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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒10‒17
eighty-six papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | It is increasingly recognised that women and girls tend to be disproportionately impacted by climate change and other environmental challenges, especially in developing countries. Yet, little research or policy action has focused on how gender equality and environmental goals can be mutually reinforcing. This policy paper examines linkages and synergies between these two policy agendas and explores the role of green policies, finance and infrastructure in supporting women’s empowerment and gender equality. The paper finds that while the interlinkages that shape the gender-environment nexus are starting to be acknowledged, further efforts are needed to foster synergies between gender and environmental goals in policy design, sustainable finance approaches as well as in infrastructure planning and implementation. |
| Keywords: | climate action, ESG investing, gender equality, green finance, sustainable finance, sustainable infrastructure, women's empowerment |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:33-en&r= |
| By: | Nicola Gagliardi; Pedro Arévalo; Stéphanie Pamies |
| Abstract: | Assessing fiscal risks from climate change is a critical and challenging issue. In this paper, we analyse the fiscal implications of acute physical risks from climate change, as we aim to capture debt sustainability risks associated with extreme weather and climate events. This is done by providing stylised stress tests for selected EU Member States, designed as shocks to public finances and growth. To do so, we rely on a comparative approach. Climate-related aggravating factors to debt sustainability are captured via a global natural disaster database and available forward-looking estimates of economic losses from different climate events, projected under different global warming pathways. Our results highlight that extreme weather and climate events may pose risks to debt sustainability, although remaining manageable across the EU under standard global warming scenarios. Our findings emphasise the relevance of implementing large-scale, rapid, and immediate climate mitigation and adaptation measures to dampen the adverse economic and fiscal impacts of potentially more frequent and intense extreme events, thereby reducing countries’ exposure, their vulnerability, and debt sustainability risks. |
| JEL: | Q54 H12 H63 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:168&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36370&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36380&r= |
| By: | Jian Xie; Wenyu Jia; Lelia Croitoru; Sarath Guttikunda; Jurg Grutter |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Pollution Management & Control Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Indicators Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36287&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36376&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36378&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36374&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36366&r= |
| By: | Bart Ostro; Yewande Awe; Ernesto Sanchez-Triana |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Pollution Management & Control |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36267&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36368&r= |
| By: | Anne D. Guerry; Jeffrey R. Smith; Eric Lonsdorf; Gretchen C. Daily; Xueman Wang; Yuna Chun |
| Keywords: | Environment - Ecosystems and Natural Habitats Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Protection Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Environment |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36325&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36375&r= |
| By: | George Thurston; Yewande Awe; Bart Ostro; Ernesto Sanchez-Triana |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Pollution Management & Control |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36269&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36365&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36372&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36382&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36369&r= |
| By: | Ganesh Pangare; Bushra Nishat; Xiawei Liao; Halla Maher Qaddumi |
| Keywords: | Environment - Biodiversity Environment - Water Resources Management Water Resources - River Basin Management Water Resources - Transboundary Water Management Water Resources - Water Policy & Governance Water Resources - Watershed Management |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36258&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36379&r= |
| By: | Jurg Grutter; Wenyu Jia; Jian Xie |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Environment - Pollution Management & Control |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36286&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36377&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Brown Issues and Health Environment - Pollution Management & Control Water Supply and Sanitation - Urban Solid Waste Management Water Supply and Sanitation - Waste Disposal & Utilization Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36313&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Carbon Policy and Trading Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36363&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36373&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36383&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36381&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36371&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group; Asian Development Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Impacts Environment - Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36367&r= |
| By: | Mr. John C Bluedorn; Mr. Niels-Jakob H Hansen; Mr. Ippei Shibata; Marina M. Tavares; Diaa Noureldin |
| Abstract: | This paper builds a new set of harmonized indicators of the environmental properties of jobs using micro-level labor force survey data from 34 economies between 2005 and 2019 and analyzes the labor market implications of the green economic transition and environmental policies. Based on the new set of indicators, the paper's main findings are that greener and more polluting jobs are concentrated among smaller subsets of workers, individual workers rarely move from more pollution-intensive to greener jobs, and workers in green-intensive jobs earn on average 7 percent more than workers in pollution-intensive jobs. |
| Keywords: | Green jobs; Green Skills; Polluting jobs; Emissions; Environmental Regulation.; labor market implication; IMF working paper 2022/146; pollution intensity; green job; implications of the green; polluting job; Environmental policy; Employment; Labor markets; Climate change; Africa; Global; intensity score; emissions intensity; worker reallocation support; job-to-green job transition; pollution intensities of employment |
| Date: | 2022–07–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/146&r= |
| By: | Artjom Janssen; Justin Dijk; Patty Duijm |
| Abstract: | Financial institutions need robust statistics to measure and manage climate-related risks and determine their sustainability improvements over time The physical effects of climate change, such as more frequent and severe floods and extreme weather, can have a major impact on the financial risks facing the financial sector. The transition to a more sustainable economy can also lead to so-called transition risks. Due to climate policy, technological developments and changing consumer preferences, current investments in companies with relatively large greenhouse gas emissions can decrease in value faster than expected. At the same time, the investment choices made by the financial sector can ensure that sufficient capital is made available for the investments needed to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. The development of robust climate change statistics to measure both risk and impact is a key priority at DNB. Improving our confidence in backward-looking metrics such as carbon disclosure metrics, enables central banks and supervisors to determine the transition risks facing the financial sector, whether the financial sector is on the right track toward reaching its sustainability goals, and ensures that forward-looking tools such as scenario analysis and stress tests use better historical information to estimate financial risks. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbocs:1901&r= |
| By: | Pietsch, Allegra; Salakhova, Dilyara |
