|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Daniel Nachtigall; Luisa Lutz; Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez; Ivan Haščič; Rodrigo Pizarro |
| Abstract: | There are major gaps in the measurement of the adoption and stringency of countries’ climate actions and policies, notably in a manner coherent across countries, time, sectors and instrument types. The climate actions and policies measurement framework (CAPMF) aims to fill this gap. It is a structured and harmonised climate mitigation policy database that informs about countries’ climate action. The CAPMF was developed under the International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC). It comprises 128 policy variables, grouped into 56 policy instruments and other climate actions, covering the 52 countries participating in IPAC and the period 2000-2020. The CAPMF is the most comprehensive internationally harmonised climate-related policy database currently available. Results indicate that IPAC countries strengthened their climate action between 2000 and 2020 in terms of both policy adoption and policy stringency, although individual countries progressed at different paces. Policy mixes in many countries changed from cross-sectoral to a more sectoral focus and from non-market to market-based approaches. Importantly, results suggest a positive relationship between stronger climate action and greater emissions reductions but further analysis is needed to fully assess policy effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | , non-market-based instruments, carbon pricing, climate action, climate change, climate policy, market-based instruments |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:203-en&r=env |
| By: | Kentaro Asai; Francesca Borgonovi; Sarah Wildi |
| Abstract: | Understanding adults’ attitudes towards the environment is necessary to gauge the opportunities and challenges of creating effective and politically-feasible climate policies. Using data from the Wellcome Global Monitor 2020, the European Social Survey (Round 8), World Values Survey and EM-DAT, this paper examines how adults’ environmental attitudes vary within and across countries and details how environmental attitudes are associated with adults’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviours and support for environmentally-friendly policies. The paper explores whether the extent to which individuals prioritise the environment over the state of the economy or vice versa depends on individuals’ exposure to natural disasters or negative labour market conditions. Results indicate that people’s economic vulnerability and the sectors they work in impact their attitudes towards their environment and support for public policy. Furthermore, the findings suggest that increases in unemployment and exposure to natural disasters influence the extent to which individuals prioritise the environment. |
| JEL: | D78 H23 P48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:280-en&r=env |
| By: | Magalhaes, M.; Ringler, C.; Verma, Shilp (International Water Management Institute); Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Agriculture; Transformation; Energy policies; Rural areas; CGIAR; Research programmes; Agrifood systems; Land use; Water systems; Climate change; Energy consumption; Solar energy; Irrigation systems; Groundwater; Electricity; Pumps; Technology; Investment; Innovation; Pilot projects; Environmental sustainability; Emission reduction; Resource recovery; Reuse; Income generation; Business models; Capacity development; Smallholders; Farmers; Women; Food security |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050910&r=env |
| By: | Orbeta, Aniceto Jr. C.; Llanto, Gilberto M.; Abrigo, Michael Ralph M.; Ortiz, Danica Aisa P. |
| Abstract: | Climate change causes a vast magnitude of impacts that cut across boundaries and spill over time. It results in various, interrelated effects on important aspects of society. Direct and indirect effects of climate change touch on, for instance, health (e.g., Watts et al. 2015) and on labor (e.g., Kjellstrom et al. 2009; International Labor Organization 2018). Unfortunately, developing countries, which are the least contributors to climate change, are more exposed to environmental risks. According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2017, the Philippines, is in the top ten countries greatly affected by extreme weather events over the last two decades. In response to these challenges and risks, the country has been actively participating in international efforts to address this global concern. Locally, various policies have been enacted to create a progressive landscape for environmental protection, and disaster risk mitigation and response. Adding to these mitigation responses is the Green Jobs Act of 2016, which aims to encourage the creation and nurturing of green jobs along with the country’s transition towards a more environmentally sustainable economy. This study supports the implementation of this policy by providing new employment demand projections in the green and conventional sectors of the economy. Specifically, the Green Philippine Employment Projections Model (Green PEPM) generates forecasts on employment demand in green industries, using various scenarios based on national development and environmental targets. The model provides a sectoral-level analysis of the potential economic and employment gains and losses coming from the growth of the green and conventional sectors. The results of the model are expected to feed into the development of the country’s Human Resource Development (HRD) Plan, which is an important feature of the 2016 Green Jobs Act. Projection results show that greening the economy creates benefits. More jobs can be created, and other existing jobs can be transformed as industries shift to environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies and products. However, depending on the country’s development targets, greening may also lead to employment contraction in certain industries. Thus, to what extent the country should go green remains an open question, which the government can explore to come up with appropriate responses. Aside from employment projections, this study provides some policy options that may address some of these threats in the labor market, and those which may support the promotion of green jobs in the country. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | environment; climate change; labor market;green jobs; disaster risk mitigation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-26&r=env |
| By: | Yu, Winston (International Water Management Institute); Uhlenbrook, Stefan (International Water Management Institute); von Gnechten, Rachel (International Water Management Institute); van der Bliek, Julie (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Water productivity; Water scarcity; Agricultural water use; Water allocation; Water accounting; Sustainable Development Goals; Water resources; Water management; Groundwater; Climate change; Food security; Water policies; Policy making; Stakeholders; Farmers |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050553&r=env |
| By: | Lenz, Luciane; Bensch, Gunther; Chartier, Ryan; Kane, Moustapha; Peters, Jörg; Jeuland, Marc |
| Abstract: | Household air pollution from biomass cooking is the most significant environmental health risk in the Global South. Interventions to address this risk mostly promote less-polluting stoves and clean fuels, but their diffusion proves difficult. This paper assesses the potentially complementary role of ventilation in reducing household air pollution. Using state-of-the-art measurements of kitchen concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) and personal exposure from 419 households in rural Senegal, we show that higher ventilation is strongly related to lower kitchen concentration, though absolute pollution levels remain high. This association is robust to controlling for a comprehensive set of potential confounders. Yet, these reductions in concentration do not translate into lower pollution exposure among cooks, probably due to avoidance behaviour. Our findings indicate that ventilation interventions may reduce smoke concentration nearly as good as many real-world clean stove interventions and can hence be an important complement to existing strategies. However, a more holistic approach is needed in order to reduce personal exposure in line with international health standards. |
| Keywords: | Cookstoves,biomass burning,ventilation,particulate matter concentration,exposure,household air pollution |
| JEL: | D12 O18 Q41 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:967&r=env |
| By: | Strand,Jon |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses compensation mechanisms to strengthen incentives for lower-income countries to adopt carbon taxes through donor-funded support programs. The paper considers two cases: the provision of climate finance when the host country uses the additional mitigation to meet its own greenhouse gas mitigation target (the "incremental cost price"); and a transaction in an international carbon market with the mitigation credit created by host country mitigation transferred outside the country (the “opportunity cost price†). Both offset the host country's deadweight loss from imposing a carbon tax, which is lower when the host country enjoys large co-benefits from mitigation. Formulas are derived for the incremental cost price and the opportunity cost price. The opportunity cost price is always larger than the incremental cost price, as the host country under the opportunity cost price must use additional, more expensive mitigation policies to reach its mitigation target. The paper discusses additional costs and barriers that deter hosts from adopting carbon taxes. These arguments can help to explain why few low-income countries have so far adopted carbon taxes, and why the necessary compensation for tax adoption may exceed theoretical assessments. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Taxation&Subsidies,Economic Adjustment and Lending,Public Sector Economics,Macro-Fiscal Policy,Public Finance Decentralization and Poverty Reduction,Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Energy and Mining |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9443&r=env |
| By: | Filippo Belloc (Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Siena); Edilio Valentini (Department of Economic Studies, University of Chieti-Pescara) |
| Abstract: | We propose a mixture model approach to identify locally optimal technologies and to dissect environmental productivity (output produced per unit of emission) into a technological and a managerial component. For a large sample of plants covered by the EU ETS, we find that the share of plants adopting the frontier technology is about 21%. We also find that the average output gains that plants could reach by adopting optimal technologies and managerial practices are 75% and 80% respectively. These results remain qualitatively similar after addressing endogeneity of emissions. Finally, we match EU ETS data with balance-sheet data on parent companies and find that better environmental technologies tend to be adopted by larger, listed, multi-plant and international companies, while older firms and firms with higher intangibles assets intensity more commonly show improved environmental management. Our results suggest that existing technologies have large unexploited potentials and deliver important insights for policy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental productivity, Emission intensity, Environmental technology, Environmental management |
| JEL: | D24 L60 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.29&r=env |
| By: | Pavelic, Paul (International Water Management Institute); Magombeyi, Manuel (International Water Management Institute); Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute); Jacobs-Mata, Inga (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Groundwater irrigation; Solar energy; Pumping; Smallholders; Farmer-led irrigation; Water resources; Water availability; Water use; Risk management; Markets; Sustainable Development Goals; Case studies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050613&r=env |
| By: | Alfano, Lucia |
| Abstract: | The climate crisis is inevitably looming over the horizon. Some countries are much more vulnerable than others to its harshest consequences due to their existing issues of poverty and underdevelopment. At the same time, developmental policies pursue economic growth at the cost of environmental degradation and overexploitation. This contribution focuses on the actor that is called to find a balance between the necessity to address climate change and to reach economic prosperity, namely the state, in the specific configuration of the New Developmental State. The paper explores its role and capacity to set in motion a fundamental socio-ecological transformation with the goal of harmonising the conflicting spheres of sustainable development. From a theoretical point of view, the examination is conclusive in demonstrating that the new developmental state possesses the characteristic to be a driver of socio-ecological change. In practice, the trade-off between developmental and socioecological priorities is yet to be resolved. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development,New Developmental State,Socio-ecological transformation,Argentina,Brazil |
| JEL: | F63 F64 O11 O13 Q01 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:1892022&r=env |
| By: | Helm, Carsten; Böhringer, Christoph |
| JEL: | H23 D58 Q54 Q38 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264109&r=env |
| By: | Aurélien Saussay (Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science and OFCE, Sciences Po); Misato Sato (Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science); Francesco Vona (University of Milan, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and OFCE, Sciences Po); Layla O’Kane (Lightcast) |
| Abstract: | As governments worldwide increase their commitments to tackling climate change, the number of low-carbon jobs are expected to grow rapidly. Here we provide evidence on the characteristics of low-carbon jobs in the US using comprehensive online job postings data between 2010-2019. By accurately identifying low-carbon jobs and comparing them to similar jobs in the same occupational group, we show that low-carbon jobs differ from high-carbon or generic jobs in a number of important ways. Low-carbon jobs have higher skill requirements across a broad range of skills, especially technical ones. However, the wage premium for low-carbon jobs has declined over time and the geographic overlap between low- and high-carbon jobs is limited. Overall, our findings suggest the low-carbon transition entails potentially high labour reallocation costs associated with re-skilling and earning losses, indicating public investments in skills is needed to deliver a smooth and rapid transition. |
| Keywords: | Low-carbon jobs, fossil-fuel jobs, skill gaps, job vacancy data, green wage premium, distributional effects, low-carbon transition |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J31 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.31&r=env |
| By: | Franco Bedoya,Sebastian; Mani,Muthukumara S. |
| Abstract: | Regulatory compliance is key in the fight against climate change and other environmental challenges. But regulatory agencies, especially in developing countries, are often hampered by their capacity to monitor and enforce standards and regulations against recalcitrant firms. There is now a big push toward self-reporting whereby the firms monitor and report on their compliance levels vis-a-vis the standards. This is seen as a way around the costs that agencies must incur if they were to scale up their inspections. In this paper, extensive firm-level data from India are used to compare the compliance level of firms when they are inspected by agencies versus the times when they self-report. Other factors that may determine regulatory compliance, such as age, size, sector, location, and so forth, are also examined. The results indicate that compliance rates are higher in the case of self-reporting than in the case of inspection, suggesting that there is a need to reform the self-report mechanism. Newer and privately owned firms are more compliant. There are also differences between complying with air and water pollution. Finally, the paper examines whether environmental monitoring through inspections leads to improvement in compliance levels, to assess the effectiveness of the regulations and inspections. The findings suggest that the increase in compliance is limited to a few industries. |
| Keywords: | Hydrology,Energy and Mining,Air Quality&Clean Air,Pollution Management&Control,Brown Issues and Health |
| Date: | 2020–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9468&r=env |
| By: | Gerlagh, Reyer (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Keywords: | Climate change; R&D-based growth; Population level; Social Cost of Carbon |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:b6d5b02f-4624-46fd-836a-b56846d5346c&r=env |
| By: | Francisco, Kris A.; Navarro, Adoracion M.; Debuque-Gonzales, Margarita |
| Abstract: | Despite the continuing threat of the COVID-19 virus mutating, the pandemic will eventually end given widespread vaccination and virus suppression policies. Policymakers need to think ahead, assess scenarios of possible futures, and start to reset and rebuild toward a better Philippines in the post-pandemic environment. Owing to the many societal issues that the pandemic exposed and exacerbated, thinkers were compelled to scrutinize the current flaws in the capitalist system and how these can be fixed to ensure a more sustainable existence. The Great Reset agenda by the World Economic Forum is one example. This agenda is contextualized in the Philippine situation through three major strategies, namely: making businesses more ethical through stakeholder capitalism; pursuing a green and inclusive recovery; and maintaining a robust and healthy workforce. Policy insights and recommendations for each strategy include the following: for ethical business, enjoin companies to adopt universally recognized environmental, social and governance metrics, strengthen the country’s competition framework, and create an equal environment for different businesses in similar industries; for green and inclusive recovery, make space for greening in the stimulus packages, create a pipeline of needed climate-smart infrastructure projects, identify and invest in green growth areas, support the calls for a green new deal in Southeast Asia, push Philippine concerns in the global debates on climate actions, and find alternatives in the face of carbon-related tradeoffs; and for a robust and healthy workforce, invest in reskilling and upskilling programs, revamp the social protection system, address the digital divide, and address the needs of the workers of the future. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 pandemic; capitalism reset; stakeholder capitalism; green recovery; robust workforce |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-22&r=env |
