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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2023‒09‒25
sixty-five papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | DE JONG Beyhan (European Commission - JRC); BOYSEN-URBAN Kirsten; DE LAURENTIIS Valeria (European Commission - JRC); PHILIPPIDIS George; BARTELINGS H. (European Commission - JRC); MANCINI Lucia (European Commission - JRC); BIGANZOLI Fabrizio; SANYE MENGUAL Esther (European Commission - JRC); SALA Serenella (European Commission - JRC); LASARTE LOPEZ Jesus; ROKICKI Bartlomiej (European Commission - JRC); M'BAREK Robert (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Halving food waste by 2030 is an ambitious target of the Sustainable Development Goals, echoed by the Farm to Fork Strategy within the European Green Deal. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the economy-wide implications for different food waste reduction targets. The study utilizes the further adapted computable general equilibrium model MAGNET and employs a range of sustainability indicators to analyse the economic, social, and environmental impacts associated with the reduction of food waste. A bottom-up analysis based on life cycle assessment is conducted as an additional approach to assess the environmental implications of achieving the food waste reduction targets. The results show that despite income reductions in the food chain as a consequence of the declining demand, positive effects in other economic areas offset these losses. Additionally, food waste reduction is expected to yield substantial environmental benefits, as well as increase food affordability and financial savings for households. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc133971&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Clarke; Philip Chan; Matthew Dequeljoe; Yuri Kim; Sarah Barahona |
| Abstract: | The shipping industry is essential for international trade, but it is also an important source of CO2 emissions. To make progress towards climate targets, countries need to monitor CO2 emissions from vessels owned by their ship operator companies. However, most shipping activity takes place outside national borders, making it more difficult to monitor than activity taking place within countries. The OECD’s experimental database on OECD.stat provides a new source of data for CO2 emissions from global shipping, which is available monthly in near real time. This data will help national statistics producers to compile their Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). This Working Paper presents some initial results from the new data source and describes how they were produced. The method is based on granular and timely ship-level data provided by the United Nations Global Platform, and it uses a bottom-up estimation approach to produce results broken down by country and type of ship. |
| Keywords: | Climate, Environmental-economic accounting, Greenhouse gas emissions, Net zero, Transport |
| JEL: | L91 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2023/04-en&r=env |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Nigeria); Benedict I. Uzoechina (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria); Ebele S. Nwokoye (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The Sub-Saharan Africa region is disproportionately affected by energy poverty and is considered highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Therefore, addressing the pressing challenges of energy poverty and promoting environmental sustainability in this region is of paramount importance. Consequently, this study appraises the relationship between energy poverty and ecological preservation in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2005 to 2020, using government effectiveness and regulatory quality as moderating variables. A combination of energy poverty indicators and an index of energy poverty computed via the principal component analysis method were applied to identify the link between energy poverty and ecological sustainability. The instrumental variable generalized method of moment technique was applied to address the likelihood of endogeneity issues, and the Driscoll-Kraay approach was employed to check the consistency of the instrumental variable generalized method of moment method. Key findings indicate that energy poverty expands the ecological footprint in Sub-Saharan Africa, leading to ecological deterioration, while the interaction with government effectiveness and regulatory quality further deteriorates the environment. Subsequently, the study provides several recommendations to mitigate the influence of energy poverty on the environment. |
| Keywords: | Energy Poverty, Environmental Sustainability, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/050&r=env |
| By: | Khalil, Makram; Strobel, Felix |
| Abstract: | In a structural dynamic model that incorporates two broad production sectors with different carbon emissions, we find that climate policy uncertainty (CPU) shocks (i) lower the market value of the highly carbon-emitting sector relative to the low carbon-emitting sector, and (ii) reduce real investment and the capital stock in the highly carbon-emitting sector, while real investment in the sector with low carbon emissions tends to fare better. To apply the theoretical predictions to the data, we employ a news article-based measure of climate policy uncertainty to identify CPU shocks as well as quarterly balance sheet data of listed firms in the United States. In line with the predictions from the theoretical model, we find that in response to CPU shocks (i) financial markets markedly revalue strongly carbon-emitting firms relative to firms with low carbon emissions, and (ii) substantial investment reallocation takes place, in particular from the manufacturing sector towards services. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy uncertainty, production factor reallocation, firm-level investment decision, financial market valuation |
| JEL: | E22 E44 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:232023&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Moura da Costa Teixeira; Helder Lara Ferreira Filho; Jose Luis Oreiro |
| Abstract: | For most of human history, the economic system has operated according to the environment’s support capacity, but this relationship changed radically after the Industrial Revolution. Since then, the economy has achieved sufficiently great scale and scope to make the rate of natural resource and energy consumption as well as waste generation rival the environment’s support capacity. Hence, sustainable development requires the economy to expand at diminishing rates of natural resource consumption and pollutant emissions, including GHGs, as well as allow the long-term restoration of natural capital stocks. This purpose is only achieved through an Ecological Structural Change, which doesn’t occur spontaneously due to several market failures and risks involved in investments in cleaner technologies and innovations, requiring a set of public policies. Therefore, this paper discusses the relationship between environmental sustainability, ecological structural change, economic complexity, and the implications for environmental policies in an eco-developmental (and broader) strategy. The insights obtained point out that it is the State's role to coordinate and provide information during policy management, acting as an identifier of opportunities for diversification of the economy that contribute to environmental sustainability. Besides that, to avoid corruption and rent-seeking processes, it is important to establish a proper institutional framework for effective interaction between the market and public sectors, mechanisms for transparency and accountability as well as the national eco-developmental strategy must have a high status in the governmental agenda |
| Keywords: | Green New Developmentalism; Climate Change; Forest Change; Economic Complexity; Policy Coordination |
| JEL: | Q01 Q32 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2312&r=env |
| By: | Manuel Llorca; Ana Rodriguez-Alvarez |
| Abstract: | The European Union has committed to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Reaching this objective implies massive changes in the economies of the region. The biggest challenge of this green transition is to make sure that it happens without sacrificing economic progress and guaranteeing justice and inclusiveness. This pledge requires that every country be capable of addressing the trade-offs between the targets while remaining committed towards the common decarbonisation goal. This paper analyses the success with which European countries are carrying out the energy transition. We propose an enhanced hyperbolic distance function and a stochastic frontier analysis approach to model the joint attainment of economic development, environmental sustainability, and energy equity. We apply our model to an unbalanced panel dataset of 29 European countries for the period 2005-2018. Our estimates show that the average performance of the European economies has improved throughout the studied period. However, the patterns of progress have been different, showing the non-EU-15 countries a steeper evolution than the EU-15 countries. Our results also highlight the pivotal role of a sustainable economic development with clean energies for both slashing CO2 emissions and fostering energy equity. Moreover, we find sigma convergence, being this slightly higher for the EU-15 countries. Additionally, we obtain absolute and conditional beta convergence for both non-EU-15 and EU-15 countries. Finally, we show that a higher share of renewable energy sources helps countries that are lagging behind to reach their optimal level of performance. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oeg:wpaper:2023/05&r=env |
| By: | Goran Durakovic; Hongyu Zhang; Brage Rugstad Knudsen; Asgeir Tomasgard; Pedro Crespo del Granado |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen and carbon capture and storage are pivotal to decarbonize the European energy system in a broad range of pathway scenarios. Yet, their timely uptake in different sectors and distribution across countries are affected by supply options of renewable and fossil energy sources. Here, we analyze the decarbonization of the European energy system towards 2060, covering the power, heat, and industry sectors, and the change in use of hydrogen and carbon capture and storage in these sectors upon Europe's decoupling from Russian gas. The results indicate that the use of gas is significantly reduced in the power sector, instead being replaced by coal with carbon capture and storage, and with a further expansion of renewable generators. Coal coupled with carbon capture and storage is also used in the steel sector as an intermediary step when Russian gas is neglected, before being fully decarbonized with hydrogen. Hydrogen production mostly relies on natural gas with carbon capture and storage until natural gas is scarce and costly at which time green hydrogen production increases sharply. The disruption of Russian gas imports has significant consequences on the decarbonization pathways for Europe, with local energy sources and carbon capture and storage becoming even more important. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.08953&r=env |
| By: | Nuno Cassola (CEMAPRE, University of Lisbon, Portugal; Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy); Claudio Morana (Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis; CeRP, Collegio Carlo Alberto, Italy); Elisa Ossola (Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses serious economic, financial, and social challenges to humanity, and green transition policies are now actively implemented in many industrialized countries. Whether financial markets price climate risks is critical to ensuring that the necessary funding flows into environmentally sound projects and that stranded assets risk is adequately managed. In this paper, we assess climate risks for the European stock market within the context of Alessi et al. (2023) greenness and transparency factor. We show that measures of returns spreads of green vs. brown investment might reflect climate risks and assets' exposition to systematic macro-financial risk factors. These latter factors should be filtered out to measure climate risks accurately. We show that climate risks are priced in the European stock market by focusing on aggregate, industry, and company-level data. We propose a market-based green rating procedure, which might be of particular interest to evaluate non-transparent and non-disclosing companies for which ESG information is unavailable. We illustrate its implementation using a sample of over 800 non-transparent firms. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, environmental disclosure, macro-finance interface, unconditional factor models, asset pricing, European Union |
