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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒11‒28
ninety-two papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Etienne Romsom; Kathryn McPhail |
| Abstract: | The global energy transition is happening, but too slowly to limit climate change to acceptable levels, for diverse reasons. Carbon emissions policies and measures focus too little on absolute emission targets and too much on relative measures such as carbon intensity. Focus is needed on early emission reduction actions, while current efforts aim to for carbon neutrality at a distant date. High-profile listed companies disposing of high-carbon-emitting assets to unlisted organizations ('hand-me-down assets') is reducing transparency on emissions and emissions-reducing investments. |
| Keywords: | Natural gas, Emissions, Health, Air pollution, Technology, Transparency, Emissions targets |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-131&r=env |
| By: | Jennie Bai; Hong Ru |
| Abstract: | We study how the implementation of emissions trading systems (ETS) impacts emissions reductions and the usage of renewable energy using a panel sample of the largest 100 countries worldwide. Exploiting the cross-country variations in ETS implementations, we show that ETS adoption materially reduced greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) emissions by 12.1% (18.1%). Moreover, ETSs reduced overall emissions by cutting fossil fuel usage, such as coal, by 23.70% while boosting the usage of renewable energy by 61.59%, on average. In contrast, the introduction of carbon taxes has a less effective impact on emissions reduction and fails to boost the usage of renewable energy. |
| JEL: | E62 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30587&r=env |
| By: | Lydia Papadaki; Charalampos Stavridis; Ioanna Grypari; Madina Kazbek; Phoebe Koundouri; Haris Papageorgiou; Nicolaos Theodossiou |
| Abstract: | The phenomena of climate change transcend all national and regional boundaries. Human health, agriculture and food production, forest fires, changes in ocean salinity, and other human and environmental phenomena are only a few examples of how it affects both. To address this complex challenge, we must determine the areas of the country of interest, in this case, Greece, that have been most adversely affected by climate. Greece is surrounded by water, and a significant part of its GDP is derived from the marine and maritime industries, including tourism. These industries are particularly vulnerable to the effects of the climate crisis, from rising sea levels and water acidification to declining fish stocks and biodiversity loss. Since the start of the IntelComp project, a Preparatory Living Lab (PLL) has been planned and delivered, feeding into the development of the IntelComp platform and the Living Lab on Climate Change Adaptation. The PLL led to the identification of the needs and gaps in the four seas (Mediterranean, Black, Caspian, Aral) and the selection of the Energy Sector as the primary focus sector for the Climate Change case study of the IntelComp project. |
| Keywords: | Living Lab, Climate Change, IntelComp project, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Energy |
| Date: | 2022–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2229&r=env |
| By: | Kulvik, Martti; Lintunen, Jussi; Kunttu, Janni; Orfanidou, Timokleia |
| Abstract: | Abstract Forests can be seen as a source of wood raw material and bioenergy, a recreational area with health benefits, a carbon sink, and a source of biodiversity. This brief examines how different shifts in perceptions and the forest sector’s operating environment affect Finland’s forest-based production, wood use, and labor skills needs. The analysis of the future is based on a forecast up to 2026 and scenario work up to 2040. Combined with today’s views on changes in forest ownership and management practices, technological developments, and policy measures already agreed and planned, the foresight work creates a vision for the future of the forest sector. In this brief we present scenario implications for the management and use of Finnish forests, and in Etla Brief 115 we look at the future of forest-based production in Finland. Although the outlook for the forest-based industries is relatively stable for the coming years, significant changes are foreseen by 2040. Changes in forestry will be driven by changes in forest management practices and forest ownership, climate and biodiversity targets for land use, and changes in the risk of natural disturbances due to the climate change. Forest management practices are expected to diversify. The multiplicity of forest uses will be further emphasized in education. Forest-related services are expected to increase, which will also increase the importance of customer contact skills. Interactive digitalization will enable the value chain to be integrated into an increasingly cohesive whole. Finally, the sufficiency of wood raw material is put to the test when the conservation, production, environmental and ownership expectations and rights of Finland’s forests are combined. |
| Keywords: | Scenarios, Foresight, Forest sector, Wood uses, Forest management practices, Education |
| JEL: | L73 C53 P18 |
| Date: | 2022–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:114&r=env |
| By: | Osberghaus, Daniel; Botzen, Wouter; Kesternich, Martin; Iurkova, Ekaterina |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264073&r=env |
| By: | Olivier J Blanchard (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Christian Gollier (Toulouse School of Economics); Jean Tirole (Toulouse School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses an existential threat. The authors argue that carbon pricing and green research and development (R&D) support are good economics, but their implementation can be improved. Even if carbon prices are generalized and given more substance, green R&D is still likely to be smaller than needed. Much more money must be spent on it than is now the case, and this money must be properly allocated in order to have an impact. Moreover, done well, other policies, such as standards, bans, and targeted subsidies, can be good economics. But they have often been incoherent and their implementation is delicate. The authors also argue that domestic and international compensation is key to the acceptability of efficient policies. Finally, although a country’s emissions will not materially alter the course of climate change, individual countries can still show the way ahead: They can develop technologies that can be used by other, poorer, countries. They can provide leadership/momentum on global agreements and on the need to fund climate change policies in developing economies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, carbon price, green R&D, carbon border adjustment, climate finance |
| JEL: | D61 F18 H23 Q37 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp22-18&r=env |
| By: | Gavarda, Claire; Diethelm, Lukas |
| Abstract: | As an example of supranational climate policy coordination for sectors not covered by carbon trading, the European Effort Sharing Decision set national targets for emission reductions for the time period 2013-2020. Member States were free to decide the national policies to implement to achieve these objectives. This is the first quantification of the impact this regulation had on the emissions of the corresponding firms. We exploit the differences along three variables: a national-level treatment intensity, an exposure index defined at the firm level and a time dimension (before or after the introduction of the policy). We find that, even in countries with no stringent target, emissions from exposed firms tended to decrease more than emissions from non-exposed firms. In addition, each percentage point increase in the stringency of the treatment leads to a 6.1% reduction in emissions for an average exposed firm. This provides interesting insights for other supranational climate agreements. |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions,effort sharing decision,firms,climate policy |
| JEL: | D22 F53 L51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22042&r=env |
| By: | Alexander Blasberg; Rüdiger Kiesel; Luca Taschini |
| Abstract: | Using Credit Default Swap spreads, we construct a forward-looking, market-implied carbon risk factor and show that carbon risk affects firms’ credit spread. The effect is larger for European than North American firms and varies substantially across industries, suggesting the market recognises where and which sectors are better positioned for a transition to a low-carbon economy. Moreover, lenders demand more credit protection for those borrowers perceived to be more exposed to carbon risk when market-wide concern about climate change risk is elevated. Finally, lenders expect that adjustments in carbon regulations in Europe will cause relatively larger policy-related costs in the near future. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon risk, credit risk, Credit Default Swap spreads |
| JEL: | C21 C23 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10016&r=env |
| By: | Gerling, Charlotte; Schöttker, Oliver; Hearne, John |
| JEL: | Q57 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264058&r=env |
| By: | Camila Agudelo-Rivera; Clark Granger-Castaño; Andrés Sánchez-Jabba |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the expected effects of climate change on Colombia’s current account. To this end, we present a literature review that outlines how climate-related risks could impact the balance of payments, complemented with an analysis that illustrates how the 2014-2015 oil shock affected the country's external sector. Subsequently, we show a projection of the current account balance through 2050 under different climate scenarios in order to establish whether the incidence of these risks would affect the country’s long-run current account. Our results indicate that achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 could widen the current account deficit, relative to a continuation of current climate policies, by an amount ranging between 2.6% and 4.6% of GDP. RESUMEN: Este estudio muestra los efectos esperados del cambio climático sobre la cuenta corriente en Colombia. Para ello presentamos una revisión de literatura que expone cómo los riesgos asociados con este fenómeno podrían impactar la balanza de pagos, complementando con un análisis que ilustra cómo el choque petrolero de 2014-2015 afectó el sector externo del país. Posteriormente, realizamos una proyección del balance corriente hasta 2050 bajo distintos escenarios climáticos con el objetivo de establecer si la incidencia de estos riesgos afectaría el balance corriente en el largo plazo. Nuestros resultados indican que la consecución de cero emisiones netas podría ampliar el déficit corriente hacia 2050, relativo a una continuidad de las políticas climáticas actuales, en una cantidad que oscilaría entre 2,6% y 4,6% del PIB. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, current account, climate-related risks, fully modified OLS, cambio climático, cuenta corriente, riesgos asociados al cambio climático, mínimos cuadrados totalmente modificados |
| JEL: | F32 G18 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:borrec:1214&r=env |
| By: | Marie Lassalas (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Vincent Chatellier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Cécile Détang-Dessendre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre P. Dupraz (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hervé Guyomard (SDAR Bretagne Normandie - Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | The future CAP displays a greater climate and environmental ambition sought notably through the new first-pillar instrument of the eco-scheme. This article analyses the access conditions of farmers to the French eco-scheme through the so-called environmental certification way. Our results highlight the low level of climate and environmental ambition of this access way since almost all farms would have access to the first level and more than a third to the upper level without any change in their current practices. |
| Abstract: | La future PAC affiche une plus grande ambition climatique et environnementale recherchée via notamment le nouvel instrument de l'éco-régime du premier pilier. Cet article analyse les conditions d'accès des agriculteurs à l'éco-régime français par la voie dite de la certification environnementale. Nos résultats mettent en lumière le faible niveau d'ambition climatique et environnementale de la voie puisque la quasi-totalité des exploitations auraient accès au premier niveau, et plus d'un tiers au niveau supérieur, sans aucune modification de leurs pratiques actuelles. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy,National Strategic Plan,Eco-scheme,High Environmental Value,French FADN,Politique Agricole Commune,Plan Stratégique National,Éco-régime,Haute Valeur Environnementale,RICA français |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03826442&r=env |
| By: | Geoffrey Heal |
| Abstract: | I provide a rigorous framework for accounting for corporate greenhouse gas emissions, based on the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. I show that only Scope 1 emissions are of interest from a national policy perspective: that emissions in Scopes 2 and 3 are duplicative, and that downstream Scope 3 emissions in total are equal to total Scope 1 emissions. The correct measure of a company's contributions to national GHG emissions is its Scope 1 emissions plus a part of the emissions of the household and government sectors. This is not generally the same as the level of emissions for which a company bears some responsibility, legal or otherwise. I apply some of these ideas to an analysis of carbon offsets, trying to understand the conditions under which offsets are a valid mechanism for reducing emissions by formalizing the ideas of additionality and leakage. |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30649&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Di Bartolomeo; Enrico Saltari; Willi Semmler |
| Abstract: | We study the dynamic problem of pollution control enacted by some policies of regulation and mitigation. The transition dynamics from one level of regulation and mitigation to another usually involve inter-temporal trade-offs. We focus on how different policymaker's time horizons affect these trade-offs. We refer to shorter lengths in policymaker's time horizons as political short-termism or inat-tention, which is associated with political economy or information constraints. Formally, inattention is modeled by using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control. Therefore, it is a dynamic concept: our policymakers solve an inter-temporal de-cision problem with a finite horizon that involves the repetitive solution of an optimal control problem at each sampling instant in a receding horizon fashion. We find that political short-termism substantially affects the transition dynam-ics. It leads to quicker but costlier transitions. It also leads to an under-evaluation of the environmental costs that may accelerate climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; global warming; non-linear model predictive control; short-termism |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 P28 C61 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sap:wpaper:wp230&r=env |
| By: | Winta Beyene (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute); Matteo Falagiarda (European Central Bank (ECB)); Steven Ongena (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute; KU Leuven; NTNU Business School; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Alessandro Scopelliti (KU Leuven, Department Accounting, Finance and Insurance; University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance) |
| Abstract: | The transition to a green economy strongly depends on the existence of appropriate economic incentives for agents. The loan market for car purchases is a paradigmatic example in this respect, as lenders may set credit conditions which may discourage or support the purchase of high emission vehicles. Using car loan-level data we study whether banks adjust their lending terms and conditions in response to different shocks to the perceived environmental quality of diesel vehicles. Focusing on the impact of the diesel emissions scandal in the automobile sector in 2015 and on local policy changes regarding circulation restrictions due to air pollution, we find that bank lending particularly by captive banks may further reinforce the market and regulatory failures that led to extensive levels of pollution by the automobile sector. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2276&r=env |