| Abstract: | The green bond market has increased rapidly in recent years amid growing concerns about climate change and wider environmental issues. However, whether green bonds provide cheaper funding to issuers by trading at a premium, so-called greenium, is still an open discussion. This paper provides evidence that a key factor explaining the greenium is the credibility of a green bond itself or that of its issuer. We define credible green bonds as those which have been under external review. Credible issuers are either firms in green sectors or banks signed up to UNEP FI. Another important factor is investors’ demand as the greenium becomes more statistically and economically significant over time. This is potentially driven by increased climate concerns as the green bond market follows a similar trend to that observed in ESG/green equity and investment fund sectors. To run our analysis, we construct a database of daily pricing data on closely matched green and non-green bonds of the same issuer in the euro area from 2016 to 2021. We then use Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector (SHSS) to analyse investors’ demand for green bonds. JEL Classification: G12, G14, Q50, A56 |
| Keywords: | climate change, corporate sustainability, impact investing, sustainable finance |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222728&r= |
| By: | Rafael Araujo; Francisco Costa; Teevrat Garg |
| Abstract: | International agreements to reduce anthropogenic environmental disasters rely on public pressure driving local action. We study whether focused media and increased public outcry can drive local environmental action, reducing environmental damage. Although an annual affair, forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon received unprecedented public scrutiny in August 2019. Comparing active fires in Brazil versus those in Peru and Bolivia in a difference-in-differences design, we find that increased public attention reduced fires by 22% avoiding 24.8 million MtCO2 in emissions. Our results highlight the power of public attention to compel local action on pressing environmental issues. |
| Keywords: | forest fires, media attention, carbon emission, Amazon, climate change |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 L82 F55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9897&r= |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol; Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change do agree on the sign but differ an order of magnitude in effect size. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the effect is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impact of climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. The social cost of carbon shows a similar pattern to the total impact estimates, but with more emphasis on the impacts of moderate warming in the near and medium term. |
| Keywords: | climate change, weather shocks, economic growth, social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9919&r= |
| By: | Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Narayanappa Devaraju (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie de Noblet (LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane de Cara (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Mineral nitrogen (N) application in agriculture has significantly increased food production over the past century. However, the intensive use of N-fertilizers also impacts negatively the environment, notably through greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss and remains a major challenge for policymakers. In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy aiming at halving agricultural mineral nitrogen use across the European Union (EU). We investigate the impacts on food security, climate mitigation, and biodiversity conservation and we analyse the potential trade-offs and synergies between them. Despite the uncertainties associated with monetary valuation and the choice of modeling approach, our results show that climate-and-biodiversity-related benefits of halving N use in EU agriculture more than offset the decrease in agricultural benefits. |
| Abstract: | L'application d'azote minéral (N) dans l'agriculture a considérablement augmenté la production alimentaire au cours du siècle dernier et a joué un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Cependant, l'utilisation intensive des engrais azotés a également un impact négatif sur l'environnement, notamment à travers les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la perte de biodiversité, et reste un défi majeur pour les décideurs. Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'utilisation d'azote minéral agricole dans l'Union européenne (UE). Nous étudions les impacts sur la sécurité alimentaire, l'atténuation du changement climatique et la conservation de la biodiversité et nous analysons les compromis potentiels et les synergies entre eux. Malgré les incertitudes associées à l'évaluation monétaire et au choix de l'approche de modélisation, nos résultats montrent que les avantages de la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation de N dans l'agriculture de l'UE, liés l'atténuation du changement climatique et à la conservation de la biodiversité, compensent largement la baisse des bénéfices agricoles. |
| Keywords: | mineral nitrogen pollution |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03755481&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (Teesside University, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Generally, the revolutionary idea behind using information and communication technology (ICT) has improved potential productivity in many industries, particularly in Africa. ICT is an essential tool in the oil and gas industry and plays a complementary role in technological dynamics and cross-sectoral productivity. For the educational sector, ICT facilitates research and development as well as in imparting knowledge. ICT remains the password to essential inputs required for any given output in terms of improved productivity and economic development. With regard to employment creation, ICT accounts for more than 50% of employment globally. Despite the significant role of ICT in the economy, evidence shows that more than 90% of carbon emissions have been linked to ICT production, installation, and usage. This study aims to determine whether ICT causes environmental sustainability in Nigeria and South Africa. The methodological contribution of the study lies in combining the STIRPAT framework and time series based on the VAR/VEC Granger causality, enabling the study to uncouple the dynamic interaction among environmental sustainability indicators. The findings show that ICT has contributed to South Africa's environmental sustainability, whereas evidence in Nigeria is relatively mixed. Therefore, the study recommends the urgent need to provide intervention programs tailored toward investing in environmental infrastructure to mitigate the threat of climate change in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; ICT; Economic development; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/062&r= |
| By: | Creon Butler (Chatham House); Sean Hagan (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Dominic Martin (Transparency International UK) |
| Abstract: | Governments and public international organizations are making a concerted effort to provide large amounts of money to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (climate mitigation) or adapt to the effects of climate change (climate adaptation). But there is a significant risk that the infrastructure projects where much of this climate financing will need to be targeted will be undermined by corruption--from bribery and kickbacks to fraud and embezzlement. The threat is increased by the scale of the climate financing being provided and the speed with which the required projects need to be completed. This Policy Brief identifies key corruption risks that threaten climate infrastructure financing and the best practices that can alleviate these risks. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:pbrief:pb22-11&r= |
| By: | Panle Jia Barwick; Dave Donaldson; Shanjun Li; Yatang Lin; Deyu Rao |
| Abstract: | The social costs of pollution and climate change hinge critically on humans’ ability to adapt. Based on transaction records from the world’s largest payment network, this research compiles daily travel flows and documents that China's rapid expansion of high-speed railways (HSR) facilitates the use of intercity travel as an effective adaptation strategy. Access to HSR reduces travelers' exposure to extreme air pollution and temperature by 7% and 10%, leading to substantial health benefits. These reductions are attributed to both contemporaneous responses to unexpected adverse conditions and also longer-horizon changes in travel patterns. |
| JEL: | O18 Q53 Q54 R41 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30462&r= |
| By: | Philip Kerner; Torben Klarl; Tobias Wendler |