| JEL: | G01 G11 G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:23-14&r=env |
| By: | naryono, endang (STIE PASIM SUKABUMI) |
| Abstract: | Jakarta tops the list as the world's most polluted city, having consistently been in the ranks of the top 10 most polluted cities globally since May, according to data from Swiss air quality technology company IQAir. Jakarta, which has a population of more than 10 million people, records unhealthy levels of air pollution almost every day. While not number one daily on IQair's list of most polluted cities, historical air quality charts show it is consistently in the top 10. Jakartans have long complained of the toxic air from traffic, industrial fumes and coal-fired power plants. Some of them filed and won civil lawsuits in 2021 demanding the government take action to control air pollution. The court at the time ruled the government should establish national air quality standards to protect human health, while the health minister and governor of Jakarta should devise a strategy to control air pollution. The impact of air pollution is getting more polluted day by day and threatening public health, the policies of the central and regional governments are not able to reduce the pollution index in Jakarta which is getting worse and tends to be dangerous. The volume of vehicles that continues to increase, the amount of green space that is reduced and the lack of strict adherence to regulations result in worsening air quality in Jakarta. |
| Date: | 2023–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:2kej4&r=env |
| By: | Atilano-Tang, Lesley Ann; , Montefalcon |
| Abstract: | This capstone focuses on the optimization of sustainable e-waste management strategies in the Philippine Coconut Authority-Zamboanga Research Center (PCA-ZRC) in the Philippines. It is revealed that stakeholders' involvement, capacity building, policy alignment, data management, and innovative technology adoption were critical components in the successful implementation of e-waste management strategies. Through the analysis and discussion of the results, it is evident that the adoption of an ecosystem approach to e-waste management could lead to improved environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Furthermore, this study has identified five lessons learned that could be used to guide future e-waste management initiatives, including the need for stakeholder engagement, capacity building, policy coherence, data management, and technological innovation. These findings contribute to the existing literature on e-waste management in the public administration field and provide valuable insights for practitioners and researchers seeking to improve their e-waste management practices. |
| Date: | 2023–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dnvk2&r=env |
| By: | Emambakhsh, Tina; Fuchs, Maximilian; Kördel, Simon; Kouratzoglou, Charalampos; Lelli, Chiara; Pizzeghello, Riccardo; Salleo, Carmelo; Spaggiari, Martina |
| Abstract: | Transition to a carbon-neutral economy is necessary to limit the negative impact of climate change and has become one of the world’s most urgent priorities. This paper assesses the impact of three potential transition pathways, differing in the timing and level of ambition of emissions’ reduction, and quantifies the associated investment needs, economic costs and financial risks for corporates, households and financial institutions in the euro area. Building on the first ECB top-down, economy-wide climate stress test, this paper contributes to the field of climate stress testing by introducing three key innovations. First, the design of three short-term transition scenarios that combine the transition paths developed by the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) with macroeconomic projections that allow for the latest energy-related developments. Second, the introduction of granular sectoral dynamics and energy-specific considerations by country relevant to transition risk. Finally, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of transition risk on the euro area private sector and on the financial system, using a granular dataset that combines climate, energy-related and financial information for millions of firms with the euro area credit register and securities database and country-level data on households. By comparing different transition scenarios, the results of the exercise show that acting immediately and decisively would provide significant benefits for the euro area economy and financial system, not only by maintaining the optimal net-zero emissions path (and therefore limiting the physical impact of climate change), but also by limiting financial risk. An accelerated transition to a carbon-neutral economy would be helpful to contain risks for financial institutions and would not generate financial stability concerns for the euro area, provided that firms and households could finance their green investments in an orderly manner. However, the heterogeneous results across economic sectors and banks suggest that more careful monitoring of certain entity subsets and of credit exposures will be required during the transition process. JEL Classification: C53, C55, G21, Q47, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate scenarios, climate stress test, energy, transition risk |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2023328&r=env |
| By: | Wimmer, Lorenz; Maus, Victor; Luckeneder, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Urban green space (UGS) is known to provide several benefits for the local population, including regulating local climate and improving human health. The inequality hypothesis claims that these environmental amenities are unequally distributed across space and among different social groups. We propose using a continuous vegetation index derived from satellite imagery to investigate environmental inequality (EI) in UGS distribution. We used spatial autoregressive models to describe the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and socioeconomic variables in a case study on the city of Vienna at an unprecedented level of detail (250 m resolution). We show statistically significant evidence for the existence of EI in Vienna. Neighborhoods with a higher share of foreigners have significantly less UGS. Results are robust across spatial aggregation levels and alternative spatial and non-spatial model specifications. We find that our model outperforms alternative ground measure for UGS, as NDVI does not cluster around extreme values. We demonstrate the potential of satellite imagery to investigate complex social problems related to EI in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | Remote Sensing; Foreigners; NDVI; Environmental Inequality; Spatial Regression; Socioeconomics |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:45680654&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | December 14th, 2022, Viêt Nam with G7 countries plus Denmark and Norway issued a political declaration to establish a Just Energy Transition Partnership. This nonbinding agreement aims to mobilize at least 15.5-billion-USD over the next 3 to 5 years, half as private finance and half as public sector finance. To be prepared by November 2023, the Resource Mobilization Plan (RMP) should support Vietnam's green transition, including these quantified objectives: peaking electricity sector emissions at 170-MtCO2e in 2030; peaking the coal-fired power generation capacity at 30.2-GW; producing 47% of electricity from renewable sources in 2030. This report aims to establish a common understanding to ease the next step: the RMP negotiation. The story is about a group of rich countries seeking to help a middle-income country switch to renewable energy. It starts with a reminder of Vietnam's energy transition context, which has shown impressive gains in the last four years. It then describes the JETP mechanism as a country platform, reviewing the South Africa pathfinder to introduce the Vietnam case, before examining how JETP fit in the international 3nance and climate diplomacy context. Next, it analyzes the two sides of the deal: the pledge to increase the public and private financial Bows into Vietnam's energy sector and the promise to boost Vietnam's GHG emissions reductions. Afer discussing Justice, Technology Transfer, and Finance, the report concludes with a summary of the vision implicit in the JETP political declaration. A comprehensive bibliography on Vietnam's JETP, the verbatim JETP Political Declaration, excerpts from Vietnam's COP26 implementation plan, and our interview protocol including a detailed vision for the JETP implementation are annexed. |
| Keywords: | JETP, Vietnam, Energy transition, Development, Cooperation, Climate Finance |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04094268&r=env |
| By: | Fournel, Jean-François |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the environmental performance of electric vehicle subsidy programs in Canada. I leverage changes in the provincial-level subsidies to study their short-run impact on sales and charging station deployment using a natural experiment setting. My findings suggest that subsidies are very effective at increasing electric vehicle adoption, but failed to induce additional charging station installations in the short-run. I rely on a structural estimation of the demand for cars and the supply of charging stations to evaluate the environmental impact of subsidies. My results suggests that Canadian rebate programs led to an increase in adoption of 93%, and an increase in the size of the charging station network of 19%. I take these results as additional evidence of weak network effects. I propose a unified framework to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. I estimate the marginal cost of abating carbon emissions to be between $311 and $423 per ton, well above conventional estimates of the social cost of carbon. Part of the reason behind these high estimated costs is that half of the subsidies went to infra-marginal consumers who would have purchased an electric vehicle whether or not rebates are available. Finally, I evaluate the performance of two alternative policies: an income threshold on eligibility and a cash for clunker program. I find that the additional emission reductions tied to the removal of clunkers are crucial for improving the environmental performance of rebate programs. |
| JEL: | L91 L98 Q5 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128429&r=env |
| By: | Andrea Cipollini; Fabio Parla |
| Abstract: | In this study, we use data on European stocks to construct a green-minus-brown portfolio hedging climate risk and to evaluate its performance in terms of cumulative expected and unexpected returns. More specifically, we estimate a Structural Panel VAR fitted to one month return and realized volatility computed for 40 constituents of a green portfolio (i.e., the low carbon emission portfolio monitored by Refinitiv) and for 41 constituents of a brown portfolio (underlying the Oil&Gas and Utilities industry sectors of the STOXX Europe 600). The common shocks underlying the cross-sectional averages, interpreted as portfolio shocks, are retrieved in a first stage of the analysis and they are used to control for cross-sectional dependence. We compute the historical decomposition (for cumulative returns) in a second stage of the analysis and we find, in line with P´astor, L., Stambaugh, R. F., & Taylor, L. A. (2022). Dissecting green returns. Journal of Financial Economics, 146 (2), 403–424, an out-performance of the expected component of the brown portfolio relative to the one for the green portfolio, and an out-performance of the green portfolio when we turn our focus on the unexpected component. We also extend the analysis of P´astor et al. (2022), assessing, for the top 5 constituents of the green portfolio (e.g., those which are found to have the worst performance in terms of expected return), the role played by idiosyncratic shocks in shaping their out-performance in terms of unexpected component. Finally, after exploiting the non-gaussian time series properties of the financial time series considered for the purpose of statistical identification, we are able to interpret ex post the idiosyncratic shocks in terms of financial leverage and risk aversion. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, green and brown portfolios, portfolio shocks, Panel VAR |
