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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Helo Sarmiento, Juliana; Pirelo-Ríos, Ana; Muñoz-Mora, Juan Carlos |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a major threat to agricultural productivity in developing countries. In this paper, we explore the unintended environmental effects of an adaptation policy that conditioned credit programs for the renewal of coffee crops on the use of pest-resistant varieties. We use the case of the Colombian coffee sector, which was severely affected by extreme rainfall events and pest proliferation from 2010–2011. In response, the National Federation of Coffee Growers (NFCG) changed its policy to protect farmers from future weather shocks by conditioning renewal credits to the use of pest-resistant seeds. We exploit the timing of the policy and a novel data set that includes coffee farms’ productive characteristics matched with satellite tree cover data to analyze its environmental effect. We find that conditioning renewal credits on a seed change decrease tree cover in treated coffee growers by 390 m2. If we extend this result to all treated farms in our sample, the total loss increases to 1, 031 (10.31 million m2). We calculate that this average loss in tree coverage on treated farms translates into a release of 61, 912 tons of carbon. |
| Keywords: | Agricultura, Cambio climático, Desarrollo rural, |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:2004&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Sul-Ki (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | The role of policy (among various other factors) in determining the stability of the power supply and electricity rates is becoming more important. Policy-based pressure on rising electricity prices is expected to intensify as countries prepare stronger environmental regulations in an international effort to cope with climate change. Under the Paris Agreement, countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) that comprise plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. South Korea has declared a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 by 24.4 percent compared to 2017 levels. In addition, at the end of 2020, countries submitted plans of a long-term low-carbon vision by 2050. Recently, major countries including the United States, European nations and South Korea have been pushing for a Green New Deal, and more and more countries are targeting net-zero emissions. This trend has only intensified in the post-COVID-19 era, as countries build consensus around the establishment of an eco-friendly and low-carbon society. GHG reductions and environmentally-friendly trends are likely to lead to higher electricity prices. It is self-evident that if the shares of renewable energy and natural gas of the power mix increase and the amount of power generated from fuels that were previously responsible for baseloads (such as nuclear and coal power) decreases, upward pressure on electricity prices will continue to build. The purpose of this study is to reveal the future impact of power sector-related regulations on the manufacturing sector and to provide insight for firms in establishing strategies to deal with such policies. |
| Keywords: | climate change; emissions; energy policy; green new deal; net-zero; carbon neutrality; manufacturing; electricity prices |
| JEL: | L50 Q41 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2021_007&r=env |
| By: | Hur, Sun Kyung (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Since the onset of the COVID-19, the seriousness of the climate problem has attracted more attention, and international cooperation to prevent climate change and climate disaster is continuing. More than 100 countries, including the EU, China, and Japan, have declared or are pursuing carbon neutrality, and the Biden administration in the United States has also pledged carbon neutrality. In addition, major countries in the EU as well as the U.S. are considering introducing a carbon border tax, strengthening regulations related to emissions in the transport sector and establishing a plastic tax. Korea has also set active greenhouse gas targets under the new climate system and submitted them to the international community. Through its 2030 National Determined Contribution (NDC) revised in December 2020, Korea proposed a goal of reducing total national greenhouse gas emissions by 24.4 percent by 2030. The Long-Term Low Greenhouse gas Mission Development Strategy (LEDS) submitted to the United Nations Climate Change Convention (UNCC) at the same time contains a vision for 2050 carbon neutrality. This paper focuses on analyzing offshore wind power and hydrogen, which are becoming increasingly important among renewable energy sources. |
| Keywords: | hydrogen; offshore wind; renewable energy; climate change; hydrogen power; carbon neutrality |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:2021_009&r=env |
| By: | Catacora-Vargas, Georgina; Tambutti, Marcia; Alvarado, Víctor; Rankovic, Aleksandar |
| Abstract: | The relevance of biodiversity to global climate, health and social stability has been widely documented; its present state of deterioration and loss is an urgent call to change the way in which we live with species and ecosystems. This leads to a recognition of the importance of reformulating the institutions and various processes associated with biodiversity governance at the subnational, national and global levels that have a negative impact on its conservation and sustainable use. In other words, there is a need to design and implement new forms of governance that facilitate positive transformative changes in the state of the biodiversity and human groups in Socioecologically vulnerable positions. |
| Keywords: | DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, MEDIO AMBIENTE, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NATURE CONSERVATION, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48542&r=env |
| By: | Lim, Soyoung (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Yang, Jooyoung (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | On July 14, 2021, the European Commission announced its Fit for 55 package to reach the EU’s climate target of cutting emissions by 55 percent by 2030. A Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) legislative proposal was introduced as part of this package. The proposal describes the mechanism and scope of CBAM, emissions calculation methods, and exclusions. It follows the method by which Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS) operate for EU importers. During a transitional phase, imports must be accompanied by a mandatory reporting of carbon data. Starting in 2026, following the conclusion of a transitional period, importers will be required to buy certificates with carbon prices determined by the EU ETS. Through an examination of Korea’s domestic ETS and an identification of the country’s strengths, this analytical brief explores ways to minimize the potentially negative impacts of ETS on Korean industries. |
| Keywords: | CBAM; carbon border adjustment mechanism; carbon tax; carbon pricing; emissions trading scheme; ETS; climate change; greenhouse gas; GHG; environmental policy; carbon policy; EU; Korea; industrial policy |
| JEL: | F02 F13 F18 F23 F51 F53 F64 H12 H87 K32 L52 Q01 Q27 Q28 Q37 Q38 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietia:2021_016&r=env |
| By: | Lim, Soyoung (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Kim, Kye Hwan (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Starting from his election campaign, U.S. President Joseph Biden has shown a proactive stance on responding to climate change and pledged to establish American leadership on the issue through the hosting of a Leaders Summit on Climate. During the summit, heads of state affirmed their commitments to responding to climate change and shared ideas on cooperative action, including setting higher targets for greenhouse gas reductions and expanding the emissions trading system. At the summit the U.S. indicated its firm commitment to assuming leadership in response toward climate change, while alluding to changes to its relationship with China vis-à-vis the issue. Korea too must transform its economic and industrial structure to actively respond to climate change while pursuing a full-scale green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. This analytical brief summarizes the events of the Leaders Summit on Climate and the climate-related policies and pledges of summit attendees and other major countries. It also proposes a set of recommendations for the Korean response to the climate crisis. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Korea; US; United States; Leaders Summit on Climate; emissions; climate change; climate policy; green transition; sustainability; clean energy; green energy; environmental policy; sustainability policy; emissions policy |
| JEL: | Q34 Q38 Q40 Q42 Q52 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietia:2021_006&r=env |
| By: | Robert Steiger (Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck); O. Cenk Demiroglu (Umeå University); Marc Pons (UPC - Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona]); Emmanuel Salim (EDYTEM - Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Europe accounts for 51% of international tourist arrivals and the tourism industry provides about 10% of workplaces in Europe. Tourism will be impacted by climate change in a diverse number of ways. At the same time, tourism is also a significant contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this article is, therefore, to provide an assessment of climate and carbon risks for the European tourism industry based on a systematic literature review. Climate risk is the dominant category with 313 papers (74%), while 110 papers (26%) were on carbon risks. The following gaps were identified: geographical gaps, especially in countries of the former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia; a lack of coherent studies on national tourism's and its sub-sectors' emissions; research addressing how climate policies might affect tourism demand; assessments of the integrated carbon and climate risks; lack of evidence on the link between tourism climate indicators and tourism demand; lack of climate change and tourism studies addressing policy and institutional tools for adaptation and implementation of adaptation measures in destinations; and research on rising sea levels and coastal erosion and its impacts on tourism destinations and demand. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk, carbon risk, tourism, Europe, systematic review, adaptation, mitigation |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03932019&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik |
| Abstract: | Global warming is the most significant threat to ecosystems and people’s health and living standards, especially in small island states in the Caribbean and elsewhere. This paper contributes to the debate by analyzing different options to scale up climate change mitigation and adaptation. In particular, the empirical analysis indicates that increasing energy efficiency and reducing the use of fossil fuel in electricity generation could lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions, while investing in physical and financial resilience would yield long-run benefits. From a risk-reward perspective, the advantages of reducing the risks associated with climate change and the health benefits from higher environmental quality clearly outweigh the potential cost of climate change mitigation and adaptation in the short run. The additional revenue generated by environmental taxes could be used to compensate the most vulnerable households, building a multilayered safety net, and strengthening structural resilience. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; decarbanization; energy efficiency; mitigation; adaptation; carbon tax; green financing; climate change mitigation; risk-reward perspective; Island state; adaptation strategy; climate change adaptation; Greenhouse gas emissions; Natural disasters; Caribbean; Global |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/179&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik |
