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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Patrick Gruning (Latvijas Banka) |
| Abstract: | This study develops a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with green and brown intermediate goods, banks subject to capital requirements, and public investment. The domestic economy might face domestic or foreign carbon taxes and an emissions cap. The model is used to analyze which environmental, fiscal, and bank regulation policies are effective facilitators of the domestic economy’s green transition and the costs involved. Among the policies that can generate an exogenously imposed and fixed emissions reduction, most costly is the exogenous world brown energy price increase, followed by the emissions cap reduction, while the introduction of domestic carbon taxes does not change GDP in the long run. The reason for this stark difference is that domestic carbon taxes and emissions cap violation penalties are used to stimulate public green investment. However, only domestic carbon tax revenues are substantial as brown entrepreneurs do not violate theemissions cap in equilibrium. Bank regulation policies and other fiscal policies are not capable of generating large emissions reductions. During the green transition induced by domestic carbon taxes, the first years of the transition are characterized by a run on brown energy in anticipation of higher prices in the future. |
| Keywords: | small open economy, climate transition risk, energy, environmental policy, bank regulation, public investment |
| JEL: | E30 F41 G28 H23 H41 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:wpaper:202206&r=env |
| By: | Yelly Kwesy Lawluvy; Albert Agbeko Ahiadu; Olivia Kwakyewaa Ntim |
| Abstract: | Global discourse on sustainable construction has aroused great interest in the need for green building proliferation as a strategic means to reduce the environmental harms of conventional buildings. However, green building adoption remains laggard in Ghana as individuals are unwilling to pay extra for green buildings. Researchers have made many recommendations to enhance willingness to pay, recurrent amongst which is benefit sensitisation. However, the impact of benefit sensitisation, especially in the Ghanaian market, remained unproven and unquantified. This study provides clarity to the issue by investigating and quantifying the impact of an undertaken green building benefit sensitisation on the willingness to pay of 630 participants who were unaware of the individual-level benefits of green buildings. The study confirmed a significant impact of benefit sensitisation on willingness to pay for green buildings. After benefit sensitisation, respondents who were initially only willing to pay up to a 5% premium became willing to pay an average of 6 - 10% premium; with only 14.8% of respondents maintaining an unwillingness to pay extra for green buildings. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; Benefit Sensitization; Ghana; Green building; Willingness to Pay |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-032&r=env |
| By: | Leonard Emmanuel Mwassa; Sophia Marcian Kongela |
| Abstract: | The environmental pollution contributed to by the building construction sub-sector in Tanzania is significantly soaring by the day, making it difficult for the country to align to the expectations of the Global Development Agenda, 2015. This article focuses on the establishment of environmental importance weightings for local green building standard elements in Tanzanian, to be able to match the pace at which the global green building sector is moving. Emanating from the use of a Relative Importance Index (RII) analysis, the study found that, similar to the global practice of green building cornichons, which assign more environmental weighing to energy efficiency in green buildings, the same way have the RIIs of the examined Tanzanian Green Building Assessment criteria identified energy efficiency (with the highest environmental importance weighing given by RII = 0.78039216) as the most important ingredient of green building. Although it is not the case in other global green building certifications, for the case of Tanzanian Green Building Standard elements, Water Efficiency and rainwater harvesting, as well as on-site waste management and environmental conservation emerged as the twin-second best elements (receiving the same environmental weighng given by RII = 0.76470588. On the other hand, the study revealed that Building Automation and the Internet of things (in other words referred to as innovation in buildings) as the least environmentally important element with the lowest environmental weight given by the RII = 0.61568627, which in some ways confirms and questions the environmental weighings allocated to 'innovation' green element by the most prominent global green building certifications such as LEED, BREEAM, Green Star Australia, Green Star SA, and Green Mark. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-015&r=env |
| By: | Daniel C. L. Hardy (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Many governments have started issuing ‘green’ bonds tied to expenditures on projects with environmental objectives such as climate change mitigation. While well-intentioned, issuance of a green bond by an investment-grade sovereign has no environmental impact, leaves funding costs unchanged, offers no protection from environmental risks, does little for the healthy development of the market for green financing, and represents poor public sector governance. A performance-linked bond whose payoff depends on overall greenhouse gas emissions would be more transparent, cheaper to administer, and more conducive to long-term policy commitment, but may be politically more demanding and difficult for markets to price. |
| Keywords: | green bond; sustainable finance; sovereign debt; fiscal transparency |
| JEL: | G18 H63 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:62&r=env |
| By: | Kang, Munsu (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the climate change impacts on agriculture and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). SSA is the most vulnerable region responding to the weather shocks such as drought and flood. Furthermore, more than half of population in SSA are engaged in agricultural production that is highly affected by the rainfall pattern and temperature increases. For this reason, disruption of agriculture caused by the weather shock also can increase the probability of conflict such as demonstration and riot. This study focuses on 43 SSA countries after excluded small islands. Using scenario analysis, we find that temperature increases rather than precipitation might affect maize and sorghum production negatively while it is unclear for the rice production. We also find that increases in average temperature and maximum temperature might increase the probability of conflicts even if the effects of climate on riot and demonstration are U-shape pattern while it is reverse U-shape for battle and civilian conflicts. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; agriculture; conflict; sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2022–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2022_022&r=env |
| By: | Mads Greaker (Oslo and Akershus University College - Oslo Business School); Tom-Reiel Heggedal (BI Norwegian Business School); Knut Einar Rosendahl (Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Statistics Norway - Research Department) |
| Abstract: | The "resource curse" is a potential threat to all countries relying on export income from abundant natural resources. The early literature hypothesized that easily accessible natural resources would lead to lack of technological progress. In this article we instead propose that abundance of petroleum can lead to the wrong type of technological progress. We build a model of a small, open economy having specialized in export of fossil fuels. R&D in fossil fuel extraction technology competes with R&D in clean energy technologies. Moreover, technological progress is path dependent as current R&D within a technology type depends on past R&D within the same type. Finally, global climate policy may reduce the future value of fossil fuel export. We find that global climate policy may lead to a resource curse. The ripeness of the clean energy technologies is essential for the outcomes: If the clean technology level is not too far beyond the fossil fuel technology, a shift to exporting clean energy is optimal independent of global climate policy. While if the clean technology is far behind, a shift should only happen as a response to global climate policy, and the government should intervene to accelerate this shift. |
| Keywords: | environment, directed technological change, innovation policy, resource curse |
| Date: | 2022–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oml:wpaper:202204&r=env |
| By: | Finke, Jonas; Bertsch, Valentin |
| Abstract: | In order to mitigate climate change, the energy sector undergoes a transformation towards a climate-neutral future based on renewable energy sources. Energy system models generate insights and support decision making for this transformation. In the face of, e.g., growingly complex and important environmental assessments and stakeholder structures, considering multiple objectives in these models becomes essential to realistically reflect existing interests. However, there is a lack of highly adaptable energy system models incorporating multiple objectives. We present an implementation of the augmented epsilon-constraint method with the highly adaptable energy system optimisation framework Backbone. It enables the simultaneous optimisation of multiple objectives, such as the minimisation of costs, CO2 emissions or self-sufficiency for a broad range of energy systems including different sectors and scales. For this purpose, new objective functions and constraints are implemented in Backbone. They are used by an external algorithm in a sequence of parallelised optimisations to cope with the complexity of real-world applications. The method is adaptable to further objectives and scalable to large and complex systems. Applications to the Western and Southern European power sector in 2050 and a sector-coupled mixed- integer household-level model demonstrate its benefits and adaptability. Pareto fronts, technology use and trade-offs are analysed and quantified. In the European power sector, emission reductions of up to 90 % can be achieved at marginal CO2 abatement costs of below 100 EUR/(t CO2). For the household, energy imports from the public grids can be reduced by 70 % at 20 % higher cost and average cost of self-sufficiency of 2.6 ct/kWh. We expect that the presented methods and models reveal new valuable insights to modellers and decision makers. |
| Keywords: | Energy system modeling; Multi-objective optimization; Renewable energy; Energy planning; Pareto front; Trade-off |
| JEL: | C6 C61 Q4 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115504&r=env |
| By: | Sai Bravo (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Carole Haritchabalet (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a theoretical framework to study the deployment of free-of-emissions green hydrogen in the transport sector. We consider a vertically related market with hydrogen producers upstream and fuel stations downstream. Production technologies differ in cost efficiency and carbon emissions. We show that when consumers have limited information about the hydrogen origin, no new green producers are able to enter the market. A label for green hydrogen allows multiple production technologies to co-exist, but society is better off when producers use vertical restraints to increase consumers' information. |
| Keywords: | Label,Vertical Restraints,Innovation,Hydrogen |
| Date: | 2021–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wptree:hal-03371277&r=env |
| By: | David M. Arseneau; Alejandro Drexler; Mitsuhiro Osada |
| Abstract: | This paper applies natural language processing to a large corpus of central bank speeches to identify those related to climate change. We analyze these speeches to better understand how central banks communicate about climate change. By all accounts, communication about climate change has accelerated sharply in recent years. The breadth of topics covered is wide, ranging from the impact of climate change on the economy to financial innovation, sustainable finance, monetary policy, and the central bank mandate. Financial stability concerns are touched upon, but macroprudential policy is rarely mentioned. Direct central bank action largely revolves around identifying and monitoring potential risks to the financial system. Finally, we find that central banks tend to use speculative language more frequently when talking about climate change relative to other topics. |
| Keywords: | Financial stability; Transparency; Central bank mandate; Green finance; Natural language processing; Central bank speeches |
| JEL: | E58 E61 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2022-31&r=env |
| By: | Vanessa da Cruz (CER-ETH Centre of Economic Research at ETH Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | The paper applies the synthetic control method to examine the effects of California’s Cap-and-Trade Program on environmental innovation. The analysis exploits the International Patent Classification system to identify patents relating to environmentally sound technologies. This enables the study to focus on the effects of the policy intervention on green patent filings. A counterfactual is constructed by the combination of other states in the US which allows the comparison of patent applications in California to the estimated counterfactual situation in the absence of a Cap-and-Trade program. The study finds that the number of patents related to green technologies increased by approximately 22.5% after the passing of the Cap-and-Trade regulation. This result is robust to alternative specifications of the synthetic control method. |
