|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2023‒09‒18
forty-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Chiara Castelli (Wiener Institut fur Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche); Marta Castellini (Department of Economics and Management, University of Padua and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Camilla Gusperti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Veronica Lupi (Department of Environmental Economics, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit); Sergio Vergalli (Department of Environmental Economics, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit) |
| Abstract: | In this work we update the regionalization and the calibration of the Regional dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE) in its 1999 version developed by Nordhaus and Boyer (2000), with a focus on the Mediterranean countries. Our aim is to assess the impact of climate change damages on their main macroeconomic variables in a context where all economies are fossil fuel based. In addition, we extend the model by introducing the uncertainty associated with a possible future catastrophic event, triggered by the temperature increase and variation over time, following the approach of Castelnuovo et al. (2003). We then develop an empirical exercise to asses the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector at country level. In this framework, we implement the traditional IAMs scenarios, namely the Business As Usual, the Social Optimum and the Temperature Limit, where population dynamics is calibrated according to the IIASA SSP2 projections. Among our findings, we show that, in the absence of renewable energy sources and break-through technologies, meeting the limit of a temperature increase of less than 2°C requires a carbon tax of more than 700 USD/tC by 2050, doubling by the end of this century. When uncertainty is introduced, the higher the probability of a possible catastrophic event and the greater the associated utility loss, the more society is willing to pay for a rising cost of carbon. The upward trend of the carbon tax relative to the no-uncertainty model is reduced by the end of the century in the temperature-limit scenario, due to the benefits associated with this policy and the inclusion in the model of societal awareness of the potential risks of climate change. In both versions of the model, the agricultural sector in the Southern Mediterranean countries is severely affected, and stringent policies can partially mitigate these impacts and reduce damages by 2100. |
| JEL: | Q54 H23 R13 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.15&r=env |
| By: | Rosenkranz, Lydia; Arnim, Gundula$cvon; Englert, Hermann; Husmann, Kai; Regelmann, Cornelius; Roering, Hans-Walter; Rosenberger, Richard; Seintsch, Björn; Dieter, Matthias; Möhring, Bernhard |
| Abstract: | Since the year 2018, the yield and management situation in German forest enterprises is characterized by extreme weather events (storms, draught) and, consequently, bark beetle calamities, leading to a significant above-average occurrence of damaged timber. In addition to processing the damaged timber, forest managers are challenged to develop and implement silvicultural adaptation strategies to climate change in order to ensure future wood production and long-term viability of these enterprises. In our study, we aimed to estimate the long-term economic impacts of an active climate change adaptation strategy compared to a passive, successional adaptation strategy on the forestry sector under consideration of climate change induced survival probabilities, using - and enhancing - the Forest Economic Simulation Model (FESIM). Based on our study's assumptions about tree species changes, we find that active forest conversion demands greater initial financial investment. However, in the long run, it proves to be economically more sustainable despite persistent risks. This is due to the potential for higher growing stock, felling volume, and ultimately improved yields in the future. The findings from our analysis offer valuable insights and decision-making guidance for both forest enterprises and forest policy, regarding the two adaptation strategies. |
| Keywords: | forests, management strategies, climate change adaptation, economic impact, Wälder, Bewirtschaftungsstrategien, Anpassung an den Klimawandel, wirtschaftlicheAuswirkungen |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:219&r=env |
| By: | Papadopoulos, Georgios (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | Company carbon disclosures are crucial in assessing a firm's impact on the environment, and many policy actions are associated with this information. As a response to the increasing demand for transparency, many firms disclose carbon emissions through sustainability reports and voluntarily engage with external assurance of the reported information. However, the possible existence of systematic differences in reported emissions with respect to their assurance status is still under-explored. This study investigates the causal effect of third-party assurance on carbon disclosures in a sample of European companies. Findings suggest that non-assuring firms may be under-reporting their direct GHG emissions by up to a magnitude comparable to the largest annual reduction of EU emissions in history. On the contrary, the effect of assurance is much weaker to almost absent in indirect, Scope 2, emissions possibly due to their clear and easily verifiable estimation nature. The findings demonstrate that third-party assurance can provide more reliable and certainly more prudent estimates of corporate GHG emissions which are relevant to corporate sustainability strategy, policymaking and, ultimately, climate change mitigation. |
| Keywords: | external assurance, corporate carbon disclosure, company GHG emissions, climate change |
| JEL: | M42 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202309&r=env |
| By: | Castelli, Chiara; Castellini, Marta; Gusperti, Camilla; Lupi, Veronica; Vergalli, Sergio |
| Abstract: | In this work we update the regionalization and the calibration of the Regional dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (RICE) in its 1999 version developed by Nordhaus and Boyer (2000), with a focus on the Mediterranean countries. Our aim is to assess the impact of climate change damages on their main macroeconomic variables in a context where all economies are fossil fuel based. In addition, we extend the model by introducing the uncertainty associated with a possible future catastrophic event, triggered by the temperature increase and variation over time, following the approach of Castelnuovo et al. (2003). We then develop an empirical exercise to asses the impact of climate change on the agricultural sector at country level. In this framework, we implement the traditional IAMs scenarios, namely the Business As Usual, the Social Optimum and the Temperature Limit, where population dynamics is calibrated according to the IIASA SSP2 projections. Among our findings, we show that, in the absence of renewable energy sources and break-through technologies, meeting the limit of a temperature increase of less than 2°C requires a carbon tax of more than 700 USD/tC by 2050, doubling by the end of this century. When uncertainty is introduced, the higher the probability of a possible catastrophic event and the greater the associated utility loss, the more society is willing to pay for a rising cost of carbon. The upward trend of the carbon tax relative to the no-uncertainty model is reduced by the end of the century in the temperature-limit scenario, due to the benefits associated with this policy and the inclusion in the model of societal awareness of the potential risks of climate change. In both versions of the model, the agricultural sector in the Southern Mediterranean countries is severely affected, and stringent policies can partially mitigate these impacts and reduce damages by 2100. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:338374&r=env |