| Abstract: | Tourism was one of the fastest-growing sectors before the COVID-19 pandemic, accounting for about 10 percent of global GDP. But it has also created a number of challenges including environmental degradation, especially in small island countries where the carbon footprint of tourism constitute substantial share of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study empirically investigates the impact of tourism on CO2 emissions in a relatively homogenous panel of 15 Caribbean countries over the period 1960–2019. The results show that international tourist arrivals have a statistically and economically significant effect on CO2 emissions, after controlling for other economic, institutional and social factors. Therefore, managing tourism sustainably requires a comprehensive set of policies and reforms aimed at reducing its impact on environmental quality and curbing excessive dependency on fossil fuel-based energy consumption. |
| Keywords: | Tourism; climate change; CO2 emissions; energy intensity; mitigation; adaptation; tourism constitute; impact of tourism; share of carbon dioxide; climate change mitigation; climate change vulnerability; Greenhouse gas emissions; Caribbean; Global |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/178&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Conrad Landis; Kostas Dellis; Artemis Stratopoulou |
| Abstract: | This paper refers to the valuation of European, Marine and Fresh Water Ecosystem Services. Using a meta-regression approach, we estimate the Annual Willingness to Pay (WTP) for several classifications of the ecosystem services and various biogeographical and marine regions across all twenty-seven EU markets. Moreover, we explore the correlation between WTP and the national level of achievement of the 17 SDGs, with particular focus on SDG 14 - Life Below Water. Results indicate that regulating services of marine and freshwater ecosystems are ranked high and that in almost 63% of the European countries, the WTP for the improvement of the marine & freshwater ecosystem is high and exceeds estimates for terrestrial ecosystems. Valuing ecosystem services and link them to the Sustainable Development Goals, we find that marine ecosystems are mainly positively correlated to SDGs 2, 12, 13, 14 and 17, while a high MWTP value is assigned to specific SDG14 individual indicators like fish caught from overexploited or collapsed stocks and fish caught that are then discarded. Overall, results indicate that societies attributing greater value to ecosystem services mark greater progress towards the implementation of SDGs and SDG 14 in particular. |
| Keywords: | Valuation, Sustainable Development Goals, Ecosystem Services, Meta-Regression, Marine, Freshwater |
| Date: | 2023–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2304&r=env |
| By: | Fausto Cavalli; Ahmad Naimzada; Enrico Moretto |
| Abstract: | We propose a model for exploring the feasibility of the green transition between dirty and clean technologies. It relies on an evolutionary framework for the technology selection interacting with the environmental domain, which describes the evolution of pollution. A regulator charges an ambient tax to the producers, and the agents can choose between the less profitable clean technology and the more profitable dirty one, which however is taxed to a greater extent with respect to the clean one. The environmental tax depends endogenously on the level of pollution, which rises because of the producers’ emissions. The pollution stock also naturally decays, and can be abated by involving the resources collected from the taxation. We analytically study the resulting two-dimensional model from both the static and the dynamical points of view, to understand under what conditions the green transition can take place and results in an improvement for the environmental quality. We show that excessive over-taxation of the dirty technology may be not always beneficial, as steady state pollution level can increase above a certain taxation threshold and multiple steady states can emerge. Moreover, dynamics can result in persistent endogenous oscillations that systematically lead to a significant increase in pollution levels. Finally, we discuss the economic rationale for the results also in the light of possible policy suggestions. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:510&r=env |
| By: | Manisha Jain (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research; Institute of Economic Growth) |
| Abstract: | National energy balances are essential for estimating various socioeconomic and environmental development indicators, including carbon-dioxide emissions. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) annually publishes India's energy balance. However, the widely used source of India's energy balance is International Energy Agency (IEA). In this paper, I compare the data from the two sources and find that MOSPI's energy balance estimates are different from IEA's. The estimates of per capita energy consumption and energy intensity from MOSPI are 26 higher than IEA for 2019-20. Another issue in MOSPI's data is the incomplete disaggregation of final energy consumption by end-use sectors. Energy consumption from oil products reported in the non-specified category in MOSPI tables is 40 of the total consumption. Due to this, the agriculture energy intensity is 33 lower, and the transport energy intensity is 43 lower than IEA. India's carbon dioxide emissions from MOSPI's energy balance estimate are 31 higher than IEA. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, indicators, carbon dioxide emissions, energy balance table, national energy statistics |
| JEL: | Q4 K3 O13 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2022-018&r=env |
| By: | Blasberg, Alexander; Kiesel, Rüdiger; Taschini, Luca |
| Abstract: | Using Credit Default Swap spreads, we construct a forward-looking, market-implied carbon risk factor and show that carbon risk affects firms’ credit spread. The effect is larger for European than North American firms and varies substantially across industries, suggesting the market recognizes where and which sectors are better positioned for a transition to a low-carbon economy. Moreover, lenders demand more credit protection for those borrowers perceived to be more exposed to carbon risk when market-wide concern about climate change risk is elevated. Lenders expect that adjustments in carbon regulations in Europe will cause relatively larger policy-related costs in the near future. |
| Keywords: | climate change; carbon risk; credit risk; credit default; swap spreads |
| JEL: | C21 C23 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118092&r=env |
| By: | Blasberg, Alexander; Kiesel, Rüdiger; Taschini, Luca |
| Abstract: | Using Credit Default Swap spreads, we construct a forward-looking, market-implied carbon risk factor and show that carbon risk affects firms’ credit spread. The effect is larger for European than North American firms and varies substantially across industries, suggesting the market recognizes where and which sectors are better positioned for a transition to a low-carbon economy. Moreover, lenders demand more credit protection for those borrowers perceived to be more exposed to carbon risk when market-wide concern about climate change risk is elevated. Lenders expect that adjustments in carbon regulations in Europe will cause relatively larger policy-related costs in the near future. |
| Keywords: | climate change; carbon risk; credit risk; credit default; swap spreads |
| JEL: | C21 C23 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118096&r=env |
| By: | Etienne ESPAGNE; Hugo LAPEYRONIE |
| Abstract: | In order to meet the climate objectives set by the Paris Agreement, all countries will have to operate a dramatic structural change by replacing most fossil energy sources with renewable ones that are expected to be highly mineral intensive. This material intensity of the low-carbon transition may notably threaten different dimensions of the 2030 Agenda.In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the links between the mining territories that are essential for the energy transition and the sustainable development goals defined in 2015 by the United Nations. Since much of this demand for minerals will be directed to developing countries, the geographical scope of this review is limited to these countries. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en15022&r=env |
| By: | Muhammad HANRI; Andhika PRATAMA; Lili YUNITA; Atiqah SIREGAR; Chairina SIREGAR; Wildan ANKY |
| Abstract: | Climate change is deteriorating Indonesia’s marine and coastal ecosystems, consequently worsening the economic condition of people living in coastal areas. The concept of marine protected area (MPA) was introduced to conserve marine ecosystems, with various potential benefits both for environmental sustainability and the fight against inequality. By assessing government documents and relevant literatures, this paper aims to explore the potential benefits of MPAs and assess their impact on environmental sustainability and inequality in Indonesia. We find that various studies have documented that MPAs do contribute to poverty alleviation to some extent. We identify several challenges for future implementation of MPAs, particularly related to awareness, human resources, short-term trade-off between programs and opportunity costs, and program sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Indonésie |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en14995&r=env |
| By: | Ny Andraina Andriamanantena; Charly Gaufreteau; Jean-Sauveur Ay (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Luc Doyen (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03913031&r=env |
| By: | Fatica, Serena (European Commission); Katay, Gabor (European Commission); Rancan, Michela (Universita Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | Combining a rich database on natural hazards, granular flood risk maps and detailed information on firm geolocalisation, we study the dynamic impacts of floods on European manufacturing firms during the period 2007-2018. We find that water damages significantly and persistently worsen firm performance, and may endanger their survival. An average flood deteriorates total assets by about 2% in the year after the event, and up to 5% seven years out. The drop in sales and employment is comparable. We show how reallocation of economic activity within flooded regions can reconcile our results with the 'creative destruction' hypothesis proposed by the natural disaster literature. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, floods, climate risk, firm performance, panel local projections |
| JEL: | D22 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202213&r=env |
| By: | ElDidi, Hagar; Khurana, Ritika; Zhang, Wei; Jadav, Maheshkumar Kalidas; Guha, Chiranjit; Priyadarshini, Pratiti; Guo, Zhe; Sandhu, Harpinder; Nagendra, Harini; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela |
