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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Mr. Simon Black; Ian W.H. Parry; Mr. Victor Mylonas; Nate Vernon; Karlygash Zhunussova |
| Abstract: | To stabilize the climate, global greenhouse gas emissions must be cut by 25 to 50 percent by 2030 compared to 2019. Such an unprecedented rate of decarbonization necessitates climate mitigation policies across countries, notably carbon pricing, fossil fuel subsidy reform, renewable subsidies, feebates, emission rate regulations, and public investments. To design and implement effective, efficient, and equitable policies, governments need tools to assess economic, environmental, fiscal, and social impacts. To support this effort, the IMF and World Bank are making their joint Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) available to governments. CPAT is a transparent, flexible, and user-friendly model covering over 200 countries. It allows for the rapid quantification of impacts of climate mitigation policies, including on energy demand, prices, emissions, revenues, welfare, GDP, households and industries, local air pollution and health, and many other metrics. This paper describes the CPAT model, its data sources, key assumptions, and caveats. |
| Keywords: | CPAT; climate mitigation; carbon pricing; instrument choice; fiscal incidence; health co-benefits; transport co-benefits; welfare effects |
| Date: | 2023–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/128&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | Policymakers across the world are striving to tackle the century-defining challenge of climate change without undermining potential growth. This paper examines the impact of structural reforms in the energy sector (electricity and gas) on enviromental outcomes and green growth indicators in a panel of 25 advanced economies during the period 1970-2020. We obtain striking results. First, while structural reforms so far failed in reducing greenhouse gas emissions per capita, there is some evidence for greater effectiveness in lowering emissions per unit of GDP. Second, although energy reforms are not associated with higher supply of renewable energy as a share of total energy supply, they appear to stimulate a sustained increase in environmental inventions and patents per capita over the medium term. We also find strong evidence of nonlinear effects, with market-friendly energy reforms leading to better environmental outcomes and green growth in countries with stronger environmental regulations. Looking forward, therefore, structural reforms should be designed not just for market efficiency but also for green growth. |
| Keywords: | Structural reforms; environment; green growth; panel data; local projection; environmental policy; energy reform; market efficiency; reform shock; EU country; EPS index; Sustainable growth; Greenhouse gas emissions; Global |
| Date: | 2023–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/120&r=env |
| By: | Kariofillia, Petridou; Mimis, Angelos; Bithas, Kostas |
| Abstract: | Climate change has a crucial impact on European agriculture in plenty of ways. The role of land use systems, such as agriculture, as a climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy is important as these systems can collect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and store carbon (C). Although biomass carbon storage in agriculture has been highly neglected. The methodological difficulties in estimating the C stock of biomass and soil storage of Carbon are reinforced by the lack of reliable estimates of the agriculture area. This research analyses the relationship between changes in tree cover in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean area (more specifically in the regions of Spain, Italy and Greece) and the storage of biomass carbon (associated with the related mitigation of CO2 emissions). Remote sensing images have become a valuable source of data for this analysis. Α set of remote sensing data with MODIS satellite images was used and was combined with Tier 1 carbon storage estimates to estimate carbon dioxide storage for the Mediterranean climate zones. The measurements for biomass carbon were made at the overall level for the Mediterranean but also separately for the national and regional levels of Italy, Greece and Spain. The findings of the research showed that the distribution of tree cover in agricultural areas widely followed the climatic zones. Most part of the agricultural land in Europe is estimated at levels around 10 t C / ha. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:337122&r=env |
| By: | Mitoula, Roido; Gkagkosi, Natalia |
| Abstract: | The present paper deals with the analysis of the current situation of the Municipality of Elliniko - Argyroupoli, in the region of Attica in Greece, regarding the sustainable urban resilience to impending disasters. The disasters are divided into natural and technological, of which natural disasters have affected the Municipality of Elliniko - Argyroupoli in recent years. Climate change, the increasing trend of urbanization, and the city's complexity are among the main reasons that necessitate urban resilience to prevent, respond to, and recover from a variety of impending disasters. The operational plans for civil protection, combined with the sustainable urban mobility plans and the waste management plans of the Municipality of Elliniko - Argyroupoli, make it a model municipality for achieving urban resilience. Through the results of the questionnaire, conclusions are drawn that could be considered useful both for the further analysis of the current situation and for the design of future policies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:337130&r=env |
| By: | Mitoula, Roido; Gkagkosi, Natalia |
| Abstract: | The present paper deals with the analysis of the current situation of the Municipality of Elliniko - Argyroupoli, in the region of Attica in Greece, regarding the sustainable urban resilience to impending disasters. The disasters are divided into natural and technological, of which natural disasters have affected the Municipality of Elliniko - Argyroupoli in recent years. Climate change, the increasing trend of urbanization, and the city's complexity are among the main reasons that necessitate urban resilience to prevent, respond to, and recover from a variety of impending disasters. The operational plans for civil protection, combined with the sustainable urban mobility plans and the waste management plans of the Municipality of Elliniko - Argyroupoli, make it a model municipality for achieving urban resilience. Through the results of the questionnaire, conclusions are drawn that could be considered useful both for the further analysis of the current situation and for the design of future policies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:337130&r=env |
| By: | Kariofillia, Petridou; Mimis, Angelos; Bithas, Kostas |
| Abstract: | Climate change has a crucial impact on European agriculture in plenty of ways. The role of land use systems, such as agriculture, as a climate change mitigation and adaptation strategy is important as these systems can collect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and store carbon (C). Although biomass carbon storage in agriculture has been highly neglected. The methodological difficulties in estimating the C stock of biomass and soil storage of Carbon are reinforced by the lack of reliable estimates of the agriculture area. This research analyses the relationship between changes in tree cover in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean area (more specifically in the regions of Spain, Italy and Greece) and the storage of biomass carbon (associated with the related mitigation of CO2 emissions). Remote sensing images have become a valuable source of data for this analysis. Α set of remote sensing data with MODIS satellite images was used and was combined with Tier 1 carbon storage estimates to estimate carbon dioxide storage for the Mediterranean climate zones. The measurements for biomass carbon were made at the overall level for the Mediterranean but also separately for the national and regional levels of Italy, Greece and Spain. The findings of the research showed that the distribution of tree cover in agricultural areas widely followed the climatic zones. Most part of the agricultural land in Europe is estimated at levels around 10 t C / ha. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:337122&r=env |
| By: | Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jette Bredahl Jacobsen (IFRO - Institute of Food and Resource Economics [Copenhagen] - Faculty of Science [Copenhagen] - UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet); Suzanne Elizabeth Vedel (Tech & Environm Adm, Dept Analyt, Copenhagen); Udo Mantau (INFRO Informationssysteme Rohstoffe, Celle,); Robert Mavsar (EFI - European Forest Institute); Davide Pettenella (TeSAF - Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry - Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua); Irina Prokofieva (EFI - European Forest Institute); Florian Schubert (INTEND Geoinformat GmbH, Kassel); Anne Stenger (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Elsa Varela (Forest Sci & Technol Ctr Catalonia, Lleida); Enrico Vidale (TeSAF - Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry - Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua); Bo Jellesmark Thorsen (IFRO - Institute of Food and Resource Economics [Copenhagen] - Faculty of Science [Copenhagen] - UCPH - University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet) |
| Abstract: | Policies mitigating climate change provide a global public good but are also likely to imply local co-benefits where implemented. This may affect citizens' preferences for what policy to implement as well as where to implement it. This aspect remains understudied despite its relevance for international climate negotiations, national policies, and the development of voluntary carbon credit markets. The results of a discrete choice experiment show that citizens in five countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy and Spain) have quite similar mean willingness to pay for carbon emission reductions and agree on the ranking of policies targeting different sectors. Specifically, policies targeting renewable energy use, are preferred over policies targeting industrial energy efficiency or carbon sequestration and biomass production in forests. Applying follow-up questions shows that concerns over co-benefits, notably air pollution, is linked to preferences for implementation in the home country. In the absence of co-benefits, citizens are indifferent or prefer policies implemented in other countries. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions, Cobenefits, Willingness to pay, Choice experiment, Crosscountry study, Policy acceptability |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04132398&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Lenain; Ben Westmore; Quoc Huy Vu; Minh Cuong Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Viet Nam has been quick to recover from the downturns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, but it faces long-term economic challenges. Boosting labour productivity will be crucial to sustained high economic growth. Attracting further foreign investment and reaping the benefit of advanced technologies will require additional improvements to the business environment through simplifying administrative procedures. Levelling the playing field of competition between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises will also help to maintain Viet Nam’s attraction for international investors. The country is already among the leaders of digitalisation in Southeast Asia, with strong adoption of e-commerce, telemedicine and telework. Further investment in digital skills will be key to maintain this momentum. The authorities have committed to net zero carbon emissions by 2050 and are expanding renewable energy generation capacity. A comprehensive decarbonisation plan would facilitate the transition to greener growth. |
| Keywords: | business climate, carbon pricing, climate policy, digital skills, digitalisation, energy transition, foreign investment, net zero, productivity |
| JEL: | H23 J24 K23 O14 Q43 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1770-en&r=env |
| By: | Théophile Anquetin; Guillaume Coqueret (EM - emlyon business school); Bertrand Tavin (Carbon4 Finance); Lou Welgryn |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to study the performance of carbon-based portfolios when all emissions scopes are accounted for. We formalize low-carbon portfolio strategies by integrating a carbon intensity penalty to a constrained mean-variance optimization framework. To do so, we resort to direct and indirect emissions data, split between Scopes 1-2 and Scope 3. Our empirical results show that it is possible to cut emission intensities in half at least with virtually no loss in Sharpe ratio for reasonable levels of the carbon constraint. These results are valid across various choices of risk aversions, and irrespective of emissions data provider. For a sustainability-aware investor, these low-carbon portfolios are associated to a higher level of welfare compared to their traditional counterpart. We find that the corresponding allocations are shifted towards assets with higher returns while keeping the portfolio's volatility unchanged. Overall, our results add to the literature contending that sustainable investing is not costly. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04144612&r=env |
| By: | Matthew Kotchen; Andrew Vogt |
| Abstract: | International environment and development agencies increasingly emphasize external cofinancing when selecting projects to fund. This paper considers whether the emphasis on cofinancing helps promote institutional objectives, or creates perverse and inefficient incentives. We present a model of project selection that can apply to any funding agency, but focus on environmental multilateral funds and climate change. We show that introducing cofinancing objectives to a fund that seeks to maximize its immediate environmental impact is redundant as best, and more likely counterproductive. We test implications of our model using project-level data from two of the leading environmental multilateral funds, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). While tradeoffs exist between emission reductions and cofinancing, we find that they are not strong enough to imply that current cofinancing preferences are diminishing the environmental benefits that funds can claim. However, we also find that the emphasis on cofinancing in project selection is likely to be globally inefficient, as projects with greater cofinancing ratios tend to yield smaller emission reductions per gross dollar spent. This finding should sound a note of caution given the overall scarcity of financial resources available to achieve global climate goals. |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31458&r=env |
| By: | Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel |
| Abstract: | This systematic review explores the role of smart grid systems (SGS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in environmental conservation. Smart grid systems, incorporating advanced technologies such as sensors, data analytics, and renewable energy sources, enable efficient electricity distribution, load management, and grid stability. The IoT, through real-time monitoring and data collection of environmental parameters, facilitates proactive environmental management and resource allocation. By analysing existing research and case studies, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and challenges associated with these technologies. The findings highlight their potential in promoting energy conservation, informed decision-making, and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | smart grid systems, Internet of Things (IoT), environmental conservation, energy conservation, load management, grid stability, real-time monitoring, proactive environmental management, resource allocation, sustainability. |
| JEL: | L94 Q50 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117978&r=env |
| By: | Dubrie, Artie; Emanuel, Elizabeth; Opadeyi, Jacob; Grant, Valrie |
| Abstract: | The Caribbean is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, extreme weather events and other natural hazards. The subregion is also exposed to anthropogenic hazards, including petroleum and other industrial chemical spills, fires, and soil, air and water pollution. These hazards can result in loss of life and other health impacts, damage to infrastructure, social and economic disruptions and ecological degradation. To significantly reduce the negative effects of these hazards, it is important that key stakeholders, including national disaster management agencies, development partners, and the private sector, particularly insurance companies be integrally engaged in the shaping of comprehensive disaster risk management (DRM) strategies and plans. The success of DRM will depend on the effective management of relevant information and data. Geospatial Information Management (GIM) has enabled more timely, data-driven, informed DRM decision-making. This research provides an introduction to the status and use of GIM in support of DRM in the Caribbean region. The data and information obtained from on-line surveys and desk studies indicated that the Caribbean countries are at varying stages of progress towards the integration of GIM in DRM. Policy setting, legislation, education, capacity building, technological investment and institutional strengthening driving geospatial data management are priority areas identified for further advancing this progress. The study offers recommendations towards further strengthening the use of GIM in DRM both nationally and at the level of the Caribbean region. |
| Keywords: | DESASTRES NATURALES, PREVENCION DE DESASTRES, PREPARACION PARA CASOS DE DESASTRES, GESTION DE LOS RIESGOS, GESTION DE LA INFORMACION GEOESPACIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, NATURAL DISASTERS, DISASTER PREVENTION, DISASTER PREPAREDNESS, RISK MANAGEMENT, GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2023–06–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:48958&r=env |
| By: | Alt, Marius; Berger, Marius; Bersch, Johannes |
| Abstract: | Green startups are a major driver of eco-innovation and as such a major contributor to climate change mitigation and green growth. However, they often lack sufficient funding from investors. Our study focuses on the factors that determine venture capital investors to invest in green startups. In particular, we analyze how information about i) the investments into green startups of other investors and ii) investment provision by public institutions affect the willingness of investors to act accordingly. We combine data from an online survey with angel investors comprising a discrete choice experiment and data from the Mannheim Enterprise Panel. Our findings show that the expectation of future demand for green products and the environmental attitudes of investors can explain whether investors engage in the energy industry. Regarding the effect of information provision, we find that investors strongly respond to information on both investments in green startups by other investors and public investment in green startups. However, in both cases, investors reduce their investments in green startups after receiving the information. We show that this is due to investors largely overestimating the share of investments in green startups by others and due to a crowding out of private investment by investments of public institutions. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable investments, Venture capital, Belief updating, Discrete choice experiment, Panel data |
| JEL: | G11 Q56 M14 G02 A13 C25 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:23024&r=env |
| By: | Rausch, Sebastian; Yonezawa, Hidemichi |
| Abstract: | Technology policy is the most widespread form of climate policy and is often preferred over seemingly efficient carbon pricing. We propose a new explanation for this observation: gains that predominantly accrue to households with large capital assets and that influence majority decisions in favor of technology policy. We study climate policy choices in an overlapping generations model with heterogeneous energy technologies and distortionary income taxation. Compared to carbon pricing, green technology policy leads to a pronounced capital subsidy effect that benefits most of the current generations but burdens future generations. Based on majority voting which disregards future generations, green technology policies are favored over a carbon tax. Smart 'polluter-pays' financing of green technology policies enables obtaining the support of current generations while realizing efficiency gains for future generations. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q48 Q58 D58 H23 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:23017&r=env |
| By: | Matthew Chambers (Bureau of Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | Measuring the physical flows of resources and waste between the economy and environment is a central component of environmental-economic accounting as outlined in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), the United Nations standard for environmental accounting. This paper presents a SEEA-consistent proof-of-concept air emissions physical flows account for the United States. Primary data on emissions come from the U.S. EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI). The proof-of-concept account covers 2012–2017 and presents tabulated emissions by industry along with examples of additional analytic indicators such as trends in industry emissions and trends in emissions per dollar value added. Primary challenges in constructing this account are (1) adjusting the GHGI data from territory- to residency-based, and (2) attributing emissions to industries and institutional sectors. In this proof-of-concept account, emissions are adjusted to a residency basis using data on the activities of U.S. resident agents abroad and are attributed to industries in proportion to related measures of activity, like fuel purchases or output. |
| JEL: | E01 E20 I31 L92 L93 Q5 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bea:wpaper:0207&r=env |
| By: | Glenk, Gunther; Kelnhofer, Anton; Meier, Rebecca; Reichelstein, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Accounting for nearly 8% of global annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the cement industry is considered difficult to decarbonize. While a sizeable number of abatement levers for Portland cement production are technologically ready for deployment, many are still viewed as prohibitively expensive. Here we develop a generic abatement cost framework for identifying cost-efficient pathways toward substantial emission reductions. We calibrate our model with new industry data in the context of European cement plants that must obtain emission permits under the European Emission Trading System. We find that a price of €81 per ton of CO2, as observed on average in 2022, incentivizes firms to reduce their annual direct emissions by about one-third relative to the status quo. Yet, this willingness to abate emissions increases sharply at a carbon price of €100 per ton. If cement producers were to expect such carbon price levels to persist in the future, they would have incentives to reduce emissions by almost 80% relative to current emission levels. |
| Keywords: | marginal abatement cost, carbon emissions, industrial decarbonization, cement production |
| JEL: | M1 O33 Q42 Q52 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:23023&r=env |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley I. Okere (Gregory University, Uturu, Nigeria); Bernard C. Azolibe (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Kingsley C. Onyenwife (Igbariam, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The combination of rising debt levels, poor electricity access, and environmental deterioration could threaten the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Hence, this inquiry examined the implications of public borrowing and access to electricity on environmental sustainability (proxied by ecological footprint (ECOL) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), largely overlooked in the literature. In addition to pre-estimation, diagnostic and robustness checks utilized in the study, the instrumental variable generalized method of moment (IV-GMM) approach is employed to examine annual data from 39 SSA economies between 2005 and 2018. The key findings indicate that public debt negatively influences environmental sustainability in the region, while access to electricity exerts a positive and significant impact on environmental sustainability. The study provides recommendations for SSA policymakers to significantly reduce pollution and protect the environment which is vital for sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Environmental sustainability, SSA, Public debt, Electricity access, Ecological Footprint, Carbon Emission |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/043&r=env |