| By: | Bonan, Jacopo; Curzi, Daniele; D'Adda, Giovanna; Ferro, Simone |
| Abstract: | We employ electricity-use data covering 1, 500, 000 Italian households for 2015–2019 and a granular measure of social media attention to climate change derived from universal-coverage Twitter data to show that increases in climate change salience induced by exogenous sociopolitical and climatic events cause a significant reduction in energy consumption. Sentiment analysis suggests that natural disasters and climate strikes are associated with emotions that are strong motivators for action. These results imply that episodes that draw attention to climate change may lead to actual behavioral change, but their effect is short-lived. |
| Date: | 2023–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-23-34&r=env |
| By: | Talis Tebecis (Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | Around the world, countries are becoming more ambitious in their emission reduction pledges. Developing policies to actually meet these targets requires carefully evaluating which policies have been most effective at reducing emissions to date. We use reverse causal policy evaluation to answer this question, asking, “Which climate policies have reduced CO2 emissions the most in Austria since 1995?” This novel approach allows us to identify negative structural breaks, i.e. large reductions in emissions that are not accounted for by the main determinants of CO2 emissions (population and economic growth), and attribute these breaks to relevant policies. We find statistically significant breaks in only four out of 21 sectors, altogether representing a reduction of less than 2.5% of Austria’s total CO2 emissions beyond what would have been expected, given its socio-economic development, which is significantly shy of the country’s 48% emission reduction target. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions, climate policy, reverse causal analysis, Austria, structural breaks |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwwuw:wuwp346&r=env |
| By: | Aurelien K. Yeyouomo (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the effect of sustainable urbanization on vulnerability to climate change over a sample of 52 African countries from 1996 to 2019. We use the two-stage system generalized method of moments (GMM) empirical strategy and mediation analysis to assess direct and indirect impacts, respectively. The results of the direct analysis reveal that sustainable urbanization reduces vulnerability to climate change. The results of the indirect analysis also show that sustainable urbanization significantly reduces vulnerability to climate change through the channels of digitalization and institutional quality. The results also highlight that considering the direct effect of sustainable urbanization alone underestimates the impact of reducing vulnerability to climate change. The results are robust to an alternative indicator of vulnerability to climate and other estimation techniques. These results have important policy implications and provide evidence for the improvement of sustainable urbanization in terms of access to basic services or reduction of vulnerability to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable urbanization, Vulnerability to climate change, Digitalization, Institutional quality, Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/045&r=env |
| By: | Dasgupta, Shouro; Robinson, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | It is now clear that anthropogenic climate change is having a negative impact on human health. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of the impact of climatic stressors on child health in Burkina Faso. We undertake a rigorous empirical analysis of the impact of climate and weather shocks on mortality, stunting (height-for-age Z-score) and wasting (weight-for-age Z-score), using Demographic and Health Surveys, combined with high-resolution meteorological data, controlling for household and individual covariates. We find robust evidence that both lifetime and short-term exposure to high temperatures and droughts have a negative impact on child health, as do increased temperature anomalies during crop seasons, suggesting a link between climate and health through domestic food production. Income and household wealth, access to electricity, sanitation and a health facility for childbirth negate some adverse impacts of climate change. Combining our econometric estimates with updated CMIP6 scenarios, we compute policy-relevant projections of future child health. Our results show that future warming is projected to significantly increase child mortality, and share of underweight and stunted children, in all but the Paris Agreement scenario. Given the links between health, a key element of human capital, and economic growth, our findings and projections provide yet more evidence of the importance of a rapid reduction in global emissions combined with adaptation funding, if lower-income countries are to achieve poverty reduction and increasing prosperity. |
| Keywords: | Burkina Faso; child health; climate change; extreme weather events; socio-economic modifiers; stunting; wasting; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment; London School of Economics and Political Science; (European Cooperation in Science and Technology; Grant/Award Number: CA19390; Wiley deal |
| JEL: | I10 O55 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:119857&r=env |
| By: | Ferguson, Shon (Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)); Heijmans, Roweno J.R.K. (Department of Business and Management Science, NHH Norwegian School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the impact of carbon pricing on international trade in equipment used in the combustion of fossil fuels during the period 1995–2021. Using detailed data on bilateral trade combined with data on domestic carbon prices, we find that carbon pricing policies are associated with greater exports of this equipment. We provide a simple model of international trade in polluting technologies that can explain this outcome. Our results provide new evidence for this unexplored form of leakage due to more stringent climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Emissions pricing; Cap and trade; Carbon leakage; International trade in technologies |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q37 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–08–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1470&r=env |
| By: | Meißner, Leonie; Peterson, Sonja; Semrau, Finn Ole |
| Abstract: | In a race against excessive global warming, the world must accelerate the development and adoption of environmental innovations (EIs). EIs are crucial in decarbonizing the economy and meeting the netzero targets. In this literature review, we delve into the role of governments in promoting EIs across stages of maturity and the likeliness of such support to reduce emissions and mitigation costs. Various theoretical justifications, such as knowledge externalities, dynamic increasing returns, path dependency and incomplete information, highlight the necessity to promote EI through governmental Research and Development (R&D) support. While emission pricing remains the most cost-efficient climate policy, it fails as a stand-alone instrument to sufficiently encourage EI. Accordingly, the optimal approach is a policy mix complementing emission pricing with governmental R&D support. The theoretical finding is backed by empirical studies on the development and deployment of renewable energies, which also show that investment in R&D can effectively reduce emissions and mitigation costs. By combining theoretical and empirical research, the review concludes by examining two pivotal policy actions aimed at accelerating the take-off of EIs: The US Inflation Reduction Act and the European Green New Deal Industrial Plan. We evaluate their specific aspects and limitations to effectively and efficiently contribute to decarbonization. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:2254&r=env |
