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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Narayanappa Devaraju (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie de Noblet (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane de Cara (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Mineral nitrogen (N) application in agriculture has significantly increased food production over the past century. However, the intensive use of N-fertilizers also impacts negatively the environment, notably through greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss and remains a major challenge for policymakers. In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy aiming at halving agricultural mineral nitrogen use across the European Union (EU). We investigate the impacts on food security, climate mitigation, and biodiversity conservation and we analyse the potential trade-offs and synergies between them. Despite the uncertainties associated with monetary valuation and the choice of modeling approach, our results show that climate-and-biodiversity-related benefits of halving N use in EU agriculture more than offset the decrease in agricultural benefits. |
| Abstract: | L'application d'azote minéral (N) dans l'agriculture a considérablement augmenté la production alimentaire au cours du siècle dernier et a joué un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Cependant, l'utilisation intensive des engrais azotés a également un impact négatif sur l'environnement, notamment à travers les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la perte de biodiversité, et reste un défi majeur pour les décideurs. Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'utilisation d'azote minéral agricole dans l'Union européenne (UE). Nous étudions les impacts sur la sécurité alimentaire, l'atténuation du changement climatique et la conservation de la biodiversité et nous analysons les compromis potentiels et les synergies entre eux. Malgré les incertitudes associées à l'évaluation monétaire et au choix de l'approche de modélisation, nos résultats montrent que les avantages de la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation de N dans l'agriculture de l'UE, liés l'atténuation du changement climatique et à la conservation de la biodiversité, compensent largement la baisse des bénéfices agricoles. |
| Keywords: | mineral nitrogen pollution |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03755481&r=env |
| By: | Danza, Facundo; Lee, Eugink |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of weather shocks on legal and illegal migration from rural Mexico to the US. First, we find that shocks in the wet season on precipitation and temperature increase migration. The increment is entirely driven by illegal migrants. Second, we propose a mechanism to explain this result: the effect of weather on agricultural production. We find that shocks on precipitation and temperature decrease total harvested land and corn production. Third, we show that young and unwealthy workers are more sensitive to weather shocks. Lastly, we use climate projections to have a first glance on the impact that climate change will have on migration. We find that a shift of the size of climate change would double the number of illegal migrants. Since climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of weather shocks, our findings are increasingly relevant. |
| Keywords: | Agricultura, Cambio climático, Evaluación de impacto, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1993&r=env |
| By: | Tanner, Michael; Ratzke, Leonie |
| Abstract: | Deforestation is a matter of pressing global concern, contributing to declining ecosystem services, biodiversity loss, and ultimately climate change through growing emissions. We evaluate the effect of assigning property rights to indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) in coastal Ecuador on deforestation and the role polycentric institutions play in policy effectiveness. Informed by a theoretical model, we employ causal methods to 1) evaluate changes in forest coverage for the first 12 years of policy adoption, and 2) evaluate the effect of the presence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on policy permanence. We find that assigning property rights to IPLCs significantly decreases mangrove deforestation and that the presence of NGOs funded by foreign aid significantly increases the probability of policy adoption and permanence. We assess the positive development implications of the policy concerning local fisheries provisioning and the role of international aid in achieving environmental outcomes. Our work highlights the importance of IPLCs and civil society as actors for sustainable land stewardship in future climate policy. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Políticas públicas, Pueblos nativos, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1995&r=env |
| By: | Matthias Kalkuhl; Max Franks; Friedemann Gruner; Kai Lessmann; Ottmar Edenhofer |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere is becoming an important option to achieve net zero climate targets. This paper develops a welfare and public economics perspective on optimal policies for carbon removal and storage in non-permanent sinks like forests, soil, oceans, wood products or chemical products. We derive a new metric for the valuation of non-permanent carbon storage, the social cost of carbon removal (SCC-R), which embeds also the conventional social cost of carbon emissions. We show that the contribution of CDR is to create new carbon sinks that should be used to reduce transition costs, even if the stored carbon is released to the atmosphere eventually. Importantly, CDR does not raise the ambition of optimal temperature levels unless initial atmospheric carbon stocks are excessively high. For high initial atmospheric carbon stocks, CDR allows to reduce the optimal temperature below initial levels. Finally, we characterize three different policy regimes that ensure an optimal deployment of carbon removal: downstream carbon pricing, upstream carbon pricing, and carbon storage pricing. The policy regimes differ in their informational and institutional requirements regarding monitoring, liability and financing. |
| Keywords: | carbon dioxide removal, carbon capture, social cost of carbon, climate policy, impermanence |
| JEL: | D61 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10169&r=env |
| By: | Silvana Tenreyro (Bank of England; London School of Economics (LSE); Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM); Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Tiloka de Silva (University of Moratuwa) |
| Abstract: | We study countries’ compliance with the targets pledged in international climate-change agreements and the impact of those agreements and specific climate laws and policies on greenhouse-gas emissions and economic outcomes. To do so, we compile and codify data on international agreements and measures enacted at the national and sub-national levels. We find that compliance with targets has been mixed. Still, countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol or the Copenhagen Accord experienced significant reductions in emissions when compared to non-signatories. Having quantifiable targets led to further reductions. Effects from the Paris Agreement are not yet evident in the data. Carbon taxes and the introduction of emission-trading schemes led to material reductions in emissions. Other climate laws or policies do not appear to have had, individually, a material effect on emissions. The impact on GDP growth or inflation from most measures was largely insignificant. Overall, much more ambitious targets would be needed to offset the impact of economic and population growth on emissions and contain the expansion of the stock of gases. |
| Keywords: | emissions, climate change, climate agreements, carbon taxes, emission-trading schemes, climate-change mitigation |
| JEL: | Q54 O44 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2118&r=env |
| By: | Prandecki, Konrad |
| Abstract: | In 2022, thirty years have passed since the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This period is long enough to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy. The aim of this paper is to determine the achievements of climate policy so far and the most likely directions for further actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Particular attention was paid to agricultural emissions, which results from the significant share of agriculture in global emissions and the specific structure of emissions, i.e., the significant role of the sector in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The paper uses statistical analysis based on the World Bank data. It was supplemented by a critical analysis of the literature on climate policy. The presented results show that the current policy does not bring the expected results. There are, however, some examples (the European Union), where the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is visible. As a result, the share of Community emissions in global emissions tends to decrease. This applies to both total and agricultural emissions, i.e., methane and nitrous oxide. Based on the presented data and global trends, it seems most likely that the current direction of changes will be continued, i.e., poor care for climate on a global scale and increasing emission restrictions in selected regions of the world. Nevertheless, this solution will be ineffective, since climate change is a global problem and must be solved globally. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:329858&r=env |
| By: | Emanuele Campiglio; Simon Dietz; Frank Venmans |
| Abstract: | The optimal transition to a low-carbon economy must account for adjustment costs in switching from dirty to clean capital, technological progress, and economic and climatic shocks. We study the low-carbon transition using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with emissions abatement costs calibrated on a large energy modelling database, solved with recursive methods. We show how capital inertia puts upward pressure on emissions and temperatures in the short run, but that nonetheless it is optimal to actively disinvest from – to ‘strand’ – a significant share of the dirty capital stock. Conversely, clean technological progress, as well as uncertainty about climatic and economic factors, lead to lower emissions and temperatures in the long run. Putting these factors together, we estimate a net premium of 33% on the optimal carbon price today relative to a ‘straw man’ model with perfect capital mobility, fixed abatement costs and no uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | adjustment costs, carbon price, climate change, low-carbon transition, stranded assets, technological progress, uncertainty |