| Keywords: | Induced Innovation, Environmental Policy, Climate Change, California Cap-and-Trade Program |
| JEL: | Q55 Q58 O31 O38 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:22-377&r=env |
| By: | Lene Lange (Bioeconomy, Research and Advisory); Kevin O Connor (UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]); Sigurjon Arason (University of Iceland [Reykjavik]); Uffe Bundgård-Jørgensen (Gate2Growth); Antonella Canalis (BBI - Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking); Dirk Carrez (BIC - Bio-based Industries Consortium); Joe Gallagher (IBERS - Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences - BBSRC - Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council - Aberystwyth University); Niels Gøtke (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education of Denmark); Christian Huyghe (CODIR - Collège de Direction - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bruno Jarry (Académie des Technologies); Pilar Llorente (BBI - Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking); Mariya Marinova (Royal Military College of Canada); Ligia O Martins (NOVA - Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon); Philippe Mengal (BBI - Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking); Paola Paiano (BBI - Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking); Calliope Panoutsou (Imperial College London); Ligia Rodrigues (University of Minho [Braga]); Dagmar B Stengel (NUI Galway - National University of Ireland [Galway]); Yvonne van der Meer (Maastricht University [Maastricht]); Helena Vieira (ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon) |
| Abstract: | This paper gives an overview of development of the EU-bioeconomy, 2014–2020. The Vision of the new Circular Bio-based Economy, CBE is presented: Unlocking the full potential of all types of sustainably sourced biomass, crop residues, industrial side-streams, and wastes by transforming it into value-added products. The resulting product portfolio consists of a wide spectrum of value-added products, addressing societal and consumer needs. Food and feed, bio-based chemicals, materials, health-promoting products; and bio-based fuels. The pillars of CBE are described, including biotechnology, microbial production, enzyme technology, green chemistry, integrated physical/chemical processing, policies, conducive framework conditions and public private partnerships. Drivers of CBE are analyzed: Biomass supply, biorefineries, value chain clusters, rural development, farmers, foresters and mariners; urgent need for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and stopping biodiversity loss. Improved framework conditions can be drivers but also obstacles if not updated to the era of circularity. Key figures, across the entire BBI-JU project portfolio (2014–2020) are provided, including expansion into biomass feedstocks, terrestrial and aquatic, and an impressive broadening of bio-based product portfolio, including higher-value, health-promoting products for man, animal, plants and soil. Parallel to this, diversification of industrial segments and types of funding instruments developed, reflecting industrial needs and academic research involvement. Impact assessment is highlighted. A number of specific recommendations are given; e.g., including international win/win CBE-collaborations, as e.g., expanding African EU collaboration into CBE. In contrast to fossil resources biological resources are found worldwide. In its outset, circular bio-based economy, can be implemented all over, in a just manner, not the least stimulating rural development. |
| Keywords: | biorefinery technologies,bio-based products,microbial production,upgrading,side-streams & wastes,Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI-JU),Biobased Industries Consortium (BIC),Circular Bio-based Economy (CBE) |
| Date: | 2021–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03843321&r=env |
| By: | Pierre-Henri Morand (LBNC - Laboratoire Biens, Normes, Contrats - AU - Avignon Université); François Marechal |
| Abstract: | The development of so-called sustainable public purchasing in France is part of a long-standing regulatory evolution. The EGALIM, Climate and Resilience, and Anti-Waste and Circular Economy laws have recently transformed what was a possibility for public purchasers into an obligation. They are even sometimes presented as an opportunity to promote local public purchasing. Whether it is the implicit consequence of a more environmentally friendly purchase or the explicit objective of the public purchaser who uses green purchasing as an instrument, local purchasing must be analyzed. After detailing the legislative framework in force in France, this article first presents the theoretical arguments for analyzing the link between local purchasing and sustainable purchasing. In particular, our analysis shows how optimal purchasing procedures, whether they explicitly aim at local purchasing or integrate an ecological dimension, can be confused, making it difficult to discern the intended objective and in turn requiring a more empirical analysis of the practices observed. We then present all the data (both very disparate and incomplete) currently available in France (BOAMP, TED, DECP) on which such analyses can be conducted. We then present some empirical results from these data, pointing out the interdependencies that may exist between green purchasing and local purchasing and underlining the central issue that exists around the open data formats of public procurement, their scope and their exhaustiveness. In particular, our results seem to indicate that we cannot exclude the hypothesis that local purchasing has protectionist foundations and is not necessarily the consequence of an announced environmental concern. |
| Abstract: | Les récentes lois (EGALIM, Climat et Résilience…) ont instauré l'obligation pour l'acheteur public de procéder à des achats dits responsables. Ces lois sont même parfois présentées comme une possibilité de favoriser l'achat public local. Conséquence implicite d'un achat plus respectueux des considérations environnementales ou objectif explicite de l'acheteur public qui instrumentalise l'achat vert, l'achat local doit être analysé. Après avoir détaillé le cadre législatif en vigueur en France, cet article présente tout d'abord les arguments théoriques permettant d'analyser le lien entre achat local et achat responsable. Nous présentons ensuite les différents jeux de données ouvertes (à la fois disparates et incomplètes) de la commande publique, nous permettant de mener une analyse empirique dont les résultats suggèrent qu'on ne puisse pas exclure l'hypothèse que l'achat local ait des fondements de natures protectionnistes et ne soit pas nécessairement la conséquence d'une préoccupation environnementale annoncée. |
| Keywords: | Favoritism,French open data,local purshasing,sustainable public procurement.,D44 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03842464&r=env |
| By: | Preety Srivastava (School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University); Trong-Anh Trinh (Centre for Health Economics, Monash University); Xiaohui Zhang (Department of Economics, University of Exeter) |
| Abstract: | A growing number of studies have examined the impact of temperature and weather extremes on a range of economic outcomes. In this paper we contribute to the evolving literature on the relationship between temperature and educational outcomes given the crucial role of human capital development on economic growth. Specifically, we use national level administrative data on nearly 1 million Australian students to study if their test scores are affected by temperature variations. Overall, our analysis on national data shows a significant negative effect of heat and cold on students' test scores. The effects get exacerbated with heatwaves. The large geographical size and climate variability across Australia also allows us to study spatial heterogeneity in the effects of temperature on student performance. According to our findings, students become resilient to climatic conditions in the region they live, consistent with the adaptation hypothesis. Those living in regions with hot dry or high humid summer are not affected by extreme heat and those living in cool winter or cool temperate weather conditions are not impacted by cold temperatures. |
| Keywords: | climate change, temperature, academic performance, NAPLAN, heatwave, climate zones |
| JEL: | C3 I1 K3 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2207&r=env |
| By: | Yelly Kwesy Lawluvy; Olivia Kwakyewaa Ntim; Albert Agbeko Ahiadu |
| Abstract: | Although green buildings have been found to be more life-cycle cost-effective than conventional buildings, the capital cost of building green remains greater than that of traditional alternatives, especially in the Ghanaian market. As such, for green buildings to gain proliferation in Ghana, adopters must be willing to bear a cost premium. This study tests Ghana's green building proliferation readiness by investigating Ghanaians' willingness to pay a green building cost premium. An online survey was administered and responded to by 1,227 participants, upon which statistical analysis, including ANOVA and correlation analyses, were conducted. 70.1% of respondents showed a willingness to pay a cost premium for green buildings, with 33.4% of respondents indicating a willingness to pay a premium of up to 5% of the cost of a conventional alternative. Further analyses revealed statistically significant differences in willingness to pay for green buildings across Education levels, Income levels, Environmental Concern levels, and Green Building Awareness levels. However, no significant differences were found between different ages and genders. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; Willingness to pay; Ghana; Green building; Influencing Factors |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-052&r=env |
| By: | Rezgar FEIZI; Sahar AMIDI; Thais NUNEZ-ROCHA; Isabelle RABAUD |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2965&r=env |
| By: | Lucille Neumann-Noel (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Basak Bayramoglu (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In climate negotiations, developed countries have pledged to help developing countries in their climate change mitigation and adaptation's efforts. Actual climate assistance received is deemed incomplete by recipient countries. The literature indicates that donor countries overestimate the climate change content of their climate aid projects. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive review of bilateral climate aid before focusing on its over-reporting by donor countries. We offer a large set of descriptive statistics based on a previous empirical analysis by Bayramoglu et al. [2022], with the OECD-CRS Database which covers 28 donors, 154 recipients and 63, 195 projects from 2002 to 2018. |
| Abstract: | Dans les négociations climatiques, les pays développés se sont engagés à aider les pays en développement dans leurs efforts d'atténuation et d'adaptation au changement climatique. L'aide climatique est pourtant jugée insuffisante par les pays receveurs. La littérature montre que les pays développés surestiment le contenu climatique des projets qu'ils financent. Nous proposons une revue des aides climatiques bilatérales et de leur surestimation par les pays donateurs en nous appuyant sur l'analyse empirique de Bayramoglu et al. [2022], à partir de la base de données de l'OCDE-CRS qui couvre 28 donateurs, 154 receveurs et 63, 195 projets entre 2002 et 2018. |
| Keywords: | International climate assistance,climate aid,climate change,adaptation,mitigation,project coding |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03832519&r=env |
| By: | Ofori, Isaac K.; Gbolonyo, Emmanuel Y.; Ojong, Nathanael |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing number of empirical studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) and energy efficiency (EE) as they relate to green growth, there remains an empirical research gap with respect to whether EE can engender positive synergy with FDI to foster inclusive green growth (IGG) in Africa. Also, little has been done to show the IGG gains from improving EE in both the short and long terms. Thus, this paper aims to investigate whether there exists a relevant synergy between EE and FDI in fostering IGG in Africa by using macrodata for 23 countries from 2000 to 2020. According to our findings, which are based on dynamic GMM estimator, FDI hampers IGG in Africa, while EE fosters IGG. Notably, in the presence of EE, the environmental-quality-deterioration effect of FDI is reduced. Additional evidence by way of threshold analysis indicates that improving EE in Africa generates positive sustainable development gains in both the short and long terms. This study suggests that a country’s drive to attract FDI needs to be accompanied by appropriate policy options to promote energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Energy efficiency; FDI; Inclusive Green Growth; Greenhouse Gases; Environmental Sustainability |
| JEL: | F2 F21 O11 O44 O55 Q01 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115379&r=env |