| Abstract: | Green technologies are at the very core of endeavors to combine economic and environmental targets to achieve sustainable growth. In this article, we aim to determine the impact of green technology development on total factor productivity of European regions. Our paper contributes to the literature on technological change and regional growth in various ways. i) Our paper is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to assess the specific role of green technologies for regional growth on a broad empirical base. ii) We advance methodologically on the pertinent literature by explicitly accounting for cross-sectional dependence in our empirical approach. iii) By providing a simple theoretical framework, we directly link our results to implications of environmental policies for capital accumulation and composition dynamics, contributing to the ongoing debate revolving around the strong version of the Porter hypothesis. Our results, based on a sample of 270 European NUTS-2 regions over 25 years, imply that general technology development is mostly associated with positive economic returns, but our data is not supportive of positive economic returns to green technologies. |
| Keywords: | Regional Growth, Green Technologies, Environmental Policy, Cross-Sectional Dependence |
| JEL: | C23 O0 O33 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2104&r= |
| By: | Patrice Dumas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stefan Wirsenius (Agriculture Flagship - CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg]); Tim Searchinger (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Nadine Andrieu; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (The World Bank - The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Eleven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have pledged to reach net-zero emissions by around 2050. Changes in the food system are key to reach these carbon neutrality goals, as agriculture and resulting land-use changes are responsible for almost half of greenhouse gas emissions in the region. We quantify the effect of supply-side (e.g., yield improvements, silvopasture, agroforestry) and demand-side (e.g., reduction of waste and losses, changing diets) options to reduce emissions and transform the land use system in a net carbon sink by 2050 while improving nutrition for the growing population. We consider both direct agriculture emissions and the pressure that food production puts on land use changes, and track separately emissions that happen in the region and emissions linked to trade. Our findings confirm that cattle plays a preponderant role, emitting nearly 60% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land-use change. Reaching a net-negative emissions food system able to balance emissions from the rest of the economy will require ambitious and sustained improvements in yields and changes in diets to moderate the increasing demand for beef, continuously decrease the share of land dedicated to agriculture, and increase instead land dedicated to carbon sequestration and biodiversity preservation. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture,Forestry and Other Land Use,AFOLU,food,yields,diets,decarbonization,carbon neutrality |
| Date: | 2022–08–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03760573&r= |
| By: | Thang Dao; Matthias Kalkuhl; Chrysovalantis Vasilakis |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the persistent effects of climate change on the speed of demographic transition, and hence on the size of the population in regions that are the least developed and the most vulnerable to climate change, such as Sub-Saharan Africa. These effects are transmitted through interactions between the education gender gap within families, fertility, and the local environment, through which the demographic transition is delayed. Environmental conditions affect intra-household labor allocation because of the impacts on local resources under the poor infrastructural system. Examples include the collection of essential resources, e.g. clean water and firewood, by women for their families’daily lives. Climate change causes damage to local resources, offsetting (partially) the role of technological progress and infrastructure investment in saving time that women spend on their housework duties. Hence, the gender inequality in education/income is upheld, delaying declines in fertility and creating population momentum. The bigger population, in turn, degrades local resources and the environment through expanded production. The interplay between local resources, gender inequality, and population, under the persistent effect of climate change, may thus generate a slow demographic transition and stagnation of the least developed regions. We provide empirical confirmation for our theoretical predictions using data from 44 African countries in the period from 1960 to 2017. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1190&r= |
| By: | Pablo Garcia Sanchez |
| Abstract: | I model two ways climate tail risk could threaten the resources available for consumption in an otherwise standard cake-eating problem. I show that precautionary behaviour is optimal, no matter how low the probability of catastrophic climate outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Tail Risk, Tipping Point |
| JEL: | E20 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcl:bclwop:bclwp164&r= |
| By: | Christian von Hirschhausen |
| Abstract: | Although plutonium has been studied by different disciplines (such as technology and innovation studies, political sciences) since its discovery, back in 1940 at the University of California (Berkeley), the resource and environmental economic literature is still relatively scarce; neither does the energy economic literature on nuclear power consider plutonium specifically, e.g. Davis (2012) or Lévêque (2014). However, interest in the topic is increasing, driven by a variety of factors: Thus, in the context of the low-carbon energy transformation and climate change mitigation, interest in non-light-water nuclear technology, including so-called “Generation IV” fast neutron reactor concepts and SMR (“small modular reactors”) non-light-water reactor concepts, supposedly to become competitive in some near time span, is rising, not only in Russia and China, but also in the US, Japan, Korea, and Europe (IAEA 2018; MIT 2018; Zhang 2020; Murakami 2021). This paper provides a review of resource and environmental economic issues related to plutonium, and presents insights from ongoing research. In particular, we ask whether after decades of unsuccessful attempts to use plutonium for electricity generation, resource and energy economic conditions have changed sufficiently to reverse this result. In the analytical framework, we explore determinants of the value of plutonium, by comparing it with the economics of the dominant nuclear energy, the light-water reactor (LWR) using a once-through fuel process. Three questions emerge and are addressed subsequently: i/ Can plutonium benefit from shortages and binding constraints on uranium supply for light-water nuclear power plants?; ii/ can future nuclear reactors developments become competitive through standardized mass production (“SMR”-reactors); and iii/ can plutonium be efficiently abated? The paper concludes that there are no indications of more favorable economic conditions for the commercial deployment of plutonium. |
| Keywords: | Nuclear power, uranium, plutonium, resources, economics, technology, innovation |
| JEL: | O33 Q53 Q47 L97 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2011&r= |
| By: | Koen Deconinck; Lucinda Toyama |
| Abstract: | Food systems exert major pressures on the environment. This paper reviews what is known and not known about environmental impacts along food supply chains, looking at the contribution of different stages of the supply chain, the impact of different products, heterogeneity among producers, and the role of international trade. This review shows that most environmental impacts in food supply chains occur through land use change or at the stage of agricultural production. Livestock (especially ruminant livestock) has a higher footprint than plant-based food. However, there is also important heterogeneity among producers, even within the same region. A significant share of total environmental impacts is "embodied" in international trade, although considerably less than half. In terms of evidence gaps, some impacts (e.g. biodiversity, soil carbon) have been less studied, and there are geographic and product blind spots. Moreover, existing evidence is not sufficiently granular. While important evidence gaps thus exist, the overall picture that emerges is one of a rapidly growing evidence base, which can inform innovative supply chain initiatives to reduce impacts. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural trade, Global value chains, Input-output analysis, Life Cycle Assessment, Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q17 Q27 Q51 Q56 Q37 |
| Date: | 2022–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:185-en&r= |