| JEL: | C61 E22 H23 O44 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10139&r=env |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I review the sustainability and sustainable development research around the world. I begin by defining the sustainability and sustainable development concepts. Thereafter, I highlight the dimensions of sustainable development and sustainability based on the literature. I also show the relationship between sustainability and sustainable development. The key findings in this review indicate that sustainability and sustainable development lead to greater resource availability, and are influenced by country policies, structural challenges, institutional bottlenecks, and political willingness to pursue the sustainable development goals. Also, sustainable development is a widely acknowledged concept in academia while its practicality in policy circles has been contested. Also, existing empirical studies show that incorporating sustainability or sustainable development concerns into business or environmental management yields some positive benefits. Finally, some areas for future research are suggested. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, sustainable development, world, environment, society, research, sustainable development goals |
| JEL: | Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115767&r=env |
| By: | Max Franks; Matthias Kalkuhl; Kai Lessmann |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best policy rules for CDR subsidies and carbon taxes when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage and a balance of resource trade effect. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, net carbon exporters exacerbate this wedge to increase producer surplus of their carbon resource producers, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, net carbon importers may set their removal subsidy even below their carbon tax when marginal environmental damages are small, to appropriate producer surplus from carbon exporters. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.09299&r=env |
| By: | Novy, Andreas; Barlow, Nathaniel |
| Abstract: | This article scrutinizes the potential of transformative climate actions (TCAs) to contribute to social-ecological transformations. It considers the limitations of past climate actions and distinguishes transformative climate actions from the broad array of climate actions that have so far been insufficient to address the multiple crises. We define TCAs as having three key elements: desirable, effective, and feasible. This builds on the IPCC AR6 definition of ‘solutions’ and our past work on transformative innovation. Furthermore, we describe six characteristics that transformative climate actions are likely to have, they include: broadening climate targets to include social-ecological goals, shaping framework conditions, linking pragmatic and radical actions, ensuring basic provisioning while limiting over- consumption, prioritizing avoiding harm, be it emissions or excessive resource use, and lastly acting on multiple levels. We elaborate on each of these characteristics with an example and support from climate literature. |
| Keywords: | transformation; post-growth; degrowth; climate change |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:34006514&r=env |
| By: | Taisuke Imai; Davide D. Pace; Peter Schwardmann; Joël van der Weele; Davide Domenico Pace |
| Abstract: | Policy makers put great emphasis on the role of information about carbon emissions in achieving sustainable decisions by consumers. We conduct two studies to understand the optimal targeting of such information and its effects. First, we conduct an incentivized and representative survey among US consumers (N = 1, 022) to investigate awareness of climate impact and willingness to mitigate it. We find a large variation in the perceptions of the carbon emissions of different consumption behaviors, with an overall tendency to underestimate these emissions. We also find a positive but highly concave willingness to mitigate climate impact. We combine elicited misperceptions and willingness to mitigate in a structural model that delivers sharp predictions about where to best target information campaigns. In an experiment with actual consumption decisions (N = 2, 081), we then test for the effect of CO2 information on the demand for beef, a product predicted to be a productive target for information. Correcting misperceptions has no effect on the demand for beef, both in absolute terms and compared to a predictably less productive target of information, i.e. the demand for poultry. Our dataset allows us to hone in on the underlying reason for this null effect. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon emissions, information provision, consumer behavior |
| JEL: | C81 C93 D84 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10138&r=env |
| By: | Laureti, Lucio; Costantiello, Alberto; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | In this article we investigate the impact of “Renewable Electricity Output” on green economy in the context of circular economy for 193 countries in the period 2011-2020. We use data from World Bank ESG framework. We perform Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, WLS, and Pooled OLS. Our results show that Renewable Electricity Output is positively associated, among others, to “Adjusted Savings-Net Forest Depletion” and “Renewable Energy Consumption” and negatively associated, among others, to “CO2 Emission” and “Cooling Degree Days”. Furthermore, we perform a cluster analysis implementing the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow Method and we find the presence of 4 clusters. Finally, we confront seven different machine learning algorithms to predict the future level of “Renewable Electricity Output”. Our results show that Linear Regression is the best algorithm and that the future value of renewable electricity output is predicted to growth on average at a rate of 0.83% for the selected countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics, General, Valuation of Environmental Effects, Pollution Control Adoption and Costs, Recycling. |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115627&r=env |
| By: | Kokemohr, Lennart; Mittenzwei, Klaus |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi22:329613&r=env |
| By: | Haohua Li (School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 5 Pingcang Lane, Gulou District of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China); Elie Bouri (School of Business, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Libing Fang (School of Management and Engineering, Nanjing University, No. 5 Pingcang Lane, Gulou District of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China) |
| Abstract: | We examine the effects of three monthly climate risk factors, climate policy uncertainty (CPU), climate change news (CCN), and negative climate change news (NCCN) on the long-run volatilities and correlation of daily green and brown energy stock returns, and perform a hedging analysis. Given that our dataset combines daily and monthly data, we rely on mixed data sampling models such as GARCH-MIDAS and DCC-MIDAS in standard and asymmetric forms with a bivariate skew-t distribution, which also allows us to deal with volatility clustering, asymmetric effects, and negative skewness in innovation which characterize our dataset. Firstly, the results of the GARCH-MIDAS models show evidence that climate risk contains information useful to improve the prediction of return volatility of brown energy stocks. Secondly, the results of the DCCMIDAS model indicate that climate risk reduces the green-brown returns correlation, suggesting a negative effect and hedging opportunities. Thirdly, the results of the hedging analysis show that incorporating a climate risk factor, especially NCCN, into the long-run component of dynamic correlation significantly improves the hedging performance between green and brown energy stock indices, and this are robust to an out-of-sample analysis under various refitting window sizes. These results matter to portfolio and risk managers for energy transition and portfolio decarbonization. |
| Keywords: | Conditional volatility, dynamic correlation, GARCH-MIDAS, DCCMIDAS, climate change news (CCN), Climate policy uncertainty (CPU), hedging |
| JEL: | C32 G00 G11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202301&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Shoucheng |
| Abstract: | Generally speaking, sustainable procurement means buying supplies that the company needs to manufacture and/or sell products in a sustainable manner, while maintaining a balance between management efficiency and the adoption of sustainable practices to reduce the company's environmental footprint. When it comes to complying with the environmental and social legislations and regulations relevant to their industry, an organization can leverage technology to enable compliance management to help them address a number of issues. In case of socially responsible, environmentally friendly suppliers that are certified by sustainable rating organizations and have green compliance certifications, the system will be able to assist suppliers in quickly identifying them. A close eye should be kept on the reputation of our suppliers, especially if it comes to any unethical practices that they may engage in, such as child labor, raising our carbon footprint, producing hazardous wastes, etc., that they might be engaging in. A key point that should be taken into account is that it is more likely that for many corporations, the footprint and the value associated with it related to sustainability will be found in the supply chain rather than in any operations that are controlled directly by the corporation itself. Increasingly, the public is demanding that the promises made by the government should be kept. In order to ensure that the company is able to deliver on its commitments to sustainable performance, leaders must be able to extract and manage the increased innovation coming from suppliers as well as employees. In this paper, we explore how regulations, rising energy costs, and consumer concerns about ethical business practices are driving corporations in many sectors to look at sustainable procurement as a way to reduce costs and increase the value they are putting into their business practices as a whole. According to this research, leading countries and businesses are benefiting from sustainable procurement practices as a result of a more sustainable approach to procurement. The reason for this is that a sustainable approach to procurement can lead to lower costs, reduced risk levels, and increased stakeholder value, as well as a wider range of innovative products and pricing options. |
| Keywords: | Procurement Technology and Economic Impact, Procurement and Sustainable Development, Impact of Technologies on Procurement and Economy, Power of Sustainable Procurement |
| JEL: | H57 O14 O3 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2022–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115840&r=env |