| JEL: | C33 C58 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mod:wcefin:0093&r=env |
| By: | Sattar, Rana Abdel; Rogla, Jennifer PhD; Toeur, Veasna; Kozole, Tyler; Nicoletti, Chris; Harper, James |
| Abstract: | With climate events increasing in frequency and severity, effects on human life, particularly those most vulnerable, are projected to increase in coming decades. Defined as climate vulnerability, risks from climate events can take many forms, including flood damage to basic infrastructure, like household toilets. In this study of households in rural Cambodia, we investigate how climate vulnerability correlates with toilet dysfunction and abandonment using two household surveys, a latrine sales database, two flood-extent maps, and a composite climate vulnerability index. Using multiple linear regression and measures of association, we show that together and individually, increasing climate vulnerability and poverty increased toilet abandonment. Toilet dysfunction occurred more frequently in flood-prone regions during the rainy season and increased with more household members. How living in flood-prone regions affected households’ perceptions, practices, and experiences with sanitation was also characterized in detail. The results highlight the need for more scientifically rigorous evidence to improve climate-resilient toilet designs that provide access to a functional toilet year-round. Beyond technology, household behavior towards and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure is a critical concern, as unsafe practices were found to be more common among climate vulnerable households. Resources from the private, non-profit and government sectors must be re-routed to improve access to affordable sanitation in climate vulnerable regions. The sector should also strive to improve access to safely managed sanitation in rural communities, particularly ones who are most affected by climate change, in order to prevent pollution of natural resources and further protect public health. |
| Date: | 2023–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vxtka&r=env |
| By: | Adrien Fabre (CNRS, CIRED); Thomas Douenne (University of Amsterdam); Linus Mattauch (TU Berlin) |
| Abstract: | We document majority support for policies entailing global redistribution and climate mitigation. Recent surveys on 40, 680 respondents in 20 countries covering 72% of global carbon emissions show strong support for an effective way to jointly combat climate change and poverty: a global carbon price funding a global basic income, called the “Global Climate Scheme†(GCS). Using complementary surveys on 8, 000 respondents in the U.S., France, Germany, Spain, and the UK, we test several hypotheses that could reconcile strong stated support with a lack of salience in policy circles. A list experiment shows no evidence of social desirability bias, majorities are willing to sign a real-stake petition, and global redistribution ranks high in the prioritization of policies. Conjoint analyses reveal that a platform is more likely to be preferred if it contains the GCS or a global tax on millionaires. Universalistic attitudes are confirmed by an incentivized donation. In sum, our findings indicate that global policies are genuinely supported by a majority of the population. Public opinion is therefore not the reason that they do not prominently enter political debates. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, global policies, cap-and-trade, attitudes, survey |
| JEL: | P48 Q58 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2023.08&r=env |
| By: | Emmerling, Johannes; Tavoni, Massimo; Pezzoli, Perguiseppe |
| Abstract: | Geoengineering, including solar radiation management (SRM) has received increasing scrutiny due to the rise of climate extremes and slow progress in mitigating global carbon emissions. This climate policy option, even as a possibility, can have consequential implications for international climate governance. Here we study how solar engineering affects the effectiveness and stability of a large set of regional coalitions through numerical simulations. We posit a requirement in terms of global political or economic power and analyze the exclusive membership coalition formation process when coalitions jointly decide on geoengineering and mitigation. We show that geoengineering can provide incentives for cooperation and partially solve the typical trade-off between stability and effectiveness of climate coalitions. However, temperature reduction mostly comes from deploying SRM within the coalition rather than from further emission reductions, thus exposing the world to relatively large-scale deployment of SRM with as of today uncertain potential side effects and risks. |
| Date: | 2023–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-32&r=env |
| By: | Fabian Scheller; Karyn Morrissey; Karsten Neuhoff; Dogan Keles |
| Abstract: | Transitioning to a net-zero economy requires a nuanced understanding of homeowners decision-making pathways when considering the adoption of Low Carbon Technologies (LCTs). These LCTs present both personal and collective benefits, with positive perceptions critically influencing attitudes and intentions. Our study analyses the relationship between two primary benefits: the household-level financial gain and the broader environmental advantage. Focusing on the intention to adopt Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems, Energy Efficient Appliances, and Green Electricity Tariffs, we employ Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to demonstrate that the adoption intention of the LCTs is underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Attitudes toward the LCTs are more strongly related to product-specific benefits than affective constructs. In terms of evaluative benefits, environmental benefits exhibit a higher positive association with attitude formation compared to financial benefits. However, this relationship switches as homeowners move through the decision process with the financial benefits of selected LCTs having a consistently higher association with adoption intention. At the same time, financial benefits also positively affect attitudes. Observing this trend across both low- and high-cost LCTs, we recommend that policymakers amplify homeowners' recognition of the individual benefits intrinsic to LCTs and enact measures that ensure these financial benefits. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.10104&r=env |
| By: | Paul Hindley; O. Ashton Morgan |
| Abstract: | With the recycling constraints on traditional plastic bottles and environmental concerns regarding the volume of non-recycled plastic packaging, aluminum bottles and cans offer an environmentally-friendly alternative to packaging drinking water. This research utilizes a stated preference discrete choice experiment to measure consumers’ willingness to pay for recyclable aluminum water bottles and their attributes. We find that the type of bottle top is crucial, with consumers willing to pay a premium for resealable aluminum water bottles compared to a plastic bottles but more for plastic bottles over aluminum cans with a non-resealable pop top. This provides insight into the potential for using recycled aluminum packaging in bottled water production to mitigate the volume of plastics in the environment. The application also examines model calibration to address choice certainty and inferred attribute non-attendance. Our findings also indicate that accounting for choice certainty and inferred attribute non-attendance can influence attribute coefficient estimates and marginal willingness to pay. Key Words: willingness to pay, certainty, attribute non-attendance, discrete choice experiment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:apl:wpaper:23-06&r=env |
| By: | Adrien Fabre (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas Douenne (UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam]); Linus Mattauch (TU - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin) |
| Abstract: | We document majority support for policies entailing global redistribution and climate mitigation. Recent surveys on 40, 680 respondents in 20 countries covering 72% of global carbon emissions show strong support for an effective and progressive way to combat climate change and poverty: a global carbon price funding a global basic income, called the "Global Climate Scheme" (GCS). Using complementary surveys on 8, 000 respondents in the U.S., France, Germany, Spain, and the UK, we test several hypotheses that could reconcile strong stated support with a lack of salience in policy circles. A list experiment shows no evidence of social desirability bias, majorities are willing to sign a real-stake petition, and global redistribution ranks high in the prioritization of policies. Conjoint analyses reveal that a platform is more likely to be preferred if it contains the GCS or a global tax on millionaires. Universalistic attitudes are confirmed by an incentivized donation. In sum, our findings indicate that global policies are genuinely supported by a majority of the population. Public opinion is therefore not the reason that they do not prominently enter political debates. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, global policies, cap-and-trade, attitudes, survey |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:halshs-04173183&r=env |
| By: | Yanxia Yu |
| Abstract: | Do carbon taxes reduce CO2 emissions in the countries that adopt it? Andersson (2019) provides a clear, affirmative answer. His paper has been widely cited as evidence that carbon taxes “work”. To check whether the estimates from Andersson (2019) are reliable, I replicate his paper using its publicly available data and codes. I modify his synthetic control method (SCM) by using a more restricted set of control units (excluding one potential treated unit). I also use a more efficient methodology to estimate price effects on gasoline consumption. My best estimate is that carbon taxes reduced CO2 emissions in Sweden’s transport sector by 7.7%, even larger than Andersson’s estimate of 6.3%. I then extend Andersson’s approach to Norway to see if I obtain similar results. My estimates indicate that per capita CO2 emissions decreased by a smaller, 2.4% in Norway’s transport sector after the introduction of its carbon tax. When I extend Andersson’s analysis to the national level in Sweden, my results are uninformative due to the difficulty in finding a satisfactory synthetic control counterfactual. |
| Keywords: | Replications, synthetic control method, carbon tax, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | C8 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:23/09&r=env |
| By: | C. Feger (AgroParisTech, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Harold Levrel (AgroParisTech, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alexandre Rambaud |
