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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Abiry, Raphael; Ludwig, Alexander; Ferdinandusse, Marien; Nerlich, Carolin |
| JEL: | E51 E62 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264139&r=env |
| By: | Jianxin Wu; Ziwei Feng; Chunbo Ma |
| Abstract: | This paper applies a difference-in-differences approach to examine the effectiveness of China’s One-Vote Veto environmental regulation regime, which links pollution reduction targets with local officials’ promotion. Using a rich set of data for 286 Chinese cities, we show that the new political incentive induced significant tradeoff between economic growth and environmental protection. The regime shifts significantly reduced industrial SO2 emissions; however, the environmental improvement was limited only to the reduction of the targeted pollutants that are linked to performance evaluation. Firm-level evidence shows that emission reduction was mainly achieved by reducing new polluting production activities, increasing pollution abatement capacity and improving abatement performance. It is also found that compliance with emissions reduction targets indeed increases the promotion chances of local officials. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:329093&r=env |
| By: | Tenreyro, Silvana; De Silva, Tiloka |
| Abstract: | We study countries’ compliance with the targets pledged in international climate-change agreements and the impact of those agreements and specific climate laws and policies on greenhouse-gas emissions and economic outcomes. To do so, we compile and codify data on international agreements and measures enacted at the national and sub-national levels. We find that compliance with targets has been mixed. Still, countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol or the Copenhagen Accord experienced significant reductions in emissions when compared to non-signatories. Having quantifiable targets led to further reductions. Effects from the Paris Agreement are not yet evident in the data. Carbon taxes and the introduction of emission-trading schemes led to material reductions in emissions. Other climate laws or policies do not appear to have had, individually, a material effect on emissions. The impact on GDP growth or inflation from most measures was largely insignificant. Overall, much more ambitious targets would be needed to offset the impact of economic and population growth on emissions and contain the expansion of the stock of gases. |
| Keywords: | emissions; climate change; climate agreements; carbon taxes; emission-trading schemes; climate-change mitigation; OUP deal |
| JEL: | Q54 O54 |
| Date: | 2021–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112139&r=env |
| By: | Ebarvia, Maria Corazon M. |
| Abstract: | Transforming Philippine agriculture and fisheries (AF) into a dynamic, high-growth sector is essential to poverty reduction, food security, and inclusive economic prosperity. However, unsustainable AF practices have impacts on the environment and climate, and at the same time, ecosystem degradation and climate change impact the productivity and sustainability of the AF sector, with disastrous consequences on food security, income, and livelihoods, especially of small-scale farmers and fishers. Agriculture and fisheries rely on natural capital and are both providers and consumers of ecosystem services, and at the same time pose a threat to nature. This report describes the range of pressures affecting the state of the AF sector, and the response measures being undertaken. Integrating environmental sustainability and climate resilience in AF development and modernization plans has emerged as a necessity in policy and practice. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development; climate change; agroecosystems; ecosystem services; soil; aquaculture; IUU fishing |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-11&r=env |
| By: | Lucatello, Simone |
| Abstract: | Under the current global environmental governance and trade regimes, several initiatives, such as the new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the European Union's European Green Deal, and regional free trade agreements the European Union has implemented with strategic partners like Mexico, are prompting a vibrant discussion on how trade agreements can be used as a potential mechanism to create enforceable cross-border commitments to tackle climate change. However, to cut greenhouse gas emissions within a few decades, a decisive departure from current trends in emission and trade policies is required by all countries, both developed and developing. As a result, politicians, scholars and experts around the world have looked to trade agreements as a possible tool for reaching global climate commitments, either related to or independent from the Paris Agreement. But how well do these agreements suit this purpose? Carbon-intensive products worldwide increased when tariff reductions were implemented, resulting in destructive practices for many countries, particularly those in the Global South. For countries such as Mexico, the nexus between trade and climate change is not easy to address: the country is trapped between its ambitions to play a role in global trade platforms as an industrial manufacturer and agricultural exporter and its desire to be recognized as a global actor in climate change policy and actions within the global community. Despite recent changes in climate and environmental politics under the administration of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018-2024), Mexico is a middle-income country with a long-standing tradition as climate champion and environmental leader in the Global South and needs to make clear where it stands under the new global environmental and ecological transition scenario imposed by the climate crisis and trade-related issues. The "entanglement" of global trade treaties and commitments under the current climate crisis, represents a major shift for Mexico. Caught between the new US-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the EU-Mexico Trade Agreement and the possible impacts of the European Green Deal, Mexico needs to define its role in trade and environmental terms alongside giant partners such as the United States and the European Union, while defending its role as a regional power. If the European Green Deal takes off as an international driver for deepening climate and sustainable development goals with European Union strategic partners, it remains to be seen how Mexico will respond to the challenge. In this paper we address the possible implications for Mexico under each of these instruments. We look at the interplay between them, explore the linkages and possible conflictual pathways, and "disentangle" the schemes in which trade and climate change are interconnected. Mexico may be trapped in a "catch-22" situation. Environmental provisions embedded in trade treaties provide critical benefits to the country, but this often comes at the expense of "unacceptable" environmental enforcement measures that can put at risk national development plans, especially at a time when the environment and climate change issues are not at the top of the current administration's political agenda. |
| Keywords: | European Union,Mexico,United States,trade agreements,climate change |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:112022&r=env |
| By: | Matteo Alpino (Bank of Italy); Luca Citino (Bank of Italy); Guido de Blasio (Bank of Italy); Federica Zeni (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | This volume summarizes the results of the research project "The Effects of Climate Change on the Italian Economy." The project consists of 17 papers that (a) measure the impact of climate change on economic activity, particularly that of the most exposed sectors (e.g., agriculture or tourism); (b) analyze some of the policies for adaptation and mitigation (e.g., simplifications of the permitting regime for investments in renewables or carbon pricing schemes). |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Italian economy |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_728_22&r=env |
| By: | Lockwood, Ben (University of Warwick); Powdthavee, Nattavudh (University of Warwick); Oswald, Andrew J. (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Are 'green' environmental concerns -- about climate change, biodiversity, pollution -- deterring today's citizens from having children? This paper, which we believe to be the first of its kind, reports preliminary evidence consistent with that increasingly discussed hypothesis. Our study has a simple longitudinal design. It follows through time a random sample of thousands of initially childless men and women in the UK. Those individuals who are committed to a green lifestyle are found to be less likely to go on to have offspring. Later analysis adjusts statistically for a large set of potential confounders, including age, education, marital status, mental health, life satisfaction, optimism, and physical health. Because there might be unobservable reasons why those who are pro-environmental may be less likely to want a child, and to try to ensure that the finding cannot be explained by selection and omitted variables, the paper explores Oster's (2019) bounds test. The paper's final estimated effect-size is substantial: a person entirely unconcerned about environmental behaviour is found to be approximately 60% more likely to go on to have a child when compared to a deeply committed environmentalist. |
| Keywords: | fertility, child-bearing, climate change, environment, green |
| JEL: | J1 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15620&r=env |
| By: | Francis X. Diebold |
| Abstract: | I offer reflections on adaptation to climate change, with emphasis on developing areas. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.11525&r=env |
| By: | Semrau, Finn Ole |
| Abstract: | Industries that occupy upstream positions in global value chains (GVCs) - being positioned closer to the raw product - produce proportionately more CO2-intensive. However, firms are heterogeneous, even in narrowly defined industries. In this paper, I empirically investigate whether the relationship between upstreamness and CO2 emissions, measured in absolute and relative terms, holds within industries at the firm level. Using granular data of Indian manufacturing firms and controlling for established drivers of clean production, I reveal that firms producing products closer to final consumption produce less CO2-intensive. I corroborate the finding by using a 2-SLS instrumental variable approach. Interestingly, I find that exposure to importing countries with stringent environmental policies attenuates the link between upstreamness and dirty production. The latter finding suggests the imperative of technology upgrading for dirty upstream producers aiming to remain competitive in international markets. |
| Keywords: | Environment and trade,environment and development,CO2 intensity,global value chains,sustainable development |
| JEL: | F14 F18 O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264178&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Elisa Chioatto; Stathis Devves; George Halkos; Christian Hansmeyer; Conrad Landis (AUEB); Ketan Patel; Angelos Plataniotis; Charis Stavridis |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal (EGD) is the growth strategy for Europe, covering an extensive range of areas, including Climate Action, Energy, Agriculture, Industry and Infrastructure, Environment and Biodiversity, Transportation, Finance and Development, and Research and Innovation. The UN Agenda 2030 and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are our plan for building national, continental, and global investment programs for sustainable development. In this paper, we select 34 central policies and strategies published during 2020-21 to support the EGD's implementation and assess how they align with Agenda 2030 aspirations through two proposed text-mining methodologies: one human-based and two machine-learning-based. Our results show the connection of EGD policies not only to the expected thematic SDGs but also to Goals 16 and 17, indicating that progress towards sustainability passes through "Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions" (SDG 16) and international "Partnerships for the Goals" (SDG 17). Next, we apply the 6 transformations for operationalizing the SDGs, introduced by Sachs et al. 2019. We show that while the EGD policies support mostly the Transformations concerning "Sustainable Food, Land, and Oceans" and "Energy Decarbonization and Industry". Further, we build the connection between EGD/SDGs implementation and the need to measure, monetize, and integrate natural capital considerations into investment assessment processes. We develop an ecosystem-based benefits-transfer valuation approach to assign economic values to natural capital across the 14 biogeographical and marine areas of Europe, which involves the performance of a meta-regression analysis on values extracted from existing empirical studies using a value transfer function, and highlight the importance of bringing them into investment and financial decisions. Finally, key takeaways from this paper are summarized, and recommendations for strategic directions policymakers should take to better prepare them to face the major challenges that will arise as a result of implementing the ambitious sustainability agenda are suggested. |