| Abstract: | Common pool resources provide important socioeconomic and ecological benefits for local communities and beyond, with around 2.5-3 billion people depending on commons for their livelihoods and other needs globally. In India, common lands constitute around a quarter of the country’s landmass, help meet the subsistence and livelihood needs of at least 350 million people and are of social and cultural significance to rural communities, as well as providing ecosystem services that benefit wider society. Despite these vital contributions, India’s commons have been facing widespread degradation, and policymakers tend to perceive some commons as “wastelands†because their true extent and value is not known. This study contributes to improved understanding of the magnitude and vitality of commons for rural communities, focusing on land-based commons in India. We provide a national assessment of the spatial extent and usage of common lands across districts, using publicly available spatial datasets and 2011 Census of India data and Household Census data. We further examine the spatial overlap between common lands and officially recognized protected areas to shine light on the possible locations where sustainable management or restoration of commons can potentially add value to conservation, in addition to benefiting local communities. Our results show that common lands are spread out spatially across the country and are intertwined, with more than one type of commons often present within the same district. Further, communities, especially poor, marginalized and indigenous communities such as Scheduled Tribe rely on forest commons, barren lands, pastures and culturable wastelands for their livelihoods, including for extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for housing and cooking, grazing livestock, among others. Common lands and the communities that depend on them also often live in proximity to or are surrounded by officially recognized protected areas. Our study points to the need to drill down to more disaggregated level for commons mapping, which, in conjunction with information on the values of ecosystem services provide by commons, could inform land use policies and conservation and development planning. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; common lands; communities; data; data analysis; degradation; ecosystem services; forests; land use; land-use planning; land conservation; livelihoods; pastures; policy innovation; protected areas; restoration; rural communities; tribal peoples |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2166&r=env |
| By: | Catacora-Vargas, Georgina; Tambutti, Marcia; Alvarado, Víctor; Rankovic, Aleksandar |
| Abstract: | La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha reunido un conjunto de experiencias paradigmáticas de gobernanza para el cambio transformativo a favor de la biodiversidad en América Latina y el Caribe, que pueden servir de modelo para la aplicación de los enfoques integrativos, inclusivos, fundamentados y adaptativos propuestos por la Plataforma Intergubernamental Científico-Normativa sobre Diversidad Biológica y Servicios de los Ecosistemas, para la implementación del nuevo marco mundial de la diversidad biológica posterior a 2020 y como soluciones prácticas que permitan transitar hacia un desarrollo sostenible multidimensional. Los casos analizados muestran distintas vías posibles hacia el cambio estructural en diversas escalas y territorios, que pueden ser replicadas y ampliadas. La implementación de estas vías supone progresar en términos de coherencia, efectividad, equidad, representación y participación activa de distintos grupos de actores —en especial, de los más vulnerables, cuyos modos y sistemas de vida dependen de la biodiversidad—, así como avanzar hacia el acceso a la información, la integración de los sistemas de conocimiento y la adaptación a los contextos locales. |
| Keywords: | DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, MEDIO AMBIENTE, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, NATURE CONSERVATION, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48541&r=env |
| By: | Kim, Kyoung You (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade); Cho, Cheul (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | Due to the large proportion of emissions which the transportation sector accounts for and the comparative ease with which emissions from this sector can be managed, key countries are tightening emissions regulations in the transportation sector. To this end, various proclamations have been made and many policies have been proposed. Korea has announced robust measures to achieve a carbon-neutral automotive sector by 2050. But carbon neutrality regulations put in place during the transition from ICE vehicles to electric-powered vehicles must consider Korea’s industrial competitiveness and the global market strategies of Korean companies. As Korea’s automotive sector relies heavily on foreign markets, carbon neutral strategies must track international trends. At the same time, the country needs to develop and pursue appropriate strategies that will minimize negative impacts to its domestic industries. This paper explores measures to accelerate growth in the industrial ecosystem of the electric-powered vehicle sector while also supporting a smooth transition to carbon neutrality. |
| Keywords: | automotive industry; auto industry; exports; vehicle exports; carbon neutrality; climate change; emissions; electric vehicles; industrial structure; net zero; environmental policy; industrial policy; industrial strategy; export policy; export strategy; innovation; innovation policy |
| JEL: | E22 E23 E61 F02 F13 F23 F64 L16 L22 L52 L53 L62 O33 O38 Q52 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietia:2021_017&r=env |
| By: | Zapata, Nancy; Tejada, María del Carmen |
| Abstract: | Este documento se elaboró en el marco del proyecto “Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la incorporación de la reducción del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático en la inversión pública en los países miembros del COSEFIN/ SICA” (RIDASICC), coordinado desde 2019 por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y la Secretaría Ejecutiva del Consejo de Ministros de Hacienda o Finanzas de Centroamérica, Panamá y la República Dominicana (SE-COSEFIN). Este diagnóstico situacional forma parte de las primeras acciones desarrolladas en Nicaragua en el marco del Proyecto “Fortalecimiento de capacidades para la incorporación de la reducción del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático en la inversión pública en los países miembros del COSEFIN/SICA”. El enfoque adoptado en el documento se fundamenta en identificar fortalezas, barreras y oportunidades para incluir la reducción del riesgo de desastres (RRD) y la adaptación sostenible e incluyente al cambio climático (ASICC). Con ese propósito se examinan el marco normativo institucional y el Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública (SNIP); las guías existentes y otros instrumentos metodológicos; los sectores priorizados y su institucionalidad; el desarrollo de capacidades; y los sistemas de información para la inversión pública. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, INVERSION PUBLICA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESASTRES NATURALES, POLITICA DE INVERSIONES, ADMINISTRACION PUBLICA, INSTITUCIONES PUBLICAS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, CLIMATE CHANGE, NATURAL DISASTERS, INVESTMENT POLICY, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS |
| Date: | 2022–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:48611&r=env |
| By: | Ezzedine Ghlamallah (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | This article discusses how Islamic economics can provide remedies to environmental and financial crises. The first part of the article deals with the issue of environmental and financial crises (1). The environmental crises are analyzed through the issues of global warming, deforestation and marine pollution, and biodiversity loss (1.1). The financial crises are studied through the indebtedness, as a cause and consequence of the depressions, in a context that feeds speculation, where the financial markets are perfused with liquidity (1.2). This first part presents an observation allowing us to establish a diagnostic. The second part serves as a prescription and is devoted to the remedies offered by Islamic economics: the abandonment of usury and speculation; the attachment to the principles of justice, compassion, the search for the common good, as well as responsibility; but also the duty to share wealth and moderation (2.1). The implementation of the principles of Islamic economics is exposed through the contributions of Islamic finance to financial stability and the examples of the mechanisms of zakāh and waqf that respond to the adoption of the values of sharing and sustainability, to benefit humanity and the environment (2.2). Thus, through a withdrawal mechanism such as zakāh and a distribution instrument such as waqf, Islamic economics offers remedies to fully finance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) without having to recourse to more debt. |
| Abstract: | Cet article aborde la manière dont l'économie islamique peut apporter des remèdes aux crises environnementales et financières. La première partie de l'article traite de la question des crises environnementales et financières (1). Les crises environnementales sont analysées à travers les questions du réchauffement climatique, de la déforestation et de la pollution maritime, ainsi que de la perte de biodiversité (1.1). Les crises financières sont étudiées à travers l'endettement, en tant que cause et conséquence des dépressions, dans un contexte alimentant la spéculation où, les marchés financiers malades sont perfusés à la liquidité (1.2). Cette première partie présente un constat permettant d'établir un diagnostic. La seconde partie fait office de prescription et se consacre aux remèdes offerts par l'économie islamique : l'abandon de l'usure et de la spéculation ; l'attachement aux principes de justice, de compassion, de recherche de bien commun, ainsi que de responsabilité ; mais également le devoir de partage des richesses et de modération (2.1). La mise en oeuvre des principes de l'économie islamique est exposée à travers les apports de la finance islamique à la stabilité financière et les exemples des mécanismes de la zakāh et du waqf qui répondent à l'adoption des valeurs de partage et de durabilité, pour être profitable à l'humanité et à l'environnement (2.2). Ainsi, grâce à un mécanisme de prélèvement comme la zakāh et un instrument de distribution comme le waqf, l'économie islamique offre des remèdes permettant de financer intégralement les objectifs de développement durable (ODD) sans avoir à recourir à plus d'endettement. |
| Keywords: | Crise Economique, Crise Financière, Crise environnementale, Crise climatique, Finance islamique, Economie islamique |
| Date: | 2022–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03584215&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Yiqun Wu; Mr. Camilo E Tovar Mora; Tianxiao Zheng |
| Abstract: | We stress test the global economy to extreme climate change-related shocks on large and interconnected economies. Our analysis (i) identifies large and interconnected economies vulnerable to climate change-related shocks; (ii) estimates these economies’ external financing needs-at-risk due to these shocks, and (iii) quantifies the spillovers to the global economy using a global network model. We show that large and interconnected economies vulnerable to climate change could trigger a drain of $1.8 trillion in international reserves (2 percent of 2019’s global GDP). Domestic and multilateral macroeconomic policies can help reduce these global lossess to about $0.8 trillion. The scenario highlights the importance of considering global spillovers when assessing the impact of climate change-related shocks. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; external financing-needs-at-risk; multilayered networks; climate change vulnerability; vulnerability to climate change; climate vulnerability; climate change risk; CDS spread; Natural disasters; Stress testing; Climate policy; Global |