| By: | Clara Kögel (Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne – Centre d'Économie de la Sorbonne, Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE) – Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (STI)) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of air pollution on labour productivity in French establishments in both manufacturing and non-financial market services sectors from 2001 to 2018. An instrumental variable approach based on planetary boundary layer height and wind speed allows identifying the causal effect of air pollution on labour productivity. The finding shows that a 10% increase in fine particulate matter leads, on average, to a 1.5% decrease in labour productivity, controlling for firm-specific characteristics and other confounding factors. The analysis also considers different dimensions of heterogeneity driving this adverse effect. The negative impact of pollution is mainly driven by service-intensive firms and sectors with a high share of highly skilled workers. This finding is in line with the expectation that air pollution affects cognitive skills, concentration, headache, and fatigue in non-routine cognitive tasks. Compared to the marginal abatement cost of PM 2.5 reductions by the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, the estimated gains only from the labour productivity channel could largely offset the abatement cost. All in all, these estimates suggest that the negative impact of air pollution is much larger than previously documented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Labour productivity, Planetary boundary layer height, |
| JEL: | J24 O13 Q53 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2022.10&r=env |
| By: | Henrique S. Basso, Richard Jaimes, Omar Rachedi,; Richard Jaimes; Omar Rachedi |
| Abstract: | The consumption carbon intensity – defined as the carbon emissions per unit of consumption – varies with age: it is hump-shaped over the life cycle, but it becomes flatter at high levels of income. We document this novel fact using U.S. household-level consumption data. This relationship does not hold only at the individual level, but also at the aggregate: we leverage information across U.S. states and countries to show that the carbon intensity of the economy de- pends on the population age structure. Consequently, policy changes that alter carbon prices affect relatively more middle-age individuals, and especially so in low-income economies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Life Cycle, Carbon Emissions, Demographic Transition. |
| Date: | 2022–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000416:020565&r=env |
| By: | Henrique S. Basso, Richard Jaimes, Omar Rachedi,; Richard Jaimes; Omar Rachedi |
| Abstract: | The consumption carbon intensity – defined as the carbon emissions per unit of consumption – varies with age: it is hump-shaped over the life cycle, but it becomes flatter at high levels of income. We document this novel fact using U.S. household-level consumption data. This relationship does not hold only at the individual level, but also at the aggregate: we leverage information across U.S. states and countries to show that the carbon intensity of the economy de- pends on the population age structure. Consequently, policy changes that alter carbon prices affect relatively more middle-age individuals, and especially so in low-income economies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Life Cycle, Carbon Emissions, Demographic Transition. |
| Date: | 2022–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000416:020566&r=env |
| By: | Mads Greaker (Oslo Business School, Oslo Metropolitan University); David Popp (Syracuse University) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a primer on the economics of environmental innovation. Our intention is not to write a pure review paper, but to also provide an up-to-date textbook treatment on the issue. Thus, we start by defining the marginal costs of both emissions and of emissions abatement. We then analyze theoretically how innovation may affect marginal abatement costs. We also cover the different modelling choices with respect to how the innovation process is represented mathematically and how different environmental policy measures could affect environmental innovation. Our theoretical propositions are all illustrated with examples from the empirical literature. A special emphasis is placed on the recent literature on directed technical change and the potential impact of government intervention in the research and development choices of private firms. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oml:wpaper:202203&r=env |
| By: | Aheeyar, Mohamed (International Water Management Institute); Jayathilake, Nilanthi (International Water Management Institute); Bucatariu, C.; Reitemeier, M.; Bandara, A.; Thiel, Felix (International Water Management Institute); Drechsel, Pay (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Food wastes; Waste reduction; Governance; Frameworks; Urban areas; Household wastes; Wholesale markets; Waste management; Guidelines; Legislation; Policies; Food safety; Nutrition; Climate change; Institutions |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050834&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Seungho (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | Climate change adaptation has long been established as a regional and national priority in Central American countries. Korea, as a responsible middle power in global governance, should not hesitate to play a more active role in tackling their adaptation challenges. This brief summarizes a number of findings and policy suggestions from Lee et al. (2021), which identifies promising cooperation areas in the field of climate change adaptation between Korea and four Central American countries and proposes cooperation schemes in each area. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Adaptation; Korea; Central America |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2022_021&r=env |
| By: | : Annicciarico, Barbara (Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata); : Di Dio, Fabio (European Commission); : Dilusio, Francesca (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the role of expectations and monetary policy on the economy’s response to climate actions. We show that in a stochastic environment and without the standard assumption of perfect rationality of agents, there is more uncertainty regarding the path and the economic impact of a climate policy, with a potential threat to the ability of central banks to maintain price stability. Market beliefs and behavioural agents increase the trade-offs inherent to the chosen mitigation tool, with a carbon tax entailing more emissions uncertainty than in a rational expectations model and a cap-and-trade scheme implying a more pronounced pressure on allowances prices and inflation. The impact on price stability is worsened by delays in the implementation of stringent climate policies, by the lack of confidence in the ability of central banks to keep inflation under control, and by the adoption of monetary rules tied to expectations rather than current macroeconomic conditions. Central banks can implement successful stabilization policies that reduce the uncertainty surrounding the impact of climate actions and support the greening process while staying within their mandate. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; climate policy; expectations; inflation; market sentiments; business cycle |
| JEL: | D58 Q50 E32 E71 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202214&r=env |
| By: | Frederic Ang (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Kristiaan Kerstens (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jafar Sadeghi (UWO - University of Western Ontario) |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector is currently confronted with the challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whilst maintaining or increasing production. Energy-saving technologies are often proposed as a partial solution, but the evidence on their ability to reduce GHG emissions remains mixed. Production economics provides methodological tools to analyse the nexus of agricultural production, energy use and GHG emissions. Convexity is predominantly maintained in agricultural production economics, despite various theoretical and empirical reasons to question it. Employing non-convex and convex frontier frameworks, this contribution evaluates energy productivity change (the ratio of aggregate output change to energy use change) and GHG emission intensity change (the ratio of GHG emission change to polluting input change) using Hicks-Moorsteen productivity formulations. We consider GHG emissions as by-products of the production process by using a multi-equation model. Given our empirical specification, non-convex and convex Hicks-Moorsteen indices can coincide under certain circumstances, which leads to a series of theoretical equivalence results. The empirical application focuses on 1,510 observations of Dutch dairy farms for the period of 2010–2019. The results show a positive association between energy productivity change and GHG emission intensity change, which calls into question the potential of on-farm, energy-efficiency-increasing measures to reduce GHG emission intensity |
| Keywords: | productivity analysis,energy,greenhouse gas emissions,dairy,nonconvexity |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03833513&r=env |
| By: | Louis-Antoine Saïsset (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Iciar Pavez (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Thalia Astruc (Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Leïla Temri (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Objective The objective of this study is to understand how the characteristics of the different types of firms, i.e. wine estates, wine cooperatives and wine merchants, and their forms of governance, can influence innovations and sustainability decisions in the wine industry. This study has been run as part of the action plan of the Chaire Inq'Faaqt (Innovating in Agricultural and Agrifood chains, Quality and Territories), and more particularly the Axis 4 "firms and jobs". Methods Our methodology is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews with the three main types of French wine firms: wine estates, wine cooperatives and wine merchants. A total of 16 businesses, located in Occitanie, Provence and Alsace, were interviewed. These interviews were quasi totally recorded and transcribed. These firms have very different production orientation, size and strategies. In this poster, as a first exploratory step, we analyzed in deep one of each type of firms. This will allow us to perform a subsequent analysis of the full sample. Results We observed that process-related innovations were the most frequent, followed by organizational ones, related to governance. Marketing and logistic innovations were more frequent in the biggest and more decentralized firms (wine co-op and wine merchant). Also, sustainability-related innovations were very contrasted from a firm to another, the wine estate showing a more balanced sustainability strategy on the economic, environmental and social pillars. Standards seem to be the most spread means to signal sustainability, especially for the wine co-op. The sustainability performance is not easy to measure because of its complexity. Firms preferred to implement more flexible voluntary commitment strategies (partnerships with stakeholders, returnable or recycling bottles systems, among others). Conclusion This exploratory study underlined the great diversity of the wine firms in terms of types of innovations and sustainability orientation. It is difficult to design a typology of wine firms, but it is now possible to have a more detailed idea about the main concerns, as water management, pesticides shortening or the relevance of organic wines. |
| Date: | 2022–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03869400&r=env |
| By: | Giulia Vaglietti (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events, particularly droughts, have strong impacts on the livelihoods of populations in rural areas. In a context of low access to insurance and credit markets, households respond to such shocks by implementing different adaptation and coping strategies, which in turn are likely to have an impact on the environment, in particular through land-use changes and deforestation. This paper contributes to the emerging literature on the links between droughts and deforestation: (1) distinguishing responses to previously experienced droughts versus present droughts, and (2) disentangling the time of the agricultural season at which droughts occur. We show that deforestation is negatively related to droughts that occur during the growing season, while it is positively related to those that occur during the harvesting season. These impacts are mitigated within protected areas and are exacerbated in more accessible locations, i.e., areas within 4 hours of travel time of main/major cities. By contrast, deforestation outcomes following droughts that occur during the planting season depend on whether the crop considered is maize or cassava. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03847500&r=env |
| By: | Santeramo, Fabio Gaetano; Delsignore, Monica; Imbert, Enrica; Lombardi, Mariarosaria |
| Abstract: | The bioenergy sector is becoming of increasing interest: the European Union (EU) is not an exception, as, indeed, is in need of solutions to face one of the worst energy crises of the last century. The sector’s growth faces numerous challenges. The main use of energy crops, as feedstock, generates stiff competition on the use of land for food and energy purposes. The production of bioenergy has relevant environmental implications in terms greenhouse gas emissions. The social aspects related to the bioenergy sector are also potential obstacles to its development. These pressing issues for policymakers call for a better understanding on how national and international laws should regulate the growth of the bioenergy sector. Flying over the economic, environmental, social, and legislative aspects faced by the bioenergy sector, we conclude on threads, opportunities and priorities that should be considered for its development and propose directions for future studies. |
