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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2023‒05‒08
fifty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Avgousti, Aris; Caprioli, Francesco; Caracciolo, Giacomo; Cochard, Marion; Dallari, Pietro; Delgado-Téllez, Mar; Domingues, João; Ferdinandusse, Marien; Filip, Daniela; Nerlich, Carolin; Prammer, Doris; Schmidt, Katja; Theofilakou, Anastasia |
| Abstract: | Fiscal policy plays a prominent role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. An optimal combination of revenue policies, in particular taxes, and expenditure policies, such as subsidies and investment, is essential in order to achieve greenhouse gas emissions targets. This paper analyses the main fiscal instruments in place in European Union Member States, focusing on specific issues, such as the fiscal impact of extreme weather events, the interaction between debt sustainability and climate change, the green investment gap and the distributional impact of climate policies. The paper aims to provide an overview of existing fiscal policies and of the main fiscal challenges for a comprehensive European climate change strategy. JEL Classification: H2, H5, H6, Q54, Q58, D63 |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, climate change, debt sustainability, extreme weather events, green investment, redistribution |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2023315&r=env |
| By: | Luo, Qian; Garcia-Menendez, Fernando; Yang, Haozhe; Deshmukh, Ranjit; He, Gang; Lin, Jiang; Johnson, Jeremiah X |
| Abstract: | China's power system is highly regulated and uses an "equal-share" dispatch approach. However, market mechanisms are being introduced to reduce generation costs and improve system reliability. Here, we quantify the climate and human health impacts brought about by this transition, modeling China's power system operations under economic dispatch. We find that significant reductions in mortality related to air pollution (11%) and CO 2 emissions (3%) from the power sector can be attained by economic dispatch, relative to the equal-share approach, through more efficient coal-powered generation. Additional health and climate benefits can be achieved by incorporating emission externalities in electricity generation costs. However, the benefits of the transition to economic dispatch will be unevenly distributed across China and may lead to increased health damage in some regions. Our results show the potential of dispatch decision-making in electricity generation to mitigate the negative impacts of power plant emissions with existing facilities in China. |
| Keywords: | Humans, Carbon Dioxide, Reproducibility of Results, Coal, Climate, Air Pollution, Power Plants, China, air pollution, power system in China, public health, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Climate Action, Environmental Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt2vq7v90q&r=env |
| By: | Ivanova, Nevena; Vasileva, Elka |
| Abstract: | Against the background of current global issues on climate change and environmental protection, the present paper examines successful models for sustainable corporate governance. It focuses on specific case studies related to companies that apply the principles of sustainable development and governance, following an environmental policy of raw materials, products, processes and commercial practices. Conclusions have been made in order to demonstrate the need, opportunity and prospects for the development of such business approaches in the management of organizations. |
| Keywords: | sustainable corporate governance, sustainable governance models, case studies |
| JEL: | M1 M10 Q5 Q59 |
| Date: | 2021–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116739&r=env |
| By: | Johanna Zimmerhackel; Cristina Piñeiro-Corbeira; Kjell Magnus; Norderhaug; Karen Filbee-Dextera; Thomas Wernberg; GEAK network |
| Abstract: | The world’s kelp forests cover over a third of the world’s coastlines and provide numerous benefits to humans. Understanding the values associated with kelp forests is essential for meeting international initiatives concerning ocean accounting and ecosystem assessments. The GEAK network is an international group of expert kelp forest ecologists and environmental economists working to synthesize the values and functions of kelp forests globally. The network has developed a common data collection approach and protocol to quantify the different ecosystem services (e.g., provisioning, regulating, biodiversity, and cultural) provided by kelp forests. This manuscript presents the guidelines for attributing proportional value of kelp dependent commercial and subsistence fisheries to different target species. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:334183&r=env |
| By: | Henry Penikas (Bank of Russia, Russian Federation) |
| Abstract: | The focus of our study is the environmental (E) risk score. For this paper, we have collected a unique database of public ESG ratings for the world largest companies in the Fortune Global 2000 list. The credit risk estimates are derived from publicly available credit ratings. The probability of default (PD) levels result from the use of historical default data. We control for the specifics of industries and sectors. The availability of E-risk data for half of the sample implies the need to apply the Heckman selection model. We show cases when the climate-credit risk relationship is robustly positive for a particular industry and region: in such cases, loan subsidies are indeed advisable to finance large green projects and green corporations (e.g. the 2021 Bank of Japan program Ð though it was tailored for SMEs). Otherwise Ð in the predominant number of cases Ð such a loan rate reduction may foster the accumulation of credit risks and pose a threat to financial stability. We contribute to the literature by showing that the revealed positive climate-credit risks dependence is not ubiquitous Ð which is argued by (Capasso, Gianfrate, & Spinelli, 2020). |
| Keywords: | green company, brown company, Sustainalytics, carbon dioxide emissions, Heckman. |
| JEL: | C24 E52 H23 O44 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bkr:wpaper:wps100&r=env |
| By: | Haonan Zhang |
| Abstract: | Building energy retrofits have been identified as key to realizing climate mitigation goals in Canada. This study aims to provide a roadmap for existing mid-rise building retrofits in order to understand the required capital investment, energy savings, energy cost savings, and carbon footprint for mid-rise residential buildings in Canada. This study employed EnergyPlus to examine the energy performance of 11 energy retrofit measures for a typical multi-unit residential building (MURB) in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The author employed the energy simulation software (EnergyPlus) to evaluate the pre-and post-retrofit operational energy performance of the selected MURB. Two base building models powered by natural gas (NG-building) and electricity (E-building) were created by SketchUP. The energy simulation results were combined with cost and emission impact data to evaluate the economic and environmental performance of the selected energy retrofit measures. The results indicated that the NG-building can produce significant GHG emission reductions (from 27.64 tCO2e to 3.77 tCO2e) by implementing these energy retrofit measures. In terms of energy savings, solar PV, ASHP, water heater HP, and HRV enhancement have great energy saving potential compared to other energy retrofit measures. In addition, temperature setback, lighting, and airtightness enhancement present the best economic performance from a life cycle perspective. However, windows, ASHP, and solar PV, are not economical choices because of higher life cycle costs. While ASHP can increase life cycle costs for the NG-building, with the financial incentives provided by the governments, ASHP could be the best choice to reduce GHG emissions when stakeholders make decisions on implementing energy retrofits. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2304.00456&r=env |
| By: | Wang, Qian; Miller, Marshall; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate how potential changes in US light-duty and medium/heavy-duty vehicle technology and fuel mix from 2020 to 2050 may affect the transition to a very low-carbon future in the United States. Given US targets to reach 50% or more zero-emission vehicle sales by 2030, we consider new sales trajectories for battery-electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and rates of uptake across the country needed to reach these. We also consider biofuels use (ethanol and renewable diesel) in remaining internal combustion engine cars and trucks to minimize GHG emissions from those vehicles. Costs of all vehicles sold, and their fuel and other operating costs, are calculated and projected. To account for characteristics of specific vehicle types (e.g., weight, application, fuel economy, drive cycle, etc.), we disaggregate light-duty vehicles and medium/heavy-duty vehicles into ten subcategories. Relative to a business-as-usual case, we develop a series of low-carbon scenarios where three regions of the US adopt zero-emission vehicles at different rates. One is California, where the strongest targets and policies have been set. We also consider “Section 177” states that have agreed to adopt at least some California policies, and the third is the remaining states. Our findings suggest that even slower adoption scenarios can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 by 90% of 2015 levels. Greater reductions can be attained with rapid adoption cases. However, even a case with all US states adopting California-style policies with a five-year delay—for LDVs, essentially the equivalent of the April 2023 regulatory proposals of the US EPA—may not be quite sufficient to reach the apparent US targets. Despite significant upfront investments required to undertake transitions in the near-term, these scenarios all feature large net savings to consumers after 2030 (or sooner) as fuel and maintenance savings exceed higher costs in purchasing vehicles. Overall net savings from 2020 to 2050 (mostly accrued after 2030) are in the range of $1.7 to $4.8 trillion. However, achieving these full benefits could be challenging due to the need for a rapid rate of zero-emission vehicle adoption and possibly high production volumes of low-carbon biofuels. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3tb2c3js&r=env |