| Abstract: | Outline – The first part of this paper will discuss our reasons to turn to the academic and practical field of ecological accounting at different levels of decision and organization (national, business and ecosystem); and our choice to adopt a strong sustainability and maintenance cost-based approach. Based on these foundations, we will then present three complementary ecological accounting methods at the national level (the Unpaid ecological costs approach); at the business level (the Comprehensive Accounting in Respect of Ecology model) and at ecosystem management level (the Ecosystem-centric management accounting approach). We will conclude by highlighting the need to continue to progress towards the interlinking of these methods. Issue addressed in this paper – In order to contribute to the multiple efforts for the transformation of our economy into a system that effectively maintains and restores biodiversity, we introduce a proposal aimed at going further in the integration of ecosystem-interdependencies information at the heart of organizational processes and decision-making procedures at different levels. These methods also aim to take into consideration the great variety of decision-making and action contexts that characterize the realm of biodiversity conservation. We argue that such an endeavor requires to turn to the field of "ecological accounting", both on a conceptual level and on a practical level, to put forward concrete methods and tools for collective decision and action. The paper hence addresses the following question: what kind of ecological accounting concepts and methods can be sense-making and scientifically sound, to support the management of biodiversity-related risks and reorganize our economic system towards the achievement of biodiversity conservation/restoration goals ? |
| Keywords: | biodiversity, accounting, strong sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03834734&r=env |
| By: | Brilé Anderson; Rafael Prieto Curiel; Jorge Eduardo Patiño Quinchía |
| Abstract: | Africa is undergoing an unprecedented urban and climate transition; yet, given the right conditions, compact urban forms can encourage greater sustainability, resilience and liveability in the coming decades. Using novel techniques and newly available data, this report fills in existing data gaps by producing measures of compactness for 5 625 urban agglomerations, along with other urban form attributes. Even though urbanisation is often unplanned and uncoordinated, a promising trend has emerged: very large cities (of over 4 million inhabitants) are more compact, discounting the population effect, on average, than larger (1 million to 4 million inhabitants) and intermediate cities (50 000 to 1 million inhabitants). Moreover, less compact agglomerations tend to have smaller buildings, flat, low skylines, less complete centres (reflecting a less optimal use of space) and polycentric patterns (i.e. multiple centres, rather than a single, monocentric city). This report analyses the consequences of less compact agglomerations for sustainability and liveability. The disadvantages include higher energy demand, less accessibility to services and opportunities, less walkable urban landscapes and greater car dependency, in addition to higher outdoor air pollution. It also considers the potential trade-offs with resilience; for example, compactness can lead to a loss of green space and an increase of urban heat island effects. The report offers opportunities in the coming years to single out potential areas of action for resilience, as well as for monitoring and evaluating progress. |
| Keywords: | Africa, cities, compactness, spatial data, sustainability |
| JEL: | Q24 Q47 Q56 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:swacaa:40-en&r=env |
| By: | Ottesen, Andri; Banna, Sumayya; Alzougool, Basil; Damrah, Sadeq |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the early adopter market for electric vehicles (EVs) as preamble for mass adoption of EVs as a tool to help Kuwait lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and meet climate policy standards. From interviews and surveys conducted, we found major trends preventing EVs from mass adoption and conclude with a series of recommendations for the Kuwaiti government that would help EV market in Kuwait to develop their mass market appeal, thus lowering current GHG emissions and fulfil international and national commitments towards sustainability. Open-ended interviews were conducted with all automobile dealers in Kuwait selling EVs as well as with 10 current EV owners, in addition to a quantitative 600-participant survey of mostly 18 to 40-year-old drivers of conventional cars. The survey focuses on whether participants were likely to purchase an EV as their next vehicle and under what circumstances. More than half of the participants indicated they were likely to purchase EVs if there were more fast charging stations readily available, if the price of EVs was comparable to conventional vehicles and if gasoline prices increased relative to electricity. Additionally, they would need to have a battery warranty for the duration of the vehicle. Based on the interviews and surveys, the paper presents ten reasons for the current low rate of EV adoption in Kuwait as well as recommendation for improvements. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120091&r=env |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet |
| Abstract: | We study how spillovers from water pollution cleanup in the Ganges affect social welfare in an aggregate economy consisting of Kanpur and Varanasi, two cities through which this river flows. We view pollution cleanup in both cities as a local public good and point out that if Kanpur cleans up pollution in the Ganges then Varanasi obtains some spillover benefit and vice versa. In this setting, we first solve for the Nash equilibrium amounts of pollution cleanup in the two cities when decisions about how much pollution to clean up are made simultaneously; next, we determine the equilibrium welfare levels in each city. Second, on the assumption that decisions about how much pollution to clean up are centralized, we compute the amounts of pollution cleanup that maximize aggregate welfare. Finally, we describe an inter-city transfer scheme that leads each city to choose non-cooperatively in a Nash equilibrium the same pollution cleanup amounts as those that arise when aggregate welfare is maximized. |
| Keywords: | Centralization, Ganges River, Nash Equilibrium, Pollution Cleanup, Spillover |
| JEL: | D81 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–06–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118366&r=env |
| By: | LELLA Ludovica |
| Abstract: | This report illustrates the methodological approach and the data analysis for developing a regional monitoring indicator set for the SDGs within the framework of the Regions2030 pilot project for the Piemonte region. From the analyses of the indicators proposed by the JRC – Joint Research Centre of the European Commission concerning the SDG Targets, the Piemonte Region selected a set of additional indicators in coherence with the national monitoring system and the strategic priorities of the Regional Sustainable Development Strategy. These indicators were chosen about Piemonte's socio-economic and environmental features, which can help monitor Piemonte's potential. However, its critical issues can also be of support in targeting regional policies and actions. This work is not isolated but constitutes a vital stepstone not only concerning the pilot study but also towards the setting up of the regional monitoring system, which will be implemented and consolidated over time, with the support of the Centre for the Sustainable Development of Piemonte - observe, connect, share and orient. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134399&r=env |
| By: | Akesaka, Mika (Kobe University); Shigeoka, Hitoshi (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | Although at least 400 million people suffer from seasonal allergies worldwide, the adverse effects of pollen on "non-health" outcomes, such as cognition and productivity, are relatively understudied. Using ambulance archives from Japan, we demonstrate that high pollen days are associated with increased accidents and injuries— one of the most extreme consequences of cognitive impairment. We find some evidence of avoidance behavior in buying allergy products but limited evidence in curtailing outdoor activity, implying that the cognitive risk of pollen exposure is discounted. Our results call for governmental efforts to raise public awareness of the risks and promote widespread behavioral change. |
| Keywords: | seasonal allergies, pollen, accidents, cognition, avoidance behaviors, adaptation, climate change |
| JEL: | I12 J24 Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16403&r=env |
| By: | N. Devaraju (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Anna Lungarska (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Xuhui Wang (College of Urban and Environmental Sciences [Beijing] - Peking University [Beijing]); Zun Yin (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie de Noblet-Decoudré (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja R. Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Nicolas Viovy (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adriana De Palma (Department of Life Sciences - NHM - The Natural History Museum [London]); Ricardo Gonzalez (Department of Life Sciences - NHM - The Natural History Museum [London], Department of Life Sciences - Imperial College London); Philippe Ciais (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate the impacts of a public policy scenario that aims to halve nitrogen (N) fertilizer application across European Union (EU) agriculture on both carbon (C) sequestration and biodiversity changes. We quantify the impacts on ecosystem C and biodiversity by integrating economic models (supply-side model AROPAj and partial equilibrium model NLU) with an agricultural land surface model (ORCHIDEE-CROP) and a biodiversity model (PREDICTS). The two economic models simulate contrasting ways of implementing a 50% nitrogen reduction policy: a massive land abandonment with a large reduction in agricultural production (AROPAj); an extensification of crop production with a smaller reduction in agricultural production (NLU). Here, we show that the two economic scenarios lead to different outcomes in terms of C sequestration potential and biodiversity. Land abandonment associated with increased fertilizer price in the supply-side model facilitates higher C sequestration in soils (+1, 014 MtC) and similar species richness levels (+1.9%) at the EU scale. On the other hand, more extensive crop production is associated with lower C sequestration potential in soils (-97 MtC) and similar species richness levels (-0.4%) because of a lower area of grazing land. Our results therefore highlight the complexity of the environmental consequences of a nitrogen reduction policy, which will depend fundamentally on how it is implemented. |
| Abstract: | Dans cette étude, nous examinons les impacts d'un scénario de politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'application d'engrais azotés (N) dans l'agriculture de l'Union européenne (UE) sur la séquestration du carbone (C) et les changements de biodiversité. Nous quantifions les impacts sur le C et la biodiversité des écosystèmes en intégrant des modèles économiques (modèle de l'offre AROPAj et modèle d'équilibre partiel NLU) avec un modèle de surface des terres agricoles (ORCHIDEE-CROP) et un modèle de biodiversité (PREDICTS). Les deux modèles économiques simulent des manières contrastées de mettre en œuvre une politique de réduction de 50% de l'azote : un abandon massif des terres avec une forte réduction de la production agricole (AROPAj) ; une extensification de la production végétale avec une plus faible réduction de la production agricole (NLU). Nous montrons ici que les deux scénarios économiques conduisent à des résultats différents en termes de potentiel de séquestration du carbone et de biodiversité. L'abandon des terres associé à une augmentation du prix des engrais dans le modèle de l'offre facilite une plus grande séquestration de C dans les sols (+1, 014 MtC) et des niveaux de richesse des espèces similaires (+1, 9%) à l'échelle de l'UE. En revanche, une production végétale plus extensive est associée à un potentiel de séquestration de carbone plus faible dans les sols (-97 MtC) et à des niveaux de richesse des espèces similaires (-0, 4 %) en raison d'une surface de pâturage plus faible. Nos résultats soulignent donc la complexité des conséquences environnementales d'une politique de réduction de l'azote, qui dépendra fondamentalement de la manière dont elle sera mise en œuvre. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural land surface model |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03763653&r=env |