| By: | Müller, Isabella; Nguyen, Huyen; Trang Nguyen |
| Abstract: | We examine whether banks manage firms' climate transition risks via corporate loan securitization. Results show that banks are more likely to securitize loans granted to firms that become more carbon-intensive. The effect is more pronounced if banks have a lower willingness to adjust loan terms. Exploiting the election of Donald Trump as an exogenous shock that lowers transition risk, we show that banks respond by a lower securitization of loans given to firms that become more carbon-intensive. This is mainly driven by banks that have no or low preferences for sustainable lending and domestic lenders. |
| Keywords: | climate change,risk shifting,securitization,syndicated lending,Trumpelection |
| JEL: | G21 G28 K11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:222022&r=env |
| By: | Thomas Kuhn (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Chemnitz University of Technology); Radomir Pestow; Anja Zenker |
| Abstract: | We study the endogenous formation of climate coalitions linked to a preferential free trade arrangement. In a multi-stage strategic trade and participation game, coalition and fringe countries dispose of a discriminatory tariff on dirty imports as well as emission permits imposed on domestic producers and traded on a common permit market inside the coalition, or respectively local markets outside. The participation game is solved by Monte-Carlo simulation, while the general equilibrium and the policy game are solved analytically. We find that preferential free trade can create effective climate coalitions in terms of depth and breadth. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, International Environmental Agreements, Preferential Free Trade, Issue Linkage, Emission Permits |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 F18 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tch:wpaper:cep057&r=env |
| By: | Espa, Ilaria; Francois, Joseph |
| Abstract: | Abstract This paper scrutinizes the European Union’s proposal for a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) under the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and climate change law. It first examines the logic behind the CBAM as a border carbon adjustment measure, having due regard to the complex interplay between its stated carbon leakage rationale and its fair competition mechanics. It then dissects the main anticipated features of the CBAM and discusses how they may fare under both WTO law and climate change law. Finally, it identifies the most critical proposed design elements from a legal perspective and discusses possible alternatives or variations that could better align the CBAM with its climate change purpose. Read the full Working Paper by clicking on the link below. |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1375&r=env |
| By: | Arnita Rishanty (Bank Indonesia); Sekar Utami Setiastuti (Universitas Gadjah Mada); Nur M. Adhi Purwanto (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to develop an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model with heterogeneous production sectors and evaluate possible central bank and fiscal policies towards green and sustainable production. We estimate the model for the Indonesian economy and assess the effects of macroeconomic uncertainty in terms of productivity, monetary, macroprudential, fiscal policy, and financial shocks in a setup that includes policies supporting green firms. We find that aggregate output, consumption, and investment react negatively to a positive monetary policy and government spending shock. Further, we show that emission tax may dampen the contraction of green output due to contractionary monetary and fiscal policy. The effect of green financing subsidy, however, looks trivial |
| Keywords: | DSGE model, Bayesian estimation, Monetary policy, Fiscal policy, Environ- mental policy |
| JEL: | E32 E50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp132021&r=env |
| By: | Anne de Bortoli; Yacine Baouch; Mustapha Masdan |
| Abstract: | Transforming the construction sector is key to reaching net-zero, and many stakeholders expect its decarbonization through digitalization. But no quantified evidence has been brought to date. We propose the first environmental quantification of the impact of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the construction sector. Specifically, the direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by a monofunctional BIM to plan road maintenance, a Pavement Management System (PMS), are evaluated using field data from France. The related carbon footprints are calculated following a life cycle approach, using different sources of data, including ecoinvent v3.6, and the IPCC 2013 GWP 100a characterization factors. Three design-build-maintain pavement alternatives are compared: scenario 1 relates to a massive design and surface maintenance, scenario 2 to a progressive design and pre-planned structural maintenance, and scenario 3 to a progressive design and tailored structural maintenance supported by the PMS. First, results show negligible direct emissions due to the PMS existence: 0.02% of the life cycle emissions of scenario 3. Second, complementary sensitivity analyses show that using a PMS is climate-positive over the life cycle when pavement subgrade bearing capacity improves over time, and climate-neutral otherwise. The GHG emissions savings using BIM can reach up to 30% of the life cycle emissions compared to other scenarios, and 65% when restraining the scope to maintenance and rehabilitation and excluding original pavement construction. Third, the neutral effect of BIM in case of a deterioration of the bearing capacity of the subgrade may be explained by design practices and safety margins, that could be enhanced using BIM. Fourth, the decarbonization potential of a multifunctional BIM is discussed, and research perspectives are presented. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.12307&r=env |
| By: | Joseph Cordonnier (OECD); Deger Saygin (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen is a cross-cutting energy vector that can help to decarbonise various end-use sectors. At least two-thirds of the global hydrogen production is projected to be green hydrogen by 2050, supporting the transition to a net-zero emissions global energy system. This paper presents a value chain approach to identify priority areas for developing national hydrogen strategies, focussing on emerging and developing economies. Further, the analysis highlights success factors for green hydrogen projects, based on eight case studies covering applications in industrial, transport and power generation sectors. The paper summarises the enabling conditions and financing solutions that can spur the green hydrogen market creation and growth. |
| Keywords: | green hydrogen case studies, hydrogen roadmap, hydrogen value chain, industry decarbonisation, levelised cost of hydrogen |
| JEL: | L20 O14 O25 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:205-en&r=env |
| By: | Durga, Neha (International Water Management Institute); Sikka, Alok (International Water Management Institute); Verma, Shilp (International Water Management Institute); Mitra, Archisman (International Water Management Institute); Amarasinghe, Upali (International Water Management Institute); Mahapatra, Smaranika (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Agriculture; Water management; Land; Water productivity; Yield gap; Water availability; Water security; Groundwater; Aquifers; Water conservation; Watershed management |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051383&r=env |
| By: | Reddy, V. R.; Reddy, M. S.; Pavelic, Paul (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Groundwater management; Participatory management; Water use efficiency; Sustainable use; Farmer-led irrigation; Water systems; Project evaluation; Capacity development; Awareness-raising; Technology transfer; Behavioural changes; Groundwater extraction; PumpingKeywords: Wells; Groundwater level; Hydrological factors; Water policies; Regulations; Equity; Crop production; Water budget; Institutions; Funding; Non-governmental organizations; Water user associations; Livelihoods; Food security; Socioeconomic aspects; Rural communities; Villages |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050839&r=env |
| By: | Clara Kögel (OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation and Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of air pollution on labour productivity in French establishments in both manufacturing and non-financial market services sectors from 2001 to 2018. An instrumental variable approach based on planetary boundary layer height and wind speed allows identifying the causal effect of air pollution on labour productivity. The finding shows that a 10% increase in fine particulate matter leads, on average, to a 1.5% decrease in labour productivity, controlling for firm-specific characteristics and other confounding factors. The analysis also considers different dimensions of heterogeneity driving this adverse effect. The negative effect of pollution is mainly driven by service-intensive firms and sectors with a high share of highly skilled workers. This finding is in line with the expectation that air pollution affects cognitive skills, concentration, headache, and fatigue in non-routine cognitive tasks. Compared to an estimation of the marginal abatement cost of PM 2.5 reductions by the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, gains only from the labour productivity channel are equivalent to one-third of the abatement cost over the implementation period. All in all, these estimates suggest that the negative impact of air pollution is much larger than previously documented in the literature |
| Keywords: | air pollution; labour productivity; planetary boundary layer height |
| JEL: | J24 O13 Q53 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:22020&r=env |
| By: | Flintz, Joschka; Frondel, Manuel; Horvath, Marco; Vance, Colin |
| Abstract: | In 2021, Germany adjusted its vehicle taxation scheme, resulting in a disproportionate increase in the tax burden for vehicles with high carbon emission intensity. This article presents empirical evidence on the impact of Germany's vehicle taxation and its reforms on automobile emissions. To this end, we refer to a series of recent studies by Klier and Linn (2015), Malina (2016), Alberini and Horvath (2021), and Flintz, Frondel, and Horvath (2022) on the reforms of Germany's motor vehicle taxation since 2009, when an emissions-differentiated vehicle tax scheme came into force. The empirical results unanimously indicate that Germany's vehicle taxation does not have the steering effect that is needed to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Keywords: | Registration tax,circulation tax,greenhouse gas emissions |
| JEL: | D12 H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:978&r=env |
| By: | Katherine Farrow; Ioannis Tikoudis; Grace Alexander; Apolline Saliou; Lea Stapper; Walid Oueslati |
| Abstract: | Environmental amenities provide a range of direct and indirect benefits in cities, and amenity provision often figures within policy portfolios to advance sustainability in urban areas. As environmental pressures and urban populations increase, it will be necessary to find ways to ensure that environmental policies do not contribute to existing inequalities in these areas. This report synthesises empirical research on the impact of environmental amenities on housing prices, examines implications on housing affordability, and offers perspectives on how negative impacts can be mitigated. The report finds that the provision of environmental amenities tends to raise housing prices, which reduces affordability, especially among renters and low-income households with reduced access to mortgages. The report concludes that there is scope to accompany amenity provision with complementary measures to mitigate distributional impacts and outlines policy avenues in that regard. |
| Keywords: | environmental amenities, green gentrification, housing affordability, open space, provision, public good |
| JEL: | D63 H41 O18 Q52 R38 |
| Date: | 2022–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:204-en&r=env |
| By: | Ly Dai Hung (Vietnam Institute of Economics, Hanoi, Vietnam) |
| Abstract: | The paper analyses the sustainable development and its key features in economic ideology in Germany. Currently, the Germany economy attains the week sustainability and in process to strong sustainability. The development of this country can be described as "Uniform Sustainability" as the sustainability is uniformly distributed over territory space. This pathway is based on some key economic ideology in sustainable development, including the balance of economic-social-environmental aspect; bottom-up fund raising, quite independent from State budget; and localization of sustainability objectives. |
| Keywords: | Economic Ideology,Sustainable Development,Germany |
| Date: | 2022–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03809878&r=env |
| By: | Duc-Nam Luu (LCPI - Laboratoire Conception de Produits et Innovation - Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Hervé Gachet (Sanofi Gentilly - Sanofi Gentilly); Claus-Jürgen Maier (Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH [Francfort, Allemagne]); Nicolas Maranzana (LCPI - Laboratoire Conception de Produits et Innovation - Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Améziane Aoussat (LCPI - Laboratoire Conception de Produits et Innovation - Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université) |
| Abstract: | The pharmaceutical sector has the societal duty to make medical healthcare products both available and affordable. But like any human activity, it is not neutral in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, and like any industry, the pharmaceutical sector needs to consider the environmental aspects into its product design and activities in order to reach a sustainable production and consumption patterns, as defined by the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 of the United Nations. With a holistic perspective, the eco-design concept is an approach that aims to integrate environmental aspects into product design. To contribute to the SDGs, the pharmaceutical industry needs to consider the environmental impacts of its products. Usually, experts within Research & Development (R&D) do not have the proper level of knowledge to integrate the environmental aspects, in a Lifecycle perspective, into their decision making. Even so, those parameters are not yet part of the New Product Development (NPD) process of the medicine product. With those elements in mind, the aim of this paper is to understand which phases of the pharmaceutical R&D process represent an opportunity to eco-design such products. We proposed two qualitative experimentations with, first interviewing ten practitioners of R&D; and second, with an assessment of the medicine NPD process and related deliverables, based on LCA results. The use of such results to investigate potential key contributors during NPD stages does not seem to be explored yet, especially for the pharmaceutical sector. Results show that eco-design approaches can be performed all along the development of a pharmaceutical product. Main eco-design levers appear in parallel to the clinical phases 2a and 2b, in other words, when the tests on the final marketed form are initiated. |
| Keywords: | Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,Strategy and Management,General Environmental Science,Renewable Energy,Sustainability and the Environment,Building and Construction |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03794792&r=env |
| By: | Maruyama Rentschler,Jun Erik; Salhab,Melda |
| Abstract: | Flooding is among the most prevalent natural hazards affecting people around the world. Thisstudy provides a global estimate of the number of people who face the risk of intense fluvial, pluvial, or coastalflooding. The findings suggest that 1.47 billion people, or 19 percent of the world population, are directly exposed tosubstantial risks during 1-in-100 year flood events. The majority of flood exposed people, about 1.36 billion, arelocated in South and East Asia; China (329 million) and India (225 million) account for over a third of globalexposure. Of the 1.47 billion people who are exposed to flood risk, 89 percent live in low- and middle-incomecountries. Of the 132 million people who are estimated to live in both extreme poverty (under $1.9 per day) and inhigh flood risk areas, 55 percent are in Sub-Saharan Africa. About 587 million people face high flood risk, while livingon less than $5.5 per day. These findings are based on high-resolution flood hazard and population maps that enableglobal coverage, as well as poverty estimates from the World Bank's Global Monitoring Database of harmonizedhousehold surveys. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Climate Change and Environment,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Health,Natural Disasters,Social Risk Management,Disaster Management,Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2020–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9447&r=env |