| By: | Mandal, Biswajit; Roy Bardhan, Arya |
| Abstract: | The consternation regarding environment is manifold. One of them is environmental quality which has both short-run and long-run implications including sustainable development goals. In view of such apprehension, this paper develops a Heckscher-Ohlin nugget kind of competitive general equilibrium model with four sectors and four factors of production to analyse the effect of tax policy to curb environmental pollution. Surprisingly we find that environmental tax on the polluting sector eventually raises the production of polluting output and widens the wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour. On the other hand, taxing the non-polluting sector yields the desired outcome in both production and factor income. The possibility of vanishing sector strengthens the counterintuitive results we get in case of taxing the non-polluting sector. Such an intriguing outcome is driven by the recursive nature of structure of the H-O nugget model. We empirically test the efficacy of environmental taxes using panel data of 10 OECD countries for 1997-2020 and find that environmental taxes have a deleterious effect on pollution. |
| Keywords: | General Equilibrium, Environmental Tax, H-O Nugget, Wage Inequality |
| JEL: | F11 F18 F6 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116961&r=env |
| By: | Echeverría, Lucía; Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto |
| Abstract: | Mobility gives individuals access to different daily activities, facilities, and places, but at the cost of imposing environmental externalities. The sustainable growth of society is linked to green mobility (e.g., public transport, walking, cycling) as a way to alleviate individual carbon footprints. This study explores the socio-demographic profile of individuals performing green travel (public and active modes of transport) and identifies cross-country differences in green travel behavior. We rely on information from the Multinational Time Use Study, MTUS, for Bulgaria, Canada, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, from 2000 to 2019. We estimate Ordinary Least Squares regressions modelling individual decisions regarding green mobility. Our results indicate that the socio-demographic and family profile of travelers is not homogenous across green modes of transport, with walking as a mode of travel exhibiting a much more consistent profile, across countries, in comparison to the use of public transport and cycling. Results indicate that some countries are more prone to green travel, and that transport infrastructure is a factor in the proportion of time spent on both public and active transport. Our findings help in understanding who is committed to green mobility, while revealing interesting systematic differences across countries |
| Keywords: | Perfil del Viajero; Medios de Transporte; Transporte No Motorizado; Transporte Público; 2000-2019; |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3755&r=env |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer; Carsten Helm |
| Abstract: | It is widely acknowledged that the transition towards a zero-emissions economy requires electrification of energy-related processes across all sectors of the economy — so-called sector coupling. In our analysis we consider countries whose electricity sectors are regulated by a multilateral emissions trading system (ETS). We examine the implications of a unilateral CO2 tax by a group of countries on emissions in their transport and buildings sectors. The tax induces a switch to electricity-based technologies (e.g., electric vehicles and heat pumps), thus raising the demand for emission allowances and their price in the electricity sector. This induces emission reductions in the electricity sectors of the other countries covered under the ETS; hence we have a “reverse waterbed effect”. CO2-intensive electricity generation technologies, especially coal, are most affected by this and their output falls as a result of sector coupling. Subsidies for electricity-based technologies in the transport and buildings sectors have similar effects, and the main insights still hold if these sectors are governed by a separate ETS, as it is planned for the EU. We examine this in a stylized analytical model and use a computable general equilibrium model calibrated to data for the EU to quantify the effects. Moreover, for the case of a second ETS, our numerical results suggest that the unilateral cancellation of emission allowances in the power sector leads to substantially higher welfare losses than doing so in the transport and buildings sectors. |
| Keywords: | sector coupling, unilateral action, overlapping regulation, ETS, reverse waterbed effect |
| JEL: | H23 D58 Q54 Q38 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10362&r=env |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on development of enterprising rural women as custodians of seed, food and traditional knowledge for climate change resilience in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 768 rural women respondents were sampled across the rural areas of the Niger Delta region in Nigeria. Findings - The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicated that the meagre interventions of MOCs’ CSR targeted at the empowerment of rural women in custodians of seed, food and traditional knowledge for climate change resilience recorded significant success in improving the role of women in agricultural production, especially in women involvement across value chains. Practical implications - This suggests that any increase in the MOCs’ CSR targeted at increasing rural women’s access to seed preservation facilities, food processing facilities, extension system that impact strong body of knowledge and expertise that can be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies, will enhance women’s responsibilities in households and communities, stewards of natural and household resources, and will position them well to contribute to livelihood strategies adapted to changing environmental realities. Social implications – This implies that MOCs’ GMoUs’ policies and practices should enhance women’s participation; value and recognise women’s knowledge; and enable women, as well as men farmers to participate in decision-making process in agriculture, food production, land and governance; as women need to be acknowledged and supported, as the primary producers of food in the region, able to both cultivate healthy food and climate change resilience through small scale agro-ecological farming system. Originality/value – This research contributes to gender debate in agriculture from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rational for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern. |
| Keywords: | Environmental justice, custodians of seed, climate change resilience, gender equality, corporate social responsibility, multinational oil companies, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/025&r=env |
| By: | Viral V Acharya; Richard Berner; Robert Engle; Hyeyoon Jung; Johannes Stroebel; Xuran Zeng; Yihao Zhao |
| Abstract: | We explore the design of climate stress tests to assess and manage macro-prudential risks from climate change in the financial sector. We review the climate stress scenarios currently employed by regulators, highlighting the need to (i) consider many transition risks as dynamic policy choices; (ii) better understand and incorporate feedback loops between climate change and the economy; and (iii) further explore “compound risk” scenarios in which climate risks co-occur with other risks. We discuss how the process of mapping climate stress scenarios into financial firm outcomes can incorporate existing evidence on the effects of various climate-related risks on credit and market outcomes. We argue that more research is required to (i) identify channels through which plausible scenarios can lead to meaningful short-run impact on credit risks given typical bank loan maturities; (ii) incorporate bank-lending responses to climate risks; (iii) assess the adequacy of climate risk pricing in financial markets; and (iv) better understand and incorporate the process of expectations formation around the realizations of climate risks. Finally, we discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of using market-based climate stress tests that can be conducted using publicly available data to complement existing stress testing frameworks. |
| Keywords: | climate finance |
| JEL: | G00 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10345&r=env |
| By: | Philip Adams; Louise Roos |
| Abstract: | Greenhouse gas emissions in Jordan come primarily from the combustion of refined oil products in transport. Hence, plans to reduce emissions focus primarily on the transport sector. These plans, often detailed from a technological point of view, seldom present reasoned economic measures of likely consequences. This paper provides an assessment of the likely economic costs and benefits for Jordan of two typical schemes to reduce the environmental effects of transport. Both relate to the delivery of passenger services. The first is to encourage the uptake of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) at the expense of Internal Combustion Vehicles (ICVs) and, to a lesser extent, hybrid vehicles. The second is to invest in new public transport infrastructure -- phase 2 of the Bus Rapid Transport system -- assisting to reduce the use of private vehicles principally in urban areas. The analysis is based on scenarios to 2050 constructed using a large model of Jordan's economy, named JorGE. JorGE is calibrated to data for 2020 and has a detailed industrial classification. That classification recognizes electricity produced by several different conventional fossil fuel and renewable technologies and a number of road transport service industries. The road transport industries distinguish passenger from freight services. For passenger services there are separate industries producing public transport services and private transport services. The latter is further disaggregated into services provided by the three different passenger vehicle types -- ICVs, EVs and Hybrids. |
| Keywords: | CGE modelling, electric vehicles (BEV), internal combustion vehicles (ICV), greenhouse gas, public transport |
| JEL: | C68 R41 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-339&r=env |
| By: | de Lima, Francisco Henrique Bezerril |