| By: | Kjellen, M.; Wong, C.; van Koppen, Barbara (International Water Management Institute); Uprety, Labisha (International Water Management Institute); Mukuyu, Patience (International Water Management Institute); Avidar, O.; Willaarts, B.; Tang, T.; Witmer, L.; Nagabhatla, N.; De Lombaerde, P.; Lindelien, M. C.; Dhot, N.; Saleh, A. |
| Keywords: | Water governance; Civil society; Public-private partnerships; Cooperation; Sustainable Development Goals; Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation; Integrated water resources management; Water security; Food security; Climate change; Policies; Stakeholders; Strategies; Women |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051827&r=env |
| By: | Lilit Popoyan; Alessandro Sapio |
| Abstract: | In this work, we ask whether tradable emissions permits, based on the cap-and-trade principle, provide better climate change and economic projections than alternative regulations for GHG emissions, such as operational permits which are commonly used to mitigate non-GHG emissions (prevention first principle). Towards this goal, we simulate climate and the economy through a new version of the Dystopian Schumpeter meeting Keynes (DSK) model, extended to include an emission trading system (ETS) and operational permit systems. We show that climatic and economic projections in an ETS scenario need not be superior to those in an operational permit scenario. Which system delivers more encouraging projections on temperature anomalies, the green transition, and economic dynamics depends on institutional details, such as the set of firms for which permits are mandatory; the regulatory requirement of corrective measures; the magnitude of penalties; the stringency of the ETS. An ETS with a declining number of permits emerges as the best-performing system in terms of macroeconomic, microeconomic, and climate outcomes. A system of operational permits mandatory only for large firms (centralised permits) ranks as the second-best system, provided that the regulator imposes corrective measures regarding R&D expenses and machinery replacement. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Environmental permits; Emissions trading system; Polluter pays principle; Agent-based models; Macro-economic dynamics. |
| Date: | 2023–07–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2023/29&r=env |
| By: | Latino, Carmelo; Pelizzon, Loriana; Riedel, Max |
| Abstract: | This literature survey explores the potential avenues for the design of a green auto asset-backed security by focusing on the European auto securitization market. In this context, we examine the entire value chain of the securitization process to understand the incentives and interests involved at various stages of the transaction. We review recent regulatory developments, feasibility concerns, and potential designs of a sustainable securitization framework. Our study suggests that a Green Auto ABS should be based on both a green use of proceeds and a green collateral-based methodology. |
| Keywords: | Securitization, Car Loans, Sustainable Finance, Low-emission vehicles, Regulation |
| JEL: | G23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:391&r=env |
| By: | Pramendra Singh Tank; Sanjay Kumar Jain; Balagopal Gopalakrishnan |
| Abstract: | In the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21), countries pledged to restrict global warming to 1.5-2.0 degrees Celsius by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We examine whether firms respond to the commitments made by countries in the period following the agreement. Using cross-country data with 68, 471 firm-year observations and a policy experiment approach, we find that manufacturing firms domiciled in countries with ex-ante higher GHG emissions per capita reduce their capital expenditure intensity after COP21. We also find that the market valuations of such firms are substantially depressed compared to those firms located in countries with low GHG emissions per capita. The findings suggest that climate policy uncertainty and transition risks have likely contributed to the heterogeneous firm response across countries. The insights from our study contribute to a relatively novel literature that assesses the impact of the global climate agreement on capital expenditure intensity and market valuation. |
| Date: | 2023–08–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14700&r=env |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | [Water, a blessing and a curse: how to resolve water conflicts in West Africa?] - For many Africans, water is not only the source of life but also a means of purification and a centre of regeneration. Water rituals and cults, such as 'Mami Wata’, lead their followers to liberation of body and spirit. But customary rites can also cause harm. For example, the ancestral use of irrigation reduces contemporary female labour participation and female property rights. It is crucial to consider gender in resource management in the context of climate change, environmental degradation and population growth, which will exacerbate conflicts over scarce resources such as arable land, water, fishing and hunting. Poor governance leads to the alienation and exploitation of the majority and growing inequality, especially when water is scarce and people's livelihoods are threatened. Sub-Saharan Africa is the continent most affected by climate change, population growth and food insecurity. Yet African states, where water ecosystems are strategic resources, are more inclined to regional conflict than cooperation. In the past, climate-related shocks have fuelled violent conflict in West Africa. Land pressure and water scarcity are causing increasingly acute crises. Traditional institutions of water and land management are often destabilised by modern irrigation techniques and massive inflows of foreign capital. Modernisation is driven by a Western-centred utilitarianism that cannot be universalised. The intensification of conflicts over water has revealed a general crisis that is likely to worsen, given the dynamics at work. Environmental degradation is one of the undesirable by-products of agricultural productivity growth, but customary institutions cannot provide adequate regulation to mitigate its effects. But even in West African regions where water is plentiful, the resource curse links the abundance of natural resources to higher levels of conflict. The commercialisation of water, including land and water grabbing, can even lead to interstate conflict through the effects of greed or grievances. Ultimately, however, conflicts are often not so much about access to scarce resources such as water, food or land, but rather about changing the political institutions through which resources are distributed. Water scarcity puts pressure on people, resulting in migration, displacement, food insecurity and impoverishment, which can lead to further conflict. |
| Keywords: | pénurie de l'eau; rites de l'eau; institutions coutumières; changement climatique; malédiction des ressources; inégalité genre; accaparement des terres; accaparement de l'eau; gouvernance; migration; développement durable; post-colonialisme; secteur informel; commerce international; APD; Afrique subsaharienne; Afrique de l'Ouest; Mali; Nigeria; Sénégal; Études africaines; |
| JEL: | D02 D18 D23 D31 D43 D47 E26 F13 F21 F22 F35 F51 F52 F54 F64 I31 J16 N17 N37 N47 N57 N97 O13 Q15 Q25 Q54 Q55 Q56 Z13 |
| Date: | 2023–07–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118149&r=env |
| By: | Sefa Awaworyi Churchill; Trong-Anh Trinh; Michael Danquah |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of temperature shocks and climate change on household financial behaviour in Viet Nam. To do so, we first estimate the effect of temperature on household borrowing and savings using Vietnamese longitudinal data that matches satellite reanalysis temperature data with household information over the period 2008 to 2016. We find that an additional day with an average temperature of greater than 30°C, relative to the number of days in the 18-22°C range, is associated with a 6.3 per cent decrease in household savings and a 1.4 per cent increase in household borrowing. |
| Keywords: | Temperature, Weather shock, Climate change, Saving, Viet Nam |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-95&r=env |
| By: | Bozzola, Martina; Lamonaca, Emilia; Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano |
| Abstract: | Climate change and trade are closely related. Climate may alter the comparative advantages across countries, which may in turn trigger changes in trade patterns. Trade itself may constitute an adaptation strategy, moving excesses of agri-food supply to regions with shortages, and this in turn may explain changes in land-use. We investigate these linkages, showing that the changes in climate affect counties’ trade value and contribute to reshaping trade patterns. First, we quantify the long-term impacts of climate on the value of agri-food exports, implicitly considering the ability of countries to adapt, and show that higher marginal temperatures and rainfall levels tend to be beneficial for countries’ exports. Following a gravity model approach, we then link the evolving trade patterns to climate change adaptation strategies. We find that the larger the difference in temperatures and rainfall levels between trading partners, the higher the value of bilateral exports. Furthermore, while developed and developing exporters are both sensitive to climate change and to cross-countries heterogeneity in climate, we found their responses to changes in climate to be quite diverse. |
| Keywords: | Climate normal; Climate heterogeneity; Export; Economic development. |
| JEL: | F18 O13 O44 Q17 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117939&r=env |
| By: | Raul Barroso (IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, F-59000 Lille, France); Tinghua Duan (IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie Management, F-59000 Lille, France); Siyue Guo (IESEG School of Management, France); Oskar Kowalewski (IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Économie, F-59000 Lille, France) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of international gender diversity reforms in the board of directors on carbon emissions. Employing a difference-in-differences-in-differences analysis, we analyze the relationship between the increase in female representation on boards following these reforms and changes in firms' carbon emissions. Our results reveal a significant decline in carbon emissions with an increase in the proportion of female board members. The reduction in carbon emissions is observed to be more pronounced when gender reform is legally enforced. Additionally, our findings indicate that a combination of climate regulations and higher female representation on boards leads to a decline in both, direct and indirect carbon emissions. These findings underscore the importance of legal enforcement in promoting board gender diversity, which, in turn, plays a critical role in addressing climate change. |
| Keywords: | : gender diversity reforms, climate change, law, enforcement |
| JEL: | G34 J16 Q54 K42 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:f202302&r=env |
| By: | Robert Stewart (The University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | Canada, like other G7 countries, has set an ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction target for 2030, and a goal of net zero emissions by 2050. However, while other G7 countries’ emissions levels have declined over the last decade, Canada’s emissions have risen. Despite government policies and public financing to counter this trend, there remains a financing gap for low-carbon investments that support the 2030 target. Public financing is insufficient and private financing can be constrained by barriers such as policy uncertainties, undesirable financial risks, and high capital demand for project investments. Green Investment Banks (GIBs) are designed to finance low-carbon economic development by mobilizing private financial capital towards low-carbon investments. This paper describes and analyses GIBs as institutional tools capable of addressing the low-carbon financing gap in Canada. I identify the main characteristics of GIBs (governance structure, capitalization method, asset vehicles, and performance measurement) and show how GIBs are being used to catalyse low-carbon investments and build institutional capacity to support low-carbon economic development. GIBs focus on long-term financing instruments and innovative financing mechanisms to reduce the barriers between private capital and low-carbon investments. GIBs help scale up private investments and reduce dependence on limited and inconsistently available public financing. GIBs can also support institutional capacitybuilding by aiding low-carbon policy development and supporting environmental awareness and low-carbon transition education. This paper looks at four well-established GIBs – Australia’s Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), the UK Green Investment Bank (UKGIB), the Connecticut Green Bank (CTGB), and the New York Green Bank (NYGB) – and describes some of their achievements. The paper then discusses the potential for municipal GIBs in Canada, and highlights The Atmospheric Fund (TAF) in Toronto and the Low-Carbon Cities Canada (LC3) Network, which will establish institutions similar to TAF in six other Canadian cities: Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, Montréal, and Halifax. While TAF operates like a GIB, there is more focus on grantmaking than is typically observed in other notable GIBs. TAF operates as both a grant-making and an investing institution. TAF’s grants, however, are funded from investment returns on its endowment capital, protecting its capital from being eroded. In general, grants reduce capital recycling potential and limit capital growth. While capital growth may not be an intended part of TAF’s mandate, a more standard GIB approach would reduce grants in favour of commercial financing that can attract private investment. GIBs have been increasing in the United States, but are absent in Canada. The emerging LC3 Network could implement the GIB model across Canadian cities to leverage the catalytic financing capabilities that GIBs bring to low-carbon investments. To support this outcome, the LC3 Network should focus on building coalitions with financial institutions to identify barriers between the sources and destinations of financial capital, and develop effective mechanisms to reduce these barriers and accelerate private financing for low-carbon investment projects in Canadian cities. Through the GIB model, cities can also further leverage institutional capacity-building for low-carbon economic development. |
| Keywords: | green investment banks, infrasture, The Atmospheric Fund, municipalities, low-carbon investments, TAF, municipal green investment banks |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:perspe:34&r=env |
| By: | Brice Foulon (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Sylvain Marsat (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to understand whether prior environmental footprint helps firms to be more resilient against penalties following environmental violations. While the allocation of resources to diminish the company's environmental footprint might be considered detrimental to its financial recovery, the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) argues that environmental capabilities may foster firm resilience when faced with the shocks of environmental penalties. We collected data from press releases using Factiva between 2006 and 2019 to constitute an original sample of 143 events concerning US listed firms subjected to fines for environmental misconduct initiated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Using survival analysis methodology, we empirically find that firms with lower environmental footprints prior to the penalty recover sooner from the financial shock, hence exhibiting higher capabilities of resilience. This finding is robust to different survival analysis models and time windows. Our empirical analysis expands the range of studies supporting environmental performance as a way for organizations to improve resilience in the face of disruptions, in providing clear evidence in the case of environmental fines. |
| Keywords: | Environmental penalties, Environmental footprint, Resilience, Environmental performance, Survival analysis |
| Date: | 2023–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04149888&r=env |
| By: | Behrang Shirizadeh (Deloitte Economic Advisory); Philippe Quirion (CNRS, CIRED) |
| Abstract: | We model the optimal hydrogen and electricity production and storage mix for France by 2050. Moreover, an iterative calculation method to represent electrolyzer lifetime based on functioning hours in linear programming is developed. We provide a central scenario and study its sensitivity to the cost of electrolyzers, to hydrogen demand and to renewable energy deployment potential. The proportion of electrolysis to methane reforming with CO2 capture and storage in hydrogen production is sensitive to the cost of electrolyzers, with the former providing around 60% in the central scenario. However, the system cost as well as the hydrogen and electricity production costs are much more robust, thanks to the wide feasible near-optimal solutions spectrum. The electricity production mix is almost fully renewable in the central scenario, while nuclear power has a significant role only if the potential of wind & solar limits their deployment, or if CO2 capture and storage is not authorized. Furthermore, exclusion of reformer-based hydrogen from fossil gas with CO22 capture induces negligible additional cost to the hydrogen-electricity coupled system (below 1%). Therefore, in the current European resilience and sovereignty context, a robust low-carbon hydrogen development strategy would be prioritizing green hydrogen to other low-carbon hydrogen supply options. |
| Keywords: | Power system modelling, low-carbon hydrogen, , , |
| JEL: | Q42 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2023.06&r=env |
| By: | Roberto Amaral-Santos; Ariaster Chimeli, Joao Paulo Pessoa |
| Abstract: | Policies to adopt cleaner fuels have become increasingly important, but their impacts on incumbent fuel prices and resulting greenhouse gas emissions are unclear. We use a panel dataset on weekly prices at the gas station level in a large Brazilian state to study how the growth of natural gas, a cheaper and less carbon-intensive alternative to traditional fuels, affected retail prices and profit margins of gasoline and ethanol. Applying an IV strategy, we estimate that prices and margins have fallen. The intensified competition in the fuel market boosted fuel demand, leading to higher emissions of GHGs and other pollutants. |
| Keywords: | Gasoline; Ethanol; Price Competition; Emissions; Brazil |
| JEL: | L11 L13 Q31 Q41 Q42 Q48 Q53 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2023wpecon7&r=env |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel; Matejko, Leonie; Osberghaus, Daniel; Sommer, Stephan; Vance, Colin |
| Abstract: | The proliferation of instruments targeted at combatting climate change necessitates evidence-based evaluation to identify strategies that are not only effective and cost-efficient, but also supported by the population. In Germany, the data needed to support such analysis is scarce, however. A rare exception is Green SÖP, a panel data set that was established within the project Eval-MAP funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Green SÖP encompasses household data collected by the survey institute forsa over four years, spanning 2012 - 2015. The BMBF-funded project Eval-MAP 2 extends the Green SÖP panel data set by two additional surveys conducted in 2020 and 2022 and covering mitigation and adaptation behavior. |
| Keywords: | Household panel, climate policy |
| JEL: | Q3 Q4 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:1019&r=env |
| By: | Carlo Fezzi; Mauro Derek J. Ford; Kirsten L.L. Oleson |
| Abstract: | We develop a travel-cost random utility model to estimate the value of recreational ecosystem services provided by more than 170 outdoor sites located on the island of Maui (Hawaii, USA). Particular emphasis is placed on the role of coastal ecosystems by combining recent fine-scale data on coral cover and fish biomass with information on almost 3000 recreation trips taken by Maui’s residents. Our approach is grounded in economic theory and provides estimates that are directly applicable to inform a wide array of spatial planning questions for coastal management. We apply our model to calculate the economic losses caused by the 2014-2015 coral bleaching event, which are in the order of $25M per year. We also identify the areas where coral reef restoration would maximize welfare gains. Impacts can vary up to a factor of 1000 across locations, demonstrating the need to carefully consider such heterogeneity in spatial prioritization. Our simulations also show how access fees can raise funds for financing conservation measures aimed at bolstering coral reefs resilience to climate change. |
| Keywords: | coral reefs, ecosystem services, climate change, recreation, coastal management |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwprg:2022/5&r=env |
| By: | François Bareille (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | A large literature has assessed the impacts of climate change on agricultural production by estimating reducedform models of crop yields conditionally on weather and individual fixed effects. The estimates obtained are usually interpreted as the weather impacts on yields once farmers have adapted. Yet, few attempts have documented that farmers do adapt to weather, and none have verified that these adjustments actually impact crop yields. Our objective here is to unpack how weather affects agricultural production by developing a structural model that explicitly accounts for both the plants' biophysical and farmers' behavioral responses to weather. Considering adaptation during the growing season through fertilizer and pesticide applications, our approach allows us to distinguish the "direct" weather effects (i.e., the agronomic impacts of weather changes on plant growth per se) from the "indirect" weather effects via farmers' input choices (i.e., the adaptation impacts). We estimate the underlying structural model using farm-level data from the Meuse French department, which provides details of fertilizer and pesticide uses by crop. We show that the reduced-form and structural estimates indicate similar weather impacts on crop yields, for a large range of sensitivity analyses. Our structural estimates indicate that the adaptation effects are sizable and that farmers' adjustments reduce projected damage from climate change. In our illustrative case, farmers' adaptation offsets between one-quarter to two-thirds of the negative agronomic impacts of future warming on crop yields. Our analyses exhibit that commonly used reduced form models of crop yields inherently capture these within season behavioral responses to weather. |
| Abstract: | Une littérature abondante a évalué les impacts du changement climatique sur la production agricole en estimant des modèles de forme réduite des rendements des cultures en fonction des conditions météorologiques et des effets fixes individuels. Les estimations obtenues sont généralement interprétées comme l'impact des conditions météorologiques sur les rendements une fois que les agriculteurs se sont adaptés. Pourtant, peu de tentatives ont documenté le fait que les agriculteurs s'adaptent aux conditions météorologiques, et aucune n'a vérifié que ces ajustements ont réellement un impact sur les rendements des cultures. Notre objectif ici est de comprendre comment les conditions météorologiques affectent la production agricole en développant un modèle structurel qui prend explicitement en compte à la fois les réponses biophysiques des plantes et les réponses comportementales des agriculteurs aux conditions météorologiques. En considérant l'adaptation pendant la saison de croissance à travers les applications d'engrais et de pesticides, notre approche nous permet de distinguer les effets météorologiques "directs" (c'est-à-dire les impacts agronomiques des changements météorologiques sur la croissance des plantes en soi) des effets météorologiques "indirects" à travers les choix d'intrants des agriculteurs (c'est-à-dire les impacts de l'adaptation). Nous estimons le modèle structurel sous-jacent en utilisant des données au niveau des exploitations agricoles du département français de la Meuse, qui fournissent des détails sur les utilisations d'engrais et de pesticides par culture. Nous montrons que la forme réduite et les estimations structurelles indiquent des impacts météorologiques similaires sur les rendements des cultures, pour un large éventail d'analyses de sensibilité. Nos estimations structurelles indiquent que les effets d'adaptation sont importants et que les ajustements des agriculteurs réduisent les dommages prévus du changement climatique. Dans notre exemple, l'adaptation des agriculteurs compense entre un quart et deux tiers des effets agronomiques négatifs du réchauffement futur sur le rendement des cultures. Nos analyses montrent que les modèles de forme réduite couramment utilisés pour les rendements agricoles rendent compte de manière inhérente de ces réactions comportementales aux conditions météorologiques au cours de la saison. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Growing-Season Adjustments, Panel Econometrics, Structural Econometrics, Within-Season Adaptation. |