| By: | Antonio Delre (European Commission - JRC); Maria Grazia La Placa (European Commission - JRC); Felice Alfieri (European Commission - JRC); Giorgia Faraca (European Commission - JRC); Malgorzata Agata Kowalska (European Commission - JRC); Candela Vidal Abarca Garrido (European Commission - JRC); Oliver Wolf (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In the European Union (EU), sustainable consumption is promoted by the ‘Circular Economy Action Plan’. In particular, the voluntary scheme of the EU Green Public Procurement (EU GPP) provides guidance to reduce the environmental impacts of the public sector. To this end, the European Commission proposes EU GPP criteria for 20 product groups. The fitness for use of EU GPP criteria needs to be periodically assessed, because technological developments, changes in the regulatory and strategic context, and other factors could affect their suitability and effectiveness. For this reason, this report assesses the fitness for use of EU GPP criteria for four product groups: 1) electrical and electronic equipment used in the health care sector (Health Care EEE), 2) copying and graphic paper, 3) water-based heaters and 4) waste water infrastructure. The study was developed within an administrative arrangement between the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate-General for Environment (DG ENV), which is responsible for the EU GPP policy. The performed desk research revealed that all the investigated sets of EU GPP criteria are not up to date. In particular, this is mainly due to: (a) the new regulatory and strategic context for Health Care EEE, water-based heaters and waste water infrastructure, (b) the introduction of new technologies for water-based heaters, (c) specific industry practices for copying and graphic paper, and (d) lack of references in the verification process for waste water infrastructure. The presence of no up-to-date criteria could negatively affect the uptake of the EU GPP policy. |
| Keywords: | Circular Economy Action Plan, CEAP, medical device, Green Deal, wood fibre, sustainable forest management, SFM, sewage sludge, emerging pollutants, energy efficiency, energy label, right to repair, waste electrical and electronic equipment, WEEE |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc127215&r=env |
| By: | Barbara Annicchiarico (CEIS & DEF, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"); Marco Carli (DEF, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"); Francesca Diluiso (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change) |
| Abstract: | We study the performance of alternative climate policies in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that includes an environmental externality and agency problems associated with financial intermediation. Heterogeneous polluting producers finance their capital acquisition by combining their resources with loans from banks, are subject to environmental regulation, are hit by idiosyncratic shocks, and can default. The welfare analysis suggests that a cap-and-trade system will entail substantially lower costs of the business cycle than a carbon tax if financial frictions are stringent, firm leverage is high, and agents are sufficiently risk-averse. Simple macroprudential policy rules can go a long way in reining in business cycle fluctuations, aligning the performance of price and quantity pollution policies, and reducing the uncertainty inherent to the chosen climate policy tool. |
| Keywords: | Business Cycle; Cap-and-Trade; Carbon Tax; E-DSGE |
| JEL: | Q58 E32 E44 |
| Date: | 2022–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:543&r=env |
| By: | Gary Clyde Hufbauer (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Jeffrey J. Schott (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Megan Hogan (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Jisun Kim (POSCO Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This Policy Brief assesses the evolving EU Emissions Trading System and EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and explains objections within Europe and from major trading countries likely to be affected by the proposed CBAM import levies. While EU officials have sought to ensure that the CBAM is consistent with obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO), key aspects of the CBAM could violate WTO rules and are likely to be contested, taking years to play out. Meanwhile, several other countries will adopt new carbon-inspired border restrictions, adding to global trade frictions. Major carbon-emitting countries, therefore, need to act cooperatively instead of unilaterally to both advance the fight against climate change and update the rules-based global trading system. Two-thirds of greenhouse gas emissions result from nontraded activities, such as road transport, electricity generation, and home and office heating. Countries can curb emissions in these activities, while developing guidelines for carbon abatement in traded sectors. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb22-14&r=env |
| By: | Eren Gürer; Alfons Weichenrieder |
| Abstract: | CO2 emissions are disproportionately caused by more affluent consumers. In the political debate, this fact has triggered the demand for income redistribution and wealth taxes not only to reduce inequality but also to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper calculates the possible size of such a green dividend of redistribution in 26 countries and concludes that, for most EU countries, it is negative if the redistribution is efficient, in the sense that it keeps average incomes constant. If the redistribution introduces inefficiencies that lead to total income losses, the negative green dividend, otherwise associated with additional redistribution, may be avoided. |
| Keywords: | environment, redistribution, CO2 emissions, inequality, green dividend |
| JEL: | Q56 D12 D30 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9986&r=env |
| By: | Mongelli, Francesco Paolo; Pointner, Wolfgang; van den End, Jan Willem |
| Abstract: | This survey reviews the literature about the impact of climate change on the natural rate of interest (r*), an important yardstick for monetary policy. Economic and financial developments can lower r* in scenarios with increasing climate-related damages and uncertainty that reduce productivity growth and raise precautionary savings. Instead, in scenarios that assume innovations and investments induced by transition policies, r* could be affected positively. Orderly climate policies have a pivotal role by facilitating the transition to a carbon-neutral economy and supporting a steady investment flow. We discuss the main models used to simulate the effects of climate change on r* and summarize the outcomes. The downward effects of climate change on r* can be substantial, even taking into account the high degree of uncertainty about the outcomes. Moreover, the downward pressure on r* will further challenge monetary policy in the long run, by limiting its policy space. JEL Classification: E52, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate change, interest rate, monetary policy, natural rate of interest, social cost of carbon |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222744&r=env |
| By: | Carole Treibich (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Eleanor Bell (Office of Health Economics); Elodie Blanc (MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology); Aurélia Lépine (Institute for Global Health, University College London) |
| Abstract: | Each year there are over 300 natural disasters globally with millions of victims that cost economic losses near USD$100 billion. In the context of climate change, an emerging literature linking extreme weather events to HIV infections suggests that efforts to control the HIV epidemic could be under threat. We used Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data collected during the 2015-2016 harsh drought that affected several areas of Malawi to provide new evidence on the effect of an unanticipated economic shock on sexual behaviours of young women and men. We find that amongst women employed in agriculture, a six-months drought doubles their likelihood of engaging in transactional sex compared to women who were not affected by the drought and increases their likelihood of having a sexually transmitted infections (STI) by 48% in the past twelve months. Amongst men employed outside of agriculture, drought increases by 50% the likelihood of having a relationship with a woman engaged in transactional sex. These results suggest that women in agriculture experiencing economic shocks as a result of drought use transactional sex with unaffected men, i.e. men employed outside agriculture, as a coping mechanism, exposing themselves to the risk of contracting HIV. The effect was especially observed among noneducated women. A single drought in the last five years increases HIV prevalence in Malawi by around 15% amongst men and women. Overall, the results confirm that weather shocks are important drivers of risky sexual behaviours of young women relying on agriculture in Africa. Further research is needed to investigate the most adequate formal shock-coping strategies to be implemented in order to limit the negative consequences of natural disasters on HIV acquisition and transmission. |
| Keywords: | Malawi,HIV/AIDS,Transactional sex,Sexually transmitted infections,Climate change,Drought |
| Date: | 2022–09–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03818619&r=env |
| By: | Kulvik, Martti; Lintunen, Jussi; Kunttu, Janni; Orfanidou, Timokleia |
| Abstract: | Abstract Forests can be seen as a source of wood raw material and bioenergy, a recreational area with health benefits, a carbon sink, and a source of biodiversity. This report examines how different shifts in perceptions and the forest sector’s operating environment affect Finland’s forest-based production, wood use, and labor skills needs. The analysis of the future is based on a forecast up to 2026 and scenario work up to 2040. Combined with today’s views on changes in forest ownership and management practices, technological developments, and policy measures already agreed and planned, the foresight work creates a vision for the future of the forest sector. In Etla Brief 114 we presented scenario implications for the management and use of Finnish forests, in this Brief we look at the future of forest-based production in Finland. Although the outlook for the forest-based industries is relatively stable for the coming years, significant changes are foreseen by 2040. Value added may increase, especially if production side streams can be diverted from energy production to high value-added products. This development will be limited by the inherent energy needs of production processes, which will have to be met by other solutions. The sufficiency of wood raw material is put to the test when the conservation, production, environmental and ownership expectations and rights of Finland’s forests are combined. The growing service orientation and increasingly demanding and diversified skills needs indicate that the forest industry is evolving beyond traditional definitions. Therefore, forest sector should actively cooperate with non-wood sectors and educational institutes. |
| Keywords: | Scenarios, Foresight, Forest sector, Wood energy, Extent of Value added, Education |
| JEL: | L73 C53 P18 |
| Date: | 2022–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:115&r=env |
| By: | Julia Grimault (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Clothilde Tronquet (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Thomas Bonvillain (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Claudine Foucherot (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pour atteindre ses engagements climatiques, la France s'est dotée d'une feuille de route nationale, la Stratégie Nationale Bas‑Carbone (SNBC). Cette stratégie détermine les trajectoires et orientations à suivre pour chaque secteur de l'économie, de manière à atteindre la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050, en cohérence avec les objectifs de l'Accord de Paris et avec les recommandations du GIEC. Ainsi, d'ici 30 ans, la France devra absorber autant de gaz à effet de serre (GES) qu'elle n'en émet, c'est-à-dire près de 80 MtCO2. Cet objectif correspond en fait à un doublement du volume des absorptions de CO2, ou puits de carbone, d'ici 2050. Pour atteindre cet objectif, la SNBC fixe ainsi des objectifs chiffrés pour les différents secteurs associés au puits de carbone : la forêt et le bois ; l'agriculture ; les technologies de captage et stockage géologique de CO2. Les projections de ces compartiments et les hypothèses techniques sous-jacentes ont été décryptées et confrontées à la littérature existante dans une analyse approfondie, avec l'objectif d'éclaircir les enjeux et les conditions de cette augmentation massive de la séquestration du carbone. Il en ressort que les transformations attendues des secteurs sont profondes et que certaines orientations du secteur forêt-bois risquent de ne pas être réalisables. |
| Keywords: | Carbon neutrality,climate change,carbon storage,agriculture,forest,wood |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03813103&r=env |
| By: | Bartels, Lara; Kesternich, Martin |
| Abstract: | Cities are increasingly hold accountable for climate action. By demonstrating their proenvironmentality through own climate-related activities, they not at least aspire to encourage individual climate protection efforts. Based on standard economic theory there is little reason to assume that this is a promising strategy. Financed by taxpayers' money, cities' contributions are considered as substitutes that crowd-out private contributions to the same public good. Inspired by research on providing information on reference group behavior, we challenge this argument and conduct a framed-field experiment to analyze the impact of reference group information on the voluntary provision of a green public good. We investigate whether information on previous contributions by fellow citizens or the city affect individual contributions. We do not find statistical evidence that city-level information crowds-out additional individual contributions. A reference to fellow citizens significantly increases the share of contributors as it attracts subjects that are not per-se pro-environmentally oriented. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary provision of environmental public goods,Social Norms,Crowding-out,Willingness to pay,Framed-field experiment |
| JEL: | C93 C83 D9 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22040&r=env |
| By: | Nisbett, Nicole; Spaiser, Viktoria |
| Abstract: | Youth Climate Activists are an important norm entrepreneur as humanity is increasingly awakening to the realities of accelerating climate change. They push for seeing climate change not merely through cost-benefit analysis frames but through frames of multiple climate justices and our responsibility to protect the most vulnerable, including our own children, against the unfolding climate crisis. But how successful have these activists been in shifting perspectives in the context of international climate politics, where often the fundamental parameters are set for national climate politics? Here we computationally investigate to what extent the normative framework advanced by this movement is increasingly penetrating the international public climate debate, changing arguments, priorities, and frames used at international climate policy negotiations hosted by UNFCCC and we investigate the key actors pushing for normative change. We find that indeed the normative framework advanced by the movement has successfully penetrated the discourse around UNFCCC and that youth climate activists were able gain support from norm champions furthering their cause and further contributing to the diffusion of their normative framework. We also find that their normative framework is slowly starting to spread among government actors. |