| Date: | 2022–11–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2228&r=env |
| By: | Dora Xia; Omar Zulaica |
| Abstract: | This paper explores a carbon premium – the extra yield investors demand to buy bonds issued by firms with more greenhouse gas emissions – in the US corporate bond market. We analyse a carbon premium along two channels, via panel regression. One is the preference channel, under which the premium reflects investors' preference for firms that they perceive as being more environmentally responsible, all else equal. The other is the risk channel, where investors perceive more carbon-intensive firms as more prone to default. We test the preference channel by investigating the relationship between corporate bond yields and carbon emissions, while controlling for the probability of default (PD) and other bond characteristics. We examine the risk channel by analysing how carbon emissions affect the PD. We validate the existence of carbon premia in both channels, with the premium being larger for firms in more energy-intensive sectors. Moreover, the premium differs across maturities, giving rise to a humpshaped term structure of carbon premia, reaching its highest level at the belly of the curve (maturities of 15–20 years). For instance, a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by an energy-intensive firm can reduce credit spread of a bond in the belly issued by the firm by over 10 basis points. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon emissions, corporate bond spread, term structure. |
| JEL: | G12 G30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1045&r=env |
| By: | Naumann, Fabrice; Bolz, Simon Johannes; Richter, Philipp Moritz |
| JEL: | F18 F12 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264086&r=env |
| By: | Schoder,Christian |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the main transmission channels of an environmental tax reform shifting the tax burden from labor to carbon emission. The analysis uses a simple open-economy macro model and estimates dynamic environmental tax as well as personal income tax multiplier effects on output and employment for a panel of 75 high- and low-income countries from 1994 to 2018. Tax policy changes are identified by cyclically adjusting the tax revenues. The estimated environmental tax multiplier effects on output range from 1 on impact to 1.8 at the peak. Personal income tax multipliers are slightly higher, ranging from 1.4 to 2.3. While income taxes reduce employment, environmental taxes do not. Environmental tax multipliers are highly regime dependent: they are close to zero or statistically insignificant unless taxes are increased when output contracts, fuel prices are high, the environmental tax levels are high, or the carbon intensity of output is low. Commodity trade-exposed countries face higher tax multipliers. This analysis concludes that, compared with income taxes, environmental taxes can be a less contractionary source of revenues to support the post-COVID-19 fiscal consolidation efforts, especially in countries that are at the beginning of their decarbonization efforts. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Environment,Energy and Mining,Energy Demand,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,International Trade and Trade Rules,Taxation&Subsidies |
| Date: | 2021–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9640&r=env |
| By: | Dao, Thang (University of Roehampton); Kalkuhl, Matthias (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Vasilakis, Chrysovalantis ((CEE) Centre D'Ètudes de L'Emploi) |
| Abstract: | We consider how the demographic transition has been shaped in regions that are the least developed and the most vulnerable to climate change. Environmental conditions affect intra-household labor allocation because of the impacts on local resources under the poor infrastructural system. Climate change causes damage to local resources, offsetting the role of technological progress in saving time that women spend on their housework. Hence, the gender inequality in education/income is upheld, delaying declines in fertility and creating population momentum. The bigger population, in turn, degrades local resources through expanded production. The interplay between local resources, gender inequality, and population, under the persistent effect of climate change, may thus generate a slow demographic transition and stagnation. We provide empirical confirmation for our theoretical predictions from 44 Sub-Saharan African countries. |
| Keywords: | climate change, local resources, fertility, gender inequality in education, slow demographic transition |
| JEL: | J11 J16 Q01 Q20 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15646&r=env |
| By: | Sebastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Frederic Mortier (UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Esha Zaveri (World Bank Group); Michelle van Vliet (Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Jason Russ (World Bank Group); Sophie Aude (World Bank Group); Richard Damania (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Clean water is key for sustainable development. However, large gaps in monitoring data limit our understanding of global hotspots of water quality and their evolution over time. We demonstrate the value added of a data-driven approach to provide accurate high-frequency estimates of surface water quality worldwide over the period 1992-2010. We assess water quality for six indicators (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, nitrate-nitrite, phosphorus) relevant for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The performance of our modelling approach compares well to, or exceeds, the performance of recently published process-based models. The model's outputs indicate that poor water quality is a global problem that impacts low-, middle-and high-income countries but with different pollutants. When countries become richer, water pollution does not disappear but evolves. |
| Date: | 2022–08–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03764434&r=env |
| By: | Zachariadis,Theodoros; Giannakis,,Elias; Taliotis,Constantinos; Karmellos,Marios; Fylaktos,Nestor; Howells,Mark Idwal; Blyth,William James; Hallegatte,Stephane |
| Abstract: | As humanity’s current production and consumption patterns exceed planetary boundaries, many opinion leaders have stressed the need to adopt green economic stimulus policies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. This paper provides an integrated framework to design an economic recovery strategy aligned with sustainability objectives through a multi-criterion, multi-stakeholder lens. The aim is to enable decisions by policy makers with the aid of transparent workflows that include expert evidence that is based on quantitative open-source modeling, and qualitative input by diverse social actors in a participatory approach. The paper employs an energy systems model and an economic input-output model to provide quantitative evidence and design a multi-criteria decision process that engages stakeholders from government, enterprises, and civil society. As a case study, the paper studies 13 green recovery measures that are relevant for Cyprus and assesses their appropriateness for criteria related to environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and job impact, and climate resilience. The results highlight trade-offs between immediate and long-run effects, between economic and environmental objectives, and between expert evidence and societal priorities. Importantly, the paper finds that a “return-to-normal†economic stimulus is not only environmentally unsustainable, but also economically inferior to most green recovery schemes. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Energy and Mining,Transport Services,Financial Sector Policy |
| Date: | 2021–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9528&r=env |
| By: | Brehm, Johannes; aus dem Moore, Nils; Gruhl, Henri |
| JEL: | H23 L91 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264085&r=env |
| By: | Abman,Ryan Michael; Lundberg,Clark Christopher; Ruta,Michele |
| Abstract: | Trade liberalization can spur environmental degradation. Concerns over these adverse impacts have led to a debate over the need for environmental provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs), however the effectiveness of such provisions is unknown. This paper provides new causal evidence that environmental provisions are effective in limiting deforestation following the entry into force of RTAs. It exploits high-resolution, satellite-derived estimates of deforestation and identify the content of RTAs using a new dataset with detailed information on individual provisions. Accounting for the potential endogeneity of environmental provisions in RTAs, the paper finds that the inclusion of specific provisions aimed at protecting forests and/or biodiversity entirely offsets the net increases in forest loss observed in similar RTAs without such provisions. The inclusion of these provisions limits agricultural land expansion, but does not completely offset increases in total agricultural production. The effects are concentrated in tropical, developing countries with greater biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | International Trade and Trade Rules,Environmental Disasters&Degradation,Global Environment Facility,Biodiversity,Trade Policy |
| Date: | 2021–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9601&r=env |
| By: | Eydam, Ulrich; Diluiso, Francesca |
| Abstract: | In light of climate change mitigation efforts, revenues from climate policies are growing, with no consensus yet on how they should be used. Potential efficiency gains from reducing distortionary taxes and the distributional implications of different revenue recycling schemes are currently debated. To account for households heterogeneity and dynamic trade-offs, we study the macroeconomic and welfare performance of different revenue recycling schemes using an Environmental Two-Agent New-Keynesian model, calibrated on the German economy. We find that, in the long run, welfare gains are higher when revenues are used to reduce distortionary taxes on capital, but this comes at the cost of higher inequality: while all households prefer labor income tax reductions to lump-sum transfers, only financially unconstrained households are better off when reducing taxes on capital income. Interestingly, we find that over the transition period relevant to meet short-medium run climate targets, labor income tax cuts are the most efficient and equitable instrument. |
| Keywords: | double dividend,E-DSGE,environmental tax reform,non-Ricardian households,revenue recycling,redistribution |
| JEL: | E62 H23 H31 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264076&r=env |
| By: | Lozano Gracia,Nancy; Bainomugisha,Engineer; Soppelsa,Maria Edisa; Okure,Deo |
| Abstract: | Many cities and urban centers around the world experience high air pollution episodes attributable to increased anthropogenic alterations of natural environmental systems. World Health Organization estimates indicate strong exceedances of prescribed limits in developing countries. However, the evidence on local pollution measures is limited for such cities and Uganda is no exception. Informed by the practical realities of air quality monitoring, this paper employs a low-cost approach using passive and active monitors to obtain characterization of pollution levels based on particulate matter 2.5, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone over a six-month period (starting in December 2018) for selected urban centers in three of the four macro-regions in Uganda. This is the first attempt to comprehensively assess pollution levels at a near-national level in Uganda. A combination of distributed stationary monitors and mobile monitors installed on motorcycle taxis (boda-boda) was employed in selected parishes to obtain spatiotemporal variations in the pollutant concentrations. The results suggest that seasonal particulate levels heavily depend on precipitation patterns with a strong inverse relation, which further corroborates the need for longer monitoring periods to reflect actual seasonal variations. Informed by the observed level of data completeness and quality in all the monitoring scenarios, the paper highlights the practicability and potential of a low-cost approach to air quality monitoring and the potential to use this information to inform citizens. |