| Date: | 2023–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04160898&r=env |
| By: | Fronteddu, Antonio |
| Abstract: | The pursuit of global carbon neutrality makes the energy transition process no longer procrastinable. The switch towards renewable-based energy systems is paving the way for new forms of energy governance that prioritise the role of commons by demarketising access to energy. However, governments’ strategies worldwide seem to prioritise innovation in the raw materials (sun, wind, etc.) rather than in governance – favouring the continued extraction of energy from resource-rich regions. This work will analyse the case of Sardinia as an example where these two phenomena intersect contradictorily, by comparing the bottom-up nature of energy communities (ECs) vis-á-vis the top-down nature of public-private initiatives, alongside their policymaking trajectories. The key insights that will stem from this thesis elucidate a continuum with prior top-down policies of economic extractivism operated by the Italian government in Sardinia. Such top-down policies are conceptualised thanks to core and energy periphery theories and can explain the current mainstream regime of energy transition. Alternative strategies to pursue policy are conceptualised thanks to the energy democracy theory. Such theory envisions an active citizen engagement alongside the sustainable consumption of renewable energy and resources within the realm of energy communities. Therefore, the thesis will conclude that although large-scale top-down policies are being operated in the island, with special reference to the energy transition, energy communities can forge bottom-up alternative examples of policymaking, enabling an energy transition that can cross-tackle long-standing problems of Sardinian society, such as a stagnant economy, depopulation, self-determination, issues of land, landscapes, and pollution. |
| Date: | 2023–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:zxd95&r=env |
| By: | Peter H. Egger; Christian Keuschnigg |
| Abstract: | Recycling waste from used goods can substitute for scarce raw materials and reduce resource dependence. This paper presents a model of waste collection, recycling and final goods production using raw and recycled materials. Non-recycled waste must be safely stored by landfill to avoid environmental damage. The costs of waste disposal create externalities. An optimal allocation requires a trash tax to make producers pay for the costs of waste disposal, and an input subsidy to recycling firms to compensate for the savings in disposal costs. We study trade between resource poor economies exporting final goods, and resource rich countries exporting raw materials. We find rich welfare effects of trade policy with non-trivial interactions between terms of trade effects and distortions in recycling and resource extraction. |
| Keywords: | waste, recycling, externalities, resource dependence, trade |
| JEL: | D62 Q32 Q53 F18 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10553&r=env |
| By: | Arcusa, Stephanie; Hagood, Emily |
| Abstract: | The study explores the definition and implementation of durable carbon storage in expanding carbon markets and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) options. The study analyzes various definitions and mechanisms proposed by standard developing organizations, aiming to ensure sequestration on climate-relevant timescales while preserving collective sequestration efforts. Findings reveal diverse contractual definitions and durability mechanisms employed, but no single mechanism is suitable for all CDR methods or the goal of long-term carbon sequestration. Complications arise from including short-term sequestration and ending monitoring responsibilities that necessitate innovation and tailored combinations of existing and improved mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2023–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6bth5&r=env |
| By: | Yuzhi Yang (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Erik Ansink (University of Amsterdam); Jens Gudmundsson (University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | We propose the river pollution claims problem to distribute a pollution budget among agents located along a river. A key distinction with the standard claims problem is that agents are ordered exogenously. For environmental reasons, the location of pollution along the river is an important concern in addition to fairness. We characterize the class of externality-adjusted proportional rules and argue that they strike a balance between fairness and minimizing environmental damage in the river. We also propose two novel axioms that are motivated by the river pollution context and use them to characterize two priority rules. |
| Keywords: | Claims Problem, River Pollution, Pollution Permits, Externality-Adjusted Proportional Rules, Priority Rules |
| JEL: | D62 D63 C71 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20230036&r=env |
| By: | Schmitz, Nele; Krause, Andreas; Lüdtke, Jan |
| Abstract: | There is a need for economic restructuring (also called transformation) to safeguard our natural resources, which our economy relies upon. To address global challenges in the use of bio-resources, the three dimensions of sustainable development need to be accounted for: environmental, social, economic. System thinking is the foundation of a sustainable circular bio-economy. Having the entire forestry sector, which is the entire forest product value system, in view is needed to (i) enable biomass use in a series, and to (ii) manage conflicts over the various forest demands. Sustainable resource allocation depends on the context. To implement a sustainable circular bio-economy there is no one best option. Depending on the given situation, there are various resource value retention (R) strategies that can be combined in various cascades. The literature studied for this report, recommends governments to better coordinate policies, within and across domains, to drive the transition to a sustainable circular bio-economy. The focus should be on reducing waste instead of on managing waste, using market incentives and targets. Businesses are advised to integrate technological innovations in circular business models, based on a diversity of products and partners for an increased resilience. Innovations should focus on extending product and resource life-time for maximal resource valorisation. Researchers could speed up innovations through the collection of data across the complex supply chain network, and by coordinating research across disciplines. A transition towards a sustainable circular bio-economy can bring many potential benefits. Resource value retention strategies, enabling wood use in multi-stage cascades can secure jobs, resource supply as well as healthy ecosystems. The biggest hindrance for action, so far, is the not well thought out path. Therefore, this report ends with a guide to start discussions, across the forestry sector, on all practicalities and consequences of a transition. Only in this way, the concrete meaning of a transition for forest resource supply and use can become clear, opening the way for action plans. |
| Keywords: | circular bio-economy, sustainable development, forestry sector, cascading use of wood, literature review, zirkuläre Bioökonomie, nachhaltige Entwicklung, Forst-Holz-Sektor, Kaskadennutzung von Holz, Literaturübersicht |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:109&r=env |
| By: | Refk Selmi (ESC PAU - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Pau Business School) |
| Abstract: | It is growingly recognized that a transition to sustainable finance is of utmost importance to scale up the low-carbon investments required to reach the global climate goals. However, financial capital is still widely allocated into economic activities whose profits rely significantly on fossil fuels' extraction, combustion and use, and that do not align to the Paris agreement (PA) targets. This study tests whether the PA has redefined the role of commodities in the portfolio allocation of asset managers, and has unleashed the potential to use this class of assets as an inflation hedge. It assesses whether financial markets are pricing the PA by decreasing the portfolio weights of carbon-intensive commodities afterwards. A dynamic portfolio analysis has been conducted to assess the impact of the PA on the inflation hedging abilities of energy commodities, industrial metals and precious metals. We find evidence that the weight of the copper-one metal that is expected to be a cornerstone of a low-carbon future-within an optimal portfolio tends to increase after the PA. With focus on efforts to achieve a low carbon economy continuing to grow, investors started to consider copper and other industrial metals including cobalt, nickel and aluminum as appealing investment opportunities, but they remain cautious on divesting from the carbon-intensive assets. Overall, our findings suggest that investors are responding to opportunities but less to risks in a low carbon pathway. |
| Keywords: | Commodity markets, Inflation, Hedge, Decarbonization, The Paris agreement |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04133736&r=env |
| By: | Carter, Isabelle; MacKillop, Eleanor |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the implementation of the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015, the first and only piece of legislation to codify the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals in law. The paper provides empirical analysis of the implementation of this legislation based on 16 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders across Wales. The analysis explores whether the Act can deliver spatial justice in Wales through its novel and place-based approach to sustainable development. We examine how the Act has been implemented at different spatial scales–the local, the regional and the national–and how the differences in the way it is interpreted by actors at these different levels influences the extent to which spatial justice is realised in its implementation. |
| Keywords: | policy implementation; spatial justice; sustainable development; Wales; well-being; ES/R00384X/1; Cardiff University who fund the Wales Centre for Public Policy |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2023–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:119630&r=env |
| By: | Yuanchen Yang; Chengyu Huang; Yuchen Zhang |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge to the world economy and the global financial system. This paper sets out to understand and quantify the impact of climate mitigation, with a focus on climate-related news, which represents an important information source that investors use to revise their subjective assessments of climate risks. Using full-text data from Financial Times from January 2005 to March 2022, we develop machine learning-based indicators to measure risks from climate mitigation, and the direction of the risk is identified through manual labels. The documented risk premium indicates that climate mitigation news has been partially priced in the Canadian stock market. More specifically, stock prices react positively to market-wide climate-favorable news but they do not react negatively to climate-unfavorable news. The results are robust to different model specifications and across equity markets. |
| Keywords: | Climate Mitigation; Machine Learning; Asset Pricing |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/141&r=env |
| By: | Olusegun Ayodele Akanbi; William Gbohoui; Mr. Waikei R Lam |
| Abstract: | This technical note assesses how large shocks from natural disasters are key source of vulnerabilities for public finances. It extends the IMF Fiscal Affairs Department calibration toolkit by developing a methodology to calibrate fiscal rules in the event of natural disaster shocks and the possibility of implementing climate adaptation and mitigation measures. The features incorporated in this technical note would allow the calibration of a prudent medium-term fiscal anchor as well as annual budgetary limits that ensure the sustainability of public finances. The note is accompanied by a set of toolkits that provides instructions on calibrating a medium-term debt anchor and corresponding operational rules in the presence of natural disaster risks, accounting for climate investment and other mitigation mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal rules; natural disaster; debt anchor; debt limit; climate adaptation investment; fiscal risks; mitigation; climate resilience |
| Date: | 2023–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imftnm:2023/002&r=env |
| By: | Florian Heeb (MIT Sloan); Julian F Kölbel (University of St. Gallen; MIT Sloan; and Swiss Finance Institute); Stefano Ramelli (University of St. Gallen; and Swiss Finance Institute); Anna Vasileva (University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | A first-order concern regarding sustainable finance is that it may crowd out individual support for more effective, policy-driven approaches to address societal challenges. We test the validity of this concern in a pre-registered experiment in the context of a real referendum on a climate law with a representative sample of the Swiss population (N=2, 051). We find that the opportunity to invest in a climate-conscious fund does not erode individuals’ support for climate regulation. While sustainable finance resembles a placebo in the sense that participants seem to overestimate its impact, it is not a dangerous placebo that crowds out political engagement. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral Finance, Climate Change, ESG, Externalities, Sustainable Finance, Political Economy, Voting Behavior |
| JEL: | D14 H42 G18 P16 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2346&r=env |
| By: | G\'eraldine Bouveret; Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Chassagneux; Smail Ibbou; Antoine Jacquier; Lionel Sopgoui |
| Abstract: | We study how the introduction of carbon taxes in a closed economy propagate in a credit portfolio and precisely describe how carbon taxes dynamics affect the firm value and credit risk measures. We adapt a stochastic multisectoral model to take into account carbon taxes on both sectoral firms' production and household's consumption. Taxes are calibrated on carbon prices, provided by the NGFS scenarios, as well as on sectoral households' consumption and firms' production, together with their related greenhouse gases emissions. For each sector, this yields the sensitivity of firms' production and households' consumption to carbon taxes and the relationships between sectors. Our model allows us to analyze the short-term effects of carbon taxes as opposed to standard Integrated Assessment Models, which are not only deterministic but also only capture long-term trends of climate transition policy. Finally, we use a Discounted Cash Flows methodology to compute firms' values which we then use in the Merton model to describe how the introduction of carbon taxes impacts credit risk measures. We obtain that the introduction of carbon taxes distorts the distribution of the firm's value, increases banking fees charged to clients (computed from the expected loss), and reduces banks' profitability (calculated from the unexpected loss). In addition, the randomness introduced in our model provides extra flexibility to take into account uncertainties on productivity and on the different transition scenarios. We also compute the sensitivities of the credit risk measures with respect to changes in the carbon taxes, yielding further criteria for a more accurate assessment of climate transition risk in a credit portfolio. This work provides a preliminary methodology to calculate the evolution of risk measures of a credit portfolio, starting from a given climate transition scenario described by carbon taxes. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2307.12695&r=env |
| By: | Chantal Le Mouël (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Agneta Forslund (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pauline Marty (UTT - Université de Technologie de Troyes); Stéphane Manceron (Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Elodie Marajo-Petitzon (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marc-Antoine Caillaud (Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Patrice Dumas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Bertrand Schmitt (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | The dependence on imports of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region for its food needs has increased steadily since the early 1960s, from 10% to about 40%. This import dependence could continue to rise in coming decades due to the projected MENA population growth and the expected negative impacts of climate change on the region's natural resources and agricultural performances. To what extent the food import dependency of the MENA region will continue to increase up to 2050 and how the region could mitigate its rising reliance on food imports is both a key question for the region itself and a crucial geopolitical issue for the world as a whole. In this paper, we use a biomass balance model to assess the level of the food import dependency of the MENA region in 2050 resulting from six scenarios. We show that under current trends and severe impacts of climate change the food import dependency of the MENA would continue to rise and reach 50% in 2050. Maghreb would be particularly affected becoming dependent on imports for almost 70% of its food needs. Adopting a Mediterranean diet, reaching faster productivity growth in agriculture or reducing waste and loss along the food chain would contribute to decelerate the rise of the MENA's food import dependency. However, only the combination of these three options could significantly offset the increased import dependency in the most affected sub-regions: Maghreb, the Middle and the Near East. In all scenarios, Turkey strengthens its position as a net exporter of agricultural products. |
| Keywords: | Food system, Agricultural production, Food diet, MENA, Scenarios, Biomass balance model |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04142046&r=env |
| By: | Waring, Timothy; Niles, Meredith; Kling, Matthew; Hebert-Dufresne, Laurent; Sabzian, Hossein; Miller, Stephanie; Gotelli, Nicholas J.; McGill, Brian |
| Abstract: | It has been proposed that climate adaptation research can benefit from an evolutionary approach. But related empirical research is lacking. We advance the evolutionary study of climate adaptation with two case studies from contemporary United States agriculture. First, we define ‘cultural adaptation to climate change’ as a mechanistic process of population-level cultural change. We argue this definition enables rigorous comparisons, yields testable hypotheses from mathematical theory, and distinguishes adaptive change, non-adaptive change, and desirable policy outcomes. Next, we develop an operational approach to identify ‘cultural adaptation to climate change’ based on established empirical criteria. We apply this approach to USDA data on crop choices and the use of cover crops between 2008 and 2021. We find evidence that crop choices are adapting to local trends in two separate climate variables in some regions of the US. But evidence suggests that cover cropping may be adapting more to economic incentives than climatic conditions. Further research is needed to characterize the process of cultural adaptation, particularly the routes and mechanisms of cultural transmission. Furthermore, climate adaptation policy could benefit from research on factors that differentiate regions exhibiting adaptive trends in crop choice from those that do not. |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pq7r5&r=env |
| By: | Brendan Berthold (University of Lausanne); Ambrogio Cesa-Bianchi (Bank of England; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR); Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM)); Federico Di Pace (Bank of England); Alex Haberis (Bank of England; Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM)) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the economic effects of carbon pricing policies using a panel of countries that are members of the EU Emissions Trading System. Carbon pricing shocks lead, on average across countries, to a decline in economic activity, higher inflation, and tighter financial conditions. These average responses mask a large degree of heterogeneity: the effects are larger for higher carbon-emitting countries. To sharpen identification, we exploit granular firm-level data and document that firms with higher carbon emissions are the most responsive to carbon pricing shocks. We develop a theoretical model with green and brown firms that accounts for these empirical patterns and sheds light on the transmission mechanisms at play. |
| Keywords: | Business Cycles, Carbon Pricing Shocks, Heterogeneity, Asset Prices |
| JEL: | E32 E50 E60 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2319&r=env |
| By: | Kouassi Coulibaly, Nadia; Mbeya, Paulette; Bayuo, Blaise; Chan, Kenddrick |
| Abstract: | This report provides a comprehensive overview of climate policy in Africa, highlighting existing policy frameworks geared towards building climate resilience across the continent. It also examines the categories of, investors in, and capital deployment strategies present in Africa’s climate finance ecosystem. We believe this collaborative report, which contains valuable recommendations for both governments and private sector investors, will undoubtedly spur effective action and have a positive impact in Africa’s fight against climate change. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2023–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:119636&r=env |
| By: | Mukuyu, Patience (International Water Management Institute); van Koppen, Barbara (International Water Management Institute); Jacobs-Mata, Inga (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Water law; Water resources; Water allocation; Regulations; Legislation; Water policies; Strategies; Water tenure; Customary tenure; Legal pluralism; Water rights; Water sharing; Water use; Water management; Catchment areas; Infrastructure; Agrarian reform; Constitution; Licences; Smallholders; Farmers; Small-scale irrigation; Rural areas; Communities |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051685&r=env |
| By: | Mateo-Sagasta, Javier (International Water Management Institute); Nassif, Marie Helene (International Water Management Institute); Tawfik, Mohamed (International Water Management Institute); Gebrezgabher, Solomie (International Water Management Institute); Mapedza, Everisto (International Water Management Institute); Lahham, Nisreen (International Water Management Institute); Al-Hamdi, M. |
| Keywords: | Water reuse; Water resources; Water availability; Water scarcity; Wastewater treatment; Municipal wastewater; Resource recovery; Water policies; Water governance; Planning; Guidelines; Irrigation water; Agricultural water use; Water quality standards; Health hazards; Sustainability; Financing; Cost recovery; Business models; Stakeholders; Gender-transformative approaches; Women; Social aspects |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051838&r=env |
| By: | Aheeyar, Mohamed (International Water Management Institute); Jayathilake, Nilanthi (International Water Management Institute); Bucatariu, C.; Reitemeier, Maren (International Water Management Institute); Bandara, Ayomi (International Water Management Institute); Thiel, Felix (International Water Management Institute); Drechsel, Pay (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Food wastes; Waste reduction; Urban areas; Wholesale markets; Household wastes; Governance; Frameworks; Waste management; Policies; Regulations; Guidelines; Legislation; Institutions; Nutrition; Climate change |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052030&r=env |