| Date: | 2022–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:5zsra&r=env |
| By: | Wang-Helmreich, Hanna; Obergassel, Wolfgang; Lah, Oliver |
| Abstract: | What is necessary to reach net zero emissions in the transport sector on a global level? To keep limiting global warming to 1.5ê C within reach, the world has to decarbonise by mid-century, with every sector contributing as much as possible as soon as possible. This paper identifies what has to be done in road transport, aviation, and shipping to achieve net zero emission in the transport sector. For this purpose, it first sets the scene by providing an overview of the origins and impacts of the concept of net zero emissions in international climate policy as well as of the current state and future prospects of global transport emissions using currently available scenarios for low-emission and net zero transport. While for staying below 1.5ê C, the basic approach to reducing transport emissions remains unchanged from what has been suggested in the past, the set, intensity and pace of actions as to shift fundamentally. Without first drastically reducing traffic volume and shifting transport demand to low-emission modes, reaching net zero transport will not be feasible: the amount of additional electricity required to fully electrify the sector with renewable energy is otherwise just too huge. After portraying key instruments for achieving net zero emissions in land transport, aviation, and shipping, this paper identifies key barriers for net zero transport. Based on this analysis, the authors recommend the following to be able to move transport to net zero: 1. Adapt Decarbonisation Strategies to Different Transport Sub-sectors 2. Prioritise and Significantly Increase Investment in Zero-/low-carbon Infrastructure 3. Massively Invest in the Development and Roll out of Zero-/low-emission Technologies 4. Focus on a Just Transition to Overcome Social and Political Barriers 5. Increase International Support and Cooperation. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuppap:199&r=env |
| By: | Robert Huang; Matthew E. Kahn |
| Abstract: | Access to electricity is a crucial determinant of quality of life and productivity. The United States has a highly reliable electricity grid but it faces new resilience challenges posed by more intense natural disasters and rising state level green power requirements. Using a U.S electric utility panel dataset from 2013 to 2020, we document that natural disaster exposure disrupts service, but utilities have made some progress in adapting to such shocks. Over the last decade, there has been a tradeoff between achieving local carbon mitigation goals and offering reliable power access. |
| JEL: | H40 L0 Q40 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30583&r=env |
| By: | To, Jenny |
| Abstract: | The European Union Circular Economy Action Plan (EU-CEAP) is key to transitioning to a circular economy and climate neutrality under the EU Green Deal - and developing and emerging countries (DECs) play important roles, They are essential for primary material chains, for example, for electric vehicle batteries, DECs are also part of secondary material chains, and Europe relies on them to recycle its plastic packaging, Despite the crucial roles that DECs play in Europe's transition to a circular economy, literature and policy discourses have not yet examined the EU-CEAP's impact, This discussion paper fills this gap by outlining the EU- CEAP's challenges and opportunities for DECs and presents recommendations for development cooperation. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,green economy,EU Green Deal,EU Circular Economy Action Plan,plastic waste,plastic packaging,electric vehicles,electric vehicle batteries,developing and emerging countries |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:122022&r=env |
| By: | Ali Shah, Muhammad Azeem (International Water Management Institute); Akbar, Muhammad Zain Bin (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Solar energy; Irrigation systems; Groundwater; Water extraction; Pumps; Water use; Tube wells; Water quality; Policies; Sustainability; Farmers |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050621&r=env |
| By: | Hirose, Kosuke; Matsumura, Toshihiro |
| Abstract: | A theoretical investigation is conducted on how common ownership (or the extent of cooperation in an industry) affects firms' incentives to adopt green fuel in an oligopoly. The findings show that common ownership hinders the switch from brown to green fuels in two ways. First, an increase in the degree of common ownership reduces a firm's incentive to adopt green fuel. Second, an increase in the degree of common ownership induces a production substitution from green to brown fuel firms. Both these effects reduce the share of green fuel. |
| Keywords: | green transition; green fuel; brown fuel; competition restricting effect; production substitution |
| JEL: | L13 M14 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115224&r=env |
| By: | C. Feger (AgroParisTech, MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UM1 - Université Montpellier 1 - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UM2 - Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School); Harold Levrel (AgroParisTech, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alexandre Rambaud |
| Abstract: | Outline – The first part of this paper will discuss our reasons to turn to the academic and practical field of ecological accounting at different levels of decision and organization (national, business and ecosystem); and our choice to adopt a strong sustainability and maintenance cost-based approach. Based on these foundations, we will then present three complementary ecological accounting methods at the national level (the Unpaid ecological costs approach); at the business level (the Comprehensive Accounting in Respect of Ecology model) and at ecosystem management level (the Ecosystem-centric management accounting approach). We will conclude by highlighting the need to continue to progress towards the interlinking of these methods. Issue addressed in this paper – In order to contribute to the multiple efforts for the transformation of our economy into a system that effectively maintains and restores biodiversity, we introduce a proposal aimed at going further in the integration of ecosystem-interdependencies information at the heart of organizational processes and decision-making procedures at different levels. These methods also aim to take into consideration the great variety of decision-making and action contexts that characterize the realm of biodiversity conservation. We argue that such an endeavor requires to turn to the field of "ecological accounting", both on a conceptual level and on a practical level, to put forward concrete methods and tools for collective decision and action. The paper hence addresses the following question: what kind of ecological accounting concepts and methods can be sense-making and scientifically sound, to support the management of biodiversity-related risks and reorganize our economic system towards the achievement of biodiversity conservation/restoration goals ? |
| Keywords: | biodiversity,accounting,strong sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03834734&r=env |
| By: | Dahis, Ricardo; de las Heras, Iván; Saavedra, Santiago |
| Abstract: | A fundamental difficulty in policy-making is that policies often have costs today but benefits far into the future. This difficulty is particularly salient to climate change and environmental conservation policies. A critical dimension in this trade-off is the age of politicians. Younger politicians have a longer lifespan, which could lead them to weigh more future policy benefits. However, younger politicians might be more prone to show short-term economic results to climb the political ladder. We study this trade-off in the case of Brazilian mayors and deforestation, using a regression dis- continuity design for close elections. We find that when a young politician is elected, there is a reduction in deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions intensity, without significant effects on municipal gross domestic product. The results also show that younger politicians allocate more budget to education and capital investment, suggesting that the time horizon aspect dominates the trade-off. These results illustrate the importance of youth political participation for long-term policy. |
| Date: | 2022–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:h5tn2&r=env |
| By: | Patricia Lejoux (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Do coworking spaces promote more sustainable mobility practices? - Questioning the sustainability of coworkers' mobility practices. In France, the creation of CSs was accompanied by a very proactive discourse from the public authorities, who encouraged their development. This support was justified by the presumed virtuous effects of coworking on sustainable mobility. By offering workers the possibility to work close to their home, CSs are supposed to reduce the environmental nuisances generated by commuting (CO2 emissions, air pollution, etc.). The objective of the project was to break with this old debate, which appeared in the 1990s with the emergence of telecommuting, and to broaden the questioning around the sustainability of coworkers' lifestyles, captured through their mobility practices. The objective of the project was to understand to what extent the possibility offered by coworking to choose one's place of work, by teleworking, could contribute to modify the mobility practices of individuals (daily trips, but also travels, choice of place of residence, etc.) and eventually make them more sustainable, not only environmentally, but also economically and socially. |
| Abstract: | Les espaces de coworking favorisent-ils des pratiques de mobilité plus durables ? - Questionner la durabilité des pratiques de mobilité des coworkers. En France, la création d'ECW s'est accompagnée d'un discours très volontariste des pouvoirs publics qui ont encouragé leur développement. Ce soutien a été notamment justifié par les effets présumés vertueux, mais non démontrés, du coworking en matière de mobilité durable. En offrant aux actifs la possibilité de travailler à proximité de leur domicile, les ECW sont supposés réduire les nuisances environnementales générées par les déplacements domicile-travail (émissions de CO2, pollution de l'air, etc.). L'objectif du projet était de rompre avec ce débat ancien, apparu dans les années quatre-vingt-dix avec l'émergence du télétravail, et d'élargir le questionnement autour de la durabilité des modes de vie des coworkers, saisis à travers leurs pratiques de mobilité. L'objectif du projet était de comprendre dans quelle mesure la possibilité qu'offrait le coworking de choisir davantage son lieu de travail, grâce au développement du travail à distance, pouvait contribuer à modifier les pratiques de mobilité des individus (déplacements quotidiens, mais aussi voyages, choix du lieu de résidence, etc.) et les rendre éventuellement plus durables, sur le plan environnemental, mais aussi économique et social. |
| Keywords: | Pratiques de mobilité,Coworkers,Durabilité urbaine |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03792435&r=env |
| By: | Yannic Rehm (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Lucas Chancel (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the distribution of annual wealth-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in France and Germany, using a novel method to combine newly released air emission accounts, national accounts, and survey data on wealth. In our proposed framework, wealth holders are responsible for the emissions that occur in production processes they implicitly control. Our findings suggest that wealth-related emissions are at least as much concentrated at the very top than wealth itself, possibly even more. In addition, wealth-related emissions appear to be more even more concentrated in Germany than in France. Large emissions inequalities persist even when individuals are attributed a combination of direct and indirect GHG emissions. Wealth-related emissions of the average top 10% wealth holder exceed total emissions (including direct and indirect emissions from consumption) of the average individual in the bottom 50% in France and Germany. All emissions considered, the life of the average top 10% wealth holder appears to be 3-5 times more carbon-intensive than the average individual in the bottom 50%. Finally, we discuss the paper's findings implications for a per-ton tax on the carbon content of wealth. |
| Keywords: | Capital,Carbon tax,Emissions,Inequality,National accounts,Survey,Taxation,Wealth |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03828939&r=env |
| By: | Clara Kögel (OCDE - Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of air pollution on labour productivity in French establishments in both manufacturing and non-financial market services sectors from 2001 to 2018. An instrumental variable approach based on planetary boundary layer height and wind speed allows identifying the causal effect of air pollution on labour productivity. The finding shows that a 10% increase in fine particulate matter leads, on average, to a 1.5% decrease in labour productivity, controlling for firm-specific characteristics and other confounding factors. The analysis also considers different dimensions of heterogeneity driving this adverse effect. The negative effect of pollution is mainly driven by service-intensive firms and sectors with a high share of highly skilled workers. This finding is in line with the expectation that air pollution affects cognitive skills, concentration, headache, and fatigue in non-routine cognitive tasks. Compared to an estimation of the marginal abatement cost of PM 2.5 reductions by the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, gains only from the labour productivity channel are equivalent to one-third of the abatement cost over the implementation period. All in all, these estimates suggest that the negative impact of air pollution is much larger than previously documented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | air pollution,labour productivity,planetary boundary layer height |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03837884&r=env |
| By: | Piyu Ke; Zhu Deng; Biqing Zhu; Bo Zheng; Yilong Wang; Olivier Boucher; Simon Ben Arous; Chuanlong Zhou; Xinyu Dou; Taochun Sun; Zhao Li; Feifan Yan; Duo Cui; Yifan Hu; Da Huo; Jean Pierre; Richard Engelen; Steven J. Davis; Philippe Ciais; Zhu Liu |
| Abstract: | With the urgent need to implement the EU countries pledges and to monitor the effectiveness of Green Deal plan, Monitoring Reporting and Verification tools are needed to track how emissions are changing for all the sectors. Current official inventories only provide annual estimates of national CO$_2$ emissions with a lag of 1+ year which do not capture the variations of emissions due to recent shocks including COVID lockdowns and economic rebounds, war in Ukraine. Here we present a near-real-time country-level dataset of daily fossil fuel and cement emissions from January 2019 through December 2021 for 27 EU countries and UK, which called Carbon Monitor Europe. The data are calculated separately for six sectors: power, industry, ground transportation, domestic aviation, international aviation and residential. Daily CO$_2$ emissions are estimated from a large set of activity data compiled from different sources. The goal of this dataset is to improve the timeliness and temporal resolution of emissions for European countries, to inform the public and decision makers about current emissions changes in Europe. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.01944&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Barbara D. Mensah (University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana) |