| By: | Frank, Eyal G. (Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago.); Sudarshan, Anant (Department of Economics, University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | The loss of a keystone species can theoretically lead to large social costs because their complex ecosystem interactions may be important for environmental quality. We quantify these effects for the case of vultures in India where they play an important public health role by removing livestock carrion from the environment. The expiration of a patent for a common chemical painkiller led to its increased use in cattle, unexpectedly rendering carcasses fatal to vultures, leading to a catastrophic and near-total population collapse. Using habitat range maps for the affected species, we compare high to low vulture suitability districts before and after the patent for the painkiller expired. We find that, on average, all-cause death rates increased by more than 4% in vulture-suitable districts after the vultures nearly went extinct. We find suggestive evidence that feral dog populations and rabies increased, and that water quality deteriorated in the affected regions. These mechanisms are consistent with the loss of the scavenging function of the vultures. Quantifying the costs of biodiversity losses has critical implications for optimal investments into species conservation and rehabilitation. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1433&r=env |
| By: | Timothy J. Halliday (UHERO, University of Hawai'i at Manoa); Lester Lusher (University of Hawai'i at Manoa); Rachel Inafuku (UHERO, University of Hawai'i at Manoa); Aureo de Paula (UHERO, University of Hawai'i at Manoa) |
| Abstract: | This study pairs variation stemming from volcanic eruptions from Kilauea with the census of Hawai‘i’s public schools student test scores to estimate the impact of particulates and sulfur dioxide on student performance. We leverage spatial correlations in pollution in conjunction with proximity to Kilauea and wind direction to construct predictions of pollution exposure at each school. We precisely estimate that increased particulate pollution leads to a small but statistically significant drop in average test scores. Then, utilizing Hawai‘i’s rich diversity across schools in baseline exposure, we estimate sharp nonlinearities  schools with higher baseline levels of pollution experience larger decreases in test scores than schools with less pollution exposure on average. At levels of particulate pollution higher than six micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3 ), we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in PM2.5 leads to a decline in test scores of 1.1 percent of a standard deviation. Lastly, we find that within schools the drop in test scores is concentrated among economically disadvantaged students. The effects of PM2.5 on student test scores are larger by a factor of ten for the poorest pupils. Similarly, the effects of SO2 are larger by a factor of six. We demonstrate that poor air quality disproportionately impacts the human capital accumulation of economically disadvantaged children. |
| Keywords: | Vog, Particulates, Test Scores, Kringing, Environmental Justice |
| JEL: | R1 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2022-7&r=env |
| By: | Timothy J. Halliday (University of Hawaii); Rachel Inafuku (University of Hawaii); Lester Lusher (University of Hawaii); Aureo de Paula (University College London) |
| Abstract: | This study pairs variation stemming from volcanic eruptions from Kilauea with the census of Hawai`i's public schools student test scores to estimate the impact of particulates and sulfur dioxide on student performance. We leverage spatial correlations in pollution in conjunction with proximity to Kilauea and wind direction to construct predictions of pollution exposure at each school. We precisely estimate that increased particulate pollution leads to a small but statistically significant drop in average test scores. Then, utilizing Hawai`i's rich diversity across schools in baseline exposure, we estimate sharp nonlinearities - schools with higher baseline levels of pollution experience larger decreases in test scores than schools with less pollution exposure on average. At levels of particulate pollution higher than six micrograms per cubic meter mu g3, we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in PM2.5 leads to a decline in test scores of 1.1 percent of a standard deviation. Lastly, we find that within schools the drop in test scores is concentrated among economically disadvantaged students. The effects of PM2.5 on student test scores are larger by a factor of ten for the poorest pupils. Similarly, the effects of SO2 are larger by a factor of six. We demonstrate that poor air quality disproportionately impacts the human capital accumulation of economically disadvantaged children. |
| Keywords: | Vog, Particulates, Test Scores, Kriging, Environmental Justice |
| JEL: | I22 I24 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hai:wpaper:202203&r=env |
| By: | Yannic Rehm (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Lucas Chancel (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the distribution of annual wealth-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in France and Germany, using a novel method to combine newly released air emission accounts, national accounts, and survey data on wealth. In our proposed framework, wealth holders are responsible for the emissions that occur in production processes they implicitly control. Our findings suggest that wealth-related emissions are at least as much concentrated at the very top than wealth itself, possibly even more. In addition, wealth-related emissions appear to be more even more concentrated in Germany than in France. Large emissions inequalities persist even when individuals are attributed a combination of direct and indirect GHG emissions. Wealth-related emissions of the average top 10% wealth holder exceed total emissions (including direct and indirect emissions from consumption) of the average individual in the bottom 50% in France and Germany. All emissions considered, the life of the average top 10% wealth holder appears to be 3-5 times more carbon-intensive than the average individual in the bottom 50%. Finally, we discuss the paper's findings implications for a per-ton tax on the carbon content of wealth. |
| Keywords: | Capital,Carbon tax,Emissions,Inequality,National accounts,Survey,Taxation,Wealth |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wilwps:halshs-03828939&r=env |
| By: | Yannic Rehm (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Lucas Chancel (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, WIL - World Inequality Lab) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the distribution of annual wealth-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in France and Germany, using a novel method to combine newly released air emission accounts, national accounts, and survey data on wealth. In our proposed framework, wealth holders are responsible for the emissions that occur in production processes they implicitly control. Our findings suggest that wealth-related emissions are at least as much concentrated at the very top than wealth itself, possibly even more. In addition, wealth-related emissions appear to be more even more concentrated in Germany than in France. Large emissions inequalities persist even when individuals are attributed a combination of direct and indirect GHG emissions. Wealth-related emissions of the average top 10% wealth holder exceed total emissions (including direct and indirect emissions from consumption) of the average individual in the bottom 50% in France and Germany. All emissions considered, the life of the average top 10% wealth holder appears to be 3-5 times more carbon-intensive than the average individual in the bottom 50%. Finally, we discuss the paper's findings implications for a per-ton tax on the carbon content of wealth. |
| Keywords: | Capital,Carbon tax,Emissions,Inequality,National accounts,Survey,Taxation,Wealth |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03828939&r=env |
| By: | OKIMOTO Tatsuyoshi; TAKAOKA Sumiko |
| Abstract: | We examine the relationship between carbon emissions and the market perception of firms' default risk measured by corporate credit default swap (CDS) spreads in Japan. While corporate revenue size is the most significant factor of carbon emissions, pressure from investors has a significant decreasing effect on carbon emissions, which is greater for investment-grade companies. We find that carbon emissions have time-varying effects on corporate CDS spreads, which supports the “investor awareness†hypothesis across sectors and credit quality. The sectoral impacts indicate that carbon emissions are priced prominently in the CDS spreads of firms in sectors where the transition to carbon-free energy sources appears relatively less complicated and less expensive. Finally, we report the impacts of carbon emissions on the CDS spread curve, where they are priced in both short- and long-term CDS spreads, and high carbon emissions steepen the CDS spread curve. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22098&r=env |
| By: | van den Bijgaart, Inge; Klenert, David; Mattauch, Linus; Sulikova, Simona |
| JEL: | H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264062&r=env |
| By: | de Moura, Fernanda Senra; Barbrook-Johnson, Peter |
| Abstract: | This article introduces and demonstrates a data-driven systems mapping approach designed to contextualise, communicate, and embed the insights of complexity economics in real world policy questions. This approach allows us to: build networks representing empirical regularities between a broad range of factors, analyse these networks in policy-relevant ways, and embed complexity economics insight in them. In using this approach to connect complexity economics with policy questions and a more rounded view of policy landscapes, we hope to help address a range of calls in recent literature for more usable, interpretable, and inclusive complexity economics outputs. We demonstrate the approach with the policy topic of the energy transition and its relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We consider how the approach can be tuned to different purposes and contexts and explore two applied questions emerging from existing modelling results and policy topics: (i) the impact of the energy transition on SDGs and the role of biofuels, and (ii) the nature of climate impacts on the economy. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2022-27&r=env |
| By: | Troell, J.; Keene, S. |
| Keywords: | Water tenure; Customary tenure; Legislation; Water law; Customary law; Land tenure; Water resources; Nexus approaches; Freshwater; Indigenous peoples' tenure rights; Local communities; Rural areas; Water rights; Land rights; Forests; Legal frameworks; Water governance; Human rights; Gender; Women; Livelihoods; Food security; Sustainable development; Government; Regional organizations; Constitution; Policies; Water user associations; Participation; Transboundary waters; International law |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051374&r=env |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa |
| Abstract: | This white paper assesses how cities are modifying transportation impact fees in response to Senate Bill (SB) 743, adopted in 2013 to orient environmental review of transportation impacts of development projects and plans in California to support sustainable development. SB 743 and its implementing guidelines eliminated “level of service” (LOS) standards for automobile traffic delay as an environmental impact to be addressed under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), recommending instead that localities and other lead agencies responsible for CEQA review analyze, and if possible, mitigate impacts on vehicle miles traveled (VMT) instead. As cities proceed to implement SB 743, some are going further than the minimum required to analyze and mitigate for VMT at the development project level. Instead, they are also pursuing “programmatic” approaches, including altering citywide impact fees imposed on developers, to support more systematic analysis and mitigation than is possible at the project level alone. Based on public documents research and interviews with consultants and planners, this paper identifies three basic approaches that cities are taking to design impact fees in conjunction with their policy approaches for addressing SB 743: first, to design impact fee programs that fund VMT-reducing projects, but without employing a VMT “nexus” (the nexus is the basis for identifying impacts to be addressed by the program); second, to employ a VMT nexus for identifying facilities need and cost allocation; and third, to design a fee program that links to systematic CEQA-reviewed VMT analysis in the General Plan and/or other related CEQA-reviewed city wide policy documents. In this latter approach, cities may or may not design their fee program to fund VMT-reducing projects; indeed, this approach may help facilitate a more traditional, LOS-based fee program. This outcome can happen if a city analyzes VMT systematically for the General Plan, and then adopts a “statement of overriding considerations” under CEQA, which allows for development projects to “tier” off the programmatic environmental review so as to avoid the need for conducting cumulative VMT impacts analysis. This approach may facilitate more systematic integration of VMT and LOS analysis at the citywide level, but it does not support SB 743 goals for supporting VMT-reducing projects and programs. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Senate Bill 743, environmental review, CEQA, transportation impact fees, VMT reduction, sustainable transportation |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt23m9b31s&r=env |
| By: | Italo Colantone (Bocconi University, Baffi-Carefin Research Center and CESifo); Livio Di Donaldo (Bocconi University, Dondena Research Center); Yotam Margalit (Tel Aviv University, Department of Political Science); Marco Percoco (Bocconi University, GREEN Research Center) |
| Abstract: | For many governments, enacting green policies is a priority, but such policies often impose on citizens substantial and uneven costs. How does the introduction of green policies a?ect voting? We study this question in the context of a major ban on polluting cars introduced in Milan, which was strongly opposed by the populist right party Lega. Using several inferential strategies, we show that owners of banned vehicles—who incurred a median loss of €3,750—were significantly more likely to vote for Lega in the subsequent elections. Our analysis indicates that this electoral change did not stem from a broader shift against environmentalism, but rather from disaffection with the policy’s uneven pocketbook implications. In line with this pattern, recipients of compensation from the local government were not more likely to switch to Lega. The findings highlight the central importance of distributive consequences in shaping the political ramifications of green policies. |
| Keywords: | environmental politics, green policies, distributional consequences. |
| JEL: | P10 D70 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.28&r=env |
| By: | Saussay, Aurélien; Sato, Misato; Vona, Francesco; O’Kane, Layla |
| Abstract: | As governments worldwide increase their commitments to tackling climate change, the number of low-carbon jobs are expected to grow rapidly. Here we provide evidence on the characteristics of low-carbon jobs in the US using comprehensive online job postings data between 2010-2019. By accurately identifying low-carbon jobs and comparing them to similar jobs in the same occupational group, we show that low-carbon jobs differ from high-carbon or generic jobs in a number of important ways. Low-carbon jobs have higher skill requirements across a broad range of skills, especially technical ones. However, the wage premium for low-carbon jobs has declined over time and the geographic overlap between low- and high-carbon jobs is limited. Overall, our findings suggest the low-carbon transition entails potentially high labour reallocation costs associated with re-skilling and earning losses, indicating public investments in skills is needed to deliver a smooth and rapid transition. |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–10–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:329079&r=env |
| By: | Amrit Amirapu; Irma Clots-Figueras; Juan Pablo Rud |
| Abstract: | Can democratic politics provide a means for responding to climate change? We explore this question by studying the effects of extreme temperatures on Indian elections between 2009 and 2017. We find that areas exposed to extreme temperatures experience an increase in voter turnout and a change in the composition of the pool of candidates who stand for election. As a consequence, electoral outcomes are affected. We provide evidence that the negative effect of climate change on agricultural productivity is the most important driver of our results. In particular, we show that the positive relationship between temperatures and turnout mirrors the negative effect on agricultural productivity and we find that winning candidates are more likely to have an agricultural background. Politicians with an agricultural background invest more on irrigation, which mitigates the effects of high temperatures, both on agricultural production and on turnout. Our paper provides new evidence about the ways in which agents in developing countries (including both voters and candidates) may respond to climate change via political channels. |
| Keywords: | climate change; political economy; voter turnout |
| JEL: | O13 P48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ukc:ukcedp:2204&r=env |
| By: | Durga, Neha (International Water Management Institute); Mahapatra, Smaranika (International Water Management Institute); Sikka, Alok (International Water Management Institute); Alam, Mohammad (International Water Management Institute); Verma, Shilp (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Water resources; Groundwater; Water availability; Water-use efficiency; Crop management; Diversification; Farming systems; Horticulture; Microirrigation; Rain water management; Water conservation; Watershed management; Water productivity; Surface water; Aquifers; Composting |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051384&r=env |
| By: | Shala, Iliriana; Schumacher, Benno |
| Abstract: | Climate change causes natural disasters to occur at higher frequency and increased severity. Using a unique dataset on German banks, this paper explores how regionally less diversified banks in Germany adjusted their loan loss provisioning following the severe summer flood of 2013, which affected widespread regions mostly in Eastern Germany. The analysis uses a difference-in-differences estimation with banks being allocated to the treatment and control group based on the region of their primary operational activities. This paper yields various results: German savings and cooperative banks located in the affected regions experienced a significantly higher, but ephemeral, impairment flow in the years following the flood. Impairments were mostly driven by corporate loans concentrated in specific sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing, and to some extent by retail mortgage loans. While results suggest that the profitability of banks is impacted by additional factors, we do not find evidence that banks suffered from damages to their own property. The results are robust to various model specifications. |