| Keywords: | Pollution Management&Control,Air Quality&Clean Air,Brown Issues and Health,Health Care Services Industry,Intelligent Transport Systems,Social Risk Management,Disaster Management,Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2021–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9512&r=env |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Gorkun-Voevoda, Liudmila; Knaus, Michael |
| JEL: | D83 E61 H41 Q52 Q53 Q57 Z13 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264028&r=env |
| By: | Fatih Yilmaz (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy is a key component of global energy transitions. To better identify its dynamics, this study constructs a composite index to measure countries’ renewable energy transition potential. Based on two decades of academic research, we identify 45 main enabling factors of the renewable energy transition. We classify these factors into seven subindices: economic factors, financial development, human capital, energy access, energy security, environmental sustainability and institutional infrastructure. We then aggregate the subindices into a composite index, which we call the renewable energy transition potential index. This index and its subindices are available for 149 countries for the period from 1990 to 2018. |
| Keywords: | Battery storage, Benefits of electricity trade, Business models, Climate change |
| Date: | 2022–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:mpaper:ks--2021-mp03&r=env |
| By: | Belloc, Filippo; Valentini, Edilio |
| Abstract: | We propose a mixture model approach to identify locally optimal technologies and to dissect environmental productivity (output produced per unit of emission) into a technological and a managerial component. For a large sample of plants covered by the EU ETS, we find that the share of plants adopting the frontier technology is about 21%. We also find that the average output gains that plants could reach by adopting optimal technologies and managerial practices are 75% and 80% respectively. These results remain qualitatively similar after addressing endogeneity of emissions. Finally, we match EU ETS data with balance-sheet data on parent companies and find that better environmental technologies tend to be adopted by larger, listed, multi-plant and international companies, while older firms and firms with higher intangibles assets intensity more commonly show improved environmental management. Our results suggest that existing technologies have large unexploited potentials and deliver important insights for policy. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:328580&r=env |
| By: | Martin Henseler (EDEHN - Equipe d'Economie Le Havre Normandie - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | Plastic mulch film application in agricultural production creates conflicts between environmentalists, farmers and society. Besides being a disturbing element in the landscape and fauna habitats, mulch films also cause plastic emissions to the environment. Farmers apply the mulch film to produce specific crops with reduced factor input and to optimise production conditions. Plastic mulch film also helps to reduce environmental impacts like soil erosion. With plastic mulch film, farmers can produce specific crops according to the consumers' demand: asparagus, strawberries, lettuce, gherkins, marrows, and early potatoes. Increasing the thickness of mulch film can reduce the emissions from plastic mulch films and maintain the advantages in production processes. At the regional level, plastic emissions are heterogenous and high in hotspots with extensive application of plastic mulch film. The abatement scenarios simulate the increase in film thickness. The results show that increasing the film thickness to 40 to 50 micrometres reduces the plastic emissions by 20 to 40 per cent, with marginal abatement costs reaching from 120 to 130 euros per kilogram of abated plastic. If farmers transmit the increase in production costs of this measure to the consumer, product prices will increase by 1 to 10%. The study presents one of the first economic analyses of the effectiveness and efficiency of abatement measures to reduce plastic emissions from agricultural mulch film. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,mitigation,mitigation cost,efficiency,effectiveness,microplastic |
| Date: | 2022–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03779834&r=env |
| By: | Joseph E. Aldy; Dallas Burtraw; Carolyn Fischer; Meredith Fowlie; Roberton C. Williams III; Maureen L. Cropper |
| Abstract: | Economists have for decades recommended that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases be taxed—or otherwise priced—to provide incentives for their reduction. The United States does not have a federal carbon tax; however, many state and federal programs to reduce carbon emissions effectively price carbon—for example, through cap-and-trade systems or regulations. There are also programs that subsidize reductions in carbon emissions. At the 2022 meetings of the American Economic Association, the Society for Benefit-Cost Analysis brought together five well-known economists—Joe Aldy, Dallas Burtraw, Carolyn Fischer, Meredith Fowlie, and Rob Williams—to discuss how the United States does, in fact, price carbon and how it could price carbon. Maureen Cropper chaired the panel. This paper summarizes their remarks. |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30545&r=env |
| By: | Burns,Andrew; Jooste,Charl; Schwerhoff,Gregor |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a modeling methodology that embeds climate damages from natural disasters and risk management strategies into a macroeconomic model for Jamaica. The modeled damages take the form of capital destruction, and the risk management strategies considered are (i) adaptation investment in hurricane resilient infrastructure, (ii) commercial disaster insurance for the government, (iii) the formation of a contingency fund, and (iv) lower debt via higher future primary balances to create fiscal space for disaster recovery. Different risk management strategies are compared to a baseline of no risk management. The model behavior is estimated empirically on country-specific data. Hurricane damage and the model results are analyzed in deterministic and probabilistic settings, using the historical distribution of damages for Jamaica. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation to Climate Change,Natural Disasters,Financial Sector Policy,Macroeconomic Management,Disaster Management,Social Risk Management,Hazard Risk Management |
| Date: | 2021–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9505&r=env |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Barbara Hammer; Ulrike Kuhl; Alina Velias |
| Abstract: | Identifying mechanisms of real-life human decision-making is central to inform effective, human-centric public policy. Here, we report larger trends and synthesize preliminary lessons from behavioral and neuroeconomic investigations focusing on environmental values. We review the currently available evidence at different levels of granularity, from insights of how individuals value natural resources (individual level), followed by evidence from work on group externalities, common pool resources, and social norms (social group level), to the study of incentives, policies, and their impact (institutional level). At each level, we identify viable directions for future scientific research and actionable items for policy-makers. Coupled with new technological and methodological advances, we suggest that behavioural and neuroeconomic insights may inform effective strategy to optimize environmental resources. We conclude that the time is ripe for action, to enrich policies with scientifically grounded insights, making an impact in the interest of current and future generations. |
| Keywords: | behavioural economics, neuroeconomics, environmental values,individual decision-making, common pool resources, policy |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2227&r=env |
| By: | Demekas, Dimitri; Grippa, Pierpaolo |
| Abstract: | As with the global financial crisis, there are once again demands on central banks and financial regulators to take on new responsibilities, this time for supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. Regulators can indeed facilitate the reorientation of financial flows necessary for the transition. But they may find themselves walking a tightrope, having to balance exaggerated expectations against limited capabilities and political economy constraints. Their diagnostic and policy toolkits are still in their infancy. Expanding their legal mandates to take on these new, essentially political, responsibilities should be done through the political process and be accompanied by strengthened governance and accountability arrangements. Taking on these new responsibilities can also have potential pitfalls and unintended consequences on financial markets. Ultimately, central banks and financial regulators cannot deliver a low-carbon economy by themselves and should not risk being caught again in the role of ‘the only game in town’. |
| Keywords: | Financial stability; financial regulation; climate change; climate mitigation policy; low-carbon econmy; energy transition; OUP deal |
| JEL: | F3 G3 J1 |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116708&r=env |
| By: | Camille Hainnaux (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas Seegmuller (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the impact of redistribution and polluting commodity taxation on inequality and pollution in a dynamic setting. We build a two-sector Ramsey model with a green and a polluting good. Households are heterogeneous, which allows for income inequality, and have a level of subsistence consumption for the polluting commodity, modeled by non-homothetic preferences. Increasing the tax rate has a mixed effect depend on the level of subsistence consumption. A low level allows to tackle both the pollution and inequality issues. Under a high level of it, pollution increases: if inequality can be reduced through redistribution, taxation does not allow to solve for environmental degradation. Looking at the stability properties of the economy, we find that the level of subsistence consumption and the externality matter. A high subsistence level of polluting consumption leads to instability or indeterminacy of the steady-state, while the environmental externality plays a stabilizing role in the economy. This leaves room for taxation and redistribution: increasing the tax rate and redistributing more towards workers play a key role in the occurrence of indeterminacy and instability. |
| Keywords: | Externalities,Heterogeneous agents,Inequality,Pollution,Redistribution,Taxation |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03792493&r=env |
| By: | Mekonnen,Alemu; Hassen,Sied; Jaime,Marcela; Toman,Michael A.; Zhang,Xiao-Bing |
| Abstract: | Solar lanterns are a relatively inexpensive renewable-energy option for household lighting in developing countries. However, the transition to these lighting sources is slow. To understand why, this study uses the Becker-Degroot-Marschak bidding mechanism in a randomized field experiment to investigate the effect of information provision and subsidy policy instruments on the uptake of solar lanterns. Subjects’ willingness to pay tends to be low enough that most of them would purchase the solar lantern only if it is subsidized. Households with access to grid electricity have a lower willingness to pay and are less likely to adopt, while those using kerosene as a source of lighting are more likely to adopt. Access to credit also increases willingness to pay. Information treatments have limited impact: provision of different types of information about the private and public benefits of solar lantern use increases adoption only when it is combined with a high level of subsidies. Given the relatively low cost of solar lanterns, the results suggest that achieving universal electricity access under the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals by any means will require subsidizing access. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Mining,Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Energy Technology&Transmission,Energy Policies&Economics,Renewable Energy,Rural and Renewable Energy |
| Date: | 2021–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9595&r=env |