| Abstract: | The study complements extant literature by assessing linkages between financial development, external flows and CO2 emissions in 27 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2002 to 2018. The empirical evidence is based on interactive quantile regressions and external flows consist of remittances, foreign aid, trade openness and foreign investment. The findings establish minimum thresholds of external flows that are needed for the corresponding external flows to interact with financial development in view of promoting environmental sustainability by means of reducing CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | foreign aid, remittances, foreign direct investment, official development assistance, trade, CO2 emissions, quantile regressions |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/082&r=env |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Barbara D. Mensah (University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana) |
| Abstract: | The study complements extant literature by assessing linkages between financial development, external flows and CO2 emissions in 27 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2002 to 2018. The empirical evidence is based on interactive quantile regressions and external flows consist of remittances, foreign aid, trade openness and foreign investment. The findings establish minimum thresholds of external flows that are needed for the corresponding external flows to interact with financial development in view of promoting environmental sustainability by means of reducing CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | foreign aid, remittances, foreign direct investment, official development assistance, trade, CO2 emissions, quantile regressions |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/082&r=env |
| By: | Abdulla, Kanat; Serikbayeva, Balzhan |
| Abstract: | In this article we examine the effect of civil society capacity on environmental compliance. We argue that civil society development positively impacts compliance with environmental regulations. We propose a theoretical framework whereby better civil society increases the cost of non-compliance; hence companies are more likely to behave in an environmentally friendly way. Our empirical findings suggest that a well-developed civil society contributes to better environmental performance of enterprises. This is robust to controlling for the levels of income and environmental awareness across countries as well as their regional characteristics. Thus, the study provides evidence for the important role of enhancing civil society participation in achieving greater environmental protection and has significant policy implications. |
| Keywords: | civil society, environmental compliance |
| JEL: | O13 O44 Q51 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115365&r=env |
| By: | Firth, I.; Hitch, J.; Henderson, N.; Cookson, C. |
| Abstract: | Tackling the climate crisis is an international priority. Healthcare has a high carbon footprint, accounting for 5% of the UK's carbon footprint (Lenzen et al., 2020) and NHS England has estimated that the manufacture, supply, and use of pharmaceuticals account for 25% of the NHS's total carbon footprint (NHS England, 2020). The UK government and the NHS in England have shown international leadership by setting ambitious net zero targets in recent years. However, it is widely recognised that to meet net zero targets, the private sector has an important role to play in reducing the carbon and broader environmental footprints of the products and services they supply to society. Many pharmaceutical companies have made commitments to reach net zero carbon across their operations, but in order to deliver, several significant, industry-specific challenges must be overcome. This report sets out the high-priority activities that the NHS, UK government and industry should undertake to tackle these challenges. To adopt the recommendations, investment is needed from the industry, the UK Government and the NHS. No one actor can be expected to foot the bill for the upfront and ongoing investment needed to achieve long-term sustainability within the pharmaceutical industry. Any action taken in the UK will need to be replicated internationally to have any impact. Meaningful engagement, collaboration and action need to be taken now by governments, health systems, medicines regulators and companies globally to secure the era of green pharmaceuticals. The core analysis for this report was undertaken before the energy crisis began. The crisis is caused by a number of global factors that have been worsened by local factors to result in high energy prices. The soaring cost of energy serves to reinforce both the urgency for action and the recommended actions outlined in this report. Specifically, the energy crisis shows how vulnerable the global pharmaceutical supply chain is to geo-political events (such as the war in Ukraine), fluctuations in the price of energy due to shortages of supply and the effects of climate change like heatwaves, fires and draughts. In the context of high energy prices, any actions to improve energy efficiency will pay for themselves more quickly increasing the incentives on companies to invest in energy efficiency to reduce the vulnerability of the industry to global shocks in the future. |
| Keywords: | Policy, Organisation and Incentives in Health Systems |
| JEL: | I1 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ohe:conrep:002474&r=env |
| By: | Danielle Devogelaer; Dominique Gusbin |
| Abstract: | This paper examines what role offshore wind can play in helping Belgium achieve climate neutrality by 2050. The Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone is limited and its exploitation for energy purposes cannot be extended indefinitely. Therefore, this paper looks at the development of joint hybrid offshore wind projects that both provide renewable energy capacity and can serve as interconnectors linking different countries. Two scenarios are defined and studied. They differ in the level of ambition for these hybrid hubs and the necessary electricity supply for a de-fossilised Belgian economy. |
| Keywords: | Electricity, Electricity demand, Hydrogen, Renewable energy sources, Long-term energy projections, Energy modelling, energy transition |
| JEL: | C61 L94 Q41 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpb:wpaper:2108&r=env |
| By: | Abdulkadri, Abdullahi; John-Aloye, Samantha; Mkrtchyan, Iskuhi; Gonzales, Candice; Johnson, Shari; Floyd, Shirelle |
| Abstract: | Considering the vital importance of gender equality to development and the specific promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to leave no one behind, girls and boys should be provided with equal opportunities to achieve their fullest potential as promoted in specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and related targets. Noting that the 2020–2029 decade has been termed the “Decade of Action” for sustainable development, there is the need for the Caribbean to urgently address its human capital development challenge even as the subregion deals with many economic, social, and environmental challenges facing it as small island developing States (SIDS). In this study, we examine data on school enrolment and academic performance to discern any gender disparity in access to education and academic performance of students. |
| Keywords: | MUJERES, EDUCACION DE LA MUJER, EMPLEO DE LA MUJER, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, ASISTENCIA ESCOLAR, RENDIMIENTO ESCOLAR, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, WOMEN, WOMEN'S EDUCATION, WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT, GENDER EQUALITY, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:48155&r=env |
| By: | Sirini Jeudy-Hugo (OECD); Sofie Errendal (OECD); Izumi Kotani (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores what the first global stocktake (GST1) under the Paris Agreement could usefully do in relation to two elements of its mandate on adaptation, namely, to review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation, and to enhance the implementation of adaptation action. This paper also discusses potential outputs from GST1, and how they could facilitate the intended outcomes of the process on adaptation, taking into account a learning-by-doing approach. This paper highlights that a comprehensive collective assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation requires data that is currently not available for various reasons. Nonetheless, this paper finds that the GST’s ability to incorporate learning and its scope for continuous improvement provides an important opportunity to develop, apply and refine approaches and methodologies over time to better address the GST’s mandate on adaptation in subsequent cycles. The paper concludes that the GST1 process could help to inform and enhance Parties’ adaptation efforts by identifying priority data needs and gaps, increasing understanding of different approaches to assessing adaptation actions, identifying enabling factors for effective adaptation, and building linkages with parallel processes including on the Global Goal on Adaptation. In this way, the GST1 could play an important role in helping to set a foundation for improved approaches and data on adaptation over time that can feed into future GSTs and support the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, Climate change, Global stocktake, Monitoring and evaluation, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 Q54 Q56 Q58 O29 |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2022/4-en&r=env |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can use massive computational resources, raising sustainability concerns. This report aims to improve understanding of the environmental impacts of AI, and help measure and decrease AI’s negative effects while enabling it to accelerate action for the good of the planet. It distinguishes between the direct environmental impacts of developing, using and disposing of AI systems and related equipment, and the indirect costs and benefits of using AI applications. It recommends the establishment of measurement standards, expanding data collection, identifying AI-specific impacts, looking beyond operational energy use and emissions, and improving transparency and equity to help policy makers make AI part of the solution to sustainability challenges. |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaab:341-en&r=env |
| By: | Troell, J.; Keene, S. |
| Abstract: | Despite the progress made in conceptualizing and advocating for secure community-based land and forest tenure rights, there is a critical lacuna in advocacy and policymaking processes pertaining to community-based freshwater tenure rights. Moreover, water tenure as a concept has only recently gained significant traction in global policy circles. This report analyzes national and international legal pathways for recognizing customary forms of community-based freshwater tenure rights held by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) in sub-Saharan Africa. It employs a methodological framework and builds on an analysis of community-based water tenure systems that was developed and applied by the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) and the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in the publication Whose Water? A Comparative Analysis of National Laws and Regulations Recognizing Indigenous Peoples’, Afro-Descendants’, and Local Communities’ Water Tenure. Based on the key findings of this analysis, in particular the frequent dependence of IPLCs’ legally recognized customary water tenure rights on their legally recognized land and/or forest rights, this report further analyzes national constitutions, national legislation governing water, land, forests, environmental protection and other related matters, international and national case law, and international and regional human rights laws, to explore how legal frameworks are recognizing and protecting customary water tenure rights across sub-Saharan Africa. The findings and recommendations provide a basis for analyzing the comparative effectiveness and potential drawbacks of these legal pathways for the recognition and protection of customary water tenure and ultimately for future work refining and improving legislation and assessing progress in its implementation and enforcement. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirr:329166&r=env |
| By: | Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark); Christina Christou (School of Economics and Management, Open University of Cyprus, 2252, Latsia, Cyprus); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper utilizes Bayesian (static) model averaging (BMA) and dynamic model averaging (DMA) incorporated into Markov-switching (MS) models to forecast business cycle turning points of the United States (US) with state-level climate risks data, proxied by temperature changes and its (realized) volatility. We find that forecasts obtained from the DMA combination scheme provide timely updates of the US business cycles based on the information content of the metrics of state-level climate risks, particularly volatility of temperature, relative to the corresponding small-scale MS benchmarks that use national-level values of climate change-related predictors. |
| Keywords: | Business fluctuations and cycles, Climate risks, Markov-switching models, Model averaging |
| JEL: | C22 C53 E32 E37 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202252&r=env |
| By: | Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates if information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play a role of catalyst for the achievement of most of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at local level in African countries. We use the Afrobarometer Round 7 Surveys, and base our empirical methodology on 2SLS-IV regressions to take into account the concern of reverse causality. The findings reveal that ICTs have a positive and significant effect on the achievement of SDGs, notably, in eight out of thirteen goals (Goal 1 “No poverty†, Goal 2 “Zero Hunger†, Goal 6 “Clean water and sanitation†, Goal 8 “Decent work and economic growth†, Goal 11 “Sustainable cities and communities†, Goal 5 “Gender equality†, Goal 7 “Affordable and clean energy†, Goal 9 “Industry, innovation and infrastructure†). The results suggest that ICTs can help to accelerate progress towards SDGs in Africa. |
| Keywords: | information technology; inclusive development; sustainable development |
| JEL: | D10 D14 D31 D60 O30 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/084&r=env |
| By: | Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates if information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play a role of catalyst for the achievement of most of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at local level in African countries. We use the Afrobarometer Round 7 Surveys, and base our empirical methodology on 2SLS-IV regressions to take into account the concern of reverse causality. The findings reveal that ICTs have a positive and significant effect on the achievement of SDGs, notably, in eight out of thirteen goals (Goal 1 “No poverty†, Goal 2 “Zero Hunger†, Goal 6 “Clean water and sanitation†, Goal 8 “Decent work and economic growth†, Goal 11 “Sustainable cities and communities†, Goal 5 “Gender equality†, Goal 7 “Affordable and clean energy†, Goal 9 “Industry, innovation and infrastructure†). The results suggest that ICTs can help to accelerate progress towards SDGs in Africa. |
| Keywords: | information technology; inclusive development; sustainable development |
| JEL: | D10 D14 D31 D60 O30 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/084&r=env |
| By: | Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates if information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play a role of catalyst for the achievement of most of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at local level in African countries. We use the Afrobarometer Round 7 Surveys, and base our empirical methodology on 2SLS-IV regressions to take into account the concern of reverse causality. The findings reveal that ICTs have a positive and significant effect on the achievement of SDGs, notably, in eight out of thirteen goals (Goal 1 “No poverty†, Goal 2 “Zero Hunger†, Goal 6 “Clean water and sanitation†, Goal 8 “Decent work and economic growth†, Goal 11 “Sustainable cities and communities†, Goal 5 “Gender equality†, Goal 7 “Affordable and clean energy†, Goal 9 “Industry, innovation and infrastructure†). The results suggest that ICTs can help to accelerate progress towards SDGs in Africa. |
| Keywords: | information technology; inclusive development; sustainable development |