| By: | Francesco Caloia; David-Jan Jansen |
| Abstract: | If climate change continues unabated, extreme weather events are expected to occur more frequently. Rising flood incidence will especially affect low-lying countries, both through property damage and macro-financial adversity. Using a stress test framework and geocoded data on real-estate exposures for Dutch banks, we study when floods would start impairing financial stability. We find that the banking sector is capitalised sufficiently to withstand floods in unprotected areas, where there is relatively little real estate. However, capital depletions would increase quickly in case more severe floods hit the densely-populated western part of the Netherlands. These findings have possible implications for various policy areas, including macroprudential policy. |
| Keywords: | financial stability; flood risk; real estate; stress test |
| JEL: | G21 Q54 R30 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:730&r= |
| By: | Hai-Anh H. Dang (World Bank); Minh Cong Nguyen (World Bank); Trong-Anh Trinh (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Despite a vast literature documenting climate change negative effects on various socio-economic outcomes, surprisingly hardly any evidence exists on the global impacts of hotter temperature on poverty. Analyzing a new global panel dataset of subnational poverty in 139 countries, we find higher temperature to increase poverty. Our panel fixed effects model shows that a 1°C increase leads to a 9.1 percent increase in poverty, using the US$ 1.90 daily poverty threshold. The estimated poverty increase is lower at 5.2 percent for the long-differences model, which suggests potential long-run adaptation. Regional heterogeneity exists, with Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries being most vulnerable to higher temperature. We find suggestive evidence that reductions in crop yields could be a key channel that explains the effects of rising temperature. Further simulation indicates that global warming effects could be more pronounced in poorer regions and under scenarios of higher greenhouse gas emissions without mitigation policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, global warming, poverty, agriculture, subnational data |
| JEL: | Q54 I32 O1 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2022-622&r= |
| By: | Dafermos, Yannis; Gabor, Daniela; Nikolaidi, Maria; van Lerven, Frank |
| Abstract: | Central bank collateral frameworks play a powerful role in contemporary market-based financial systems, affecting demand for financial assets and access to finance. However, existing collateral frameworks suffer from a carbon bias: they create disproportionately better financing conditions for carbon-intensive activities. This paper highlights the need to green the collateral frameworks and explores how central banks can incorporate environmental criteria into these frameworks. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–08–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116640&r= |
| By: | Tommaso Colussi (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Matteo Romagnoli (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Elena Villar (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the economic and environmental effects of pay-as-youthrow (PAYT) waste programs. Using a newly constructed longitudinal dataset of Italian municipalities and a staked-by-event design, we obtain three main findings: (i) PAYT programs significantly reduce total waste production; (ii) they further decrease waste management costs and leave municipal finances unaffected; (iii) they generate positive spillover effects on pro-environmental behaviors not directly targeted by the program. Survey evidence suggests that PAYT increases environmental awareness and concerns of the population in treated municipalities. |
| Keywords: | Waste Management, Taxation, Difference-in-Differences, Variation in Treatment Timing. |
| JEL: | C21 H23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctc:serie1:def118&r= |
| By: | Walch, Florian; Breitenstein, Miriam; Ciummo, Stefania |
| Abstract: | Climate change can be a source of financial risk. This paper examines how credit rating agencies accepted by the Eurosystem incorporate climate change risk in their credit ratings. It also analyses how rating agencies disclose their assessments of climate change risks to rating users. The paper develops an analytical framework to compare the agencies’ definitions, methodologies, assessment models, data usage and disclosure practices. The paper reveals large differences in methodologies and disclosure practices across rating agencies and asset classes. The authors identify three main areas for improvement with respect to climate-related disclosures. These areas concern the level of granularity of definitions of climate change risk, the transparency around models and methods used to estimate the exposure to climate change risk and the disclosure of the magnitude of the impact of material climate change risk on credit ratings. JEL Classification: E52, E58, G24, G32, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate change, credit rating agencies., credit risk, monetary policy, risk management |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2022303&r= |
| By: | Alejandra Martínez Martínez (Departamento de Estructura Económica, Facultad de Economía. Avda, de los Naranjos s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain.); Silviano Esteve Pérez (University of Valencia and INTECO Joint Research Unit UJI-UV); Salvador Gil Pareja (University of Valencia and INTECO Joint Research Unit UJI-UV); Rafael Llorca Vivero (University of Valencia and INTECO Joint Research Unit UJI-UV) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of climate change on bilateral trade flows. To this end, we estimate a theory-grounded gravity model using bilateral trade flows on a sample of 65 countries during the period 1986-2016. We use temperatures and extreme weather events (and its consequences) as proxies for climate change. Overall, we find that international flows are less affected by the evolution of temperatures and events than domestic ones. However, there is an interesting heterogeneity across countries and across types of events. In particular, the results suggest that biological events (epidemics and insect infestation) have a negative differential impact on international flows relative to internal ones. Additionally, the differential average behaviour observed for China (the biggest exporter) is associated with the occurrence of storms (cyclones, tornados, convective hails, etc). Finally, our General Equilibrium estimations show that the aforementioned biological events have a remarkable negative impact on welfare. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Domestic flows, International flows, Temperatures, Weather events |
| JEL: | C1 F14 F15 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2208&r= |
| By: | Mats Kröger; Karsten Neuhoff; Jörn C. Richstein |
| Abstract: | Designing auctions that favor low resource quality installations allows countries to geographically diversify their renewable energy production, while lowering payments to low-cost producers. In this paper, we develop a stylized model showing that a discriminatory auction design favoring low-wind-yield locations leads to a tradeoff between production costs and producer rent and that the scheme can lower consumer costs even without considering the positive externalities of distributed generation. We explore the influence of the heterogeneity of production costs, the strength of the adjustment, and the regulator’s knowledge about cost structures. Through a numerical analysis of the German reference yield model, we estimate that at current auction levels intra-technology discrimination through the reference yield model leads to a reduction of consumer costs of around 24.8 billion Euro or 13% between 2023 and 2030. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, auctions, renewable energy, onshore wind power, reference yield model |
| JEL: | D44 Q42 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2013&r= |