| By: | Fuglie, Keith O.; Wiebe, Keith D.; Prager, Steven D.; Sulser, Timothy B.; Cenacchi, Nicola; Bonilla Cedrez, Camila; Willenbockel, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Investors in international agricultural research seek sustainable agri-food technologies that can potentially serve multiple objectives, including economic growth, food security, and sustainable use of natural resources. We employ quantitative economic models to examine the potential multi-dimensional impacts of agricultural productivity gains in the Global South. These models take into account behavior responses to agricultural technological change, i.e., how productivity changes may affect decisions on what to produce, trade, and consume. We consider and compare potential impacts of productivity growth in different technologies and regions and assess implications along several impact dimensions, including economic and income growth, the population at risk of hunger, adequacy of micronutrients in human diets, land and water use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Evidence on the economic significance of major crop and farm animal pests and diseases is also summarized. Potential impacts of technologies that increase agricultural productivity vary widely by commodity, farming system and region. These results can help inform decision-making about an optimal R&D portfolio that takes into account the multiple objectives of agricultural R&D investments and illuminate potential tradeoffs among objectives that may result from different R&D spending decisions. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; quantitative analysis; agricultural research; agricultural productivity; CGIAR; impact assessment; models; farming systems; natural resources management; commodities; food security; climate change; technological changes; commodity markets; resource management; prices; nutrition; parity model; IMPACT model; agricultural pests and diseases |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2133&r=env |
| By: | Hannah Kotula (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | Society depends on services and benefits provided by ecosystems. Yet, many of our actions affect ecosystems in ways that undermine long-term human wellbeing. Although ecosystems provide many services to society, many of these services are not accounted for in land-use decisions. The concept of “ecosystem services” offers a framework for understanding our dependence on nature and can encourage decision makers to consider broader impacts of land-use decisions beyond short-term economic rewards. Furthermore, economic valuation of ecosystem services offers a potential strategy for including the value of ecosystem services in decision making. Here I describe several ecosystem service frameworks and outline how these frameworks can inform land-use decisions, with a particular focus on those involving forests. I then describe methods for valuing ecosystem services. Following this, I provide examples relating to forest ecosystem services and draw conclusions based on existing valuation studies in New Zealand. My intention is to convey how an ecosystem service approach could be used in New Zealand to capture benefits provided by ecosystems that are often not accounted for in land-use decisions. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services, nonmarket valuation methods |
| JEL: | Q51 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:22_11&r=env |
| By: | Zhang, ZhongXiang |
| Abstract: | To achieve the commitments to both carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, China should focus on those policies of significant impact on emissions reduction at the lowest cost. Launching the national carbon market with the power generation sector is a good start point in this direction. Since its operation, the carbon price has not experienced sharp fluctuations, and falls within a range of CNY40~60 per ton. The block agreement transaction dominates trading, but with an average discount rate of 9.6% in block agreement, the aforementioned carbon prices overestimate the overall carbon prices. While the overall compliance rate measured against entities reached about 94.4%, there are significant differences across provinces, with compliance rate ranging from 82.9% to a full 100% compliance. Entities engaging in trading are mainly for compliance, and therefore transaction is driven by compliance. This article argues that the development of the carbon market requires further reform of the electricity pricing mechanism and the coordinated development of various related markets. With respect to national carbon trading scheme itself, the article discusses the areas where more work needs to be done to ensure that the national carbon emissions trading scheme functions properly. This involves carbon emissions trading legislation, further improvement in the rules conducive to the use of carbon emissions trading as a market tool, and the expansion of the participating industries and the scope of the carbon market in terms of diversifying market players and increasing trading varieties. Given the co-existence of the national carbon market and regional carbon market pilots, the article suggests the specific areas for the regional carbon markets to take the initiative to strengthen the synergistic effects of national carbon market. Furthermore, the article strongly recommends to continuously increase the proportion of carbon allowances auctions, and to set up a transformation fund from the proceeds of paid allocation of allowances to support the transformation and upgrading of regions with low levels of development and technology in China. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:328581&r=env |
| By: | Mohammad Asghari (AUT - Amirkabir University of Technology); Seyed Mohammad Javad Mirzapour Al-E-Hashem (ESC [Rennes] - ESC Rennes School of Business) |
| Abstract: | As energy overuse and generated pollution have a potential threat to our environmental and ecological conditions, many researchers have taken the initiative way to join the green campaign to prevent more damage to the environment. This paper investigates the main contributions related to the green vehicle routing problem (Green-VRP) and presents a classification scheme based on its variants considered in scientific literature, in particular, three major and applicable streams including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), alternative-fuel powered vehicles (AFVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and also several sub-categories for each of them. This systematic literature review intends to provide a comprehensive and structured survey of the state of knowledge and discuss the most important characteristics of the problems, including techniques of formulation, solution methodologies, and areas of application. This paper presents different analytical summary tables for each variant to emphasize some main features that provide the direction of the development of researches. Finally, to spot future avenues, gaps in the literature are distinguished to illustrate how new contributions are different from traditional problems. |
| Keywords: | Green vehicle routing problem,Internal combustion engine vehicles,Alternative-fuel powered vehicles,Hybrid electric vehicles,Systematic literature review |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03182944&r=env |
| By: | Manzoor, Syed Amir; Griffiths, Geoffrey Hugh; Robinson, Elizabeth; Shoyama, Kikuko; Lukac, Martin |
| Abstract: | Spatio-temporal analysis of transitions in land cover is critical to understanding many ecological challenges, especially in environmentally vulnerable regions. For instance, in Sub-Saharan Africa, large-scale cropland expansion is expected due to the increasing demand for fuel, food, and fibre. Clearing land for cropland expansion is a driving factor in the degradation of natural ecosystems. We present a spatio-temporal analysis of land-cover change in Ghana’s Northern, Upper East, and Upper West provinces using Intensity Analysis on the periods from 1992 to 2003 and 2003 to 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the intensity of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change is consistent between the two periods and to investigate the direction and extent of change for different LULC categories in northern Ghana. The methodology measures land-cover changes at the interval, category, and transition levels. The results suggest that the annual rate of land change was higher between 1992 and 2003 compared to that between 2003 and 2015. Furthermore, the category-level analysis reveals that the gains in the arable land and tree/forest-cover classes during both time intervals were higher than the uniform intensity. The transition-level analysis results indicate that most of the gains in arable land and tree/forest-cover came at the cost of semi-arid shrublands during both periods. There is also evidence of local increases in forest-cover, likely linked to afforestation policies established by the Ghanian government; however, overall, there has been a loss of natural habitat. The study provides data to improve our understanding of the magnitude and direction of land-cover change, essential for the development of policies designed to mitigate the impact of land-cover change on the livelihoods of local people and the environment at the national and sub-national levels. |
| Keywords: | arable expansion; ecosystem loss; land-cover change; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF); grant reference; ES/P011306/1. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116863&r=env |
| By: | Gerlagh, Reyer (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:b6d5b02f-4624-46fd-836a-b56846d5346c&r=env |
| By: | Luong, Tuan Anh; Nguyen, Manh-Hung; Khuong Truong, N.T.; Le, Kien |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the extent to which exposure to climate volatility can in-fluence individual migration decisions in Vietnam, based on the historical rainfall data from 70 weather stations in Vietnam and the Vietnam Access to Resources House-hold Survey. Utilizing the exogenous variation in the rainfall deviation from the local norms within an individual fixed-effects framework, we uncover the negative associa-tion between rainfall and the probability of individual migration. Individual migration probability drops by 7.5 percentage points when the amount of rainfall relative to the long-run local average doubles. This reduction could potentially be driven by individ-uals who work in the agricultural sector and are less likely to migrate as more rainfall could increase their agricultural incomes. Furthermore, our heterogeneity analyses sug-gest that rainfall shocks could perpetuate gender inequality in Vietnam since women cannot cope with climatic shocks through migration. Policy-makers could shift their focus on flood control and water management in affected areas, where people’s liveli-hoods depend on agriculture, to efficiently address issues related to climate-induced internal migration. |
| JEL: | Q26 Q54 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127429&r=env |
| By: | Beirne, John; Dafermos, Yannis; Kriwoluzky, Alexander; Renzhi, Nuobu; Volz, Ulrich; Wittich, Jana |
| JEL: | E31 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264132&r=env |
| By: | Böhringer, Christoph; Landis, Florian; Tovar, Miguel |
| JEL: | Q58 H22 H23 C67 C68 D57 D58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264067&r=env |
| By: | Gianluca PASTORELLI (Diesis Network); Anastasia COSTANTINI (Diesis Network); Samuel BARCO SERRANO (Diesis Network) |
| Abstract: | This working paper is based both on literature review and interviews to key informants and stakeholders from or active in the region conducted in the framework of various initiatives: research projects, peer-learning activities, support to networks, policy makers and entrepreneurs. These initiatives have been leading us to connect with the SSE ecosystems in the area called “Southern Neighbourhood†in a European (centric?) perspective. The rationale behind this exercise is an attempt to share a light on the state of play of the public policies and international initiatives bound to support the social and green economies showcasing some examples we consider particularly relevant. |
| Keywords: | Mena Region, social economy enterprises, place-based approach, social innovation, green transition |
| JEL: | J18 L31 O35 O53 O55 R11 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2203&r=env |