| JEL: | D10 D14 D31 D60 O30 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/019&r=env |
| By: | Nathaly Rivera; Elisheba Spiller; J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy can yield social benefits through local air quality improvements and their subsequent effects on human health. We estimate some of these benefits using data gathered during the rapid adoption of large-scale solar power generation in Chile over the last decade. Relying on exogenous variation from incremental solar generation capacity over time, we find that solar energy displaces fossil fuel generation, primarily coal-fired generation, and curtails hospital admissions, particularly those due to lower respiratory diseases. These effects are noted mostly in cities downwind of displaced fossil fuel generation and are present across the most vulnerable age groups. Our results document the existence of an additional channel through which renewable energy can increase social welfare. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp540&r=env |
| By: | R. Daniel Bressler; Geoffrey Heal |
| Abstract: | Valuing deaths caused by climate change in Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) is complex and controversial, having caused disagreement and acrimony in past high-profile settings. Furthermore, it is of first order consequence to the value of the social cost of carbon (SCC). Despite this, the underlying considerations remain under-analyzed. We address this by assessing the theory behind different approaches to BCA, and by evaluating how they fare when applied to global externalities like climate change. The pure Kaldor-Hicks approach to BCA – measuring costs in market dollars unadjusted for diminishing marginal utility and valuing premature deaths in rich areas more than poor areas – relies on assumptions that are debated in domestic contexts, but, as we show, clearly do not hold in the context of climate change. We show that this approach is equivalent to defining a Negishi weighted social welfare function. Furthermore, we show that if costs are measured in purchasing power parity adjusted money – as is typical for the SCC – then the Kaldor-Hicks potential compensation criterion no longer necessarily holds. We conclude that the first-best BCA approach in the climate context is welfare weighting. This approach accounts for diminishing marginal utility using empirical estimates for the curvature of the utility function, and it better captures what a social planner naturally cares about: real net benefits and the welfare people get from those net benefits. The current U.S. practice – identical to the pure Kaldor-Hicks approach except that it gives a uniform population average value to all premature deaths – is preferred over the pure Kaldor-Hicks approach because it implicitly welfare weights premature mortality costs. However, the fully welfare weighted approach is first-best because it accounts for diminishing marginal utility across all costs, not just premature mortality risk. |
| JEL: | H00 Q00 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30648&r=env |
| By: | Frédéric Reynés (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Meriem Hamdi-Cherif (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Gissela Landa (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Alexandre Tourbah |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de ce Policy brief est de faire le diagnostic des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique en France et de mettre en avant les grands chantiers nécessaires. Nous revenons d'abord sur les performances de la France en matière de baisse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Bien que des efforts soient engagés, les politiques mises en oeuvre sont en retard par rapport à l'objectif de la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Au rythme de baisse des émissions des 10 dernières années, cet objectif ne serait atteint qu'en 2130. Il est donc primordial dès le prochain quinquennat de relancer concrètement la politique environnementale de la France. Pour mettre la France sur une trajectoire de décarbonation ambitieuse et réaliste, deux stratégies sont souvent opposées. La première repose sur les évolutions technologiques tandis que la seconde s'appuie sur la sobriété énergétique. Nous montrons au contraire la complémentarité des deux approches qui ont chacune leurs incertitudes : pari technologique versus pari de la modification des comportements. Le point commun de toute stratégie compatible avec la neutralité carbone en 2050 est qu'un effort significatif à mettre en oeuvre sans délai est nécessaire. Un enjeu important de l'élection présidentielle est de trancher démocratiquement sur quoi doit porter cet effort et sur les instruments à privilégier : inciter à des modes de consommation plus sobres, investir massivement dans des modes de production d'énergie décarbonée, faire des choix technologiques, etc. Cela nous amène à discuter des avantages et des inconvénients des principaux instruments économiques (prix du carbone, subventions, investissements publics, normes, sensibilisations) dont disposent les décideurs politiques pour mettre en oeuvre la transition bas carbone. Nous en tirons plusieurs conclusions. Aucun instrument n'étant parfait, la politique environnementale nécessite de s'appuyer sur une combinaison d'instruments et donc d'être pensée dans sa globalité. Le manque de considération des questions d'acceptabilité et de justice sociale sont des éléments clé pour expliquer les blocages autour des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique. Nous proposons deux pistes pour relancer les politiques environnementales : Améliorer la transparence autour des prix du carbone (explicites ou implicites) payés par les différents agents. Cela passe par une réforme fiscale qui convertisse explicitement les taxes énergétiques en fiscalité carbone. Cela faciliterait la comparaison des dispositifs existants (fiscalité, marchés de quotas, ou normes) et donc les efforts des différents agents dans la lutte contre le changement climatique ; Structurer la politique économique autour de la question climatique et de la réalisation de la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Cela pourrait passer par la fusion des ministères de l'Économie et des finances avec celui de la Transition écologique, comme cela s'est fait aux Pays-Bas et en Allemagne. Ceci permettrait de faciliter la mise en oeuvre des grands chantiers économiques liés aux politiques environnementales : politiques d'investissements, de planification, ou industrielles, mais également de redistribution et de soutien aux différents acteurs, ménages et entreprises exposés. Cette fusion doit aller de pair avec le renforcement des conseils indépendants d'évaluation et de recommandation, comme le Haut-Conseil pour le climat. |
| Keywords: | environnement,politique économique,réforme fiscale,changement climatique |
| Date: | 2022–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03700011&r=env |
| By: | Océane Le Pierres (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Julia Grimault (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Cette étude passe en revue les produits bois à longue durée de vie pouvant être obtenus à partir de ressources aujourd'hui dédiés aux filières du papier et de l'énergie, les contraintes techniques qui pèsent sur leur production, et les possibles débouchés sur le marché français. Deux leviers prometteurs ont été identifiés pour mieux valoriser le bois récolté : 1) Optimiser la valorisation matière du bois d'oeuvre, c'est-à- dire des gros bois de qualité supérieure généralement destinés à des usages longs, en transformant autant que possible le bois récolté en sciages, quitte à mobiliser de nouvelles technologies. 2) Réorienter une part de la ressource actuellement utilisée par les filières du papier et de l'énergie, comme les bois de plus petits diamètres et les produits dérivés de la transformation du bois, à des usages à longue durée de vie comme les panneaux de construction et les isolants en bois. |
| Keywords: | Carbon neutrality,wood products,reorientation,climate change mitigation,France |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03813270&r=env |
| By: | August Bruno; Paige Weber; Andrew J. Yates |
| Abstract: | Proponents of Bitcoin argue that demand for electricity from Bitcoin miners can lead to an increase in renewable electricity capacity. We rigorously evaluate this claim by estimating a Bitcoin electricity demand curve and include this demand curve in a long-run model of the Texas electricity market. We find that while Bitcoin mining can indeed increase renewable capacity, it also increases carbon emissions. When Bitcoin miners provide grid management services in the form of demand response, their emissions impact is largely mitigated. |
| Keywords: | cryptocurrency, electricity markets, renewable energy, Bitcoin |
| JEL: | Q49 Q42 Q41 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9973&r=env |
| By: | Alanda Venter (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa); Roula Inglesi-Lotz (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | In 2015, the COP21 countries made pledges to reduce CO2 emissions, focusing on decreasing emissions in the energy sector. A challenge most of these countries experience is reducing CO2 emissions while sustaining economic growth; a possible solution to this challenge might be to account for the effect of institutional quality. This study examines potential pairwise relationships between economic growth and CO2 emissions while considering the institutional quality. The study uses a panel dataset of 106 countries from 2003 to 2018, divided into four income groups. The findings at a disaggregated level confirm no causal relationship is found for low-income countries; however, causal relationships start to form as results are shown for middle-income to high-income countries. At an aggregate level, the results indicate economic growth granger causes CO2 emissions, while granger causation was also found between economic growth and institutional quality. |
| Keywords: | Energy, Institutions, Emissions, Institutional quality, Economic growth |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202253&r=env |
| By: | Otero, Iago; Rigal, Stanislas; Pereira, Laura M.; Kim, HyeJin; Grêt-Regamey, Adrienne |
| Abstract: | Economic growth contributes to biodiversity loss and does not necessarily contribute to wellbeing. Thus, when developing biodiversity scenarios, we should explore societal futures where economic growth is not a pre-condition. However, it is not clear how and by whom a degrowth scenario for biodiversity could be developed. This is so because there are different approaches to develop scenarios (some of them nascent) and because degrowth is only loosely connected to biodiversity questions. In this perspective paper we explain how the Nature Futures Framework (NFF) could be used to generate a degrowth scenario for biodiversity, Nature's Contributions to People (NCP) and Good Quality of Life (GQL) based on multiple societal values. We present key methodological avenues of such an endeavour, including: (i) generating degrowth visions for biodiversity, NCP and GQL; (ii) identifying the leverage points and characterizing the transition; (iii) identifying relevant social-ecological feedbacks and selecting indicators; and (iv) modelling biodiversity, NCP and GQL along a degrowth transition. We frame our proposal in current efforts to improve scenario development across the biodiversity and climate communities. We end with a call for collaboration between natural and social sciences, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and northern and southern perspectives. This collaboration could lead to a community of practice that tests and improves the scenario in national and international science-policy interfaces. |
| Date: | 2022–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fcvpd&r=env |
| By: | Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Wenting Liao (School of Finance, Renmin University of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China); Jun Ma (Department of Economics, Northeastern University, 301 Lake Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we first utilize a Dynamic Factor Model with Stochastic Volatility (DFM-SV) to filter out the national factor from the local components of weekly state-level economic conditions indexes of the United States (US) over the period of April 1987 to August 2021. In the second step, we forecast the state-level factors in a panel data set-up based on the information content of corresponding state-level climate risks, as proxied by changes in temperature and its SV. The forecasting experiment depicts statistically significant evidence of out-of-sample predictability over a one-month- to one-year-ahead horizon, with stronger forecasting gains derived for states that do not believe that climate change is happening and are Republican. We also find evidence of national climate risks in accurately forecasting the national factor of economic conditions. Our analyses have important policy implications from a regional perspective. |
| Keywords: | State-Level Economic Conditions, Climate Risks, Dynamic Factor Model with Stochastic Volatility, Panel Predictive Regression, Forecasting |
| JEL: | C31 C32 C53 E32 E66 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202251&r=env |
| By: | Yang, Yefeng (City University of Hong Kong); Lagisz, Malgorzata (University of New South Wales); Nakagawa, Shinichi (University of New South Wales) |
| Abstract: | Recently, Costello and Fox (2022) tested, with a large dataset, the hypothesis of whether there is a widespread decline effect in the discipline of ecology. In other words, the magnitude of the reported ecological effect sizes declines over time (Leimu and Koricheva 2004). Contrary to early results from much smaller datasets (Jennions and Møller 2002, Barto and Rillig 2012), Costello and Fox (2022), using 466 ecological meta-analyses with > 100,000 effect sizes, concluded that there was no systematic decline effect across the field of ecology – only ~5% of ecological meta-analyses showed statistical evidence of a decline effect. This conclusion seems to be “good news” and has important field-wide implications. For example, the temporal stability of the cumulative evidence can alleviate the concerns about policy-making for conservation and environmental management (Koricheva and Kulinskaya 2019). |
| Date: | 2022–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:qc7bx&r=env |
| By: | Ho, Phuong |
| Abstract: | Many recent US Congresses have proposed bills that allow state and local governments to restrict interjurisdictional waste shipments. Using data on intercounty waste flows in California and a random utility model of haulers' decisions about where to deposit waste from each county, this paper studies the economic costs of import bans and import taxes and the implications on the distribution of waste disposal by race (and ethnicity). I find NIMBY-motivated laws would reduce intercounty waste transport at substantial economic costs. Furthermore, a NIMBY law enacted in a county, despite reducing the county's imports, could increase total intercounty waste in the whole state, generating additional external costs of transportation. A universal import ban in all counties would reduce transboundary waste but it would lead to substitution of waste away from facilities near white residents and toward facilities near Hispanic residents, exacerbating distributional concerns. |
| Date: | 2022–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v8wfg&r=env |