| By: | Tebecis, Talis |
| Abstract: | Around the world, countries are becoming more ambitious in their emission reduction pledges. Developing policies to actually meet these targets requires carefully evaluating which policies have been most effective at reducing emissions to date. We use reverse causal policy evaluation to answer this question, asking, “Which climate policies have reduced CO2 emissions the most in Austria since 1995?” This novel approach allows us to identify negative structural breaks, i.e. large reductions in emissions that are not accounted for by the main determinants of CO2 emissions (population and economic growth), and attribute these breaks to relevant policies. We find statistically significant breaks in only four out of 21 sectors, altogether representing a reduction of less than 2.5% of Austria’s total CO2 emissions beyond what would have been expected, given its socio-economic development, which is significantly shy of the country’s 48% emission reduction target. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; climate policy; reverse causal analysis; Austria; structural breaks |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus005:45551161&r=env |
| By: | Ignacio Belloc (University of Zaragoza); J. Ignacio Giménez-Nadal (University of Zaragoza); José Alberto Molina (Departamento de Análisis Económico, Universidad de Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and global warming have significant implications for people worldwide, necessitating an understanding of how extreme weather conditions affect individuals. This study investigates the relationship between individual affective well-being and extreme temperatures, using data from the American Time Use Survey's Well-Being Module for multiple years. The analysis focuses on daily variations in weather conditions at the county level in the United States. Findings reveal gender-specific outcomes, with males being more susceptible to extreme temperatures. On days with maximum temperatures exceeding 80oF, males experience higher levels of fatigue and stress, as well as reduced happiness and meaningfulness, compared to days with temperatures around 70oF. The study suggests that the negative impact on males' sleep quality may contribute to these gender disparities. Additionally, warmer states have witnessed a decline in the male population over the past four decades. These results offer valuable insights into the gender-specific, affective well-being consequences of climate change, emphasizing the need for gender-sensitive approaches in designing comprehensive strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation. |
| Keywords: | gender, weather conditions, extreme temperatures, well-being, time use, United States |
| JEL: | I31 J16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:bocoec:1060&r=env |
| By: | Jedwab, Remi (New York University); Haslop, Federico (George Washington University); Zarate, Roman (World Bank); Rodriguez Castelan, Carlos (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Empirical studies of the economic effects of climate change (CC) largely rely on climate anomalies for causal identification purposes. Slow and permanent changes in climate-driven geographical conditions, i.e. CC as defined by the IPCC (2013), have been studied relatively less, especially in Africa which remains the most vulnerable continent to CC. We focus on Lake Chad, which used to be the 11th-largest lake in the world. This African lake the size of El Salvador, Israel, or Massachusetts slowly shrunk by 90% for exogenous reasons between 1963 and 1990. While water supply decreased, land supply increased, generating a priori ambiguous effects. These effects make the increasing global disappearance of lakes a critical trend to study. For Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria, and Niger – 25% of sub-Saharan Africa's population –, we construct a novel data set tracking population patterns at a fine spatial level from the 1940s to the 2010s. Difference-in-differences show much slower growth in the proximity of the lake, but only after the lake started shrinking. These effects persist two decades after the lake stopped shrinking, implying limited adaptation. Additionally, the negative water supply effects on fishing, farming, and herding outweighed the growth in land supply and other positive effects. A quantitative spatial model used to rationalize these results and estimate aggregate welfare losses taking into account adaptation shows overall losses of about 6%. The model also allows us to study the aggregate and spatial effects of policies related to migration, land use, trade, roads, and cities. |
| Keywords: | climate change, aridification, shrinkage of lakes, natural disasters, environment, water supply, land supply, rural decline, agricultural sectors, adaptation, land use, Africa |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q15 Q20 R11 R12 O13 O44 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16396&r=env |
| By: | Mary F. Evans; Ludovica Gazze; Jessamyn Schaller |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impacts of temperature on alleged and substantiated child maltreatment among young children using administrative data from state child protective service agencies. Leveraging short-term weather variation, we find increases in maltreatment of young children during hot periods. We rule out that our results are solely due to changes in reporting. Additional analysis identifies neglect as the temperature-sensitive maltreatment type, and we do not find evidence that adaptation via air conditioning mitigates this relationship. Given that climate change will increase exposure to extreme temperatures, our findings speak to additional costs of climate change among the most vulnerable. |
| JEL: | I31 J12 J13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31522&r=env |
| By: | E. Mark Curtis; Layla O'Kane; R. Jisung Park |
| Abstract: | Using micro-data representing over 130 million online work profiles, we explore transitions into and out of jobs most likely to be affected by a transition away from carbon-intensive production technologies. Exploiting detailed textual data on job title, firm name, occupation, and industry to focus on workers employed in carbon-intensive (“dirty”) and non-carbon-intensive (“green”) jobs, we find that the rate of transition from dirty to green jobs is rising rapidly, increasing ten-fold over the period 2005-2021 including a significant uptick in EV-related jobs in recent years. Overall however, fewer than 1 percent of all workers who leave a dirty job appear to transition to a green job. We find that the persistence of employment within dirty industries varies enormously across local labor markets; in some states, over half of all transitions out of dirty jobs are into other dirty jobs. Older workers and those without a college education appear less likely to make transitions to green jobs, and more likely to transition to other dirty jobs, other jobs, or non-employment. When accounting for the fact that green jobs tend to have later start dates, it appears that green and dirty jobs have roughly comparable job durations. |
| JEL: | J01 Q0 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31539&r=env |
| By: | Jianwei Xing; Zhiren Hu; Fan Xia; Jintao Xu; Eric Zou |