| By: | Gabriela Demarchi (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Caue D Carrilho (USP - Universidade de São Paulo); Thibault Catry (UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles - UM - Université de Montpellier); Stibniati Atmadja (CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research - CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR]); Julie Subervie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier, INSPÉ Montpellier - Mémoires - Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Understanding why forest conservation initiatives succeed or fail is essential to designing cost-effective programs at scale. In this study, we investigate direct and indirect impact mechanisms of a REDD+ project that was shown to be effective in reducing deforestation during the early years of its implementation in the Transamazon region, an area with historically high deforestation rates. Using counterfactual impact evaluation methods applied to survey and remote-sensing data, we assess the impact of the project over 2013-2019, i.e., from its first year until two years after its end. Based on the Theory of Change, we focus on land use and socioeconomic outcomes likely to have been affected by changes in deforestation brought about by the initiative. Our findings highlight that forest conservation came at the expense of pastures rather than cropland and that the project induced statistically greater agrobiodiversity on participating farms. Moreover, we find that the project encouraged the development of alternative livelihood activities that required less area for production and generated increased income. These results suggest that conservation programs, that combine payments conditional on forest conservation with technical assistance and support to farmers for the adoption of low-impact activities, can manage to slow down deforestation in the short term are likely to induce profound changes in production systems, which can be expected to have lasting effects. |
| Keywords: | REDD+,CO2 emissions,impact evaluation,livelihood,Brazilian Amazon |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03778384&r=env |
| By: | Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre P. Dupraz (Département EcoSocio - Département Économie et Sciences Sociales pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Ce numéro Spécial d'INRAE Sciences Sociales met à l'honneur les travaux de chercheurs en devenir hébergés au sein d'unités du département EcoSocio ; qu'ils soient encore en thèse ou qu'ils aient soutenu récemment. |
| Keywords: | Sciences sociales - Recherche,Thèse,Doctorant |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03790694&r=env |
| By: | Petreski, Aleksandar; Schäfer, Dorothea; Stephan, Andreas |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the effect of a firm's reputation of being a green bond issuer on its financing costs. Using a sample of 73 listed Swedish real estate companies issuing in total about 1500 bonds over the period from 2011 till 2021, differencein- difference analyses and instrumental variable estimations are applied to identify the causal impact of frequent green vis-à-vis frequent non-green bond issuing on a firm's cost of capital and credit rating. The paper argues that it is repetitive issuance which lowers a firm's cost of capital, while the effects from first or one-time green bond issuance is the opposite. In line with the reputation capital hypothesis, issuing green bonds even lowers the firm's cost of equity capital, while issuing non-green bonds has no effect on the cost of equity capital. |
| Keywords: | bond issuance,green debt,reputation capital,sustainability,ESG |
| JEL: | G32 R30 R32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1182&r=env |
| By: | Grieder, Manuel; Baerenbold, Rebekka; Schmitz, Jan; Schubert, Renate |
| JEL: | C91 D01 D04 D62 D91 H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264112&r=env |
| By: | Boudreaux, Christopher; Jha, Anand; Escaleras, Monica |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to investigate if a country’s quality of governance moderates the effect of natural disasters on start-up activity within that country. We test our hypotheses using a panel of 95 countries from 2006 to 2016. Our findings suggest that natural disasters discourage start-up activity in countries that have low-quality governance but encourage start-up activity in countries that have high-quality governance. Moreover, our estimates reveal that natural disasters’ effects on start-up activity persist for the short term (1–3 years) but not the long term. Our findings provide new insights into how natural disasters affect entrepreneurship activity and highlight the importance of country governance during these events. |
| Keywords: | country governance; entrepreneurship; institutions; natural disasters; start-ups |
| JEL: | L26 M13 O11 O43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115134&r=env |
| By: | Cook, Nikolai M. |
| Abstract: | This analysis is an independent replication of Heft-Neal et al. (2020).1 The original authors (HBBVB) provide evidence that particulate matter air pollution increases infant mortality in 30 African nations between 2000 and 2015. They provide three effect estimates. Using ordinary least squares, a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure results in an estimated 8.6% increase in infant mortality. Using dust in the Bod'el'e depression as an instrumental variable, the same exposure increases infant mortality by 23.6%. Using rainfall in the Bod'el'e depression, the same exposure increases infant mortality by 24.3%. Using similar data and independently developed procedures I find corresponding estimates of 3.4%, 31.0%, and 29.7%. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:5&r=env |
| By: | Tristan Amiri (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Serge S. Garcia (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Montagné-Huck (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre P. Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Ce travail vise à évaluer en termes économiques les co-bénéfices générés par la mise en place de mesures de protection de la qualité des eaux, et leurs conséquences pour l'économie locale. |
| Keywords: | Eau de source,Qualité de l'eau,Protection de l'eau,économie locale |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800737&r=env |
| By: | Etienne Lorang (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | Dans ces travaux, nous examinons les arbitrages entre recyclage et extraction, de façon générique puis dans deux cas appliqués, la pâte à papier et les batteries de véhicules électriques. À cette fin, sont combinées des approches théoriques de l'économie des ressources ainsi que des approches de simulation et de prospective utilisant des données calibrées. Les résultats montrent que quand on s'intéresse à l'économie du recyclage, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte les différentes externalités liées à l'extraction, la transformation et la consommation de ressources. Cela inclut l'épuisement des stocks naturels, les impacts environnementaux de l'accumulation des déchets et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. |
| Keywords: | Recyclage,Externalitiés,Extraction de ressources |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800859&r=env |
| By: | Yamada,Takahiro; Yamada,Hiroyuki; Mani,Muthukumara S. |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the causal effects of long-term particulate matter 2.5 exposure on COVID-19 deaths, fatality rates, and cases in India by using an instrumental variables approach based on thermal inversion episodes. The estimation results indicate that a 1 percent increase in long-term exposure to particulate matter 2.5 leads to an increase in COVID-19 deaths by 5.7 percentage points and an increase in the COVID-19 fatality rate by 0.027 percentage point, but this exposure is not necessarily correlated with COVID-19 cases. People with underlying health conditions such as respiratory illness caused by exposure to air pollution might have a higher risk of death following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This finding might also apply to other countries where high levels of air pollution are a critical issue for development and public health. |
| Keywords: | Brown Issues and Health,Pollution Management&Control,Air Quality&Clean Air,Health Care Services Industry,Law and Justice Institutions |
| Date: | 2021–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9543&r=env |
| By: | Anca Voia (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | La lutte contre le changement climatique est l'un des défis les plus importants auxquels l'humanité est confrontée. Après la combustion des énergies fossiles, la déforestation et l'activité agricole sont les autres sources majeures de changement climatique. Pourtant, elles peuvent également constituer une partie importante de la solution grâce à des interventions de politique publique telles que des taxes, des subventions ou des réglementations visant à déclencher une séquestration supplémentaire du carbone. Nous nous intéressons ici aux programmes de paiements pour services écosystémiques (PSE) qui rétribuent les propriétaires fonciers volontaires pour qu'ils adoptent des pratiques visant à augmenter la séquestration du carbone. Ces programmes sont largement utilisés par les gouvernements du monde entier dans le cadre des politiques de développement et d'environnement. La question est de savoir si les PSE sont un moyen rentable de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et quelle est la conception optimale de ces programmes. |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique,Paiement pour service environnemental,Gaz a effet de serre |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03800683&r=env |
| By: | Germeshausen, Robert; Chlond, Bettina; Tchorzewska, Kinga; von Graevenitz, Kathrine |
| Abstract: | The Mannheim European panel on Financial Indicators and Emissions (ME-FINE) is a new European company-level dataset, combining financial information from Bureau van Dijk's Orbis database with data on pollutant emissions from the European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) and its successor, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). The current version of ME-FINE spans from 1998 to 2016 and focuses on companies in the manufacturing and energy supply sectors in the EU-15 plus Hungary and Norway. The dataset covers around 70 percent of observations in EPER and E-PRTR in those sectors and countries, representing about more than half of the emissions of the most common (air) pollutants. [...] |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdok:2201&r=env |
| By: | Claire Nauwelaers; Richard Harding; Inmaculada Perianez-Forte (European Commission - JRC); Eskarne Aguirre; Karel Haegeman (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report aims to contribute to the development of new models for regional and local authorities aiming to boost support for Green Transition of their economies through smarter innovation policies, using the smart specialisation approach. The report provides a detailed overview of the lessons learnt from five case studies on regions from across the European Union representing a diversity of approaches to using smart specialisation for Green Transition: the Basque Country in Spain, the Centro region in Portugal, the region of East & North Finland, the region of Western Macedonia in Greece and the region of West Netherlands. This report highlights the context-specific aspects of each region and the cross-cutting elements. Drawing together the different elements presented, the conclusion provides a summary overview of the findings and suggests pathways to innovation-led Green Transition for European regions. |
| Keywords: | Green Transition, EU regions, Smart Specialisation, Transformative innovation |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130446&r=env |
| By: | Carattini, Stefano; Figge, Béla; Gordan, Alexander; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Conflicting societal goals can lead to national and local policies that are at odds with each other. National policies promoting the adoption of solar photovoltaics may be counteracted by local policies defining the aesthetics of the built environment. As solar photovoltaic energy approaches grid parity globally, non-pecuniary barriers to the adoption of this important renewable energy source become increasingly salient. Using a unique survey of municipalities regarding such building codes and administrative data on all solar installations in Germany, a leader in solar adoption, we document the impact that municipalities amending their building codes to restrict solar installations, often with an eye toward preserving the historical nature of the town, has on solar adoption. We find that municipalities that implement solar policies have 10.4 percent less solar photovoltaic capacity than municipalities in the control group. We confirm our results when applying spatial techniques and analyzing the impact of such policies on regulated areas within municipalities. |
| Keywords: | building codes; solar photovoltaics; policy evaluation; NIMBY |
| JEL: | D62 H77 Q48 Q58 R52 |