| By: | Meens-Eriksson, Sef (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I study municipal price sensitivity of demand for disposal of residual waste (unsorted waste from households) and mechanisms underlying the relationship. First, I estimate the effect on households’ generation of residual waste with respect to municipal waste collection policies. Second, I estimate to what extent municipalities change waste policy in response to higher costs for disposal of municipal residual waste. The empirical analysis is based on data regarding Swedish municipalities’ waste management systems and disposal costs in the period 2010–2019. Results suggests that the price elasticity of demand is in the range 0.20–0.24. The effect is almost entirely driven by municipalities’ implementation of weight-based collection tariffs for residual waste in response to costlier disposal. Besides weight-based tariffs, separate collection of food waste and joint collection of residual waste and recyclables are also found to have substantial negative effects on residual waste quantities. Nevertheless, such waste policies are not more likely to be implemented in response to higher disposal costs for the municipality. |
| Keywords: | Demand for waste; waste economics; waste management; environmental taxes |
| JEL: | D10 Q01 Q50 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:1015&r=env |
| By: | Mao, Haiou (Huazhong University); Görg, Holger (Kiel Institute for the World Economy); Fang, Guopei (Huazhong University) |
| Abstract: | We look at divestments by foreign firms – a topic that has received comparatively little attention in the literature – and investigate how changes in the regulatory environment in the host country may impact on such divestment decisions. We use the implementation of China's Two Control Zone (TCZ) policy as a "quasi-natural experiment", using detailed firm level combined with city level data for the empirical analysis. Our results show that the implementation of TCZ policy has led to higher probabilities of divestments by foreign firms in targeted TCZ cities and industries. The mechanism behind this seems to be a TCZ-induced increase in discharge fees and efforts to reduce SO2 emissions. Allowing for heterogeneity of effects, we find that the effect is particularly strong for firms from source countries with less stringent environmental regulation, and those using less advanced technology. We furthermore show that firms using intermediates from polluting industries also experience a higher probability of divestment. |
| Keywords: | foreign divestment, environmental regulation, Two Control Zone Policy, China |
| JEL: | F23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16406&r=env |
| By: | Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Stéphane de Cara (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy that reduces by 50% the use of mineral nitrogen in European agriculture. We use two techno-economic models to investigate the impacts on agricultural production, prices, and land use changes at the EU and global levels. Results show that halving synthetic fertilizer use leads to a decrease in agricultural production, a substantial increase in nitrogen use efficiency, and lower use of organic fertilizer. More importantly, we show that the results will critically depend on the potential for supply side adjustment, particularly, regarding the expansion of cropland area. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique qui réduit de 50% l'utilisation de l'azote minéral dans l'agriculture européenne. Nous utilisons deux modèles technico-économiques pour étudier les impacts sur la production agricole, les prix et les changements d'utilisation des terres aux niveaux européen et mondial. Les résultats montrent que la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation des engrais synthétiques entraîne une diminution de la production agricole, une augmentation substantielle de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote et une utilisation moindre des engrais organiques. Plus important encore, nous montrons que les résultats dépendront de manière critique du potentiel d'ajustement de l'offre, notamment en ce qui concerne l'expansion des terres cultivées. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, land use, nitrogen pollution, trade, environment., Environment |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03761774&r=env |
| By: | Rosa van den Ende (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University); Antoine Mandel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Agnieszka Rusinowska (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We provide an axiomatic approach to the allocation of responsibility for GHG emissions in supply chains. Considering a set of axioms standardly used in networks and decision theory, and consistent with legal principles underlying responsibility, we show that responsibility measures shall be based on exponential discounting of upstream and downstream emissions. From a network theory perspective, the proposed responsibility measure corresponds to a convex combination of the Bonacich centralities for the upstream and downstream weighted adjacency matrices. Scope 1 emissions, consumption-based accounting and income-based accounting are obtained as particular cases of our approach, which also gives a precise meaning to scope 3 emissions while avoiding double-counting. We apply our approach to the assessment of country-level responsibility for global GHG emissions and to sector-level responsibility in the USA. We examine how the responsibility of sectors/countries varies with the discounting of indirect emissions. We identify three groups of countries/sectors: producers of emissions whose responsibility decreases with the discounting factor, consumers of emissions whose responsibility increases with the discounting factor, and an intermediary group whose responsibility mostly depends on the network position and varies non-monotonically with the discounting factor. Overall, our axiomatic approach provides strong normative foundations for the definition of reporting requirements for indirect emissions and for the allocation of responsibility in claims for climate-related loss and damage. |
| Keywords: | upstream and downstream emission responsibilities, supply chains and networks, responsibility measure, axiomatization, Bonacich centrality |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-04188365&r=env |
| By: | Ruben Bibas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C. Cassen (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Renaud Crassous; Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Meriem Hamdi-Cherif (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean Charles Hourcade (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Florian Leblanc (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eoin Ó Broin (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Julie Rozenberg; Olivier Sassi; Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Henri-David Waisman |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03702627&r=env |
| By: | Patrice Dumas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Stefan Wirsenius (Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]); Timothy Searchinger (Princeton University); Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Nadine Andrieu (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Once países en América Latina y el Caribe se han comprometido a alcanzar cero emisiones netas hacia el 2050. Los cambios en el sistema alimentario son fundamentales para alcanzar dichos objetivos de neutralidad de carbono, ya que la agricultura y los cambios del uso del suelo resultantes son responsables de casi la mitad de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la región. Cuantificamos los efectos de las opciones del lado de la oferta (p. ej., mejoras en el rendimiento, silvopastoreo, agroforestería) y del lado de la demanda (p. ej., reducción de residuos y pérdidas, cambio de dietas) buscando reducir las emisiones y transformar el sistema del uso del suelo en un sumidero neto de carbono para 2050 y mejorar a la vez la nutrición de una población en crecimiento. Consideramos tanto las emisiones directas de la agricultura como la presión que ejerce la producción de alimentos sobre los cambios del uso del suelo e hicimos un seguimiento por separado de las emisiones que se producen en la región y aquellas vinculadas al comercio. Nuestros resultados confirman que el ganado desempeña un papel preponderante, ya que emite cerca del 60% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la agricultura y de los cambios del uso del suelo. Alcanzar un sistema alimentario de emisiones netas negativas, capaz de equilibrar las emisiones del resto de la economía, requerirá mejoras ambiciosas y constantes en los rendimientos y cambios en las dietas para moderar la creciente demanda de carne de res, disminuir continuamente la proporción de suelos dedicados a la agricultura y aumentar, en cambio, aquellos dedicados a la captura de carbono y a la preservación de la biodiversidad. |
| Date: | 2022–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03793826&r=env |
| By: | Kejin Wu (Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego); Sayar Karmakar (Department of Statistics, University of Florida); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Christian Pierdzioch (Department of Economics, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, P.O.B. 700822, 22008 Hamburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Because climate change broadcasts a large aggregate risk to the overall macroeconomy and the global financial system, we investigate how a temperature anomaly and/or its volatility affect the accuracy of forecasts of stock returns volatility. To this end, we do not only apply the classical GARCH and GARCHX models, but rather we apply newly proposed model-free prediction methods, and use GARCH-NoVaS and GARCHX-NoVaS model to compute volatility predictions. These two models are based on a normalizing and variance-stabilizing transformation (NoVaS transformation) and are guided by a so-called model-free prediction principle. Applying the new models to data for South Africa, we find that climate-related information is helpful in forecasting stock returns volatility. Moreover, the novel model-free prediction method can incorporate such exogenous information better than classical methods. Our findings have important implications for academics, investors and policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Climate risks, Volatility forecasting, Model-free prediction, GARCH and GARCHX, South Africa |
| JEL: | C32 C53 C63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202326&r=env |
| By: | Pierre Scemama (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Charlène Kermagoret; Alexia Rivallin; Fanny Le Fur; Frédérique Alban; Harold Levrel (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Rémi Mongruel |
| Abstract: | pas de résumé |
| Date: | 2022–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-03655013&r=env |
| By: | Michelle M. Marcus |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first estimates of the contemporaneous effect of drinking water quality violations on students’ academic achievement. Using student-level test score data with residential addresses, geographic information on water systems, and drinking water violations from North Carolina, I estimate the within-student impacts of poor water quality on student test scores. Exposure to a bacteria violation during the school year decreases math scores by about 0.037 standard deviations when the public is uninformed. Results suggest that poor water quality may impact retention or comprehension of material throughout the school year. |
| JEL: | I18 I24 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31564&r=env |
| By: | ABREU Joana |
| Abstract: | Αt the midpoint to 2030 and the foreseen achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) launched the REGIONS2030 pilot project. This initiative aims to develop a common monitoring framework for the NUTSII regions of the European Union. By successfully creating and implementing this framework at the regional level, it will be possible to better understand regional disparities and obstacles. This knowledge will facilitate the development of tailored and specific strategies, promoting relevant cooperation within and between countries and regions. Ultimately, this will contribute to harmonious and sustainable development across the European Union. The present report contributes to this project by presenting a thorough analysis of the initial set of regional indicators designed by the JRC and describing the challenges encountered while implementing it in the Centro Region of Portugal. Additionally, recommendations are provided for defining a European-wide regional monitoring framework and improving SDG monitoring in the regions. The work presented here has also led to the creation of a monitoring set that aimed to adapt to the realities and priorities of the Centro Region. Hopefully, this framework will be utilized, sustained, and further improved to raise awareness and promote the successful implementation of the 2030 Agenda in the Centro Region. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134393&r=env |