| Abstract: | Forests accompany the cities we build. There are an estimated 5.5 billion urban trees in the United States. Globally, about 25 percent of urban land is covered by tree canopy. This study examines urban forests as a policy tool for air pollution mitigation. We study an afforestation program in the city of Beijing, which planted a total of 2 million mu of greenery – roughly the size of Los Angeles – across the city over a decade. We conduct a remote-sensing audit of the program, finding that it contributes to a substantial greening up of the city. This causes significant downwind air quality improvement, reducing average `PM_2.5` concentration at city population hubs by 4.2 percent. Rapid vegetation growth, however, led to a 7.4 percent increase in pollen exposure. Analysis of medical claims data shows aeroallergens triggered emergency room visits, mirroring well-documented industrial pollution effects though less severe. We offer insight on managing urban forests’ health risks, identifying harmful pollen species and susceptible population subgroups. |
| JEL: | I18 Q23 Q53 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31554&r=env |
| By: | Jacopo Ponticelli; Qiping Xu; Stefan Zeume |
| Abstract: | We use plant-level data from the US Census of Manufacturers to study the short and long run effects of temperature on manufacturing activity. We document that temperature shocks significantly increase energy costs and lower the productivity of small manufacturing plants, while large plants are mostly unaffected. In US counties that experienced higher increases in average temperatures between the 1980s and the 2010s, these heterogeneous effects have led to higher concentration of manufacturing activity within large plants, and a reallocation of labor from small to large manufacturing establishments. We offer a preliminary discussion of potential mechanisms explaining why large manufacturing firms might be better equipped for long-run adaptation to climate change, including their ability to hedge across locations, easier access to finance, and higher managerial skills. |
| JEL: | G3 L11 O14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31533&r=env |
| By: | Ellalee, Haider; Alali, Walid Y. |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to find the preferable carbon taxation regime to achieve net-zero carbon emissions and enhance social welfare levels. Two regimes were discussed in this paper, including a carbon tax at the aggregate level of social welfare (CTTW) and a carbon tax at the level of single social welfare (CTSW). The results present a preferable regime depending on the substitution of the product and product price flexibility of demand. Not only does industrial transformation bring about changes in the substitution of the product and demand flexibility in product prices, but as well both regimes also have a serious effect on achieving net zero carbon emissions and enhancing the level of social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Social welfare, Carbon Tax, Carbon Emission, Environment |
| JEL: | B22 C33 E65 D12 I13 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:274657&r=env |
| By: | Rosa Van Den Ende (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne and Universität Bielefeld); Antoine Mandel (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics); Agnieszka Rusinowska (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, CNRS, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We provide an axiomatic approach to the allocation of responsibility for GHG emissions in supply chains. Considering a set of axioms standardly used in networks and decision theory, and consistent with legal principles underlying responsibility, we show that responsibility measures shall be based on exponential discounting of upstream and downstream emissions. From a network theory perspective, the proposed responsibility measure corresponds to a convex combination of the Bonacich centralities for the upstream and downstream weighted adjacency matrices. Scope 1 emissions, consumption-based accounting and income-based accounting are obtained as particular cases of our approach, wich also gives a precise meaning to scope 3 emissions while avoiding double-counting. We apply our approach to the assessment of country-level responsibility for global GHG emissions and to sector-level responsibility in the USA. We examine how the responsibility of sectors/countries varies with the discounting of indirect emissions. We identify three groups of countries/sectors: producers of emissions whose responsibiliy decreases with the discounting factor, consumers of emissions whose responsibility increases with the discounting factor, and an intermediary group whose responsibility mostly depends on the network position and varies non-monotonically with the discounting factor. Overall, our axiomatic approach provides strong normative foundations for the definition of reporting requirements for indirect emissions and for the allocation of responsibility in claims for climate-related loss and damage |
| Keywords: | upstream and downstream emission responsibilities; supply chains and networks; responsibility measure; axiomatization; Bonacich centrality |
| JEL: | D85 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:23013&r=env |
| By: | Dennis Fixler; Julie L. Hass; Tina Highfill; Kelly M. Wentland; Scott A. Wentland |
| Abstract: | How much of the economy is focused on protecting, rehabilitating, or managing the environment? To answer this question, we develop a proof-of-concept environmental activity account to quantify the environmental goods and services sector (EGSS) in the United States. Methodologically, we employ a satellite account approach similar to the method used by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to quantify other sectors of the economy (e.g., Outdoor Recreation Account, Marine Economy Account) while following the accounting principles and methods outlined in the SEEA Central Framework (SEEA-CF). This approach draws on detailed internal supply-use data, drawn primarily from Census’s Industry and Product data along with other supplemental sources. Overall, we estimate gross output of the EGSS was $725 billion in 2019, or about 1.9% of the total gross output of the US economy. Government expenditures (across all levels) comprise a substantial portion of the EGSS in the US, as the public sector accounted for about 27% of total EGSS output ($197 billion) in 2019. Although these estimates are still preliminary and are not official statistics, the goals of this research are to provide new insights into classification and measurement challenges in producing environmental activity accounts more generally, while also documenting data gaps and accounting issues in the US context more specifically. |
| JEL: | E01 M41 O44 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31574&r=env |
| By: | Lambert, Derek (Central Bank of Ireland); Lyons, Paul (Central Bank of Ireland); Carroll, James (Central Bank of Ireland) |
| Abstract: | Green mortgages are a recent financial innovation, being established as a mainstream product in Ireland in 2019. By offering borrowers lower interest rates, green mortgages support wider emissions targets by incentivizing households and businesses to invest in energy efficiency. In this Note, we estimate the growth in green mortgage financing in Ireland and describe the characteristics of green mortgage borrowers and loans. We find that, despite their very recent introduction, green mortgages account for a sizable and growing share of mortgage lending, representing almost thirty per cent of originations in 2022. We also find that first time buyers (FTBs), those switching their mortgage, and borrowers in the Leinster region are the most likely cohorts to avail of green mortgages. Furthermore, green mortgage loan amounts are larger, are associated with higher value properties and are more prevalent in higher income groups, particularly for FTBs. This latter point suggests that there is a risk that the efficiency gap between high and low income groups could widen into the future. We also find evidence that some eligible borrowers have not availed of/received a green mortgage. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:fsnote:4/fs/23&r=env |