| By: | Lucie Bottega (Toulouse School of Economics, LERNA); Dorothée Brécard (Université de Toulon, LEAD); Philippe Delacote (Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech-INRAe, BETA, Climate Economics Chair) |
| Abstract: | When consumers have ambiguous beliefs about the green quality of products, firms may be tempted to "greenwash". The degrees of optimism and confidence of consumers then play a crucial role in firms’ advertising strategies, which can be either informative and/or persuasive. We find conditions under which advertising efforts and environmental quality are substitutes and thus lead to greenwashing. |
| Keywords: | ambiguity, vertical differentiation, information, advertising, greenwashing |
| JEL: | D11 D21 D83 L15 Q59 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2019.nn&r=env |
| By: | Ola Mahmoud (University of St. Gallen; University of California at Berkeley; Swiss Finance Institute); Tschan Lea (University of St. Gallen) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides empirical evidence for a significant positive association between green finance and top income inequality from a panel of 87 countries from 2004 to 2020. This relationship is strongest for countries with initially lower levels of income, low levels of financial development, and low levels of carbon emissions. We also find evidence that the effect on inequality persists for four years and thereafter abates. We argue that the association between green finance and inequality is at least partially driven by two mechanisms: technological change and investment emissions. Using a moderated mediation design, we show that technological change and investment emissions are partially mediating the relationship between green finance and top income inequality. |
| Keywords: | green finance, inequality, innovation |
| JEL: | D63 E44 O33 Q52 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2354&r=env |
| By: | Alexander Haupt |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses an electricity market in which a monopolist that employs fossil-fuel base-load and peak-load technologies competes against a fringe of renewable energy (RE) generators. The optimal technology and electricity mix can be decentralised by levying technology-dependent capacity taxes/subsidies in addition to technology-/state-dependent emission taxes. Whenever base-load capacity is taxed (subsidised), peak-load capacity is subsidised (taxed). A decline in RE capacity costs and an increase in the share of consumers on real-time prices predominantly raises emission taxes and brings them closer to their Pigouvian level, albeit with some qualifications. Capacity taxes/subsidies disappear when all consumers are on real-time prices and RE is about to fully crowd out conventional base-load capacity. |
| Keywords: | intermittent renewable energy, peak-load technology, base-load technology, emission tax, capacity tax/subsidy |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q58 H23 L13 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10524&r=env |
| By: | Badenhoop, Nikolai; Hackmann, Angelina; Mücke, Christian; Pelizzon, Loriana |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the current implementation status of sustainability and taxonomy-aligned disclosure under the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), which aims to improve the classification of sustainability credentials of financial products and thereby prevent greenwashing. Moreover, it considers the development of the SFDR categorization of funds offered via banks in Germany between September 2022 and March 2023. Examining data provided by WM Gruppe, which consists of more than 10, 000 investment funds and 2, 000 index funds, we have observed a significant proportion of Article 9 (dark green) funds transitioning to the group of Article 8 (light green) funds, particularly among index funds. As a result of this process, the profile of the SFDR classes has sharpened, which is reflected in an increased share of sustainable investments in the group of Article 9 funds. When differentiating between environmental and social investments, the share of environmental investments has increased, but the share of social investments has decreased in the group of Article 9 funds at the beginning of 2023. The share of taxonomy-aligned investments is very low, but increases slightly for Article 9 funds. However, as of March 2023, only about 1, 000 funds have reported their sustainability proportions, and this picture may change due to regulatory changes that will require all funds within the scope of the SFDR to report these proportions in their annual reports being published after 1 January 2023. |
| Keywords: | SFDR, Sustainabilty, Taxonomie, Disclosure, Sustainable Investments |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewh:94&r=env |
| By: | Giacomo Benini (Department of Business and Management Science, NHH); Adam Brandt (Department of Energy Resource Engineering, Stanford University); Valerio Dotti (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari); Hassan El-Houjeiri (Technology Outlook, Strategy & Planning Dept., Saudi Aramco) |
| Abstract: | The recent diffusion of novel oil technologies has increased the variability of petroleum resources. Today, it is possible to mine oil sands, to extract liquids from tight rocks, and to produce high-viscosity oils. Merging accounting and environmental data, we quantify the upstream emissions of the least profitable oilfields. According to our estimates thirteen fields, responsible for the production of 0.72 million barrels per day, represent the 1% extensive margin of the industry. These formations are Heavy & Extra Heavy and Sands deposits. Their average upstream carbon intensity is 114.61 KgCO2e per barrel versus a global average of 54.35. Similar results are obtained widening the extensive margin to 2.5% and 5%. This finding suggests that a fall in the global oil demand of 1% can reduce upstream emissions by 24.95 MMtCO2e per year, the annual footprint of 5.3% of all the cars registered in the United States. |
| Keywords: | Oil Economics, Shadow Prices, Empirical Analysis of Firm Behavior, Panel Data, Co-integration, Endogeneity, Linear Mixed Models |
| JEL: | L23 D22 C23 C14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2023:14&r=env |
| By: | Robert Engle; Shan Ge; Hyeyoon Jung; Xuran Zeng |
| Abstract: | Insurance companies can be exposed to climate-related physical risk through their operations and to transition risk through their $12 trillion of financial asset holdings. We assess the climate risk exposure of property and casualty (P&C) and life insurance companies in the U.S. We construct a novel physical risk factor by forming a portfolio of P&C insurers’ stocks, with each insurer’s weight reflecting their operational exposure to states associated with high physical climate risk. We then estimate the dynamic physical climate beta, representing the stock return sensitivity of each insurer to the physical risk factor. In addition, using the climate beta estimates introduced by Jung et al. (2021), we calculate the expected capital shortfall of insurers under various climate stress scenarios. We validate our approach by utilizing granular data on insurers’ asset holdings and state-level operational exposure. Our findings indicate a positive association between larger exposures to risky states and higher holdings of brown assets with higher sensitivity to physical and transition risk, respectively. |
| Keywords: | insurance; climate change; physical risk; transition risk |
| JEL: | G1 G2 G3 |
| Date: | 2023–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:96484&r=env |
| By: | Aranibar, Ana María; Lafuente, Daniel; Pabón, Erick |
| Abstract: | La minería ha sido una actividad muy importante para el desarrollo del país. Sin embargo, a medida que esta actividad fue en crecimiento y adquiriendo mayor escala también manifestaron presiones y afectaciones sobre el medio ambiente, por lo que la presencia de pasivos ambientales, es un tema de preocupación debido a la falta de atención en la mayoría de los casos. La falta de legislación, en el pasado no permitía realizar un cierre adecuado de minas y en muchos casos, sólo se abandonaba el sitio minero, generando los llamados Pasivos Ambientales Mineros (PAM). La existencia de PAM en Bolivia se remonta a tiempos de la colonia y desde entonces ha sido un vehículo permanente de afectación al medio ambiente y a la salud humana, aunque esta problemática no se ha visibilizado en la esfera pública sino a partir de la década del 70, por la conflictividad que genera. Este estudio se focaliza en el surgimiento, conceptualización, evolución y gestión de pasivos ambientales mineros en Bolivia a partir del relevamiento y evaluación de las políticas, marco normativo e institucional, instrumentos de gestión, avances logrados y dificultades encontradas en el tratamiento de este tema. El abordaje metodológico se basa en un enfoque histórico y en un análisis de brechas que permite identificar el camino a recorrer para alcanzar una situación óptima en la gestión de PAM. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, RECURSOS MINERALES, MEDIO AMBIENTE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, GESTION AMBIENTAL, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, CAMBIO TECNOLOGICO, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, RECOMENDACIONES, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, MINERAL RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS |
| Date: | 2023–07–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:48983&r=env |
| By: | Jeffrey G. Shrader; Laura Bakkensen; Derek Lemoine |
| Abstract: | We provide the first revealed preference estimates of the benefits of routine weather forecasts. The benefits come from how people use advance information to reduce mor tality from heat and cold. Theoretically, more accurate forecasts reduce mortality if and only if mortality risk is convex in forecast errors. We test for such convexity using data on the universe of mortality events and weather forecasts for a twelve-year period in the U.S. Results show that erroneously mild forecasts increase mortality whereas erro neously extreme forecasts do not reduce mortality. Making forecasts 50% more accurate would save 2, 200 lives per year. The public would be willing to pay $112 billion to make forecasts 50% more accurate over the remainder of the century, of which $22 billion reflects how forecasts facilitate adaptation to climate change. |
| JEL: | D83 I12 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:23-30&r=env |
| By: | Michele Brunetti (Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, CNR-ISAC); Matteo Gomellini (Bank of Italy); Paolo Croce (Bank of Italy); paolo Piselli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper reconstructs the dynamics of temperatures at the provincial level in Italy since the end of the 19th century and estimates their effects on the economy. The analysis spans a long period of time using ten-year average data that allow us to appreciate the impact of the temperature increases that can be attributed to changes in climate rather than to short-term meteorological variability. We find that average temperatures in Italy have increased by about 2°C since the beginning of the twentieth century with homogeneous growth trends across regions. The estimates of the relationship between economic growth and temperatures are made using two different empirical methodologies (panel data and autoregressive distributed lags, ARDL) and show how global warming has had negative repercussions on the Italian economy that became more pronounced at the end of twentieth century. These estimates are used to assess the potential impacts of future temperature increases. More specifically, based on our analysis, further increases that would bring average temperatures in 2100 to +1.5°C higher than today (a scenario corresponding to 'intermediate' greenhouse gas emissions) would reduce economic growth, leading to a level of per capita GDP between 2.8 and 9.5 per cent lower than under a +2 per cent growth scenario (i.e. the pace recorded since the beginning of the twentieth century). |
| Keywords: | climate change, economic growth, long run |
| JEL: | N00 O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_787_23&r=env |
| By: | Guo, Liwen (University of New South Wales); Cheng, Zhiming (University of New South Wales); Tani, Massimiliano (University of New South Wales); Cook, Sarah (University of Nottingham); Zhao, Jiaqi (Peking University); Chen, Xi (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effect of exposure to air pollution on an individual's likelihood towards entrepreneurship using panel data in China. To address omitted variable bias and endogeneity arising from self-selection into entrepreneurship and location choice, we employ an individual fixed effects model with an instrumental variable approach. Our findings show that individuals exposed to higher levels of air pollution are less likely to become entrepreneurs or diversify their entrepreneurial activities. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in air pollution leads to a 21 percentage points decrease in the propensity for entrepreneurship and a 34 percentage points decrease in the likelihood of entrepreneurial diversification. Our study identifies potential channels through which air pollution impacts entrepreneurship. In addition, our findings reveal that air pollution has a more significant negative impact for older individuals, people residing in less populated areas, and those with lower education levels compared to their counterparts. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, entrepreneurship, China |
| JEL: | J24 L26 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16319&r=env |
| By: | Moataz, Aya; Richter, Christian |
| Abstract: | This study examines how female tertiary education and climate change affect economic growth in a set of 33 chosen developing countries from around the world. Previous literature examines the relationship between gender inequality and economic growth and climate change and economic growth both theoretically and empirically, in this study empirical analysis of panel data set will be made using a cross section fixed effects model. Annual growth rate of female tertiary graduates with a ten-year lag, gross fixed capital formation, and gross domestic product growth rate with a one-year lag have been found to have a positive and significant effect on the economic growth rate for developing countries. A significant and positive relationship has been found between the annual growth rate of mean temperature and annual growth rate of gross domestic product where the annual growth rate of gross domestic product is the independent variable. Enrolment rates or years of schooling of primary and secondary levels have been used in previous literature as proxies for female education; in this study the annual growth rate of female tertiary graduates is used to highlight the importance of tertiary level education and graduate growth rate is used to provide better proxy for the completion of the whole period of study and not only enrolment. Additionally, climate change is usually included in economic models as a dependent variable, in this study an attempt to explore climate change as an independent variable is made to provide more insights into the nature of the relationship between climate change and economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:337137&r=env |
| By: | Moataz, Aya; Richter, Christian |
| Abstract: | This study examines how female tertiary education and climate change affect economic growth in a set of 33 chosen developing countries from around the world. Previous literature examines the relationship between gender inequality and economic growth and climate change and economic growth both theoretically and empirically, in this study empirical analysis of panel data set will be made using a cross section fixed effects model. Annual growth rate of female tertiary graduates with a ten-year lag, gross fixed capital formation, and gross domestic product growth rate with a one-year lag have been found to have a positive and significant effect on the economic growth rate for developing countries. A significant and positive relationship has been found between the annual growth rate of mean temperature and annual growth rate of gross domestic product where the annual growth rate of gross domestic product is the independent variable. Enrolment rates or years of schooling of primary and secondary levels have been used in previous literature as proxies for female education; in this study the annual growth rate of female tertiary graduates is used to highlight the importance of tertiary level education and graduate growth rate is used to provide better proxy for the completion of the whole period of study and not only enrolment. Additionally, climate change is usually included in economic models as a dependent variable, in this study an attempt to explore climate change as an independent variable is made to provide more insights into the nature of the relationship between climate change and economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2022–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:337137&r=env |
| By: | Laure Latruffe (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Andreas Niedermayr (Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria); Yann Desjeux (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); K. Herve Dakpo (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]); Kassoum Ayouba (VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement, CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Lena Schaller (Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria); Jochen Kantelhardt (Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria); Yan Jin (Center for Agro-food Economics and Development (CREDA-UPC-IRTA), Technical University of Catalonia, Castelldefels, Spain); Kevin Kilcline (Mellows Campus, Teagasc Rural Economy and Development Centre, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland); Mary Ryan (Mellows Campus, Teagasc Rural Economy and Development Centre, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland); Cathal O’donoghue (NUI Galway - National University of Ireland [Galway]) |
| Abstract: | In order to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss, the European Union (EU) promotes extensive farming. However, identifying such farms across countries and assessing their performance for policy purposes remains challenging. This paper combines a latent class stochastic frontier model (LCSFM) with a novel nested metafrontier approach. The resulting model enables the identification of intensive and extensive farms across countries, estimation of farm efficiency and identification of different technology gaps. Based on Farm Accountancy Data Network data of French, Irish and Austrian dairy farms, we find poorer environmental but better economic performance of intensive farms, compared to extensive farms. The largest productivity differences stem from technology gaps and not from inefficiency. The approach enables a more nuanced analysis of sources of inefficiency to assist policy design for future green payments in the EU. |
| Keywords: | efficiency, dairy farms, latent class stochastic frontier, nested metafrontiers, European Union |
| Date: | 2023–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04159101&r=env |
| By: | Nicola Caravaggio (Università di Roma Tre); Cristina Vaquero-Piñeiro |
| Abstract: | Colombia accounts for more than 300 years of history in coffee production, for a leading position in the global market and for the majority of national land dedicated to this production. In the early 2000s, Café de Colombia was certified as Geographical Indication (GI) to differentiate it, preserve local traditional expertise and support sustainable farm practices. Nonetheless, would it have happened in the absence of GI certification in terms of environmental sustainability, and of forest cover change? This paper estimates the effects of GI on deforestation by adopting the Synthetic Control Method on a country-level panel dataset over the 1992-2020 period. Results show that the GI quality schemes has brought changes in deforestation rates with a reduction in the short term but followed by a new uprising in the long term. The paper can help guide the implementation of development strategies addressing sustainability from different perspectives and the design of more resilient agricultural policies. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, coffee, Geographical Indications, Colombia, Synthetic Control Method |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q23 N56 C33 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtr:wpaper:0278&r=env |
| By: | Buisson, Marie-Charlotte (International Water Management Institute); Mitra, Archisman (International Water Management Institute); Osmani, Z.; Habib, A.; Mukherji, Aditi (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Solar powered irrigation systems; Pumps; Impact assessment; Solar energy; Energy generation; Gender equity; Social inclusion; Cropping patterns; Irrigation practices; Water extraction; Tube wells; Climate-smart agriculture; Business models; Tariffs; Costs; Tenant farmers; Training; Seasonal cropping; Cultivated land; Plot size; Food security; Public-private partnerships |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051815&r=env |
| By: | Georges Bresson; Jean-Michel Etienne; Guy Lacroix |
| Abstract: | Excessive nighttime light is known to have detrimental effects on health and on the environment (fauna and flora). The paper investigates the link between nighttime light pollution and economic growth, air pollution, and urban density. We propose a county model of consumption which accounts for spatial interactions. The model naturally leads to a dynamic general nesting spatial model with unknown common factors. The model is estimated with data for 3071 continental US counties from 2012–2019 using a quasi-maximum likelihood estimator. Short run and long run county marginal effects emphasize the importance of spillover effects on radiance levels. Counties with high levels of radiance are less sensitive to additional growth than low-level counties. This has implications for policies that have been proposed to curtail nighttime light pollution. L’éclairage nocturne de forte intensité est connu pour avoir des effets néfastes sur la santé et sur l'environnement (faune et flore). Cet article étudie le lien entre la pollution lumineuse nocturne et la croissance économique, la pollution de l'air et la densité urbaine. Nous proposons un modèle de consommation au niveau des comtés américains qui tient compte des interactions spatiales. Le modèle conduit naturellement à un modèle spatial dynamique général emboîté avec facteurs communs inconnus. Le modèle est estimé avec les données de 3 071 comtés continentaux américains de 2012 à 2019 à l'aide d'un estimateur de quasi-maximum de vraisemblance. Les effets marginaux des comtés à court et à long terme soulignent l'importance des effets de débordement sur la radiance locale. Les comtés caractérisés par de hauts niveaux de radiance sont moins sensibles à un accroissement de l’activité économique que ceux avec de faibles niveaux. Cela a des implications pour le design de politiques visant à réduire la pollution lumineuse nocturne. |
| Keywords: | Nighttime light pollution, air pollution, GDP, satellite data, space-time panel data model, Pollution lumineuse nocturne, pollution de lâair, PIB, données satellitaires, modèle panel spatio-temporel |
| JEL: | C23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-18&r=env |
| By: | Haroon Mumtaz (Queen Mary University); Fulvia Marotta (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | Using a dynamic factor model with stochastic volatility, we examine the synchronization of temperature and precipitation changes across countries and regions. By doing so, we analyze the implications for the medium-term economic outlook and vulnerability to climate risks. Our findings reveal that a common factor explains a significant portion of temperature variance globally, with the largest contribution observed in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Additionally, the com-mon factor accounts for the increase in temperature levels across these regions. In contrast, precipitation fluctuations exhibit more localized patterns. We find that countries with higher GDP per-capita tend to have lower exposure to global temperature changes. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Temperatures, Economic vulnerability, Dynamic factor model. |
| Date: | 2023–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qmw:qmwecw:961&r=env |