| By: | Chimere O. Iheonu (Research Analyst, Kwakol, Abuja, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Ekene T. Emeka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Ebuka C. Orjiakor (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Agriculture remains one of the major sources of livelihood in West Africa. The sector accounts for a significant share of output and employment in the sub-region. However, extreme weather events have been signaled to affect the sector’s productivity in recent times. In this study, we investigate the heterogeneous long-run relationship between climate change and agricultural productivity in West Africa from 1990 to 2020. Using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) estimators, we show that rising temperatures significantly reduce agricultural productivity in Gambia, Mali, Niger, and Togo. However, after accounting for endogeneity, we find that the negative relationship between temperature and agricultural productivity becomes insignificant for Niger while the positive relationship between rising temperature and agricultural productivity becomes significant for Ghana. Also, the results show that temperature Granger cause agricultural productivity in West Africa. We discussed some policy implications based on these findings. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Temperature, Agricultural Productivity, West Africa, Augmented Mean Group, Common Correlated Effect Mean Group |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/065&r= |
| By: | Huiwen Gong (Department of Environmental Social Science, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland); Allan Dahl Andersen (Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture (TIK), University of Oslo, Norway) |
| Abstract: | As sustainability transitions in some sectors enter an acceleration phase, widespread diffusion of low-carbon technologies seem inevitable. While the availability of critical natural resources will inevitably influence the pace and direction of sustainability transitions, there is as yet little exploration on the role of natural resources in such upscaling and diffusion processes in transition studies. Drawing on the literature on technological innovation systems (TIS), this paper develops an analytical approach to highlight the natural resource dimension in a TIS value chain and link it to TIS dynamics (functional and structural) in the face of inter-sectoral imbalances caused by natural resource scarcity in accelerating transition processes. Empirically we study China's EV battery TIS which shows that a shortage of critical natural resource (especially lithium) has influenced the TIS functional and structural dynamics both within and across sectors and can severely impact transition processes. Overall, we plea for more research on natural resources in transition studies as many low-carbon technologies enter an upscaling and diffusion phase. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20221001&r= |
| By: | Antonio Cabrales; Manu García; David Ramos Muñoz; Angel Sánchez |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of interest about climate change between different actors of the population, and how the interest of those actors affect one another. We first document the evolution individually, and then provide a model of cross influences between them, that we then estimate with a VAR. We find large swings over time of said interest for the general public by creating a Climate Change Index for Europe and the US (CCI) using news media mentions, and little interest among economists (measured by publications in top journals of the discipline). The general interest science journals and policymakers have a more steady interest, although policymakers get interested much later. |
| Keywords: | climate change, social norms, text analysis, social networks |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D85 A13 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9905&r= |
| By: | Ferrari, Alessandro; Landi, Valerio Nispi |
| Abstract: | We analyse a gradual increase in the tax on emissions in a simple two-period New Keynesian model with an AS-AD representation. We find that the increase in the tax today exerts inflationary pressures, but the expected further increase in the tax tomorrow depresses current demand, putting downward pressure on prices: we show that the second effect is larger. However, if households do not anticipate a future fall in income (because they are not rational or the government is not credible), the overall effect of the transition may be inflationary in the first period. We extend the analysis in a medium-scale DSGE model and we find again that the green transition is deflationary. Also in this larger model, by relaxing the rational expectations assumption, we show the transition may initially be inflationary. JEL Classification: D84, E31, Q58 |
| Keywords: | aggregate prices, AS AD, climate policy, expectations, pollution tax |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222726&r= |
| By: | Mariia Murasheva; Maria A. Cunha-e-Sa |
| Abstract: | The effect of individual-level daily silicon dust exposure from cement production on the probability of hospital admissions for respiratory-related reasons is examined. The dataset was collected at the cement plant in Bryanskii region, Russia. We use an aerodynamic dispersion model to calculate pollutants’ exposure. We find significant impact of silicon dust on hospitalizations for children and elderly adults. We identify a non-linear response of the individual probability of hospital admissions to the average daily inhaled concentrations in the city area where exposure is higher. Our findings contribute to better inform policymakers aiming at reducing industrial air pollution exposure in Russia. |
| Keywords: | Ambient air pollution, Silicon dust exposure, High-frequency, Patient-level data, Dispersion model, Hospital admissions, Nonlinearity |
| JEL: | I10 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:unlfep:wp652&r= |
| By: | Blanchard, Olivier Jean; Gollier, Christian; Tirole, Jean |
| Date: | 2022–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127339&r= |
| By: | Youssef El Archi (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi); Brahim Benbba (ENCGT - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion de Tanger - UAE - Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi) |
| Abstract: | To understand the contribution of ecotourism to the achievement of sustainable development, it is necessary to understand its origin, its evolution and itsprinciples (Tardif, 2003).The interest of this confirmatory study lies in the analysis of the perception that consumers have of the two concepts, ecotourism and sustainable development, in order to analyze their profiling, their determination and the constraints that prevent them from travelling in an ecotourism context.On the theoretical level, our paper provides a presentation of all the empirical works that mark out the literature in the framework of analysis of the perception of ecotourism and sustainable development by tourists, on the methodological level, we conducted our study through a questionnaire administered to examine the perception of consumers, it is a representative sample of 200 consumers who have travelled at least once a year.Based on the results of the empirical study, consumers show a favorable behavior towards responsible travel and perceive ecotourism as an economic, social and environmental panacea. |
| Abstract: | Pour bien comprendre la contribution de l'écotourisme à la réalisation du développement durable, encore faut-il comprendre son origine, son évolution et ses principes (Tardif, 2003). L'intérêt de cette étude confirmatoire se situe dans l'analyse de la perception qu'ont les consommateurs sur les deux concepts, écotourisme et développement durable, il s'agit d'analyser leur profilage, leur détermination et les contraintes qui les empêchent à effectuer un voyage dans un cadre écotouristique. Sur le plan théorique, notre papier prévoit une présentation de l'ensemble des travaux empiriques qui jalonnent la littérature dans le cadre d'analyse de la perception de l'écotourisme et le développement durable par les touristes, sur le plan méthodologique, nous avons mené notre étude à travers un questionnaire en ligne administré pour examiner la perception des consommateurs, il s'agit d'un échantillon représentatif de 200 consommateurs qui ont voyagé au moins une seule fois par an. En se basant sur les résultats issus de l'étude empirique, les consommateurs montrent un comportement favorable à la réalisation des voyages responsables et perçoivent l'écotourisme comme étant une panacée économique, sociale et environnementale. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development,consumer,sustainable tourism,perception,Ecotourism,Ecotourisme,développement durable,consommateur,tourisme durable |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03669726&r= |
| By: | Andrea Caravaggio; Mauro Sodini |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we reconsider the overlapping generations (OLG) environmental model introduced in John and Pecchenino (1994) and Zhang (1999) by adopting the specification of the environmental dynamics proposed by Naimzada and Sodini (2010). The model two different regimes that may alternate: one in which the economy and the environment co-evolve in the same direction; the other in which the environmental problem is not internalized by the agents, that is, the agents do not devolve any private resource to the environmental good, leading to a possible trade-off between environment and economic growth. The analysis of the equilibrium dynamics, described by a two dimensional piecewise smooth map, shows that starting from a parametric configuration in which the dynamics are definitely driven by a unique regime, the increase of the negative effect of the agents' consumption activity ends up in scenarios where the two regimes alternate, determining the arise of stable cycles or the occurrence of chaotic regimes. It is interesting to notice that because of the nonsmoothness of the map, the rise in environmental harm produced by economic activity may induce a sudden transition to chaotic regime. |