| Abstract: | The investigation of sustainable practices and actions of the “Geopark Seridó” (GS) emerges in the discussion about sustainability based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations (UN). Thus, taking into account that the search for such SDGs prevails as a global objective in favor of a better planet for present and future generations, elements and practices on geodiversity emerge, as well as geoparks as a relevant factor for achieving the 2030 Agenda. This study has the general objective of understanding the sustainable practices that contribute to the development of sustainable tourism activity of the GS, specifically considering: identifying the sustainable practices developed in the GS; analyzing sustainable practices from the perception of GS management, artisans, tour guides, and local drivers; and discussing the sustainable practices of GS in the context of sustainable tourism. The study developed has an interpretive nature, which appears as an exploratory research with a qualitative approach, and a case study as a delineation from a tourist itinerary carried out in the GS. For data collection, semi-structured interviews, collection of speeches from interviews on the internet, and bibliographic research were carried out. That being so, local actors related to the tourist activity of the studied territory were interviewed, as well as a representative of the geopark management and tourists. For data processing, the content analysis technique was used. As a result of the study, several practices, actions, and educational activities were identified, which are carried out with the aim of conserving and preserving the geological heritage of the GS through education and tourism, such as lectures for students from public and private schools; training of young guides; macro project; workshops; protection of geosites; wooden structures for tourist access; municipal laws; conceptual maps; mascots; technological applications; courses; training for guides; environmental education signs; educational trails; events; geoproducts; women's association; guides to sensitize tourists; and partnerships with tourism companies. It was found that these are sustainable practices and actions that aim to involve the community in the sense of belonging to the GS, where tourism is related, as well as those practices that insert the community directly with the tourist activity. It was evidenced that the relationship of local actors with tourism is based on environmental education in order to contribute to the sustainable development of the GS territory from the tourist experiences with geoproducts, that said, it contributes to the GS tourist activity being guided by the human development of tourists who experience what the territory offers, facilitating new learning and behavior change. |
| Date: | 2023–01–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:q5y9g&r=env |
| By: | Ram Mohan, M.P.; Prasad, Sriram |
| Abstract: | The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 (IBC) introduces different categories of claims as well as different categories of creditors. The IBC also introduces a moratorium on all ongoing cases once the Corporate Insolvency Reorganisation Process is initiated. The moratorium results in any ongoing claim being classified as a contingent claim. The treatment of contingent claims varies from case to case, lacking clarity. Similarly, the IBC is silent on the treatment of decree holders apart from recognizing decree-holders as creditors. The Supreme Court in Subhankar Bhowmik v Union of India (2022) refused to interfere with a Tripura High Court judgment classifying decree-holders as "other creditors". With growing environmental and climate change risks, companies may face environmental claims within the insolvency and restructuring framework. In India, the Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 mandates companies handling hazardous substances to take insurance schemes to guard against environmental liability. In this context, analyzing the treatment of environmental claims under insolvency becomes the perfect catalyst for understanding the interplay between insurance, insolvency and environmental law. This paper examines the classification of environmental claims and the treatment of environmental contingent claimants and decree holders under insolvency. As IBC is still evolving in India, the paper briefly analyses the treatment and classification of environmental claims in other jurisdictions to better inform the discussion. |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iim:iimawp:14692&r=env |
| By: | Sauermann, Miklas Pascal |
| Abstract: | Social entrepreneurship has emerged as a critical driver for promoting sustainable development in low-income communities facing pressing social and environmental challenges. However, the factors that contribute to the success of such initiatives and the obstacles faced by social entrepreneurs remain poorly understood. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, drawing on data collected from surveys of 60 community members and interviews with 20 social entrepreneurs operating in low-income communities to examine the role of social entrepreneurship in fostering sustainable development. The results reveal that successful social entrepreneurship initiatives in low-income communities require strong leadership, community engagement, funding accessibility, and adaptability. Moreover, social entrepreneurship has the potential to advance sustainable development through the provision of innovative solutions to complex social and environmental problems, the promotion of local economic development, and the enhancement of community resilience. However, the study also highlights several challenges social entrepreneurs face in low-income communities, including navigating complex regulatory environments, securing funding, and establishing community trust. Addressing these obstacles requires collaboration between social entrepreneurs, policymakers, and other stakeholders, as well as the development of tailored support mechanisms that address the unique needs of social entrepreneurship initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Social Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Development, Low-Income Communities, Impact Assessment |
| JEL: | L31 Q01 |
| Date: | 2023–03–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116929&r=env |
| By: | Arjan Trinks (CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis); Erik Hille (HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurs seem to be adapting their business operations to climate policy, instead of relocating their business to countries without or with less stringent climate policies. There is little to no evidence that climate policy has depressed the profit, productivity or turnover of an average industrial firm. This follows from a CPB study into the effect of carbon costs for approximately 3 million firms in 32 countries between 2000 and 2019. |
| JEL: | D22 H23 Q41 Q48 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpb:discus:445&r=env |
| By: | Véronique Bellon-Maurel (UMR ITAP - Technologies et Méthodes pour les Agricultures de demain - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Nina Lachia (UMR ITAP - Technologies et Méthodes pour les Agricultures de demain - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Bruno Tisseyre (UMR ITAP - Technologies et Méthodes pour les Agricultures de demain - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the way the digital transformation of the agricultural sector is implemented in Europe and in France. It describes the main European and national strategies, the structure of research and innovation initiatives, and the investment in capacity building to foster innovation, adoption and use. More specifically, the French research and innovation ecosystem on digital agriculture is described. The actors involved come from different organisations, such as research and higher educational institutes, government agencies, agricultural technology (AgTech) companies, farmer unions etc., and work together by means of associations (e.g. Robagri), networks (e.g. RMT Naexus, DigiFermes, Fermes Leader), or living labs (e.g. Occitanum) on both digital technology assessment and co-design. Additionally, support is devoted to capacity building (e.g. Le Mas numérique, Mobilab) and a better understanding of the drivers of adoption and use of digital technologies (e.g. FrOCDA). Among these various organisations, #DigitAg, the Digital Agriculture Convergence Lab, has been created to foster interdisciplinary research on digital agriculture. All these initiatives aim to use digital technologies to support the European Green Deal, Farm-to-Fork and Biodiversity strategies as well as the French orientation towards more agroecological practices for safer and more sustainable food systems. Even though this organisational ecosystem is developing fast, the objective of encouraging the coevolution of both digital and green transformations is not without challenges that still need to be overcome, either through new research, innovations, initiatives or collaborations between the actors involved. |
| Keywords: | #DigitAg, digital agriculture, digitalisation, Farm-to-Fork, green deal, innovation adoption, innovation ecosystems, innovation use, Digital agriculture Innovation ecosystems Green deal Farm-to-Fork Innovation adoption Innovation use Digitalization #DigitAg, Digital agriculture, Innovation ecosystems, Green deal, Innovation adoption, Innovation use, Digitalization |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04067148&r=env |
| By: | Patrice Ballester (M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, AFM - Association française du marketing (AFM), Euridis - Euridis Business School) |