| By: | Elvis D. Achuo (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Pilag B.C. Kakeu (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Despite the global resolves to curtail fossil fuel consumption in favour of clean energies, several countries continue to rely on carbon-intensive sources in meeting their energy demands. Financial constraints and limited knowledge with regard to green energy sources constitute major setbacks to the energy transition process. This study therefore examines the effects of financial development and human capital on energy consumption. The empirical analysis is based on the System Generalised Method of Moments (SGMM) for a panel of 134 countries from 1996-2019. The SGMM estimates conducted on the basis of three measures of energy consumption, notably fossil fuel, renewable energy as well as total energy consumption, provide divergent results. While financial development significantly reduces fossil fuel consumption, its effect is positive though non-significant with regard to renewable energy consumption. Conversely, financial development has a positive and significant effect on total energy consumption. Moreover, the results reveal that human capital development has an enhancing though non-significant effect on the energy transition process. Additionally, the results reveal that resource rents have an enhancing effect on the energy transition process. However, when natural resources rents are disaggregated into various components (oil, coal, mineral, natural gas, and forest rents), the effects on energy transition are divergent. Although our findings are consistent when the global panel is split into developed and developing economies, the results are divergent across geographical regions. Contingent on these findings, actionable policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition, Financial development, Fossil fuel, Human capital, Energy consumption, Eco-innovation |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:23/005&r=env |
| By: | Mark R. Jacobsen; James M. Sallee; Joseph S. Shapiro; Arthur A. van Benthem |
| Abstract: | What is a feasible and efficient policy to regulate air pollution from vehicles? A Pigouvian tax is technologically infeasible. Most countries instead rely on exhaust standards that limit air pollution emissions per mile for new vehicles. We assess the effectiveness and efficiency of these standards, which are the centerpiece of US Clean Air Act regulation of transportation, and counterfactual policies. We show that the air pollution emissions per mile of new US vehicles has fallen spectacularly, by over 99 percent, since standards began in 1967. Several research designs with a half century of data suggest that exhaust standards have caused most of this decline. Yet exhaust standards are not cost-effective in part because they fail to encourage scrap of older vehicles, which account for the majority of emissions. To study counterfactual policies, we develop an analytical and a quantitative model of the vehicle fleet. Analysis of these models suggests that tighter exhaust standards increase social welfare and that increasing registration fees on dirty vehicles yields even larger gains by accelerating scrap, though both reforms have complex effects on inequality. |
| JEL: | H21 H23 H70 Q50 R40 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10132&r=env |
| By: | Gralak, Arkadiusz; Grochowska, Renata; Szczepaniak, Iwona |
| Abstract: | The aim of the study is to present the determinants of the potential application of the circular economy model in the food processing sector on the example the dairy industry. The first part of the article analyzes various factors that stimulate and limit the transformation of the dairy industry towards the circular economy. The second part presents the examples of solutions corresponding to the idea of a circular economy that have been implemented or are planned to be implemented in dairy enterprises. This paper is an overview. It uses strategic EU and national documents, literature on the circular economy in agri- -food systems, as well as reports from the trade press presenting specific examples of the implementation of circular economy solutions in dairies. The analysis shows that in the dairy industry there are great opportunities to implement the circular economy model, but it is a complex process under the influence of stimulating and limiting factors. It requires systemic changes at various levels of the economy, significant financial resources, and above all, adaptation investments in the field of innovative technologies, energy systems, and water and wastewater management. Successful activities supporting the transformation towards the circular economy implemented in dairy enterprises include in particular solutions consisting in: reducing the amount of waste produced and reusing it, direct use of by-products, using renewable energy sources (in heating and cooling systems), reducing consumption of water and reusing it, using eco-friendly packaging and sustainable transportation. In conclusion, it should be stated that the actions taken by the food processing sector, including the dairy industry, aimed at transformation towards the circular economy are necessary, especially in the context of the challenges related to the European Green Deal and the Farm to Fork Strategy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:329859&r=env |
| By: | Woźniak, Marian; Kud, Krzysztof |
| Abstract: | The aim of the research is to present electricity consumption in rural areas and the preferred directions of development of the energy sector in Poland in the opinion of the rural population of the Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships. Due to the extensive scope of the analysis, the part showing the actual energy consumption was based on the data from statistical offices, whereas the part concerning the prospects was based on the survey conducted in 2021 among 516 inhabitants ofrural areas of the Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Voivodships, which are typically agricultural regions. The study was partial and was carried out using the diagnostic survey method and the CAWI technique. The study was not probabilistic. The study shows that the surveyed inhabitants of rural areas positively assessed the consequences of the European Union climate policy for the natural environment and expect greater state support to increase the share of renewable energy sources in Poland’s energy mix and to apply the requirements for the energy efficiency of devices. The respondents were convinced of the possibility of covering and replacing energy from conventional sources. They positively assessed energy from renewable sources, perceiving renewable energy, mainly photovoltaics, as the main source of energy in Poland’s energy mix. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:329866&r=env |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UCL IRES - Institut de recherches économiques et sociales - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Salvatore Federico (DEPS - Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Statistica - UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena); Fausto Gozzi (Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza [Roma] - LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we revisit the theory of spatial externalities. In particular, we depart in several respects from the important literature studying the fundamental pollution free riding problem uncovered in the associated empirical works. First, instead of assuming ad hoc pollution diffusion schemes across space, we consider a realistic spatiotemporal law of motion for air and water pollution (diffusion and advection). Second, we tackle spatiotemporal non-cooperative (and cooperative) differential games. Precisely, we consider a circle partitioned into several states where a local authority decides autonomously about its investment, production and depollution strategies over time knowing that investment/production generates pollution, and pollution is transboundary. The time horizon is infinite. Third, we allow for a rich set of geographic heterogeneities across states while the literature assumes identical states. We solve analytically the induced non-cooperative differential game under decentralization and fully characterize the resulting long-term spatial distributions. We further provide with full exploration of the free riding problem, reflected in the so-called border effects. In particular, net pollution flows diffuse at an increasing rate as we approach the borders, with strong asymmetries under advection, and structural breaks show up at the borders. We also build a formal case in which a larger number of states goes with the exacerbation of pollution externalities. Finally, we explore how geographic discrepancies affect the shape of the border effects. |
| Keywords: | Spatial externalities,Environmental federalism,Transboundary pollution,Differential games in continuous time and space,Infinite dimensional optimal control problems |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02613177&r=env |
| By: | Ahmad, Husnain F. (Sewanee: The University of the South); Gibson, Matthew (Williams College); Nadeem, Fatiq (California State University); Nasim, Sanval (Colby College); Rezaee, Arman (California State University) |
| Abstract: | Scarce information and human capital may make it difficult for residents of developing countries to produce accurate forecasts, limiting responses to uncertain future events like air pollution. We study two randomized interventions in Lahore, Pakistan: 1) provision of air pollution forecasts; 2) general training in forecasting. Both reduced subjects' own air pollution forecast errors; the training effect suggests that modest educational interventions can durably improve forecasting skills. Forecast receipt increased demand for protective masks and increased the responsiveness of outdoor time to pollution. Forecast recipients were willing to pay 60 percent of the cost of mobile internet for continued access. |
| Keywords: | pollution avoidance, training, forecasts, environmental information |
| JEL: | Q56 Q53 D84 D90 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15831&r=env |
| By: | DAMGAARD Anders; LODATO Concetta; BUTERA Stefania; FRUERGAARD ASTRUP Thilde; KAMPS Martijn; CORBIN Liz; TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC); ASTRUP Thomas Fruergaard |
| Abstract: | Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) represents 40% of the waste generated in the EU and its suboptimal management generates detrimental environmental effects. The goal of the study was to calculate, document and compare the environmental impacts of different treatment options for selected priority fractions of CDW. The assessment of the single fractions was done for both 2020 and 2050. The results for the four fractions in general came to the same conclusion, i.e. the environmental impacts followed the waste hierarchy, although with some exceptions. Reuse of concrete waste is the pathway leading to the highest saving potential, followed by PVC, EPS-insulation and wood. The study also provides a detailed techno-economic characterization of emerging and established technologies and processes for the management of CDW. |