| Keywords: | Bifurcations, Complex Dynamics, Overlapping Generations, Sustainability |
| JEL: | O13 O41 C62 |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2022/287&r= |
| By: | Sébastien Gadal (ESPACE - Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - AU - Avignon Université - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, North-Eastern Federal University); Moisei Ivanovich Zakharov (ESPACE - Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - AU - Avignon Université - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, North-Eastern Federal University); Jūratė Kamičaitytė (KTU - Kaunas University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | For the past ten years, energy issues – alongside the policies implemented to address them – have once again been at the heart of development issues in the Arctic and circumpolar regions. The reasons for this situation are based on the intensification of the exploitation of natural resources, for which the impacts of climate change (warming) are perceived as opportunities, thereby accelerating economic development and the reterritorialization of the Arctic space. The policies linked to the energy transition are driven by both ecology and the need to have autonomous production unit grids reinforcing the interrelations between territorial development and energy. Energy production units – whether wind, solar, gas, coal, nuclear, or sometimes hydroelectric – are key drivers of economic development in the Arctic and circumpolar space, determining the exploitation of future natural resources and human security. Without energy planning, there can be no economic growth, no human development, and no territorial development. Energy safety is fundamental for the territorial development of the Russian Arctic. The analysis of the Russian Arctic space by remote sensing shows intense urbanization processes accompanying the exploitation of natural resources. |
| Keywords: | Urbanisation,Energy,Territorial development,Arctic,Russian Federation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03736971&r= |
| By: | Libra, Jesse Madden; Collaer, Julien Sylvain Marinus; Datshkovsky, Darcia; Pérez-Urdiales, Maria |
| Abstract: | Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the most water-rich region in the world, but millions of its inhabitants live with water risk. This contradiction, driven by mismatches in the location of supply vs demand, quality issues, and failing infrastructure, makes it crucial that policy makers use people-centric water risk metrics when assessing water risk in LAC. 35% of the population lives in water stressed basins, a number which balloons to 60% when accounting for the lack of institutional capacity for preserving water quality and providing water services. |
| Keywords: | water stress,water scarcity,water risk,climate change,population - based metrics |
| JEL: | Q25 Q54 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esrepo:265060&r= |
| By: | Briglauer, Wolfgang; Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Schwarzbauer, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Digitization-related services and applications are based on the information and communications technology (ICT) ecosystem and encompass almost all areas of society and economic sectors nowadays and exert numerous opposing effects in regard to electricity consumption and corresponding CO2 emissions. Our analysis aims to inform policy decision makers about the actual climate relevance of the ICT ecosystem by providing sound empirical evidence on the net effect of various ICT core elements based on recent OECD panel data utilizing panel econometric estimation methods that include instrumental variables. We found that the CO2-reducing positive indirect effects seem to outweigh the negative, in other words, CO2-increasing direct and indirect effects on average. Specifically, we found that, in addition to the lowering effect related to the use of basic broadband connections, there was another lowering effect-albeit smaller-related to new fiber-based broadband connections. In contrast, other elements of the ICT ecosystem, such as mobile broadband networks or electronic end-user devices, showed no significant net impact on CO2 emissions. Our main findings suggest that broadband networks can give rise to positive environmental effects for society. We conclude that undifferentiated climate policy measures imposed on the ICT ecosystem would not do justice to the identified heterogeneity, with numerous in part opposing effects, and likely would be accompanied by inefficiencies and market distortions. |
| Keywords: | ICT,digitization,CO2 emissions,electricity consumption,OECD data,panel econometrics |
| JEL: | L52 L96 Q40 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ecoarp:22&r= |
| By: | Luca Aiello; Matteo Fontana; Alessandra Guglielmi |
| Abstract: | We propose a statistical emulator for a climate-economy deterministic integrated assessment model ensemble, based on a functional regression framework. Inference on the unknown parameters is carried out through a mixed effects hierarchical model using a fully Bayesian framework with a prior distribution on the vector of all parameters. We also suggest an autoregressive parameterization of the covariance matrix of the error, with matching marginal prior. In this way, we allow for a functional framework for the discretized output of the simulators that allows their time continuous evaluation. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.05767&r= |
| By: | Mélanie MARTEN (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of the 2014 French carbon tax reform on plant manufacturing energy use patterns and employment outcomes using a linear panel event study specification spanning fifteen years. The analysis exploits low-carbon electricity use to construct a proxy for exposure and expected exposure to increasingly higher carbon pricing, as the rate is set to reach e100 per tCO2 by 2030. A 10 percentage point (pp) increase in exposure is significantly associated with a 1.9 pp increase in the electricity share of fuel use, along with a 4.39% decrease in total energy use. Exposure is not associated with a change in electricity use levels, but is weakly associated with a drop in fossil fuel use: the electricity to fossil fuel use ratio increases by around 4.86 percent. Exposure is also weakly associated with job losses. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax, Policy Evaluation, Manufacturing, France, Expectations. |
| JEL: | Q48 Q52 L6 D84 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2022-19&r= |
| By: | Pablo Garcia Sanchez |
| Abstract: | I begin this note by reviewing the economic effects of past weather shocks. I explore the empirical literature and present three case studies: the fall of the Roman Empire, the French Revolution of 1848, and Kansas in the 1880s. The second part of the note discusses how more frequent and severe weather extremes could risk price stability, and offers some thoughts on the modelling of weather shocks, a crucial step in designing good monetary policy. My main message is this: even in wealthy economies, weather events will affect central banks’ ability to achieve their primary goal - keeping prices in check. |
| Keywords: | Extreme Weather Events, Climate Change |
| JEL: | A10 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcl:bclwop:bclwp163&r= |
| By: | Söder, Mareike; Berg-Mohnicke, Michael; Bittner, Marlene; Ernst, Stefan; Feike, Til; Frühauf, Cathleen; Golla, Burkhard; Jänicke, Clemens; Jorzig, Christian; Leppelt, Thomas; Liedtke, Marco; Möller, Markus; Nendel, Claas; Offermann, Frank; Riedesel, Ludwig; Romanova, Vanya; Schmitt, Jonas; Schulz, Susanne; Seserman, Diana-Maria; Shawon, Ashifur Rahman |