| Abstract: | We present a new marketing and economic diagnostic matrix revisited from the PESTEL analysis, namely the PESTEL – ID: analysis of environmental influences: towards an extension of the PESTEL model with regard to the 17 objectives of sustainable development. A PESTEL analysis is based on an in-depth study of the macro-economic context of the company. It analyzes the market, the risks management and offers both quantitative and qualitative analysis. It is important to recognize the main factors that structure the market society, having as a consequence direct or indirect effects on the company and its strategy within an open market. The result of this analysis is presented in the proposal of an inventory of risks and opportunities, serving as a solid foundation for other studies in the context of strategic marketing. To use this analysis, it is necessary to have a good general knowledge, to be open to multiple sources of information and to have a spirit of synthesis allowing to better understand the macroeconomic issues of a company or of a project to be carried out. Following the organization of COP 21 and the ratification of the Paris Agreement, the member states of the European Union adopted the European Green Deal. Launched in 2019, this priority innovation and investment plan articulates several aspects of the economic, social and ecological transition. Due to their fundamental missions, our higher education and research establishments are at the crossroads of the issues of sustainable development and social and environmental responsibility in France. Indeed, to meet the expectations of today's learners and meet the challenges of tomorrow's socio-economic world, our institutions must not only produce and transmit new knowledge, but also appropriate it in their context, on their campus. , within their teams. In addition, our institutions must also position themselves to take into account the environmental and social impacts of research, ensuring that activities are ethical and meet international standards, taking into account sustainability in the planning and implementation research implementation, encouraging these practices to promote sustainable research publication, while providing resources to help researchers adopt sustainable practices in their work. This conference proposes to provide tools for reflection specific to the context of ESR and to bring out concrete courses of action shared by the invited specialists. In the context of Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility, as new approaches to the piloting service of universities, |
| Abstract: | Une analyse PESTEL repose sur une étude fouillée du contexte macro-économique de l'entreprise. Elle analyse le marché, les risques et propose une analyse à la fois quantitative et qualitative. Il convient de reconnaître les principaux facteurs qui structurent la société marchande en ayant comme conséquence des effets directs ou indirects sur l'entreprise et sa stratégie au sein d'un marché ouvert. Nous présentons une nouvelle matrice de diagnostic marketing et économique revisitée à partir de l'analyse PESTEL, à savoir le PESTEL – ID : analyse des influences de l'environnement: vers un élargissement du modèle PESTEL aux regards des 17 objectifs du développement durable. Le résultat de cette analyse s'expose sous la proposition d'un inventaire des risques et des opportunités, servant de fondement solide à d'autres études dans le cadre du marketing stratégique. Pour employer cette analyse, il est nécessaire de disposer d'une bonne culture générale, d'être ouvert à de multiples sources d'information et d'avoir un esprit de synthèse permettant de mieux cerner les enjeux macro-économiques d'une entreprise ou d'un projet à mener. À la suite de l'organisation de la COP 21 et de la ratification de l'Accord de Paris, les états-membres de l'Union Européenne ont adopté le pacte vert pour l'Europe. Lancé en 2019 ce plan d'innovation et d'investissement prioritaire articule plusieurs volets de la transition économique, sociale et écologique. De par leurs missions fondamentales, nos établissements d'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche se trouvent à la croisée des problématiques de développement durable et de responsabilité sociétale et environnementale en France. En effet, pour répondre aux attentes des apprenants d'aujourd'hui et relever les défis du monde socio-économique de demain, nos établissements doivent non seulement produire et transmettre de nouvelles connaissances, mais aussi se les approprier dans leur contexte, sur leur campus, au sein de leurs équipes. En outre, nos établissements doivent également se positionner afin de prendre en compte les impacts environnementaux et sociaux de la recherche, en veillant à ce que les activités soient éthiques et respectent les normes internationales, en prenant en compte la durabilité dans la planification et la mise en œuvre de la recherche, en encourageant ces pratiques pour promouvoir la publication de recherches durables, le tout en fournissant des ressources pour aider les chercheurs à adopter des pratiques durables dans leur travail. Cette conférence propose d'outiller la réflexion spécifique au contexte de l'ESR et de faire émerger des pistes d'action concrètes partagées par les spécialistes invités. Dans le cadre d'un développement Durable et de Responsabilité Sociétale, comme nouvelles approches au service pilotage des universités. |
| Keywords: | management, economy, marketing, communication, CSR, PESTEL, risk management, university, sustainable development, global change, économie, RSE, risque du marché, université, développement durable, changement global |
| Date: | 2023–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04061443&r=env |
| By: | Andrianady, Josué R. |
| Abstract: | This article aims to analyze the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on the economy using a DSGE model. We simulate two different shocks: an increase and a decrease in the SDGs expenditures to evaluate their effects on key macroeconomic variables. The results show that an increase in the SDGs expenditures has a positive effect on most macroeconomic variables, while a decrease in the SDGs has a negative effect. These findings suggest that pursuing the SDGs can lead to sustainable economic growth and improved living conditions in Madagascar. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), DSGE model, Madagascar, economic growth, economic policy. |
| JEL: | F43 O47 Q01 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117028&r=env |
| By: | Sanjit Dhami |
| Abstract: | We consider technology choices between green and brown technologies by firms. We use insights from complexity theory and also take account of true uncertainty in designing public policy. The green technology offers relatively higher returns to scale from adoption, and there are type-contingent differences among firms in their suitability for the green technology. We show that the long-run outcome is unpredictable despite there being no fundamental uncertainty in the model; small accidents of history can lead to large effects; and the final outcome is an ‘emergent property’ of the system. We describe the role of taxes and subsidies in facilitating adoption of the green technology. We also consider issues of the conflict between optimal Pigouvian taxes and green technology adoption; optimal temporal profile of subsidies; and the desirability of an international fund to provide technology assistance to poorer countries. Despite the simplicity of the framework, several novel results are demonstrated that typically do not arise in the standard analysis of the problem. |
| Keywords: | technology choice, climate change, complexity, lock-in effects, increasing returns, green subsidies, public policy, Pigouvian taxes, stochastic dynamics |
| JEL: | D01 D21 D90 H32 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10364&r=env |
| By: | Benoliel, Peter; Hernandez Rios, Kevin; Garcia Sanchez, Juan Carlos; Tal, Gil |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7qh0x0mf&r=env |
| By: | Jeremi Assael (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab, MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Thibaut Heurtebize (BNP Paribas Asset Management, Quantitative Research Group, Research Lab); Laurent Carlier (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab); François Soupé (BNP Paribas Asset Management, Quantitative Research Group, Research Lab) |
| Abstract: | As of 2022, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reporting and auditing are not yet compulsory for all companies, and methodologies of measurement and estimation are not unified. We propose a machine learning-based model to estimate scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions of companies not reporting them yet. Our model, designed to be transparent and completely adapted to this use case, is able to estimate emissions for a large universe of companies. It shows good out-of-sample global performances as well as good out-of-sample granular performances when evaluating it by sectors, countries, or revenue buckets. We also compare the model results to those of other providers and find our estimates to be more accurate. Explainability tools based on Shapley values allow the constructed model to be fully interpretable, the user being able to understand which factors split explains the GHG emissions for each particular company. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, disclosure, greenhouse gas emissions, machine learning, interpretability, carbon emissions, scope 1, scope 2, interpretable machine learning |
| Date: | 2023–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03905325&r=env |
| By: | Ofori, Isaac K.; Figari, Francesco; Ojong, Nathanael |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability literature by examining three important issues. First, the study examines the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic freedom on inclusive green growth (IGG) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Second, we investigate whether economic freedom interacts with FDI to promote IGG. Third, we identify minimum thresholds required for economic freedom to cause FDI to foster IGG. The findings are based on macro data for 20 SSA countries. Evidence, based on instrumental variable regression, shows that, unconditionally, FDI is not statistically significant for promoting IGG. Second, the study finds that SSA’s ‘Mostly unfree’ economic architecture conditions FDI to reduce IGG. Third, results from our threshold regression reveal that the minimum threshold required for economic freedom to cause FDI to foster IGG is 66.2% (Moderately free). The study sheds new light on investments necessary for SSA’s economic architecture to form relevant synergies with FDI to promote IGG. |
| Keywords: | Economic Freedom; FDI; Government Integrity; Inclusive Green Growth; Sustainable Development; sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | F21 F4 F6 H1 O1 O55 P1 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116956&r=env |