| By: | Alan, Sule (European University Institute); Corekcioglu, Gozde (Kadir Has University); Kaba, Mustafa (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods); Sutter, Matthias (Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods) |
| Abstract: | Using data from over 2, 000 professionals in 24 large corporations, we show that female leaders shape the relational culture in the workplace dierently than male leaders. Males form homophilic professional ties under male leadership, but female leadership disrupts this pattern, creating a less segregated workplace. Female leaders are more likely to establish professional support links with their subordinates. Under female leadership, female employees are less likely to quit their jobs but no more likely to get promoted. Our results suggest that increasing female presence in leadership positions may be an effective way to mitigate toxic relational culture in the workplace. |
| Keywords: | female leadership, workplace climate, social networks |
| JEL: | C93 J16 M14 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16383&r=env |
| By: | Siddhartha Biswas; Mallick Hossain; David Zink |
| Abstract: | This paper examines wildfires’ impact on mortgage repayment using novel data that combines property-level damages and mortgage performance data. We find that 90-day delinquencies were 4 percentage points higher and prepayments were 16 percentage points higher for properties that were damaged by wildfires compared to properties 1 to 2 miles outside of the wildfire, which suggests higher risks to mortgage markets than found in previous studies. We find no significant changes in delinquency or prepayment for undamaged properties inside a wildfire boundary. Prepayments are not driven by increased sales or refinances, suggesting insurance claims drive prepayment. We provide evidence that underinsurance may force borrowers to prepay instead of rebuild. |
| Keywords: | wildfires; mortgage; prepayment risk; climate risk; physical risk; underinsurance |
| JEL: | G21 G51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:95860&r=env |
| By: | Siddhartha Biswas; Mallick Hossain; David Zink |
| Abstract: | This paper examines wildfires’ impact on mortgage repayment using novel data that combines property-level damages and mortgage performance data. We find that 90-day delinquencies were 4 percentage points higher and prepayments were 16 percentage points higher for properties that were damaged by wildfires compared to properties 1 to 2 miles outside of the wildfire, which suggests higher risks to mortgage markets than found in previous studies. We find no significant changes in delinquency or prepayment for undamaged properties inside a wildfire boundary. Prepayments are not driven by increased sales or refinances, suggesting insurance claims drive prepayment. We provide evidence that underinsurance may force borrowers to prepay instead of rebuild. |
| Keywords: | wildfires; mortgage; prepayment risk; climate risk; physical risk; underinsurance |
| JEL: | G21 G51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:96170&r=env |
| By: | Thisari K. Mahanama; Abootaleb Shirvani; Svetlozar Rachev; Frank J. Fabozzi |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the concept of a global financial market for environmental indices, addressing sustainability concerns and aiming to attract institutional investors. Risk mitigation measures are implemented to manage inherent risks associated with investments in this new financial market. We monetize the environmental indices using quantitative measures and construct country-specific environmental indices, enabling them to be viewed as dollar-denominated assets. Our primary goal is to encourage the active engagement of institutional investors in portfolio analysis and trading within this emerging financial market. To evaluate and manage investment risks, our approach incorporates financial econometric theory and dynamic asset pricing tools. We provide an econometric analysis that reveals the relationships between environmental and economic indicators in this market. Additionally, we derive financial put options as insurance instruments that can be employed to manage investment risks. Our factor analysis identifies key drivers in the global financial market for environmental indices. To further evaluate the market's performance, we employ pricing options, efficient frontier analysis, and regression analysis. These tools help us assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the market. Overall, our research contributes to the understanding and development of the global financial market for environmental indices. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.15661&r=env |
| By: | Stephen T. Onifade (KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey); Bright A. Gyamfi (Ä°stanbul Ticaret University, Turkey); Ilham Haouas (Abu Dhabi, UAE); Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | Resource abundance characterizes economies within the MENA region from North Africa to the Middle East. As such, to improve financial development (FD) for regional economic sustainability, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the roles of natural resources abundance and institutional quality indicators on the region’s FD while underscoring the inflationary levels and general economic growth trends amidst rising globalization. The adopted empirical strategy (CS-ARDL and AMG) is employed for potential cross-sectional dependency (CD) and slope homogeneity in the regional data spanning over two decades (2000-2020). Unlike the extant literature, two separate regional FD indicators were considered for an insightful analysis namely, banking financial services via domestic credit to private sector, and financial stability via the Z-score values showing the tendencies of default in a country's banking structure. Regardless of the FD indicator, the results reveal that natural resources, growth trends, and inflationary levels significantly spur long-run regional FD thereby invalidating the financial resource curse hypothesis in the region. Furthermore, both institutional quality levels and globalization produced detrimental impacts on FD levels. However, the interaction between institutional quality levels and natural resources shows a desirable FD-stimulating effect in the region, noticeably when FD is proxied by the Z-score. Thus, implying that stronger institutions are crucial for MENA’s overall financial stability vis-Ã -vis reduction in the risk of default in the banking system. Hence, policy recommendations including the strengthening of institutional capacities among others, were suggested to regional authorities towards harnessing resources for sustainable regional FD. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources, Financial development, Institutions, MENA region, Sustainable growth |
| JEL: | Q33 P48 E44 O53 O55 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/055&r=env |
| By: | Elaine L. Hill; Richard DiSalvo |
| Abstract: | Previous research in the US has found negative health effects of contamination when it triggers regulatory violations. An important question is whether levels of contamination that do not trigger a health-based violation impact health. We study the impact of drinking water contamination in community water systems on birth outcomes using drinking water sampling results data in Pennsylvania. We create an overall water quality index and an index specific to reproductive health. We focus on the effects of water contamination for births not exposed to regulatory violations. Our most rigorous specification employs mother fixed effects and finds changing from the 10th to the 90th percentile of water contamination (among births not exposed to regulatory violations) increases low birth weight by 12% and preterm birth by 17%. |
| JEL: | I1 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31567&r=env |
| By: | Moradi, Mahsa; Behnoush, Amir Hossein; Abbasi‐Kangevari, Mohsen; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Soleimani, Zahra; Esfahani, Zahra; Naderian, Mohammadreza; Malekpour, Mohammad‐Reza; Rezaei, Nazila; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh; Tavolinejad, Hamed; Rezaei, Negar; Larijani, Bagher; Farzadfar, Farshad |
| Abstract: | Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, causing substantial disease burden and deaths worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the global burden of cardiovascular diseases attributed to PM from 1990 to 2019. We used the GBD (Global Burden of Disease) study 2019 to investigate disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and deaths attributed to PM as well as its subgroups. It was shown that all burden measures' age‐standardized rates for PM were in the same decreasing trend, with the highest decline recorded for deaths (−36.7%). However, the all‐age DALYs increased by 31%, reaching 8.9 million in 2019, to which YLLs contributed the most (8.2 million [95% uncertainty interval, 7.3 million–9.2 million]). Men had higher deaths, DALYs, and YLLs despite lower years lived with disability in 2019 compared with women. There was an 8.1% increase in the age‐standardized rate of DALYs for ambient PM; however, household air pollution from solid fuels decreased by 65.4% in the assessed period. Although higher in men, the low and high sociodemographic index regions had the highest and lowest attributed YLLs/YLDs ratio for PM pollution in 2019, respectively. Although the total age‐standardized rate of DALYs for PM‐attributed cardiovascular diseases diminished from 1990 to 2019, the global burden of PM on cardiovascular diseases has increased. The differences between men and women and between regions have clinical and policy implications in global health planning toward more exact funding and resource allocation, in addition to addressing inequity in health care access. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, cardiovascular diseases, global burden of disease, particulate matter, sociodemographic index |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:274668&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | energy crisis, international markets, vietnam |
| Date: | 2023–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04088100&r=env |
| By: | Goldberg, Lisa R; Mouti, Saad |
| Abstract: | We use supervised learning to identify factors that predict the cross-section of returns and maximum drawdown for stocks in the US equity market. Our data run from January 1970 to December 2019 and our analysis includes ordinary least squares, penalized linear regressions, tree-based models, and neural networks. We find that the most important predictors tended to be consistent across models, and that non-linear models had better predictive power than linear models. Predictive power was higher in calm periods than in stressed periods. Environmental, social, and governance indicators marginally impacted the predictive power of non-linear models in our data, despite their negative correlation with maximum drawdown and positive correlation with returns. Upon exploring whether ESG variables are captured by some models, we find that ESG data contribute to the prediction nonetheless. |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:econwp:qt98f9410b&r=env |
| By: | Brilé Anderson; Rafael Prieto Curiel; Jorge Eduardo Patiño Quinchía |
