rural development, agriculture, circular economy, bio economy |
| JEL: | Q0 Q01 Q13 Q16 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118467&r=env |