| Keywords: | Natural disaster,climate change,credit risk,profitability,difference-in-differences |
| JEL: | C12 C21 C23 G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:362022&r=env |
| By: | Thomas D. Jeitschko; Pallavi Pal |
| Abstract: | In recent years, a significant problem with the carbon credit market has been higher than initially predicted price volatility. It is essential to study the market in a repeated-period dynamic setting to identify the factors enabling high fluctuations in prices. In this paper, we examine the dynamic auction design and propose a method to curb price volatility through a flexible supply cap. The equilibrium analysis shows that modifying the cap on per period supply can decrease price fluctuations. Currently, the government or the auctioneer sets a per-period limit on the supply, which reduces at a fixed rate over time. However, this paper suggests that a flexible cap on the per-period supply would be a better alternative. Specifically, we show that correlating the supply rate with expected future demand results in a more stable price. |
| Keywords: | dynamic mechanism design, auctions, emissions permits, environmental regulation, climate change |
| JEL: | D43 L11 L42 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9978&r=env |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marion Drut (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mohamed Hilal (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonio Bodini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Michele Donati (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Matthieu Duboys de Labarre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jelena Filipović (University of Belgrade [Belgrade]); Lisa Gauvrit (ECOZEPT, Montpellier, France); José M. Gil (CREDA -UPC - IRTA - Centre de Recerca en Economia i Desenvolupament Agroalimentaris - IRTA - Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology); Viet Hoang (UEH, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam); Agata Malak-Rawlikowska (Institute of Economics and Finance, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland); Konstadinos Mattas (Department of Agricultural Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece); Sylvette Monier-Dilhan (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Paul Muller (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Orachos Napasintuwong (Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.); Jack Peerlings (Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands); Thomas Poméon (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marina Tomić Maksan (Department of Agricultural Marketing, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia); Áron Török (Department of Agribusiness, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary); Mario Veneziani (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]); Gunnar Vittersø (SIFO Consumption Research Norway, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway); Filippo Arfini (University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie]) |
| Abstract: | To identify whether EU certified food – here organic and geographical indications – is more sustainable than a conventional reference, we developed 25 indicators covering the three sustainability pillars. Original data was collected on 52 products at farm, processing and retail levels, allowing the estimation of circa 2000 indicator values. Most strikingly, we show that, in our sample, certified food outperforms its non-certified reference on most economic and social indicators. On major environmental indicators – carbon and water footprint – their performance is similar. Although certified food is 61% more expensive, the extra-performance per euro is similar to classical policy interventions to improve diet sustainability such as subsidies or taxes. Cumulatively, our findings legitimate the recent initiatives by standards to cover broader sustainability aspects. |
| Keywords: | Certified Food,Sustainability,Performance,Organic,Farming,Geographical Indications |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03376106&r=env |
| By: | Luis Antonio Espinosa; Juan José Li Ng |
| Abstract: | This Working Paper offers rigorous statistical evidence on the influence of the reduction in mobility, derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, on the concentration levels of pollutants that affect air quality in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico. This Working Paper offers rigorous statistical evidence on the influence of the reduction in mobility, derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, on the concentration levels of pollutants that affect air quality in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico. |
| Keywords: | Pandemic, Pandemia, Mobility, Movilidad, Public policies, Políticas públicas, sustainability, sostenibilidad, Pollution, Contaminación, Mexico, México, Regional Analysis Mexico, Análisis Regional México, Sustainable Development, Desarrollo Sostenible, Working Paper, Documento de Trabajo |
| JEL: | Q53 C52 J6 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bbv:wpaper:2209&r=env |
| By: | Baquie,Sandra; Fuje,Habtamu Neda |
| Abstract: | Severe weather shocks recurrently hit Malawi, and they adversely affect the incomes of many farmhouseholds as well as small businesses. With climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events is expected toincrease further. A clear understanding of households’ vulnerability to shock-induced poverty is critical fordisaster risk management and the design of scalable social safety net programs. Standard poverty measures rely onstatic snapshots that are suitable for quantifying structural poverty but not for assessing the vulnerabilityof non-poor households to fall below the poverty line when they experience shocks. This study uses a nationallyrepresentative household survey and exogenously measured weather shocks to assess households' vulnerability topoverty in Malawi. To accurately estimate the impacts of shocks on consumption and vulnerability, the study excludesany kind of assistance (aid and food or cash transfers) that households might have received after major disasters. Thekey findings of the study are as follows: (1) drought during the growing season decreases non-assistance consumption percapita by 5–12 percent, depending on its intensity; (2) excess rainfall at the onset of the growing season reducesfood consumption by 1.8 percent, while excess rainfall later in the growing season appears to increase consumption; (3)vulnerability to poverty is generally higher than static poverty, especially compared to static poverty measuredduring a good weather year; and (4) in years of extreme droughts, such as 2016, recorded poverty rates are higherthan vulnerability, which indicates that the magnitude of drought in 2016 was so large that the chance of fallingbelow the poverty line as a result of an even higher magnitude shock was low. These results suggest thatidentifying vulnerable households is key in designing adaptive social safety net programs that can be scaled up tocover those who become eligible for such programs after experiencing shocks. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Natural Disasters,Disability,Services & Transfers to Poor,Access of Poor to Social Services,Economic Assistance,Educational Sciences |
| Date: | 2020–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9435&r=env |
| By: | Yashodha, Yashodha (International Water Management Institute); Sanjay, Aditi (International Water Management Institute); Mukherji, Aditi (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Solar energy; Groundwater irrigation; Business models; Energy generation; Sustainability; Tube wells; Pumps; Greenhouse gas emissions; Seasonal cropping; Farmers |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050619&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Armenia is facing considerable fiscal risks from climate change due to increasing and highly variable temperatures. This report provides guidance on how to quantify those risks over the long term, using an empirical approach to identify the potential impact of a range of temperature scenarios on GDP and the public finances. It finds that an extreme unmitigated temperature scenario that incorporates higher year to year variability could reduce GDP by 18 percent relative to baseline, and lead to unsustainable public debt trajectory by 2070. It also finds particular exposures to climate change on the state’s balance sheet through its SOE, PPP and on lending portfolio in the energy, water and transport sectors. |
| Date: | 2022–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/329&r=env |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet |
| Abstract: | We study pollution in the Ganges river caused by tanneries in the city of Kanpur in India. Two tanneries, A and B, are located on the same bank of the Ganges in Kanpur. Both produce leather and the production of leather requires the use of chemicals that are toxic to humans. Tannery A is located upstream from tannery B. Tannery A's leather production depends directly only on labor use but tannery B's leather production depends on labor use, the chemical waste generated by tannery A, and the natural pollution absorbing capacity of the Ganges. In this setting, we accomplish three tasks. First, we determine the equilibrium production of leather by both tanneries in the benchmark case in which there is no pollution. Second, we ascertain how the benchmark equilibrium is altered when tannery B accounts for the negative externality imposed on it by tannery A. Finally, we analyze what happens to leather production and to labor use when the two tanneries merge and then we discuss some policy implications emanating from our research. |
| Keywords: | Ganges River, Leather, Merger, Pollution, Tannery |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115032&r=env |
| By: | Yuventus Effendi (Indonesian Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia); Budy Resosudarmo (Indonesia Project, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides detail of the inter-regional system of analysis of East Asia (IRSA-EA). IRSA-EA is a static and multi-country computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. IRSA-EA has a flexible production structure that allows substitutions among electricity and energy intermediate inputs. Hence, the model can simulate the impacts of changes in energy and electricity prices. Also, the model incorporates several recycling mechanisms to simulate the impacts of renewable electricity development and decarbonisation in the East Asia region. This paper provides a technical guide for the IRSA-EA model that will be useful to analyse the socio-economic and environmental impacts of policy instruments in the subsequent two papers. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, computable general equilibrium model, East Asian economy |
| JEL: | O21 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unp:wpaper:202201&r=env |
| By: | ZhongXiang Zhang (Ma Yinchu School of Economics, Tianjin University and China Academy of Energy, Environmental and Industrial Economics) |
| Abstract: | To achieve the commitments to both carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, China should focus on those policies of significant impact on emissions reduction at the lowest cost. Launching the national carbon market with the power generation sector is a good start point in this direction. Since its operation, the carbon price has not experienced sharp fluctuations, and falls within a range of CNY40~60 per ton. The block agreement transaction dominates trading, but with an average discount rate of 9.6% in block agreement, the aforementioned carbon prices overestimate the overall carbon prices. While the overall compliance rate measured against entities reached about 94.4%, there are significant differences across provinces, with compliance rate ranging from 82.9% to a full 100% compliance. Entities engaging in trading are mainly for compliance, and therefore transaction is driven by compliance. This article argues that the development of the carbon market requires further reform of the electricity pricing mechanism and the coordinated development of various related markets. With respect to national carbon trading scheme itself, the article discusses the areas where more work needs to be done to ensure that the national carbon emissions trading scheme functions properly. This involves carbon emissions trading legislation, further improvement in the rules conducive to the use of carbon emissions trading as a market tool, and the expansion of the participating industries and the scope of the carbon market in terms of diversifying market players and increasing trading varieties. Given the co-existence of the national carbon market and regional carbon market pilots, the article suggests the specific areas for the regional carbon markets to take the initiative to strengthen the synergistic effects of national carbon market. Furthermore, the article strongly recommends to continuously increase the proportion of carbon allowances auctions, and to set up a transformation fund from the proceeds of paid allocation of allowances to support the transformation and upgrading of regions with low levels of development and technology in China. |
| Keywords: | Carbon market, Carbon price, Electricity market, Allowance allocation, Common prosperity |
| JEL: | Q48 Q53 Q55 Q58 O13 P28 R11 H23 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.30&r=env |
| By: | von Kalckreuth, Ulf |
| JEL: | Q56 Q51 C81 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264036&r=env |
| By: | Michi Nishihara (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | This study develops a real options model in which a firm invests in either a sustainable project or an unsustainable project. The sustainable project requires a high investment cost and yields cash flows perpetually, whereas the unsustainable project requires a low investment cost and yields cash flows until a random maturity. The random termination of cash flows reflects the project fs environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk. In the model, the optimal investment choice and timing are analytically derived, and the effects of key parameters on the choice are also examined. Higher ESG risk, growth rate, and volatility, and lower discount rate encourage sustainable investing mainly through their impacts on the net present value (NPV) and timing option value. The less sustainable firm chooses higher leverage to enjoy a greater benefit of debt financing. Therefore, access to debt financing and a higher corporate tax rate (tax shield) discourage sustainable investing. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; ESG; real options; capital structure. |
| JEL: | G13 G31 G32 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:2205&r=env |
| By: | Maurice Doyon; Laure Saulais |
| Abstract: | The Quebec government's sustainable agriculture plan—Plan d’agriculture durable (PAD)—offers farm businesses a range of opportunities to accelerate the adoption of agri-environmental best practices by 2030. Rewards are expected to be offered to compensate for the costs incurred as a result of implementing certain practices. This study uses the principles of behavioural economics and experimental economics techniques to identify behavioural levers for the acceptance and adherence of farm businesses to certain practices proposed by the PAD. Based on the analysis of data provided by the Centre d'études sur les coûts de production en agriculture (CECPA) collected from 489 respondents, the authors conclude that: The way information is presented to farmers has an impact on their perception of the amount of compensation presented to them. Presenting information as an incentive or benefit is preferable to presenting information as a cost offset. Adding a preamble to the compensation offer that recognizes the efforts already made by Quebec farms and the level of challenge to improve the environmental performance of their business creates a negative emotion, thus reducing the likelihood that respondents will accept a given level of compensation. Le Plan d’agriculture durable (PAD) du gouvernement du Québec offre aux entreprises agricoles un ensemble de possibilités pour accélérer l’adoption des meilleures pratiques agroenvironnementales d’ici 2030. Il est prévu que des rétributions soient offertes pour compenser les coûts encourus suite à la mise en œuvre de certaines pratiques. Cette étude s’appuie sur les principes de l’économie comportementale et les techniques de l’économie expérimentale pour mettre en évidence des leviers comportementaux de l’acceptation et de l’adhésion des entreprises agricoles à certaines pratiques proposées par le PAD. À partir de l’analyse de données fournies par le Centre d’études sur les coûts de production en agriculture (CECPA) recueillies auprès de 489 répondants, les auteurs concluent que : La façon de présenter l’information aux agricultrices et agriculteurs a un impact sur leur perception du montant de rétribution qui leur est présenté. Présenter l’information comme un incitatif ou un bénéfice est préférable à présenter l’information comme une compensation de coûts. Ajouter un préambule à l’offre de rétribution qui reconnaît les efforts déjà faits par les entreprises agricoles québécoises et la hauteur des défis vers l'amélioration du bilan environnemental de leur entreprise crée une émotion négative, réduisant ainsi la probabilité que les personnes interrogées acceptent un niveau donné de rétribution. |
| Keywords: | agri-environmental practices,compensation,membership,farming practices,Sustainable Agriculture Plan (SAP), pratiques agroenvironnementales,rétribution,adhésion,pratiques culturales,Plan dâagriculture durable (PAD) |
| Date: | 2022–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2022rp-15&r=env |