| Abstract: | L’Afrique connaît une transition urbaine et climatique sans précédent. Si certaines conditions sont réunies, une plus grande compacité urbaine pourrait contribuer à améliorer la qualité de vie, la résilience, et la durabilité au cours des prochaines décennies. S’appuyant sur des outils novateurs et de nouvelles données, cette analyse remédie à certaines lacunes en présentant des mesures de la compacité et d’autres variables des formes urbaines pour près de 5 625 agglomérations urbaines du continent. Même si l’urbanisation reste souvent un phénomène non planifié et non coordonné, une tendance prometteuse se dessine : les mégalopoles (plus de 4 millions d’habitants) sont en moyenne plus compactes que les grandes villes (1 million à 4 millions d’habitants) et celles de taille intermédiaire (50 000 à 1 million d’habitants) . Les agglomérations moins compactes présentent des bâtiments plus petits, une forme urbaine plate et basse, un centre moins dense (reflétant une utilisation peu optimale de l’espace) et une structure polycentrique (plusieurs centres, par opposition à une ville monocentrique). Cette note analyse les conséquences d’une moindre compacité urbaine en termes de durabilité et de qualité de vie, soulignant des besoins d’énergie plus élevés, une moindre accessibilité aux services et opportunités, des espaces urbains où il est moins facile de se déplacer à pied et où la dépendance à l’automobile est plus forte, ainsi qu’une plus grande pollution de l’air extérieur. Elle examine également les compromis potentiels en termes de résilience; une plus grande compacité peut résulter en la perte d’espaces verts et donc en plus grandes effets d’îlot de chaleur urbain. Elle identifie enfin les options susceptibles d’améliorer, dans les années à venir, la résilience incluant le suivi-évaluation des progrès. |
| Keywords: | Afrique, compacité, données spatiales, durabilité, villes |
| JEL: | Q24 Q47 Q56 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:swacab:40-fr&r=env |
| By: | ARMENISE Massimo |
| Abstract: | This report presents and discusses the methodological approach for validating the regional monitoring set for the SDGs in the framework of the REGIONS2030 project for the Puglia region. It describes available indicators and criteria used to select proxy and additional indicators to the ones proposed by the JRC. The initial JRC indicator set to monitor the sustainable development goals at the regional level appears to offer an adequate comprehension of the regional goals’ achievement. More specifically, collecting and analysing data for 65 indicators out of the 83 identified by the JRC was possible. Of these, 39 are perfectly aligned with the data source suggested by the JRC, while for the remaining 26, alternative data sources had to be used, but still based on official statistics. The analysis of statistical trends for both the short and long run shows how the Puglia Region is evolving between lights and shadows. Approximately half of the 65 indicators for which data were collected report a trend in the expected direction. The trend is particularly favourable in the following goals: 1 (no poverty), 7 (clean energy), 9 (innovation), 16 (peace) and 17 (partnerships). In contrast, the direction seems to go away from the desired direction in the following goals: 4 (education), 5 (gender equality) and 8 (decent work). These results may contribute to better recalibrating the monitoring plan of the Regional Sustainable Development Strategy in Puglia. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134403&r=env |
| By: | Evans, Olaniyi; Nwaogwugwu, Isaac; Vincent, Olusegun; Wale-Awe, Olawale; Mesagan, Ekundayo; Ojapinwa, Taiwo |
| Abstract: | The removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria in 2023 has triggered a profound shift with far-reaching implications across economic, social, and environmental spheres. This study probes into the complex web of consequences arising from this drastic policy transformation, examining both the direct and indirect effects on the Nigerian society and economy. While the reallocation of resources from subsidies to vital sectors like healthcare, transport and education holds positive transformative potentials, ensuring effective utilization and equitable distribution of these funds warrants meticulous consideration. Achieving tangible improvements in essential services without unintentional negative consequences emerges as a central challenge. Drawing from historical precedents of subsidy removal attempts in Nigeria, the study underscores the importance of managing public sentiment and stakeholder reactions. The complexity arising from the interplay of economic, political, environmental, and societal factors necessitates a holistic approach. The study highlights the significance of informed decision-making to mitigate negative short-term impacts, harness long-term gains, and safeguard the vulnerable segments of the population. Policymakers must adopt a holistic approach that balances economic efficiency, social welfare, environmental sustainability, and inclusive growth. By addressing these multidimensional implications and drawing insights from both domestic and international experiences, Nigeria can navigate the complexities of subsidy removal effectively and work towards a prosperous and egalitarian society. |
| Keywords: | Fuel subsidy removal; socio-economic implications |
| JEL: | Q4 Q41 Q42 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118360&r=env |
| By: | Wähling, Lara-Sophie; Fridahl, Mathias; Heimann, Tobias; Merk, Christine |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the results of a globally distributed survey on policies for incentivizing bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). The current lack of policy incentives to support the implementation of BECCS constitutes a major deployment barrier. Therefore, scientists and policymakers are now debating the optimal BECCS policy framework. Previous studies have presented theoretical analyses of policy options to spur deployment, yet despite the considerable influence of experts on policy processes, very few studies have explored expert opinions. Drawing on an online survey of experts (N = 46), we explore their policy preferences and whether those preferences differ or converge between experts from different working sectors. The results show that a tax and refund scheme, a flat-rate subsidy, and reverse auctioning are considered more suitable than other measures. Furthermore, most experts agree that rather than a stand-alone policy, a policy mix would be needed in order to support BECCS deployment. Several experts propose a sequence of policies, moving from publicly funded supply-push policies in the short term to budget-neutral demand-pull policies in the longer term. Regarding various subsidy schemes, respondents favor investment subsidies or results-based subsidies based on stored biogenic carbon dioxide. The relatively minor differences in the response patterns between groups of experts suggest that a consensus on a preferred BECCS policy pathway might be forming across different sectors and interest groups. Therefore, our results could inform policymakers on policy instruments for BECCS that are considered most suitable by experts and thus help to shape the policy pathway for BECCS. |
| Keywords: | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), Negative emissions, Net-zero, Policy instruments, Policy sequencing, Expert survey |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:275739&r=env |
| By: | Marcos Sanso-Navarro (Universidad de Zaragoza); Guillermo Peña (Universidad de Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | This presentation deals with the persistence of the effects of natural disasters on population, concretely at the municipal level. With this aim, we analyze information about the population of all Spanish municipalities and flood events from 1877 to 2011. Using recent developments in difference-in-differences estimation methods, we find a negative and significant impact of floods on population in the long term when there are casualties involved. Therefore, and in line with the results of other types of shocks, we provide evidence that shocks related to natural disasters have a demographic transitory effect |
| Date: | 2023–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:fsug23:29&r=env |
| By: | STROGYLOPOULOS George |
| Abstract: | This report aims to present an initial assessment of the North Aegean region's capacity to monitor 83 specific indicators related to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which has yielded valuable conclusions and recommendations. It also aims to provide insights and evaluate the potential implementation of a Voluntary Local Review (VLR) using a methodology that can be developed at the regional level in Europe. Notably, out of the 83 indicators monitored at the national level, only 28 are monitored regionally, with data available for 21 of them. However, it is encouraging to observe that SDGs 3, 4, 8, and 13 have been monitored 100% at the regional and national levels, indicating a solid commitment to tracking progress in these areas. The North Aegean Region must still undertake organized preparations for a Voluntary Local Review (VLR). However, there is a growing political commitment from Regional Authorities to align regional policies with the fulfillment of the 17 SDGs. The pilot project, "Monitoring the SDGs in the EU regions - Filling the data gaps - REGIONS2030, " is a significant step in this direction, providing valuable information and data on specific indicators, identifying data gaps, and suggesting alternative and new indicators along with their data sources. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134401&r=env |
| By: | Sakib, S M Nazmuz |
| Abstract: | This research introduces a novel integrated measure of economic growth and development called the Super Advanced S M Nazmuz Sakib's Economic Growth and Development Index (SASEGDI). SASEGDI incorporates 12 key dimensions including GDP per capita, human development, productivity, CO2 emissions, income inequality, economic freedom, corruption, competitiveness, political stability, social welfare, innovation, and environmental sustainability. Quantitative correlation analysis among 180 countries shows SASEGDI has strong positive correlation with human rights protection but negative correlation with civil liberties, political rights, and press freedom. Case studies of Norway, China, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela using SASEGDI values imply a potential trade-off between economic development and human freedoms. Triangulation with qualitative analysis suggests policies enhancing SASEGDI may also restrict human rights and liberties. The SASEGDI provides a multidimensional tool to evaluate and compare country performance on economic growth and development while highlighting the complex interlinkages with human rights and freedoms. Further research could apply SASEGDI to study impacts of culture, institutions, and regimes on developmental outcomes. |
| Date: | 2023–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h2frz&r=env |
| By: | Peacock, Jacob Robert (The Humane League Labs) |
| Abstract: | Plant-based meats, like the Beyond Sausage or Impossible Burger, and cultivated meats have become a source of optimism for reducing animal-based meat usage. Public health, environmental, and animal welfare advocates aim to mitigate the myriad harms of meat usage. The price, taste, and convenience (PTC) hypothesis posits that if plant-based meat is competitive with animal-based meat on these three criteria, the large majority of current consumers would replace animal-based meat with plant-based meat. The PTC hypothesis rests on the premise that PTC primarily drive food choice. The PTC hypothesis and premise are both likely false. A majority of current consumers would continue eating primarily animal-based meat even if plant-based meats were PTC-competitive. PTC do not mainly determine food choices of current consumers; social and psychological factors also play important roles. Although not examined here, there may exist other viable approaches to drive the replacement of animal-based meats with plant-based meats. There is insufficient empirical evidence to more precisely estimate or optimize the current (or future) impacts of plant-based meat. To rectify this, consider funding: research measuring the effects of plant-based meat sales on displacement of animal-based meat; research comparing the effects of plant-based meats with other interventions to reduce animal-based meat usage; and informed (non-blinded) taste tests to benchmark current plant-based meats and enable measurements of taste improvement over time. |