| Date: | 2022–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/189&r=env |
| By: | Miller, Hugh; Dikau, Simon; Svartzman, Romain; Dees, Stéphane |
| Abstract: | Several ‘critical’ raw materials, including metals, minerals and Rare Earth Elements (REEs), play a central role in the low-carbon transition and are needed to expand the deployment of low-carbon technologies. The reliable and affordable supply of these resources is subject to supply-side risks and demand-induced pressures. This paper empirically estimates the material demand requirements for ‘Transition-Critical Materials’ (TCMs) implied under two NGFS Climate Scenarios, namely the ‘Net Zero by 2050’ and ‘Delayed Transition’ scenarios. We apply material intensity estimates to the underlying assumptions on the deployment of low-carbon technologies to determine the implied material demand between 2021 and 2040 for nine TCMs. We find several materials to be subject to significant demand-induced pressures under both scenarios. Subsequently, the paper examines the possible emergence of material bottlenecks for three materials, namely copper, lithium and nickel. The results indicate possible substantial mismatches between supply and demand, which would be further exacerbated if the transition is delayed rather than realised immediately. We discuss these findings in the context of different possible transmission channels through which these bottlenecks could affect financial and price stability, and propose avenues for future research. |
| Keywords: | low-carbon transition; commodities; critical raw materials; scenario analysis; financial risk; price stability; geopolitics of the energy transition |
| JEL: | Q01 Q50 Q42 L72 G10 E44 E31 F50 |
| Date: | 2023–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118095&r=env |
| By: | Miller, Hugh; Dikau, Simon; Svartzman, Romain; Dees, Stéphane |
| Abstract: | Several ‘critical’ raw materials, including metals, minerals and Rare Earth Elements (REEs), play a central role in the low-carbon transition and are needed to expand the deployment of low-carbon technologies. The reliable and affordable supply of these resources is subject to supply-side risks and demand-induced pressures. This paper empirically estimates the material demand requirements for ‘Transition-Critical Materials’ (TCMs) implied under two NGFS Climate Scenarios, namely the ‘Net Zero by 2050’ and ‘Delayed Transition’ scenarios. We apply material intensity estimates to the underlying assumptions on the deployment of low-carbon technologies to determine the implied material demand between 2021 and 2040 for nine TCMs. We find several materials to be subject to significant demand-induced pressures under both scenarios. Subsequently, the paper examines the possible emergence of material bottlenecks for three materials, namely copper, lithium and nickel. The results indicate possible substantial mismatches between supply and demand, which would be further exacerbated if the transition is delayed rather than realised immediately. We discuss these findings in the context of different possible transmission channels through which these bottlenecks could affect financial and price stability, and propose avenues for future research. |
| Keywords: | low-carbon transition; commodities; critical raw materials; scenario analysis; financial risk; price stability; geopolitics of the energy transition |
| JEL: | Q01 Q50 Q42 L72 G10 E44 E31 F50 |
| Date: | 2023–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118094&r=env |
| By: | Henri Casella (Auteur indépendant); Jaime de Melo (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva) |
| Abstract: | The paper reports on evidence on how trade can help Africa adapt to Climate Change (CC) along three dimensions: (i) fast-onset events from short-lived extreme occurrences (floods, extreme temperatures); (ii) slow-onset events (rise in average temperatures and sea-level rise); (iii) trade facilitation policies. • Fast onset events: Trade reduces the amplitude of extreme events like a drought. But policy reactions to large shocks can increase the amplitude of the shock. During the South African drought of 2015-6, policies had spillovers in neighboring countries. Following the 2008-09 financial crisis, export restrictions by major crop exporters and reduction in tariffs by importers amplified the shock. Policy coordination is needed to control spillover effects. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, adaptation, Africa, Environmental goods |
| Date: | 2022–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03937172&r=env |
| By: | Andrea Ugolini; Juan C. Reboredo; Javier Ojea-Ferreiro |
| Abstract: | We study whether climate transition risk is reflected in the credit default swap (CDS) spreads of firms. Using information on the vulnerability of a firm’s value to the transition to a low carbon economy, we construct a climate transition risk (CTR) factor, and document how this factor shifts the term structure of the CDS spreads of more vulnerable firms but not of less vulnerable firms. Considering the impact of different climate transition policies on the CTR factor, we find that they have asymmetric and significant economic impacts on the credit risk of more vulnerable firms, and negligible effects on the remaining firms. |
| Keywords: | Climate transition risk, CDS spreads, credit risk. |
| JEL: | C24 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:509&r=env |
| By: | Catherine Benjamin (Univ Rennes, CNRS, CREM - UMR 6211, F-35000 Rennes); Sebastian Irigoyen (Univ Rennes, CNRS, CREM - UMR 6211, F-35000 Rennes); David Masclet (Univ Rennes, CNRS, CREM - UMR 6211, F-35000 Rennes and CIRANO, Montreal Canada) |
| Abstract: | Several environmental policies are efficient in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However these policies remain still very unpopular among the public and climate issues often provide ideal targets for populists who frame these issues as elite matters. In this current paper we attempt to answer the following question : are environmental issues a matter of elites? We conjecture that this is not necessarily the case but that there exists several factors that may refrain the poorest and less educated individuals from accepting environmental policies. The first explanation relies on the household’s budget constraint and the fact that high income and high educated individuals are in a better financial position to accept costly environmental policies. This explanation relates to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that stipulates that individuals must have fulfilled lower needs before addressing higher levels of needs such as environmental issues. The second explanation is that education may affect support of environmental policies indirectly by reducing ignorance and mistrust, which constitute key barriers to public acceptance of environmental policies. We ran an empirical analysis based on the data from the European Social Survey (2016). We find that higher educated and income individuals are more likely to favor most of environmental policies, suggesting that educational background play both a direct and an indirect role. We also find that both mistrust in institutions and right wing populism, as proxies of skepticism constitute important barriers to most of environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | Public support, Environmental policies, trust, populism |
| JEL: | Q50 H11 H12 D02 D12 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2023-02&r=env |
| By: | Arnaud Lamy (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Center for Food and Hospitality Research, Paul Bocuse Institute, Ecully, France); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Ikpidi Badji (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Myriam Carrère (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pascaline Rollet (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Marie-Josephe Amiot (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | In France, the horsemeat market has been declining for about 50 years and has become a specialized market. Our study aims to understand this decline with regard to the drivers and practices of consumers and non-consumers of this meat, in order to estimate the potential for this market development. To study horsemeat consumption, we analyze two sets of data: two large-scale surveys carried out on the French general population, and one ad-hoc survey focusing more specifically on the representations of horses and horsemeat. Our results underline the potential for increasing horsemeat consumption from a sustainability perspective. The question of moral acceptance remains a determining factor in the consumption of this meat. Once this factor is taken into account, horsemeat appears relevant in the diversification of animal protein consumption because of its particular nutritional and environmental properties and similar culinary use to that of other red meats. Horsemeat can thus lay claim to becoming a sustainable alternative to beef consumption. |
| Keywords: | Horse meat, Meat acceptance, Sustainability, Consumer surveys, Nutritional values |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03920150&r=env |
| By: | Pauline Castaing (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The Great Green Wall is a crosscountry initiative to improve the environment of desertification areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper refers to the implementation of Great Green Wall projects in Nigeria to document the local impact of environmental restoration on children's food security and health. Our identification strategy uses two types of variation to capture these effects. The spatial variation comes from the heterogeneous exposure of the children to these new environmental restoration programs. The temporal variation comes from sudden changes between 2013 and 2016. Taking the height-to-age z-score as main outcome of interest, we find a significant and robust health improvement for children living next to community-based orchards whereas proximity to shelterbelts generates mixed impacts. Gains in health (+0.5 standard deviation in the height index) coexist with higher dietary diversity score for children living near orchards. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Restoration, Food security, Nigeria, Nutrition, Impact evaluation |
| Date: | 2023–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03958274&r=env |
| By: | Geoffrey R. Dunbar; Walter Steingress; Ben Tomlin |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies the impact of hurricanes on seaborne international trade to the United States. Using geocoded hurricane data mapped to satellite tracking data for commercial ships, we identify hurricane intersections on sea-trade routes between U.S. and foreign ports. Matching the timing of hurricane–trade route intersections with monthly U.S. port-level trade data, we isolate the unanticipated effects of a hurricane hitting a trade route using two separate identification schemes: an event study and a local projection. Our estimates imply that a hurricane reduces route-specific monthly U.S. import flows by 5.4% to 16.0%, leading to an aggregate loss of 1.15% to 3.42% of annual U.S. west coast imports for an average storm season. We find no evidence of trade catching up in the months following a hurricane nor any evidence of rerouting to other ports or other transportation modes (e.g., air). Using our estimates in combination with climate scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we quantify a range of costs of future hurricane disruptions that could occur if trade routes remain fixed. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; International topics |