| By: | Sophie Martin (AD2M - Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin - SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UR LISC - Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Erdlenbruch (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Isabelle Alvarez (AD2M - Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin - SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UR LISC - Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sylvie Huet (AD2M - Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin - SBR - Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UR LISC - Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Charline Smadi (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UR LESSEM - Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Dynamic models can help adapt to climate change since they inform on the impacts of decisions and future events on sustainability. They make it possible to follow the evolution of variables over time, to model exogenous events and adaptive policies and to compute sustainability indicators. Various model types based on dierent worldviews exist, and they give rise to dierent indicators. Modellers generally choose only one type of model, limiting the variety of indicators. However, decision-makers, who have to be creative to face global change, need a wider diversity of indicators. The objective of this paper is to show the diversity of insights one can get by using alternative system indicators and their decision implications. We test our very diverse indicators approach and illustrate its results for a population at risk of ooding and a water-basin manager who can help the population implement protection measures. We test many variations, including e.g. viability theory and agent-based modelling, and dierent indicators of viability, resilience, eciency and equity, based on comparable data sets. We show possible synergies of the obtained diversity of insights: for example, one indicator says that it is urgent to act and another which is the best policy to use. We discuss the diculties of implementation and the benets of our approach for the decision-maker. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty,decision-making,optimization,viability,indicators,floods |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03807806&r=env |
| By: | Mitra, Archisman (International Water Management Institute); Alam, Mohammad Faiz (International Water Management Institute); Yashodha, Yashodha (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Solar energy; Groundwater irrigation; Business models; Energy generation; Sustainability; Tube wells; Pumps; Greenhouse gas emissions; Seasonal cropping; Farmers |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050618&r=env |
| By: | Pratt, Bryan; Wallander, Steven |
| Abstract: | This study examines data on the costs of cover practices to demonstrate how USDA Conservation Reserve Program's (CRP) use of ranking points in the Environmental Benefits Index (EBI) and cost-share payments combine to incentivize some participants to adopt higher public-benefit practices. This analysis also provides predictions for how policy alternatives might impact the program. |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:327358&r=env |
| By: | Casey Brown; Fred Boltz; Kathleen Dominique |
| Abstract: | Water infrastructure investments are typically capital-intensive and long-lived, involving significant costs and benefits. Their performance over operational lifetimes is highly dependent on the vagaries of the hydrological cycle and subject to the risks and uncertainties associated with climate change. The challenge is to make the best use of scarce financial resources to deliver desired water services in the context of these complicating factors. Ideally, planning for water-related investments should be robust to known hazards and flexible to adapt to an uncertain future. This paper presents a conceptual and analytical framework to sequence water-related investments along “Strategic Investment Pathways”. This approach considers a range of diverse investments over multiple scenarios and evaluates options relative to stakeholder-defined goals. It explicitly considers key dynamic processes, interdependencies and feedbacks within the water system. The aim is to inform investment decisions that contribute to water system resilience through effective and adaptive management over time. |
| Keywords: | flood protection, infrastructure finance, investment, irrigation, sanitation, wastewater, water security, water supply |
| JEL: | H41 H54 L95 L98 Q25 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:202-en&r=env |
| By: | Balasubramanian, Pooja; Breuer, Anita; Leininger, Julia; Cameron, Allen; Kercher, Julia |
| Abstract: | The 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development of 2015 prominently stresses that 'the SDGs are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental' (UN [United Nations], 2015, p. 3). Behind this statement lies a reality of complex interlinkages between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets, the implementation of which may produce synergies but also trade-offs. Another innovative trait of the 2030 Agenda is its strong commitment to the 'quality of governance'. While the debate about the necessary elements of governance continues, most definitions today include inclusive and participatory decision-making, accountability, and transparency as its key institutional characteristics. These characteristics have been enshrined as targets under SDG 16 on 'Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions' that are not only considered desirable outcomes but also as enablers of all other SDGs. Yet another central, transformative promise of the 2030 Agenda is to Leave No One Behind (LNOB), which requires the participation of all segments of society to contribute to its implementation. There is broad consensus in contemporary academic and policy debates that innovative governance approaches will be essential to achieve an integrated implementation of the interlinked SDGs and to fulfil the LNOB commitment. A more recent debate, which has gained traction since the 26th UN Climate Change Conference in 2021, focuses on the just transition towards climate-just, equitable and inclusive societies. At the centre of this debate lies the understanding that governments will be unable to gain public support for the prioritisation of climate actions if they do not succeed in drastically reducing poverty and inequality. It will be necessary that just climate transition be based on the principles of procedural, distributional and recognitional justice. So far, these two debates have run in parallel without cross-fertilising each other. This Policy Brief makes the case that the debate on just transition has much to gain from the academic findings generated by research on the role of governance in managing SDG interlinkages. It is based on a recent study by IDOS and the UNDP Oslo Governance Centre (UNDP OGC) that collates empirical evidence on the effects of governance qualities (SDG 16) on the reduction of poverty (SDG 1) and inequalities (SDG 10) (DIE* & UNDP OGC, 2022). The study finds that: * Improved levels of participation and inclusion are positively associated with poverty reduction; * Higher levels of access to information, transparency and accountability help to improve access to basic services and targeting of social protection policies. These findings provide policymakers with an empirical basis to argue that investments in the achievement of the governance targets of SDG 16 can act as catalysts for interventions seeking to reduce poverty and inequalities. Against this backdrop, this Policy Brief argues that the governance targets of SDG 16 are not only institutional preconditions for the reduction of poverty and inequalities but also contribute towards just transitions. More specifically: they are institutions that contribute towards the justice principles that constitute the basis of just transition and exhibit the governance qualities postulated by SDG 16. It is important to note that debates on the quality of governance and just transition do not take place in a political vacuum. In view of global trends towards auto-cratisation (V-Dem 2022), the empirical findings regarding the enabling governance effects on poverty and inequality reduction carry the important policy implication that action to support just transition will in all likelihood be more successful if accompanied by proactive measures to protect and support democratic institutions and processes. |
| Keywords: | 2030 Agenda,Poverty and inequality |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:42022&r=env |
| By: | Felix K\"ubler |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I consider a simple heterogeneous agents model of a production economy with uncertain climate change and examine constrained efficient carbon taxation. If there are frictionless, complete financial markets, the simple model predicts a unique Pareto-optimal level of carbon taxes and abatement. In the presence of financial frictions, however, the optimal level of abatement cannot be defined without taking a stand on how abatement costs are distributed among individuals. I propose a simple linear cost-sharing scheme that has several desirable normative properties. I use calibrated examples of economies with incomplete financial markets and/or limited market participation to demonstrate that different schemes to share abatement costs can have large effects on optimal abatement levels and that the presence of financial frictions can increase optimal abatement by a factor of three relative to the case of frictionless financial market. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.09066&r=env |
| By: | Camille Eslan (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, FFE - Fédération Française d'Equitation); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Céline Vial (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, IFCE - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur], Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Vu Hoang Ha Pham (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Keywords: | Self-organized equestrian |
| Date: | 2022–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03810006&r=env |
| By: | Rud, Juan Pablo (Royal Holloway, University of London); Simmons, Michael (Umeå University); Toews, Gerhard (University of Orléans); Aragon, Fernando (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | The reduction of carbon emissions will require a rapid phasing out of coal and the displacement of millions of coal miners. How much could this energy transition cost mining workers? We use the dramatic collapse of the UK coal industry to estimate the long-term impact on displaced miners. We find evidence of substantial losses: wages fell by 40% and earnings fell by 80% to 90% one year after job loss. These losses are persistent and remain significantly depressed fifteen years later, amounting to present discounted value earnings losses of between four and six times the miners pre-displacement earnings. |
| Keywords: | labor displacement, energy transition, coal mines |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15581&r=env |
| By: | Chapman, Gary; Hottenrott, Hanna |
| JEL: | G24 L26 O25 O31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264047&r=env |
| By: | JINDRA Björn; LEUSIN Matheus |
| Abstract: | The report offers a novel approach to identify patents associated with digital sustainability technologies, which combine components of digital technologies with technologies that are relevant for climate change mitigation or adaption. We propose an identification strategy based upon six search modules, which combine specialists’ opinion, keywords and classification-based approaches. We generate two datasets. For the first, we use PATSTAT 2019a to identify 319,243 patents associated with digital sustainability technologies. We use this dataset to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed strategy in finding technologies that combine both a digital and a sustainable aspect. We find an accuracy above 95.5% for all search modules implemented in the proposed strategy. For the second dataset, we implement the proposed strategy to update the results using PATSTAT 2021b. To make the results more comparable to the EU climate neutrality report 2021 edition, we focus on the period from 2016 to 2018 and filter priority patents using the IP5 strategy. We link the retrieved patents to R&D Scoreboard companies using the JRC-OECD COR&DIP© v.3 dataset. We identify for all R&D Scoreboard companies 325,508 patents in total, from which 5,057 are digital sustainability patents. |
| Keywords: | sustainability, R&D |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130480&r=env |
| By: | Patrice Loisel (MISTEA - Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Marielle Brunette (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Stéphane Couture (MIAT INRAE - Unité de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Storm is a major risk in forestry. However, due to the more or less pessimistic scenarios of future climate change, storm frequency is now ambiguous and only partially known (i.e., scenario ambiguity). Furthermore, within each scenario, the quantification of storm frequency is also ambiguous due to the differences in risk quantification by experts, creating a second level of ambiguity (i.e., frequency ambiguity). In such an ambiguous context, knowledge of the future climate through accurate information about this risk is fundamental and can be of significant value. In this paper, we question how ambiguity and ambiguity aversion affect forest management, in particular, optimal cutting age. Using a classical Faustmann framework of forest rotation decisions, we compare three different situations: risk, scenario ambiguity and frequency ambiguity. We show that risk and risk aversion significantly reduce the optimal cutting age. We also show that both scenario and frequency ambiguities reinforce the effect of risk. Inversely, ambiguity aversion has no effect. The value of information that resolves scenario ambiguity is high, whereas it is null for frequency ambiguity. |
| Keywords: | Rotation decision,Risk,Ambiguity,Ambiguity Aversion,Risk Aversion,Value of Information,Forests,Faustmann criterion |
| Date: | 2022–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03796414&r=env |
| By: | Luo, Zunian |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effect of the federal EV income tax subsidy on EV sales. I find that reduction of the federal subsidy caused sales to decline by 43.2%. To arrive at this result, I employ historical time series data from the Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center. Using the fact that the subsidy is available only for firms with fewer than 200,000 cumulative EV sales, I separate EV models into two groups. The treatment group consists of models receiving the full subsidy, and the control group consists of models receiving the reduced subsidy. This allows for a difference in differences (DiD) model structure. To examine the robustness of the results, I conduct regression analyses. Due to a relatively small sample size, the regression coefficients lack statistical significance. Above all, my results suggest that federal incentives designed to promote EV consumption are successful in their objectives. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics; Climate Change; Electric Vehicles; Economic Policy |
| JEL: | Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113566&r=env |
| By: | Fernández-Amador, Octavio; Francois, Joseph; Oberdabernig, Doris; Tomberger, Patrick |
| Abstract: | Abstract Understanding the developments of energy effciency in the context of the global energy network is key to advance energy regulation and fight climate change. We develop a global panel dataset on energy usage accounts based on territorial production, final production and consumption over 1997-2014. We apply structural decomposition analysis to isolate energy efficiency changes and study the effectiveness of the European Union Energy Services Directive [2006/32/EC] on energy effciency. The effectiveness of the Directive is mixed. The different dynamics found among the European Union members result from differences in the ambition of national energy policies and from the structure of their supply chains. The observed trends towards energy efficiency gains and increases in renewable energy shares are not specific to the European Union, but are common among high income countries. Energy policies in high-income countries are less effective for energy footprints. Our findings are indicative of energy leakage. Energy regulation should account for global supply chains. Read the full Working Paper by clicking on the link below. |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wti:papers:1374&r=env |
| By: | Gabriela Demarchi (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique (CC) est l'un des principaux défis auxquels notre société doit faire face dans les prochaines décennies. La déforestation et la dégradation des forêts constituent la deuxième source d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) d'origine anthropique, après l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles. Mais les écosystèmes terrestres absorbent aussi actuellement l'équivalent d'un cinquième des émissions de GES liées à l'activité humaine, ce qui signifie que les forêts ont un grand potentiel d'atténuation du CC via l'entretien des puits de carbone et la réduction des émissions. Dans ce contexte, le dispositif REDD+1, qui propose que les pays développés, les plus gros contributeurs aux émissions historiques de GES, compensent les pays en voie de développement, les communautés et/ou les individus pour maintenir leur couverture forestière, est apparu comme une solution prometteuse pour lutter contre le CC. |
| Keywords: | REDD +,Deforestation,Gaz a effet de serre,Doctorant |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800663&r=env |