| By: | Kilian Heutte (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabienne Daures (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sterenn Lucas (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sophie Girard (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Frédérique Alban (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal Le Floc'H (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In terms of food consumption, sustainability dimensions are often conflicting with purchasing power and practical purchases. France lands, farms, imports, and consumes large quantities of fisheries and aquaculture products (FAPs). The pandemic affected both domestic and foreign FAP supply through restrictions on trade and fishing conditions. Numerous sale points offering FAPs were closed during the pandemic. This general context has likely questioned the role of consumers on environmental, economic, and social matters. The aim of the paper is to assess whether the Covid-19 crisis has been an opportunity for French consumers to align their consumption at-home with the environmental issues by favouring domestic producers, short channels, or eco-friendly products. Quantitative data on at-home ordinary household purchases in metropolitan France from 2017 to 2021 was used along with t-test methods. It seems that fresh FAPs consumption did not truly adapt to the domestic fish production in defiance of import restrictions and available surpluses. While fresh shellfish at-home consumption did not change significantly in 2020, salmon and cod are still widely favoured by French consumers at-home, although their French production is virtually non-existent. On the contrary, domestically produced fish species remains poorly consumed at-home. The abundant supply of fresh salmon initially intended for other markets has permitted to consolidate the dominant position of this species on the French at-home consumption market. Initiated by supermarkets and hypermarkets and followed up by consumers, the trend of purchasing pre-packaged fresh fish has been substantially amplified by the pandemic and seems to persist over time. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Seafood, Fishery and aquaculture products (FAPs), Sustainable consumption |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04155664&r=env |
| By: | Chlond, Bettina; Germeshausen, Robert |
| Abstract: | Firm ownership is a major determinant for the economic performance of firms, and emissions of pollutants are often by-products of industrial production. We investigate the impact of ownership on pollutant emissions of firms and their in- dustrial facilities in Europe jointly with their output, productivity, and other key economic outcomes. To disentangle the influence of ownership from other firm characteristics, we analyse the effects of ownership changes in an event-study approach. We find that industrial facilities and firms decrease their emissions and industrial output after a change in ownership. Emissions intensity and productivity do not change suggesting that reductions in emissions follow proportional reductions in output rather than reflecting changes in pollution abatement technology. We find some evidence for positive spillover effects on productivity and profits of other facilities and firms owned by the acquiring parent company after a change in ownership. |
| Keywords: | Ownership changes, pollution, productivity, event study |
| JEL: | D22 D23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:23016&r=env |
| By: | Balana, Bedru; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Clingain, Clare; Andam, Kwaw S.; de Brauw, Alan; Yohanna, Ishaku; Olarewaju, Olukunbi; Schneider, Molly |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the findings from an experimental study designed to assess the impacts of one-time large lump sum cash transfers on welfare and coping strategies of smallholders in climate-risk and conflict-affected communities in northeast Nigeria. This pilot intervention was supported by Google.org and implemented by the International Rescue Committee (IRC). The central hypothesis of the intervention is that when climate vulnerable communities have timely access to information and the financial and social resources to act upon that information, they will avoid negative coping strategies and build more diversified and climate resilient livelihoods. The project transferred a lump sum of cash to a treatment group of randomly sampled households when triggered by the climate data risk thresholds. An equal number of comparable households in a control group received the same amount of cash post flooding shock. The main purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of anticipatory cash against the traditional humanitarian post-shocks supporting mechanism. We collected baseline and endline data from a sample of 1450 experimental households (725 ‘treatment’ and 725 ‘control’) and analyzed the data using econometric models. Several outcome indicators including food security, climate adaptive and resilience actions, and wellbeing measures were used to assess the intervention. The results indicate that anticipatory cash has significant impacts on reducing negative coping strategies, increasing the number of pre-emptive climate adaptive actions, and increasing investment in productive assets that could enhance future resilience. On other hand, anticipatory cash transfers do not seem to have significant impacts on short-term food and non-food consumption expenditures compared to post-shock cash transfers. Our findings indicate that one-time large sum anticipatory transfer could lead households to build their climate resilience capacity, and hence a promising intervention to reduce the vulnerability of households to future climate shocks. Based on the findings we have two key recommendations: (1) Given the generally positive findings on household’s welfare and climate resilience capacity, we suggest humanitarian agencies and governments to consider anticipatory interventions (such as pre-shock cash transfers) as a mechanism for both meeting basic needs and improving climate resilience of households provided that quality data and analytics exist to predict a high probability of climate shocks. (2) As climate shocks continue to worsen and humanitarian funding needs remain unmet for both emergencies and early recovery, anticipatory approach may be critical to meeting the short- and long-term needs of climate and conflict-affected households. |
| Keywords: | NIGERIA; WEST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; cash transfers; welfare; smallholders; climate change; conflict; resilience; information; finance; social safety nets; food security; investment; vulnerability; flooding; climate resilience; anticipatory cash; coping strategies |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:nsspwp:69&r=env |
| By: | Desiree M. Kunene (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Renee van Eyden (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Petre Caraiani (Institute for Economic Forecasting, Romanian Academy, Romania; Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate the predictive impact of climate risk (as measured by average temperature changes and temperature realised volatility) on total factor productivity (TFP) growth in 23 economies over the period 1880 to 2020 while controlling for real GDP per capita growth. Standard full-sample Granger causality tests offer little evidence of a causal impact of climate change on productivity outcomes. This may be attributed to nonlinearity and structural breaks in the relationship between climate risk and TFP growth, as evidenced by the BDS (1996) test results for nonlinearity and the Bai-Perron (1998, 2003) multiple breakpoint test results. Furthermore, Rossi-Wang (2019) time-varying VAR-based Granger causality tests, which are robust in the presence of instabilities and structural changes, indicate that for a large number of countries, we observe a significant causal impact of climate change on TFP growth in the post-World War II period, with increased significance in the causal impact for the majority of countries in the post-1980 period. |
| Keywords: | Total factor productivity growth, climate change, temperature realised volatility, average temperature change, time-varying Granger causality |
| JEL: | Q54 E23 C32 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202321&r=env |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo; Leogrande, Domenico; Costantiello, Alberto |
| Abstract: | In the following article, we estimate the value of Patent Applications-PA in the context of the Environmental, Social and Governance-ESG model at world level. We use data from World Bank for 193 countries in the period 2011-2021. We found that PA is positively associated, among others, to “ CO 2 Emissions ” and “ Mammal Species Threated ”, and negatively associated among others to “ Hospital Beds ” and “ Research and Development Expenditures ”. Furthermore, we found that at aggregate level PA is negatively associated to each macro component of the ESG model i.e.: Environment, Social and Governance. Furthermore, we have applied eight different machine-learning algorithms for the prediction of the future value of PA. We found that the best predictive algorithm is the Simple Regression Tree in terms of minimization of MAE, RMSE and MSE and maximization of R-squared. The value of PA is predicted to growth by an average of 9.82% for the analysed countries. |
| Keywords: | Political Processes, Legislatures, Corruption |
| JEL: | D7 D70 D72 D73 D78 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:273495&r=env |
| By: | Bellocca, Gian Pietro Enzo; Alessi, Lucia; Poncela Blanco, Maria Pilar; Ruiz Ortega, Esther |
| Abstract: | The increasing frequency and severity of extreme temperatures are potential threats to financial stability. Indeed, physical risk related to these extreme phenomena can affect the whole financial system and, in particular, the equity market. In this study, we analyze the impact of extreme temperature exposure on firms' performance in Europe over the XXI century. We show that extreme temperatures can affect firms' profitability depending on their industry and the quarter of the year. Our results are of interest for both investors operating in the equity market and for regulators in charge of securing financial stability. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Equity Market; Firm Performance; Physical Risk; Temperatures |
| JEL: | C23 C55 G12 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:wsrepe:37973&r=env |
| By: | Feist, Marian |
| Abstract: | Plurilateral initiatives are again gaining importance in climate diplomacy as a complement to multilateral efforts - not least in view of the lack of progress in implementing the Paris Agreement and more difficult conditions in the UN process. New alliances are expected to facilitate agreement within smaller groups of countries wishing to lead by example and to effectively advance climate action with ambitious goals and more stringent measures. This, in turn, can have an impact beyond individual initiatives and provide normative pressure and incentives for additional states to cooperate. However, plurilateral alliances cannot necessarily overcome the structural challenges that hamper more effective international climate cooperation. In light of this, German and European climate diplomacy should anticipate the specific procedural challenges of individual initiatives, set priorities among the various options, and aim to specify the mandate and design of individual initiatives early on. |
| Keywords: | climate diplomacy, decarbonisation, Germany, European Union, United States, Paris Agreement, UN process, climate summit in Glasgow (COP 26), G7 summit Elmau, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swprps:62023&r=env |
| By: | Danish A. Ahmed (GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology); Phillip J. Haubrock (GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt] - Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung - Leibniz Association, CENAKVA - South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia); Ross N. Cuthbert (Institute for Global Food Security [Belfast] - QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Alok Bang (Azim Premji University, Society for Ecology Evolution and Development); Ismael Soto (CENAKVA - South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia); Paride Balzani (CENAKVA - South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia); Ali S. Tarkan (Mugla Sitki Kocman University, BU - Bournemouth University [Poole]); Rafael L Macêdo (UNIRIO - Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Freie Universität Berlin); Laís Carneiro (UFPR - Universidade Federal do Parana [Curitiba] - UFPR - Universidade Federal do Paraná); Thomas W. Bodey (University of Aberdeen); Francisco J. Oficialdegui (CENAKVA - South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses [University of South Bohemia] - Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Elena Angulo (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid]); Gustavo Heringer (UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras); David Renault (ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR - Université de Rennes - INEE - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSUR - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes - UR - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Anna J. Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, NRCan - Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre - Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario); Emma J. Hudgins (Carleton University - Department of Biology, Carleton University - Carleton University); Chunlong Liu (OUC - Ocean University of China, Institute of Hydrobiology [Wuhan] - CAS - Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing]); Showkat Ahmad Gojery (University of Kashmir,); Ugo Arbieu (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SBiK-F - Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre - Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main - Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung - Leibniz Association, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute); Christophe Diagne (UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Boris Leroy (BOREA - Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UA - Université des Antilles); Elizabeta Briski (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]); Corey J. A Bradshaw (Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia], School of Natural Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions are a global challenge that has received insufficient attention. Recently available cost syntheses have provided policy and decision makers with reliable and up-to-date information on the economic impacts of invasive alien species, aiming to motivate effective management. The resultant InvaCost database is now publicly and freely accessible and enables rapid extraction of monetary cost information globally. This has facilitated knowledge sharing, developed a more integrated and multidisciplinary network of researchers, and forged multidisciplinary collaborations among diverse organisations and stakeholders. Over 50 scientific publications so far have used the database and provided detailed assessments of invasion costs across geographic, taxonomic, and spatio-temporal scales. These studies have been instrumental in guiding policy and legislative decisions, while attracting public and media attention. We provide an overview of the improved availability, reliability, and defragmentation of monetary costs, how this has enhanced invasion science as a discipline, and outline directions for future development |
| Keywords: | environmental management, guiding policy, InvaCost, invasive species, economic impacts |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04148456&r=env |
| By: | Guillaume Chevillon (ESSEC Business School, France); Takamitsu Kurita (Kyoto Sangyo University, Japan) |
| Abstract: | This paper tests the feasibility and estimates the cost of climate control through economic policies. It provides a toolbox for a statistical historical assessment of a Stochastic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy, and its use in (possibly counterfactual) policy analysis. Recognizing that stabilization requires supressing a trend, we use an integrated-cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Model estimated using a newly compiled dataset ranging between years A.D. 1000-2008, extending previous results on Control Theory in nonstationary systems. We test statistically whether, and quantify to what extent, carbon abatement policies can effectively stabilize or reduce global temperatures. Our formal test of policy feasibility shows that carbon abatement can have a significant long run impact and policies can render temperatures stationary around a chosen long run mean. In a counterfactual empirical illustration of the possibilities of our modeling strategy, we show that the cost of carbon abatement for a retrospective policy aiming to keep global temperatures close to their 1900 historical level is about 75% of the observed 2008 level of world GDP, a cost equivalent to reverting to levels of output historically observed in the mid 1960s. This constitutes a measure of the putative opportunity cost of the lack of investment in carbon abatement technologies. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2307.05818&r=env |
| By: | Luiza M Karpavicius; Ariaster Chimeli |
| Abstract: | Ecosystem degradation and contact with wildlife is often linked to infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and malaria, a major cause of death and incapacitation worldwide. This paper investigates a quasi-experiment involving two forest protection policies for the Brazilian Amazon region and their consequences to malaria incidence. The first inadvertently increased forest degradation in part of the Amazon, whereas the second curbed deforestation in the entire region. Using actual malaria case data distributed across space and over 17 years, we estimate the causal link between deforestation and malaria. The results imply that effective forest protection reduced malaria incidence by over 50%. |
| Keywords: | Malaria; Deforestation; Forest Protection Policies; Brazil |
| JEL: | D04 I18 Q23 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2023wpecon08&r=env |
| By: | Luiza M Karpavicius; Ariaster Chimeli |
| Abstract: | Ecosystem degradation and contact with wildlife is often linked to infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and malaria, a major cause of death and incapacitation worldwide. This paper investigates a quasi-experiment involving two forest protection policies for the Brazilian Amazon region and their consequences to malaria incidence. The first inadvertently increased forest degradation in part of the Amazon, whereas the second curbed deforestation in the entire region. Using actual malaria case data distributed across space and over 17 years, we estimate the causal link between deforestation and malaria. The results imply that effective forest protection reduced malaria incidence by over 50%. |
| Keywords: | Malaria; Deforestation; Forest Protection Policies; Brazil |
| JEL: | D04 I18 Q23 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2023wpecon8&r=env |
| By: | Józwiak, Wojciech; Mirkowska, Zofia; Sobierajewska, Jolanta; Ziętara, Wojciech |
| Abstract: | The article contains characteristics of farms implementing agri-environment-climate measures in diverse natural conditions defined by the valorization index of agricultural production area. Considering the farm size, three types of the conditions were distinguished: difficult, average, and favorable. Attention was focused on the production potential of farms, their human capital, and economic situation. The subject of the research was a group of 1, 175 individual farms covered by the Polish FADN, which implemented agri-environment-climate measures under the 2014–2020 common agricultural policy between 2018 and 2020. It was not a representative sample for the entire population of farms implementing the above-mentioned measures. Farms operating in difficult habitat conditions had a lower production potential (agricultural area, economic size, capital, and capital–labor ratio). The share of farmers with agricultural education was also lower in the group. As a result, income from such farms was lower, the fixed assets replacement rate was lower and the farm was incapable of competing on the domestic market. The ability was demonstrated only by farms functioning in favorable habitat conditions. The share of payments in the income of the analyzed farms was also higher, on average, by 21.7 p.p., as compared to the average share of payments in the income of other farms with a similar agricultural area. The study shows that there is a very large share of subsidies in the income of the groups of farms implemetnting agri-environment-climate measures and a clear positive connection between longer working hours (at least 2120 hours per year) of the farm manager with the economic situation of the farm. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2023–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:337448&r=env |
| By: | Jannik Hensel; Giacomo Mangiante; Luca Moretti |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of carbon pricing on firms’ inflation expectations and its implications for central banks’ price stability mandate. Carbon policy shocks are identified using high-frequency identification and combined with French firm-level survey data. A change in carbon price increases firms’ inflation expectations as well as their own expected and realized price growth. The effect on price expectations is more persistent than on actual price growth, resulting in negative forecast errors in the medium-/long-run. We show that a significant portion of the increase in inflation expectations is driven by indirect effects. Firms rely on their own business conditions to form expectations about aggregate price dynamics. Therefore, the expected positive growth in their own prices significantly contributes to the observed increase in inflation expectations. Firms’ responses to the shocks vary based on their energy intensity. Low energy-intensive firms are worse forecasters of the impact that the shocks will have on the evolution of their own prices. |
| Keywords: | climate policies, carbon pricing, inflation expectations, monetary policy, survey data |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E58 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10552&r=env |
| By: | Bartels, Lara; Werthschulte, Madeline |
| Abstract: | With the aim of limiting global warming, environmental subsidies are a popular public finance instrument to reduce carbon emissions. However, there is little evidence on why subsidies are effective in increasing demand for the goods subsidized. We use a framed field experiment to disentangle and study the relative importance of the price and non-price effects implicit in a subsidy encouraging an energy-efficiency investment. In the experiment, participants decide on purchasing a low-flow showerhead and are either confronted with the introduction of a subsidy or a same-sized price decrease. We find a demand increase of about 3-percent when the price decreases and a significantly larger demand increase of about 9-percent when the subsidy is introduced. An analysis of the underlying channels rules out changes in beliefs and norm perceptions. Positive spill-over effects of the subsidy on other pro-environmental behaviors rather suggest that the non-price effect is explained by a crowding in of intrinsic motivation. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral public economics, subsidies, spillover, energy efficiency, field experiment |
| JEL: | C93 D90 H23 Q49 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:23022&r=env |
| By: | Aline MORTHA; ARIMURA Toshi H.; TAKEDA Shiro; Tatyana CHESNOKOVA |
| Abstract: | To address concerns over carbon leakage, the European Union (EU) has announced the introduction of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). This study applies a structural gravity model to simulate the impact of CBAM on welfare, production, exports and emissions with a focus on four sectors: chemicals, iron and steel, non-ferrous metal and metal products. We also provide country-specific results for the Asian and the Pacific regions. Our results show that, while CBAM would have little effect on welfare, the policy would contribute to a reduction in exports, estimated between -0.29% (metal products) and -1.49% (iron and steel). In particular, we find that middle income economies are most affected by the policy, and that these countries tend to greatly reduce their exports to the EU. We also observe a rebound in production (and associated emissions) among the EU economies. Nevertheless, by including emissions from shipping activities, CBAM can result in a large decrease in emissions, most of which is due to export reduction. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:23058&r=env |