| Keywords: | Bioenergy, European Union, Impact, Land use, Law, Sustainability |
| JEL: | K32 Q18 Q42 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115454&r=env |
| By: | Kranz, Johann; Zeiss, Roman; Beck, Roman; Gholami, Roya; Sarker, Saonee; Watson, Richard T.; Whitley, Edgar A. |
| Abstract: | Research on IS solutions for environmental sustainability have evolved to a modest, but firm body of knowledge. Despite this progressive understanding about the potential of IS in enabling environmental sustainability, our academic practices seem widely unaffected by these insights. The way we do research or conduct teaching is rarely influenced by sustainability considerations. For example, before the pandemic many of us belonged to a hypermobile group that travelled 5-6 times more than the average employee. Our research is also often not aligned with environmental goals. We research digital technologies without sufficiently acknowledging the significant amounts of resources they consume. Similarly, our teaching often focuses on the effective development and use of information systems; however, rebound, second order, or spillover effects are barely covered. Based on these observations we raise the question: Are we practicing enough of what we preach? While recognizing several efforts of IS researchers, we can no longer ignore the ‘environmental elephant in the room’. In our panel report, we discuss the status-quo and ideas to improve the environmental and societal impact of our academic practices and present three ideas to move forward: Leverage virtualization and limit air travel, overhaul teaching curricula, and recalibrate incentives and evaluation regimes. |
| Keywords: | environmental sustainability; sustainable development goals; business ethics; management teaching |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116677&r=env |
| By: | Julia Rechlitz |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwddc:dd103&r=env |
| By: | Lee, Cheon-Kee (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kang, Minji (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Minjoo (Legal Research Institute of Korea University) |
| Abstract: | In response to today’s rapidly changing global trade environment, countries have continued to make changes to their policy objectives and instruments to address new and emerging issues such as supply chain restructuring and reshoring, climate change, and currency undervaluation. To this end subsidies have been playing a particularly important role, and are expected to be used more broadly across different sectors in the coming years. While controversies over government subsidization are likely to continue at the international level, the United States and the European Union have proposed at the domestic level to expand the scope of subsidy regulation and to tighten regulation on newly emerging subsidy types beyond the traditional boundaries set by international trade rules. Among a number of the latest developments on subsidy regulation, this Brief intends to primarily focus on (i) transnational subsidies granted by a government to enterprises active in other foreign countries (“foreign subsidies”); (ii) green subsidies for climate change mitigation; and (iii) subsidies related to currency undervaluation. |
| Keywords: | foreign subsidies; climate change; currency undervaluation; countervailing duties; CVDs |
| Date: | 2022–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2022_023&r=env |
| By: | Fabien Candau (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Charles Regnacq (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Julie Schlick (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes how climate change inuences the capabilities to export agricultural goods and the specialization of nations (e.g., comparative advantages) by altering farmers' capability to use available water. Our main contribution is methodological since we present the rst attempt to link precisely the micro-determinants of production to the macro-determinants governing the specialization of countries. We use a rich set of data both locally (at the crop level analyzing thousand elds that cover the Earth's surface) and at the global level (analyzing bilaterally the international trade of nations). At the local level, we estimate the elasticity of production to the thermal and hydrologic conditions (including blue and green water as well as groundwater storage) along with xed eects (at country-product and at the crop level) to control for omitted variables. At the global level, we use the predicted value of these elasticities to compute an indicator of the water capability to export agricultural goods, which is then used in a trade gravity equation to control for trade costs that also shape the specialization of countries. From these estimates, we nally build an indicator of comparative advantage in agricultural goods and analyze how these relative advantages are aected by climate change in 2050. We present unexpected results at rst sight, that are however in line with the Ricardian theory, such as cases where a deterioration of the local conditions to produce a good does not prevent an improvement in the comparative advantage to produce it (representing 32.51% of cases in our simulation), or the reverse, when the improvement of the local conditions happens simultaneously with a deterioration of the comparative advantages (representing 18.16% of cases in our simulation). |
| Keywords: | Agricultural trade,Water resources,Climate change,Revealed comparative advantage,Gravity equation |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wptree:hal-03671521&r=env |
| By: | Fabien Candau (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Charles Regnacq (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Julie Schlick (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes how climate change inuences the capabilities to export agricultural goods and the specialization of nations (e.g., comparative advantages) by altering farmers' capability to use available water. Our main contribution is methodological since we present the rst attempt to link precisely the micro-determinants of production to the macro-determinants governing the specialization of countries. We use a rich set of data both locally (at the crop level analyzing thousand elds that cover the Earth's surface) and at the global level (analyzing bilaterally the international trade of nations). At the local level, we estimate the elasticity of production to the thermal and hydrologic conditions (including blue and green water as well as groundwater storage) along with xed eects (at country-product and at the crop level) to control for omitted variables. At the global level, we use the predicted value of these elasticities to compute an indicator of the water capability to export agricultural goods, which is then used in a trade gravity equation to control for trade costs that also shape the specialization of countries. From these estimates, we nally build an indicator of comparative advantage in agricultural goods and analyze how these relative advantages are aected by climate change in 2050. We present unexpected results at rst sight, that are however in line with the Ricardian theory, such as cases where a deterioration of the local conditions to produce a good does not prevent an improvement in the comparative advantage to produce it (representing 32.51% of cases in our simulation), or the reverse, when the improvement of the local conditions happens simultaneously with a deterioration of the comparative advantages (representing 18.16% of cases in our simulation). |
| Keywords: | Agricultural trade,Water resources,Climate change,Revealed comparative advantage,Gravity equation |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03671521&r=env |
| By: | Jiranyakul, Komain |
| Abstract: | This paper preliminarily evaluates the potential of Thailand to substitute ethanol as an alternative to gasoline consumption. Even though the government has given necessary measures to stimulate the expansion of ethanol blend fuel consumption, the level of high ethanol blend (E85) use is still low. Therefore, it will take a long period of time to use ethanol (renewable energy) as a means to reduce crude oil imports, to improve environmental quality and to maintain energy security. |
| Keywords: | Gasoline, ethanol blend, flexible fuel vehicles, energy security |
| JEL: | Q20 Q40 |
| Date: | 2022–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115503&r=env |
| By: | Victor Lavy; Genia Rachkovski; Omry Yoresh |
| Abstract: | Literature has shown that air pollution can have short- and long-term adverse effects on physiological and cognitive performance, leading to adverse outcomes in the labor market. In this study, we estimate the effect of increased nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), one of the primary air pollutants, on the likelihood of accidents in construction sites, a significant factor related to productivity losses in the labor market. Using data from all construction sites and pollution monitoring stations in Israel, we find a strong and significant connection between air pollution and construction site accidents. We find that a 10-ppb increase in NO₂ levels increases the likelihood of an accident by as much as 25 percent. We observe strong nonlinear treatment effects, mainly driven by very high levels of NO₂. The probability of an accident is almost quadrupled when NO₂ levels cross into levels considered by the EPA as “unhealthy” (above the 99th percentile in our sample) compared to levels considered “clean” (below the 95th percentile in our sample). We also implement a set of instrumental variable analyses to support the causal interpretation of the results and present evidence suggestive of a mechanism where the effect of pollution is exacerbated in conditions with high cognitive strain or worker fatigue. Finally, we perform a cost-benefit analysis, supported by a nonparametric estimation and institutional information, which examines the viability of a potential welfare-improving policy to subsidize the closure of construction sites on highly polluted days. |
| JEL: | J01 I10 I15 J24 Q51 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30715&r=env |
| By: | Mac Clay, Pablo; Börner, Jan; Sellare, Jorge |
| Abstract: | Decarbonizing the global energy matrix through investments in renewable energy (RE) is considered a pathway to mitigate the effects of global climate change. Auctions have become an increasingly popular policy instrument for this purpose. In the last few years, auctions have been rapidly adopted by low- and middle-income countries due to their flexibility and several theoretical advantages to mitigate risks deriving from poor business environments. Previous research has used data from higher-income countries and two-way fixed effects models to estimate the effects of auctions on RE capacity, mostly with favorable results. However, none of these studies accounted for heterogeneous treatment effects across units to explore whether auctions are effective in countries with unstable business environments. Here we analyze if auctions can foster RE in countries facing macroeconomic instability or poor institutional quality. For this purpose, we have drawn from multiple publicly available databases to build a panel dataset covering 98 countries for the period 2000-2020. Our definition of RE includes solar, wind, and biomass sources. We show results for each RE source separately and all of them combined. We first cluster countries in terms of the quality of their business environment and then perform a differences-in-differences analysis considering staggered treatment adoption. Our results show that auctions positively affect RE capacity, but average treatment effects are higher for countries with better business environments. Thus, caution is needed in adopting this instrument, especially in countries exposed to macroeconomic or institutional instability. At the same time, dynamic treatment effects suggest that the policy needs time to show results. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:329643&r=env |
| By: | Baumgartner, Simon (Humboldt University Berlin, Germany); Stomper, Alex (Humboldt University Berlin, Germany); Schober, Thomas (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand); Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf (Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | How does small-firm employment respond to exogenous labor productivity risk? We find that this depends on the capitalization of firms’ local banks. The evidence comes from firms offering (quasi-) fixed employment to workers whose productivity depends on the weather. Weather risk reduces this employment, and the effect is stronger in regions where the regional banks have less equity capital. Bank capitalization also proxies for the extent to which the regional banks’ borrowers can obtain liquidity when the regions are hit by weather shocks. We argue that, as liquidity providers, well-capitalized banks support economic adaptation to climate change. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ihs:ihswps:43&r=env |
| By: | bizet, romain; Bonev, Petyo; Lévêque, François |
| Abstract: | This is the first paper to statistically evaluate the relationship between age of a nuclear power plant and nuclear safety. We use a novel dataset that contains over 13000 small incidents in the French fleet between 1997 and 2015. We find that after an initial period of increase, safety eventually decreases with age. This is consistent with the bathtub effect usually measured in the reliability literature. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, nuclear power, nuclear waste, NIMBY, crowding intrinsic motivation |
| JEL: | C91 D71 D72 Q53 Q58 R53 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2022:16&r=env |