| By: | Emmanuel Okamba (Université Gustave Eiffel, IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | Dans le cadre des stratégies de développement durable des organisations, l'évaluation de la dimension éthique du développement économique, conduit à mesurer leur responsabilité environnementale à partir des « empreintes » ou des coûts liés à la pression qu'elles exercent sur l'environnement pour satisfaire l'offre et la demande des ressources rares renouvelables. Le risque écologique soutenable représente le montant de cette pression nécessaire pour créer de la valeur dans le cadre de la sobriété environnementale. Deux profils de développement s'en dégagent. Le pays à forte responsabilité écologique ayant des avoirs de réserves de ressources renouvelables produisant une faible valeur et le pays à faible responsabilité écologique vivant à crédit de ressources renouvelables produisant une forte valeur grâce aux importations des ressources. La constitution des stocks de ressources renouvelables par la photosynthèse artificielle améliore la sobriété environnementale et permet de réaliser une valeur durable. Mots de passe Sobriété environnementale, risque écologique soutenable, empreinte carbone, empreinte écologique, biocapacité. |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03678441&r=env |
| By: | Khadka, Manohara (International Water Management Institute); Uprety, Labisha (International Water Management Institute); Shrestha, Gitta (International Water Management Institute); Minh, Thai Thi (International Water Management Institute); Nepal, Shambhawi (International Water Management Institute); Raut, Manita (International Water Management Institute); Dhungana, Shashwat (International Water Management Institute); Shahrin, S.; Krupnik, T. J.; Schmitter, Petra (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Farmer-led irrigation; Sustainability; Smallholders; Small scale systems; Agricultural value chains; Gender equality; Inclusion; Livelihoods; Irrigation equipment; Supply chains; Water management; Multiple use water services; Public-private partnerships; COVID-19; Policies |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050731&r=env |
| By: | Rozenn Perrigot (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business); Komlanvi Elom Gbetchi (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Purpose Social franchise chains have social goals rather than - or in addition to - commercial or profit-making goals. But are these social goals, disclosed by social franchisors, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, if so, which ones? Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the disclosure of SDG-related information on websites of 69 social franchise chains operating in Africa. Findings The authors' main findings show that social goals disclosed by social franchisors are aligned with certain SDGs that are general in nature and not just sector-dependent, except in the case of education. Practical implications The authors' paper contributes to the practice by providing examples of the types and varieties of social goals social franchisors can pursue. Moreover, entrepreneurs might be encouraged to launch their franchise concept as franchisors who contribute to SDGs at an international, national or regional level or to join franchise chains as franchisees who contribute to SDGs at the local level. Social implications The authors' findings show the potential for social franchise chains in developing countries to target and contribute to achieving SDGs. Originality/value The authors' paper adds to the limited literature on SDGs and, more specifically, on the role of the private sector, in particular social franchisors, in targeting and achieving SDGs. |
| Keywords: | Social franchising,Sustainable development goals,Developing countries,Africa,Legitimacy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03715585&r=env |
| By: | Lampkin, Nicolas; Sanders, Jürn |
| Abstract: | Since 1994, and in some individual cases earlier, the European Union (EU) and its Member States have provided financial support to organic farming and food businesses, primarily through the agri-environmental and other rural development measures of the 2nd Pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This report builds on a series of similar earlier reports and updates the policy support data and descriptions for the decade 2010-2020, covering the two CAP programming periods 2007-2013 (represented by 2011 data) and, in more detail, the 2014-2020 period. A major focus is the support for conversion to and continuation (maintenance) of organic farming, implemented in all but one of the EU Member States. Comprehensive data has been compiled on payment rates, supported activities, eligibility conditions, uptake and public expenditure for these measures. In 2018, the then EU28 Member States supported organic farming on almost 5% of EU utilisable agricultural area (UAA), at an average cost of €207 per ha UAA, totalling over 1.8 billion €. The area supported represented 64% of the total certified organic land area in the EU. Support was also provided in various forms for training, advice, education, research, investments in farms and processing activities, consumer promotion and the development and implementation of EU regulations defining organic food and farming. In many countries, organic action plans have been implemented to enable better integration of these policy measures to meet defined national or regional needs, priorities and targets. As part of its Farm to Fork and Biodiversity Strategies from 2020, the EU has set a target of 25% of UAA to be organic by 2030, with the expectation of enhanced policy support in the 2023-2027 CAP programming period and beyond. |
| Keywords: | organic,agriculture,conversion,maintenance,agri-environment,policy,action plan,European Union |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:200&r=env |
| By: | Author-Name: Orsatti, Gianluca; Quatraro,Francesco; Scandura, Alessandra (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the entry of regions in new green technological specializations, specifically investigating the role of local recombinant capabilities and the involvement of academic inventors in patenting activities, as well as the interplay between the two. We test our hypotheses on a dataset of Italian NUTS 3 regions over the period 1998-2009. The results show that both recombinant capabilities and the presence of academic inventors are positively associated to new entries in green technological specializations, and that their interaction provides a compensatory mechanism in regions lacking adequate novel combinatorial capabilities. The findings of this work are relevant for policy makers involved in the elaboration of successful regional specialization strategies in green technological domains. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:202103&r=env |
| By: | Patrice Dumas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Stefan Wirsenius (Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]); Timothy Searchinger (Princeton University); Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Nadine Andrieu (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Once países en América Latina y el Caribe se han comprometido a alcanzar cero emisiones netas hacia el 2050. Los cambios en el sistema alimentario son fundamentales para alcanzar dichos objetivos de neutralidad de carbono, ya que la agricultura y los cambios del uso del suelo resultantes son responsables de casi la mitad de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en la región. Cuantificamos los efectos de las opciones del lado de la oferta (p. ej., mejoras en el rendimiento, silvopastoreo, agroforestería) y del lado de la demanda (p. ej., reducción de residuos y pérdidas, cambio de dietas) buscando reducir las emisiones y transformar el sistema del uso del suelo en un sumidero neto de carbono para 2050 y mejorar a la vez la nutrición de una población en crecimiento. Consideramos tanto las emisiones directas de la agricultura como la presión que ejerce la producción de alimentos sobre los cambios del uso del suelo e hicimos un seguimiento por separado de las emisiones que se producen en la región y aquellas vinculadas al comercio. Nuestros resultados confirman que el ganado desempeña un papel preponderante, ya que emite cerca del 60% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la agricultura y de los cambios del uso del suelo. Alcanzar un sistema alimentario de emisiones netas negativas, capaz de equilibrar las emisiones del resto de la economía, requerirá mejoras ambiciosas y constantes en los rendimientos y cambios en las dietas para moderar la creciente demanda de carne de res, disminuir continuamente la proporción de suelos dedicados a la agricultura y aumentar, en cambio, aquellos dedicados a la captura de carbono y a la preservación de la biodiversidad. |
| Date: | 2022–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03793826&r=env |
| By: | John C. V. Pezzey |
| Abstract: | We build a theoretical model of optimal, closed-economy growth including inputs of human and knowledge capital and growing natural resources, and give three approximate calibrations of it to global economic growth during 1995-2014. We thereby show that the World Bank's Adjusted Net Saving measure of an economy's sustainability ideally needs further adjusting, to include omitted or undervalued estimates of productivity and population growth, human and knowledge capital investment, and net growth in natural resource use. The net effect of these inclusions is to raise estimated, global Adjusted Net Saving per person about 5-11% of GDP per person above the World Bank's estimate, confirming the latter's gap with their implied estimate of change in wealth per person, their preferred sustainability indicator. However, our adjustments also omit all environmental costs, so on its own our methodology is intended just to inform national, medium-term, non-environmental policies, where Adjusted Net Saving gives more detailed and immediate feedback than change in wealth. By reclassifying nearly a fifth of output from consumption to human and knowledge capital investments, and assuming only half of human capital investment is in measured GDP, our third calibration needs no productivity growth to explain global growth observed during 1995-2014. |
| Keywords: | sustainability accounting, human and knowledge capitals, resource discovery, population growth, total factor productivity, Adjusted Net Saving, wealth, World Bank, global calibration |
| JEL: | Q56 E01 Q32 O47 O41 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2022-63&r=env |
| By: | Ng, Michelle (International Water Management Institute); Langan, Simon (International Water Management Institute); de Haan, N.; Reitemeier, M.; King, B. |
| Keywords: | Information and Communication Technologies; Equity; Inclusion; Water systems; Social change; Digital divide; Innovation; Models; Gender; Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050850&r=env |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A. |
| Abstract: | Wastewater and pollution management issues are usual negative externalities in the pursuit of economic development. This is true in the Philippines where industrial and domestic refuse often end up in tributaries and major waterways, sometimes even contaminating groundwater due to improper septage and sewerage design. The passage of the Clean Water Act (Republic Act No. 9275), and the subsequent launching of the National Sewerage and Septage Management Plan (NSSMP) were expected to facilitate the accomplishment of water sectoral targets. While acknowledged to be an integral component of the country’s development agenda, wastewater management’s requirements for large-scale investments and resources were often overlooked and underfunded, adding to target shortfalls. The sector also remained plagued with institutional fragmentation and disjointed efforts in the absence of an overarching framework and master plan. Given these challenges, the study echoes the call to rationalize the sector’s institutional governance and development direction. Improved septage coverage and standardization guidelines are viable short-run interventions, while the national government orchestrates and the local government units muster interest in investing in sewerage facilities. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | sanitation;Clean Water Act; wastewater management; sewage; septage; effluent |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-46&r=env |
| By: | Kammerer, Johannes; Gomez-Cardona, Santiago; Nyamweya, Chrisphine |
| Abstract: | The Nile perch fishery of Lake Victoria is regulated with a slot size and with restrictions on legal gear sizes. This study provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the the slot size regulation by simulating the Nile perch fishery with a size structured population model where the size preference of the fishery is an input into the model. The model is compared to the size structure of the Nile perch population from three empirical surveys to find agreement between the model, the bottom-trawl and the catch assessment survey, while the hydroacoustic survey predicts a different population structure. The empirical fishing mortality is 2.0% above the value that produces the maximum sustainable yield, given the empirical fishing fleet selectivity. Next to the actual fleet selectivity, three alternatives are simulated to quantify the effect of the selectivity. We find that the annual yield could be increased by 17.7% by sparing fish below 50cm. |
| Keywords: | Nile perch; size-structured population model; maximum sustainable yield; fleet selectivity; slot size |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:720&r=env |
| By: | Confraria, Hugo; Ciarli, Tommaso (RS: GSBE MGSoG, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, RS: UNU-MERIT); Noyons, E. |
| Abstract: | We analyse the extent to which countries' research priorities align with their greatest SDG challenges and whether misalignments are worse in certain SDGs. We develop a new method to identify research that is related to an SDG by examining research areas in WoS with a higher share of publications that contain text that is related to SDG policy outlets. Then, we use the SDG indicators to create a new score to assess the performance of countries in SDGs in relation to the top performers. We found that most research in the world focuses on issues unrelated to the SDGs and that, within SDG-related research, more than 90% is carried out in high and upper-middle income countries, where SDG challenges tend to be smaller. At the SDG level, our findings indicate a positive relation (alignment) between countries’ research priorities and SDG challenges only for SDG1 (No poverty), SDG2 (Zero hunger), SDG6 (Clean water and sanitation) and SDG9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure); meaning that countries with higher SDG challenges are relatively (or becoming) more involved in research related to those SDGs. For all other SDGs, we found a misalignment or inconclusive relationship between SDG challenges and research prioritisation. A particularly severe misalignment happens in SDG12 (Responsible consumption and production), where the countries that have the most unsustainable consumption/production patterns are high income countries that are not specialized in research related to SDG12. |
| JEL: | O10 O33 |
| Date: | 2022–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2022030&r=env |
| By: | Monika Grzegorczyk; Guntram B. Wolff |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyse whether green sovereign bonds are systematically priced differently to conventional sovereign bonds in the secondary markets |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:wpaper:node_8334&r=env |
| By: | Frank, Stefan; Dettmann, Ullrich Mathias; Heidkamp, Arne; Piayda, Arndt; Oehmke, Willi; Tiemeyer, Bärbel |
| Abstract: | Moor- und weitere organische Böden speichern große Mengen an organischem Bodenkohlenstoff, die bei Entwässerung als Kohlendioxid (CO2) freigesetzt werden. Da in Deutschland ein Großteil dieser Böden entwässert ist, tragen sie nach derzeitigen Berechnungen mit 54 Mio. t CO2-Äqivalenten pro Jahr 7,5% zu den gesamten deutschen Treibhausgasemissionen bei. Zunehmende Anstrengungen bei der Umsetzung von Minderungsmaßnahmen erfordern sowohl adäquate Methoden in der Emissionsberichterstattung als auch ein konsistentes Monitoring. Das Projekt 'Aufbau eines deutschlandweiten Moorbodenmonitorings für den Klimaschutz (MoMoK) - Teil 1: Offenland' (2020 bis 2025) stellt sich der Herausforderung, ein langfristiges deutschlandweites repräsentatives Monitoringnetz für Moorböden aufzubauen. Dieses Messnetz wird ca. 200 Standorte umfassen. Dabei werden sowohl Standorte unter entwässerungsbasierter landwirtschaftlicher Nutzung als auch naturnahe Standorte und wiedervernässte ungenutzte oder als Paludikultur genutzte Moor- und weitere organische Böden untersucht. Eine Langzeitmessung von Treibhausgasflüssen ist nur an wenigen Standorten möglich. Entsprechend fokussiert das Moorbodenmonitoring auf die Erfassung von Geländehöhen, da Geländehöhenänderungen als Proxy für Änderungen der Vorräte an organischem Bodenkohlenstoff dienen können. Daneben wird an allen Standorten der Vorrat an organischem Bodenkohlenstoff gemessen, um die Grundlage für eine mögliche Wiederholungsinventur zu legen. Standorte anderer Monitoringprogramme (Langzeitmessstandorte für Treibhausgase, Bodendauerbeobachtung) werden nach Möglichkeit eingebunden. Das hier vorgelegte Methodenhandbuch beschreibt das generelle Messdesign des Moorbodenmonitorings, das Vorgehen für die Einrichtung von Untersuchungsflächen, die Probenahme im Gelände und die Labormethoden. Aufgenommene Größen umfassen Geländehöhen (jährliche Erfassung der gesamten Untersuchungsfläche und kontinuierliche Aufnahme an deren Zentralpunkt), Gesamtvorräte an organischem Bodenkohlenstoff und Stickstoff, horizontbezogene bodenchemische und -physikalische Eigenschaften, Moor- und Oberflächenwasserstände sowie die Vegetation und Bewirtschaftung. Neben praktischen Anleitungen wird der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund für methodische Entscheidungen erläutert. Parallel zum Aufbau des Messnetzes werden die derzeit in der Emissionsberichterstattung genutzten Regionalisierungsansätze für Treibhausgasemissionen bzw. deren Steuergrößen verbessert. Dies umfasst die Aktualisierung der Kulisse organischer Böden, die Verbesserung der Regionalisierung der Moorwasserstände und die Ableitung der Treibhausgasemissionen. Diese Arbeiten sind jedoch nicht Teil des Methodenhandbuchs. Ziel des Methodenhandbuchs ist es, die im Rahmen des Moorbodenmonitorings (Teil 1: Offenland) im Gelände und Labor angewandten Methoden umfassend und transparent zu dokumentieren. Daneben sollen diese detaillierten Informationen, Anleitungen und Protokolle all jenen als Anregung zur Verfügung stehen, die ein Monitoring von Moorstandorten planen oder einzelne Größen konsistent zum Moorbodenmonitoring aufnehmen möchten. |