| By: | Isaac K. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Francesco Figari (Novara, Italy); Nathanael Ojong (York University, Toronto, Canada) |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability literature by examining three important issues. First, the study examines the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic freedom on inclusive green growth (IGG) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Second, we investigate whether economic freedom interacts with FDI to promote IGG. Third, we identify minimum the thresholds required for economic freedom to cause FDI to foster IGG. The findings are based on macro data for 20 SSA countries. Evidence, based on instrumental variable regression, show that, unconditionally, FDI is not statistically significant for promoting IGG. Second, the study finds that SSA’s ‘Mostly unfree’ economic architecture conditions FDI to reduce IGG. Third, results from our threshold regression reveal that the minimum threshold required for economic freedom to cause FDI to foster IGG is 66.2% (Moderately free). The study sheds new light on investments necessary for SSA’s economic architecture to form relevant synergies with FDI to promote IGG. |
| Keywords: | Economic Freedom; FDI; Government Integrity; Inclusive Green Growth; Sustainable Development; sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | F21 F6 H1 P1 O55 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/023&r=env |
| By: | Harvey, John T; Butt, Ali A |
| Abstract: | Procurement of more environmentally sustainable materials for civil infrastructure can be supported using environmental product declarations (EPDs). An EPD is a standardized label that is a scientifically sound way to communicate the potential environmental impacts and selected resource use and waste production flows from all or part of the life cycle of a product. To be called a Type III EPD, the life cycle assessment (LCA) for products used in civil infrastructure must be performed in accordance with ISO standards and the relevant product category rule (PCR) for the product type. Most EPDs for civil infrastructure materials in North America are “cradle-to-gate”, i.e., they include the impacts from the extraction of raw materials from the earth and end at the point at which the product is ready to leave the gate of the last manufacturing location. The steps leading to publication of an EPD include: 1) Developing the PCR, 2) Developing the LCA for the EPD, 3) Creating the EPD, and 4) Verification and publishing of the EPD. Industry-average, regional-average, product-specific, and facility-specific EPDs—with differing specificity to a particular product—are used for different purposes. EPDs are a source of data for materials impacts for use in assessment of the complete life cycle. They provide information to identify changes in impacts that can be made early in the materials production. They also can be used to help procure lower impact materials. This white paper discusses benefits of using EPDs and makes recommendations for improving their validity. Several areas needing improvement in current use in procurement are identified and recommendations are presented for improving the use of cradle-to-gate EPDs in transport infrastructure construction materials procurement and to provide input to complete life cycle pavement LCA to support decision-making. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Cradle to gate, environmental product declaration, life cycle assessment, transport infrastructure materials, procurement, decision support |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3fn4n3q6&r=env |
| By: | Ibrahim A. Adekunle (Babcock University, Nigeria); Olukayode E. Maku (Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria); Tolulope O. Williams (Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria); Judith Gbagidi (Africa PPP Advisory Services); Emmanuel O. Ajike (Babcock University, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Purpose With heterogeneous findings dominating the growth and natural resources relations, there is a need to explain the variances in Africa’s growth process as induced by robust measures of factor endowments. This study used a comprehensive set of data from the updated database of the World Bank to capture the heterogeneous dimensions of natural resource endowments on growth with a particular focus on establishing complementary evidence on the resource curse hypothesis in energy and environmental economics literature in Africa. These comprehensive data on oil rent, coal rent, and forest rent could provide new and insightful evidence on obscure relations on the subject matter. Design/methodology/approach This paper considers the panel vector error correction (PVECM) procedure to explain changes in economic growth outcomes as induced by oil rent, coal rent and forest rent. The consideration of the (PVECM) was premised on the panel unit root process that returns series that were cointegrated at the first-order differentials. Findings The paper found positive relations between oil rent, coal rent and economic development in Africa. Forest rent, on the other hand, is inversely related to economic growth in Africa. Trade and human capital are positively related to economic growth in Africa, while population growth is negatively associated with economic growth in Africa. Research limitations/implications Short-run policies should be tailored toward the stability of fiscal expenditure such that the objective of fiscal policy, which is to maintain the condition of full employment, economic stability, and stabilise the rate of growth, can be optimised and sustained. By this, the resource curse will be averted, and productive capacity will increase, leading to sustainable growth and development in Africa, where conditions for growth and development remains inadequately met. Originality/value The originality of this paper can be viewed from the strength of its arguments and methods adopted to address the questions raised in this paper. This study further illuminated age-long obscure relations in the literature of natural resource endowment and economic growth by taking a disaggregated approach to the component-by-component analysis of natural resources factors (the oil rent, coal rent and forest rent) and their corresponding influence on economic growth in Africa. This pattern remains underexplored mainly in previous literature on the subject. Many African countries are blessed with an abundance of these different natural resources in varying proportions. The misuse and mismanagement of these resources along various dimensions have been the core of the inclination toward the resource curse hypothesis in Africa. Knowing how growth conditions respond to changes in the depth of forest resources, oil resources and coal resources could be a useful pointer in Africa's overall use and management. This study contributed to the literature on natural resource-induced growth dynamics by offering a generalisable conclusion as to why natural resource-abundance economies are prone to poor economic performance. This study further asks if mineral deposits are a source or reflection of illgrowth and underdevelopment in African countries. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resource Endowment; Economic Growth; Resource Curse Hypothesis; PVECM; Africa |
| JEL: | C33 O44 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/015&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Swedish banks are in general mainly exposed to the effects of climate change through loans that are collateralized by real estate properties and lending to high-emission industries. |
| Date: | 2023–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/137&r=env |
| By: | David B. Adler; Edson R. Severnini |
| Abstract: | Ground-level ozone has been shown to have significant negative health externalities from short-term exposure, and as such has been regulated by the U.S. Clean Air Act since the 1970s. Ozone is not emitted directly; instead formation occurs due to a complex Leontief-like combination of air pollutants, under sunlight and warm temperatures, that results in high levels mid-day and low levels at night. Despite this known relationship, EPA regulations mostly consider the total emissions of ozone precursors and not when these emissions occur. Using hourly data on ambient ozone from 1980-2017 near the U.S. time zone borders, we provide evidence that the 1-hour time difference on either side of a border leads to a nontrivial change in ozone levels in certain hours of the day. We then examine a cap-and-trade program targeting ozone precursor emissions – the NOx Budget Program – finding that while it reduced ozone overall it did not have an economically significant effect on the timing of those emissions. We conclude by outlining a possible policy approach to account for the time-varying value of reductions in ozone precursor emissions. |
| JEL: | H22 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31069&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The First Annual Forum on Human Rights Defenders in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean was held in Quito on 22 and 23 November 2022. The Forum was convened by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) in its capacity as Secretariat of the Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Escazú Agreement), in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the Government of Ecuador, and it was supported by the Human Rights, Inclusion and Empowerment trust fund of the World Bank. The purpose of the Forum was to create a space for reflection and dialogue on the situation of human rights defenders in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean, bringing together the Parties to the Escazú Agreement, recognized specialists on the subject and the public in general, especially human rights defenders, Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and individual and groups of environmental defenders in vulnerable situations. To this end, the Forum focused mainly on the following topics: The situation and challenges experienced by human rights defenders in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean and testimonies of defenders. Experiences and good practices in promoting the rights of environmental defenders. Mechanisms for the protection of defenders within the framework of the Escazú Agreement and specific contents of article 9. An initial discussion on the preparation of the action plan on defenders of the Escazú Agreement. This document contains the official report of the First Annual Forum and summarizes the various panels, discussions and presentations. It also contains a systematization of the proposals made by the breakout groups during the proceedings, which will serve as input for the preparation of the action plan on human rights defenders of the Escazú Agreement. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, DERECHOS HUMANOS, INFORMACION AMBIENTAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, CONFERENCIAS, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, CONFERENCES |