| By: | Thomas W Bodey (University of Auckland [Auckland], University of Aberdeen); Zachary T Carter (University of Auckland [Auckland]); Phillip J Haubrock (SGN - Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, University of South Bohemia); Ross N Cuthbert (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel], QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Melissa J Welsh; Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions are a major component of anthropogenic environmental change, incurring substantial economic costs across all sectors of society and ecosystems. There have been recent syntheses of costs for a number of countries using the newly compiled InvaCost database, but New Zealand-a country renowned for its approach to invasive species management-has so far not been examined. Here we analyse reported economic damage and management costs incurred by biological invasions in New Zealand from 1968 to 2020. In total, US$69 billion (NZ$97 billion) is currently reported over this ∼50-year period, with approximately US$9 billion of this considered highly reliable, observed (c.f. projected) costs. Most (82%) of these observed economic costs are associated with damage, with comparatively little invested in management (18%). Reported costs are increasing over time, with damage averaging US$120 million per year and exceeding management expenditure in all decades. Where specified, most reported costs are from terrestrial plants and animals, with damages principally borne by primary industries such as agriculture and forestry. Management costs are more often associated with interventions by authorities and stakeholders. Relative to other countries present in the InvaCost database, New Zealand was found to spend considerably more than expected from its Gross Domestic Product on pre-and post-invasion management costs. However, some known ecologically (c.f. economically) impactful invasive species are notably absent from estimated damage costs, and management costs are not reported for a number of game animals and agricultural pathogens. Given these gaps for known and potentially damaging invaders, we urge improved cost reporting at the national scale, including improving public accessibility through increased access and digitisation of records, particularly in overlooked socioeconomic sectors and habitats. This also further highlights the importance of investment in management to curtail future damages across all sectors. |
| Keywords: | Biosecurity,Eradication,Invasive alien species,InvaCost,Island,Monetary impacts,Resource damages and losses,Socioeconomic sectors |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860523&r=env |
| By: | Plastina, Alejandro; Wongpiyabovorn, Oranuch; Crespi, John |
| Abstract: | This article examines voluntary agricultural carbon programs in the United States, the policy of international agreements to prevent further global warming, and reviews literature related to that policy and its impact on U.S. carbon programs. We discuss international, national, and regional carbon pricing mechanisms that provide the market signals to consumers and suppliers of carbon credits in detail in order to compare and contrast different programs that impact agricultural carbon markets. Economic descriptions of the programs are derived. This article is useful for those who wish to know how U.S. policy currently influences agricultural carbon markets as well as how proposals may need to be structured in order to avoid potential market obstacles. |
| Date: | 2022–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202202161950500000&r=env |
| By: | Jean-Louis Rastoin (Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goals and the "one health" concept led to recommending a profound change in the consumption and agroindustrial production model. This presupposes a new form of governance of food systems whose pillars are based on complete and transparent information, a strengthening of regulation by the States, a balance between the actors, a redeployment of research and training institutions and new enterprise's statutes. |
| Abstract: | Les objectifs de développement durable et le concept « une seule santé » conduisent à recommander un changement en profondeur du modèle de consommation et de production agro-industriel. Ceci suppose une nouvelle forme de gouvernance des systèmes alimentaires dont les piliers reposent sur une information complète et transparente, un renforcement de la régulation par les États, un équilibre entre les acteurs, un redéploiement des institutions de recherche et de formation et de nouveaux statuts d'entreprise. |
| Keywords: | governance,food system,foresight,sustainable development,initiative,gouvernance,Système alimentaire,prospective,Développement durable,Initiative |
| Date: | 2022–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03856108&r=env |
| By: | Georgij Alekseev; Stefano Giglio; Quinn Maingi; Julia Selgrad; Johannes Stroebel |
| Abstract: | We propose a new methodology to build portfolios that hedge the economic and financial risks from climate change. Our quantity-based approach exploits information on how mutual fund managers trade in response to idiosyncratic changes in their climate risk beliefs. We exploit two types of idiosyncratic belief shocks: (i) instances when fund advisers experience local extreme heat events that are known to shift climate change beliefs, and (ii) instances when fund managers change the language in shareholder disclosures to express concerns about climate risks. We use the funds’ observed portfolio changes around such idiosyncratic belief shocks to predict how investors will reallocate their capital in response to aggregate climate news shocks that shift the beliefs and asset demands of many investors and thus move equilibrium prices. We show that a portfolio that is long stocks that investors tend to buy after experiencing negative idiosyncratic climate belief shocks, and short stocks that investors tend to sell, appreciates in value in periods with negative aggregate climate news shocks. Our quantity-based portfolios have superior out-of-sample hedge performance compared to portfolios constructed using existing alternative methods. The key advantage of the quantity-based approach is that it learns from rich cross-sectional trading responses rather than time-series price information, which is particularly limited in the case of newly emerging risks such as those from climate change. We also demonstrate the versatility of the quantity-based approach by constructing successful hedge portfolios for aggregate unemployment and house price risk. |
| JEL: | G10 G11 G12 G14 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30703&r=env |
| By: | B. Kelsey Jack; Seema Jayachandran; Namrata Kala; Rohini Pande |
| Abstract: | Particulate matter significantly reduces life expectancy in India. We use a randomized controlled trial in the Indian state of Punjab to evaluate the effectiveness of conditional cash transfers (also known as payments for ecosystem services, or PES) in reducing crop residue burning, which is a major contributor to the region’s poor air quality. Credit constraints and distrust may make farmers less likely to comply with standard PES contracts, which only pay the participant after verification of compliance. We randomize paying a portion of the money upfront and unconditionally. Despite receiving a lower reward for compliance, farmers offered partial upfront payment are 8-12 percentage points more likely to comply than are farmers offered the standard contract. Burning measures derived from satellite imagery indicate that PES with upfront payments significantly reduced burning, while standard PES payments were inframarginal. We also show that PES with an upfront component is a cost-effective way to improve India’s air quality. |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30690&r=env |
| By: | Borges da Silva, Eduardo; Emanuel M. Oliveira, Vitor |
| Abstract: | The significant growth in discussions on the relationship between finance and sustainability has as its central point the wondering whether it is possible to have synergy between the generation of alpha in the return and profitability of an asset that has a sustainable identity and composition. In this context, this paper looks forward to analyze the theme of sustainability, represented by the ESG assumptions - Environmental, Social and Governance, under the theoretical bias of behavioral finance. Just as the heuristics and the Prospect Theory represented a counterpoint to the premise of strict rationality of economic agents, provided for by the Modern Theory of Finance, the ESG, based on this new perspective for decision-making, seeks to assert that it is possible to generate value with adoption and filters of sustainable assumptions. The emphasis of the work is to verify, through optimization at the Markowitz Efficient Frontier, whether a sustainable portfolio, represented by the Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial - ISE, can present a better risk-adjusted return performance, compared to the benchmark of the market portfolio, represented by the Índice Ibovespa – IBOV. |
| Keywords: | ESG; Behavioral Finance; Portfolio Management |
| JEL: | G00 G02 G21 G3 G30 |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115510&r=env |
| By: | Costanza Torricelli; Beatrice Bertelli |
| Abstract: | The introduction of the Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) dimensions in setting up optimal portfolios has been becoming of uttermost importance for the financial industry. Given the absence of consensus in empirical literature and the limited number of studies providing performance comparison of ESG strategies, the aim of this paper is to assess the impact of ESG on optimal portfolios and to compare different approaches to the construction of ESG compliant portfolios. Following Varmaz et al. (2022) optimization model, we minimize portfolio residual risk by imposing a desired level of portfolio average systemic risk and ESG (measured by Bloomberg ESG score) over both an unscreened and a screened sample based on the 586 stocks of the EURO STOXX Index in the period January 2007 – August 2022. Three are the main results. First, regardless of the level of portfolio systemic risk, the Sharpe ratio of the optimal portfolios worsens as the target ESG level increases. Second, the Sharpe ratio dynamics of portfolios with the highest average ESG scores follows market phases: it is very close to/higher than other portfolios in bull markets, whereas it underperforms in stable or bear markets suggesting that ESG portfolios do not seem to represent a safe haven. Third, negative screenings with medium-low threshold reduce the performance of optimal portfolios with respect to optimization over an unscreened sample. However, when adopting a very severe screening we obtain a superior performance implying that very virtuous companies allows investors to do well by doing good. |
| Keywords: | sustainable portfolio, portfolio optimization, investor preferences, ESG score, negative screening, portfolio performance |
| JEL: | C61 G11 M14 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mod:wcefin:0088&r=env |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Emmenegger, Rony; Forero, Laura; Ganev, Kaloyan; Simeonova-Ganeva, Ralitsa; Soederberg, Magnus |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the social acceptance of nuclear energy and nuclear waste. Using a randomized choice experiment, we find that the prospects of a nearby nuclear waste repository reduce the acceptance of nuclear power. This result indicates the the Not-In-My-Backyard problem is partially driven by free-riding: individuals willing to accept the advantages of nuclear energy but not willing to internalize the associated cost. We also find that economic incentives decrease free riding and potentially help solve the Not-In-My-Backyard problem. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, nuclear power, nuclear waste, NIMBY, crowding intrinsic motivation |
| JEL: | C91 D71 D72 Q53 Q58 R53 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2022:15&r=env |
| By: | Singh Tomar, Arun |
| Abstract: | An individual living in a city can take advantage of a wide range of services and opportunities available to them in a broader and more permanent ecosystem of human activity. There is no doubt that cities are experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth. This is putting a lot of pressure on their infrastructures and service delivery systems as a result of this rapid urbanization and growth. It is evident that in order to improve the quality of life in an urban environment as a result of current urbanization, strong strategies and innovative planning are needed. As a result of becoming more digitized, intelligent, and smart, there are several cities around the world that have acquired a better quality of life and improved the efficiency of their urban services. In order for cities to be able to survive in the future, it is more important than ever to diagnose where they stand in terms of sustainability and quality of life for their inhabitants, and to begin building urban resilience to withstand future challenges. Smart cities are not about connectivity and technology; they are about improving the quality of life for city residents in order to achieve a sustainable future. The end goal of smart cities is to have a sustainable future. It is undeniable that smart cities are a compelling case for sustainable development, and there is no doubt about that. In order for any city to become a smart city, it is imperative that we recognize that technology alone will not be sufficient for us to achieve our goal of making it an intelligent city. A smart city will be able to gather a great deal of information about its residents with the installation of different sensors located throughout its community. A variety of methods can be used to achieve this, including the measurement of air quality and the automatic removal of pollutants. |