| JEL: | C22 C5 F14 F18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:23-8&r=env |
| By: | Dugoua, Eugenie; Dumas, Marion |
| Abstract: | Previous studies have modeled green technological change as innovations in the process of production (e.g., abatement technologies or energy sources). But greening the economy also requires changing products. The automotive industry, for example, needs to massively deploy alternative-fuel vehicles. Product manufacturing occurs within supply-chain networks, and developing new products typically requires complementary investments by suppliers. We study the incentives for green product innovation in industrial networks and how policies can affect them. We follow the industrial organization theory of product differentiation, and model green product innovations as upgrades in product quality where inputs from suppliers are essential for upgrading quality. We show that suppliers can be innovation bottlenecks and render policy instruments less effective. We provide an explicit mechanism for the role of institutions that help actors coordinate on the long-term direction of innovation. We discuss how our results help organize several findings from case studies in the automotive industry. |
| Keywords: | green products; innovation; production networks; buyer-supplier relationships; supply chains |
| JEL: | Q55 Q58 L52 O31 |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:108570&r=env |
| By: | Gindo Tampubolon |
| Abstract: | Building on Rawls' theory of justice and Sen's theory of capabilities, I present an outline of social justice under climate shocks, illustrating it with the experiences of persons with disability. Social justice holds when inequality is responded to by rules that afford more primary goods, such as rights and incomes, to those who have less—the maximin principle of the Rawlsian social welfare function. Climate injustice consists in putting more climate bads, not primary goods, on those with slender shoulders—a maximin social ill-fare function. |
| Keywords: | Justice, Capabilities, Climate justice, People with disabilities, Environmental justice |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-2&r=env |
| By: | Arna Suryani (Universitas Batanghari Jl. Slamet Riyadi No.1, Sungai Putri, Kec. Danau Tlk. Jambi, 36122, Kota Jambi, Indonesia Author-2-Name: Sespi Jumaida Author-2-Workplace-Name: Universitas Batanghari Jl. Slamet Riyadi No.1, Sungai Putri, Kec. Danau Tlk. Jambi, 36122, Kota Jambi, Indonesia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - The research aims to analyze company performance by applying corporate social responsibility and green accounting. Methodology/Technique - This study employs a descriptive quantitative method with secondary sources originating from mining companies' financial statements on the Indonesian Stock Exchange 2019-2021 period. The instance is selected using the method of purposeful sampling. The analytical tool in this study uses simple and multiple regression analysis. Findings - The application of green accounting partially does not affect company performance, while Corporate social responsibility affects financial performance. It shows that green accounting has not been considered in improving the company's financial performance, and social responsibility at work has been taken into consideration in improving its performance. A positive corporate image will increase the interest of stakeholders in businesses with increased performance. Simultaneously corporate social responsibility and green accounting impact the company's performance. It shows that CSR combined optimizing environmental costs can enhance company performance in concert. Novelty - The results indicate that CSR combined optimizing environmental costs can synergistically boost the performance of the business. Companies must boost the quality and quantity of social responsibility in business projects because it has been demonstrated that these projects benefit the community and the company financially. Companies can use this research to manage the environmental cost and fulfill their social obligations to build environmentally friendly businesses. Type of Paper - Empirical. " |
| Keywords: | Green Accounting, Corporate Social Responsibility, Company Performance |
| JEL: | F64 L50 M14 Q52 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:afr221&r=env |
| By: | Hélène Ollivier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Geoffrey Barrows (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Statistique [Bruz] - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz], X - École polytechnique) |
| Abstract: | With asymmetric climate policies, regulation in one country can be undercut by missions growth in another. Previous research finds evidence that regulation erodes the competitiveness of domestic firms and leads to higher imports, but increased imports need not imply increased emissions if domestic sales are jointly determined with export sales or if emission intensity of manufacturing adjusts endogenously to foreign demand. In this paper, we estimate for the first time how production and emissions of manufacturing firms in one country respond to foreign demand shocks in trading partner markets. Using a panel of large Indian manufacturers and an instrumental variable strategy, we find that foreign demand growth leads to higher exports, domestic sales, production, and CO2 emissions, and slightly lower emission intensity. The results imply that a representative exporter facing the average observed foreign demand growth over the period 1995-2011 would have increased CO2 emissions by 1.39% annually as a result of foreign demand growth, which translates into 6.69% total increase in CO2 emissions from Indian manufacturing over the period. Breaking down emission intensity reduction into component channels, we find some evidence of product-mix effects, but fail to reject the null of no change in technology. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that environmental regulation that doubles energy prices world-wide (except in India) would only increase CO2 emissions from India by 1.5%. Thus, while leakage fears are legitimate, the magnitude appears fairly small in the context of India. |
| Keywords: | Globalization, Trade and environment, Product mix, Technological change |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03029861&r=env |
| By: | Han, Jung Min (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | As of May 2021, Korea’s exports recorded a 23.4 percent year over year increase.This upturn is considered to be the result of the recovery and rebound from the COVID-19-induced recession. Factors that have contributed to this upturn include the activity in the so-called “untact” (contact-free) economy, the reflexive benefits of heightened environmental concern, and the potential for realizing growth utilizing new economic growth engines. Healthy performance in the areas of biohealth, rechargeable batteries, and other new export growth engines are contributing greatly to the positive trend in exports. Though exports are expected to remain steady this year, the second half of 2021 is expected to show a relative slowdown due to the base effect of the previous year and reduced demand for products that benefited from the untact economy. This analytical brief describes necessary policy steps to take in preparation for the post-COVID global trade environment. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Korea; climate change; climate policy; environmental policy; exports; recession; recovery; business cycles; green energy; contact-free economy |
| JEL: | F10 F44 H12 L52 L53 L62 L63 L65 L68 O24 |
| Date: | 2021–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kietia:2021_012&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Fabio M Natalucci; Deepali Gautam; Rohit Goel |
| Abstract: | Sustainable finance has become a key focus area for global investors and policy makers. Last year proved to be a breakout year for emerging markets (EMs), with sustainable debt issuance in 2021 surging to almost $200 billion. This working paper, the first comprehensive study in the literature, analyzes the evoluiton of EM sustainable finance markets, including differences with advanced economies. The analysis shows how sustainable finance in EMs is growing fast not just in aggregate but importantly across many dimensions. The paper also identifies key development areas for EMs and policies to strengthen the resilience of sustainable finance markets. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Finance; Emerging Markets; Sustainability; ESG; EM ESG market; finance market; AE ESG; ESG score; ESG indices; Financial sector; Climate finance; Corporate social responsibility; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Bonds; Climate change; Global |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/182&r=env |
| By: | Thais NUNEZ-ROCHA; Inmaculada MARTíNEZ-ZARZOSO; Chahir ZAKI |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2988&r=env |
| By: | Mouna Ben Abdeljelil; Christophe Rault; Fateh Belaïd |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and its robustness for 28 countries of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) over the recent period. Our methodology relies on four recent estimation methods for non-stationary panel data and includes four pollutants (two global and two local). Two main results emerge from our analysis. First, the EKC does not hold for most pollutants, and its validity crucially depends on the estimation techniques considered. Second, the Pooled-Mean Group method is the most favourable one and confirms the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship for CO2 and SO2. Our results provide beneficial information for decision-makers. They suggest implementing proactive instruments based on both flexible regulations and tax incentives to stimulate ecological transition. |
| Keywords: | environmental Kuznets curve, pollution, regional integration, The Union for the Mediterranean |
| JEL: | O44 Q53 R58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10201&r=env |
| By: | Yannis Maniatis; Haris Doukas; Emmanuel Karagiannis |
| Abstract: | While implementing the New Green Deal, the European Union is faced with major energy challenges and dilemmas. Energy poverty is an issue of critical importance affecting many Europeans. Since Greece has experienced a prolonged period of crises, the strengthening of energy democracy and the fight against energy poverty must be among the top national priorities. Collective energy actions can pave the way towards the uptake of renewable energy, enabling and incentivizing consumers to become prosumers. This study first outlines the main theoretical perspectives on the politics of energy and proposes a new approach to understand renewable energy. Then it describes the EU energy policy and the transition to a climate-neutral economy. It briefly explains the concept of energy communities before focusing on the case of Greece. The study examines the rise of the country’s energy communities, including the Agrinio and Minoan communities. It also explains the measures taken in Greece during the last decade to tackle energy poverty by offering incentives for energy savings. Moreover, the study describes the national energy and climate plan by examining the case of Tilos. Finally, the study summarises the main findings and offer some policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Greece, energy poverty, energy saving, prosumers, energy democracy, renewable energy |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hel:greese:181&r=env |
| By: | Per Lindh; Polina Lemenkova |