| Date: | 2023–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:48791&r=env |
| By: | Wei Jiang (Xiamen University); Liwen Wang (Shenzhen Audencia Business School, Shenzhen University, SAFTI - Shenzhen Audencia Financial Technology Institute); Kevin Zhou (HKU - The University of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | Given that services differ from goods in terms of intangibility, heterogeneity, and inseparability, customers may evaluate green services differently from how they evaluate green goods. Previous research has investigated customers' perceptions and purchase decisions regarding green products. However, limited attention has been paid to the impact of green practices on customer evaluations of the service experience as well as important contingencies that bear on this relationship. Drawing on stakeholder theory, our study examines the impact of green practices on customer evaluations and further considers the influences of environmentaland firm-level contingencies. We test our model with a multi-source dataset in the Chinese hotel industry. The findings indicate that green practices improve customer evaluations of the service experience. This positive impact is, however, weaker in external environments characterized by high internet penetration and market complexity but is stronger for hotels with innovative services and for business hotels. Our findings provide novel insights into the environmental ethics and stakeholder management literatures by revealing the role of green practices in promoting positive service evaluations as well as the contingent influences of external environments and internal firm-level characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Green practices customer evaluations internet penetration market complexity service innovativeness hotel industry, Green practices, customer evaluations, internet penetration, market complexity, service innovativeness, hotel industry |
| Date: | 2022–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04015637&r=env |
| By: | Stefano Giglio; Theresa Kuchler; Johannes Stroebel; Xuran Zeng |
| Abstract: | We explore the effects of physical and regulatory risks related to biodiversity loss on economic activity and asset values. We first develop a news-based measure of aggregate biodiversity risk and analyze how it varies over time. We also construct and publicly release several firm-level measures of exposure to biodiversity risk, based on textual analyses of firms’ 10-K statements, a large survey of financial professionals, regulators, and academics, and the holdings of biodiversity-related funds. Exposures to biodiversity risk vary substantially across industries in a way that is economically sensible and distinct from exposures to climate risk. We find evidence that biodiversity risks already affect equity prices: returns of portfolios that are sorted on our measures of biodiversity risk exposure covary positively with innovations in aggregate biodiversity risk. However, our survey indicates that market participants do not perceive the current pricing of biodiversity risks to be adequate. |
| JEL: | G10 G11 G12 Q5 Q53 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31137&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | El primer foro anual sobre defensoras y defensores de derechos humanos en asuntos ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe se realizó en Quito los días 22 y 23 de noviembre de 2022. El foro fue convocado por la CEPAL en calidad de Secretaría del Acuerdo de Escazú, en alianza con el PNUMA, el ACNUDH y el Gobierno de Ecuador y con el apoyo del Fondo Fiduciario de Derechos Humanos, Inclusión y Empoderamiento del Banco Mundial. Su objetivo fue generar un espacio de reflexión y diálogo sobre la situación de las personas defensoras de derechos humanos en asuntos ambientales de América Latina y el Caribe, que reuniera a las Partes del Acuerdo de Escazú, a especialistas reconocidos en el tema, y al público en general, especialmente, a personas defensoras de derechos humanos, pueblos indígenas y comunidades locales y personas o grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad que defienden el medio ambiente. Para ello, el foro se enfocó fundamentalmente en las siguientes temáticas: La situación y desafíos que experimentan las personas defensoras de derechos humanos en asuntos ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe y testimonios de personas defensoras; Experiencias y buenas prácticas en la promoción de los derechos de las personas defensoras del ambiente; Mecanismos de protección de personas defensoras en el marco del Acuerdo de Escazú y contenidos específicos del Artículo 9; y Discusión inicial sobre la elaboración del Plan de Acción sobre Defensoras y Defensores del Acuerdo de Escazú. El presente documento contiene el informe oficial del primer foro anual, el cual resume los distintos paneles, diálogos y presentaciones. Asimismo, incluye una sistematización de las propuestas de las mesas de trabajo que servirán de insumo para la preparación del Plan de Acción sobre Defensoras y Defensores del Acuerdo de Escazú. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, DERECHOS HUMANOS, INFORMACION AMBIENTAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, CONFERENCIAS, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, CONFERENCES |
| Date: | 2023–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:48790&r=env |
| By: | Giglio, Stefano; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; Zeng, Xuran |
| Abstract: | We explore the effects of physical and regulatory risks related to biodiversity loss on economic activity and asset values. We first develop a news-based measure of aggregate biodiversity risk and analyze how it varies over time. We also construct and publicly release several firm-level measures of exposure to biodiversity risk, based on textual analyses of firms' 10-K statements, a large survey of financial professionals, regulators, and academics, and the holdings of biodiversity-related funds. Exposures to biodiversity risk vary substantially across industries in a way that is economically sensible and distinct from exposures to climate risk. We find evidence that biodiversity risks already affect equity prices: returns of portfolios that are sorted on our measures of biodiversity risk exposure covary positively with innovations in aggregate biodiversity risk. However, our survey indicates that market participants do not perceive the current pricing of biodiversity risks to be adequate. |
| Date: | 2023–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:n7pbj&r=env |
| By: | Simola, Antti; Boysen, Ole; Ferrari, Emanuele; Nechifor, Victor |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of the African Continental Free Trade Area on climate change adaptation and mitigation. We also estimate the consequent effects on African economic prospects and food security. We apply a global CGE model that incorporates with several representative concentration pathways on its baseline. |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:pugtwp:333394&r=env |
| By: | Timothy J Halliday (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Rachel Inafuku (UHERO); Lester Lusher (University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, UHERO, IZA); Áureo de Paula (Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:22/47&r=env |
| By: | Van Roosebeke, Bert; Defina, Ryan |
| Abstract: | Drawing on a survey amongst IADI Members, this IADI Survey Brief takes stock of the incorporation of climate related issues in fund management by deposit insurers. It provides a snapshot of current deposit insurer practices, identifies deposit insurers’ expectations, and explores possibilities for future developments. |
| Keywords: | deposit insurance; bank resolution; ESG |
| JEL: | G21 G33 |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116936&r=env |
| By: | Whitt, Christine; Wallander, Steven |
| Abstract: | Rotational grazing is a management practice in which livestock are cycled through multiple fenced grazing areas (paddocks) in order to manage forage production, forage quality, animal health, and environmental quality. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and other organizations promote rotational grazing as an important grazing practice for providing improved environ-mental outcomes, relative to continuous grazing, in which livestock are not cycled between grazing areas. USDA, NRCS provides financial assistance for rotational grazing and related management practices through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), and technical assistances through the Conservation Technical Assistance (CTA) program. Despite the breadth of support for rotational grazing, only limited information is available on the prevalence of rotational grazing and the variation in how producers implement the practice, including details on how frequently or “intensively” grazing operations rotate livestock between paddocks and how outcomes such as stocking density and cost relate to system characteristics. This study uses data from the 2018 Agricultural Resource Management Survey Cattle and Calves Cost and Returns Report to fill this information gap. The study finds that about 40 percent of cow-calf operations use rotational grazing, but adoption rates vary by production regions. Most rotational grazing systems are relatively simple. Only 40 percent of cow-calf operations that report using rotational grazing operations use an intensive rotational grazing schedule. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Industrial Organization, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:333532&r=env |