| Keywords: | Smart cities, internet and mobile cities, sustainable cities, green and IT powered cities, smart sustainable cities, future cities, environment friendly cities. |
| JEL: | F63 I25 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115451&r=env |
| By: | Povedskaya, Ekaterina |
| Abstract: | The issues of sustainable development began to attract researchers in the second half of the twentieth century. Since then, interest in this topic has only increased. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development introduced by the United Nations in 2015 confirmed that sustainable changes require efforts from people, consumers and companies, politicians, economists, and researchers. In particular, special attention is paid to sustainable consumer behaviour. The level of consumption consciousness directly affects the entire chain, from the production of goods to their disposal. In this regard, in recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted on the topic of sustainable consumer behaviour. However, in 2019 the coronavirus pandemic changed the world. The majority of global population was forced to stay at home because of lockdowns, which is why digitalization received a great impetus for development. By influencing daily activities, it has also significantly changed our consumer habits. Thus, in this thesis, the coronavirus pandemic’s effect on sustainable consumer behaviour is being studied. In particular, attention is paid to cultural differences. |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:h6czk&r=env |
| By: | Ismael Soto (University of South Bohemia); Ross N Cuthbert (QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Antonín Kouba (University of South Bohemia); César Capinha (ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon); Anna Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emma J Hudgins (Carleton University); Christophe Diagne (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Phillip J Haubrock (University of South Bohemia) |
| Abstract: | Biological invasions by amphibian and reptile species (i.e. herpetofauna) are numerous and widespread, having caused severe impacts on ecosystems, the economy and human health. However, there remains no synthesised assessment of the economic costs of these invasions. Therefore, using the most comprehensive database on the economic costs of invasive alien species worldwide (InvaCost), we analyse the costs caused by invasive alien herpetofauna according to taxonomic, geographic, sectoral and temporal dimensions, as well as the types of these costs. The cost of invasive herpetofauna totaled at 17.0 billion US$ between 1986 and 2020, divided split into 6.3 billion US$ for amphibians, 10.4 billion US$ for reptiles and 334 million US$ for mixed classes. However, these costs were associated predominantly with only two species (brown tree snake Boiga irregularis and American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus), with 10.3 and 6.0 billion US$ in costs, respectively. Costs for the remaining 19 reported species were relatively minor ( 99%), while for reptiles, impacts were reported mostly through damages to mixed sectors (65%). Geographically, Oceania and Pacific Islands recorded 63% of total costs, followed by Europe (35%) and North America (2%). Cost reports have generally increased over time but peaked between 2011 and 2015 for amphibians and 2006 to 2010 for reptiles. A greater effort in studying the costs of invasive herpetofauna is necessary for a more complete understanding of invasion impacts of these species. We emphasise the need for greater control and prevention policies concerning the spread of current and future invasive herpetofauna. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860530&r=env |
| By: | Aheeyar, Mohamed (International Water Management Institute); Jayathilake, Nilanthi (International Water Management Institute); Bandara, A.; Bucatariu, C.; Reitemeier, M.; Drechsel, Pay (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Food wastes; Waste reduction; Stakeholder analysis; Waste management; Urban areas; Municipal authorities; Local authorities; Solid wastes; Food production; Policies; Institutions |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050833&r=env |
| By: | Julien CALAS; Antoine GODIN; Julie MAURIN (AFD); Etienne ESPAGNE (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to review and compare existing global and quantitative biodiversity scenarios that could help to build a forward-looking assessment of the consequences of biodiversity loss. More broadly, it provides a literature review of existing biodiversity scenarios and models as well as an assessment of the path forward for research to developing scenarios for biodiversity related socio-economic impacts at each step of the process: from building narratives, quantifying the impacts and dependencies, assessing the uncertainty range on the results all the way from the ecosystem to the economic and financial asset. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en14790&r=env |
| By: | Chipurenko Elena (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Lisitskaya Tatiana (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Business - international and national corporations are one of the key participants in the global process of transition to sustainable growth and development of the world community. From the point of view of this issue, socially responsible business behavior and the ability of investors to assess the definition of the right directions for investing financial resources are of particular importance. To assess the implementation of sustainable development goals, the so-called non-financial data or ESG |
| Keywords: | social-responsible investments, depelopment of investing system |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21124&r=env |
| By: | Nicolas Berman (Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France, and CEPR); Mathieu Couttenier (ENS de Lyon & CEPR); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France); Raphaël Soubeyran (CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France) |
| Abstract: | Global food demand is rising, driven by a growing world population and dietary changes in developing countries. This situation encourages farmers to increase crop production which, in turn, increases worldwide demand for agricultural land and the pressure on tropical forests. Given the probability that growth in world food demand will continue, this pressure is not likely to abate in coming decades. While the impact of food demand on deforestation has been in the headlines, rigorous evidence of the relationship between international crop prices and deforestation using large-N data remains scarce. We attempt to quantify this link during the twenty-first century using high-resolution annual forest loss data for tropical regions, combined with information on crop-specific agricultural suitability and annual global commodity prices. We find that price variation has a sizable impact on deforestation: crop price increases are estimated tobe responsible for a third of the total deforested area in the tropics (approx. 2 million km2) during the period 2001-2018. We also find that the degree of openness to international trade and level of economic development are first-order local characteristics affecting the magnitude of the impact of crop prices on deforestation. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, Food demand, |
| JEL: | F18 Q23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2022.08&r=env |
| By: | Oeindrila Dube; Joshua Blumenstock; Michael Callen |
| Abstract: | Religious adherence has been hard to study in part because it is hard to measure. We develop a new measure of religious adherence, which is granular in both time and space, using anonymized mobile phone transaction records. After validating the measure with traditional data, we show how it can shed light on the nature of religious adherence in Islamic societies. Exploiting random variation in climate, we find that as economic conditions in Afghanistan worsen, people become more religiously observant. The effects are most pronounced in areas where droughts have the biggest economic consequences, such as croplands without access to irrigation. |
| JEL: | O13 Q1 Q15 Q54 Z10 Z12 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30694&r=env |
| By: | Newton, David P.; Ongena, Steven; Xie, Ru; Zhao, Binru |
| Abstract: | Is bank- versus market-based financing different in its attitudes towards Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) risk? Using a novel sample covering 3,783 U.S. public firms from 2007 to 2020, we study how firm-level ESG risk affects its financing outcomes. We find that companies with higher ESG risk borrow less from banks than from markets, potentially to avoid bank monitoring and scrutiny. The Social and Governance components, in particular, matter. Furthermore, firms suffering higher numbers of negative ESG reputation shocks are less likely to continue to rely on bank credit in response to lenders' threats to end the lending arrangements. Finally, our results indicate that firms' ESG risk reduces after borrowing from banks but increases after bond issuance, suggesting that banks are more effective than public bond markets in shaping borrowers' ESG performance. |
| Keywords: | ESG risk,debt structure,capital structure,debt choices,bank monitoring |
| JEL: | G20 G21 G30 G32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bofitp:bdp2022_005&r=env |
| By: | Antonín Kouba (University of South Bohemia); Francisco J Oficialdegui (EBD - Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid]); Ross N Cuthbert (GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel], QUB - Queen's University [Belfast]); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark); Josie South; Elena Tricarico (UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence); Rodolphe E Gozlan (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Phillip J Haubrock (University of South Bohemia) |
| Abstract: | Despite voluminous literature identifying the impacts of invasive species, summaries of monetary costs for some taxonomic groups remain limited. Invasive alien crustaceans often have profound impacts on recipient ecosystems, but there may be great unknowns related to their economic costs. Using the InvaCost database, we quantify and analyse reported costs associated with invasive crustaceans globally across taxonomic, spatial, and temporal descriptors. Specifically, we quantify the costs of prominent aquatic crustaceanscrayfish, crabs, amphipods, and lobsters. Between 2000 and 2020, crayfish caused US$ 120.5 million in reported costs; the vast majority (99%) being attributed to representatives of Astacidae and Cambaridae. Crayfish-related costs were unevenly distributed across countries, with a strong bias towards European economies (US$ 116.4 million; mainly due to the signal crayfish in Sweden), followed |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03860579&r=env |
| By: | David Piovesan (Laboratoire de Recherche Magellan - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 - Université de Lyon - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Lyon); Fanny Valembois; Jean-Marc Francony |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03834262&r=env |
| By: | Foroogh Nazari Chamaki (Department of Banking and Finance, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus); Hatice Jenkins (Department of Banking and Finance, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus); Majid Hashemipour (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada); Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the financial and economic costs of reusing wastewater with reverse osmosis (R.O.) purification systems to mitigate the risks of near potable quality water shortages in an urban water system. A distributional analysis is also undertaken to identify those who bear the externalities of the system. A rich data set is available to conduct an ex-post analysis of such a system operating in Cyprus for several years. The levelized financial cost of the R.O. system if it operates at a 75% utilization rate is USD 1.18/m3, while the levelized economic cost that includes all the externality impacts is USD 1.20/m3. However, the closeness of these two values hides a large set of externalities that affect different groups in society in disparate ways. The analysis shows that reusing wastewater in conjunction with a system of R.O. is a very effective way to mitigate the risks of water shortages in a more extensive water system. It also highlights the importance of the nature of the electricity system that generates the electricity to power the R.O. plant in determining the ultimate economic cost of reusing wastewater. |
| Keywords: | reused wastewater; reverse osmosis; water shortage risk; levelized cost; economic cost; emission cost; environmental externalities; distributive analysis |
| JEL: | D61 I38 L95 H43 Q25 |
| Date: | 2022–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4596&r=env |
| By: | Löher, Jonas; Rieger-Fels, Markus; Nielen, Sebastian; Schröder, Christian |
| Abstract: | Die EU-Kommission möchte mit unterschiedlichen regulatorischen Maßnahmen privates Kapital für die Nachhaltigkeitstransformation der Wirtschaft mobilisieren. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Auswirkungen dieser regulatorischen Entwicklung auf die mittelständische Wirtschaft zu untersuchen. Neben den direkten Folgen wie z.B. neue Berichtspflichten werden die indirekten Folgen für mittelständische Unternehmen wie beispielsweise neue Informationsbedarfe von Kunden und Finanzpartnern untersucht. |
| Keywords: | EU Taxonomie,Nachhaltige Finanzierung,Mittelstand,KMU,EU Taxonomy,Sustainable Finance,Mittelstand,owner-managed firms,SME |