| Keywords: | LCA, LCC, CDW, waste, recycling, MFA, waste composition, building stock |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130992&r=env |
| By: | Giacomo Cazzola (EPiC Earth and Polis Research Centre, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Università Iuav di Venezia) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an application of the analytical path assembled within my PhD research on Disaster Risk Creation (DRC) in humanitarian contexts, to Flood Risk Management (FRM) planning in Italy. The investigation concerns some key challenges, for spatial planning and disaster risk management, in understanding, evaluating, and addressing Disaster Risk (DR) drivers and pressures, those processes and land uses enhancing exposure, vulnerability and flood hazard itself. The reference methodological approach benefits from well-established theoretical models of causal analysis of Disaster Risk Creation processes as bridging analytical construct for reordering and coordinating flood risk management interventions. These theoretical and analytical reflections are build upon a gap between the European Water Framework and the Flood Directives that, despite their many interconnections and commonalities, differ in the focus (or lack of) on underlying causal factors. Thus, the Water Framework Directive provides a valuable operational reference for orienting flood risk management planning to the reduction of disaster risk creation components. |
| Keywords: | Flood Risk Management, European Flood Directive, Risk Driver, Spatial Planning |
| JEL: | Q54 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.43&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Debaeke (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Agneta Forslund (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hervé Guyomard (SDAR Bretagne Normandie - Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Bertrand Schmitt (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Anaïs Tibi (Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The European Union has a high demand for plant proteins for food and feed. Its self-sufficiency rate is about 5% for soya crude proteins. The European Union and its Member States have launched initiatives for reducing soya imports that come mainly from South America and promoting domestic production of protein-rich crops. In the future, climate suitability for soybean cultivation is likely to increase in oceanic and continental Europe. The recent AE2050 study (INRAE. 2020. Role of European agriculture in world trade by 2050: Balancing climate change and global food security issues. Summary report of the study. INRAE (France), 12 p; Tibi A, Forslund A, Debaeke P, et al. 2020. Place des agricultures européennes dans le monde à l'horizon 2050 : entre enjeux climatiques et défis de la sécurité alimentaire. Rapport de synthèse de l'étude. INRAE (France), 159 p þ Annexes) concluded that, in some parts of Europe (defined here as the European Union-27 plus other Balkan countries, Switzerland, Norway and the United Kingdom), cropland requirements in 2050 may be lower than "2010" cropland areas given possible changes in European food demand (related to glooming demographic growth and under the assumption of healthy diets) and in crop yields (influenced by technological developments and climate change). In this study, we examine to what extent this "cropland surplus" could be used to increase soybean production in Europe and reduce the dependency ratio on protein imports. Only in the case of a Healthy Diets scenario (less meat consumption, inducing less animals fed with cakes), substantial soybean acreages could be envisaged to reduce the European reliance on imports. In addition to the surplus allowed by increasing yields, land surplus was also made available by the reduction of livestock production and its grain feed requirements. The best-case scenario, combining healthy diets and trend-based yield growth, would reduce European imports to only 15% of its total domestic requirements versus 45% for the Trend-based Diets scenario. This can be compared to a dependency rate of 51% in our base year "2010", and of 53%-54% for the two 2050 scenarios without growing soybean on cropland surplus. If the range of these quite optimistic estimations of surplus land dedicated to soybean was reduced to more plausible levels (limited to 10% of annual field cropland in 2050) and considering current soybean yield levels ("2019" instead of "2010"), the decrease in Europe's oil cake imports levels would be lower. However, its dependency rate could still be reduced from 54% to 46% in the Trend-based Diets scenario, and from 53% to 38% in the Healthy Diets scenario. One important conclusion is that adopting healthy diets would allow a significant reduction of imports of soybean cakes from abroad with expected environmental benefits in Europe and overseas. On the supply side, challenges for a higher self-sufficiency rate of proteins in Europe resulting from the development of soybean domestic production will come from both available and suitable crop areas, attainable yields and relative profitability. |
| Keywords: | protein self-sufficiency,Europe,climate change,yield projection,cropland surplus |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03890770&r=env |
| By: | Boeing, Geoff (Northeastern University); Lu, Yougeng; Pilgram, Clemens |
| Abstract: | Vehicular air pollution has created an ongoing air quality and public health crisis. Despite growing knowledge of racial injustice in exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between the production of and exposure to such pollution. This study assesses pollution burden by testing whether local populations' vehicular air pollution exposure is proportional to how much they drive. Through a Los Angeles, California case study we examine how this relates to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status---and how these relationships vary across the region. We find that, all else equal, tracts whose residents drive less are exposed to more air pollution, as are tracts with a less-White population. Commuters from majority-White tracts disproportionately drive through non-White tracts, compared to the inverse. Decades of racially-motivated freeway infrastructure planning and residential segregation shape today's disparities in who produces vehicular air pollution and who is exposed to it, but opportunities exist for urban planning and transport policy to mitigate this injustice. |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:wd92j&r=env |
| By: | Nanang Adie Setyawan; Hadiahti Utami; Bayu Setyo Nugroho; Mellasanti Ayuwardani; Suharmanto |
| Abstract: | This study set out to determine what motivated SMEs in Semarang City to undertake green supply chain management during the COVID-19 and New Normal pandemics. The purposive sampling approach was used as the sampling methodology in this investigation. There are 100 respondents in the research samples. The AMOS 24.0 program's structural equation modelling (SEM) is used in this research method. According to the study's findings, the Strategic Orientation variable significantly and favourably affects the Green Supply Chain Management variable expected to have a value of 0.945, and the Government Regulation variable has a positive and strong influence on the variable Green Supply Chain Management with an estimated value of 0.070, the Green Supply Chain Management variable with an estimated value of has a positive and significant impact on the environmental performance variable. 0.504, the Strategic Orientation variable with an estimated value of has a positive and significant impact on the environmental performance variable. 0.442, The Environmental Performance variable is directly impacted positively and significantly by the Government Regulation variable, with an estimated value of 0.041. This significant positive influence is because SMEs in Semarang City have government regulations, along with government support for facilities regarding efforts to implement the concept of environmental concern, causing high environmental performance caused by the optimal implementation of Green supply chain management is built on a collaboration between the government and the supply chain's participants. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.12891&r=env |
| By: | Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Lucie Sachot (IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]) |
| Abstract: | Comment évaluer l'impact économique d'un événement équestre sportif ? Et comment optimiser ses retombées économiques, sociales et environnementales ? L'outil ImpactsÉvénement permet de répondre à ces questions par un calcul d'impact économique et l'obtention de préconisations personnalisées. Son objectif est d'aider les organisateurs d'événements équestres sportifs dans l'organisation de leurs manifestations et dans la valorisation de leurs retombées auprès des partenaires privés et publics. |
| Keywords: | Préconisation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03894845&r=env |
| By: | Till Kösters (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Marlena Meier (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Gernot Sieg (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster) |
| Abstract: | Grandfather rights require airlines to operate at least 80% of their slots, if they are to keep them in the next scheduling period. To prevent losing slots, the airlines may operate slot-rescue flights, an airline strategy called slot hoarding. We model strategies of a monopolistic airline which chooses between long-haul and short-haul flights at a slot-coordinated airport. In cases of a binding use-it-or-lose-it rule, we observe a bias in the airline route network in favor of slot-rescue flights on short-haul distances. Slot-rescue flights reduce airline profits, but raise consumer surplus and airport profits. The overall effect of slot-rescue flights on welfare, however, remains ambiguous. Recently, slot hoarding and its climate impact have received considerable attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that the environmental effects of slot-rescue flights are asymmetric. The climate damage of slot hoarding in the EU is reduced by the EU ETS, whereas CORSIA is rather ineffective. |
| Keywords: | Use-it-or-lose-it rule, Slot hoarding, Climate damage, EU ETS, CORSIA, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | L93 R48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mut:wpaper:36&r=env |
| By: | Niko Wojtynia (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Jerry van Dijk (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Marjolein Derks (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Peter W. G. Groot Koerkamp (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Marko P. Hekkert (Utrecht University [Utrecht]) |