| By: | Marianna Cavallo (LEMAR - Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alicia Bugeja Said (Agrikoltura - Ministry for Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Animal Rights); José A Pérez Agúndez (IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This review engages with the ongoing blue economy debate to decipher old and emerging forms of economic, institutional, physical and social exclusions of local communities and vulnerable societies that may result from the development of ocean projects and policies across the globe. The results of this scientific and policy review show that, whereas for some traditional maritime activities such as fisheries, the drivers of exclusion are well studied and somehow addressed in policies, for other emerging sectors, such as ocean energies or deep-sea mining, there is a lack of understanding on how to recognise and prevent the different forms of exclusion. Exclusion is likely to occur when decisions are taken at the highest level of governance to achieve national or international targets of economic growth, food safety, clean energy or leisure, with little consideration of the effects on local economic, social and environmental contexts. On the other hand, when the principles of inclusiveness are given due consideration, they prove to be beneficial for the societies' well-being, increasing the chance of long-term social acceptability. We conclude that, to embrace inclusiveness, both governments and industries have to (a) go beyond the capitalist commodification of nature and recognise benefits other than the economic ones, namely, emotional, cultural and spiritual; (b) promote initiatives that fulfil local needs in the first place and are adapted to local contexts; (c) cooperate with local institutions and stakeholders to promote the co-management of resources and adaptive development. Likewise, research institutions, funding organisations and governmental agencies have to engage in new ways to assess the effects of ocean development that go beyond the quantitative approach and seek to integrate qualitative information, traditional knowledge and local perceptions. |
| Keywords: | blue economy blue growth inclusiveness local communities marine governance, blue economy, blue growth, inclusiveness, local communities, marine governance |
| Date: | 2023–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04044150&r=env |
| By: | Carlos Gaete-Morales; Julius J\"ohrens; Florian Heining; Wolf-Peter Schill |
| Abstract: | In the passenger car segment, battery-electric vehicles (BEV) have emerged as the most promising option to decarbonize transportation. For heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), the technology space still appears to be more open. Aside from BEV, electric road systems (ERS) for dynamic power transfer are discussed, as well as indirect electrification with trucks that use hydrogen fuel cells or e-fuels. Here we investigate the power sector implications of these alternative options. We apply an open-source capacity expansion model to future scenarios of Germany with high renewable energy shares, drawing on detailed route-based truck traffic data. Results show that power sector costs are lowest for flexibly charged BEV that also carry out vehicle-to-grid operations, and highest for HDV using e-fuels. If BEV and ERS-BEV are not charged in an optimized way, power sector costs increase, but are still substantially lower than in scenarios with hydrogen or e-fuels. This is a consequence of the relatively poor energy efficiency of indirect HDV electrification, which outweighs its temporal flexibility benefits. We further find a higher use of solar PV for BEV and ERS-BEV, and a higher use of wind power and, to some extent, fossil generators for hydrogen and e-fuels. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2303.16629&r=env |
| By: | Edoardo Baldoni (European Commission, Joint Research Centre); Roberto Esposti (Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM)) |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with the identification and estimation of a policy impact taking spatial interference explicitly into account. Most literature on treatment-effect estimation excludes this spatial interference by assumption but in several policies spatial interference is very likely to occur as well-known economic forces make contiguity affect both treatment assignment and effect. The paper develops two alternative spatially explicit estimation approaches to take these economic forces into account. These approaches are applied to the support for the adoption of organic farming within the Common Agricultural Policy. The Italian 2008-2020 Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) sample is considered. Results suggest that spatial interference occurs and it is relevant in both treatment assignment and impact. Propensity Score Matching approaches seem more suitable to capture this interference. |
| Keywords: | Spatial Interference, Treatment effect, Agro-Environmental Policy, Organic Farming. |
| JEL: | C21 Q15 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:475&r=env |
| By: | Alexia Stokes (AMAP Lab [Saint-Pierre - La réunion] - UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Géraldine Bocquého (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pascal Carrere (UREP - Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Raphaël Conde Salazar (UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Deconchat (DYNAFOR - Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers - École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT] - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Léo Garcia (UMR ABSys - Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Antoine Gardarin (Agronomie - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christian Gary (UMR ABSys - Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Cédric Gaucherel (UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Mamadou Gueye (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mickael Hedde (UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Françoise Lescourret (PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Zhun Mao (UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Nicolas Quérou (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gabrielle Rudi (AgroParisTech); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphael Soubeyran (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Julie Subervie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Aude Vialatte (DYNAFOR - Dynamiques et écologie des paysages agriforestiers - École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT] - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Fabrice Vinatier (UMR LISAH - Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marielle Thomas (URAFPA - Unité de Recherches Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux - UL - Université de Lorraine - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Agroecosystems are facing new challenges in the context of a growing and increasingly interconnected human population, and a paradigm shift is needed to successfully address the many complex questions that these challenges will generate. The transition to providing multiple services within an agroecosystem is a starting point for heightened multifunctionality, however, there is still hesitation among stakeholders about moving towards multi-service systems, largely because of the lack of knowledge linking productivity and multifunctionality. We reason that much of this reticence could be overcome through a better understanding of stakeholder requirements and innovative transdisciplinary research extended in the dimensions of time and space. We assembled experts in France to identify priority research questions for co-constructing projects with stakeholders. We identified 18 key questions, as well as the obstacles that hinder their resolution and propose potential solutions for tackling these obstacles. We illustrate that research into agroecosystem multifunctionality and service production must be a hugely collaborative effort and needs to integrate knowledge from different sectors and communities. Promoting dialogue, standardization and data-sharing would enhance transdisciplinary progress. Biodiversity is highlighted as a key factor to explore and incorporate into modelling approaches, but major advances must be made in the understanding of dynamic changes in the biodiversity-function-service nexus across landscapes. Resolving these research questions will allow us to translate knowledge into decision objectives, identify adaptation and tipping points in agroecosystems and develop social-ecological economic pathways that are adaptive over time. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, Economics, Ecosystem services, Farm, Social-ecological system, Model |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04056486&r=env |
| By: | Mathias Lund Larsen (CBS - Copenhagen Business School [Copenhagen]); Tancrède Voituriez (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Christoph Nedopil (UCAS - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing]) |
| Abstract: | A growing number of emerging economies receive significant parts of their overseas finance and investment from Chinese state-owned or state-linked institutions. While academic research has focused on how Chinese policy and state-owned banks approach sustainable development issues, Chinese sovereign-backed overseas development funds are a critical yet overlooked component. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by providing the first comprehensive overview of such funds regarding their scope, activities and capitalization, as well as by assessing the funds' policy approach to sustainability. Qualitative and quantitative data are collected from databases, funds' websites, newspaper articles and public statements in both Chinese and English to identify common features between funds and to analyse their sustainability policies in comparison with global best practices. The paper specifically analyses the funds' sustainability approaches rather than impact due to a lack of comprehensive data on the funds' investments. First, the paper finds that given their number, announced capital size of US$213 billion, geographic scope and sectorial focus, including on high-emissions projects such as mining, energy and heavy industry, the funds are influential players in global development finance. Second, regarding the funds' approaches to sustainability, the paper finds that the funds lack transparency about their policies and practices, |
| Keywords: | investment funds, china, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04052167&r=env |