| Keywords: | Moorböden,Organische Böden,Sackung,Bodeneigenschaften,Bodenkohlenstoffvorräte,Hydrologie,Monitoring,peatlands,organic soils,subsidence,soil properties,soil organic carbon stocks,hydrology,monitoring |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:199&r=env |
| By: | Antoine GODIN; Anda DAVID; Oskar LECUYER; Stéphanie LEYRONAS |
| Abstract: | Les trajectoires de développement durable sont au cœur de nombreux débats politiques : trajectoires CDN et Net Zero, transition juste, justice climatique, inclusion de la biodiversité, etc. Ces trajectoires proposent le plus souvent une approche nexus combinant les aspects climatiques, écologiques, sociaux, technologiques, économiques et politiques. Dans cet article, nous proposons une suite de trois principes directeurs, inspirés d'une approche de durabilité forte, pour construire des trajectoires durables : (i) la réfutation a priori de la substituabilité, (ii) la nécessité de construire des diagnostics et des analyses multidimensionnels mettant en évidence les synergies et les tensions entre différents indicateurs, et (iii) la reconnaissance de l'importance de construire un construit social sur le "bon état" souhaitable et sur les trajectoires pour l'atteindre. Nous montrons ensuite comment ces principes peuvent être appliqués dans différentes disciplines et aider les décideurs politiques à construire des trajectoires de développement. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2022–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr14562&r=env |
| By: | Thierry Madiès; Ornella Tarola; Emmanuelle Taugourdeau (CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2022–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03772706&r=env |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline PhD; Harold, Brian |
| Abstract: | Households in marginalized areas of rural California contend with difficult transportation challenges resulting from infrequent transit service, limited access to app-based rideshare services, and higher vehicle ownership costs associated with long travel distances. In 2014, researchers at the University of California, Davis partnered with the San Joaquin Valley Metropolitan Planning Organization to engage with stakeholders to understand the challenges facing rural residents and develop solutions for improving mobility while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One outcome of this work was the creation of an electric vehicle (EV) carsharing service known as Míocar. Míocar launched in 2019 and now has 27 vehicles located in eight affordable housing complexes in Tulare and Kern counties. Míocar provides a transportation option that helps to improve the mobility of individuals and households in marginalized communities and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing reliance on conventional personal vehicles. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4jn0n6ht&r=env |
| By: | Shrestha, Shisher (International Water Management Institute); Uprety, Labisha (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Solar energy; Groundwater irrigation; Pumps; Renewable energy; Electricity; Policies; Business models; Subsidies; Governance; Sustainability; Farmers; Gender; Women; Inclusion |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050620&r=env |
| By: | Michael Brock (School of Economics, University of East Anglia); Lucia Milena Murgia (Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia); Stefania Sitzia (School of Economics, University of East Anglia); Jiwei Zheng (University of Lancaster) |
| Abstract: | Understanding the best ways to incentive recycling and improve the efficiency of waste practices is a key environmental, social and economic management problem that needs addressing. We search for solutions to this issue by implementing a field experiment with two incentive mechanisms (a piece-rate and a lottery-based systems) in three different locations; a residential, a workplace and a student environment. We model our experimental data with the Bass Model, which to the best of our knowledge has never been employed to analyse experimental data and to gather a deeper understanding of the diffusion process among individuals adopting the recycling service. Our results indicate a high degree of heterogeneity across our trial locations. Incentivising recycling can stimulate action by those on lower incomes through opportunities for income generation. By contrast, those in workplace environments engage with or without incentives, but the latter does seem to boost activity. Our study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on how to best increase public involvement through recycling and provides important insights for policy making to address this worldwide relevant issue. |
| Keywords: | Recycling Behaviour; Field Experiment; Monetary Incentives; Bass Diffusion Model |
| JEL: | C32 C93 D90 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uea:ueaeco:2022-06&r=env |
| By: | Klingebiel, Stephan |
| Abstract: | Having already been growing in importance for a number of years, geopolitics as it relates to the Global South has become tremendously more relevant following Russia's aggression in Ukraine in 2022. Rivalries with China are set to become even more influential in future, determining intergovernmental relations as a whole. Following the Russian invasion in February 2022, attention was initially concentrated on the stances adopted by states regarding the corresponding UN resolutions and UN debates. This focus alone illustrates the great significance attached to the positions taken by states and thus to strategic partisan thinking. At the same time, it would seem that none of the country alliances being formed to date differ fundamentally from those of recent years. Many developing countries are capitalising on their emancipated status gained in recent decades to formulate positions of their own, as well as to identify any double standards on the part of Western governments. It is important that German, European and other political players gain a better idea of the interests and perceptions of partners in the Global South. In development terms, Russia's war of aggression represents a watershed moment. It is important to note the following in this context: * At overall level, it will most likely be more difficult to achieve the 2030 Agenda, with its 17 SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). The COVID-19 pandemic had already produced a huge socio-economic shock in the Global South, but this has now been dwarfed in many developing countries by the impact of the war. On top of this, the increasingly critical effects of climate change are proliferating all the time. * While the most severe consequences of the Ukraine war are being felt by the country itself (need for comprehensive humanitarian assistance; future need for large-scale reconstruction work) and the surrounding region (refugee care, etc.), the surge in food and energy prices resulting from the conflict is having a major impact on developing countries. * There are also other long-term challenges in regard to global sustainable development. Take innovative cooperation instruments for tackling climate change, for instance, the most prominent of which are just energy transition partnerships (JETP). The legitimacy of efforts to promote these ambitious cooperation initiatives could be undermined by European countries introducing short-term measures that involve a return to fossil fuel investment. * The growing need to overcome cross-border challenges could intersect with cutbacks being made by donor countries to their long-term development programmes. For example, some nations (particularly the UK and, in some cases, Germany) may scale back funding or increasingly charge for providing in-donor refugee costs and thus move to report a number of their activities as Official Development Assistance (ODA) (as planned by the Netherlands and Norway, for instance). * We can expect the Ukraine war to reinforce the general trend towards interest-based development policy and increase demand for approaches that deliver quick results. Nevertheless, it is not possible to derive a clear regional, thematic or country allocation pattern from this trend. * The issue of governance in developing countries is receiving greater attention in light of the risks posed by autocratic systems. The increase in cooperation with China and Russia, two nations employing their own global discourse in an attempt to promote what they refer to as 'real democracy', is especially indicative of the way China in particular is striving to influence global debate. |
| Keywords: | Development policy,Global South,West,Russia,Pandemic,Africa,China |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:52022&r=env |
| By: | Andres,Luis Alberto; Espineira,Gonzalo; Joseph,George; Sember,German Eduardo; Thibert,Michael David |
| Abstract: | The water supply and sanitation sector remains heavily subsidized around the world. Yet, theaccounting of water supply and sanitation subsidies globally has proved challenging due to utility-level data limitationsand their often implicit nature. This paper develops a methodology to estimate water supply and sanitationsubsidies that is adaptable to data scarce environments, while accounting for differences among service providerssuch as population served (to account for economies of scale), coverage of water and sanitation servicesindividually, and their level of operational efficiency in terms of water losses and staffing. This methodology isbased on Chile’s empresa modelo (model firm) approach to cost-reflective tariff estimation and uses utility-leveldata from the World Bank's International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities database. Theresults suggest that the cost of subsidies associated with the operations, maintenance, and major repair andreplacement of existing water supply and sanitation infrastructure in much of the world (excluding, notably,China and India) is an estimated $289 billion to $353 billion per year, or 0.46 to 0.56 percent of thecountries' combined gross domestic product. This figure rises, shockingly, to 1.59 to 1.95 percent if only low- andmiddle-income economies are considered, an amount largely due to the capital subsidies captured in the estimation.Subsidies of operating costs account for approximately 22 percent of the total subsidy amount in the full sample andfor low-income economies separately. Annual subsidy amounts by region range from 0.05 to 2.40 percent of gross domesticproduct, and low-income economies are generally at the high end of this range. The estimations do not include capitalexpenditure for infrastructure expansion -- which tends to be fully subsidized -- or environmental costs. Therefore,the actual global magnitude of networked water supply and sanitation subsidies is much greater than the estimation. |
| Keywords: | Hydrology,Engineering,Sanitation and Sewerage,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water and Human Health,Sanitary Environmental Engineering,Health and Sanitation,Environmental Engineering,Water Supply and Sanitation Economics,Small Private Water Supply Providers |
| Date: | 2020–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9448&r=env |
| By: | Arulingam, Indika (International Water Management Institute); Brady, G.; Chaya, M.; Conti, M.; Kgomotso, P. K.; Korzenszky, A.; Njie, D.; Schroth, G.; Suhardiman, Diana (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Agricultural production; Smallholders; Participation; Governance; Information exchange; Sustainable livelihoods; Food security |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h051435&r=env |
| By: | Maddawin, Ricxie B.; Diokno-Sicat, Charlotte Justine; Castillo, Angel Faye G. |
| Abstract: | Executive Order No. 27 Series of 2017 mandated all government agencies and instrumentalities, including all local government units (LGUs), to implement the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) and Public Investment Program (PIP) for the period 2017-2022. This triggered the PDP localization efforts of the Department of the Interior and Local Government and National Economic Development Authority in 2017. Aimed at aligning local development plans with the PDP, the exercise produced results matrices (RMs) for provinces and LGUs in the National Capital Region (NCR). But even beyond the alignment of development plans, the RMs show how LGUs (1) contribute to national development through their programs and projects and (2) inform oversight agencies of their priorities and needs. This study reviews how recent efforts to ensure the alignment of provincial/NCR LGUs to national development goals fared and how effective were recent PDP and PDP results matrices (PDP/RM) localization efforts. This study used a mixed-methods approach, sequential parallel analysis, and process evaluation, focusing primarily on summarizing and evaluating the drafted RMs and engaging in key informant interviews to gather perceptions on the conduct of the PDP localization efforts and suggestions for improvements. The summarized LGU RMs of the report show how these are a powerful tool that could help identify priority areas, monitor progress, collectively inform strategic investments, and surface areas that LGUs may need oversight support from the national government. The PDP localization exercise was also well received by interviewed local officials, helping them to recognize their contribution to national development. Moving forward, there is a need to strengthen information and education campaigns, strengthen human resource capacities, and make indicator data more available. Finally, this exercise should be included in the broader thrust of being able to link plans and investment programs to outputs and their contribution to national outcomes. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | public investment program;local governance; Subnational Governance; local government unit; local monitoring and evaluation; local planning; local budgeting; local outputs; local development outcomes |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-19&r=env |
| By: | Thierno Bocar Diop (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'agriculture actuelle fait face à des enjeux majeurs, dont celui d'assurer de manière durable un approvisionnement alimentaire à une population mondiale en forte croissance. Face à cet enjeu, une amélioration de la productivité agricole en veillant à préserver l'intégrité de l'environnement est nécessaire. Elle passe par une évolution vers des pratiques plus économes en intrants (énergie, produits phytosanitaires, engrais) et cela sans compromettre la rentabilité économique des exploitations. Afin de faciliter la transition vers ces pratiques agroécologiques, les pouvoirs publics européens ont mis en place des dispositifs d'aides versés sous la forme de paiements pour services environnementaux et introduit des mécanismes de régulation. Nos recherches visent à évaluer les effets de ces politiques agro-environnementales sur les performances économiques et environnementales des exploitations agricoles. |
| Keywords: | Politiques agro-environnementales,Effet d'aubaine,Exploitation agricole |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800830&r=env |
| By: | Ruppert Bulmer, Elizabeth N.; Pela, Kevwe Sylvester; Eberhard-Ruiz, Andreas; Montoya Villavicencio, Jimena Jesus |
| Abstract: | The widely shared objective of transition to cleaner energy and reduced dependence on coal presents tremendous challenges, not only to coal sector producers and workers, but because of the broader implications for other sectors in coal-producing nations. A large proportion of energy infrastructure is built around coal-fired power plants (even in non-coal producing countries), economic production structures are energy-intensive, and coal value chains are long. In regions where coal mining takes place, the effects of transition cut very deeply, especially in small, remote mining communities where the local economy depends on coal. The transition can create multiple disruptions: to jobs - both direct and indirect, to household incomes, to local economies heavily tied into the coal supply chain, to community well-being and social capital, and to local and regional government capacity and fiscal solvency. This issues paper analyzes the status of coal phase-out around the world, the magnitude and character of coal mining jobs and their spillovers in local economies, and the challenges associated with future labor transition. This report is part of a broader multi-sector effort by the World Bank to support coal regions confronting the realities of decarbonization and help lay the groundwork for achieving a just transition for all. |
| Keywords: | Active Labor Market Policies; private investment in infrastructure; active labor market policy; coal sector; coal production; local economy; former soviet union; demand for coal; local labor market; small mine operation; source of energy; temporary income support; Oil & Gas; use of coal; mobility worker; Oil and Gas; high electricity demand; country case study; number of workers; private job creation; labor market context; coal mining sector; political economy dynamic; number of jobs; matching grant program; natural resource curse; coal mine; other sectors; mine closure; coal producer; affected worker; coal supply; economic diversification; alternative employment; labor policy; informal worker; Labor Policies; economic sector; vested interests; coal extraction; lignite mining; local good; photo credit; coal consumption; coal industry; based energy; displaced worker; economic shock; coal-fired power; value chain; remote community; employment outcome; contract terms; complementary activities; working condition; positive impact; regional priority; written contract; Job Quality; mining company; mining companies; generation capacity; labor code; union representation; surrounding community; pension benefit; social insurance; productivity gain; national policy; labor regulation; business environment; extractives industries; energy transition; long-term growth; political consideration; negative effect; government planning; available data; extraction technology; coal miner; mining operation; positive spillover; several countries; employment pattern; labor value; support energy; managing risk; energy generation; recent development; coal technology; job separation; domestic worker; market demand; smooth consumption; fiscal cost; reservation wage; labor demand; mining equipment; mine operator; fiscal health; electricity need; social dislocation; complementary policies; commodity price; severance pay; financial resource; public policy; environmental degradation; new job; government decision-making; marginal mine; job loss; rural district; wage employment; skill composition; household affect; entrepreneurship training; mining operator; coal type; policy stance; fundamental changes; market size; economic diversity; renewable source; replacement income; labor shedding; employment trend; employment data; primary sector; income rise; skilled service; political costs; global production; coal deposit; transition process; job shift; steel industry; energy infrastructure; income economy; job placement; still others; cleaner energy; government regulation; future labor; mining community; household income; social capital; fiscal solvency; regional economy; individual characteristic; particular country; institutional governance; soft skills; labor transition; production structure; qualifying criteria; adequate financing; energy need; coking coal; steel production; manufacturing process; energy mix; common feature; external factor; domestic coal; political will; export market; production increase; domestic economy; productivity increase; high wage; export opportunity; export opportunities |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:33766368&r=env |