| By: | See, Priti |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the potential of biomimetics to revolutionize medical and food waste management systems in the United States. By forging circular economies in these fields, biomimetics can provide robust financial benefits. Furthermore, biomimetics can mitigate waste accumulation and related health hazards from such systems. In light of this paper’s findings, ongoing and long-term financial investments in biomimetic technology are recommended to create sustainable medical and food waste systems on a nationwide scale. |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rg6q2&r=env |
| By: | Ivo Steimanis (University of Marburg); Max Burger (University of Marburg); Bernd Hayo (University of Marburg); Andreas Landmann (Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg); Bjoern Vollan (University of Marburg) |
| Abstract: | The literature regarding the effects of environmental hazards on social preferences is mixed and partially contradictory. The lack of a baseline in these studies is a severe methodological constraint, as it is hard to identify heterogeneous treatment effects through experience in the recovery process. We exploit a panel of incentivized behavioral measures of solidarity conducted before and after the devastating damages caused by Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. We find that Haiyan’s impact on individuals’ degree of solidarity was non-linear: solidarity was negatively affected in villages with medium damages, whereas no significant impact was observed in those villages that were most and least affected. A potential explanation for this non-linear effect is differences in people's experiences concerning the aid process and help from other villagers. In villages with medium damages, the quality of the aid process and help from other villagers was perceived to be significantly worse than that received by more and less affected villages. Lastly, survey evidence shows that the non-linear effects persist almost 10 years after the disaster. |
| Keywords: | Social preferences, environmental hazard, natural experiment, social dynamics, Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines |
| JEL: | Q54 C93 D91 O12 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202319&r=env |
| By: | Abajian, Alexander; Pretnar, Nick |
| Abstract: | Policies promoting residential solar system adoption are designed assuming the associated generation displaces retail electricity purchases on a one-for-one basis. This assumption is not innocuous; electricity from residential solar systems is unlikely to be perfectly substitutable with grid electricity. We estimate a model of U.S. residential electricity demand allowing for spatial heterogeneity and imperfect substitution between forms of electricity to quantify the implications for green energy subsidization. We find subsidies inducing one kWh of residential solar electricity demand displace only 0.5 kWh of grid consumption. As an emissions reduction policy subsidies had national abatement costs of $332 per MTCO2 in 2018. |
| Keywords: | Residential PV systems, residential electricity demand, rebound effects, energy subsidies |
| JEL: | H23 Q42 Q48 R23 |
| Date: | 2023–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118171&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Caron (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Martin van Ittersum (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Tessa Avermaete (KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven); Gianluca Brunori (University of Pisa - Università di Pisa); Jessica Fanzo (John’s Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics); Ken Giller (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Etienne Hainzelin (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); John Ingram (University of Oxford); Lise Korsten (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Yves Martin-Prével (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Moses Osiru (ICIPE - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology - ICIPE); Cheryl Palm (UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]); Marta Rivera Ferre (INGENIO - CSIC-UPV); Mariana Rufino (Lancaster University); Sergio Schneider (UFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre]); Alban Thomas (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Daniel Walker (ACIAR - Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) |
| Abstract: | The 4th Global Food Security conference highlighted four major developments: the shift from food security to food systems; a focus on diets and consumption patterns; the importance of unknown futures and inherent uncertainties and risks; and the central role of multi-level connections between local- and global-oriented research. These shifts highlight the importance for research to contribute to dialogue and collective intelligence through evidence-based brokerage, and to move beyond polarization of debates. These shifts also call for the involvement of scientists in multi-stakeholder arrangements to strengthen innovation and learning at different levels, and for their participation in foresight studies to help navigate plausible futures. Delegates discussed five scientific challenges to be addressed through both research investments and by improving science-policy interfaces. |
| Keywords: | Food systems, Scientific challenges, Science-policy interface, Transformation, Innovation |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03323149&r=env |
| By: | Jorge Martinez-Vazquez (Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University); Farah Zahir (The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper calls for a stronger and closer intergovernmental coordinated approach to fighting climate change in India. We argue that the current commonly proposed approach to fighting climate change in India based on sectoral policies (energy generation, transport sectors, etc.) is incomplete because it fails to specify what level of government will be in-charge on regulating and implementing those policies and how they will be financed. This will require understanding how the institutions of fiscal decentralization are framed and operate in India. The paper takes stock of current institutions and practices involving the four pillars of fiscal decentralization. Getting the functional assignment of responsibilities right will offer an answer to the question of who will be charged with regulating and monitoring compliance with the different sectoral policies for decarbonization and adaptation. Getting the other three pillars right will allow us to answer the question of financing. India seems to have the right framework of concurrent assignments of responsibilities, with the union government establishing minimum standards to prevent a race to the bottom among the states. The main problem appears to be that currently standards and regulations are not enforced. States currently work with insufficient revenues, raising questions about the necessary fiscal space to finance their climate change policies. There is also a need to reengineer India’s current transfer policies to incentivize the states in fighting climate change. Adapting the last pillar of decentralization, borrowing, will be critical to help finance the large investments, especially in the case of adaptation programs. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2319&r=env |