| Abstract: | Agri-food system transitions are a considerable challenge requiring stakeholder alignment on what changes need to be made and how. When stakeholders do not agree on the goals or methods of a transition, this can be a serious obstacle to success. This paper analyzes 42 vision documents for the future of Dutch agriculture from a broad range of stakeholders to determine stakeholder alignment using an inductive coding approach. We identified 23 issues as the main challenges for the transition in these documents. We are the first to categorize them according to a recently proposed problem-solution space for wicked problems. Stakeholders were fully aligned in recognizing the problem for the majority of issues, but showed agreement on solutions for less than a quarter. For the issues of international orientation, sector size, and farm business models, we found a lack of consensus on the problem, indicating fundamental disagreement about the type of agricultural sector desired by stakeholders. The apparent consensus on environmental and social issues provides clear societal expectations for agronomic development and innovation, while the divergence on economic issues highlights the rift between growth-oriented paradigms and more holistic paradigms like agroecology. The crucial empirical novelty of this paper is that progress on environmental and social matters is restricted by divergent views on the economic characteristics of a future agri-food system, adding further complexity to mission-oriented transition and innovation policies. |
| Keywords: | Agri-food system, Sustainability transition, Vision, Mission-oriented innovation, Stakeholder alignment, Normative contestation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03893991&r=env |
| By: | Gian Paolo Clemente; Alessandra Cornaro; Rosanna Grassi; Giorgio Rizzini |
| Abstract: | The energy consumption, the transfer of resources through the international trade, the transition towards renewable energies and the environmental sustainability appear as key drivers in order to evaluate the resilience of the energy systems. Concerning the consumptions, in the literature a great attention has been paid to direct energy, but the production of goods and services also involves indirect energy. Hence, in this work we consider different types of embodied energy sources and the time evolution of the sectors' and countries' interactions. Flows are indeed used to construct a directed and weighted temporal multilayer network based respectively on renewable and non-renewable sources, where sectors are nodes and layers are countries. We provide a methodological approach for analysing the network reliability and resilience and for identifying critical sectors and economies in the system by applying the Multi-Dimensional HITS algorithm. Then, we evaluate central arcs in the network at each time period by proposing a novel topological indicator based on the maximum flow problem. In this way, we provide a full view of economies, sectors and connections that play a relevant role over time in the network and whose removal could heavily affect the stability of the system. We provide a numerical analysis based on the embodied energy flows among countries and sectors in the period from 1990 to 2016. Results prove that the methods are effective in catching the different patterns between renewable and non-renewable energy sources. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.11585&r=env |
| By: | Yves Meinard (LAMSADE - Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Irene Pluchinotta (UCL - University College of London [London]) |
| Abstract: | Improving policy making is key to address numerous contemporary challenges such as the environmental crisis, climate change, global inequality, financial crises, or pandemics. Policy making is a sequence of stages structuring policy problems and choices made to address them. Among these stages, policy design is a crucial phase since it impacts the quality of the policy alternatives being considered. Policy design is, however, largely neglected in the scientific literature, and in practice it is mainly conducted informally. Design theory, and more specifically Concept-Knowledge (C-K) theory, originally aimed at assisting the process of creating marketable objects, offers promises to formalize and rationalize policy design. We critically analyze this theory, showing that, despite its strengths, as it stands it is ill-adapted to support the innovative design of policy alternatives. For that purpose, we propose a framework, C-KE/I. This framework, which is inspired by and compatible with C-K, appraises innovation based on the explicit or implicit modal statements held by a certain individual or group ("E/I" stands for Explicit vs. Implicit). Through an ex-post analysis of a case study—the search for innovative policy solutions to water management problems in the Apulia Region, Italy—we illustrate the practical applicability and usefulness of our framework. |
| Keywords: | Policy design, C-K theory, Policy making, Water management, Policy analytics |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03881635&r=env |
| By: | Michele Fioretti (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jorge Tamayo (Harvard Business School - Harvard University [Cambridge]) |
| Abstract: | Renewable generation creates a tradeoff between current and future energy production as generators produce energy by releasing previously stored resources. Studying the Colombian market, we find that diversified firms strategically substitute fossil fuels for hydropower before droughts. This substitution mitigates the surge in market prices due to the lower hydropower capacity available during dry periods. Diversification can increase prices, instead, if it results from mergers steepening a firm's residual demand. Thus, integrating production technologies within firms can smooth the clean-energy transition by offsetting higher prices during scarcity periods if the unaffected technologies help store renewables more than exercise market power. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition, Renewables, Hydropower generation, Diversified production technologies, Energy storage, Wholesale electricity markets |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03389152&r=env |
| By: | Julia Mink (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this dissertation, I examine the effects of major life events and exposure to adverse environmental conditions on health and health-related outcomes. The objective of this work is to establish causal relationships using quasi-experimental methods and mobilising different sources of micro-level data from France. Each of the four chapters that compose this dissertation is a stand-alone, independent piece of research that addresses distinct policy-relevant issues. In the first two chapters, I consider the impact of retirement and the dissolution of a romantic partnership, respectively, on income and diet and discuss the potential health effects of these changes. In the third chapter, I investigate the consequences of exposure to adverse conditions related to World War II during childhood and adolescence on health outcomes in adulthood. In the fourth chapter, I examine the short-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on health care use and costs. |
| Abstract: | Dans cette thèse, j'examine les effets de certains événements majeurs de la vie et de l'exposition à des conditions environnementales défavorables sur la santé et les résultats de santé. L'objectif de ce travail est d'établir des relations causales en utilisant des méthodes quasi-expérimentales et en mobilisant différentes sources de données de micro-niveau en France. Chacun des quatre chapitres qui composent cette dissertation est un travail de recherche autonome et indépendant qui aborde des questions distinctes et pertinentes pour les politiques publiques. Dans les deux premiers chapitres, j'examine l'impact de la retraite et de la séparation du couple, respectivement, sur le revenu et le régime alimentaire et je discute des effets potentiels de ces changements sur la santé. Dans le troisième chapitre, j'étudie les conséquences de l'exposition à des conditions défavorables liées à la Seconde Guerre mondiale pendant l'enfance et l'adolescence sur la santé à l'âge adulte. Dans le quatrième chapitre, j'examine les effets à court terme de l'exposition à la pollution de l'air ambiant sur l'utilisation et les coûts des soins de santé. |
| Keywords: | Fixed effects model, Life-cycle events, Health effects, Air pollution, Modèle à effets fixes, Evènements du cycle de vie, Effets sur la santé, Pollution de l'air |
| Date: | 2021–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:tel-03575191&r=env |
| By: | Rita Abdel Sater (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The works compiled in this thesis are concrete examples of how methods, insights and evidence from behavioural science and economics could enlighten policy makers wishing to understand and reinforce pro-environmentalism. The 1st part is an application of methods and insights from psychology to environmental public policy and is the product of a collaboration with policy makers in the French Parisian region, to tackle two polluting behaviours: littering and household combustion. The 1st chapter shows how laboratory experiments using psychometric methods from vision research could be crucial to inform policy makers on how to maximise the effectiveness of littering interventions, by quantifying the increase in visual salience following a change in the colour of trash bins in an urban setting. The 2nd chapter, using a field experimental setting, shows that while information provision is not enough to change household combustion behaviour, increasing the salience of indoor pollution by combining feedback provision and social comparison is effective in changing behaviour and decreasing indoor air pollution. The 2nd part of this thesis examines the relationship between socioeconomic status and the psychological mechanisms underlying pro-environmentalism and behavioural interventions. The 3rd chapter shows that the positive association between socioeconomic status and pro-environmental attitudes is partially mediated by individual time preferences. Chapter 4 is a short review suggesting that socioeconomic backgrounds could moderate the effectiveness of popular environmental behavioural interventions that leverage on biases likely to be heterogeneous across income groups. |