| By: | Jérémi Assael (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab, MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Laurent Carlier (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab); Damien Challet (MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | We systematically investigate the links between price returns and Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) features in the European market. We propose a cross-validation scheme with random company-wise validation to mitigate the relative initial lack of quantity and quality of ESG data, which allows us to use most of the latest and best data to both train and validate our models. Boosted trees successfully explain a part of annual price returns not accounted by the market factor. We check with benchmark features that ESG features do contain significantly more information than basic fundamental features alone. The most relevant sub-ESG feature encodes controversies. Finally, we find opposite effects of better ESG scores on the price returns of small and large capitalization companies: better ESG scores are generally associated with larger price returns for the latter, and reversely for the former. |
| Keywords: | ESG features, sustainable investing, interpretable machine learning, model selection, asset management, equity returns, ESG data |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03791538&r=env |
| By: | Ahlerup, Pelle (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Sundström, Aksel; Jagers, Sverker C; Sjöstedt, Martin |
| Abstract: | Droughts can affect people’s political trust positively, through rallying effects, or negatively, through blame attribution. We examine how drought conditions affect political trust in the context of Africa. We link high-precision exogenous climate data to survey respondents, 2002–2018, and report moderate negative effects of drought conditions on people’s trust in their president. These negative effects increase with the severity of drought conditions. The political economy of favoritism, where some regions are preferentially treated by rulers, should result in heterogeneous effects across territories. We find that trust increases in capital regions and in leader birth regions during dry conditions. In contrast, when droughts take place in such regions, trust levels fall in other regions. This is in line with the idea that capital regions and leader birth regions could be preferentially treated in the aftermath of droughts. Understanding these processes further is important given their salience because of global warming. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Drought; Afrobarometer; Trust; Climate change; Disasters |
| JEL: | D74 H70 O10 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0832&r=env |
| By: | Alex Adegboye; Abrams M.E. Tagem |
| Abstract: | This paper establishes how accountability quality might mediate the effect of tax revenue on sustainable development in 41 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1990-2019. The empirical evidence is based on three empirical strategies: generalized method of moments, instrumental variable Tobit, and quantile regressions. The following findings are revealed. First, accountability dynamics influence tax revenue in ways that have favourable net effects on sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Sub-Saharan Africa, Accountability, Revenue mobilization, Tax revenue, Sustainable development |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-54&r=env |
| By: | Timothy Donais; Alistair Edgar |
| Abstract: | The principle of inclusive development lies at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and in particular Goal 16, with its focus on inclusive societies backed by inclusive institutions. Yet despite its ubiquity across the SDGs, inclusivity not only remains ill-defined, but is both controversial and deeply political across many UN member states. |
| Keywords: | SDGs, Inclusion, Peacebuilding, Fragile states |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-53&r=env |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of central bank digital currency (CBDC) for poverty reduction and sustainable development. In the paper, I argue that a CBDC can eliminate poverty by increasing financial inclusion which gives poor people access to affordable credit and other basic financial services which they can use to improve their welfare, thereby enabling them to rise above poverty, and achieve the United Nations sustainable development goal of eradicating poverty. This argument is valid only if a central bank digital currency is designed to incorporate features that increase financial inclusion. The argument may not be valid in cases where a CBDC is not designed to increase financial inclusion as is the case in some developed countries. The implication is that a CBDC can lead to poverty reduction only when the CBDC design incorporate features that increase financial inclusion. Policy makers can ensure that the CBDC used in their countries is designed to incorporate features that increase financial inclusion which is vital for poverty reduction and for achieving the United Nations sustainable development goal of eradicating poverty in all its forms. |
| Keywords: | CBDC, central bank digital currency, financial inclusion, poverty reduction, sustainable development goals, United Nations. |
| JEL: | E40 E42 Q01 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:117000&r=env |
| By: | Ahlerup, Pelle (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Olsson, Ola (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | In this report, we focus on the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 8.1, stipulating that countries should pursue real GDP per capita growth rates that are in accordance with their national circumstances and that total GDP should grow by more than seven percent a year in the least developed countries. We start by briefly discussing the background of this target and then review some of the existing research on economic growth across the world, starting with growth theory and its predictions concerning the convergence of growth rates and income levels in the short and long term. We also review the extensive empirical work on cross-country income and growth regressions that have accumulated during the last three decades, focusing on recent (pre-covid) and historical patterns regarding the fulfillment of the SDG 8.1 targets. We show that a growth rate in total GDP of seven percent per year has only been observed in about 10 percent of all available country-year observations over history. Growth rates exceeding seven percent were relatively frequent among poor countries during 2000-2009 but not during 2009-2019. Since 2000, the relatively high average growth rates among poor countries have implied that their income levels have steadily converged towards those of richer countries, although at a slow pace. This pattern is manifested in longer periods of sustained growth episodes in poor countries and can probably be explained by successful policy reforms. We also show that about a third of all countries managed to have positive economic growth during 2010-19 while at the same time decreasing their emissions of CO2 from production (decoupling). For poor and rich countries alike, the growth prospects post-covid and after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, are uncertain. |
| Keywords: | economic growth; sustainable development goals; convergence; SDG 8.1 |
| JEL: | N10 O47 O57 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0834&r=env |
| By: | Gigout, Timothee (Banque de France); London, Melina (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | We study how international trade networks react to natural disasters. We combine exhaustive firm-to-firm trade credit and disaster data and use a dynamic difference-in-differences identification strategy. We establish the causal effect of natural disasters abroad on the size, shape and quality of French exporters' international trade networks. We find evidence of large and persistent disruptions to international buyer-supplier relationships. This leads to a restructuring of the trade network of the largest French exporters and a change in trade finance sources for affected countries. We find strong and permanent negative effects on the trade credit sales of French suppliers to affected destinations. The largest firms are driving the response, both on the supplier and buyer side. Trade network restructuring towards unaffected destinations is higher for large multinationals trading more homogeneous products. This effect operates exclusively through a reduction in the number of buyers. This induces a negative shift in the distribution of the quality of buyers in the destination affected by the natural disaster. |
| Keywords: | Firm Dynamics; Trade Networks; Natural Disaster, Granularity |
| JEL: | E32 F14 F23 F44 L14 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202302&r=env |
| By: | Elizabeth Frankenberg; Cecep Sumantri; Duncan Thomas |
| Abstract: | Measuring impacts of extreme events on population well-being is complicated if data are not representative of the pre-event at-risk population or a representative sample of the population is not followed post-event. The sources and nature of some important biases are documented using data from the Study of the Tsunami Aftermath and Recovery (STAR) which documents the evolution of population well-being before and after a major natural disaster, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The baseline, collected 10 months before the tsunami, is representative of the at-risk population. Respondents have been followed and re-interviewed multiple times in the fifteen years since the tsunami achieving high follow-up rates. We empirically document the importance of construct samples that represent the pre-event at-risk population, rather than an opportunistic sample of those in the vicinity of the event. Pre-event characteristics condition where and in what circumstances people live post-event. Post-event well-being is associated with post-event living conditions in the short-term, and that over time, the link weakens between short-term living arrangements and post-event well-being. Failure to follow-up all respondents, especially those who move away from the location of the event, yields biased estimates of impacts of the event. |
| JEL: | O10 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31132&r=env |