| Date: | 2022–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116962&r=env |
| By: | Carattini, Stefano; Figge, Béla; Gordan, Alexander; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Conflicting societal goals can lead to national and local policies that are at odds with each other. National policies promoting the adoption of solar photovoltaics may be counteracted by local policies defining the aesthetics of the built environment. As solar photovoltaic energy approaches grid parity globally, non-pecuniary barriers to the adoption of this important renewable energy source become increasingly salient. Using a unique survey of municipalities regarding such building codes and administrative data on all solar installations in Germany, a leader in solar adoption, we document the impact that municipalities amending their building codes to restrict solar installations, often with an eye toward preserving the historical nature of the town, has on solar adoption. We find that municipalities that implement solar policies have 10.4 percent less solar photovoltaic capacity than municipalities in the control group. We confirm our results when applying spatial techniques and analyzing the impact of such policies on regulated areas within municipalities. |
| Keywords: | building codes; solar photovoltaics; policy evaluation; NIMBY |
| JEL: | D62 H77 Q48 Q58 R52 |
| Date: | 2022–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116963&r=env |
| By: | Kuhn, Lena; Jamali Jaghdani, Tinoush; Prehn, Sören; Sun, Zhanli; Glauben, Thomas |
| Abstract: | International agricultural trade is key to improving global food security. It ensures access to more diversified foods (e.g. Krivonos and Kuhn 2019 ), acts as a safety net against local production shortfalls (Glauben et al. 2022) and helps make use of regional climatic or resource-related production advantages. While local production and short supply chains can reduce transport costs, they do not necessarily equate to resilient food systems or lower carbon footprints (Stein and Santini 2022). Currently, though, international agricultural trade is facing supply chain disruptions and rising world market prices resulting from the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, increasing global food demand and extreme weather events. Both are threatening already strained food security, in particular in import-dependent, low-income regions. Geopolitical risks, such as the China- US trade war and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, are further rattling the food market. As the world's largest consumer of agricultural goods, China's trade strategies influence world markets, with ripple-down effects for consumers around the world, particularly in the Global South. This policy brief aims at shedding light on China's current market actions, and the likely short- and mid-term developments and their impacts. We argue for moderation in response to short-term shocks. Excessive mobility and trade restrictions as well as extreme stockpiling should be avoided. These harm the trade system's overall capacity to resist further and more serious global challenges related to population growth and climate change. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamopb:327325&r=env |
| By: | Bargayo, Serge Jude B.; Go, Gerard L. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze water demand among households in Carcar City, an urban city in southern Cebu that experienced an unparalleled population and economic growth after its cityhood in 2007. This situation put pressure on the Carcar Water District (CWD), the major water provider in the city, to expand its service capacity. Policy implications for water demand management are drawn from the findings of this study. Hard and soft mechanisms that can be jointly undertaken by the water district and the local government unit are recommended to better manage water demand in Carcar City. |
| Keywords: | household water; water demand; water demand management; Carcar City; Cebu |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:pjdevt:pjd_2021_vol__45_no__1d&r=env |
| By: | Úbeda, Fernando; Mendez, Alvaro; Martínez, Francisco Javier Forcadell |
| Abstract: | Lack of access to banking generates inequality in the developing world; therefore, financial inclusion is a crucial objective of the Sustainable Development Goals. We investigate the impact of sustainable practices of multinational banks (MNBs) on financial inclusion. A sample of 275 MNBs, 16 developing countries, and 16,618 individuals yield robust evidence confirming the positive effect of such practices on financial inclusion. Specifically, we find that as MNBs become sustainable, the use of mobile banking intensifies. This finding is consequential because mobile banking is one of the most powerful means to achieve financial inclusion in the developing world. |
| Keywords: | sustainable banking; multinational banks; financial inclusion; mobile banking; sustainable development goal; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | G00 G20 G21 Q01 Q56 D63 |
| Date: | 2022–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116428&r=env |
| By: | Maël Sommer (LGCO - Laboratoire Gouvernance et Contrôle Organisationnel - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées); Karine Gauche (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Cette communication cherche à rendre compte de la façon dont les petites entreprises perçoivent les effets des démarches de certification de groupe ISO 14001, des dispositifs collectifs généralement mis en œuvre pour pallier leur manque de capacités individuelles face aux problèmes de durabilité. A cette fin, 30 dirigeants du secteur agricole, issus de 8 groupes d'entreprises certifiés ISO 14001, ont été enquêtés via des entretiens individuels et des focus groups. Par l'identification de classes thématiques dans leurs discours, des analyses lexicales automatisées (à l'aide du logiciel Alceste) permettent alors de mieux comprendre les apports et limites de ces dispositifs encore peu étudiés et révèlent en quoi ceux-ci peuvent constituer une voie prometteuse de l'action responsable en petite entreprise. |
| Keywords: | durabilité,petite entreprise,certification de groupe ISO 14001,agriculture,analyse lexicale |
| Date: | 2021–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03791169&r=env |
| By: | Le, Hanh-My; Ludwig, Markus |
| JEL: | Q01 Q12 Q15 Q16 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc22:264102&r=env |
| By: | Luo, Zunian |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicle adoption is considered by policymakers to be a promising pathway for addressing climate change. However, the market for charging stations suffers from a market failure: a lack of EV sales disincentivizes charging station production, which in turn inhibits mass EV adoption. Charging station subsidies are discussed as policy levers that can stimulate charging station supply to correct this market failure. Nonetheless, there is limited research examining the extent such subsidies are successful. Using annual data on electric vehicle sales, charging station counts, and subsidy amounts from 57 California counties and a staggered difference-in-differences methodology, I find that charging station subsidies are highly effective: a 1% increase in subsidies expands the supply of stations by 2.5%. This finding suggests that governmental intervention can help correct the market failure in the charging station market. |
| Keywords: | Electric Vehicles; Charging Stations; Climate Change; Difference in Differences |
| JEL: | L62 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115088&r=env |
| By: | Wang,Dieter |
| Abstract: | Natural capital is related to government bonds through the macroeconomy and credit risks. This paper estimates this relationship from the long-term, between-country view and the short-term, within-country view. The paper cautions against the former, as it is dominated by income differences. These are de facto ingrained, as they cannot be overcome by short-term policy efforts. The within-country view is unaffected by the ingrained income bias and leaves room for recent natural capital changes to affect bond yields. The paper finds that non-renewables (fossil fuels and mineral assets) raise bond yields, possibly due to the resource curse. Renewables (forests and agricultural wealth) lower borrowing costs because they are economically worthwhile investments. Protected areas are more likely to be luxury investments. |
| Keywords: | Food Security,Coastal and Marine Resources,Energy and Natural Resources,Forestry,Forests and Forestry,Financial Sector Policy |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9606&r=env |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | The agriculture and fisheries (AF) sector has been expanding over time, albeit within the overall context of structural change in the Philippine economy. However, based on progress made in other similarly situated economies, growth and productivity trends have not been “on track.” While considerable progress has been made over the past quarter century in terms of growth of household income and reduction among agriculture and fisheries households, the recent pandemic will likely have reversed some of the gains. Dimensions of food security that are on track are food availability, although improvements in hunger incidence and food utilization measures lag behind other Southeast Asian countries. The state of ecosystems and natural resource base for AF is arguably worse today than in the late 1990s. To address these modernization gaps, the following strategies are recommended: Expenditure programs based on distortionary subsidies should be terminated to give way to funding projects under a modern agri-food industrial policy. Expenditure programs should support strategic interventions under a modern industrial policy for the agri-food system. This industrial policy should apply the area-based, bottom-up planning synthesized in the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Plan in determining strategic interventions to meet the needs of farmers and rural enterprises along the value chain. To address sustainability, an ecosystem approach to sustainable development of agriculture and fisheries should be adopted. Management of the AFMP should be results-based, with progress monitored by a program benefit monitoring and evaluation system. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agricultural modernization;market-orientation;industrial policy;farmer welfare;food security;sustainable development;value chains |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-25&r=env |
| By: | Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether a large-scale watershed program promoting sustainable land management (SLM) in Ethiopia increases adoption of SLM and its benefits on plots owned by women in male-headed households compared to plots owned by their spouses, jointly owned plots as well as plots of female headed households (FHH). The analysis is based on a survey of 500 households and 2900 plots conducted in the Abbay basin of Ethiopia where the SLM program was implemented between 2012 and 2017. Our findings show that the SLM program significantly increased adoption of SLM practices (soil bunds, stone terraces, mulching) in male-headed households but that adoption was centered on jointly owned plots and male-owned plots, with no significant adoption on women-owned plots. The results also show that women in male-headed households are more constrained to participate in SLM programs compared to their counterparts in FHH. Results further show that although FHH were less likely than male-headed households to adopt SLM in watersheds with no SLM interventions, the SLM program significantly increased adoption of soil bunds on plots in FHH. SLM adoption and impacts can likely be further strengthened if a focus on removing women’s constraints is added. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; women's plots; soil bunds; stone terraces; gender; women; sustainable land management; sustainability; land management; agricultural productivity; gender equality |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2136&r=env |
| By: | Christiaensen, Luc; Ferré, Céline; Gajderowicz, Tomasz Janusz; Wrona, Sylwia Michalina |
| Abstract: | Part of a three-region set of papers analyzing coal-related labor market challenges in Poland, this paper focuses on Lower Silesia. The findings call for a more territorial-oriented approach to brokering the coal transition, rather than a sectoral one. First, while the number of people directly and indirectly affected by coal mine closures in Lower Silesia (~5,500) is relatively small compared to the total regional labor force ( |