| Abstract: | Les travaux compilés dans cette thèse représentent des exemples de la manière dont les méthodes, connaissances et résultats des sciences comportementales et économiques pourraient informer les décideurs publics souhaitant comprendre et renforcer les politiques environnementales. La 1ère partie est une application des méthodes de la psychologie aux politiques publiques environnementales, et le produit d'une collaboration avec des décideurs publics de la région parisienne, abordant deux comportements polluants : les déchets et la combustion domestique. Le premier chapitre illustre comment les expérimentations en laboratoire utilisant des méthodes psychométriques peuvent informer les décideurs sur la manière de maximiser l'efficacité des interventions contre les ordures dans la rue. Le 2ème chapitre, utilisant un cadre expérimental sur le terrain, montre qu'une combinaison de feedback personnalisé et des éléments de comparaison sociale est efficace pour modifier le comportement de combustion domestique et réduire la pollution de l'air intérieur. La 2ème partie de cette thèse examine la relation entre le statut socioéconomique et les mécanismes psychologiques qui sous-tendent le pro-environnementalisme et les interventions comportementales. Le chapitre 3 montre que l'association positive entre le statut socio-économique et les attitudes pro-environnementales est partiellement médiée par les préférences temporelles. Le chapitre 4 suggère que les antécédents socioéconomiques peuvent modérer l'efficacité des interventions comportementales environnementales couramment employées qui s'appuient sur des biais susceptibles d'être hétérogènes entre les différents niveaux de revenus. |
| Keywords: | Behavioural science, Environmental policy, Experiments, Sciences comportementales, Politiques environnementales, Expérimentation |
| Date: | 2021–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:tel-03450909&r=env |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the association between financial inclusion and sustainable development in a global context. The findings show that high levels of financial inclusion (in terms of higher commercial bank branches per 100, 000 adults) is significantly associated with high levels of sustainable development (in terms of higher electricity production from renewable sources, higher industry productivity, higher adult literacy rate and higher renewable electricity output). Also, higher financial inclusion is significantly associated with low combustible renewables and waste. There is uni-directional granger causality between global interest in sustainable development information and global interest in financial inclusion information particularly in the period after the global financial crisis (GFC) but before the COVID-19 pandemic. The results support global calls for greater financial inclusion and the attainment of the sustainable development goals for the good of all people, the environment and for the planet. |
| Keywords: | financial inclusion, sustainable development goals, access to finance, energy, renewables, adult literacy, industry, electricity, access to finance, unbanked adults, environment, research and development. |
| JEL: | G21 I31 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115772&r=env |
| By: | DENTI Daria |
| Abstract: | This report contributes to the evidence base on how European local governments operationalize the Leave No One Behind (LNOB) principle in their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) strategies. This is done considering how 24 local governments have been addressing vulnerable groups between 2015 and 2022. Local policies targeting vulnerable groups, their monitoring and budgeting are assessed against criteria designed referring to up to date LNOB literature developed by practitioners, institutions, and academia. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, Localisation, Leave no one behind, Cities, Vulnerable, VLRs |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130188&r=env |
| By: | Berge, Erling (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Humanity’s problem with climate change has been likened to a “tragedy of the commons”. If the atmosphere is seen as an open access dump for gasses like CO2 or methane, Garret Hardin’s conclusion from 1968: “Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all” is obviously correct. But how do we create a regime where access to the atmosphere is controlled? The problem of cleaning up the atmosphere has also been likened to a “public good” problem. Stopping the emissions and cleaning up the atmosphere will cost. Each nation may reason that this cost might be postponed a year or two. The immediate problems of the society have to be solved first. And – if the rest of the world manages to retard the emissions sufficiently we might not have to pay that much. In the provision of public goods there is this free rider problem. This is the background for a closer look at Norway from our earliest legislation: Did we experience collective action problems involving social dilemmas like the tragedy of the commons or the provision of public goods? If we did, did we solve the problems by developing institutions? Problems were identified in our earliest cattle farming communities and in our medieval urban settlements. The problems could be resolved through legislation. |
| Keywords: | Climate; social dilemma; Norway; legislation |
| JEL: | P48 Q30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nlsclt:2023_001&r=env |
| By: | Frederick van der Ploeg (Department of Economics, University of Oxford); Johannes Emmerling (RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici); Ben Groom (Department of Economics, University of Exeter) |
| Abstract: | An analytical formula is presented for the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) taking account of intragenerational income inequality, in addition to intergenerational income inequality, macro-economic uncertainty and rare disasters to economic growth. The social discount rate is adjusted for intra- and intergenerational inequality aversion and risk aversion. If growth reduces intragenerational inequality, the SCC is lower than with inequality-neutral growth, especially if intra- and intergenerational inequality aversion are high. Calibrated to the observed interest rate and risk premium, the SCC in 2020 is $125/tCO2 without considering intragenerational inequality, $81/tCO2 if intragenerational inequality decreases over time, as a continuation of historical trends suggests (based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2), and $213/tCO2 if inequality increases (SSP4). Intragenerational inequality has a similar order of effect on the SSC as accounting for rare macroeconomic disasters. |
| Keywords: | social discount rate, social cost of carbon, intra- and intergenerational inequality aversion, risk aversion, inequality, growth, uncertainty |
| JEL: | C61 D31 D62 D81 G12 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2301&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Berghmans (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Lola Vallejo (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Benoît Leguet (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Erwann Kerrand (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Andreas Eisl (CEE - Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MaxPo - Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies - Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies - Max-Planck-Gesellschaft - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, Institut Jacques Delors); Phuc-Vinh Nguyen (Institut Jacques Delors); Thomas Pellerin-Carlin (Institut Jacques Delors); Xavier Timbeau (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Il reste moins de 30 ans pour atteindre la neutralité carbone. Cette transformation des économies française et européenne, à peine entamée, est historique. Essentielle pour éviter le chaos climatique, elle doit aussi intégrer d'autres enjeux environnementaux, dont la biodiversité et la pollution de l'air. Elle constitue aussi une opportunité pour moderniser nos industries, créer des emplois de qualité, lutter contre la pauvreté, renforcer la prospérité économique et affirmer notre indépendance politique et énergétique. Si de nombreux pays ont annoncé des objectifs de neutralité carbone en amont de la dernière Conférence internationale sur le climat (COP 26), il manque encore des actes concrets, en France comme ailleurs. Beaucoup de chemins sont possibles pour atteindre la neutralité, il faut les préciser, les clarifier et les proposer au débat public. On ne peut traiter les différentes facettes de la transition écologique séparément les unes des autres. Investissements publics comme privés, changements de modes de vie, reconfiguration des espaces urbains, nouveau pacte social, formation des travailleurs, innovations, modification des incitations économiques et production d'énergies nouvelles devront ainsi être appréhendés conjointement pour apporter une réponse systémique et relever le défi climatique. Certains chantiers sont déjà ouverts : 2 % du PIB Français sont déjà consacrés à des investissements favorables au climat, l'Union européenne déploie un Pacte vert, les rénovations des bâtiments, productions d'énergies renouvelables et de véhicules électriques se développent. La Convention citoyenne pour le climat a démontré que ce mode de démocratie participative permet d'aboutir à des propositions concrètes, partiellement reprises dans la loi Climat et Résilience promulguée en 2021. Le plan France Relance permet d'apporter 30 milliards d'euros pour la transition écologique, mais sur une période limitée à deux ans. France 2030 donne de la prévisibilité aux financements de certaines filières innovantes. Dans ce Policy Brief, nous recensons les éléments structurants pour lesquels nous attendons des propositions concrètes de chaque candidat et de chaque famille politique. Sur le climat, tout projet politique peut être proposé aux Français, mais chaque projet politique doit être concrétisé dans une programmation pluriannuelle des investissements publics. Car si l'investissement ne fait pas tout, il est le point nodal d'expression des choix politiques et permet de mieux juger, au-delà des discours, du contenu réel des propositions. |
| Date: | 2021–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03483383&r=env |
| By: | Rico-Straffon, Jimena; Wang, Zhenhua; Pfaff, Alexander |
| Abstract: | Protected areas (PAs), which restrict economic activities, are the leading land and marine policy for ecosystem conservation. Most contexts feature different types of protection that vary in their stringency of management. Using spatially detailed panel data for 1986-2018, we estimate PAs’ impacts upon forests in the Peruvian Amazon. Which type of protection has greater impacts on the forest is ambiguous, theoretically, given potential for significant differences by type in siting and enforcement. We find that the less strict multiple-use PAs, that allow local livelihoods, do no worse for forests than strict PAs: each PA type holds off small loss spikes seen in unprotected forests; and multipleuse, if anything, do a bit better. This adds to evidence on the coexistence of private activities with conservation objectives. |