| JEL: | D04 G38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifmmat:294&r=env |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | To help households as well as state, local, and tribal governments respond to and recover from disasters, the federal government provides financial assistance through the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Disaster Relief Fund, the largest source of federal financial assistance after disasters. |
| JEL: | H84 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:58420&r=env |
| By: | Manisha Jain (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency plays a central role in climate change mitigation policies, but their impact on economy-wide energy consumption is uncertain. Improved methods to measure energy efficiency savings are adopted mainly in countries with mandatory energy efficiency targets. These countries combine bottom-up and top-down methods to enhance reliability. India has implemented various energy efficiency measures, and their impact is estimated using the simplified deemed savings bottom-up approach. Index Decomposition Analysis is a simple top-down approach, but its use in India is limited due to data gaps. Using India's energy balances from International Energy Agency, I estimate the energy efficiency savings in India during 2011-19. I find that the IDA estimates are lower than the government's deemed savings estimates. The underlying assumption in the simplified deemed savings approach and data gaps in index decomposition analysis limits the usability of the estimates. National level targets on energy efficiency can push improvements in energy savings measurement techniques used in India. The targets can also address a few barriers in the energy efficiency markets. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency savings, energy efficiency targets, energy intensity, decomposition analysis, manufacturing energy intensity, energy balances |
| JEL: | Q4 K3 O13 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ind:igiwpp:2022-015&r=env |
| By: | Fabricius, C.; Novellie, P.; Ringler, C.; Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Wright, D. |
| Abstract: | This paper explores outcome indicators and process principles to evaluate landscape resilience in agro-ecosystems, drawing on outcome indicator case studies of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). Four questions are addressed: (1) which outcome indicators and process principles feature most prominently in the seminal literature on resilient agro-ecological landscapes? (2) to what extent are these principles represented in CGIAR Outcome Impact Case Reports (OICRs) and selected peer-reviewed studies? (3) how does the use of process principles in the case studies compare to their occurrence in the theoretical literature? and (4) which process principles co-occur with related outcome indicators in the OICRs? The findings enable researchers and practitioners to be more specific about the outcomes and processes that drive resilience in agro-ecosystems, thereby informing adaptive program management. Seven novel research themes are proposed. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Financial Economics, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:329157&r=env |
| By: | Danilov Yuriy (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Pivovarov Danil (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Davyudov Igor (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The work examines the problems of the concept of sustainable finance that has been actively developing in the world in recent years. We examined three blocks of issues related to the concept of sustainable finance: theoretical aspects of this concept, which have become the subject of intense discussions in the world economic community; applied problems of active implementation of this concept in the practice of the largest national financial markets; the current situation in Russia, characterized by an extremely weak development of the sustainable finance segment. |
| Keywords: | sustainable finance concept |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21127&r=env |
| By: | Elaine L. Hill |
| Abstract: | The benefits and costs of resource extraction are currently being hotly debated in the case of shale gas development (commonly known as "fracking"). Colorado provides a unique research environment given its long history of conventional oil and gas extraction and, most recently, shale gas development. To define exposure, I utilize detailed vital statistics and mother's residential address to define close proximity to drilling activity. Using a difference-in-differences model that compares mothers residing within 1 km of a wellhead versus 1-5 km, I find that proximity to wells reduces birth weight and gestation length on average and increases the prevalence of low birth weight and premature birth. I also find an increase in gestational diabetes and hypertension for mothers living near wells. These results are robust to multiple specifications and suggest that policies to mitigate against the risks of living near oil and gas development may be warranted. |
| JEL: | I10 I18 Q33 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30684&r=env |
| By: | Curran, Brendan; Martin, Ralf; Muller, Sabrina; Nguyen-Tien, Viet; Oliveira Cunha, Juliana; Serin, Esin; Shah, Arjun; Valero, Anna; Verhoeven, Dennis |
| Abstract: | This report, the 19th report for The Economy 2030 Inquiry, provides a hard-headed assessment of the opportunities presented to UK plc by the move to net zero, and considers how best these can be unlocked. It does this by considering carefully the UK’s pre-existing relative strengths in technologies, goods and services that are relevant for net zero. It also undertakes a series of ‘deep dives’ into key areas in the UK’s decarbonisation journey to investigate the extent of UK strengths that can be built upon to accelerate domestic deployment of related technologies as well as unlock export opportunities. Finally, it assesses how the UK’s financial sector can be oriented towards delivering the investment needed for net zero, and for realising related opportunities in the UK. |
| Keywords: | ES/T002506/1 |
| JEL: | F3 G3 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117343&r=env |
| By: | Dominique BUREAU (Commission économique du développement durable. Ministère de la Transition Ecologique); Selma LABROUE (Ministère de la Transition écologique) |
| Abstract: | Alors que les comptes nationaux ignorent les composantes non marchandes du bien-être liées à la qualité de vie et laissent de côté les questions d’inclusivité et de soutenabilité, le « PIB » demeure l’indicateur-phare pour évaluer la richesse d’un pays. Suite à la commission Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi, le souci a été de compléter ce dernier par des indicateurs complémentaires, ce qui a permis d’enrichir les analyses, mais au prix de la dispersion d’approches toujours plus multidimensionnelles. On assiste aujourd’hui à des tentatives pour faire plus directement le lien avec la comptabilité nationale, mais la question demeure : peut-on trouver des approches synthétiques, pour « remplacer le PIB » ? Le développement de nouvelles références pour le calcul économique public, s’intéressant justement aux enjeux de soutenabilité et relevant d’un cadre microéconomique cohérent, peut y contribuer car il adresse les mêmes thématiques et produit des valeurs de référence. Afin d’apprécier leur utilité pour évaluer la richesse véritable créée sur une période, on teste la possibilité pratique de compléter ainsi les indicateurs usuels de PIB et d’épargne, pour y intégrer les dimensions liées à l’équité, au patrimoine naturel (effet de serre et biodiversité), à l’éducation et à la santé des populations. Les ajustements correspondants sur l’épargne et la consommation nous amènent à l’évaluation d’un ‘PIN élargi’ de l’ordre (seulement) de 1500 milliards d’€2014 en 2019. L’étude permet par ailleurs de mieux apprécier les poids relatifs de ses différentes composantes, ainsi que la nature des enjeux qui y sont associés. Si la nécessité d’articuler les développements sur les indicateurs de croissance avec les travaux microéconomiques visant à définir des valeurs monétaires telles que le coût social du carbone se trouve confortée, différents chaînons manquants et lacunes sont pointés. |
| Keywords: | indicateurs de croissance, soutenabilité, épargne nette ajustée, changement climatique, patrimoine naturel |
| JEL: | E01 I30 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2022.09&r=env |
| By: | Jargin, Sergei V. |
| Abstract: | This update attempts to analyze social, historical and environmental aspects of the conflict in Ukraine, formulating proposals potentially conductive to peace initiatives and prevention of conflicts. Should the power in Eurasia be displaced to the East, it will come along with losses of values like liberties and human rights. Quality of many services, products and foodstuffs would decline. The environmental protection and energy conservation is less popular in Russia than in other industrialized countries. The reason of the “special military operation” started February 2022 was the anti-separatist activity by the Ukrainian army in Donbas since 2014. In principle, the fight against separatism within national borders is justifiable. Ukraine in her 1991 borders was recognized by all nations including Russia. However, another argumentation is also possible. The Ukraine in today’s borders was created in 1918 disregarding ethnic and linguistic realities. A majority of residents in southern and eastern provinces are Russian-speaking. Many people in Donbas were disappointed that their region had not become a part of the Russian Federation. Recent referendums on occupied territories have been met with skepticism. The Soviet-trained collectivism and mass intimidation influences referendums and elections. Many residents of occupied territories voted for the unification with Russia to avoid personal trouble as they don’t believe that the situation will be reverted. A workable solution would be an international agreement delimitating spheres of influence. Some areas in the East and South of today’s Ukraine should belong to the Russian sphere of influence as the majority of residents are ethnically and linguistically Russians. If the world is becoming multicentric, armed conflicts of various magnitudes may become permanent. A reasonable alternative is a global leadership centered in the most developed parts of the world, based on humanism and modern science. |
| Date: | 2022–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gez25&r=env |
| By: | Richard Schmidt; Pinar Yesin |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we first document the growing importance of foreign-domiciled investment funds in countries' portfolio liabilities over time and then show empirical evidence that cross-border fund flows are coincident with asset price movements. To measure the external liabilities of countries to foreign-domiciled funds, we complement conventional balance of payments and international investment position data with granular and real-time fund flows data. We find that the external exposure of countries to investment funds has been steadily increasing both for advanced and emerging market economies. Furthermore, we find that this increased external exposure is coincident with higher exchange rate fluctuations, lower bond yields and higher stock returns. Because sustainability-themed investment funds are growing faster than conventional investment funds, we also focus on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) funds and construct an index of sustainable finance that can distinguish between its domestic and cross-border components. Our index reveals that ESG funds domiciled in European countries tend to invest predominantly in domestic markets, whereas ESG investment in emerging market economies to a large extent originates from foreign-domiciled investment funds. |
| Keywords: | Investment funds, portfolio investment, fund flows, ESG funds, financial markets |
| JEL: | F32 G15 G23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:snb:snbwpa:2022-13&r=env |
| By: | Koryitin Andrey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kostrykina Natalia (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Melkova Elena (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | Tax on mineral extraction is the main method of collection of the resource rent in Russia. However, the tax level on solid minerals is very low, so it does not correspond to their share in the production as well as the export of raw materials. In connection with that, an investigation of new approaches to the taxation of solid minerals based on the best world practices becomes the burning issue. |
| Keywords: | mineral extraction taxing, tax system development |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21121&r=env |
| By: | OCDE |
| Abstract: | Construire des sociétés plus équitables, connectées, cohésives et durables figure en tête des priorités politiques, mais plusieurs défis se dressent sur la voie de la réalisation de cet objectif. Le rapport se concentre sur trois défis clés auxquels les décideurs sont confrontés dans la quête de sociétés meilleures : combler les fractures numériques, lutter contre les contenus préjudiciables diffusés en ligne et utiliser efficacement les technologies numériques pour lutter contre le changement climatique et d'autres problèmes environnementaux. Ce rapport donne un aperçu des tendances clés dans les pays de l'OCDE et les économies partenaires, et propose des actions politiques qui peuvent aider les décideurs à aborder ces trois défis critiques, ainsi qu'une meilleure mesure. Le rapport s'appuie sur des travaux antérieurs sur le sujet et vise à éclairer le débat et la discussion sur la manière de garantir que les fractures, biais et inégalités d'aujourd'hui ne se perpétueront pas à l'avenir. |