| Date: | 2023–08–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:bs2tp&r=env |
| By: | Occhiali, Giovanni; Falade, Michael |
| Abstract: | Forests are important socio-economic assets in many low-income countries. However, they are often over-exploited as governments do not sufficiently valorise them, including by taxing them inefficiently. This is the case across Nigeria, where forest management and taxation has been effectively decentralised from the federal government to individual states. In this paper we assess the current forestry tax regime in Ekiti State, one of the eight Nigerian states where forests represent more than 50 per cent of land area, and where forest revenue has been historically relevant. Based on 16 interviews with government state officials, forest officers and actors from the industry, as well as data from the Forestry Commission, our analysis suggests that the ongoing depletion of forest resources in the state seems to be partially connected to an excessive focus on their capacity to generate revenue. The conceptualisation of the Ekiti State Forestry Commission as a revenue-raising agency rather than a management one, a continuous drive to extract revenue from the sector through outdated tax rates, and a view of the industry potential disconnected from the existing stock, all perversely led to a lower contribution from forestry to the state budget. While there is potential to reform both the structure of forestry taxes and their method of administration, evidence from our interviews suggests that priority should be given to enforcing a ban on forest exploitation for a period that is long enough to allow for its regrowth, at least in government reserves. This will require substantial sensitisation and engagement with actors in the sector, as well as increasing the monitoring capacity of the Forestry Commission. The Forestry Commission does not currently have enough staff to guarantee the enforcement of existing legislation, let alone a ban on all forest activities. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Finance, Governance, |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:18072&r=env |
| By: | Lorenzo Mercuri; Andrea Perchiazzo; Edit Rroji |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the effect of the label green in bond markets from the lens of the trading activity. The idea is that jumps in the dynamics of returns have a specific memory nature that can be well represented through a self-exciting process. Specifically, using Hawkes processes where the intensity is described through a continuous time moving average model, we study the high-frequency dynamics of bond prices. We also introduce a bivariate extension of the model that deals with the cross-effect of upward and downward price movements. Empirical results suggest that differences emerge if we consider periods with relevant interest rate announcements, especially in the case of an issuer operating in the energy market. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.12179&r=env |
| By: | ALBIZZATI Paola (European Commission - JRC); ANTONOPOULOS Ioannis; CARO Dario (European Commission - JRC); CRISTOBAL GARCIA Jorge (European Commission - JRC); EGLE Lukas (European Commission - JRC); GAUDILLAT Pierre (European Commission - JRC); MANFREDI Simone (European Commission - JRC); MARSCHINSKI Robert (European Commission - JRC); MARTINEZ TUREGANO David (European Commission - JRC); PIERRI Erika (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC); TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In the context of the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), the Joint Research Centre is investigating the rationale for harmonising separate collection systems for municipal waste. The present report reviews and identifies the key parameters and elements making up a waste collection system, covering the range of different approaches currently followed in the Member States (e.g. “common bin colours, harmonised symbols for key waste types, product labels, information campaigns and economic instruments” as indicated in the CEAP). It also reviews other logistical elements such as collection frequencies, modes of collection (including deposit refund-schemes), spatial distribution, and level of separate collection of different waste fractions, with the aim of gathering evidence on the overall benefits brought by these options from a life cycle perspective. Similarly, the report provides an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge available on the performance of waste collection systems, focusing on the environmental and economic implications. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130419&r=env |
| By: | SCHNEIDER Kevin (European Commission - JRC); BARREIRO HURLE Jesus (European Commission - JRC); KESSEL Geert; SCHOUTEN Henk; VOSSEN Jack; STRASSEMEYER Jörn; RODRIGUEZ CEREZO Emilio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In the recent Study on the status of new genomic techniques under Union law and in light of the Court of Justice ruling in Case C-528/16 regarding the Status of New Genomic Techniques (NGTs) under Union Law, the European Commission defines NGTs as techniques which are able to alter the genetic material of an organism, developed after the publication of the EU Directive 2001/18/EC (European Commission, 2021). Last year, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission published two reports on the technological stateof-the-art and on current and future market applications of NGTs (Broothaerts et al., 2021; C. Parisi & Rodriguez-Cerezo, 2021). Here, we present two case studies on crops with improved biotic resistances which were developed with a NGT. Namely, cisgenic potatoes with resistance to Phytophthora infestans and cisgenic apples with resistance to Venturia inaequalis. We will discuss the potential advantages of cisgenesis in tackling challenges breeders currently face in the development of varieties with improved biotic resistances, and assess potential impacts that these varieties could have for the European agri-food system. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc131721&r=env |
| By: | Komarov, Vladimir (Комаров, Владимир) (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Akimova, Varvara (Акимова, Варвара) (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Voloshinskaya, Anna (Волошинская, Анна) (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | It is shown that the world is undergoing a transition from the paradigm of economic growth to the paradigm of sustainable development and growth in the quality of life, a holistic vision of progress. In Russia, the methodological approach to the development of strategic planning documents is based on increasing the competitiveness of the territory and is aimed at ensuring economic growth |
| Keywords: | methodological approach, strategic planning |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21136&r=env |
| By: | FARACA Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); PEREZ CAMACHO M Nati (European Commission - JRC); LAG BROTONS Alfonso (European Commission - JRC); PEREZ ARRIBAS Zahara (European Commission - JRC); KOWALSKA Malgorzata Agata; WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This Science for Policy Report aims to provide a technical basis for the revision process of the EU Ecolabel criteria for Absorbent Hygiene Products. The set of criteria currently in force was adopted in 2014 (Commission Decision 2014/763/EU). The revised EU Ecolabel criteria are set to cover a wider scope, as for the first time they include a set of criteria targeting reusable menstrual cups. The product group has been enlarged thus to cover ‘absorbent hygiene products’ and ‘reusable menstrual cups'. To support the revision process, a first version of this report was produced as a working document, and was updated and complemented as the revision developed. That document provided the rationale for the revised criteria proposal and summarised the research and the outcome of three stakeholder consultations, which were crucial to develop revised criteria that are able to pinpoint the best environmental products available on the market while taking into account the state of the art of the sector. After a revision process lasting 30 months, this is the final version of the report which supports the final criteria for absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134197&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Yuhan; Mekonnen, Shimelse |
| Abstract: | This working paper systematically analyzes the dynamic commercial relationship between China and Africa. Utilizing Natural Language Processing and content analysis of meticulously collected policy documents, this study finds that the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and other proposals by President Xi have shaped the policy direction of China-Africa collaborations, highlighting areas like industrial evolution, infrastructure synergies, agricultural modernization, and sustainable development. By exploring historical economic data, this study also finds that the BRI has significantly influenced Chinese financial commitments to Africa, with investment benefiting 30 distinct African countries, spanning sectors beyond natural resources, and involving both state-owned and private entities. Trade data suggests emerging signs of diversification and reveals China's consistent trade surpluses with Africa, influenced by significant Chinese capital outflows. While Africa's emerging signs of diversification are encouraging, it needs to further diversify into manufacturing and services to avoid mirroring past trade patterns with the West. Our machine learning analysis anticipates China-Africa trade to surpass $300 billion by 2025-6. In light of evolving policies and economic trajectories, this study identifies burgeoning opportunities in sectors like e-commerce, fintech, and agritech, underlying the immense potential of China-Africa commercial ties. However, it is important to acknowledge that China-Africa commercial cooperation is not without challenges. Disparities in trade balances, concerns about debt sustainability, and local economic impacts have sometimes strained relations, which require continuing attention and further research. |
| Keywords: | Machine Learning, Economic Policy, China, Africa, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Investment, Trade, Commercial Opportunities |
| JEL: | A1 A12 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:275677&r=env |
| By: | Cooper, Kristen; Fabian, Mark; Krekel, Christian |
| Abstract: | Economics has traditionally understood ‘welfare’ (what makes a life go well) as the satisfaction of preference. This conceptualisation of welfare is typically measured using revealed preferences, proxied through income and prices or stated in willingness-to-pay surveys. Recent decades have seen growing challenges to this paradigm. The climate crisis, among other phenomena, has called into question whether income and price data effectively proxy preferences, and willingness-to-pay surveys continue to struggle with accurately pricing important items such as biodiversity, digital goods, privacy and social connections. Preference satisfaction as a welfare criterion has also been challenged conceptually by psychologists and scholars working in the development space, among others. In this article, we review recent innovations in alternate ways of conceptualising and measuring welfare for the purposes of economic welfare analysis. We focus on using stated preferences over aspects of well-being, life-satisfaction scales and the WELLBY approach, and well-being frameworks such as Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Index. While not without weaknesses, these approaches also have marked strengths relative to the traditional approach. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2023–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120109&r=env |
| By: | Gisela Rua |
| Abstract: | Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 and resulting international sanctions, natural gas imports from Russia to Europe declined drastically to well below their historical averages. This reduction raised concerns about Europe’s energy supply, given its dependence on Russian gas. |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:96659&r=env |