| Abstract: | Leaching behaviour is an important evidence of soil quality. The assessment of leaching of heavy metals from the contaminated soil is vital for environmental applications. However, leaching may differ in soil stabilised by various ratios of binders. In this study we measured leaching behaviour of soil contaminated by As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, methyl Hg, aliphatic compounds of hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). To evaluate leaching of these substances we tested the effects of changed amount of binder (120 kg and 150 kg) and binder ratios (70/30 %, 50/50 % and 30/70 %) added to soil samples. Soil was dredged from several stations in Ostrand area, SCA Sundsvall Ortvikens Pappersbruk. The results demonstrated a systematically decreasing leaching with the increased slag. The contribution of this research include: (i) devising systematic approach to extract information on leaching from stabilised soil collected from the coastal area of Bothnian Bay, (ii) developing a workflow for stabilising soils by various combination of Portland cement Basement CEM II/A-V (SS EN 197-1) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), Bremen type (SS EN 15167-1), (iii) determining water ratio and density for the untreated and stabilised soil and performing comparative analysis, (iv) evaluating chemical content of pollutants and toxic elements in the aggregated soil samples. Treatment of the contaminated soil by binders improved its parameters by the increased strength and decreased leaching of heavy metals and toxic elements. |
| Keywords: | leaching; sediments; Baltic Sea; stabilisation; binder |
| JEL: | P18 Q55 Q50 C80 C89 C88 C10 C00 C42 C15 C51 L86 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/354610&r=env |
| By: | Adamson, Marcos; Cipoletta Tomassian, Georgina |
| Abstract: | En este estudio de impacto económico, social, ambiental y financiero de la incorporación de autobuses eléctricos en Costa Rica se incluyen simulaciones que muestran el comportamiento futuro de la flota de autobuses ante el avance de la electrificación en diferentes escenarios, así como una evaluación de su rentabilidad financiera y económica mediante el análisis convencional de rentabilidad —con el costo total de la propiedad— y una innovadora modelización que incorpora la variable regulatoria para precisar las particularidades del caso de Costa Rica. El estudio simula y muestra los niveles resultantes respecto de indicadores económicos de rentabilidad para varias alternativas, y ofrece diferentes instrumentos de política que podrían establecerse como mecanismos de internalización para potenciar la rentabilidad financiera privada y con ello mitigar el impacto tarifario sobre los usuarios, sin comprometer el estado de las finanzas públicas. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, TRANSPORTE DE PASAJEROS, AUTOBUSES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, FINANCIACION, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, TRANSPORT, ELECTRIC POWER, CLIMATE CHANGE, TRANSPORT POLICY, PASSENGER TRANSPORT, BUSES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, FINANCING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48538&r=env |
| By: | Semmler Willi; Di Bartolomeo Giovanni; Fard Behnaz Minooei; Braga Joao Paulo |
| Abstract: | Governments attempt to incentivize the energy sector to replace old technologies with new ones based on renewable energy as the most effective way to combat climate change. Yet, in the energy sector prevail fossil fuel incumbents, which inhibit renewable energy entrants. Our paper provides a game-theoretic stylization of competition between those two types of firms. Incumbents set prices, and entrants respond with quantity adjustments. In the context of a dynamic limit pricing model, we study the entry dynamics in a market in which the dominant firms (fossil fuel energy suppliers) face the entry of a group of competitive fringe firms (renewable energy suppliers) when the dominant firms have easier access to financial markets. Still, the fringe firms finance their expansion with internal finance. We also investigate the effect of the public support of renewable energy firms through subsidies. Our model is built on Judd and Peterson (1986, JET), but our solutions are obtained through a non-linear model predictive control algorithm. By this technique, we can predict the outcome of the competition between incumbents and entrants and the impact of financial and fiscal policies considering moving-horizon strategies. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ter:wpaper:00158&r=env |
| By: | Alvarado, Víctor; Tambutti, Marcia; Rankovic, Aleksandar |
| Abstract: | La conjunción actual de múltiples crisis globales —ambiental, climática, económica, social y sanitaria— es tan compleja que a veces se antoja inabordable. Por ello, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha reunido un conjunto de buenas prácticas y experiencias paradigmáticas de América Latina y el Caribe que pueden servir de modelo para impulsar un cambio estructural integral, contribuyendo a incrementar el bienestar socioeconómico y ambiental. El presente estudio analiza desafíos, oportunidades y lecciones aprendidas en el ámbito de la integración de la biodiversidad en los sectores agrícola, pesquero, forestal, financiero, manufacturero, de la infraestructura y del turismo. Estas experiencias pueden constituir un proceso catalizador de la transición hacia un desarrollo integral como el que se plasma en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y una herramienta fundamental para la implementación del nuevo marco mundial de la diversidad biológica posterior a 2020. Enmarcados en diversos ecosistemas, a diferentes escalas y con distintos enfoques, los casos analizados muestran que la transformación hacia patrones de producción y desarrollo respetuosos con la naturaleza se está produciendo en varios sectores de la región y que su replicación y ampliación es posible. |
| Keywords: | DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, SECTOR INDUSTRIAL, INSTITUCIONES FINANCIERAS, PRODUCTIVIDAD, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL SECTOR, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, PRODUCTIVITY |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48543&r=env |
| By: | Alatorre, José Eduardo; Fernández Sepúlveda, Ignacio |
| Abstract: | En este documento se hace una revisión de la literatura reciente (2010-2021) sobre los mecanismos de transmisión del cambio climático a las variables económicas de América Latina y el Caribe. Se realiza una breve descripción de las metodologías más utilizadas para su estimación y se presentan tres estimaciones a nivel de países, además del agregado regional, que muestran que los impactos del cambio climático son significativos y se materializarán aun cumpliendo las metas climáticas. La revisión también muestra una escasa evidencia de adaptación ante el aumento de la temperatura global y la persistencia de sus impactos. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, MACROECONOMIA, MEDICION, MODELOS ECONOMETRICOS, ANALISIS ECONOMICO, CLIMATE CHANGE, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, MACROECONOMICS, MEASUREMENT, ECONOMETRIC MODELS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48524&r=env |
| By: | Ksanthih, Alundia |
| Abstract: | Perkembangan bisnis seiring berjalannya waktu semakin menyadari beberapa kepentingan yang mesti difokuskan sebagai dasar keputusan yang dinilai mampu menghambat kerusakan lingkungan atau dalam kata lain minimalisir risiko lingkungan. Tanpa disadari, keduanya memiliki keterkaitan erat dalam mendukung keberlangsungan usaha yang jauh lebih sehat dibanding sebelumnya. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya beban tanggung jawab yang dibawa tiap pelaku usaha dalam mendorong keberlangsungan sistem perusahaan sebagai perencanaan yang harus dipikirkan matang selain meraup keuntungan semata. |
| Date: | 2023–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9sgck&r=env |
| By: | Karl Naumann-Woleske |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a major global challenge today. To assess how policies may lead to mitigation, economists have developed Integrated Assessment Models, however, most of the equilibrium based models have faced heavy critiques. Agent-based models have recently come to the fore as an alternative macroeconomic modeling framework. In this paper, four Agent-based Integrated Assessment Models linking environment, energy and economy are reviewed. These models have several advantages over existing models in terms of their heterogeneous agents, the allocation of damages amongst the individual agents, representation of the financial system, and policy mixes. While Agent-based Integrated Assessment Models have made strong advances, there are several avenues into which research should be continued, including incorporation of natural resources and spatial dynamics, closer analysis of distributional effects and feedbacks, and multi-sectoral firm network structures. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.08135&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Georgios I. Papayiannis; Electra Petracou; Athanasios Yannacopoulos |
| Abstract: | In this paper we propose a consensus group decision making scheme under model uncertainty consisting of a two-stage procedure and based on the concept of Frechet barycenter. The first stage is a clustering procedure in the metric space of opinions leading to homogeneous groups, whereas the second stage consists of a proposal most likely to be accepted by all groups. An evolutionary learning scheme of proposal updates leading to consensus is also proposed. The schemes are illustrated in examples motivated from environmental economics. |
| Keywords: | consensus group decision making; model uncertainty; environmental decision making; Frechet barycenter; |
| Date: | 2023–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2305&r=env |
| By: | Yuen Leng, Chow (IUJ Research Institutey, International University of Japan) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an exploratory look at whether climate risk was incorporated in land prices. The data sample explored land transactions located in seven wards in Tokyo. The initial results indicate that land unit price was lower by 7% for land parcels located near live water bodies. Variables like area characteristics and land use zoning were statistically significant in explaining for the variation in land unit prices, lending support to the hypothesis that more informed buyers priced in climate risk in the land prices. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iuj:wpaper:ems_2023_01&r=env |
| By: | Andreas Gerster; Stefan Lamp |
| Abstract: | Environmental policies are often accompanied by exemptions for energy-intensive and trade-exposed industrial firms to avoid leakage from regulated to unregulated jurisdictions. This paper investigates the impact of a large electricity tax exemption on production levels, employment, and input choices in the German manufacturing industry. For two different policy designs, we show that exempted plants significantly increase their electricity use. This effect is considerably larger under a notched exemption policy, where passing an eligibility threshold yields infra-marginal benefits, compared to a revised policy where these benefits have been largely removed. We de-tect no significant impact of the exemptions on production levels, export shares, and employment. Using counterfactual simulations, we document substantial distortive effects of notched exemption policies when financial stakes are high and compliance cost for firms are low. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, leakage, energy taxes, manufacturing industry |