| By: | Feist, Marian |
| Abstract: | In der klimapolitischen Praxis sind plurilaterale Initiativen als Ergänzung zum multilateralen Forum der Vereinten Nationen zuletzt wieder wichtiger geworden. Die Gründe dafür liegen vor allem im mangelnden Fortschritt bei der Umsetzung des Pariser Abkommens und den erschwerten Bedingungen im UN-Prozess. Das Potential der Zusammenarbeit kleinerer Gruppen von Vorreiterstaaten liegt darin, dass sie sich leichter einigen und auf diese Weise den Klimaschutz mit ambitionierteren Zielen und stringenteren Maßnahmen effektiv vorantreiben können. Das wiederum kann Strahlkraft über einzelne Initiativen hinaus entfalten, normativen Druck aufbauen und für Drittstaaten Anreize zur Kooperation schaffen. Auch plurilaterale Allianzen überwinden allerdings nicht per se die strukturellen Hemmnisse, die einer umfassenderen internationalen Klimakooperation entgegenstehen. Deshalb sollten die deutsche und die europäische Klimadiplomatie die spezifischen prozessualen Herausforderungen plurilateraler Initiativen antizipieren, unter den verschiedenen Optionen Prioritäten setzen und dabei Umfang und Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Initiativen möglichst frühzeitig präzisieren. |
| Keywords: | Klimapolitik, Klimaschutz, plurilaterale Initiativen, Pariser Abkommen, UN-Klimarahmenkonvention, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC, Nationally Determined Contributions, NDCs, Common But Differentiated Responsibilities, CBDR, Global Stocktake, Loss and Damage, Just Energy Transition Partnership, JETP, Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance, Global Methane Pledge, Mission Innovation, 4 per 1000, G7-Klimaclub, Club der Energiewendestaaten, Glasgow Breakthrough Agenda |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpstu:92023&r=env |
| By: | Sandra Bilek-Steindl; Thomas Url (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | Die 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) der Vereinten Nationen streben eine globale nachhaltige Entwicklung auf ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer Ebene an. Der vorliegende Research Brief liefert eine Aktualisierung des frühzeitigen Monitorings von SDG 8 für Österreich. Aufbauend auf dem jährlichen SDG-Monitoring von Eurostat und unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Entwicklung in Österreich auf Basis der WIFO-Konjunkturprognose und Nowcasts wird eine Einschätzung der Zielerreichung für 2023 vorgenommen. Der überwiegende Teil der wirtschaftlichen Indikatoren in SDG 8 entwickelt sich in Richtung Zielerreichung, wenngleich die konjunkturelle Eintrübung 2023 die positive Dynamik am aktuellen Rand abschwächt. Im Bereich der Zusatzindikatoren sind 2023 Fortschritte beim Rohstoffverbrauch und der geschlechtsspezifischen Nichterwerbstätigkeit aufgrund familiärer Pflegeverpflichtungen zu verzeichnen, hinsichtlich der Armutsgefährdung von Erwerbstätigen ist hingegen eine Zielabweichung zu erwarten. |
| Date: | 2023–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2023:i:11&r=env |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Many developing countries, including Vietnam, are striving to transform their energy systems into more sustainable ones. They are leveraging initiatives like the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) with the G7. Although Vietnam's participation in the JETP is a vital step in its journey towards clean energy, it also faces certain implementation challenges. This address will delve into Vietnam's energy transition journey, considering five key perspectives: international cooperation, governance structures, considerations of justice and equity, technology solutions, and innovative financing methods. International partnerships are crucial to share knowledge, bear costs, and reap benefits. However, larger agreements sometimes face limitations, and more focused coalitions can assist in overcoming these. Vietnam's Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8) provides a roadmap for the future but will require adjustments and input from different stakeholders to ensure its effectiveness. A just transition demands consideration of several facets of justice, including solutions that are specific to Vietnam and take into account vulnerable communities and workers affected by the transition. Adopting a comprehensive approach that combines foundational research, new technologies, and deployable solutions can spur innovation. Likewise, legal frameworks encouraging private investment can accelerate the transition. In conclusion, while Vietnam's energy transition is progressing, there is still a long way to go. Recommendations include boosting stakeholder engagement, refining the mix of planning and market mechanisms, conducting assessments to ensure equity, investing in applicable technologies, and creating supportive legal and financial structures. Strengthened collaborations, both at multilateral and bilateral levels, can aid Vietnam in its journey towards a sustainable and prosperous energy future. |
| Date: | 2023–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04155272&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Christian Bogmans; Mr. Andrea Pescatori; Ervin Prifti |
| Abstract: | Using a text-based firm-level measure of climate policy exposure, we show that climate policies have led to a global decline of 6.5 percent in investment among publicly traded oil and gas companies between 2015 and 2019, with European companies experiencing the most significant impact. Similarly, climate policy uncertainty has also had a negative impact. Results support the Neoclassical investment model, which predicts a pre-emptive cut in investment in reaction to downward shifts in prospective demand, in contrast with the “green paradox” that predicts an increase in current investment to shift production toward the present. |
| Keywords: | Fossil fuel phase out; Paris Agreement; energy transition; DiD |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/140&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan T. Hawkins-Pierot; Katherine R. H. Wagner |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the implications of current energy prices for future energy efficiency and climate policy. Using U.S. Census microdata and quasi-experimental variation in energy prices, we first show that manufacturing plants that open when electricity prices are low consume more energy throughout their lifetime, regardless of current electricity prices. We then estimate that a persistent bias of technological change toward energy can explain the long-term effects of entry-year electricity prices on energy intensity. Overall, this “technology lock-in” implies that increasing entry-year electricity prices by 10% would decrease a plant’s energy intensity of production by 3% throughout its lifetime. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:23-33&r=env |
| By: | Massimo Morelli; Dominic Rohner |
| Abstract: | This handbook chapter studies how natural resource wealth can in many contexts fuel armed conflict. Starting from a simple theoretical model, we stress the role of geography and power mismatch in the so called "natural resource curse". Drawing on recent empirical evidence, the importance of resource abundance, asymmetry and capital-intensiveness is highlighted, alongside local grievances and international interventions. We propose a series of evidence-driven policy conclusions, ranging from "smart green transition" and democratic institution building over labor-market intervention to a series of specific policies requiring international coordination. Keywords: Natural Resources, Mining, Conflict, commitment problems, power mismatch JEL Classification: D74, Q34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:igi:igierp:698&r=env |
| By: | Ujjayant Chakravorty; Xiangzheng Deng; Yazhen Gong; Martino Pelli; Qian Zhang |
| Abstract: | There is a large literature on the role infrastructure plays in economic development, but few papers document the effect of infrastructure on the sustainability of natural resources. We examine the effect of the arrival of two new national highways on ground water levels in a small agricultural county in the North China Plain - a region that produces most of the nation’s food grains. We first develop a conceptual framework to show that farmers located closer to the highways devote more acreage to crops that are water intensive. We then use a unique GIS-referenced dataset of all the 12, 160 tube wells in this county to show that highway construction accelerates the drilling of new wells in farms closer to the highway. In addition, there is greater depletion of the groundwater in wells closer to the two highways relative to wells located farther away. Our estimated depletion rates near the two roads are at least 5 times higher relative to mean depletion rates in the North China Plain. We show suggestive evidence that depletion is caused by a switch from subsistence to commercial cropping, and intensification of farming practices closer to the highway. These results suggest that the resource cost of new infrastructure building may be significant and needs to be incorporated in benefit-cost analysis. Il existe une abondante littérature sur le rôle que jouent les infrastructures dans le développement économique, mais peu d'articles documentent l'effet des infrastructures sur la durabilité des ressources naturelles. Nous examinons l'effet de l'arrivée de deux nouvelles routes nationales sur le niveau des eaux souterraines dans un petit comté agricole de la plaine de Chine du Nord, une région qui produit la plupart des céréales alimentaires du pays. Nous développons d'abord un cadre conceptuel pour montrer que les agriculteurs situés plus près des autoroutes consacrent plus de surface aux cultures à forte intensité d'eau. Nous utilisons ensuite un ensemble unique de données référencées par le SIG sur les 12 160 puits tubulaires de ce comté pour montrer que la construction de l'autoroute accélère le forage de nouveaux puits dans les exploitations agricoles situées à proximité de l'autoroute. En outre, l'épuisement des eaux souterraines est plus important dans les puits situés à proximité des deux autoroutes que dans les puits situés plus loin. Les taux d'épuisement estimés à proximité des deux routes sont au moins cinq fois plus élevés que les taux d'épuisement moyens dans la plaine de Chine du Nord. Nous montrons que l'épuisement est dû au passage d'une culture de subsistance à une culture commerciale et à l'intensification des pratiques agricoles à proximité de l'autoroute. Ces résultats suggèrent que le coût en ressources de la construction de nouvelles infrastructures peut être significatif et doit être intégré dans l'analyse coûts-avantages. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure, Roads, North China Plain, Water Resources, sustainability, Infrastructure, Routes, Plaine de Chine du Nord, Ressources en eau, Durabilité |
| JEL: | O13 O18 Q25 |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2023s-17&r=env |
| By: | Atayev, Atabek; Caspari, Gian; Hillenbrand, Adrian; Klein, Thilo |
| Abstract: | This policy brief is concerned with the efficient allocation of subsidies for eco-friendly products. Examples include subsidies for cargo or e-bikes, electric cars, and energy efficient building retrofits. Inefficiencies arise when subsidies are allocated to consumers who would have bought eco-friendly products even without subsidies (inframarginal consumers). This crowds out consumers who buy eco-friendly products only when they are subsidised (marginal consumers). We show how to exploit the relative impatience of inframarginal consumers in order to increase the share of marginal consumers receiving the subsidy - thus increasing the overall efficiency of the subsidy - by lengthening the time between consumer subsidy application and subsidy receipt. We propose a uniform wait time auction which maximizes the number of marginal consumers receiving the subsidy. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:042023&r=env |
| By: | Ha Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Using quarterly temperature and employment data between 1990 and 2021, this paper uncovers nuanced evidence on the impact of seasonal temperature within US counties: higher winter temperature increases private sector employment growth while higher summer temperature decreases it. The impacts of higher temperature in mild seasons, fall and spring, are statistically insignificant. Moreover, the negative impact of higher summer temperature persists while the positive impact of higher temperature in the winter is more short-lived. The negative effects of a hotter summer are pervasive and persistent in many sectors: most significantly in “Construction” and “Leisure and Hospitality” but also in “Trade, Transport, and Utilities” and “Financial Activities.” In contrast, the positive effects of a warmer winter are less pervasive. The employment effect of a hotter summer has been more severe in recent decades. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; temperature; employment; US counties |
| Date: | 2023–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/142&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Valentin Mathieu (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Montagné-Huck (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Climat et carbone, risques, biodiversité, artificialisation des sols, bioéconomie ; les forêts, dans les régions tempérées comme tropicales, sont à l'intersection de nombreux enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. La recherche sur la gestion, la conservation et la valorisation de ces écosystèmes particulièrement vulnérables offre des perspectives stimulantes pour analyser et comprendre comment les sociétés réagissent face aux crises environnementales et comment elles redéfinissent leurs rapports aux ressources naturelles. |
| Keywords: | Recherche en sciences sociales, Forêts, Filière bois |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04145901&r=env |
| By: | Jürgen Antony; Torben Klarl |
| Abstract: | This contribution is concerned with efficient use of a resource if households are characterized by Stone-Geary preferences with a minimum subsistence level of consumption. Subsistence consumption implies particular minimum requirements for initial endowments with reproducible man-made capital and resources. If these are not met, the economy is not able to cover subsistence consumption such as nutrition. Focusing on the steady state, we find that the equilibrium can be governed by zero or positive growth. The latter occurs if the rate of exogenous technical change exceeds the rate of time preference. In the former case, we can show that Hartwick’s investment rule applies in a steady state. Finally, we calibrate the model for developing but resource-rich countries and trace the full dynamic development of the economy. Furthermore, we evaluate this full adjustment process regarding several sustainability indicators. |
| Keywords: | Automation, Minimum subsistence level of consumption, Resource depletion, Resource-rich low-income countries |
| JEL: | Q30 E21 O44 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2302&r=env |
| By: | Beisheim, Marianne (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | The SDG Summit will take place on 18-19 September 2023 in New York. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has called it the 'centrepiece' of the UN's work this year. Numerous reports for this year's mid-term review of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs will lament the 'lack of political will' to implement the SDGs. This research paper addresses the lack of analysis of country-level politics around the SDGs by assessing the political priorities of local elites in eleven countries. Alongside the specific findings for these countries, we present overarching conclusions on the significance of country-level politics for SDG implementation. Analysing political will and considering country-level constraints should be part of the mid-term review and inform the outcome of the summit. |
| Keywords: | 2023 SDG Summit, 2030 Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR), Belarus, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, South Africa, State of Palestine, Sudan |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swprps:72023&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Berman (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Mathieu Couttenier (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Victoire Girard (NOVA SBE - NOVA - School of Business and Economics - NOVA - Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon, LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] - UO - Université d'Orléans - UT - Université de Tours - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how ethnic identities may become more salient due to natural resources extraction. We combine individual data on the strength of ethnic—relative to national—identities with geo-localised information on the contours of ethnic homelands, and on the timing and location of mineral resources exploitation in 25 African countries, from 2005 to 2015. Our strategy takes advantage of several dimensions of exposure to resources exploitation: time, spatial proximity and ethnic proximity. We find that the strength of an ethnic group identity increases when mineral resource exploitation in that group's historical homeland intensifies. We argue that this result is at least partly rooted in feelings of relative deprivation associated with the exploitation of the resources. We show that such exploitation has limited positive economic spillovers, especially for members of the indigenous ethnic group; and that the link between mineral resources and the salience of ethnic identities is reinforced among members of powerless ethnic groups and groups with strong baseline identity feelings or living in poorer areas, or areas with a history of conflict. Put together, these findings suggest a new dimension of the natural resource curse: the fragmentation of identities, between ethnic groups and nations. |
| Keywords: | identity, ethnicity, natural resources |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04135257&r=env |
| By: | Miao, Ruiqing; Ulucak, Recep |
| Abstract: | This paper starts with a brief review of some leading theories in technical change and political economy. It then discusses public agricultural R&D expenditure in the United States and tries to explain why it has been decreasing in the past few decades from a political economy point of view. Economic literature on experimental stations is then reviewed, with a focus on spatial spillover of experimental station research. By using climate change as a case study, the paper highlights a dilemma between climate change adaptation and cross-region productivity equity, which calls for future research from the perspective of political economy as the global challenges facing agriculture switching from productivity to sustainability. Our bibliometric analysis shows the need for future research on the role of land grant universities and experiment stations, digital agriculture, and climate-smart agriculture as they are emerging topics within the agricultural innovation and political economy nexus. |
| Keywords: | Political Economy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:337401&r=env |
| By: | González-Rivera, Gloria; Rodríguez Caballero, Carlos Vladimir; Ruiz Ortega, Esther |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we propose to model intervals of minimum/maximum temperatures observed at a given location by fitting unobserved component models to bivariate systems of center and log-range temperatures. In doing so, the center and logrange temperature are decomposed into potentially stochastic trends, seasonal and transitory components. We contribute to the debate on whether the trend and seasonal components are better represented by stochastic or deterministic components. The methodology is implemented to intervals of minimum/maximum temperatures observed monthly in four locations in the Iberian Peninsula, namely, Barcelona, Coruña, Madrid and Seville. We show that, at each location, the center temperature can be represented by a smooth integrated random walk with time-varying slope while the log-range seems to be better represented by a stochastic level. We also show that center and log-range temperature are unrelated. The methodology is then extended to model simultaneously minimum/maximum temperatures observed at several locations. We fit a multi-level dynamic factor model to extract potential commonalities among center (log-range) temperature while also allowing for heterogeneity in different areas. The model is fitted to intervals of minimum/maximum temperatures observed at a large number of locations in the Iberian Peninsula. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Dynamic Factor Models; Interval Valued Time Series; State Space Models |
| JEL: | C22 C32 C53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–07–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:wsrepe:37968&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The economy is recovering gradually but faces headwinds from the cost-of-living crisis, more limited policy space, and more frequent and costly climate shocks. Tourism rebounded in the second half of last year, but scarring effects from the pandemic, on the heels of large natural disasters, could prove significant considering lengthy school closures, the deep GDP contraction and associated erosion of fiscal space. Dominica’s climate adaptation and modernization agenda is driving growth, with priority being given to construction of a geothermal energy plant and a new international airport. |
| Date: | 2023–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/246&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Le Houérou (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Hans Peter Lankes (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | Private financial flows to Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) today are lower than in 2015, when both the UN's Addis Ababa Agenda for Action and the Paris Agreement were adopted - committing the world to financing the SDGs and reducing carbon emissions. Were the expectations simply unrealistic? How can we hope to measure up to the challenge of our generation? |
| Date: | 2023–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04144292&r=env |
| By: | Noy, Ilan (Victoria University of Wellington); Lacheheb, Miloud (Victoria University of Wellington); Pundit , Madhavi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we identify the main fishing grounds and track the response of fishing vessels’ activity to tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone during 2012. We use satellite imagery from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to locate fishing vessels and identify the main fishing grounds; in conjunction with data on TCs' speed and trajectory from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship database. We use kernel density functions to identify fishing grounds and Vector Generalized Linear Model and Bayesian Time-Varying Parameter to assess the impact of TC speed on the location of fishing vessels during and after the TC. Our quantifications reveal the overall negative impact of TCs on the number of active boats during and 2 days after the TC. The fishing grounds located within the Sibuyan Sea, Visayan Sea, and Panay Gulf are the most affected areas. Daily reduction in the commercial fishing production in Western Visayas alone for every day a TC passed through was estimated at 7, 800 tons per day, affecting more than 188, 000 families. |
| Keywords: | fisheries; Philippines; tropical cyclone; satellite imagery; economic impact |
| JEL: | Q22 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0691&r=env |