| Keywords: | Ambiente, Evaluación de impacto, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1989&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Xin; Zhang, Xun; Liu, Yuehua; Zhao, Xintong; Chen, Xi |
| Abstract: | This study is one of the first investigating the causal evidence of the morbidity costs of fine particulates (PM2.5) for all age cohorts in a developing country, using individual-level health spending data from a basic medical insurance program in Wuhan, China. Our instrumental variable (IV) approach uses thermal inversion to address potential endogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations and shows that PM2.5 imposes a significant impact on healthcare expenditures. The 2SLS estimates suggest that a 10 μg/m3 reduction in monthly average PM2.5 leads to a 2.36% decrease in the value of health spending and a 0.79% decline in the number of transactions in pharmacies and healthcare facilities. Also, this effect, largely driven by the increased spending in pharmacies, is more salient for males and children, as well as middle-aged and older adults. Moreover, our estimates may provide a lower bound to individuals' willingness to pay, amounting to CNY 43.87 (or USD 7.09) per capita per year for a 10 μg/m3 reduction in PM2.5. |
| Keywords: | air quality, health spending, willingness to pay, China |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 I11 I31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1217&r=env |
| By: | Matteo Romagnoli (Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the effect of electricity liberalisation on the variety of clean energy patent’ search space to asses whether a more competitive electricity market can foster the development of radical clean-energy technologies. This idea is tested using a cross-section of patents filed in the period 1990-2017, a set of patent-level indicators and an instrumental variable approach. Results show that electricity liberalisation pushes clean-energy patents to cite knowledge from technological fields other than their own. However, the reform does not significantly affect the overall breath of the knowledge base of these patents. Additional insights are drawn by looking at the correlation between electricity liberalisation and an indicator of novelty in patents’ search space. The results are consistent with the claim that electricity liberalisation has a positive effect on the development of radical clean-energy technologies. At the same time, by describing how the reform changes clean-energy patents’ search space, they define this effect more precisely. |
| Keywords: | Clean-energy Technologies, Electricity Liberalisation, Climate Change, Patent Data |
| JEL: | L94 O31 Q42 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.44&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, Xin (Beijing Normal University); Zhang, Xun (Beijing Normal University); Liu, Yuehua (Tsinghua University); Zhao, Xintong (Renmin University of China); Chen, Xi (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | This study is one of the first investigating the causal evidence of the morbidity costs of fine particulates (PM2.5) for all age cohorts in a developing country, using individual-level health spending data from a basic medical insurance program in Wuhan, China. Our instrumental variable (IV) approach uses thermal inversion to address potential endogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations and shows that PM2.5 imposes a significant impact on healthcare expenditures. The 2SLS estimates suggest that a 10 μg/m3 reduction in monthly average PM2.5 leads to a 2.36% decrease in the value of health spending and a 0.79% decline in the number of transactions in pharmacies and healthcare facilities. Also, this effect, largely driven by the increased spending in pharmacies, is more salient for males and children, as well as middle-aged and older adults. Moreover, our estimates may provide a lower bound to individuals' willingness to pay, amounting to CNY 43.87 (or USD 7.09) per capita per year for a 10 μg/m3 reduction in PM2.5. |
| Keywords: | air quality, health spending, willingness to pay, China |
| JEL: | Q51 Q53 I11 I31 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15839&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Marc Blazy (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Subervie Julie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Jacky Paul (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); François Causeret (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Loic Guindé (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sarah Moulla (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alban Thomas (ODR - Observatoire du Développement Rural, UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jorge Sierra (ASTRO - Agrosystèmes tropicaux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les stocks de carbone organique dans le sol diminuent depuis plus d'un siècle, principalement dans les régions tropicales. Or, le maintien de la matière organique dans le sol est essentiel pour lutter contre le changement climatique et réserver la santé des sols. Une façon de résoudre ce problème est d'encourager les agriculteurs à séquestrer le carbone sur leur exploitation, mais les instruments de soutien disponibles aujourd'hui sont encore trop peu efficaces et doivent donc être améliorés. Nous avons évalué ex ante le rapport coût-efficacité d'une série de mesures agro-environnementales innovantes qui subventionnent l'utilisation de compost sous forme d'amendements organiques des sols, en réalisant une expérience de choix auprès de 300 agriculteurs de Guadeloupe et en simulant les gains environnementaux associés à chacune d'elles. Nous avons estimé que la mesure la plus efficace séquestrerait jusqu'à 25 000 teqCO2 par an à l'échelle du territoire et que la mesure la plus rentable atteindrait cet objectif pour un coût d'environ 500 euros par teqCO2. |
| Keywords: | Mesures agro- environnementales,santé des sol,Séquestration carbone |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03886260&r=env |
| By: | Majewski, Edward; Sirsikar, Chaitra Girish |
| Abstract: | The main aim of the paper is to familiarize the readers with the economy, and above all the agricultural sector of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The direct inspiration for this paper was the ban on cage breeding of laying hens introduced in this country in 2012, which brings to mind an important event, which happened in 1972, when the King of Bhutan announced the concept of the Gross National Happiness Index (GNH). Figures and graphics presented in the article were prepared on the basis of Bhutan’s national statistics and available publications. The structure of Bhutan’s economy is dominated by the industrial and services sectors. The share of agriculture in generating GDP has ranged from 14 to 22% in the last twenty years, with employment in agriculture reaching almost 60% of the total workforce. The agricultural sector is highly fragmented, and at the same time vulnerable to threats resulting from difficult natural conditions and climate change. Bhutan is not achieving food self-sufficiency, despite strong support from Bhutanese authorities for the sector and increasing productivity. The changes taking place in agriculture and the entire economy of Bhutan are strongly oriented towards the implementation of the sustainable development paradigm. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iafepa:329861&r=env |
| By: | VEGA RAPUN Margarita; STAMOS Iraklis (European Commission - JRC); PROIETTI Paola (European Commission - JRC); SIRAGUSA Alice (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents and discusses the methodological approach for the development of a regional monitoring indicator set for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the framework of the REGIONS2030 project. The report presents the methodology and the criteria for the selection. The report also includes the list of indicators that will be the starting point of SDG monitoring for piloting regions of the project. The indicator set is a result of an iterative process that in brief included the identification of sources of indicators (with respective information on their methodology of calculation and other related metadata), the filtering, merging and selection of indicators that were fit for the REGIONS2030 project and the EU regional dimension, and the respective filling in of all related information regarding among others their availability in European countries, coverage, timeliness, alignment with other monitoring frameworks. |
| Keywords: | SDGs, indicators, sustainable development, regions |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc131581&r=env |
| By: | Oeri, Fintan (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | This document introduces synthesised data on solar PV investments in Switzerland and an accompanying R shiny app . The data were collected as part of two WWZ Forum research projects, FV-71 and FV-79, on prices associated with green buildings. In addition to unified data on solar PV subsidies by municipality, the datasets include processed data on PV installations, PV installation potential, electricity prices, feed-in-tariffs, and population size of each geographic unit. Furthermore, linking relevant variables by geographical unit poses a substantial challenge to any analysis on the PV distribution in Switzerland. The issue primarily stems from distinct, and sometimes arbitrary, observational units (political municipalities, addresses, post codes, operators with unclear areas of activity) used in original data sources. The present document, together with an accompanying R script, provides a pragmatic approach to overcome this issue. |
| Keywords: | solar; pv; subsidies; green investments |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 R10 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2022/10&r=env |
| By: | Park, Joungho (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kang, Boogyun (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Seok Hwan (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies); Kovsh, Andrey (Saint Petersburg State University) |
| Abstract: | This study attempts to identify new directions for energy cooperation between Korea and Russia, focusing on the areas of natural gas and hydrogen. In particular, we derive new directions and tasks for energy cooperation between the two countries, reflecting changes in the international energy environment, such as climate change and decarbonization, which are in full swing at the global level. To this end, this study is consisted of the following four parts. Part II examines the geopolitics of energy coming into the 21st century and Russia’s new energy strategy. Part III conducts an in-depth analysis of the energy cooperation strategies of China and Japan, major Northeast Asian countries, with Russia, and Part IV comprehensively evaluates Korea’s energy strategy and Korea-Russia energy cooperation. In conclusion, Part V presents new plans for Korea-Russia energy cooperation. As a side note, after carrying out this study, the policy environment for energy cooperation with Russia has significantly changed. Russia’s war against Ukraine is expected to change the landscape of global energy and its geopolitics in profound ways. In the midst of these significant changes, it is hoped that this study will serve as a meaningful reference for analyzing and forecasting the global energy dynamics surrounding Russia. |