| JEL: | D22 H23 L60 Q41 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10232&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | United States trade in goods sustained the recovery that began in 2021. In the first six months of 2022, goods exports increased by 21% compared to the prior-year period, while goods imports rose by 22%. Trade in services has not fully recovered, as major service industries such as travel and transport are still experiencing the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. United States-Latin America and the Caribbean Trade Developments 2022 provides an overview of selected developments in trade relations between the United States and Latin America and the Caribbean. In light of the global focus on the climate crisis and the specific emphasis of President Biden’s trade policy agenda on advancing on a sustainable environment and climate path, this report includes a section on United States trade in circular economy goods. |
| Keywords: | COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, RELACIONES ECONOMICAS INTERNACIONALES, POLITICA COMERCIAL, COMERCIO DE SERVICIOS, BIENES DE CONSUMO, ECONOMIA VERDE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MERCADOS, EXPORTACIONES, COMPETENCIA, ACUERDOS ECONOMICOS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS, TRADE POLICY, TRADE IN SERVICES, CONSUMER GOODS, GREEN ECONOMY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, MARKETS, EXPORTS, COMPETITION, ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS |
| Date: | 2023–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col896:48644&r=env |
| By: | Nadine Levratto (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Keywords: | industrie, transition écologique |
| Date: | 2022–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03906932&r=env |
| By: | Eirin, María Silvina; Messina, Diego; Contreras Lisperguer, Rubén; Salgado, René |
| Abstract: | Este documento identifica políticas y mecanismos para aumentar la participación de las energías renovables en la red eléctrica atendiendo a la información entregada por organismos especializados y publicaciones académicas, entre otras fuentes de información. El objetivo central es identificar las condiciones que potencien la configuración de un sector eléctrico capaz de responder con fuentes renovables a la eventual demanda energética que surgirá tras el esperado incremento de la flota de vehículos eléctricos (VE). En este sentido y según las estimaciones de la compañía financiera estadounidense Bloomberg, se espera un aumento del 70% de las ventas totales de los EV para el año 2040 (Bloomberg, 2021) generando una evidente exigencia a los sistemas eléctricos del mundo entero. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, POLITICA ENERGETICA, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, DERECHOS HUMANOS, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, TRANSPORT, ELECTRIC POWER, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY POLICY, TRANSPORT POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48540&r=env |
| By: | Farhad Billimoria; Filiberto Fele; Iacopo Savelli; Thomas Morstyn; Malcolm McCulloch |
| Abstract: | Extreme events, exacerbated by climate change, pose significant risks to the energy system and its consumers. However there are natural limits to the degree of protection that can be delivered from a centralised market architecture. Distributed energy resources provide resilience to the energy system, but their value remains inadequately recognized by regulatory frameworks. We propose an insurance framework to align residual outage risk exposure with locational incentives for distributed investment. We demonstrate that leveraging this framework in large-scale electricity systems could improve consumer welfare outcomes in the face of growing risks from extreme events via investment in distributed energy. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2302.01456&r=env |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Saroj, Sunil; Kumar, Anjani |
| Abstract: | Agriculture-nutrition linkages in developing countries remain complex and continue evolving as weather and market risks intensify due to climate change and other geopolitical and socioeconomic factors. Knowledge gaps remain regarding the exact interrelationship among these dimensions of agriculture-nutrition linkages. This study aimed to partly fill this knowledge gap by assessing how the associations between home production of various food groups and household/individual level nutritional outcomes are affected by weather anomalies and price risks of these food groups in the market, using panel data from India. Our results indicate that, generally, the associations between home production and nutritional outcomes are greater under more normal weather, with rainfall and temperature during the production season being closer to the historical median, potentially because of greater productivity realized and sufficient harvest that can be consumed throughout the year. The associations are also greater when households face greater market price fluctuations of food commodities conditional on the distance to the market, potentially because such price risks lead to reduced food purchases from the market. These effects generally hold not only during the average month but also during the lean month, indicating robustness against seasonality. These results also hold more consistently in remote areas than in areas closer to the market. Overall, our results suggest that efforts to promote nutrition-sensitive agriculture in developing countries should also consider evolving patterns of weather risks and agrifood market price risks to improve their effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; weather; markets; risk; agriculture; nutrition; prices; seasonality; data; panel data; agriculture-nutrition linkage |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2167&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Berman (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Mathieu Couttenier (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Victoire Girard (NOVA SBE - NOVA - School of Business and Economics - NOVA - Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how ethnic identities may become more salient due to natural resources extraction. We combine individual data on the strength of ethnic-relative to national-identities with geo-localized information on the contours of ethnic homelands and on the timing and location of mineral resources exploitation in 25 African countries, from 2005 to 2015. Our strategy takes advantage of several dimensions of exposure to resources exploitation: time, spatial proximity, and ethnic proximity. We find that the strength of an ethnic group identity increases when mineral resource exploitation in that group's historical homeland intensifies. We argue that this result is at least partly rooted in feelings of relative deprivation associated with the exploitation of the resources. We show that such exploitation has limited positive economic spillovers, especially for members of the indigenous ethnic group; and that the link between mineral resources and the salience of ethnic identities is reinforced among members of powerless ethnic groups, and groups with strong baseline identity feelings or living in poorer areas, or areas with a history of conflict. Put together, these finding suggest a new dimension of the natural resource curse: the fragmentation of identities, between ethnic groups and nations. |
| Keywords: | identity, ethnicity, natural resources |
| Date: | 2022–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03920798&r=env |
| By: | Paulin Ibanda Kabaka (Université Pédagogique Nationale, UNIK - Université du Kwango) |
| Abstract: | Comme le secteur des bâtiments constitue l'un des principaux secteurs qui consomment énormément des ressources naturelles et dont l'impact est négatif sur l'environnement, une Loi destinée à limiter et à améliorer la consommation de l'énergie par les bâtiments a été mise en place en France. Il s'agit de la Loi sur la Transition énergétique , LTE en sigle, dont l'objectif est l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique. |
| Keywords: | Droit de l'énergie, transition énergétique, environnement, bâtiment, transition, écologique, loi, efficacité, réchauffement climatique, France, économie d'énergie, ADEME, BPI |
| Date: | 2023–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03932009&r=env |
| By: | Campos Vázquez, Raymundo Miguel |
| Abstract: | El sistema tributario es uno de los principales instrumentos del Estado para financiar la provisión de bienes y servicios públicos. En el sistema impositivo existen tratamientos preferenciales que buscan promover la actividad económica o apoyar a determinados sectores. Los ingresos públicos no percibidos por estos tratamientos preferenciales se conocen como renuncias recaudatorias. La magnitud de las renuncias recaudatorias en América Latina es considerable. En promedio, equivalieron al 3, 8% del PIB y representaron el 20, 6% de la recaudación tributaria en 2020. Ante la necesidad de impulsar una recuperación transformadora y financiar la implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible resulta clave fortalecer las metodologías de cuantificación de las renuncias recaudatorias a fin de evaluar su eficiencia, eficacia y equidad. En este documento se analizan los informes de renuncias recaudatorias en países de la región con el propósito de ofrecer una guía para estimar sus costos. Sobre la base de las mejores prácticas identificadas en esos informes se propone una serie de elementos a tener en cuenta para la estimación, el análisis y el informe de las renuncias recaudatorias, poniendo el énfasis en las características de los informes más completos. |
| Keywords: | POLITICA FISCAL, TRIBUTACION, GASTOS PUBLICOS, MEDICION, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FISCAL POLICY, TAXATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, MEASUREMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48525&r=env |
| By: | Wulandari, Ni Putu Klarisa Widya |
| Abstract: | Karena perkembangan ekonomi di zaman sekarang sudah sangat pesat dan diiringi juga oleh perkembangan teknologi yang semakin modern menjadikan lingkungan hidup manusia menjadi terganggu. Pencemaran lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh proses produksi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan besar yang melakukan pembuangan limbah-limbah berbahaya perusahaan yang tentunya dapat merusak kehidupan lingkungan dan ekosistem dapat dijadikan contoh sebagai dampak negatif dari perkembangan yang ada. Karena semakin canggihnya teknologi di era ini, menjadikan banyak hal-hal yang harus dikorbankan. Contohnya seperti lingkungan hidup manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Maka dari itu, disinilah kita sebagai generasi muda harus bisa memberikan solusi terhadap masalah yang terjadi di lingkungan kita dan salah satu acara yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menerapkan Green Economy. |
| Date: | 2023–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h8w42&r=env |
| By: | Romaric Ndonda Makemba; Christian Moupela; Félicien Tosso; Yves Brostaux; Thomas Drouet; Richard Oslisly; Vincent Freycon; Jean-Louis Doucet |