| By: | von Zedlitz, Gerrit |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity loss poses a significant threat to the global economy and affects ecosystem services on which most large companies rely heavily. The severe financial implications of such a reduced species diversity have attracted the attention of companies and stakeholders, with numerous calls to increase corporate transparency. Using textual analysis, this study thus investigates the current state of voluntary biodiversity reporting of 359 European blue-chip companies and assesses the extent to which it aligns with the upcoming disclosure framework of the Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD). The descriptive results suggest a substantial gap between current reporting practices and the proposed TNFD framework, with disclosures largely lacking quantification, details and clear targets. In addition, the disclosures appear to be relatively unstandardized. Companies in sectors or regions exposed to higher nature-related risks as well as larger companies are more likely to report on aspects of biodiversity. This study contributes to the emerging literature on nature-related risks and provides detailed insights on the extent of the reporting gap in light of the upcoming standards. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, Disclosure Framework, Reporting Standards |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewh:95&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Johannesburg, South Africa); Joel Hinaunye Eita (Johannesburg, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The study assesses the effect of capital flight in the nexus between foreign aid and renewable energy consumption in 20 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa using data for the period 1996-2018. The empirical technique employed is interactive quantile regressions and the following findings are established. Foreign aid increases renewable energy consumption while capital flight dampens the favorable effect of foreign aid on renewable energy consumption. The underlying significance and corresponding mitigating effect are exclusively relevant to the bottom (i.e., 10th) quantile of the conditional distribution of renewable energy consumption. The findings are robust to simultaneity and the unobserved heterogeneity. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Foreign aid; capital flight; renewable energy; sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/048&r=env |
| By: | Oliver Falck; Akash Kaura |
| Abstract: | For all its perennial focus on traditional industries, Germany has done a remarkable job in greening its manufacturing Green skills are quickly gaining prominence Automotive manufacturing is leading the way Germany is still a hotbed of innovation, but cannot afford to become complacent |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpb:_55&r=env |
| By: | Rafael Araujo; Juliano Assunção; Marina Hirota; José A. Scheinkman |
| Abstract: | The Amazon rainforests have been undergoing unprecedented levels of human-induced disturbances. In addition to local impacts, such changes are likely to cascade following the eastern-western atmospheric flow generated by trade winds. We propose a model of spatial and temporal interactions created by this flow to estimate the spread of local disturbances to downwind locations along atmospheric trajectories. The spatial component captures cascading effects propagated by neighboring regions while the temporal component captures persistence. All these network effects can be described by a single matrix, acting as a spatial multiplier that amplifies local disturbances. This matrix can be used to easily map where the damage of an initial forest disturbance is amplified and propagated to. We identify regions that are likely to cause the largest impact throughout the basin, and those that are the most vulnerable to shocks caused by remote deforestation. On average, the presence of cascading effects mediated by winds doubles the impact of an initial damage. However, there is heterogeneity in this impact. While damage in some regions does not propagate, in others amplification may reach 250%. |
| JEL: | C23 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31550&r=env |
| By: | Tendero, Emerissa Jane |
| Abstract: | This research examines the phenomenon of pilgrimage tourism through a case study of the Fort Pilar Shrine in Zamboanga City, Philippines. By employing a mixed-methods approach, the study aims to investigate the factors contributing to the popularity of the shrine as a pilgrimage destination and analyze the socio-economic impacts it generates. The findings indicate that religious motivations, historical significance, and cultural experiences emerge as the key drivers attracting pilgrims to Fort Pilar Shrine. Furthermore, the shrine's economic significance is evident, as it contributes to job creation, income generation, and local business development. The study underscores the importance of strategic planning and sustainable management in pilgrimage tourism destinations. It highlights the need for improved infrastructure, visitor services, and marketing efforts to enhance the overall visitor experience. Moreover, community involvement and stakeholder collaboration emerge as critical factors for the long-term success and sustainability of pilgrimage sites. The research findings have practical implications for policymakers, local communities, and tourism authorities. By understanding the factors that attract pilgrims and the potential socio-economic benefits, decision-makers can develop effective strategies to harness the full potential of pilgrimage tourism. This study contributes to the broader understanding of pilgrimage tourism dynamics and offers insights for the sustainable development of similar sites worldwide |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:s7qf9&r=env |
| By: | Mélinda NOBLET |
| Abstract: | Les impacts du changement climatique se concrétisent de façon différenciée selon les territoires. Les villes qui concentrent les populations, les activités économiques et actifs clés, sont particulièrement concernées. Les villes côtières le sont d’autant plus qu’elles sont exposées à des risques spécifiques tels que l'élévation du niveau de la mer, les ondes de tempête, l'érosion du littoral et l'intrusion saline. Dans un premier temps, ce rapport s’attache à retracer l’émergence au niveau international de l’adaptation au changement climatique (ACC) d’une part et de la gestion des risques de catastrophe (GRC) d’autre part. Partant, le processus de convergence de ces deux concepts qui sont devenus des agendas de politique internationale est explicité. Face aux enjeux majeurs et spécifiques auxquels font face les villes côtières, le rapport s’intéresse à la place accordée à l’échelle locale, à l’urbain côtier, dans la littérature scientifique, dans les documents de politique dédiés et en termes de projets. Il s’agit d’identifier si la convergence amorcée au niveau international s’opère au niveau territorial.L’analyse se concentre sur quatre pays, deux en Afrique de l’Ouest (Sénégal, Benin) et deux en Asie du Sud-Est (Vietnam, Philippines), et à leurs territoires urbains côtiers. Malgré les enjeux, l’urbain est faiblement pris en compte dans les politiques et pratiques de l’ACC et la GRC. La transversalité de ces domaines d’action se heurte à des fonctionnements institutionnels en silo. Depuis les années 90, le cadre international de la GRC accorde une place majeure à la prévention des catastrophes. Pour autant, dans les pays, la GRC reste surtout cantonnée à la gestion de crise et considérée comme un exercice de réponse à l’urgence. L’évaluation du risque climatique, considérée comme le point de départ du processus de convergence entre l’ACC et la GRC est faiblement mobilisée lors de l’élaboration des documents de planification territoriale. Aussi, les contraintes auxquelles font face les collectivités (institutionnelles, politiques, financières et techniques) freinent les processus de mise en oeuvre. L’engagement des communautés, reconnu aux Philippines en matière de GRC, constitue une piste intéressante mais est encore peu mobilisé dans les autres pays. A l’issue de cette étude portant sur les territoires urbains, il apparaitrait ainsi fondamental pour une convergence effective entre ACC et GRC au niveau territorial de : renforcer la mobilisation des évaluation des risques climatiques, d’explorer davantage le nexus entre développement, adaptation et gestion des risques de catastrophe ainsi que l'implication des communautés. Une approche par la résilience, en milieu urbain, et le développement d'outils d’aide à la mobilisation des acteurs et à la prise de décision à l’échelle locale constituent aussi des axes à approfondir pour faciliter la mise en oeuvre d'une convergence souhaitée entre ACC et GRC. |