| Keywords: | Active Labor Market Policies; private investment in infrastructure; active labor market policy; coal sector; coal production; local economy; former soviet union; demand for coal; local labor market; small mine operation; source of energy; temporary income support; Oil & Gas; use of coal; mobility worker; Oil and Gas; high electricity demand; country case study; number of workers; private job creation; labor market context; coal mining sector; political economy dynamic; number of jobs; matching grant program; natural resource curse; coal mine; other sectors; mine closure; coal producer; affected worker; coal supply; economic diversification; alternative employment; labor policy; informal worker; Labor Policies; economic sector; vested interests; coal extraction; lignite mining; local good; photo credit; coal consumption; coal industry; based energy; displaced worker; economic shock; coal-fired power; value chain; remote community; employment outcome; contract terms; complementary activities; working condition; positive impact; regional priority; written contract; Job Quality; mining company; mining companies; generation capacity; labor code; union representation; surrounding community; pension benefit; social insurance; productivity gain; national policy; labor regulation; business environment; extractives industries; energy transition; long-term growth; political consideration; negative effect; government planning; available data; extraction technology; coal miner; mining operation; positive spillover; several countries; employment pattern; labor value; support energy; managing risk; energy generation; recent development; coal technology; job separation; domestic worker; market demand; smooth consumption; fiscal cost; reservation wage; labor demand; mining equipment; mine operator; fiscal health; electricity need; social dislocation; complementary policies; commodity price; severance pay; financial resource; public policy; environmental degradation; new job; government decision-making; marginal mine; job loss; rural district; wage employment; skill composition; household affect; entrepreneurship training; mining operator; coal type; policy stance; fundamental changes; market size; economic diversity; renewable source; replacement income; labor shedding; employment trend; employment data; primary sector; income rise; skilled service; political costs; global production; coal deposit; transition process; job shift; steel industry; energy infrastructure; income economy; job placement; still others; cleaner energy; government regulation; future labor; mining community; household income; social capital; fiscal solvency; regional economy; individual characteristic; particular country; institutional governance; soft skills; labor transition; production structure; qualifying criteria; adequate financing; energy need; coking coal; steel production; manufacturing process; energy mix; common feature; external factor; domestic coal; political will; export market; production increase; domestic economy; productivity increase; high wage; export opportunity; export opportunities |
| Date: | 2022–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:jbsgrp:33908619&r=env |
| By: | Goeb, Joseph; Smart, Jenny; Snyder, Jason; Tschirley, David |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Pesticide safety is a growing global concern particularly in developing countries as farmers increase their use of toxic pesticides that can negatively affect farmer and environmental health. Previous literature recommends improving farmer access to information to boost productivity, sustainability, and safety behaviors but has little to say on which information sources have the greatest impacts. This paper explores the relationships between information from different sources and toxicity knowledge and safety behaviors using an innovative metric of exposure. Data: This study uses regression analysis of data from 877 horticultural producers serving markets in Maputo, Mozambique and Lusaka, Zambia.Findings: Formal extension advice is limited, and farmers rely heavily on their social networks for information. High-level messages of pesticide health risks and safety practices are effectively being communicated through formal methods of government extension, NGOs and even private agro-dealer networks. However, information through social networks appears to do a better job of communicating more nuanced messages of pesticide toxicities and varied health risks by toxicity class. Practical implications: Farmers need reliable pesticide information to increase crop production while minimizing risks. This study shows that efforts should be taken to increase farmer trust in formal extension channels, and that social networks should be leveraged improve dissemination of pesticide information. Originality: Despite a consensus that more information needs to reach farmers to improve their pesticide safety practices, this paper is one of the few studies that explores the relationships between different information sources and behaviors and perceptions. We construct novel metrics of toxicity knowledge and safety behavior. |
| Keywords: | ZAMBIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; MOZAMBIQUE; pesticides; information; extension activities; toxicity; knowledge; health; health hazards; agricultural extension; pest management; horticulture; toxicity knowledge; risk perceptions |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2118&r=env |
| By: | Petrovich, Beatrice; Carattini, Stefano; Wüstenhagen, Rolf |
| Abstract: | Households are key actors in decarbonizing our economy, especially when it comes to investments in a decentralized energy system, such as solar photovoltaics (PV). The phasing-out of feed-in tariffs, and unexpected policy changes in the wake of an increasingly polarized climate debate, require residential PV investors to bear new risks. Conducting a discrete choice experiment coupled with a randomized informational treatment among potential residential solar investors in Switzerland, we test whether policy and market risks deter households from investing in solar. We find that salient policy risk reduces households' intention to invest in solar, especially for risk-averse individuals. Conversely, households seem less sensitive to market risk: residential solar investors accept volatile revenues, as long as a price floor for excess electricity sold to the grid is guaranteed. Our study suggests that keeping perceived policy uncertainty low is more important for residential solar investors than fully hedging against electricity market risk. |
| Keywords: | discrete choice experiment; information asymmetries; market risk; policy risk; residential solar investors; risk preferences |
| JEL: | D81 O33 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:108405&r=env |
| By: | Bouye,Eric; Menville,Diane Dorothy |
| Abstract: | This paper studies sovereign environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings from the qualitative and quantitative angles. First, it introduces the landscape for sovereign ESG ratings. Second, it provides a comparison with the history of credit ratings, factoring in that ESG ratings are in an early development stage. Third, the paper reviews different actors, key issues, including taxonomy, models and data from different providers. The paper provides a qualitative assessment of the convergence of ratings among providers by introducing a factor attribution method, that maps all providers' ratings into a common taxonomy defined by the United Nations-supported Principles for Responsible Investment (UNPRI). Then, a quantitative analysis of the convergence is performed by regressing the scores on variables from the World Bank sovereign ESG database. A noticeable contribution to the literature is a high level of explanatory power of these variables across all rating methodologies, with a R2 ranging between 0.78 and 0.98. An analysis of the importance of variables using a lasso regression exhibits the preponderance of the governance factor and the limited role of demographic shifts for all providers. |
| Keywords: | Energy and Mining,Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Judicial System Reform,Educational Sciences,Inequality |
| Date: | 2021–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9583&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Persico |
| Abstract: | Although pollution is widespread, there is little evidence about how it might harm children’s long run outcomes. Using the detailed, geocoded data that follows national representative cohorts of children born to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth respondents over time, I compare siblings who were gestating before versus after a Toxic Release Inventory site opened or closed within one mile of their home. I find that children who were exposed prenatally to industrial pollution have lower wages, are more likely to be in poverty as adults, have fewer years of completed education, and are less likely to graduate high school. |
| JEL: | I10 I14 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30559&r=env |
| By: | Harkaran Kava (Loughborough University); Konstantina Spanaki (Audencia Business School); Thanos Papadopoulos (Kent Business School, University of Kent); Stella Despoudi (Aston Business School - Aston University [Birmingham]); Oscar Rodriguez-Espindola (Aston Business School - Aston University [Birmingham]); Masoud Fakhimi (Surrey Business School [Guildford] - UNIS - University of Surrey) |
| Abstract: | We introduce the BDA dynamics and explore the associated applications in renewable energy sector with a focus on data-driven innovation. Our study draws on the exponential growth of renewable energy initiatives over the last decades and on the paucity of literature to illustrate the use of BDA in the energy industry. We conduct a qualitative field study in the UK with stakeholder interviews and analyse our results using thematic analysis. Our findings indicate that no matter if the importance of the energy sector for 'people's well-being, industrial competitiveness, and societal advancement, old fashioned approaches to analytics for organisational processes are currently applied widely within the energy sector. These are triggered by resistance to change and insufficient organisational knowledge about BDA, hindering innovation opportunities. Furthermore, for energy organisations to integrate BDA approaches, they need to deal with challenges such as training employees on BDA and the associated costs. Overall, our study provides insights from practitioners about adopting BDA innovations in the renewable energy sector to inform decision-makers and provide recommendations for future research. |
| Keywords: | Big Data Analytics,energy sector,renewable energy,diffusion of innovations,field study |
| Date: | 2021–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03781046&r=env |
| By: | Eric Dehay (RIME-Lab - Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Management et Économie Lab - ULR 7396 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille) |
| Abstract: | The text proposes an analysis of the way the European Central Bank (ECB) considers the notion of economic growth or its limits and how the question of envi-ronmental risk has become an issue for it. For this purpose, an analysis of the speeches of the members of its board is carried out over the period 1997-2021. An automated statistical analysis of the corpus reveals the standard approach to growth adopted by the ECB. This is followed by a more qualitative reading of the discourse, which shows that the notions of sustainability and the climate crisis are becoming increasingly important in the rhetoric of the ECB, without leading to a radical revision of the way growth is conceived or to a questioning of its limits. In order to expand its discourse and action in the climate field, the ECB is rather pro-ceeding by superimposition, adding new ideas rather than replacing its initial paradigm. In doing so, it protects the legitimacy of its mandate and its epistemic credibility. |
| Keywords: | E58,textual analysis,growth,climate change,European central bank (ECB) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03788323&r=env |
| By: | He,Yiyi; Thies,Stephan Fabian; Avner,Paolo; Maruyama Rentschler,Jun Erik |