| By: | Francisco-Cruz, Carlos Alberto; Buckley, Cathal; Breen, James; Lanigan, Gary |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:eaa181:329126&r=env |
| By: | Etienne Espagne (World Bank); Yen Boi Ha (ETH Zurich); Kenneth Houngbedji (LEDa-DIAL (IRD, CNRS, Universite Paris-Dauphine, Universite PSL)); Thanh Ngo-Duc (University of Science and Technology of Hanoi) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of typhoons on economic activities in Vietnam. During the period covered by our analysis, 1992-2013, we observed 63 typhoons affecting different locations of the country in different years with varying intensity. Using measures of the intensity of nightlight from satellite imagery as a proxy for the level of economic activity, we study how the nighttime light brightness varies across locations that were variably affected by the tropical cyclones. The results suggest that typhoons have on average dimmed nighttime luminosity of the places hit by 5 ± 5.8 % or 8 ± 7.8 % depending on the specifications we made. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters, economic growth, Vietnam |
| JEL: | Q54 Q52 C21 O53 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt202206&r=env |
| By: | Johnson, N. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural research for development; Integrated systems; Systems research; Impact assessment; CGIAR; Research programmes; Monitoring and evaluation; Natural resources management; Investment; Funding; Organizational learning; Food systems; Land use; Water systems; Remote sensing |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050911&r=env |
| By: | Köthke, Margret; Weimar, Holger |
| Abstract: | This working paper provides a detailed overview of the trade in wood-based or wood-containing products1 in the EU27 in 2020 and distinguishes products already under the scope of the EUTR and the proposed regulation of the European Commission on deforestation-free value chains, from products not in the scope of those two regulations. The study considers overall 769 products (according to the 8-digit product codes of the Combined Nomenclature) from the entire list of goods for international trade statistics, provided that some wood content can be assumed. Of these products, 348 are already in the scope of the EUTR. The remaining 421 products are considered, to assess their relevance in EU27 wood-based products trade. Therefore, trade values and quantities for each product are taken from EUROSTAT foreign trade data bases. To compare the wood content related to each product, trade quantities were converted into trade volumes of cubic meters of roundwood equivalents (RWE m³). The roundwood equivalent indicates how much raw wood is required to produce the respective wood-based product. Converting the trade volumes into this physical reference value also enables a raw material-related comparison of the traded products. The working paper presents three different trade flows, which all fall within the scope of the proposed new regulation for deforestation-free products: a) Imports of wood-based products from third countries into the EU27, b) exports to third countries from the EU27, and c) intra trade within the EU27 internal market (between EU Member States). Further, detailed information on data compilation, data gaps and uncertainties and conversion factors applied are given within this working paper [...]. |
| Keywords: | European Timber Regulation,EUTR,timber trade,wood-based products,deforestation free value chains |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:193&r=env |
| By: | Domingo, Sonny N.; Manejar, Arvie Joy A. |
| Abstract: | Modern crop biotechnology is being considered as a novel solution to the long-standing problems of food insecurity, low crop productivity, pest and disease prevalence, and micronutrient deficiency, particularly in developing and climate-vulnerable economies. Empirical evidence of its benefits encouraged the development and adoption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and related products, fostering global market dynamism. The Philippines' early adoption of technology and its inclusion among countries with the highest GMO corn hectarage in the early 2000s motivated the creation of regulatory guidelines and biosafety policies which informed development and commercialization timelines. The study reviewed the enabling regulatory structures to determine entry points for augmentation while an economic surplus analysis of GMO eggplant was carried out as a case study to estimate welfare benefits and potential opportunity costs for both consumers and local growers. Results showed that across simulations, even with the most conservative adoption delays due to regulatory lags, viable figures were still obtained with the lowest IRR at 20 percent. Notwithstanding contrary sentiments from interest groups, the government's priority must be to make available the modern biotechnology option, in both farm and household tables, in the most prudent but expedient way possible. The huge opportunity losses attached to suboptimal bureaucratic regulatory functioning have to be stemmed. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | biotechnology; GMOs; modified crops; regulatory process |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-45&r=env |
| By: | Fang,Sheng; Xu,L. Colin; Yi,Yuanyuan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines cross-country evidence of how the Covid-19 pandemic spread and the mortality rates associated with preexisting vulnerabilities, the government’s mobility restriction policy, institutions (democracy), and culture (individualistic culture and trust). Preexisting vulnerabilities (that is, the share of the elderly, urbanization, obesity prevalence, and air pollution) increase the spread of the pandemic and/or the mortality rate. On average, the government policy delay in mobility restriction, democracy, and culture indicators are not significantly associated with the pandemic outcomes. However, government delay in restricting mobility drastically amplifies the positive association between preexisting vulnerabilities and pandemic mortality. Individualistic culture and general trust amplify the positive links between pandemic mortality and the share of elderly people or urbanization. The analysis shows that in modeling the pandemic outcomes, it is important to consider cross-country spatial interactions. |
| Keywords: | Law and Justice Institutions,Disease Control&Prevention,Brown Issues and Health,Pollution Management&Control,Air Quality&Clean Air,Public Health Promotion |
| Date: | 2020–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9470&r=env |
| By: | Jeremi Assael (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab, MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Laurent Carlier (BNPP CIB GM Lab - BNP Paribas CIB Global Markets Data & AI Lab); Damien Challet (MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | We systematically investigate the links between price returns and ESG features in the European market. We propose a cross-validation scheme with random company-wise validation to mitigate the relative initial lack of quantity and quality of ESG data, which allows us to use most of the latest and best data to both train and validate our models. Boosted trees successfully explain a part of 1 annual price returns not accounted by the market factor. We check with benchmark features that ESG features do contain significantly more information than basic fundamental features alone. The most relevant sub-ESG feature encodes controversies. Finally, we find opposite effects of better ESG scores on the price returns of small and large capitalization companies: better ESG scores are generally associated with larger price returns for the latter, and reversely for the former. |
| Keywords: | ESG features,sustainable investing,interpretable machine learning,model selection,asset management,equity returns |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03791538&r=env |
| By: | Yuventus Effendi (Indonesian Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia); Budy Resosudarmo (Indonesia Project, Arndt-Corden Department of Economics, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the construction of the East Asia inter-regional social accounting matrix (EA-IRSAM). The first section describes the basics of the social accounting matrix. The next section presents procedures to construct EA-IRSAM based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Power version 9 database. The last section describes two extensions of IRSAM analyses used in this paper, namely inter-regional constrained fixed price multiplier (IR-CFPM) and microsimulation of household income. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, social accounting matrix, East Asian economy |
| JEL: | O21 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unp:wpaper:202202&r=env |
| By: | Tabuga, Aubrey D.; Domingo, Sonny N.; Umlas, Anna Jennifer L.; Zuluaga, Katrina Mae C. |
| Abstract: | Social norms and structures are vital factors that shape people’s behavior and attitudes. It is, therefore, useful to analyze such underlying forces in the creation of strategies that are meant to influence behavior and activities. Agricultural extension services such as information dissemination and farmers’ training are some of the interventions that can benefit from such analyses especially within a context of limited human and financial resources. The idea is to use the lessons learned from the analysis of social networks and norms in identifying potential local knowledge and information disseminators, thereby aiding the extension services. It also helps in the formulation of more contextualized approaches for reaching the underserved and hard-to-reach areas. Applying this approach, this study used the case of a remote upland area in Atok, Benguet, a major vegetable producer. This study used social network analysis to develop insights for designing more effective extension strategies. The results show that interventions like information and education campaigns can be improved by acknowledging the nuances in social relation structures. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | agriculture; Philippines; upland farming;Social network analysis; information and education campaign; Benguet farming |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-18&r=env |
| By: | Dadzie, Christabel Ewuradjoa; Ofei-Aboagye, Esther |
| Abstract: | Ghana’s public works program, Labour-Intensive Public Works (LIPW), was initiated in 2010 with the goal of providing short-term employment opportunities to the poorest and building community assets. Public works programs have the potential to promote social inclusion by benefiting vulnerable groups, particularly youth and women. The LIPW program in its operational design, included provisions to support women workers, including having on-site crèches and latrines and provided flexibility of employment so that women could easily access the program. Although, the program did not exclude qualified youth, operational designs did not lay emphasis on youth engagement. The LIPW program could be positioned as a youth employment avenue, as well as promoting social inclusion and enhancing the overall well-being of its beneficiaries. As such, this study reviews the operational opportunities within the Ghana LIPW program design targeting women and youth and provides recommendations for enhancing social inclusion for these groups in future programming. This study will be useful for public works program implementers, as well as policy makers, looking to boost social inclusion within their programming. |
| Keywords: | Gender and Development,Inequality,Labor Markets,Rural Labor Markets,Labor Policies,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Health,Climate Change and Environment,Labor & Employment Law |
| Date: | 2021–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:33362802&r=env |
| By: | Francisco, Kris A.; Lim, Valerie L. |
| Abstract: | Transport infrastructure is one of the key elements in achieving a balanced growth within an economy. The water transport sector, in particular, plays a much larger role in an archipelagic country such as the Philippines. The country however, has underinvested in public infrastructure for several years which resulted to low quality of infrastructure and some inefficiencies in the operation of seaports, which are the main infrastructure in the water transport sector. This study analyzed the performance of the Philippine ports through domestic and international lenses by utilizing previous studies and comparative statistics on ASEAN countries. Results show that despite having more international ports, our container and cargo throughput as well as international passenger traffic is lower compared to our ASEAN neighbors. This can be attributed to the perceived low quality of our ports and low level of shipping connectivity. Review of previous studies reveal that issues in the water transport sector are related to quality of infrastructure, inefficiencies in operation and congestion. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | water transport sector; transport policy; sea ports |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2021-47&r=env |
| By: | Niftiyev, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | There is a growing body of literature on the possible presence of the Natural Resources Curse (NRC) and Dutch Disease Syndrome (DD) in the Azerbaijani economy. Because of its abundant hydrocarbon resources, Azerbaijan has pursued an oil-oriented strategy for economic growth and development. Certainly, this path has helped overcome serious economic problems such as extreme poverty, lack of capital accumulation, and technology adoption, but it is also believed that a lopsided economic structure hinders overall sustainable growth. Indeed, it has been noted that the high-value-added manufacturing sector is an engine for stable economic growth and that specialization in the primary sector (including oil and related commodities) can pose many challenges to developing countries. Over time, non-oil production has been neglected and volatile commodity prices have been allowed to determine macroeconomic stability in Azerbaijan. This has been a risky path and now requires a comprehensive investigation using widely accepted theories such as NRC and DD. This working paper presents the first results of an econometric and empirical linear analysis of the main NRC- and DD-related variables to shed light on the above phenomena. The main regression approach was a stepwise algorithm to find variable-specific functional relationships. The results are far from perfect and are experimental in nature. Although all conclusions should be drawn with caution, interested parties such as academics, professional economists, decision makers, or policy makers could benefit from the proposed conceptualization of NRC and DD in the Azerbaijani economy for their future studies. |
| Keywords: | Azerbaijan economy,de-industrialization,Dutch disease,natural resource curse theory,non-oil industry,oil-rich nation,regression analysis,Stepwise regression |
| JEL: | D04 E32 L6 O14 O52 O53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:266036&r=env |
| By: | Delgado, Christopher L.; Costa, Carlos G.; Ricaldi, Federica |
| Abstract: | This book focuses on entry points for creation of better jobs through agricultural value chains and lays out the policy implications, using cassava, cashew, and plantation forestry as examples. It is based on case studies carried out in 2018-2020 by the World Bank Jobs Group as part of the multi-stakeholder Let’s Work Program in Mozambique. Let’s Work is a global partnership encompassing over 25 private sector organizations, international financial institutions, multilateral development banks, and bilateral donors focused on supporting private sector-led job growth. The study documents opportunities for creating more and better jobs, often in formal employment, linked to the cassava, cashew and plantation forestry value chains. Cassava in Mozambique is currently a traditional subsistence food crop; cashew is a struggling traditional export crop; and plantation forestry is a relatively new sector. However, the study also argues that to realize these opportunities Mozambique requires proactive public policy and investments to overcome significant challenges such as: climate change; over-concentration in current export market destinations; and the unintended side effects of some public policies. The study is focused on promoting an enabling environment for private sector growth in these value chains. It aims to inform ongoing debates about how agriculture and improved natural resource management can contribute more to economic transformation in Mozambique. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural markets, commercialization and agri-business,Housing Construction,Workforce Development/Skills,Oil and Gas,Other Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry |
| Date: | 2021–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:33555938&r=env |
| By: | Risto Conte Keivabu (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Ugofilippo Basellini (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Emilio Zagheni (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2022-028&r=env |