| By: | Frédéric Reynès (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, NEO - Netherlands Economic Observatory); Meriem Hamdi-Cherif (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Gissela Landa (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Alexandre Tourbah (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de ce Policy brief est de faire le diagnostic des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique en France et de mettre en avant les grands chantiers nécessaires. Nous revenons d'abord sur les performances de la France en matière de baisse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Bien que des efforts soient engagés, les politiques mises en oeuvre sont en retard par rapport à l'objectif de la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Au rythme de baisse des émissions des 10 dernières années, cet objectif ne serait atteint qu'en 2130. Il est donc primordial dès le prochain quinquennat de relancer concrètement la politique environnementale de la France. Pour mettre la France sur une trajectoire de décarbonation ambitieuse et réaliste, deux stratégies sont souvent opposées. La première repose sur les évolutions technologiques tandis que la seconde s'appuie sur la sobriété énergétique. Nous montrons au contraire la complémentarité des deux approches qui ont chacune leurs incertitudes : pari technologique versus pari de la modification des comportements. Le point commun de toute stratégie compatible avec la neutralité carbone en 2050 est qu'un effort significatif à mettre en oeuvre sans délai est nécessaire. Un enjeu important de l'élection présidentielle est de trancher démocratiquement sur quoi doit porter cet effort et sur les instruments à privilégier : inciter à des modes de consommation plus sobres, investir massivement dans des modes de production d'énergie décarbonée, faire des choix technologiques, etc. Cela nous amène à discuter des avantages et des inconvénients des principaux instruments économiques (prix du carbone, subventions, investissements publics, normes, sensibilisations) dont disposent les décideurs politiques pour mettre en oeuvre la transition bas carbone. Nous en tirons plusieurs conclusions. Aucun instrument n'étant parfait, la politique environnementale nécessite de s'appuyer sur une combinaison d'instruments et donc d'être pensée dans sa globalité. Le manque de considération des questions d'acceptabilité et de justice sociale sont des éléments clé pour expliquer les blocages autour des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique. Nous proposons deux pistes pour relancer les politiques environnementales : |
| Date: | 2022–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03573215&r=env |
| By: | Belinda Storey; Sally Owen; Christian Zammit; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | How will the increased frequency of coastal inundation events induced by sea level rise impact residential insurance premiums, and when would insurance contracts be withdrawn? We model the contribution of localised sea level rise to the increased frequency of coastal inundation events. Examining four Aotearoa New Zealand cities, we combine historical tide-gauge extremes with geo-located property data to estimate the annual expected loss from this hazard, for each property, to establish when insurance retreat is likely to occur. We find that as sea level rise changes the frequency of inundation events, 99% of properties currently within 1% AEP coastal inundation zones can expect at least partial insurance retreat within a decade (associated with less than 10cm of sea level rise). Our modelling predicts that full insurance retreat is likely within 20 – 25 years, with timing dependent on the tidal range in each location, and, more intuitively, on the property’s elevation and distance from the coast. |
| Keywords: | insurance, retreat, sea level rise, SLR, climate change |
| JEL: | Q54 R38 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10017&r=env |
| By: | Baker, Lucy |
| Abstract: | The subject of carbon pricing is rising up the global policy agenda, as countries take action in the aftermath of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Conference of the Parties 26 summit in November 2021. South Africa is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa to have enacted a carbon tax to date, and, globally speaking, was ahead of the curve when it started to consider its implementation at the start of 2010. With a historically energy-intensive and carbon-intensive economy as a core feature of its minerals-energy complex, South Africa is the world’s 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and the largest emitter on the continent. Its electricity grid is the world’s most carbon-intensive, and its primary energy consumption is ranked 17th globally. While the country’s gross domestic product is the 30th highest in the world, it is also one of the most unequal. It has a legacy of socioeconomic and political exclusion, and marginalisation created by the apartheid history that has persisted in the decades since the democratic transition in 1994. This paper asks to what extent and in what way has South Africa’s political economy shaped the process and implementation of its carbon tax? In answering this question, the report explores and analyses the design and implementation of the tax; the key criticisms to which it has been subjected; the effectiveness of the tax, not least in light of the considerable allowances and exemptions that have been included in its design; the relationship between the carbon tax and other existing climate change policies; and the potential relevance of South Africa’s experience for other countries on the continent. |
| Keywords: | Governance, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:17745&r=env |
| By: | Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc; Al-Masri, Razan |
| Abstract: | This article has examined the role of environmental conditions and purchasing power parity in deciding the quality of life among big Asian cities. The study has constructed an index for quality of life with the help of housing, crime rates, death rate, average life expectancy, environmental degradation, and level of education. Quality of life has been selected as the dependent variable and the level of pollution, availability of health care facilities, local purchasing power, availability of groceries, level of democracy, cost of living, restaurants, level of traffic, and level of rents are selected explanatory variables. For empirical analysis, this study uses data for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. The estimated results show that pollution has a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. Local purchasing power has a positive and significant relationship with the quality of life in the cities of Asia. Groceries and democracy are very important parts of the daily life of human beings but they have insignificant impacts on the quality of life in Asian cities. Restaurants have a positive and significant impact on quality of life. This study finds that level of traffic and the level of rent have a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. The overall results conclude that selected indicators play a significant role in determining the quality of life in Asian cities. |
| Keywords: | quality of life, environmental conditions, purchasing power parity |
| JEL: | E31 J17 R11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115166&r=env |
| By: | Ali, Amjad; Audi, Marc; Al-Masri, Razan |
| Abstract: | This article has examined the role of environmental conditions and purchasing power parity in deciding the quality of life among big Asian cities. The study has constructed an index for quality of life with the help of housing, crime rates, death rate, average life expectancy, environmental degradation, and level of education. Quality of life has been selected as the dependent variable and the level of pollution, availability of health care facilities, local purchasing power, availability of groceries, level of democracy, cost of living, restaurants, level of traffic, and level of rents are selected explanatory variables. For empirical analysis, this study uses data for the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. The estimated results show that pollution has a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. Local purchasing power has a positive and significant relationship with the quality of life in the cities of Asia. Groceries and democracy are very important parts of the daily life of human beings but they have insignificant impacts on the quality of life in Asian cities. Restaurants have a positive and significant impact on quality of life. This study finds that level of traffic and the level of rent have a negative and significant impact on the quality of life in the case of Asian cities. The overall results conclude that selected indicators play a significant role in determining the quality of life in Asian cities. |
| Keywords: | quality of life, environmental conditions, purchasing power parity |
| JEL: | E31 J17 R11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115030&r=env |
| By: | Margaux Lapierre (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gwenolé Le Velly (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Douadia Bougherara (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Alexandre Sauquet (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Agri-environmental schemes (AES) are part of the main tools used by decision makers to trigger a transition in agricultural practices but one of the factors that discourages farmers from enrolling is the uncertainty of the costs and benefits associated with the adoption of the new practices. In this study, we distinguish between the "internal uncertainty" that is related to the characteristics of the farmer and his/her parcels and "external uncertainty", which is related to the occurrence of external events. We propose three innovations to better account for uncertainty in AES design: the possibility to suspend the conditions of the contract for one year, an opt-out option after three years and the opportunity for farmers to share their experience in peer-groups. We test their attractiveness through a choice experiment and analyze our results using a mixed logit model. We find that proposing AES that allow suspending the conditions of the contract for one year enhances participation. |
| Keywords: | Agri-environmental Measures,Uncertainty,Flexibility,Choice Experiment,Pesticides |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03811624&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En un contexto regional e internacional de bajo crecimiento, alta inflación y creciente desigualdad, los países de América Latina y el Caribe necesitan enfocar sus políticas no solo hacia la reactivación de los sistemas económicos y productivos, sino también hacia su reconstrucción y transformación para avanzar hacia economías con bajas emisiones de carbono y alto contenido tecnológico que permitan enfrentar el cambio climático y reducir las brechas, heterogeneidades estructurales y dualismos históricos que los caracterizan. Este documento se enmarca en ese complejo contexto con amplios desafíos para acelerar el crecimiento, enfrentar la aceleración inflacionaria y la crisis del costo de vida, mantener las transferencias hacia los hogares más vulnerables y mitigar los costos sociales de la crisis y dinamizar la inversión. Con esta mirada, en sus capítulos se analizan la dinámica de la globalización y los desafíos de política para cambiar la estructura productiva y avanzar hacia un desarrollo sostenible. También se consideran las estrategias para reducir la desigualdad y avanzar hacia sistemas de protección universales y el empleo decente en un mundo en transformación. Desde una perspectiva de crecimiento verde se examinan nueve sectores estratégicos que deberían generar un gran impulso para la sostenibilidad. El documento concluye con recomendaciones de política. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, GLOBALIZACION, MEDIO AMBIENTE, CAMBIO TECNOLOGICO, PRODUCTIVIDAD, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, EMPLEO, POLITICA SOCIAL, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA ECONOMICA, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, GLOBALIZATION, ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, PRODUCTIVITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT, SOCIAL POLICY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, ECONOMIC POLICY |
| Date: | 2022–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:c39025:48304&r=env |
| By: | van Koppen, Barbara |
| Abstract: | Living customary water tenure is the most accepted socio-legal system among the large majority of rural people in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on literature, this report seeks to develop a grounded understanding of the ways in which rural people meet their domestic and productive water needs on homesteads, distant fields or other sites of use, largely outside the ambits of the state. Taking the rural farming or pastoralist community as the unit of analysis, three components are distinguished. The first component deals with the fundamental perceptions of the links between humankind and naturally available water resources as a commons to be shared by all, partially linked to communities’ collective land rights. The second component deals with the sharing of these finite and contested naturally available water resources, especially during dry seasons and droughts. Customary arrangements shape both the ‘sharing in’ of water resources within communities and the ‘sharing out’ with other customary communities or powerful third parties. Since colonial times, communities have been vulnerable to those third parties grabbing water resources and overriding customary uses and governance. The third component deals with infrastructure to store and convey water resources. Since time immemorial, communities have invested in infrastructure for self supply, ranging from micro-scale soil moisture retention techniques to large-scale collective deep wells. As increasingly recognized in both the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and irrigation sectors, this component of self supply is rapidly expanding. In all three components, local diversity is high, with gender, class and other social hierarchies intertwining with social safety nets, neighborliness and moral economies. The study derives two sets of implications for state and non-state policies, laws and interventions. First, state legislation about the sharing of water resources should recognize and protect living customary water tenure, especially through due process in ‘sharing out’ water with powerful third parties. Remarkably, water law, which is dominated by permit systems in sub-Saharan Africa, lags behind other legislation in recognizing customary water tenure (see IWMI Research Report 182). Second, by taking communities’ self supply for multiple uses as a starting point for further water infrastructure development, the WASH, irrigation and other sectors can follow the priorities of communities, including the most vulnerable; identify cost-effective multi-purpose infrastructure; develop local skills; and, hence, contribute more sustainably to achieving more United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDGs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 13. Further historical and interdisciplinary research to achieve these benefits is recommended. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Financial Economics, Livestock Production/Industries, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirr:329165&r=env |
| By: | Stefano Carattini; Béla Figge; Alexander Gordan; Andreas Löschel |
| Abstract: | Conflicting societal goals can lead to national and local policies that are at odds with each other. National policies promoting the adoption of solar photovoltaics may be counteracted by local policies defining the aesthetics of the built environment. As solar photovoltaic energy approaches grid parity globally, non-pecuniary barriers to the adoption of this important renewable energy source become increasingly salient. Using a unique survey of municipalities regarding such building codes and administrative data on all solar installations in Germany, a leader in solar adoption, we document the impact that municipalities amending their building codes to restrict solar installations, often with an eye toward preserving the historical nature of the town, has on solar adoption. We find that municipalities that implement solar policies have 10.4 percent less solar photovoltaic capacity than municipalities in the control group. We confirm our results when applying spatial techniques and analyzing the impact of such policies on regulated areas within municipalities. |
| Keywords: | building codes, solar photovoltaics, policy evaluation, NIMBY |
| JEL: | D62 H77 Q48 Q58 R52 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10015&r=env |