| Abstract: | Transportation networks underpin socioeconomic development by enabling the movement of goods and people. However, little is known about how flooding disrupts transportation systems in urban areas in developing country cities, despite these natural disasters occurring frequently. This study documents the channels through which regular flooding in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, impacts transport services, commuters' ability to reach their jobs, and the associated economic opportunity costs from travel delays. This assessment is based on transit feed specification data sets collected specifically for this analysis under normal and flooded conditions. These data sets were combined with travel survey data containing travelers' socioeconomic attributes and trip parameters, as well as a high-resolution flood maps. The results show that (1) flood disruptions cause increases in public transit headways and transit re-routing, decreases in travel speeds, and thus travel time delays, which translate into substantial economic costs to local commuters; (2) accessibility to jobs decreases under flooded conditions, hindering the establishment of an integrated citywide labor market; (3) there are spatial clusters where some of the poorest commuters experience among the highest travel delays, highlighting socio-spatial equity aspects of floods; (4) certain road segments are critical for the transport network and should be prioritized for resilience measures; and (5) the estimated daily cost of flood disruption to commuters’ trips in Kinshasa is $1,166,000. The findings of this assessment provide disaster mitigation guidance to the Office des Voiries et Drainage under the Ministry of Infrastructure, as well as strategic investment recommendations to the Ministry of Housing and Planning. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Transport Services,Transport in Urban Areas,Urban Transport,Intelligent Transport Systems,Labor Markets |
| Date: | 2020–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9504&r=env |
| By: | Briones, Roehlano M. |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an overview toward assessing the implementation of the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) or Republic Act 8435, the country's landmark legislation on the sustainable and equitable development of its agriculture and fisheries. The study presents a Theory of Change implicit in the AFMA, and reviews the Philippines' agricultural development trends, within an overall economic context of structural change. It concludes with a synthesis of past AFMA program reviews. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph. |
| Keywords: | agricultural development; modernization; inclusive growth; smallholders; structural change; technical progress |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2022-05&r=env |
| By: | Olivier DE SCHUTTER |
| Abstract: | Cette étude identifie comment les droits humains peuvent guider une forme de développement qui donne la priorité à l'amélioration du bien-être des populations, tout en participant à la transformation écologique – une forme de développement qui, au lieu de tout miser sur la croissance de la richesse monétaire, place en son centre la justice sociale et la nécessité de réduire la ponction sur les ressources et la production de déchets, y compris de gaz à effet de serre. La croissance économique, mesurée en augmentation du produit intérieur brut, a longtemps orienté les choix de politique publique, non seulement sur les plans macro-économique et monétaire, mais également dans des domaines tels que la structure de la fiscalité, l'encouragement au commerce international ou à l'investissement étranger, les réformes du marché du travail, ou l'investissement social dans des domaines tels que la santé ou l'éducation : tout, jusqu'à récemment, paraissait devoir être passé au crible des impacts de nos choix sur les perspectives de croissance. L'Agenda 2030 du développement durable invite à changer de cap. La référence aux droits humains peut y contribuer. Ils sont comme le mât auquel Ulysse demande qu'on l'attache, afin de pouvoir mieux résister au chant des sirènes. Car il est tentant, afin de ne pas avoir à œuvrer pour davantage de justice sociale en améliorant la progressivité de l'impôt, en renforçant les services publics, et en augmentant l'investissement social, de tout miser sur la croissance de la richesse monétaire, y compris si celle-ci paraît exiger des politiques telles que la réduction des dépenses publiques, la privatisation ou la dérégulation du travail qui, à court terme, augmentent les inégalités et imposent des sacrifices à la population. Stimuler la création de richesse par tous les moyens, pour ensuite compenser le creusement des inégalités et réparer le dommage causé aux écosystèmes : telle a été l'approche dominante des cinquante dernières années. Replacer les droits humains au centre des trajectoires de développement, les constituer à la fois en objectif à réaliser et en outil permettant de progresser vers un développement humain et durable, c'est nous aider à sortir de notre addiction à la croissance. Les droits humains sont une boussole, et ils constituent des verrous : c'est précisément par ces contraintes qu'ils imposent qu'ils nous obligent à imaginer un avenir différent. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr14499&r=env |
| By: | Olivier Chanel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pavitra Paul (CSH - Centre de sciences humaines de New Delhi - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Redistributive justice is based on the premise that it is unfair for people to be better or worse off relative to others simply because of their fortune or misfortune. It assumes equal opportunities arising from four factors: social circumstances, effort, option luck and brute luck. This paper seeks to investigate how differences in perceived brute luck influence individual preferences for redistribution in favour of two public policies: "health intervention" and "environmental actions". These policies are viewed somewhat differently: the environment is considered a pure "public good" and health, more as a "private good" with a strong public good element. Consequently, potential self-serving biases inherent in the preferences for redistributive policies are expected to differ, more likely favouring health than the environment. The perceived degree of brute luck may capture such a difference—those perceiving themselves as luckiest should be less amenable to redistribution in favour of health than the unluckiest. Data from the three waves (2000, 2006 and 2008) of a French population survey are used to examine this self-serving bias. A Generalised Ordered Logit (GOL) model is found to be statistically more relevant compared to other logistic regression models (multinomial and ordered). We find that a perceived low degree of brute luck is significantly associated with a decreased preference of redistributive environmental policies but the reverse is true for redistributive health policies, i.e., association with an increased preference. Assuming that all inequalities due to differing luck are unjust, this empirical validation gives redistributive justice grounds for equalisation policies regarding health. |
| Keywords: | Economics,Health humanities |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03798772&r=env |
| By: | Florian Berg; Julian F. Koelbel; Anna Pavlova; Roberto Rigobon |
| Abstract: | How does ESG (environmental, social, and governance) performance affect stock returns? Answering this question is difficult because existing measures of ESG perfor- mance — ESG ratings — are noisy and, therefore, standard regression estimates suffer from attenuation bias. To address the bias, we propose two noise-correction procedures, in which we instrument ESG ratings with ratings of other ESG rating agencies, as in the classical errors-in-variables problem. The corrected estimates demonstrate that the effect of ESG performance on stock returns is stronger than previously estimated: after correcting for attenuation bias, the coefficients increase on average by a factor of 2.6, implying an average noise-to-signal ratio of 61.7%. The attenuation bias is stable across horizons at which stock returns are measured. In simulations, our noise-correction pro- cedures outperform the standard approaches followed by practitioners such as averages or principal component analysis. |
| JEL: | C26 G12 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30562&r=env |
| By: | Hlongwane, Nyiko Worship; Daw, Olebogeng David |
| Abstract: | The study conducts a comparative analysis of the relationship between renewable electricity consumption and economic growth in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The study utilises time series data spanning from 1990 to 2019 collected from the World Bank and International Energy Agency (IEA). The study performed the Dickey-Fuller Generalised Least Squares and Phillips-Perron unit root test, ARDL Bounds test for cointegration and optimal lags models. Empirical results revealed that in the short run renewable electricity consumption has a negative impact on economic growth in both countries. In the long run, however, in South Africa it has a negative statistically significant effect in South Africa and a positive statistically insignificant effect in Zimbabwe on economic growth. The study recommends the revision of renewable electricity policies in both countries to boost economic growth significantly in both countries. |
| Keywords: | Renewable electricity consumption, Economic growth, South Africa, Zimbabwe, ARDL model. |
| JEL: | C32 O13 O43 O47 Q42 Q43 |
| Date: | 2022–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115154&r=env |
| By: | Alexandre Magno de Melo Faria; Helde A. D. Hdom |
| Abstract: | This article aims to launch light on the limitations of the Coase and Pigou approach in the solution of externalities. After contextualizing the need for integration of ecological and economic approaches, we are introducing a new conceptual proposal complementary to conventional economic approaches. Whose process is guaranteed by a set of diffuse agents in the economy that partially reverses entropy formation and marginal external costs generated by also diffuse agents? The approach differs in six fundamentals from traditional theory and proposes a new way of examining the actions of agents capable of reducing entropy and containing part of external costs in the market economy. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.04049&r=env |
| By: | Wrobel, Martin (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Althoff, Jörg (IAB) |
| Abstract: | "Um die Auswirkungen der beiden Megatrends Digitalisierung und Klimawandel auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Niedersachsen zu analysieren, wird in der vorliegenden Studie zum einen auf das Konzept der Substituierbarkeitspotenziale zurückgegriffen. Diese berechneten Potenziale bilden den Anteil an Tätigkeiten innerhalb eines jeweiligen Berufs ab, der durch den Einsatz von Computern und computergesteuerten Maschinen zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt bereits automatisiert werden könnte. Zum anderen wird ein Klimaindex berechnet, der anzeigt, für welche Branchen der Klimawandel und die daraus resultierende Klimapolitik überwiegend Chancen bereithält oder aber in erster Linie Risiken birgt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie deuten darauf hin, dass beide Megatrends für die untersuchten Teile der Wirtschaft Herausforderungen bergen. Diejenigen, die bisher durch die dynamische Entwicklung der Digitalisierung entstanden sind, erscheinen für größere Teile der Wirtschaft jedoch dringlicher. So steigt das Substituierbarkeitspotenzial im Beobachtungszeitraum von 2013 auf 2019 in nahezu allen untersuchten Branchen kontinuierlich an und erreicht zum Teil Werte von deutlich über 70 Prozent. Hierin kommt die Schwierigkeit zum Ausdruck, dass die Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Anpassung beruflicher Inhalte häufig nicht mit der hohen Geschwindigkeit mithalten kann, mit welcher in steter Folge Innovationen Marktreife erlangen und sich daraufhin Rahmenbedingungen verändern. Im besten Fall finden notwendige Anpassungsprozesse nur zeitverzögert statt, im schlechtesten bleiben sie aus. Mit Blick auf den berechneten Klimaindex kann der überwiegenden Mehrheit der analysierten Branchen attestiert werden, dass sich die Chancen und Risiken, die sich für diese im Beobachtungszeitraum aus dem Klimawandel und der daraus resultierenden Klimapolitik potenziell ergeben, die Waage halten dürften. In jenen Branchen, in denen überwiegend potenziell negative Impulse zu erwarten sind und die zudem hohe Substituierbarkeitspotenziale aufweisen, sind strukturelle Veränderungen in der Beschäftigung, der Produktion bzw. Leistungserbringung und/oder in den Geschäftsmodellen als Anpassungsreaktion am ehesten und umfassendsten zu erwarten. Zu diesen Branchen gehören unter anderem die Chemie sowie die Metallerzeugung und -bearbeitung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Niedersachsen ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Auswirkungen ; Automatisierung ; Berufsgruppe ; Beschäftigungseffekte ; Emission ; Energieverbrauch ; Exportquote ; Förderung ; Innovation ; Investitionen ; Klima ; Klimaschutz ; sektorale Verteilung ; Steuern ; Substitutionspotenzial ; technischer Wandel ; Umweltschaden ; 2013-2021 |
| Date: | 2022–09–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabrnb:202201&r=env |