| Keywords: | Bénin, Sénégal, Philippines, Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr15894&r=env |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Münnich, Astrid; Solle, Christian; Schroers, Jan Ole; Teßner, Maryia |
| Abstract: | Dieses Thünen Working Paper befasst sich mit der Frage, welche Auswirkungen ein Grenzanbieteransatz auf die Ableitung von Förderhöhen für Agrarumweltmaßnahmen hätte. Hintergrund der Überlegungen ist, dass die GAP-Strategieplan-Verordnung der EU explizit vorsieht, dass bei der Bemessung der Prämienhöhe der intendierte Förderumfang berücksichtigt werden soll. Ferner sind bei einer politisch intendierten hohen Durchdringung von bestimmten Maßnahmen Durchschnittskostenbetrachtungen nicht adäquat, um das Förderziel zu erreichen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden zuerst die ökonomischen Überlegungen hinter dem Grenzanbieteransatz kurz erläutert. In einem zweiten Schritt wird dargelegt, in welchem Umfang in den Bundesländern entsprechende Überlegungen gegenwärtig explizit in die Ableitung der Prämienhöhen für Agrarumwelt- und Klimamaßnahmen einfließen. Darauf folgt eine Skizzierung verschiedener Ansätze, wie ein Grenzanbieteransatz in die Ableitung von Prämienhöhen integriert werden kann und welche Voraussetzungen hinsichtlich Technik und Daten jeweils notwendig wären. Von den vier dargelegten Optionen ist nur ein Ansatz, nämlich jener auf Basis einer Ad-hoc-Definition des Grenzanbieters, für die überwiegende Zahl der Maßnahmen kurzfristig implementierbar. Das Thünen Working Paper schließt mit der Skizzierung eines Arbeitsprogrammes, das die Grundlagen schaffen würde, sodass ein Grenzanbieteransatz bei der Ableitung der Förderhöhen in der nächsten GAP-Förderperiode (ab 2027) stärkere Anwendung finden könnte. |
| Keywords: | GAP nach 2020, Prämienniveau, Agrarumweltmaßnahmen, CAP post 2020, payment levels, agri-environmental measures |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:217&r=env |
| By: | B.A. Caparros; Jean-Christophe Pereau (GREThA - Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the outcomes of multilateral and sequential negotiation procedures in a Rubinstein alternating-offers model where two polluters and a victim bargain over both, transfers and pollution levels. We show that the Coase Theorem does not hold in a multilateral framework if sequential negotiations are possible (not imposed), although there are no frictions and no delays between stages. Sequential negotiations lead to emission levels which are not socially optimal, but players involved in the first agreement in the sequential path may prefer this path and hence launch it. We also show that when negotiations focus only on transfers, as commonly assumed, the inefficiency vanishes. Finally, we show that the inefficiency can be explained by the player's inside options, which are given by their potential temporary disagreement payoffs, despite the fact that agreements are reached immediately in equilibrium. Results are generalized to a large number of polluters. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03432922&r=env |
| By: | Francesco Saverio Bucci; Matteo Cristofaro; Pier Luigi Giardino |
| Abstract: | With the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, two epidemics have spread: one for health and one for information. The virus has generated an unprecedented infodemic, contributing to the establishment of a climate of great uncertainty. Massive and redundant information has also been an effective vector of propaganda, on a global scale, by state and non-state actors. A real hostile act in which physical violence is not foreseen, but systematic management of information through the manipulation of the cognitive sphere. For this reason, the adoption of an attitude of active critical analysis by citizens and institutions and also the implementation of common policies at an international level could undoubtedly facilitate the fight against cognitive warfare (so-called cognitive warfare) and therefore limit its disastrous effects. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.00706&r=env |
| By: | Runge, Tania; Eichhorn, Theresa; Schaller, Lena |
| Abstract: | In dieser Studie stellen wir die Befragungsergebnisse aus Deutschland und Österreich zu zwei bisher in diesen Ländern noch wenig in der Praxis etablierte Agrarumweltmaßnahmen vor, nämlich den ergebnisbasierten und den kollektiven Agrarumweltschutz. Es wurden Landwirt*innen und Stakeholder*innen getrennt befragt. Die zwei Befragungen pro Land erfolgten im Frühjahr 2021 zu einem Zeitpunkt, wo der europarechtliche Rahmen für die GAP nach 2022 bereits bekannt war. In diesem wird sowohl die ergebnisbasierte Bezahlung als auch die kollektive Umsetzung als Option für Agrarumwelt- und Klimamaßnahmen (AUKM) angeboten. Noch nicht veröffentlicht waren zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung die jeweilige nationale Ausgestaltung der GAP. [...] Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die vergleichende Betrachtung der Einstellungen und Meinungen der deutschen und österreichischen Landwirt*innen es erlaubte, vertragsspezifische Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen beiden Ländern herauszuarbeiten. Unterschiede zeigen sich u. a. bei der künftigen Teilnahmebereitschaft und der Einschätzung der Eignung von ergebnisbasiertem bzw. kollektivem Vertrag zum Schutz ausgewählter Umweltgüter. |
| Keywords: | Agrarumweltmaßnahmen, Akzeptanz, Online-Befragungen, PESTLE-Ansatz, agri-environmental measures, acceptance, online surveys, PESTLE approach |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:218&r=env |
| By: | Pratista, Anguri Nasywa; Dwicahyo, Bambang Kusumo; Muniroh, Liwaul; Maulani, Ragil Gilang; Rizkyna, Pricillia Catur; Arenda, Fara; A’isyah, Aura Nur; Fathoni, Ahmad |
| Abstract: | The waste bank is one of the efforts to overcome the waste problem. Through the waste bank, the community can use it as an attempt to improve the economy. This study aims to apply a waste bank as an effort to enhance the community's economy in the area of RT 05 RW 03 Manukan Lor, Banjar Sugihan Village, Tandes District, Surabaya City. The method used in this study is observation and interviews with local communities regarding bank waste that is carried out in the area. The results of this study indicate that the waste bank in RT 05 has played a role in improving the economy of the surrounding community. |
| Date: | 2023–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ekubw&r=env |
| By: | Raphaelle G. Coulombe; Akhil Rao |
| Abstract: | We study the dynamic effects of fires on county labor markets in the US using a novel geophysical measure of fire exposure based on satellite imagery. We find increased fire exposure causes lower employment growth in the short and medium run, with medium-run effects being linked to migration. We also document heterogeneous effects across counties by education and industrial concentration levels, states of the business cycle, and fire size. By overcoming challenges in measuring fire impacts, we identify vulnerable places and economic states, offering guidance on tailoring relief efforts and contributing to a broader understanding of natural disasters' economic impacts. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2308.02739&r=env |
| By: | Maxime FOREST |