| Abstract: | Despite the implementation of management plans, commercial tree species densities are declining in the forests of Central Africa. In the region, Cylicodiscus gabunensis Harms (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae; common name ‘okan’), is one such species most exploited, but its ecology remains poorly understood. The rarity of its regeneration in evergreen forest suggests that, like other commercial light-demanding species, the conditions that allowed populations to become established are no longer present. Using a combined archaeobotanical and pedological approach, the aim of this study is to identify the factors explaining the current distribution of C. gabunensis individuals at local scale. Within a plot of 1050 ha in a forest concession in south-eastern Gabon, we installed 40 archaeological pits equally divided between sites with and without C. gabunensis. The artefacts encountered were collected and analysed. Charcoal masses were quantified and 18 charcoals were dated. These ages were compared with the average age of the tree population, using growth data from 50 individuals and heartwood dating from 4 individuals. An analysis of the physico-chemical properties of the soil was carried out on composite samples from each archaeological pit. Pottery sherds were found in two pits while charcoal was present in all pits, suggesting widespread human occupation and fire throughout the study area. Human occupation occurred in two phases: between 2480 and 1010 BP and from 590 to 80 BP. The abandonment of agricultural land at the end of this second phase could coincide with the establishment of the C. gabunensis cohort whose average age has been estimated at between 90 and 148 years. Soil analyses showed that C. gabunensis individuals were located on soils that were comparatively richer in element potentially toxic (Fe) and in some plant nutrients (K, P) and total nitrogen. The current scarcity of young trees argues for the implementation of a silviculture that integrates the light requirements of the species as well as the chemical fertility of the soil. |
| Keywords: | Cylicodiscus gabunensis; Light-demanding species; Natural regeneration; Past human disturbances; Population structure; Soil fertility |
| Date: | 2022–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/349574&r=env |
| By: | Bernard Gazier (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Frédéric Bruggeman |
| Date: | 2022–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03900330&r=env |
| By: | Vatcharin Sirimaneetham (Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) |
| Abstract: | This policy brief examines how to increase sustainable investments by public institutional investors in Asia and the Pacific. To leverage the largely untapped potential of pension funds and sovereign wealth funds in Asia and the Pacific, it calls for relaxing certain restrictions that govern their investment policies. Public institutional investors themselves should aim at adopting investment strategies that are more SDG-oriented. It also highlights specific policy issues for Asia-Pacific economies with development levels. Finally, national policymakers and multilateral development partners should strive for a long-overdue common definitions and reporting standards for sustainable investing. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:pbmpdd:pb120&r=env |
| By: | Roland Hodler; Paul Schaudt; Alberto Vesperoni |
| Abstract: | The energy transition increases the demand for minerals from ethnically diverse, conflict-prone developing countries. We study whether and where mining is possible in such countries without raising the risk of civil conflict. We proceed in three steps: First, we propose a theoretical model to predict the occurrence and location of conflict events on the territory of a country based on the spatial distribution of ethnic groups and resource rents. Second, we verify the predictive power of this model using granular spatial data from Sierra Leone and confirm its broader applicability using less granular data from a sample of eight West African countries. Third, we employ our framework to simulate the potential impact of new (planned and unplanned) mining projects in Sierra Leone. A crucial insight is that new mining projects do not necessarily translate into more conflict but may pacify the country under the right conditions and the right policies. |
| Keywords: | civil conflict, ethnic conflict, natural resources, mining |
| JEL: | D74 D82 L72 O13 Q34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10207&r=env |
| By: | Olivier DE SCHUTTER |
| Abstract: | This study examines how human rights can guide a form of development that gives priority to improving the well-being of populations, while contributing to the ecological transformation - a form of development focused much less on growing monetary wealth, and paying much more attention to social justice and the need to reduce resource use and the production of waste, including greenhouse gases. Economic growth, measured as the increase of gross domestic product, has long guided public policy choices in the macroeconomic and monetary areas. It has also impacted fiscal reform, encouragement to international trade or foreign investment, employment market reforms, or social investment in education or health. Everything, until recently, seemed to have to be tested against the impacts of our choices on the prospects of growth. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development proposes to change course. The reference to human rights can contribute to this objective. They are like the mast to which Ulysses asks to be tied, in order to be able to resist the songs of the Sirens... |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en15025&r=env |
| By: | Schmid, Günther (WZB - Social Science Research Center Berlin); Bellmann, Lutz (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg); Gazier, Bernard (University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Leschke, Janine (Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | The European Commission declared 2022 the "European Year of Youth." Apart from the obvious aim to enhance its visibility and political legitimacy, the Commission responded to the fact that COVID-19 badly affected especially young people, manifested in the rise of youth unemployment and of youth neither in employment nor in education or training (NEET). The future of young people at all levels of education – especially of the low- skilled and low-educated – is at stake. They must be prepared for the digital revolution accelerated both by the pandemic and the politically enforced transformation of the industrial economy to a sustainable economy that cares both for a healthy ecology as well as for a healthy society. Alongside its 2019-initiative of the "European Green Deal" the Commission established the "Just Transition Fund" aimed at caring for equitable and efficient transitions from fossil to renewable forms of energy, and alongside its 2020-initiative "Next Generation EU" the Commission aims at a "sustainable recovery" from the Corona pandemic to promote the green and digital transition under the condition of "social fairness". Moreover, in 2020, the Commission made the successful transition from school to work a key priority by reinforcing its Youth Guarantee from 2013. Whereas these initiatives are laudable, experiences so far reveal great deficits in implementation. The increasing complexity of how to navigate young people successfully from school to work is not well understood. The theory of Transitional Labour Markets (TLM), we claim, helps not only to get a structured view of this complexity but promises also plausible strategies for just transitions for youth into decent work. |
| Keywords: | transitional labour markets, labour market policy, youth guarantee, apprenticeships, vocational education and training, just transitions, governing social risks, Europe |
| JEL: | J21 J38 J4 J48 J68 R28 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izapps:pp197&r=env |
| By: | Genta, Natalia; Williner, Alicia; Silva, Iván; Cuadrado, Juan Ramón |
| Abstract: | En este documento se reúne un conjunto de análisis sobre temas vinculados al desarrollo regional que tienen como propósito orientar el trabajo de especialistas y encargados de diseñar políticas de desarrollo territorial en los países de la región. Si bien en el documento se hace referencia específica a la experiencia en Costa Rica, el camino allí recorrido permite contar con insumos que contribuirán a acortar las curvas de aprendizaje sobre políticas de desarrollo regional en otros países. El caso de Costa Rica se complementa con experiencias europeas y latinoamericanas que pueden constituir un aporte para mejorar el diseño de estas políticas y sus procesos de implementación. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, ANALISIS COMPARATIVO, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, CASE STUDIES, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48545&r=env |
| By: | Lukas R. Wibowo; Maharani Hapsari; Rini Astuti; Eusebius Pantja Pramudya; Digby Race; Dewi Ratna Kurniasari; Ismatul Hakim |
| Abstract: | This study examines how, why, and under what conditions marginalized women of customary communities can contribute and gain access to the benefits of the social forestry programme. We found that customary communities' dependence on forest resources creates a structure that divides labour and situates women within a particular set of socio-economic roles in the family and in the public economic spheres. |
| Keywords: | Women, Forests and forestry, Culture, Gender norms, Indigenous peoples, Social norms, Norms |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-3&r=env |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | The necessary renewal of energy sources, the war in Ukraine and global warming are causing an economic, social and human crisis that endangers both the current living conditions of humanity and those of future generations. Industrial activity, consumption patterns and the waste of natural resources are inevitably leading, without profound changes in the dominant economic structures, to a deadly global warming, the appearance of new scarcity in the products essential to life and the development of violent social conflicts and international tensions producing wars. |
| Abstract: | Le renouvellement nécessaire des sources d'énergies, la guerre en Ukraine et le réchauffement climatique provoquent une crise économique, sociale et humaine qui met à la fois en danger les conditions de vie actuelles de l'humanité mais aussi en péril celles des générations futures. L'activité industrielle, les modes de consommation et le gaspillage des ressources naturelles conduisent inéluctablement, sans de profondes modifications des structures économiques dominantes, vers un réchauffement climatique mortifère, l'apparition de nouvelles raretés dans les produits essentiels à la vie et le développement de violents conflits sociaux et de tensions internationales productrices de guerres. |
| Keywords: | Wars, Economic war, Scarcity, Global warming, Energy, Nuclear, Consumption patterns, European Union, Ukraine, Guerres, Guerre économique, Rareté, Réchauffement climatique, Energies, Nucléaire, Mode de consommation, Union européenne, Cour de justice |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03909522&r=env |
| By: | Jonathan Chapman; Mark Dean; Pietro Ortoleva; Erik Snowberg; Colin Camerer |
| Abstract: | We use four incentivized representative surveys to study the endowment effect for lotteries in 4, 000 U.S. adults. We replicate the standard finding of an endowment effect—the divergence between Willingness to Accept (WTA) and Willingness to Pay (WTP), but document three new findings. First, we find little evidence that the endowment effect is related to loss aversion for risky prospects, counter to predictions of popular theories in economics. Second, WTA and WTP not only diverge, but are, at best, weakly correlated. Third, WTA and WTP strongly relate to other aspects of risk preferences. The structure of these behaviors points to different theories of the endowment effect. |
| Keywords: | Willingness To Pay, Willingness to Accept, endowment effect, loss aversion |
| JEL: | C90 D81 D91 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10200&r=env |