| By: | Liesebach, Mirko (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | Vom 12. bis 14. September 2022 richteten die Sektion Forstgenetik/Forstpflanzenzüchtung und die Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft (DDG) die 7. Tagung in Ahrensburg/Schleswig-Holstein aus. Der Schwerpunkt der dreitägigen Vortragsveranstaltung lag auf dem Thema 'Beiträge von Forstpflanzenzüchtung und Forstgenetik für den Wald von Morgen'. Anlass für die Tagung gab es mehr als genug. Der Klimawandel wird immer offensichtlicher. Die Auswirkungen der in weiten Teilen Deutschlands zu trockenen und warmen Jahre stellen Waldbesitzer und -bewirtschafter vor Herausforderungen. Mit der Veranstaltung versuchten wir auf einige der anstehenden Fragen eine Antwort zu geben. Auf der Tagung wurden 51 Vorträge und Poster vorgestellt, die 10 Blöcken zugeordnet waren: Methoden, Resistenz, Gehölzphysiologie I und II, Rot-Buche, Züchtung, Differenzierung, Alternativbaumarten, Rot-Eiche und forstliches Vermehrungsgut. Die Tagung endet mit einer halbtägigen Exkursion zu einem 60-jährigen Bestand mit Lindenblättriger Birke (Betula maximowicziana), einem ehemaligen Herkunftsversuch. Am Objekt wurden Wissen und praktische Erfahrungen über eine weniger bekannte Baumart Ostasiens ausgetauscht. Weiterer Exkursionspunkt war eine vom Thünen-Institut für Forstgenetik in Streifen angelegte Nachkommenschaftsprüfung zur Nutzung im Kurzumtrieb. Für das bestehende silvoarable Agroforstsystem (Bäume mit Ackerkulturen) wurde zusammen mit dem Thünen-Institut für Ökologischen Landbau ein Konzept für ein silvopastorales System (Bäume mit Tierhaltung) mit Hühnern bzw. Kälbern entwickelt. Zur Vorbereitung der Beweidung wurde in der Vegetationsruhe die Hälfte der elfjährigen Gehölzstreifen geerntet und energetisch genutzt. Der verbleibende Aufwuchs sowie der aus Wurzelschösslingen und Stockausschlag bieten den Bruderhähnen Schatten und Schutz. Die Veranstaltung wurde im Rahmen der Charta Holz 2.0 durchgeführt, die unter anderem die Erhöhung des nutzbaren Waldholzpotenzials zum Ziel hat. Die Tagung knüpft an folgende Schwerpunkte des Handlungsfeldes Ressource Wald und Holz der Charta an: * Nachhaltige Rohstoffversorgung: Flächenproduktivität und -management, Anbau produktiver Baumarten, Sicherung der Nadelrohholzversorgung, Forstpflanzenzüchtung/Forstgenetik * Schutz durch nachhaltige Nutzung: Risikominimierung (Forstschutz, Umtriebszeiten, Waldumbau), Anpassung der Wälder an den Klimawandel, Krisenmanagement Um die Ergebnisse der gut besuchten Veranstaltung einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen, wird der Inhalt ausgewählter Präsentationen im Folgenden wiedergegeben. Um die Ergebnisse der mit 85 Teilnehmern und Teilnehmerinnen aus Deutschland und Österreich gut besuchten Veranstaltung einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen, wird der Inhalt ausgewählter Präsentationen im Folgenden wiedergegeben. |
| Keywords: | Forstgenetik, Forstpflanzenzüchtung, Klimawandel, Nachhaltigkeit, Forest genetics, forest tree breeding, nature conservation, climate change |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:105&r=env |
| By: | Röder, Norbert; Münnich, Astrid; Solle, Christian; Schroers, Jan-Ole; Teßner, Maryia |
| Abstract: | The following paper deals with the question of what effects a marginal provider approach would have on the derivation of support levels for agri-environmental measures. The background to the considerations is that the EU's Strategic Plan Regulation explicitly stipulates that the intended ambition level should be taken into account when determining the payment levels. Furthermore, in the case of a politically intended high penetration of certain measures, average cost considerations are not adequate to achieve the objectives. Against this background, the economic considerations behind the marginal bidder approach are briefly explained. In a second step, it is explained to what extent corresponding considerations are explicitly included in the current derivation of payment levels for agri-environmental and climate measures in the federal states. This is followed by an outline of various approaches as to how a marginal bidder approach can be integrated into the derivation of payment levels and what prerequisites would be necessary in terms of technology and data in each case. Of the four options presented, only one approach, namely the one based on an ad-hoc definition of the marginal bidder, can be implemented in the short term for the majority of measures. The paper concludes by outlining a work programme that would lay the foundations so that a marginal bidder approach could be more widely applied when deriving payments levels in the next CAP funding period (from 2027) |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:337420&r=env |
| By: | Céline Péréa (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Jessica Gérard (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Julien de Benedittis (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], COACTIS - COnception de l'ACTIon en Situation - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne, FAYOL-ENSMSE - Institut Henri Fayol - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], FAYOL-ENSMSE - Département Management responsable et innovation - ENSM ST-ETIENNE - Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne - Institut Henri Fayol) |
| Abstract: | The rise of digital technologies has led to growing concern over their environmental impact, prompting the emergence of the phenomenon of digital sobriety. Rooted in the principles of degrowth technology, digital sobriety advocates for reduced technology usage to create a more sustainable society. However, it contrasts with typical frameworks that promote the continued use of IT. Furthermore, it runs counter to the prevailing trend of digital transformation within organisations, which is expected to expand in the future. As a result, it challenges conventional approaches to IT usage and the associated contextual factors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the concept of digital sobriety, examining its relationship to conventional approaches as well as the degrowth technology perspective. The study explores how digital sobriety is implemented within organisations and how it is perceived by IT users. Thirty-three participants from IT companies were included and the scope and characteristics of the phenomenon of digital sobriety were identified, including five levels of IT user maturity: refutation, inaction, substitution, optimisation, and disadoption/degrowth. The results highlight the need to balance the internal and external factors of digital sobriety and identify different trajectories of digital sobriety as socio-technical imaginaries for the future of IT. |
| Keywords: | Digital carbon footprint, Digital sobriety, Degrowth technology, IT uses, Green IT, Socio-technical imaginaries |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:emse-04116949&r=env |
| By: | Axenbeck, Janna; Bertschek, Irene; Breithaupt, Patrick; Erdsiek, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic has sparked hope that firm digitalisation will result in long-lasting reductions in mobility and related carbon missions via the use of working from home and online services. In this study, we quantify the extent to which firm digitalisation can be associated with changes in mobility during the Covid-19 crisis in Germany, both when strong restrictions were in place and after the restrictions were lifted. To this end, we employ a novel text-mining approach to measure digitalisation based on firm websites. We aggregate our firm digitalisation indicator at the district level and link it to changes in mobility between January 2020 and December 2022. Our results indicate that districts with a higher level of firm digitalisation experienced a stronger reduction in mobility during the first two years of the pandemic. However, mobility almost came back to pre-crisis levels after most restrictions were lifted, suggesting that environmental improvements are not long-lasting. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, digitalisation, mobility reductions, environmental improvements |
| JEL: | H12 I12 L96 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:23011&r=env |
| By: | Balieiro, Samuel |
| Abstract: | Estimating farmers' supply responses to changes in framework conditions is important to in-form decision-makers on the expected impacts on production volume as well as the resulting land-use shifts. Existing agricultural supply response models generally require either larger databases with farm-level data for microregional analysis or are implemented with a coarse resolution (e.g., country level) due to the lack of data. While such approaches are suitable for regions with abundancy of data or for global-scale analysis, there is a need for an alternative for micro-level analysis in countries with low data availability. In addition, it is important to include the spatial component in the regional supply response analysis, allowing not only the quantification of the overall change in output but also the likely spatial land-use change. Against this background, this dissertation aims to answer the research question whether a combination of a biophysical model with farm-level economic data can be used to estimate farm-level profitability of individual crops and respective cropping systems and thereby simulate farmers' supply responses in countries with limited data availability. To answer this ques-tion, a new modeling approach called Profitability Assessment Model (PAM) is developed, tested and validated. This new modeling approach follows the principles of minimum data, focusing on delivering timely and quantitative analyses with satisfactory accuracy to inform decision-makers. That is an important feature since the overall goal of the concept is to limit the data required by the model to a minimum, allowing quick implementation while accepting moderate accuracy. [...] |
| Keywords: | Brazil, Land-use change, Biophysical model, Production costs, Supply analysis, Soybeans, Maize, Sugarcane, Climate change, Profitability, Brasilien, Landnutzungsänderung, Biophysikalisches Modell, Produktionskosten, Angebotsanalyse, Sojabohnen, Mais, Zuckerrohr, Klimawandel, Wirtschaftlichkeit |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:106&r=env |
| By: | Mehmet Balcilar (Department of Economics and Business Analytics, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Northern Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey; Department of Economics, OSTIM Technical University, Ankara, Turkey); Zinnia Mukherjee (Department of Economics, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A.); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Sonali Das (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in interest among scholars and public health professionals in identifying the predictors of health shocks and their transmission in the population. With temperature increase becoming a persistent climate stress, our aim is to evaluate how temperature specifically impacts the incidences of contagious disease. Using annual data from 1 AD to 2021 AD on incidence of contagious disease and temperature anomalies, we apply both parametric and non-parametric modelling techniques, and provide estimates on the contemporaneous, and as well as lagged effects, of temperature anomalies on the spread of contagious diseases. A non-homogeneous Hidden Markov Model is then applied to estimate the time-varying transition probabilities between hidden states where the transition probabilities are governed by covariates. For all empirical specifications, we find consistent evidence that temperature anomalies in fact have statistically significant effect of the incidence of the contagious disease in any given year covered in the sample period. The best fit model further indicates that the contemporaneous effect of a temperature anomaly on the response variable is the strongest, and that given temperature anomaly predictions are becoming very accurate, one can prepare effectively with necessary public health response for at least contagious diseases. These findings further have implications for designing cost effective infectious disease control policies for different regions of the world. |
| Keywords: | Temperature anomaly, contagious disease, General additive model, Nonhomogeneous Hidden Markov Model, climate change, public health |
| JEL: | C1 H1 Q0 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202322&r=env |
| By: | Danielle Galliano (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Simon Nadel (CLERSÉ - Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Triboulet (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to contribute to enlarge a geography of eco-innovation. The objective is to study what kind of spatial externalities (specialization, related and unrelated variety) has the most positive impact on eco-innovation, according to firm's location (rural, peri-urban, urban). We empirically test this framework using a hurdle negative binomial model on firm-level data drawn from the French Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The results show that spatial externalities have different effects depending on the firm's engagement and breadth of eco-innovation as well as on its location. Marshallian specialization has a positive effect both on engagement and breadth of eco-innovations unlike unrelated variety, which negatively impacts breadth of eco-innovation. With regard to the firm's location, related variety is particularly correlated with the eco-innovation breadth of rural firms, whereas specialization is positively correlated with the breadth of eco-innovations of peri-urban firms. As for urban firms, spatial externalities seem to have less impact on their eco-innovation related behavior. |
| Keywords: | Eco-innovation, spatial externalities, related variety, rural, French industry |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03730360&r=env |
| By: | A. BOURGEOIS (Insee); F. GERVOIS (Insee); R. LAFROGNE-JOUSSIER (Insee, CREST-Ecole Polytechnique) |
| Abstract: | L’empreinte carbone mesure les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) induites par la demande finale d’un pays. Même s’il n’existe pas encore de méthode ni de données standardisées au niveau international pour effectuer le calcul, l’utilisation de Tableaux Internationaux d’Entrées-Sorties (TIES) est largement répandue dans la littérature. Un TIES retrace l’ensemble des flux de biens et services entre les branches d’activité des différentes régions du monde. Il permet ainsi de reconstituer le processus de production des biens et services, et donc de mesurer les GES émis à chaque étape. Dans ce document, nous comparons différentes bases TIES et d’émissions de GES ainsi que les empreintes carbone qui en découlent, afin d’évaluer la fiabilité et la robustesse de la méthode de calcul selon les sources utilisées. Nous établissons que l’empreinte carbone de la France peut varier jusqu’à 20% selon le TIES utilisé. Ces différences sont dues principalement à la méthode utilisée pour ventiler les importations par pays d’origine lors de la construction du TIES. Nous montrons que l’empreinte carbone calculée avec un TIES qui comprendrait les détails des principaux partenaires com merciaux de la France ou qui regrouperait les pays en zones économiquement homogènes suffirait à estimer convenablement l’empreinte carbone. En revanche, agréger les branches d’activités en grands secteurs d’activité peut conduire à modifier l’empreinte de 15%. En utilisant des méthodes de bootstrap, nous établissons que la variabilité des coefficients, d’un TIES à l’autre, entraîne autant de variabilité dans le calcul de l’empreinte carbone qu’un bruit gaussien sur les données source de l’ordre de 20 à 30%. |
| Keywords: | Modélisation input-output, empreinte carbone, environnement, robustesse |
| JEL: | F64 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:2023-14&r=env |
| By: | Rüter, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Die mit der Nutzung des nachwachsenden Rohstoffs Holz verbundenen Treibhaus- (THG)-Emissionen lassen sich in drei Wirkmechanismen untergliedern. Zum einen in die biogenen CO2-Emissionen und ihre Einbindung in den beiden Kohlenstoffspeichern 'Wald' und 'Holzprodukte' als Bestandteil des biogenen Kohlenstofffzyklus. Zum anderen in die übrigen THG-Emissionen der holzverarbeitenden Industrie als Teil des produzierenden Gewerbes als drittes Element. Die Quantifizierung dieser klimarelevanten Effekte erfolgt mittels verschiedener Berechnungsmethoden auf unterschiedlichen Skalenebenen mit zumeist unterschiedlichen Systemgrenzen (Land- bzw. Produktsystem) und betrifft zeitlich und räumlich voneinander abweichende Dimensionen (retro- und prospektive Effekte). Eine fundierte und umfassende Analyse der Klimarelevanz des Forst- und Holzsektors muss jedoch immer alle Effekte und Auswirkungen berücksichtigen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Abschätzung möglicher indirekter THG-Minderungseffekte (Substitutionspotentiale), die mit der Verwendung von Holz verbunden sind. Die biogenen CO2-Emissionen und ihre Einbindung in Kohlenstoff-Speicher werden nach den methodischen Vorgaben des Weltklimarates (IPCC) im Rahmen der Nationalen THG-Berichterstattung in der Quellgruppe Landnutzung, Landnutzungsänderung und Forstwirtschaft (LULUCF) berichtet. Alle weiteren THG-Emissionen, die mit der Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen im produ-zierenden Gewerbe (auch der Holzindustrie) zusammenhängen (u. a. Stromverbrauch) werden nach dem Quell-prinzip v.a. in den Kategorien Energie und Industrieprozesse erfasst und berichtet, d.h. keinem Wirtschaftssektor zugewiesen. Um Doppelbuchung mit LULUCF zu vermeiden, werden biogene CO2-Emissionen der thermischen Nutzung von Holz (Energie) in der Quellgruppe Energie nur zur Information geführt ('CO2-Neutralität'). Da die nicht-biogenen THG-Emissionen der holzverarbeitenden Industrie nicht mit IPCC-Methoden ermittelt werden können, müssen andere Verfahren angewendet werden. Die durch internationale Standards genormte Ökobilanzmethode bietet hierfür eine rechnerische Grundlage. Damit wird u.a. das Treibhauspotential eines Produktsystems abgeschätzt, das eine zuvor definierte Funktion erfüllt (funktionale Einheit). Zugleich beschreibt ein stoffliches und/oder energetisches Substitutionspotential (hier: Minderungseffekt in Bezug auf die THG-Emis-sionen) lediglich einen potentiellen Effekt, der mit dem Austausch oder Ersatz eines definierten Produktsystems durch eine funktional äquivalente Alternative verbunden ist. Dies entspricht folglich der Differenz des Treibhaus-potentials zweier funktional äquivalenter Produktsysteme. Die komplexen Zusammenhänge des biogenen Kohlenstoffzyklus entlang der Forst- und Holzkette können hingegen für holzbasierte Produkte methodisch bedingt nicht mit Hilfe zeitlich dimensionsloser Produktökobilanzen plausibel quantifiziert und abgebildet werden.Für eine fundierte Quantifizierung möglicher THG-Substitutionspotentiale durch die Verwendung von Holz müssen daher mehrere Datenquellen im Einklang mit den jeweils geltenden methodischen Anforderungen (IPCC und int. Normen) konsistent miteinander kombiniert werden. Für die Verwendung von Holz in Gebäuden liegen entsprechende Analysen der verschiedenen Systemelemente vor, die mehrfach extern begutachtet wurden. |
| Keywords: | Substitution, Holznutzung, Bausektor, Treibhausgas-Emissionen, Ökobilanzierung, Substitution, Holznutzung, Building Sector, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:214&r=env |
| By: | Quintana, Víctor M.; Solís, Martín |
| Abstract: | El estado de Chihuahua en el norte de México, en la frontera con los Estados Unidos, es el más extenso de la república y también la quinta economía agropecuaria del país. En los últimos 20 años se han experimentado vertiginosas transformaciones en el medio rural como la expansión de la frontera agrícola, sobre todo mediante la apertura de tierras al riego con pozos profundos en el desierto por colonos menonitas, crecimiento de cultivos comerciales como maíz amarillo, algodón, nuez, manzana y alfalfa, y ampliación de la producción de leche, carne y ganado en pie. De manera simultánea a este gran dinamismo productivo se han presentado otros procesos en el medio rural, como la migración a los Estados Unidos, el incremento de las remesas enviadas desde allá, la penetración del crimen organizado, la minería y las empresas turísticas. Además, la devastación de los recursos naturales ha acelerado el cambio climático. Todos estos procesos ocurren en un contexto de conflictividad y movilización de diversos sujetos sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo es conceptualizar y caracterizar el tipo específico de ruralidad de Chihuahua; analizar cuantitativa y cualitativamente las brechas productivas, económicas, tecnológicas y sociales que se han generado entre estratos de productores, regiones, tipos de agricultura, grupos sociales y géneros. Al mismo tiempo, se elabora una propuesta de políticas públicas, cursos de acción para eliminar esas brechas e ir construyendo un modelo de desarrollo con justicia y sustentabilidad. |
| Keywords: | AGRICULTURA, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, ZONAS RURALES, DESARROLLO RURAL, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, AGUA, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, PRODUCCION AGRICOLA, SUBSIDIOS, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, WATER, WATER RESOURCES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, SUBSIDIES, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, GENDER EQUALITY, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2023–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:48945&r=env |
| By: | Nortje, Karen (International Water Management Institute); Joshi, Deepa (International Water Management Institute); Enokenwa Baa, Ojongetakah (International Water Management Institute); Mapedza, Everisto (International Water Management Institute); Davis, K. |
| Keywords: | Gender equality; Social inclusion; Agribusiness; Agricultural transformation; Frameworks; Women; Youth; Empowerment; Climate resilience; Innovation; Socioeconomic aspects; Stakeholders; Institutions; Political aspects |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h052018&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | A cascade of external and domestic shocks –including the COVID-19 pandemic, rising global commodity prices and global economic slowdown linked to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ecowas sanctions against Mali, the US dollar appreciation, domestic spending pressures, and tightened global and regional financing conditions–have dampened economic activity in 2022, widened external and fiscal deficits, increased debt levels, and eroded regional international reserves. The challenging external environment, together with likely delays in the start of hydrocarbon production, will continue to weigh on economic activity in 2023. In the medium term, economic prospects remain favorable, with the temporary boost of oil and gas production, but ambitious reforms are needed to reduce macroeconomic imbalances, put debt on a downward trajectory, and make growth more inclusive. The impact of climate change in Senegal is projected to be severe and reforms to adapt to climate change while contributing to lower greenhouse emission rank high on the Senegalese authorities’ agenda. |
| Date: | 2023–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/250&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Niger continues to face substantial development needs, exacerbated by rapid population growth. Niger is also one of the most vulnerable countries to the effects of climate change. Given the importance of rain-fed agriculture for the country’s economy, climate change is a significant driver of chronic food insecurity and conflict, notably by intensifying competition for scarce resources. These challenges, coupled with a deterioration of the security situation, further hinder Niger’s development prospects in a context of fragility. |
| Date: | 2023–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/254&r=env |
| By: | Manuel Coelho; Jos\'e Ant\'onio Filipe; Manuel Alberto M. Ferreira |
| Abstract: | Monitoring and enforcement considerations have been largely forgotten in the study of fishery management. This paper discusses this issue through a model formalization to show the impacts of costly, imperfect enforcement of law on the behavior of fishing firms and fisheries management. Theoretical analysis merges a standard bio-economic model of fisheries (Gordon-Schaefer) with Becker theory of Crime and Punishment. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2306.16960&r=env |
| By: | Francesca Borgonovi; Elisa Lanzi; Helke Seitz; Ruben Bibas; Jean Fouré; Hubert Plisiecki; Laura Atarody |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies changes in employment and the demand for skills in the European Union following the implementation of Fit for 55 policies. Between 2019 and 2030, the economy is projected to grow by 1.3% in the Fit for 55 scenario (3% in a Baseline scenario without the Fit for 55 policies). Employment growth is projected to be lower in the Fit for 55 than the Baseline scenario. Employment in the Fit for 55 scenario is projected to decrease by 3% for blue collar and farm workers (2% in the Baseline) and increase by 4 5% for other occupations (5-6% in the Baseline). The most demanded skills following the implementation of Fit for 55 will be those related to inter personal communication and the use of digital technologies, whereas the demand for skills related to the use of traditional tools and technologies is projected to decline. Anticipating changes in employment and the demand for skills as well as the socio-demographic profile of those most affected can facilitate the design of upskilling and reskilling efforts and promote the reallocation of workers across sectors and occupations. |