| By: | Ilse de Jager (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Megan Harrison (FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]); Renate F Wit (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Anne Sonneveld (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Rosil Hesen (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Betül T M Uyar (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]); Eric O. Verger (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Ana Islas Ramos (FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]); Melissa Vargas (FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]); Ramani Wijesinha‐bettoni (FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]); Fatima Hachem (FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]); Inge D Brouwer (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]) |
| Abstract: | This is the protocol for a evidence and gap map. The main objective of this evidence and gap map is to provide access to a systematic overview of available indicators for diet-related consumer behaviours relevant to LMICs, to support policy makers and researchers to develop, monitor and revise food policies and programmes to leverage food systems transformations for healthier and more sustainable diets. |
| Date: | 2022–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03821923&r=env |
| By: | Ellis-Soto, Diego; Chapman, Melissa; Locke, Dexter |
| Abstract: | Citizen science data has rapidly gained influence in urban ecology and conservation planning, but with limited understanding of how such data reflects social, economic, and political conditions and legacies. Understanding patterns of sampling bias across socioeconomic gradients is critical to accurately map and understand biodiversity patterns, and to generating representative and just environmental knowledge. In this study we explore how historic racially-explicit zoning policies (redlining) relate to biodiversity data collection across and within 195 metropolitan areas in the United States covering >30 million people across 38 states. We specifically look at birds, as they are the most widely studied group of animals, and hundreds of thousands of citizen scientists collect biodiversity data each year. We consistently find uneven bird observation sampling density across redlined areas, with so-called ‘desirable’ areas (i.e. historically white areas) having more than twice the density than areas redlined as ‘hazardous’. We further estimate the degree to which historically redlined areas are surveyed sufficiently and identify regions across all metro areas in need of enhanced bird surveying. After accounting for differences in vegetation, open space, and climate, we find significantly lower sampling density and sampling completeness in these redlined neighborhoods. Our results shed light on the importance of considering socio-political conditions in the interpretation of urban biodiversity estimates. We conclude by discussing specific policy implementations– such as the Justice 40 Initiative and propose a new EPA indicator – and opportunities in collaborating with bottom-up community and social justice organizations for a more representative understanding of biodiversity in urban areas. |
| Date: | 2022–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:ex6w2&r=env |
| By: | Hain, Martin; Kargus, Tobias; Schermeyer, Hans; Uhrig-Homburg, Marliese; Fichtner, Wolf |
| Abstract: | Renewables introduce new weather-induced patterns and risks for market participants active in the energy commodity sector. We present a flexible framework for power spot prices that is capable of incorporating a weather model for the joint distribution of local weather conditions. This not only allows us to make use of a long history of local weather data in the calibration procedure but also makes it possible to assess how changes in the renewable generation portfolio impact the characteristics of future wholesale spot prices. Empirical tests demonstrate the model's capability to reproduce salient features of market variables. We furthermore show why our model offers unique benefits for market players compared to existing approaches. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:65&r=env |
| By: | Kroeger, Carolin |
| Abstract: | Background Climate change is expected to cause a substantial rise in food insecurity with serious consequences for human health globally1–3. Existing evidence links hot periods to food insecurity through a decline in agricultural yields in the medium- to long-term, but heat-related health impacts may influence food insecurity immediately by limiting workers’ ability to earn income1,4–6. This paper explores whether extreme heat causes immediate food insecurity through heat-related health and income reductions, and how this relationship differs across 148 countries. Methods The research design exploits a natural experiment based on the day in which people report food insecurity to survey questionnaires, matching this to weather conditions experienced by the individuals in that week. The analysis combines representative socio-demographic data at the individual level (n=497,816) from 148 countries in 2014-2017 with thermal stress data in a multi-level linear probability model. The model estimates the association between moderate-severe food insecurity and the number of hot days in the seven days leading up to the survey, accounting for age, gender, partner status, children in the household, as well as precipitation and fixed effects for the year. Findings After a hot week, on average, an additional 0.42% [95%-CI: 0.1117 to 0.7317, p=0.0077] or 34 million people worldwide are likely to experience moderate-severe food insecurity mediated by reductions in income and health. The effects are stronger in countries with lower incomes, higher agricultural employment, and more informal labour markets. Interpretation Heat increases food insecurity in the short-term by reducing people’s capability to buy food with particularly strong effects among those living in countries with more heat-exposed and informal labour markets. To prepare for a world with more frequent and intense periods of extreme heat, policymakers and researchers should carefully consider the immediate knock-on effects of climate shocks and integrate these into heat action and food security plans. |
| Date: | 2022–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gbtaj&r=env |
| By: | Loïc Henry (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture est l'un des principaux secteurs émetteurs de gaz à effets de serre (GES), en étant la principale source de méthane (CH4) et de protoxyde d'azote (N2O), deux importants GES autres que le CO2. Réciproquement, le climat est un facteur important dans les systèmes de production agricole. Le changement climatique affectera les rendements agricoles et exercera une pression supplémentaire sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes, avec des conséquences potentiellement importantes sur la sécurité alimentaire, la vulnérabilité des ménages ruraux et la biodiversité. Dans nos travaux, nous approfondissons la compréhension du rôle de la discipline économique sur le changement climatique à partir d'une analyse systématique de la littérature sur le sujet. Puis nous utilisons des approches analytiques permettant d'éclairer ce que pourrait être une politique climatique dans le secteur agricole et comment les marges d'adaptation sont conditionnées par, et interagissent avec, les déterminants économiques. |
| Keywords: | Politique agro environnementale,Changement Climatique,Sciences économiques |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800844&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon) |
| Abstract: | Deuxième secteur émetteur, l'agriculture contribue à hauteur de 29% aux émissions de GES régionales. En même temps, elle pourrait assurer une atténuation significative des émissions de GES lorsque des pratiques agricoles permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse sont mises en oeuvre. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats de ces travaux pour la région Corse et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | MACC,coût d'abattement,stockage de carbone,atténuation de GES |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03794184&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté est le deuxième secteur émetteur de GES, après les transports. Le bilan du secteur agricole peut être amélioré par le biais de la mise en oeuvre des pratiques permettant de réduire les émissions de GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse. |
| Keywords: | MACC,coût d'abattement,atténuation GES,stockage de carbone |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03794279&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon) |
| Abstract: | Premier secteur émetteur de GES, l'agriculture contribue pour 42% aux émissions de GES. En même temps, elle représente un potentiel d'atténuation élevé lorsque des pratiques agricoles permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse, sont mises en oeuvre. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats pour la région Bretagne et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | MACC,coût d'abattement,stockage de carbone,atténuation GES |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03794267&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon) |
| Abstract: | Contribuant à hauteur de 18% aux émissions de GES, l'agriculture est le troisième secteur émetteur de la région. En même temps, elle représente un potentiel d'atténuation élevé lorsque des pratiques agricoles permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse sont mises en oeuvre. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats de ces travaux pour la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | MACC,coût d'abattement,stockage de carbone,atténuation de GES |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03794295&r=env |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter |
| Abstract: | We focus on the interaction between a representative polluting tannery and a negatively impacted small farmer in Kanpur, India. The tannery produces leather and toxic chemical waste that ends up in wastewater used by the small farmer to irrigate agricultural land and grow vegetables. The waste generated by the tannery is functionally related to its output of leather. The small farmer faces a capacity constraint that describes the maximum amount of vegetables he can grow. In this setting, we perform three tasks. First, we determine the optimal production of leather when the tannery does not account for the negative effect it has on the small farmer. Second, on the assumption that the tannery compensates the small farmer per unit of waste it generates, we ascertain the optimal compensation amount, the optimal output of leather, and the profit levels of the tannery and the small farmer. Finally, we compare the solutions in the preceding two cases and explain what accounts for the differences between them. |
| Keywords: | Chemical Waste, Irrigation, Leather, Small Farmer, Tannery |
| JEL: | Q15 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115216&r=env |
| By: | Raszap Skorbiansky, Sharon; Astill, Gregory; Rosch, Stephanie; Higgins, Elizabeth; Ifft, Jennifer; Rickard, Bradley |
| Abstract: | The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers various risk management products to farmers through the Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP), and for crops in counties where FCIP is not available, through the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP). All FCIP insurance products are actuarially sound (total premiums paid are calculated to equal or exceed total claims paid), requiring a substantial amount of data to price. Only some counties generate sufficient data to create products for specialty crops like fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, horticulture, and nursery crops. This study characterizes recent changes in FCIP and NAP use by specialty crop farmers, compares differences among conventional and organic farms, and investigates the reasons some farmers choose whether to participate in these programs. Specialty crop growers increased the value of their crops insured by FCIP products from about $12 billion in 2011 to about $21 billion in 2020 (not adjusted for inflation). In 2017, FCIP or NAP covered a significant portion of acreage for many crops. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Industrial Organization, Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:329075&r=env |
| By: | Nosra Ben Fradj (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon); Laure Bamière (ECO-PUB - Economie Publique - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INA P-G - Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture en Centre-Val de Loire est le deuxième secteur émetteur de GES, après les transports. Depuis 2016, les émissions de GES agricoles ont baissé de 6,6%. Le bilan du secteur agricole peut être amélioré par le biais de la mise en oeuvre des pratiques permettant de réduire les émissions GES, préserver et accroître le stockage de carbone dans les sols et la biomasse. Cette fiche présente les principaux résultats de ces travaux pour la région Centre-Val de Loire et promeut les pratiques les plus atténuantes. |
| Keywords: | MACC,coût d'abattement,stockage de carbone,atténuation de GES |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03794191&r=env |
| By: | Yoshida, Jun; Imoto, Tomoko; Kono, Tatsuhito |
| Abstract: | Human–wildlife conflicts occur in residential areas, causing human injuries and outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. Governments have implemented policies, such as extermination, and construction of animal deterrent fences. When wildlife has a high biological value, we face a trade-off between the benefits of wildlife conservation and human safety. This study proposes a new policy of growing crops preferred by wildlife, rather than crops for human consumption, in part of the farmland, thereby attracting wildlife to the converted field and preventing them from entering residential areas. Using an ecosystem-urban economics model, we compare multiple policies including the conversion policy in terms of social welfare, and show that, regardless of the wildlife value, the crop conversion policy can be the most efficient, and fences with land use regulation is the second most efficient policy. On the other hand, the commonly-used policy of extermination is not so effective because exterminating wildlife with a high biological value significantly reduces social welfare.Human–wildlife conflicts occur in residential areas, causing human injuries and outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. Governments have implemented policies, such as extermination, and construction of animal deterrent fences. When wildlife has a high biological value, we face a trade-off between the benefits of wildlife conservation and human safety. This study proposes a new policy of growing crops preferred by wildlife, rather than crops for human consumption, in part of the farmland, thereby attracting wildlife to the converted field and preventing them from entering residential areas. Using an ecosystem-urban economics model, we compare multiple policies including the conversion policy in terms of social welfare, and show that, regardless of the wildlife value, the crop conversion policy can be the most efficient, and fences with land use regulation is the second most efficient policy. On the other hand, the commonly-used policy of extermination is not so effective because exterminating wildlife with a high biological value significantly reduces social welfare. |
| Keywords: | Human–wildlife conflict; land use regulation; extermination; animal deterrent fence; ecosystem conservation; urban economics model |
| JEL: | Q28 R11 R14 |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115375&r=env |
| By: | Veronica Leoni; David Boto-García |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the short-term impact of a volcano eruption on tourism demand, supply, and hospitality labour in La Palma (Spain), an island economy that is highly dependent on the tourism sector. Based on a monthly panel dataset at the touristic zone level, we use Seemingly-Unrelated Difference-in-Differences (SUR-DiD) to identify the distinct responses of these three outcomes during and post eruption. Potential spillover effects on nearby islands are also examined. We find that, in La Palma Island, the volcano produced significant but asymmetrical drops in international demand, number of hotels and hospitality workers both during and after the eruption. |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Z30 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1177&r=env |