| Abstract: | Wir geben eine Übersicht über den Stand des Wissens zu den Klimafolgen für den deutschen Pflanzenbau und generieren modellbasierte, quantitative und räumlich differenzierte Simulationen zu den Ertragsveränderungen der wichtigsten deutschen Ackerkulturen bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts. Zur Simulation der Erträge werden mehrere Agrar-Ökosystem-Modelle herangezogen und durch eine Meta-Analyse wissenschaftlicher Literatur ergänzt. Zusätzlich berücksichtigen die Analysen die Auswirkungen einzelner Wetterlagen wie Hitze und Dürreperioden auf die Erträge in der Vergangenheit. Um die zukünftige Entwicklung einzuschätzen, werden die Daten verschiedener Klimaprojektionen herangezogen. Die Prozessbasierte Modellierung zeigt im Mittel, mit regionalen Unterschieden, überwiegend keine Ertragsrückgänge bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts sowie keine steigende Ertragsvariabilität. Die Effektivität des CO2-Düngeffekts für Ertragssteigerungen bei Winterweizen sinkt über die Zeit, die Erträge von Silomais können am wenigsten vom CO2-Düngeeffekt profitieren. In der Vergangenheit zeigen sich bei fast allen Kulturen Ertragsverluste durch extreme Sommer- und Frühjahrstrockenheit sowie bei Winterweizen und z.T. bei Winterraps durch Hitzeereignisse. Hitzebedingte Ertragsverluste nehmen bei Winterweizen bei steigender CO2-Konzentration zu. Die Analysen zeigen dagegen keine eindeutige Zunahme der Ertragsverluste durch extreme Trockenheit und Staunässe. Unsicherheiten in den Ergebnissen bestehen u.a. aufgrund einer hohen Bandbreite der zukünftigen Niederschlagsentwicklung in den zugrundeliegenden Klimamodellen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Verlässlichkeit der Niederschlagsprojektion im Frühjahr. Nicht berücksichtigt in den Simulationen wurde eine gezielte Anpassung der Produktion an den Klimawandel sowie negative Ertragseffekte durch die Zunahme von Stürmen, Hagel, Starkregen oder Schadorganismen. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel,Ertragseffekte,Pflanzenbau,Deutschland,Extremwetterereignisse,Agrar-ÖkosystemModelle,climate change,yield effects,crop production,Germany,extreme weather events,agro-ecosystem models |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:198&r= |
| By: | Katharina Friz |
| Abstract: | Environmental innovation (EI) plays an important role in decoupling economic growth and environmental harm. This paper focuses on the environmental innovation behavior of companies in transition countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which have been little studied so far. These countries share the Soviet legacy of environmental mismanagement, and have restructured their innovation systems relatively recently in the course of transition. The EBRD-EIB-WB Enterprise Survey (2018-2020) allows us to examine the determinants of environmental innovation in 29 transition countries. Although the theory places a greater emphasis on external sources of knowledge in EI, the results indicate that collaborative R&D is still quite weak in these countries. Moreover, environmental regulation increases the likelihood of adopting energy efficiency measures, while customers demanding environmental standards increase the likelihood across all innovation activities, indicating an increasing sustainability awareness among consumers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental innovation, transition economies, firm-level data, logit model |
| JEL: | O12 O31 O32 O5 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2107&r= |
| By: | Dobdinga C. Fonchamnyo (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Etoh-Anzah P. Angyie (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Nges S. Afumbom (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Gildas D. Dinga (University of Bamenda, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examined the effects of structural change and environmental pollution on health expenditure, while controlling for globalization. A panel data from 1995 to 2019 for 115 countries was used, while the estimation of results was done based on the Driscoll-Kraay technique. The estimation was conducted for different income levels as well as sub-regional groupings. The results revealed that two components of structural change, manufacturing value-added and service value-added significantly increased health expenditure in the world. Economic globalization and financial globalisation were also found to significantly reduce health expenditure while social globalisation, environmental pollution and interpersonal globalisation were found to significantly increase health expenditure in the world. The income level analysis revealed that manufacturing value-added significantly increased health expenditure in low-middle-income and upper-middle-income countries and in the different sub-regional groupings. The results also showed that agricultural value-added reduced health expenditure in low-middle-income countries and in Latin American countries. Service value added was found to reduce health expenditure in East Asian, Pacific, and South Asia and to increase health expenditure in the Middle East and North Africa. It is therefore recommended that green production techniques and better abatement policies should be utilized in the industrial and service sectors of all economies. |
| Keywords: | Structural change, environmental pollution, Health expenditure, Driscoll-Kraay technique |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/071&r= |
| By: | Palmer, Charles; Groom, Ben; Langton, Steve |
| Abstract: | The post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework proposes to address biodiversity decline by expanding areas under conservation. Biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, the world’s predominant land use, could involve sparing, or setting aside, agricultural land from production, implying biodiversity-food trade-offs. Employing bird species and agricultural data, we undertake a novel empirical analysis of such trade-offs on a set-aside scheme implemented in England between 1992-2007. Expanding set-aside increases bird species abundance and richness by, respectively, 1.2-2.1% and 0.7-0.9%, but has no impact on diversity (ShannonWiener index). These effects are discontinuous, subject to thresholds in set-aside areas. A minimum 3% of agricultural land set aside is required for a positive effect on biodiversity while 13% of agricultural land generates a 15-25% and 30-35% increase in abundance and richness, respectively. Estimates of short- and long-run effects show that impacts are larger in the long-run. Expanding set-aside is also associated with a 10-17% decline in cereal output, with weak evidence of an attenuating land-sparing effect on yields. Our results suggest that although biodiversity-food trade-offs are likely in high-yield agricultural landscapes, such as those in England, the risk of a reduction in food supply could be minimised in settings where there is still scope for intensification. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; biodiversity; food production; land sparing; set-aside |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116614&r= |
| By: | Anna Lungarska (US ODR - Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Brunelle (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Raja Chakir (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Alain Jayet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rémi Prudhomme (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane de Cara (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Christophe Bureau (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy that reduces by 50% the use of mineral nitrogen in European agriculture. We use two techno-economic models to investigate the impacts on agricultural production, prices, and land use changes at the EU and global levels. Results show that halving synthetic fertilizer use leads to a decrease in agricultural production, a substantial increase in nitrogen use efficiency, and lower use of organic fertilizer. More importantly, we show that the results will critically depend on the potential for supply side adjustment, particularly, regarding the expansion of cropland area. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique qui réduit de 50% l'utilisation de l'azote minéral dans l'agriculture européenne. Nous utilisons deux modèles technico-économiques pour étudier les impacts sur la production agricole, les prix et les changements d'utilisation des terres aux niveaux européen et mondial. Les résultats montrent que la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation des engrais synthétiques entraîne une diminution de la production agricole, une augmentation substantielle de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote et une utilisation moindre des engrais organiques. Plus important encore, nous montrons que les résultats dépendront de manière critique du potentiel d'ajustement de l'offre, notamment en ce qui concerne l'expansion des terres cultivées. |
| Keywords: | agriculture,land use,nitrogen pollution,trade,environment.,Environment |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03761774&r= |