| Abstract: | Ce papier de recherche aborde deux sous champs importants de la littérature sur les communs – l’étude des communs de l’eau et des communs urbains, au prisme de la prise en compte de la dimension du genre, entendue comme l’ensemble des hiérarchies sociales et symboliques associées à la division des rôles sexués. Le papier propose un état des lieux de ces deux sous-ensembles de la littérature, qui souligne d’une part l’importance de la thématique de l’eau dans les travaux menés à l’intersection des champs genre et communs et d’autre part, le cas atypique posé par l’étude des communs urbains aux cadres d’analyse classiques des communs. Cet état des lieux est complété d’une analyse des limites de la prise en compte du genre par les travaux sur les communs de l’eau et les communs urbains. Des pistes de recherche sont esquissées pour y remédier. Celles-ci soulignent qu’une perspective de genre permet de dévoiler les logiques de reproduction sociale à l’œuvre dans la plupart des communs, « anciens » comme « nouveaux », et de comprendre sous quelles conditions et à travers quelles règles d’inclusion/exclusion et quels mécanismes de gouvernance, les communs sont susceptibles de constituer des lieux et des pratiques d’émancipation et de transformation sociale. A l’échelle des acteurs du développement, le papier invite à promouvoir un nouveau référentiel d’action et d’évaluation fondé sur une prise en compte systématique des aspects de genre dans tout effort d’analyse ou de développement de modes de gestion collaboratifs des communs, ainsi qu’à envisager ces enjeux sous l’angle d’une action climatique transformative pour les rapports sociaux de sexe et les institutions sociales associées à l’usage et la gouvernance des ressources en partage. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–08–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr15835&r=env |
| By: | Dobdinga C. Fonchamnyo (The University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Boniface N. Epo (The University of Yaoundé 2, Cameroon); Giyoh G. Nginyu (The University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of biocapacity and institutional quality on inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using system-GMM on a sample of 39 countries, it is found that institutional quality increases inclusive human development and all its components. It is also established that biocapacity positively affects inclusive human development and the underlying positive effect is driven by the inclusive health component of inclusive human development and not by the inclusive education and inclusive income components of inclusive human development. A keen follow-up of environmental laws is a safe path for inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | biocapacity, institutional quality, inclusive human development |
| JEL: | G20 I10 I32 O40 P37 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/044&r=env |
| By: | Magali Savès (CLERSÉ - Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Nous proposons donc d'étudier quel(s) modèle(s) alternatif(s) de gouvernance permettrai(en)t aux entreprises de mieux prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux dans leurs décisions d'investissement. Notre hypothèse est qu'un modèle de gouvernance partenariale serait plus à même de prendre en compte la question environnementale. En effet, en se basant sur les travaux de Keynes concernant la prise de décision en situation d'incertitude, et en considérant les préoccupations environnementales comme construits collectifs (Godard, 1900, 1993, 2004a), une prise de décision collective nous semble davantage appropriée. Une meilleure représentation salariale suffirait-elle alors à prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux ? Les salarié es devraient être davantage préoccupé es par la pérennisation de leur entreprise que par la rentabilité de ses activités à court terme. On pourrait donc penser qu'une entreprise donnant davantage de poids aux salarié es dans les prises de décision s'orienterait vers une trajectoire plus durable donc plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Cependant, comme précisé plus haut, la gouvernance se définit également par les comportements valorisés au sein de l'entreprise. On peut donc supposer que la capacité de cette gouvernance à prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux dépendrait des « bonnes pratiques » en vigueur au sein de chaque entreprise. Godard (1900, 1993, 2004a) applique en ce sens les outils de l'école des conventions à l'environnement en proposant des « conventions d'environnement » sur lesquelles nous pourrions baser notre analyse. De plus, environnement et travail représentent deux parties prenantes distinctes de l'entreprise. Les intérêts des salarié es ne peuvent donc pas représenter totalement les intérêts de l'environnement. Comment alors représenter plus formellement l'environnement dans la gouvernance des entreprises ? Jacques Richard (2012) propose un modèle de cogestion environnementale basé sur le modèle allemand de cogestion. Ce modèle, adopté après la 2nde GM, consistait à octroyer à chaque individu un droit sur les décisions fondamentales de l'entreprise, qu'il soit apporteur de capital financier ou apporteur de travail. En ajoutant à ce modèle l'environnement, le pouvoir de décision serait alors réparti en trois tiers égaux au sein des instances de décision de l'entreprise. Demeurent plusieurs questions d'ordre pratique : à qui confier la représentation de l'environnement : des ONG environnementales, des représentants du ministère de l'environnement, des riverains… ? comment régler les divergences d'intérêt ? ce type de gouvernance serait-il applicable à toutes formes d'entreprise (dont les SNF cotées) ? |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04169591&r=env |
| By: | Silvia Sacchetti; Andrea Salustri |
| Abstract: | La ricerca affronta il tema della produzione e della distruzione di valore pubblico mettendo a confronto l’azione dell’economia sociale e solidale (ESS) con il recente sviluppo dei trust di criptovalute. L’approccio teorico integra le analisi economiche standard con le questioni che emergono da analisi socioeconomiche più eterodosse: gli studi sulla felicità pubblica, l’approccio dello sviluppo umano e delle capacità , la letteratura sulla governance e sulle preferenze inclusive e il governo dei beni comuni. Sulla base di queste premesse, un quadro teorico unificato permette di comprendere la natura multiforme delle reti di cooperazione e dei beni relazionali che esse implicitamente generano. Il quadro teorico elaborato consente inoltre di chiarire come, a seconda delle preferenze sociali e individuali degli attori coinvolti nei processi di co-produzione e co-consumo, tali reti possano (o meno) contribuire alla creazione di valore pubblico netto. Riteniamo che un elemento distintivo che influisce su questo risultato sia la natura orizzontale (cooperativa e inclusiva) o verticale (asimmetrica ed esclusiva) delle modalità di coordinamento. L’analisi teorica è utilizzata per mettere a confronto due casi paradigmatici di cooperazione: (i) la cooperazione profonda che anima l’azione dell’ESS e (ii) la cooperazione superficiale che rende efficienti i trust di criptovalute. Nel complesso, i due meccanismi di coordinamento sono profondamente diversi e rispondono a obiettivi differenti: pro-sociali attraverso la cooperazione profonda nel primo caso, speculativi attraverso meccanismi di prezzo e cooperazione superficiale nel secondo caso. Oltre a un valore intrinseco, entrambi i tipi di cooperazione hanno un valore strumentale, in quanto consentono potenzialmente ai beneficiari di aumentare i propri consumi e di raggiungere standard di vita migliori, ma il loro impatto sui processi di sviluppo è radicalmente diverso. |
| Keywords: | Creazione di valore pubblico netto, Governance inclusiva, Beni relazionali, Economia sociale e solidale, Cryptocurrency trust |
| JEL: | P13 L31 L33 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpeu:23130&r=env |