| By: | Flintz, Joschka; Frondel, Manuel; Horvath, Marco |
| Abstract: | Jüngst wurde die emissionsabhängige Komponente der Kfz-Steuer angepasst und progressiv gestaltet, sodass sich die Steuerbelastung für Fahrzeuge mit hoher Emissionsintensität überproportional erhöht hat. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert dieser Beitrag die Effektivität der reformierten Kfz-Steuer in Bezug auf ihre Lenkungswirkung und ihr Einsparpotential an Kohlendioxid (CO2) mit Hilfe des diskreten Nachfragemodells von Berry et al. (1995). Dieses Modell ermöglicht eine realitätsnähere Darstellung der Nachfrageseite als Standard-Logit- oder Nested-Logit-Modelle. Unsere Schätzergebnisse zeigen, dass infolge der Reform jährlich ungefähr 21.000 Autos weniger verkauft werden, die mittlere CO2-Intensität sich um 0,74 g/km verringert und der jährliche CO2-Ausstoß neu gekaufter Fahrzeuge um rund 60.000 Tonnen sinkt. Diese geringen Effekte sind intuitiv verständlich: Eine durchschnittliche Steuererhöhung von rund 11 Euro für die Fahrzeughalter in Deutschland entfaltet nicht die Lenkungswirkung, derer es bedarf, um die Emissionen substanziell zu senken. Unsere Simulationsergebnisse einer fiktiven Kfz-Besteuerung mit stärker progressiven Steuersätzen, die eine mittlere Steuererhöhung von ca. 90 Euro zur Folge hätte, zeigen: Dies würde deutlich stärkere Effekte haben und die durchschnittlichen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen neuer Autos um gut 5 g/km senken sowie die Anzahl an Neuzulassungen um rund 195.000 Pkw. Dadurch könnten jährlich rund 450.000 Tonnen CO2 eingespart werden. Verglichen mit den jährlichen Emissionen der Autoflotte in Deutschland von ca. 100 Millionen Tonnen wären aber selbst die Effekte der fiktiven KfzBesteuerung mit höheren Steuersätzen recht begrenzt. |
| Keywords: | Zulassungsteuer,Automobilflotte,spezifische CO2-Emissionen |
| JEL: | D12 H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:154&r=env |
| By: | Yasmine Bekkouche (Université Libre de Bruxelles); Kenneth Houngbedji (LEDa-DIAL (IRD, CNRS, Universite Paris-Dauphine, Universite PSL)); Oswald Koussihouede (UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning) |
| Abstract: | : We combined information on daily rainfall at school locations and standardized test scores to study how learning outcomes at primary schools are affected by precipitation during school days in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our results suggest that student test scores are lower in schools that are exposed to more rainy days during the academic year. Students in locations that had more rainy school days are also more likely to experience grade repetition. We tested the mechanisms through which rainfall affects learning outcomes in our study area and found that teachers are more likely to be absent in locations with more rainy school days. We discuss the implications of these results and draw attention to policy options to mitigate learning loss during rainy school days. |
| Keywords: | Education, Children, Climate |
| JEL: | I21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt202207&r=env |
| By: | Smyth, Russell (Department of Economics, Monash University); Vespignani, Joaquin (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania) |
| Abstract: | Current commitments with net zero 2050 require that more than two billion electric vehicles (EVs) be produced globally by 2035. Australia produces more than 55% of the global lithium in the world. We argue that Australia's most significant contribution to realizing net zero 2050 could be to increase lithium production 10-20-fold by 2035. A similar case could equally be made for increasing other critical minerals. This would also contribute to securing Australia’s energy and national security. To realize these benefits current investment in lithium is much lower than the production of lithium batteries used in EVs requires, reflecting suboptimal tax rates. We conclude by proposing that a decarbonization tax discount for critical minerals is needed. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, lithium, net zero 2050, effective taxation rate |
| JEL: | E20 E60 Q20 Q28 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tas:wpaper:47521&r=env |
| By: | Luca Lo Re (International Energy Agency); Jane Ellis (OECD); Sandra Greiner |
| Abstract: | “Authorisation” is a new but as yet undefined component of the guidance for implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Authorisation is important as it triggers both corresponding adjustments and reporting requirements. This paper identifies and analyses open questions related to what is authorised, by what process, for what purpose, the format and timing of authorisation, and how any ex-post changes to authorisation can be made. The answers to these questions can affect the attractiveness for Parties and the private sector to participate in Article 6 cooperation. The paper also outlines areas of Article 6.2 guidance that could be usefully clarified at the international level, and implications of different options for the domestic implementation of Article 6 authorisation provisions, drawing from examples of a few frontrunner Parties who have already established bilateral agreements and domestic structures for international cooperation under Article 6. The paper concludes that some of the open questions could be clarified at the international level, such as how to report any changes to authorisations and if the authorisation needs to be provided concurrently by the participating Parties. Other questions could be clarified at the national level by the participating Parties providing the authorisation. These include whether participating Parties can choose to include additional elements in their authorisations, and which roles authorised entities could play. |
| Keywords: | Article 6, Carbon markets, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 Q29 Q49 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2022/3-en&r=env |
| By: | Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaounde, Cameroon); Ofeh M. Edoh (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how ameliorating gender inclusion affects sustainable development in Africa over the period 2000-2019 in 42 African countries. It argues that enhancing gender inclusion in all sectors of society promotes and sets a better pace for the attainment of sustainable development in Africa. The gender inclusion variable used is the females employed as a ratio of the working-age. The study employs the Generalized Method of Moments as the main analysis method alongside the Ordinary Least Squares method. It is expected that gender inclusion substantially affects sustainable development in Africa and subsequently, adequate measures should be taken into consideration to boost gender inclusion such as promoting financial inclusion, engaging inclusive education, and engaging inclusive participation in decision making processes at the level of policy making. |
| Keywords: | Gender inclusion; sustainable development; Africa |
| JEL: | J16 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/086&r=env |
| By: | Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaounde, Cameroon); Ofeh M. Edoh (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how ameliorating gender inclusion affects sustainable development in Africa over the period 2000-2019 in 42 African countries. It argues that enhancing gender inclusion in all sectors of society promotes and sets a better pace for the attainment of sustainable development in Africa. The gender inclusion variable used is the females employed as a ratio of the working-age. The study employs the Generalized Method of Moments as the main analysis method alongside the Ordinary Least Squares method. It is expected that gender inclusion substantially affects sustainable development in Africa and subsequently, adequate measures should be taken into consideration to boost gender inclusion such as promoting financial inclusion, engaging inclusive education, and engaging inclusive participation in decision making processes at the level of policy making. |
| Keywords: | Gender inclusion; sustainable development; Africa |
| JEL: | J16 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/086&r=env |
| By: | Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaounde, Cameroon); Ofeh M. Edoh (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how ameliorating gender inclusion affects sustainable development in Africa over the period 2000-2019 in 42 African countries. It argues that enhancing gender inclusion in all sectors of society promotes and sets a better pace for the attainment of sustainable development in Africa. The gender inclusion variable used is the females employed as a ratio of the working-age. The study employs the Generalized Method of Moments as the main analysis method alongside the Ordinary Least Squares method. It is expected that gender inclusion substantially affects sustainable development in Africa and subsequently, adequate measures should be taken into consideration to boost gender inclusion such as promoting financial inclusion, engaging inclusive education, and engaging inclusive participation in decision making processes at the level of policy making. |
| Keywords: | Gender inclusion; sustainable development; Africa |
| JEL: | J16 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/020&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Coisnon; Anne Musson; Damien Rousselière; Agathe Le Royer; François Viaud |
| Abstract: | L’usage croissant des méthodes d’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux et sociaux des produits alimentaires permet de mieux comprendre dans quelle mesure les systèmes de production agricole contribuent, positivement ou négativement, à la qualité environnementale et sociale des territoires dans lesquels ils s’inscrivent. Cependant, la contribution des activités agricoles au cadre de vie et à la qualité paysagère des territoires est peu considérée alors même que certaines pratiques, telles que l’éco-pâturage, génèrent des aménités paysagères valorisées par les acteurs du territoire. Sur la base d’enquêtes auprès d’acteurs du territoire de Nantes Métropole et en nous appuyant sur le cas d’étude de la Vache nantaise, nous proposons un tableau de bord mesurant la dimension liée au cadre de vie pour de futures analyses d’impact. Nous montrons comment le développement d’une micro-filière viande en milieu urbain peut contribuer, à travers ses pratiques d’éco-pâturage, au cadre de vie local en agissant sur l’expérience des habitants, la durabilité de la filière et la durabilité du territoire lui-même. |
| Keywords: | Analyse de Cycle de Vie, Agriculture urbaine, Paysage et cadre de vie |
| JEL: | O18 Q18 Q56 R58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202208&r=env |
| By: | Oke, A.; Traore, K.; Nati-Bama, A. D.; Igbadun, H.; Ahmed, B.; Ahmed, F.; Zwart, Sander |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Public Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmiwp:329172&r=env |
| By: | Pascal Lièvre (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Eléonore Mérour (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Julie Morin (Department of Geography, University of Cambridge - CAM - University of Cambridge [UK]); Luisa Macedo Franco (IGP - Instituto Geofísico del Perú); Domingo Ramos Palomino (Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico) [Arequipa] - Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico)); Marco Rivera Porras (IGP - Instituto Geofísico del Perú); Pablo Masías Alvarez (Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico) [Arequipa] - Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico)); Benjamin van Wyk de Vries (LMV - Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne - OPGC - Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a new way of understanding the debate between vulnerability and resilience. We mobilize on the theoretical level the notion of "paradigm" in the sense of Kuhn and, on the methodological level, Foucault's notion of "apparatus" to understand volcanic risk management practices. Through an interdisciplinary approach, combining management, geography and Earth sciences, we study the evolution of volcanic risk management practice in Arequipa (Peru) from the 1990s to the present. To do this, we look at the history of volcanic risk management in Arequipa, using a qualitative interview methodology based on six in-depth centered interviews from the main actors of this history, supported by a 2-month ethnography which allowed access to large institutional documentation (reports, studies, archives, maps, pictures...). Management practices in Arequipa appear to be centered on the paradigm of vulnerability since the 1990s. Some operations since 2015 named as resilient emerge but they are still inscribed in the vulnerability paradigm. The results show the relevance of the theoretical and methodological framework chosen for Arequipa but also the possibility of using it in a more general way. |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose une nouvelle manière de comprendre le débat entre vulnérabilité et résilience. Nous mobilisons sur le plan théorique la notion de paradigme au sens de Kuhn et, sur le plan méthodologique, la notion de dispositif de Foucault pour comprendre les pratiques de gestion des risques volcaniques. À travers une approche interdisciplinaire, combinant la gestion, la géographie et les sciences de la Terre, nous étudions l'évolution des pratiques de gestion du risque volcanique à Arequipa (Pérou) des années 1990 à aujourd'hui. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéressons à l'histoire de la gestion du risque volcanique à Arequipa, en utilisant une méthodologie d'entretiens qualitatifs basée sur six entretiens approfondis centrés sur les principaux acteurs de cette histoire, soutenus par une ethnographie de 2 mois qui a permis d'accéder à une importante documentation institutionnelle (rapports, études, archives, cartes, photos...). Les pratiques de gestion à Arequipa semblent centrées sur le paradigme de la vulnérabilité depuis les années 1990. Certaines opérations depuis 2015 nommées comme résilientes émergent mais elles sont toujours inscrites dans le paradigme de la vulnérabilité. Les résultats montrent la pertinence du cadre théorique et méthodologique choisi pour Arequipa mais aussi la possibilité de l'utiliser de manière plus générale. |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03816624&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Coric (University of Split, Faculty of Economics, Cvite Fiskovica 5, 21000 Split, Croatia; CERGE-EI Foundation Teaching Fellow, 110 Jabez Street No. 1004, Newark, NJ 07105, USA); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the dynamic effects of economic disasters, captured by cumulative decline in output of at least 10 percent over 1 or more years, on disposable income inequality of a sample of 99 countries over the annual period of 1960 to 2017. Based on impulse response functions derived from a robust local projections method, we find that economic disasters increase inequality by 4%, with the overall effect being statistically significant and highly persistent over a period of 20 years following the shock. When we repeat the analysis by categorizing the 99 countries based on income groups and regions, we find that the strongest effects are felt by high-income countries (8%), and in Europe, Central Asia and North America (16%) taken together, as primarily driven by ex-socialist economies. Though of lesser magnitude, statistically significant increases in inequality are also observed for low-, and upper-middle-income economies, and the regions of Latin America and Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and South Asia, and to some extent also for Sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings have important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | inequality, economic disasters, local projection method |
| JEL: | C22 D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202255&r=env |