| Keywords: | climate mitigation, computable general equilibrium models, employment, skills |
| JEL: | C68 J21 J24 J44 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:297-en&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Le Houérou (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Hans Peter Lankes (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | Les flux financiers privés vers les marchés émergents et les économies en développement (MEED) sont aujourd'hui plus faibles qu'en 2015, lorsque le Programme d'action d'Addis-Abeba des Nations unies et l'Accord de Paris ont été adoptés - engageant le monde à financer les ODD et à réduire les émissions de carbone. Les attentes étaient-elles simplement irréalistes ? Comment pouvons-nous espérer être à la hauteur du défi de notre génération ? |
| Date: | 2023–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04144267&r=env |
| By: | Zinnbauer, Maximilian; Eysholdt, Max; Henseler, Martin; Herrmann, Frank; Kreins, Peter; Kunkel, Ralf; Nguyen, Hanh; Tetzlaff, Björn; Venohr, Markus; Wolters, Tim; Wendland, Frank |
| Abstract: | Ziel des Projektes war, gemeinsam mit land- und wasserwirtschaftlichen Behörden der Bundesländer ein bundesweit einheitliches, räumlich hochaufgelöstes Nährstoffmodell zu erstellen, um Informationsgrundlagen zu schaffen, welche unter anderem zur Erfüllung der Berichtspflichten der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL) beitragen können. Dabei galt es, Einträge von Stickstoff und Phosphor aus der Landwirtschaft, dem Abwasserbereich und dem Luftpfad in das Grundwasser, die Oberflächengewässer und die Zuflüsse in Nord- und Ostsee bzw. den Übergabepegeln zu den Nachbarstaaten unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen wichtigsten Umsetzungs- und Abbauprozesse abzubilden. Der Modellverbund AGRUM-DE besteht aus dem agrarökonomischen Modell RAUMIS (betrieben am Thünen-Institut, TI) sowie den hydrologischen Modellen mGROWA-DENUZ-WEKU-MePhos (Forschungszentrum Jülich, FZJ) und dem Modell MONERIS (Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei, IGB): * Mit dem Modell RAUMIS wurden vom Thünen-Institut Stickstoffbilanzen der Landwirtschaft auf Gemeindeebene berechnet sowie eine Analyse der Wirkung der novellierten Düngeverordnung (DüV) zur Erreichung der Bewirtschaftungsziele für Grundwasser, Binnengewässer und Küstengewässer erstellt. * Mit den Modellen mGROWA-WEKU-DENUZ-MEPhos des Forschungszentrums Jülich wurden der Wasserhaushalt und die diffusen Nährstoffeinträge ins Grundwasser und die Oberflächengewässer getrennt nach den wichtigsten Eintragspfaden ermittelt. Die Modellrechnungen wurden für die gesamte Landesfläche Deutschlands in einem Raster von 100 m × 100 m durchgeführt. * Mit dem Modell MONERIS wurden vom IGB in Berlin schwerpunktmäßig N- und P-Einträge aus Punktquellen und urbanen Systemen in die Oberflächengewässer auf Gemeindeebene sowie die Retention (Rückhalt und Abbau) von N- und P-Verbindungen in Oberflächengewässern auf Teileinzugsgebietsebene berechnet. Durch eine Ist-Zustandsanalyse wurden zunächst die unterschiedliche Herkunft und die Höhe der Nährstoff-Einträge bestimmt. Dadurch konnte eine räumliche Identifizierung von Belastungsschwerpunkten und damit von prioritären Bereichen für die Maßnahmendurchführung vorgenommen werden. Hierauf aufbauend wurden der regionale N- und P-Handlungsbedarf zur Erreichung der Schutzziele für das Grundwasser und die Oberflächengewässer zur Erreichung der Meeresschutzziele ermittelt sowie die Auswirkungen der novellierten Düngeverordnung auf den Nährstoffeintrag analysiert. Das Projekt wurde von einem Projektbeirat aus rund 50 land- und wasserwirtschaftlichen Expert*innen der Länder begleitet, in welchem sämtliche Projektschritte - von der Festlegung der Datengrundlage bis hin zur Darstellung der Ergebnisse - detailliert vorgestellt, diskutiert und abgestimmt wurden. [...] |
| Keywords: | Gewässerschutz, Modellierung, Nährstoffbelastung, Stickstoff, Phosphor, Landwirtschaft, urbane Systeme, Hydrologie, Düngeverordnung, Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, water protection, modeling, nutrient pollution, nitrogen, phosphorus, agriculture, urban systems, hydrology, fertilizer application ordinance, water framework directive |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:108&r=env |
| By: | Andy Dobson (Princeton University , Santa Fe Institute, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute); Cristiano Ricci (University of Pisa - Università di Pisa); Raouf Boucekkine (ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ted Loch-Temzelides (Luiss University, Department of Economics and Finance, Roma); Mercedes Pascual (Santa Fe Institute, University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | The global pandemic of Covid-19 has underlined the need for more coordinated responses to emergent pathogens. These responses need to balance epidemic control in ways that concomitantly minimize hospitalizations and economic damages. We develop a hybrid economic-epidemiological modelling framework that allows us to examine the interaction between economic and health impacts over the first period of pathogen emergence when lockdown, testing, and isolation are the only means of containing the epidemic. This operational mathematical setting allows us to determine the optimal policy interventions under a variety of scenarios that might prevail in the first period of a large scale epidemic outbreak. Combining testing with isolation emerges as a more effective policy than lockdowns, significantly reducing deaths and the number of infected hosts, at lower economic cost. If a lockdown is put in place early in the course of the epidemic, it always dominates the "laissez faire" policy of doing nothing. |
| Keywords: | Emerging pathogen, Covid-19, Economics, Epidemiology, Lockdown, Testing, Optimization |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04150117&r=env |
| By: | Alda Rodríguez; Eduardo Chia (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Virginia Rossi (Universidad de la República del Uruguay) |
| Abstract: | Agroecology proposes to mobilize the scientific and practical, traditional and local knowledge of producers to develop jointly new production systems. This article presents the results of research on biological control carried out since 2003 in the north of Uruguay. Experiences were conducted by different organizations of family farmers and by BIO-Uruguay (Batoví Instituto Orgánico), a social organization founded by family farmers and rural inhabitants. The results of the analyzed experiences are technical, methodological and social, focusing mainly on the biological fight against pests and diseases of agricultural and livestock production. The different stages of the co-innovation process are presented to obtain biological solutions from the recognition and use of native pathogenic fungi to control pests of economic importance. The objectives of this study were to restore biological balances, to contribute to the agroecological transitions of the productive systems, and to enforce the collective learning, necessary among the actors, for co-innovation. These learnings contribute to the development of the individual and institutional capacities needed to "build agroecology" in Uruguay. |
| Keywords: | bioinputs, action-research, native organisms, participation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04143517&r=env |
| By: | Vincent Pradier (GREGOR - Groupe de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School) |
| Keywords: | ONG, Aide publique au développement, humanitaire, transition écologique |
| Date: | 2023–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04134632&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En busca de un futuro sostenible y con igualdad, en el segundo volumen de este documento se presenta una compilación de propuestas metodológicas, análisis de casos comparados y recomendaciones en diversos ámbitos del desarrollo desde un enfoque integral basado en evidencia, respaldado por la experiencia y el conocimiento de expertos. Se abordan diversos temas, desde la pobreza y la desigualdad de ingresos hasta la protección social, la agricultura, la energía, la innovación, la productividad y la inversión. Se presta especial atención a las brechas de desigualdad, para una comprensión más precisa y completa de este fenómeno. Se busca que este documento constituya una herramienta útil para tomadores de decisiones, investigadores, profesionales del desarrollo y todos aquellos interesados en la desigualdad. Las novedosas investigaciones que componen este documento se realizaron en el marco del proyecto “Nuevas narrativas para una transformación rural en América Latina y el Caribe”, implementado por la sede subregional de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) en México, con el respaldo financiero del Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola (FIDA). |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, DESARROLLO RURAL, COMBUSTIBLES, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, ANALISIS DE INSUMO-PRODUCTO, INCLUSION FINANCIERA, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, INVERSION EXTRANJERA DIRECTA, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, PEQUEÑAS Y MEDIANAS EMPRESAS, CAFE, TURISMO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FUELS, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS, FINANCIAL INCLUSION, GENDER EQUALITY, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES, COFFEE, TOURISM, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2023–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:49032&r=env |
| By: | DeLong, Karen L.; Murphy, Olivia G.; Hughes, David W.; Clark, Christopher D.; Crissy, Harry |
| Abstract: | Photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly referred to as solar panels, absorb energy from sunlight and convert it to electricity. PV energy generation has increased drastically in the United States (U.S.) in the last decade, growing from 26.5 gigawatt-hours in 2014 to over 207 gigawatt-hours in the last 12 months, or from 0.6% to 4.8% of total U.S. electricity production (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2023a). The combination of increasing cost competitiveness of PV energy generation (U.S. Department of Energy [DOE], 2021) and efforts to decarbonize the U.S. electric grid suggest even more rapid growth. For example, the U.S. DOE (2021) projects that solar generation could grow to as much as 40% of the U.S. electricity supply by 2035, given aggressive decarbonization policies. At a more local level, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has set a goal of adding 10 gigawatts (GWs) of solar production capacity from 2022 to 2035 (Tennessee Valley Authority, 2023b). The rapid production growth coupled with aggressive targets for decarbonization and increased solar capacity has focused attention on the amount of land currently being converted to PV energy production and the amount that will ultimately be needed to accommodate future growth. This report attempts to quantify the amount of land currently used for utility-scale PV energy production in Tennessee and to project the amount likely to be used under different scenarios for future growth. More specifically, this report estimates the amount of land in Tennessee used by: (i) existing utility-scale PV production, (ii) contracted but not yet operational utility-scale PV production, and (iii) utility-scale PV production if TVA were to reach its PV electricity generation goals. Given that farmland could be a location of PV electricity production, the report considers the possible effects of growth on the amount of available farmland in Tennessee. In Tennessee, operational utility-scale PV production currently produces 344 megawatts (MWs) of energy (TVA, 2023a). Contracted, but not yet operational, utility-scale PV production in Tennessee will account for another 1, 130 MWs of energy (TVA, 2023a). Following industry and academic literature (e.g., Solar Energy Industries Association, 2023; Bolinger and Bolinger 2022), a range of 5.56 to 10 acres per MW of generated power was used to estimate PV land use. Thus, current operational and contracted utility-scale PV facilities in Tennessee would generate 1, 474 MWs of energy and require 8, 197 to 14, 743 acres of land. Tennessee has 26.4 million acres of land and 10.8 million acres of farmland (USDA, 2023). Therefore, operational and contracted utility-scale PV land use equates to 0.031 to 0.056% of Tennessee’s total landmass or 0.076 to 0.137% of Tennessee’s farmland if all these facilities were located on farmland. If by 2035 TVA reached their sustainability goal and added an additional 10 GWs of PV generation to the existing 344 MWs of PV production in Tennessee, and assuming that TVA placed all PV developments in Tennessee, 57, 514 to 103, 443 acres of land would be required for utility-scale PV installments (i.e., an amount equivalent to 0.22 to 0.39% of Tennessee land or 0.53 to 0.96% of Tennessee farmland if exclusively placed on farmland). However, not all of this additional production would be located in Tennessee, which occupies a little more than half of TVA’s 80, 000 square mile service region. To provide greater context, this report also contains information on the location of existing and contracted utility-scale PV developments, the extent of Tennessee farmland being converted to other uses, PV development considerations for agricultural communities, and the potential for collocation of PV power generation and agricultural production, or what is commonly referred to as agrivoltaics. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaerr:337419&r=env |
| By: | Marielle Brunette (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane Couture (MIAT INRAE - Unité de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | La couverture des risques naturels en forêt est très hétérogène. Très répandue au Chili ou en Nouvelle-Zélande elle est quasi-inexistante en France ou en Allemagne. Pourtant, les risques augmentent (incendie, neige, tempête…) notamment en lien avec le changement climatique. Afin de mieux cerner les questions autour de l'adoption de contrats d'assurance forêt nous avons conduit une revue de la littérature économique sur ce sujet. Cette revue de la littérature a fait émerger sept fronts de science. |
| Keywords: | Revue de Littérature, Forêts, Risques naturels |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04145961&r=env |
| By: | Bhattarai, Keshav; Adhikari, Ambika P. (Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS)); Gautam, Shiva |
| Abstract: | Nepali government’s official delineation of several human settlements as new urban areas has been questionable because many important criteria such as urban infrastructure and services, open space, population density and economic viability are not thoroughly analyzed while defining what is urban. Many settlements in Nepal officially defined as urban, often driven by political considerations, are operating in the rural framework forming ruralopolises. This paper analyzes various criteria needed for defining urbanization that are internationally accepted to assess Nepal’s official definition of urban settlements. Urban areas have been expanding in Nepal at the cost of agricultural, forest, and shrubland land uses. Undulated landscape, low density population, and lack of road infrastructure, among other factors, have limited the expansion of urban areas in the mountainous region. To develop a sustainable urban development plan, this paper did detail land use and land cover analyses. Using 10 x 10 m sentinel satellite imagery, the paper presents detailed analyses of land use and cover changes from 2017 to 2021. These years are chosen because after the promulgation of the new constitution in 2015, rapid urbanization started, but its implementation state restructuring began only after 2017. The urban areas, as defined by the government, expanded rapidly in the Tarai and mid Hills regions from 23% in 2014 to 66% in 2017 and is expanding further. |
| Date: | 2023–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gbwvk&r=env |
| By: | Chad P. Bown (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | South Korea felt "betrayed" when President Joseph R. Biden Jr. signed his administration's flagship climate legislation, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022, into law. This paper first shows how the Biden administration addressed Korea's concerns about the law's effect on its sales of electric vehicles (EVs) in the United States. Thanks in part to the Treasury Department's regulations written to implement the law, Korean exports of EVs to the United States grew even after the IRA went into force. Whether these actions by the Biden administration are enough to assuage the concerns of the Koreans--and other allies adversely affected by the IRA--remains to be seen. Furthermore, the US accommodation of Korean concerns came with tradeoffs by offsetting key incentives Congress may have intended in passing the IRA. The paper examines the potential impact of the law on South Korean battery companies, and it provides an initial exploration into how the Korean government responded to the IRA by adjusting its own policy mix of EV consumer tax credits and industrial policy for its EV plants and battery makers. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicles, batteries, industrial policy, supply chains, climate, US, United States, South Korea |
| JEL: | L52 F13 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp23-6&r=env |
| By: | Alex Buckland (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Alan S Duncan (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Mohammad Farhad (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Abebe Hailemariam (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin University); Daniel Kiely (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin Business School); Valentina Sanchez Arenas (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin University); Panagiotis Sotirakopoulos (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Curtin University) |
| Abstract: | The eighth report in the BCEC Focus on Industry report series, Trading Up: International trade futures and the Western Australian economy, examines the benefits, opportunities and challenges that exist for the WA economy in relation to trade and investment. The report explores the scale and scope of these challenges and highlight the opportunities for WA’s future economic prosperity. |
| Keywords: | diversification, international trade, trade flows, free trade agreements, regional economic development, decarbonisation, benefits from trade, green economy. |
| JEL: | F1 F13 Q17 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ozl:bcecrs:fi08&r=env |
| By: | Rayan Fawaz (King‘s College London); Stéphane Bourliataux-Lajoinie (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Anna Roessner (European University Viadrina); Shintaro Okazaki (King‘s College London) |
| Abstract: | While prior consumer studies have adopted various theoretical perspectives to explain individuals' reactions to disasters, scant attention has been paid to the role of ontological security in shaping those responses. This study attempts to fill this knowledge gap by qualitatively exploring ontological security in two contexts: man-made and natural disasters. To this end, we conducted 35 focus groups in the UK, Germany, and France to address how people reacted to terrorist attacks and the COVID-19 pandemic respectively. Through thematic analysis, three themes emerged: fear versus anxiety, oneself versus others, and materialistic versus experiential purchases. Man-made disasters appear to elicit fear, concern for self, and a preference for materialistic purchases, whereas natural disasters seem to trigger anxiety, concern for others, and a preference for experiential purchases. Both types of disasters seem to evoke a desire to escape from reality. In closing, we discuss both transitory and prolonged threats to ontological security and how they shape individuals' behaviours while restoring their security. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04147024&r=env |
| By: | Fitch-Polse, Dillon; Johnson, Nicholas; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | Local and state electric bike (e-bike) incentive programs offering point-of-sale or post-sale monetary discounts to consumers have been implemented across the United States since 2018. As yet, however, little is known about their effectiveness in changing travel behavior. To understand the outcomes of these incentive programs, UC Davis researchers analyzed survey data from rebate recipients in Northern California two months and one year after they acquired e-bikes. The rebate programs were evaluated for effects of e-bike ownership on travel behavior, including changes in bicycling, driving, and use of transit, and on greenhouse gas emissions. The team also suggest areas for future research. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Electric bicycles, Incentives, Ownership, Travel behavior |
| Date: | 2023–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0bk6b8j1&r=env |
| By: | Wittnebel, Mareille; Frank, Stefan; Tiemeyer, Bärbel |
| Abstract: | Moor- und weitere organische Böden speichern große Mengen an organischem Bodenkohlenstoff. Dies umfasst nicht nur nach deutscher Nomenklatur typische Moorböden, sondern auch ein breites Spektrum von weiteren Böden mit hohen Bodenkohlenstoffgehalten (Corg), die eine Moorvergangenheit haben. Da diese Böden in Deutschland größtenteils entwässert sind, tragen sie entscheidend zu den Emissionen von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus den Sektoren Landwirtschaft und Landnutzung, Landnutzungsänderung und Forstwirtschaft (LULUCF) bei. Die Kenntnis der Verbreitung von organischen Böden ist daher von zentraler Bedeutung für die Planung und Evaluierung von THG-Minderungsmaßnahmen sowie deren adäquate Abbildung durch die THG-Berichterstattung. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt das Projekt 'Aufbau eines deutschlandweiten Moorbodenmonitoring für den Klimaschutz (MoMoK)' am Thünen-Institut darauf ab, ein langfristiges Monitoringnetzwerk aufzubauen sowie Kartengrundlagen und Modellansätze zu verbessern, darunter die Kulisse organischer Böden. Seit die derzeit in der THG-Berichterstattung verwendete Kulisse erstellt wurde, haben mehrere Bundesländer ihre Bodeninformationen generell oder im Hinblick auf organische Böden verbessert. Die Harmonisierung zu einer deutschlandweiten Kulisse bleibt jedoch eine Herausforderung, da sich die Datensätze der Bundesländer in ihren Definitionen, bodensystematischen Einheiten, Maßstäben und Aktualitäten stark unterscheiden. Die aktuellsten Vektordatensätze der Boden- oder Moorkarten wurden durch die zuständigen Länderbehörden zur Verfügung gestellt und durch uns zu einer Gesamtkulisse der Verbreitung von organischen Böden in Deutschland vereinheitlicht. Dabei stand weniger eine bodensystematische Harmonisierung als die Relevanz der jeweiligen Legendeneinheiten für die THG-Emissionen, die hydrologische Einbindung in die Landschaft und mögliche Minderungsmaßnahmen im Vordergrund. Entsprechend wurden die Ausgangsdaten anhand von 7 Merkmalen klassifiziert: Genese, mineralische Überdeckung, Torfmächtigkeit, 'Abmoorigkeit' (Vorhandensein abmooriger Horizonte mit 7, 5 bis |
| Keywords: | Moorböden, Organische Böden, Moorkarte, Torf, Bodeneigenschaften, Treibhausgase, peat soils, organic soils, peatland map, peat, soil properties, greenhouse gases |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:212&r=env |
| By: | Aline Bütikofer; Antonio Dalla-Zuanna; Kjell G. Salvanes |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the consequences of the buildup of a new economic sector—the Norwegian petroleum industry—on investment in human capital. We assess both short-term and long-term effects for a broad set of educational margins, by comparing individuals in regions exposed to the new sector with individuals in unexposed regions. Importantly, we analyze how the effects and the mechanisms change as the sector develops. Our results indicate that an initial increase in the high school dropout rate is short-lived both because dropouts get their degrees later as adults, and because later-born cohorts adapt to the new needs of the industry by enrolling more in vocational secondary education. We also observe a decrease in academic high school and college enrollment except for engineering degrees. Financial incentives to both completing high school and field of study, are the most likely channels driving these effects. |
| Keywords: | school choice, demand for skills, natural resource sector |
| JEL: | J24 J23 I26 I23 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10543&r=env |