| Keywords: | Russias Energy Strategy Korea-Russia Cooperation; Natural Gas and Hydrogen Sectors |
| Date: | 2022–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2022_026&r=env |
| By: | Julien Gourdon (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, AFD - Agence française de développement); Matthys Lambert (Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Achille Macé (Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Le 8ème Forum sur la coopération sino-africaine (FOCAC) de Dakar en octobre 2021 a consolidé les piliers d'une « nouvelle ère » de la coopération Chine-Afrique dans divers domaines dont celui de l'Energie. Ainsi la Déclaration sur la coopération Sino-Africaine de lutte contre le changement climatique évoque une intensification du soutien de la Chine au développement des énergies renouvelables et réaffirme l'arrêt de la construction de nouveaux projets charbon sur le continent. Il est intéressant d'examiner d'une part la situation actuelle des réalisations chinoises caractérisée par une présence concentrée sur les énergies fossiles et hydrauliques, d'autre part les contours de la mutation vers des projets moins risqués et moins polluants et enfin les enjeux de ce changement pour les banques et investisseurs chinois. |
| Keywords: | Chine, Financement du développement, Changement climatique |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03638964&r=env |
| By: | Aurélien Boronat; Nadine Levratto (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2022–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03882541&r=env |
| By: | Zdenka Zakova Kroupova (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management); Lukas Cechura (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Economics and Management); Matej Opatrny (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Charles University, The Environment Centre); Zuzana Hlouskova (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic); Iveta Mlezivova (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | Our results indicate that there is limited effect of agricultural subsidies on the agricultural biodiversity. By using unique farm-level data, we show that subsidies support rather income of farmers than agricultural biodiversity. The results are robust to size, practice management and altitude of operating of agricultural holdings and to various measures of agricultural biodiversity. However, when interpreting the results, the limitations of biodiversity indices should be considered. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity index; subsidies; panel data regression; Czech Republic |
| JEL: | Q12 Q15 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2022_32&r=env |
| By: | Rebecca Fraenkel; Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Sam D. Krumholz |
| Abstract: | During the past fifteen years, more than 30% of US coal plants have had at least one coal-fired generator close. We utilize this natural experiment to estimate the effect of coal plant exposure on mortality and house values. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that, despite the fact that most of this coal generation is replaced with natural gas generation, individuals in counties whose population centroid is within 30 miles of a plant that closes at least one coal-fired unit experience large health effects following shutdown. While these health improvements appear to capitalize into housing values, they only do so for homes within 15 miles of the plant and only when the retirement is complete rather than partial. Taken together, these results underscore the importance of subjective perceptions in shaping market-mediated price effects with far-reaching implications for the literature. |
| JEL: | I18 Q4 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30801&r=env |
| By: | Marion Gaspard (TRIANGLE - Triangle : action, discours, pensée politique et économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2); Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | La règle de Hotelling, décrivant la trajectoire optimale de long terme du prix d'un actif épuisable, est utilisée de longue date en économie des ressources naturelles. Elle est aujourd'hui également centrale en économie du climat pour l'estimation de ce que serait un prix optimal du carbone. Cette règle, énoncée par Harold Hotelling en 1931, est jugée utile pour dépassionner les débats et fournir une base objective aux arbitrages inter-temporels. Sur la base de matériaux d'archives, cet article propose de revenir aux sources, à savoir l'élaboration de la règle et la conception qu'en avait Hotelling afin de questionner son statut et ses usages aujourd'hui. Nous concluons en particulier que Hotelling ne considérait pas son outil comme neutre face aux enjeux de justice sociale, intra et intergénérationnelle. Délibération collective et action publique étaient au cœur de ses préoccupations, ce qui nous invite à appréhender sous un nouveau jour la fixation des prix du carbone au XXIe siècle. |
| Keywords: | règle de Hotelling,prix du carbone,marchés énergétiques,ressources épuisables,histoire de la pensée économique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03629364&r=env |
| By: | Jaap W.B. Bos; Jasmin Gröschl; Martien Lamers; Runliang Li; Mark Sanders; Vincent Schippers; Jasmin Katrin Gröschl; Jasmin Katrin Gröschl |
| Abstract: | In this paper we study how differences in the quality of countries’ institutions affect the impact of natural hazards in these countries. To do so, we first build a new data set that allows us to adequately control for countries’ development and geological characteristics and, importantly, the physical intensity of the natural hazard. We then analyze our data using an output distance frontier model to assess two important aspects of the relation-ship between institutions and hazard impacts. First, the model allows us to estimate the trade-offs between different types of (negative) outcomes (e.g., deaths, affected, and damages). Second, it enables us to estimate the excess deaths, affected inhabitants and damages that countries, all else equal, suffer relative to the best performing countries. We can refer to this as the countries’ (in)efficiency at managing natural hazards. Our results show that countries differ a lot in their disaster management efficiencies, with richer countries performing better than poorer countries. Richer countries also incur higher capital losses in exchange for fewer lives affected, controlling for their overall level of development and population density. For rich and poor countries we show that institutions of higher quality indeed correlate with higher disaster relief efficiencies. Most important are indicators of good governance and government effectiveness, whereas the de jure indicators are not informative. Our estimates suggest that a country with a 10%higher disaster relief efficiency will save one more life and protect four more people at the cost of $8 million in capital losses in an average intensity natural hazard. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, resilience, institutions, efficiency |
| JEL: | O44 E02 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10174&r=env |
| By: | Zaheer Allam (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School); David Jones |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03477845&r=env |
| By: | Bénédicte Meurisse (Commissariat général au développement durable - Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable et du Transport); Alice Robinet (Commissariat général au développement durable - Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable et du Transport); Laurence Hartmann (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Jincheng Ni (France Stratégie) |
| Abstract: | Le bruit de chantier constitue l'une des sources importantes de nuisances sonores au domicile. Des travaux ont permis de proposer une méthode d'évaluation du coût pour la société de la gêne associée à ce bruit. Le coût estimé par personne exposée varie entre 0,24€ et 4 € par jour, selon le niveau sonore, en s'appuyant sur les connaissances sur les nuisances liées au bruit de transport. L'estimation du nombre de personnes exposées doit être faite au cas par cas, car elle dépend de la nature du chantier (type de travaux, engins utilisés, etc.) et de son environnement (topographie et taille des bâtiments, répartition de l'habitat, etc.). Une étude de cas a été réalisée sur une phase du chantier de la future gare du Grand Paris Express de Champigny-sur-Marne. L'exercice a vocation à être répliqué pour disposer à terme de coûts représentatifs de différentes situations. Ces coûts pourraient ensuite être utilisés dans le cadre d'évaluations socio-économiques ex ante de projets d'investissement public. Cela permettrait notamment d'évaluer l'intérêt de mesures de réduction du bruit sur un chantier. Ces travaux appliqués ont été menés par un groupe d'ingénieurs en acoustique, d'économistes de la santé et de l'environnement et de maîtres d'œuvre ; membres d'un groupe de travail plus large, installé par France Stratégie et le Secrétariat général pour l'investissement et piloté par le Commissariat général au développement durable, sur l'évaluation socio-économique des effets de santé des investissements publics. Ce large groupe de travail s'est aussi attaché à proposer des outils d'évaluation socio-économique des effets sur la santé des projets de prévention des inondations, des rénovations énergétiques des logements et des projets d'aménagement de l'espace public favorables à l'activité physique. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03661973&r=env |
| By: | Emmanuel Sulzer (CEREQ - Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications - ministère de l'Emploi, cohésion sociale et logement - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | Pour les entreprises, la transition écologique prend souvent la forme de la contrainte réglementaire. Mais qu'en est-il des leviers non contraignants d'écologisation, tel celui de la « responsabilité sociétale des entreprises » (RSE) ? Comment mobilisent-elles cette démarche fondée sur l'engagement volontaire ? Dans le cadre du projet de recherche C>Terre, le Céreq s'est intéressé à la façon dont la RSE peut constituer un cadre d'appropriation par les entreprises de la question environnementale. |
| Keywords: | Ecologie, Responsabilité sociale d'entreprise, Législation d'entreprise, Pratique de GRH |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03881428&r=env |