| Date: | 2022–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaab:338-fr&r=env |
| By: | Елманова, Виктория Михайловна; Kudryashov, Alexander (Open European Academy of Public Sciences) |
| Abstract: | В статье анализируются ведущие направления финансовой стратегии ПАО «ГМК «Норильский никель», лидера горно-металлургической промышленности России. Они неразрывно связаны со стратегией экологического роста, реализуемой предприятием в настоящее время. Кроме того, в данной статье рассмотрены наметившиеся в последние годы тренды развития компаний горнодобывающего и металлургического сектора России. В результате исследования были выявлены наиболее серьезные проблемы, влияющие на отрасль и освещен ряд подходов к решению задач жизнеспособности и эффективности горнорудных организаций в условиях нестабильности рыночных условий. The article analyzes the leading directions of the financial strategy of PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel, the leader of the mining and metallurgical industry of Russia. They are inextricably linked with the environmental growth strategy currently being implemented by the company. In addition, this article discusses the trends in the development of companies in the mining and metallurgical sector of Russia that have emerged in recent years. As a result of the study, the most serious problems affecting the industry were identified and a number of approaches to solving the problems of viability and efficiency of mining organizations in unstable market conditions were highlighted. |
| Date: | 2022–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:buem8&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Albalate ((GiM-IREA). Observatori d’Anàlisi i Avaluació de Polítiques Públiques. Facultat d’Economia i Empresa. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament d’Econometria Estadística i Economia Aplicada. Secció Polítiques públiques. John Maynard Keynes 1-11, Torre 6, planta 3. 08034 Barcelona. Tel: +34.493031131); Xavier Fageda ((GiM-IREA). Observatori d’Anàlisi i Avaluació de Polítiques Públiques. Facultat d’Economia i Empresa. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament d’Econometria Estadística i Economia Aplicada. Secció Polítiques públiques. John Maynard Keynes 1-11, Torre 6, planta 3. 08034 Barcelona. +34.93.4039721) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a bridge between the literature on the effects of the pandemic on mobility and the literature on low emission zones (LEZ) impacts. Using data for large European cities in the period 2018-2021, we examine whether LEZ may explain differences in the recovery patterns of traffic in European cities after the covid shock. Controlling for several city attributes, we examine whether LEZ cities are less congested before and after the pandemic in comparison to non-LEZ cities. Our hypothesis is that LEZ may have been more effective in reducing congestion after the pandemics because the fleet renewal process has slowed down. Our results validate the traffic mitigating role of LEZ, which is robust to the lasting effects of Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | Low Emission Zones, Congestion, Traffic, Access restrictions, Sustainability, Cities. JEL classification: R41, R11, R52. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202222&r=env |
| By: | Novelli, Giacomo |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether the degree of energy dependency of countries influences their macroeconomic performance in terms of long-run growth. Specifically, we study whether the impact of energy price changes on economic growth differs depending on a country’s degree of energy dependency. There are two novel aspects in this paper. First, all energy commodities are considered, not only oil, and second, our work goes beyond the standard distinction between energy importing and exporting countries. We claim that energy importing and exporting countries are too heterogeneous in terms of net energy imports, energy consumption, and level of development to be clustered and analysed together. Relying on a sample clusterization in groups of countries with a similar degree of energy dependency and using a cross-sectionally augmented panel autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach, we show that countries with a high degree of energy dependency are associated with a negative and significant long-run energy price elasticity of GDP, while countries with a low degree experience the opposite effect, and more balanced countries are less or not significantly affected. Moreover, we contribute to the resource curse paradox showing that the energy price volatility negatively affects the long-run economic growth of countries with a low degree of energy dependency, but it does not hamper the long-run growth of other countries. We argue that the impact of energy price changes differs across countries with a different degree of energy dependency and that a balanced degree of energy dependency is preferable. Therefore, we suggest major energy importers should reduce their degree of energy dependency, while major energy exporters may differentiate their energy production, avoiding to rely only on fossil sources. Renewable sources may be a key driver to improve the management of the degree of energy dependency. |
| Keywords: | Political Economy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329650&r=env |
| By: | P. Ballester (Euridis - Euridis Business School, Ministère de l'Education Nationale) |
| Abstract: | Dubai 2020 ist die erste große globale Tourismusveranstaltung der Pandemie, die Besuchern aus der ganzen Welt offen steht. 191 Länder nehmen daran teil, und erwartete 25 Millionen Besucher aus der ganzen Welt werden während der sechs Monate, die die Weltausstellung dauern wird, in Dubai sein. Die Dubai Expo 2020 ist die erste große globale Veranstaltung seit Beginn der Pandemie, die jedoch trotz umfangreicher Investitionen aus den VAE Touristen und Investoren anzieht. Die meisten europäischen Länder sind vertreten, Frankreich hat 20 Millionen Euro für seinen Pavillon ausgegeben, der an das Zeitalter der Aufklärung erinnern will. Dies ist das erste Mal seit 1851, dass eine Weltausstellung in einem Golfstaat organisiert wird, und für Dubai steht viel auf dem Spiel. Analyse dieser Wette, aber auch dessen, was eine Universalausstellung jetzt mehr darstellt, mit Patrice Ballester, Lehrer-Forscher in Geographie und Tourismusmarketing, Spezialist für Universal- und internationale Ausstellungen. |
| Abstract: | Dubai 2020 is the first major global tourism event of the pandemic open to visitors from around the world, 191 countries are participating and an expected 25 million visitors from around the world are in Dubai during the six months that its World Expo will last. Dubai Expo 2020 is the first large-scale global event since the start of the pandemic but, despite large-scale investments from the UAE to attract tourists and investors. Most European countries are present, France having spent 20 million euros for its pavilion which wants to recall the Age of Enlightenment. This is the first time since 1851 that a universal exhibition has been organized in a Gulf country and for Dubai the stakes are high. Analysis of this bet but also of what a universal exhibition now represents more with Patrice Ballester, teacher-researcher in geography and tourism marketing, specialist in universal and international exhibitions, world's fair, world expo. |
| Abstract: | Dubái 2020 es el primer gran evento turístico global de la pandemia abierto a visitantes de todo el mundo, participan 191 países y se espera que 25 millones de visitantes de todo el mundo estén en Dubái durante los seis meses que durará su Expo Mundial. Dubai Expo 2020 es el primer evento mundial a gran escala desde el comienzo de la pandemia pero, a pesar de las inversiones a gran escala de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos para atraer turistas e inversores. La mayoría de los países europeos están presentes, Francia gastó 20 millones de euros en su pabellón que quiere recordar el Siglo de las Luces. Esta es la primera vez desde 1851 que se organiza una exposición universal en un país del Golfo y para Dubái hay mucho en juego. Análisis de esta apuesta pero también de lo que representa ahora más una exposición universal con Patrice Ballester, docente-investigador en geografía y marketing turístico, especialista en exposiciones universales e internacionales. |
| Abstract: | Dubai 2020 est le premier grand événement touristique mondial de la pandémie ouvert aux visiteurs du monde entier, 191 pays y participent et 25 millions de visiteurs venus du monde entier attendus sont à Dubaï pendant les six mois que durera son exposition universelle. Dubaï Expo 2020 est le premier événement mondial de grande ampleur depuis le début de la pandémie mais, malgré les investissements de grande ampleur des Émirats Arabes unis pour attirer les touristes et les investisseurs. La plupart des pays européens sont présents, la France ayant dépensé 20 millions d'euros pour son pavillon qui veut rappeler le siècle des Lumières. C'est la première fois depuis 1851 qu'une exposition universelle est organisée dans un pays du Golfe et pour Dubaï l'enjeu est grand. Analyse de ce pari mais aussi de ce que représente désormais plus une exposition universelle avec Patrice Ballester, enseignant chercheur en géographie et marketing du tourisme, spécialiste des expositions universelles et internationales. |
| Abstract: | Dubai 2020 è il primo grande evento turistico globale della pandemia aperto a visitatori da tutto il mondo, 191 paesi stanno partecipando e si prevede che 25 milioni di visitatori da tutto il mondo saranno a Dubai durante i sei mesi che durerà il suo World Expo. Dubai Expo 2020 è il primo evento globale su larga scala dall'inizio della pandemia ma, nonostante gli investimenti su larga scala degli Emirati Arabi Uniti, attrae turisti e investitori. La maggior parte dei paesi europei è presente, la Francia ha speso 20 milioni di euro per il suo padiglione che vuole rievocare il Secolo dei Lumi. È la prima volta dal 1851 che un'esposizione universale viene organizzata in un Paese del Golfo e per Dubai la posta in gioco è alta. Analisi di questa scommessa ma anche di cosa rappresenta oggi di più un'esposizione universale con Patrice Ballester, docente-ricercatore in geografia e marketing turistico, specialista in esposizione universali e internazionali. |
| Abstract: | Dubai 2020 é o primeiro grande evento de turismo global da pandemia aberto a visitantes de todo o mundo, 191 países estão participando e são esperados 25 milhões de visitantes de todo o mundo em Dubai durante os seis meses que durará sua Expo Mundial. A Dubai Expo 2020 é o primeiro evento global de grande escala desde o início da pandemia, mas apesar dos grandes investimentos dos Emirados Árabes Unidos para atrair turistas e investidores. A maioria dos países europeus está presente, tendo a França gastou 20 milhões de euros para o seu pavilhão que pretende recordar o Iluminismo. Esta é a primeira vez desde 1851 que uma exposição universal é organizada em um país do Golfo e para Dubai as apostas são altas. Análise desta aposta mas também do que uma exposição universal representa agora mais com Patrice Ballester, professor-investigador em geografia e marketing turístico, especialista em exposições universais e internacionais. |
| Abstract: | 迪拜 2020 年是第一個向來自世界各地的遊客開放的大流行全球旅遊盛會，有 191 個國家參加，預計在世博會持續的六個月內，來自世界各地的 2500 萬遊客將來到迪拜。儘管阿聯酋為吸引遊客和投資者進行了大規模投資，但 2020 年迪拜世博會是自大流行開始以來的第一次大型全球盛會。大多數歐洲國家都在場，法國花費了2000萬歐元建造了想要回憶啟蒙時代的展館。這是自 1851 年以來第一次在海灣國家舉辦世界性展覽，而對於迪拜來說，風險很大。帕特里斯·巴列斯特 (Patrice Ballester 巴利斯特 ) 不僅分析了這場賭注，而且還分析了環球展覽現在更多地代表了地理和旅遊營銷的教師研究 員、環球和國際展覽的專家。 |
| Keywords: | Dubai,Weltausstellung,Tourismus,Architektur,Marketing,Kommunikation,Vereinigte Arabische Emirate,Landschaft,nachhaltige Entwicklung,Pandemie,Frankreich,world expo,tourism,architecture,marketing,communication,United Arab Emirates,landscape,sustainable development,pandemic,France,Exposición Universal,turismo,arquitectura,comunicación,Emiratos Árabes Unidos,paisaje,desarrollo sostenible,pandemia,Francia,Dubaï,exposition universelle,tourisme,Emirats arabes unis,paysage,développement durable,pandémie,Esposizione Universale,architettura,comunicazione,Emirati Arabi Uniti,paesaggio,sviluppo sostenibile,Exposição Universal,arquitetura,comunicação,Emirados Árabes Unidos,paisagem,desenvolvimento sustentável,França,迪拜,世界展覽,旅遊,建築,營銷,通訊,阿拉伯聯合酋長國,景觀,可持續發展,流行病,法國 |
| Date: | 2021–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03834149&r=env |
| By: | World Health Organization |
| Keywords: | Medicine and Health Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ctcres:qt18n3k23r&r=env |
| By: | Lynda Pickbourn; Raymond Caraher; Léonce Ndikumana |
| Abstract: | Empirical studies on the effectiveness of aid to the water, sanitation, and hygiene sector (WASH aid) have focused primarily on access to these services as the benchmark for evaluating the effectiveness of aid in this sector. Given the importance of WASH services for public health outcomes, the effectiveness of WASH aid should also be evaluated in terms of its impact on health outcomes. This is especially important in low- and middle-income countries where achieving sustained improvements in child health outcomes remains a challenge. |
| Keywords: | Aid effectiveness, Public health, Water, Sanitation, Stunting, Difference-in-differences, Uganda |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-141&r=env |
| By: | Salter, Alexander (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I examine the problem of space debris—detritus from spacecraft launches that remains in orbit—using the tools of economics. The difficulties posed by space debris resemble those typically associated with public goods and common pool resourc |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:06819&r=env |