| By: | Koen Deconinck; May Hobeika |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews initiatives which take a “supply chain lens” to improving environmental outcomes of food systems. Some focus on due diligence, or ask firms to disclose impacts of their supply chain. Others benchmark firms according to supply chain performance. Firms also increasingly make corporate pledges covering their supply chain. In addition to traditional voluntary sustainability standards and labels, new labels are emerging which communicate actual environmental impacts along the life cycle. Governments can also provide financial incentives linked to such impacts. This review demonstrates the strong growth and diversity of initiatives, bolstered by more clearly defined societal expectations and reporting standards, and leading to a greater availability of data and evidence and more universal reporting, reducing the scope for greenwashing. Despite their great promise, there remain coverage gaps. Evidence on effectiveness also remains relatively scarce, although there is a clear increase in the number of empirical studies. |
| Keywords: | Due diligence, Life cycle assessment, Supply chain initiatives, Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q17 Q27 Q37 Q51 Q56 M14 |
| Date: | 2022–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:186-en&r= |
| By: | Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture); Véronique Bellon Maurel (UMR ITAP - Information – Technologies – Analyse Environnementale – Procédés Agricoles - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03773317&r= |
| By: | Wolf Rogowski; Wolfram Elsner |
| Abstract: | In economic research about climate change mitigation, there is a tension between the objectives to ensure scientific rigor (focusing on orthodox theory) and to illuminate blind spots of relevance (drawing on different "heterodox" theories). Our aim is to develop an economic perspective on climate change mitigation which considers both objectives. We conduct a critical literature review, searching for coherent economic theory lattices, which meet the requirements of research programs, i.e. contain a pre-analytic vision, an analytical core including a concept of rationality, and examples of applications in empirical research. We develop a framework structuring these research programs and associated research fields and search for examples illustrating their applicability to climate change mitigation. We identify several research fields within four major research programs that perceive economic phenomena as (1) individual optimization decisions (neoclassical analysis of efficient and of inefficient equilibria and behavioral economics); (2) a set of institutions (New and Original institutional economics); (3) a complex evolutionary system (Biophysical and Evolutionary economics); and (4) an objective function (which can guide research focusing on the content or the distribution of the normatively defined units of interest). For each research program and its subdivisions, we present theoretical elements and illustrate how they can improve our understanding of how economic activity contributes to climate change and how these impacts can be alleviated. There is a need for more systematic evidence synthesis to validate the contributions of the different economic research fields and to improve their selection and application to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, neoclassical economics, behavioral economics, economic heterodoxies, evolutionary economics, institutional economics, objective functions, research programs, policy implications. |
| JEL: | A11 A12 B5 H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2106&r= |
| By: | Frikk Nesje; Moritz A. Drupp; Mark C. Freeman; Ben Groom |
| Abstract: | The estimated values to society from long-term public projects, including climate change mitigation and infrastructure construction, are highly sensitive to the social discount rate (SDR) employed. Governmental guidance on social discounting has predominantly been based on input from expert economists. It is not clear, however, that economists possess any special expertise on the ethical issues that underpin long-term societal decision-making. This study compares expert economists’ views on key components of the long-term SDR with those of a disciplinary group of experts who may be deemed most trained on ethical matters: philosophers. The results indicate that both expert groups provide surprisingly similar recommendations on these components and on the SDR itself, with a real SDR recommendation of 2% receiving most support in both disciplines. An analysis of qualitative remarks shows areas of broad agreement and yet distinct differences in rationales. While economists provide numerous technical extensions within a consequentialist Discounted Utilitarian approach, philosophers advocate more strongly for alternative ethical approaches to standard Utilitarian calculus. In the politicized world of long-term decision-making, this paper illustrates how more inclusive and deliberative approaches to complex issues such as intergenerational justice can guide more nuanced decision-making today and lead to multidisciplinary support for climate action. |
| Keywords: | intergenerational social discounting, expert survey, philosophy, economics, climate policy |
| JEL: | C83 D61 H43 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9930&r= |
| By: | Chimere O. Iheonu (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Ekene ThankGod Emeka (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Princewill U. Okwoche (Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study complements existing literature by examining the short-run heterogeneous and long-run homogeneous impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on ecological footprints in 37 African countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Utilizing the pooled mean group estimator, our findings show considerable heterogeneity in the impact of FDI and international trade on ecological footprints in the short run. In particular, the findings revealed that while FDI increases ecological footprints in Botswana, Egypt, and Mauritania, it reduces ecological footprints in Algeria, Comoros, Gambia, and Togo. Furthermore, the findings revealed that international trade increases ecological footprints in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, and Eswatini but reduces ecological footprints in Algeria, Mauritania, and Morocco. Nonetheless, the study finds that in the long run, FDI significantly reduces ecological footprints while international trade has no significant influence on the environment. The study further finds economic growth and population to be significant in propping up ecological footprints in the long run. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investment, International Trade; Environmental Sustainability; Ecological Footprints; Pooled Mean Group |
| JEL: | C33 F18 F21 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/068&r= |
| By: | Dorothea Schäfer; Andreas Stephan; Sören Fuhrmeister |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to identify whether an innovative company’s likelihood of facing financial constraints is different when the company possesses a public procurement contract (PP). Theory suggests that the treatment effects of public procurement, particularly when mediated by the demand-pull effect, may lower a company’s funding constraints for innovation. We test this theory and apply extended probit models (eprobit) with treatment and selection to control for an omitted variable bias. Our findings indicate that the treatment effect of PP on the likelihood of facing financial constraints is highly significant and positive. The increased prefunding requirements that usually come along with PP may actually overcompensate the possibly constraint-reducing effects from a demand-pull or certification effect of PP. The treatment effect of PP is particularly strong for internal financial constraints backing the notion, that PP increases the need for upfront funding. |
| Keywords: | Public procurement, green public procurement, financial constraints, green innovation, sustainable finance, small and medium-sized enterprises |
| JEL: | G30 O16 O31 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2014&r= |
| By: | Fatima F. El Hadad-Gauthier (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Isabelle Piot-Lepetit (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Institut Convergences Agriculture Numérique #DigitAg - IRSTEA - Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture) |
| Abstract: | The rise of digitalisation is fueling a dynamics of reconfiguration of food value chains. This article explores two rising challenges: Logistics and traceability. These issues are crucial for food value chains because of the very specific characteristics of food products, such as perishability, shelf life constraints, quality variability, sanitary risks, market uncertainty, and the increasing distance between producer and consumer due to the markets' globalization. |
| Keywords: | traceability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03773407&r= |
| By: | Viktor Stojkoski; Philipp Koch; C\'esar A. Hidalgo |
| Abstract: | To achieve inclusive green growth, countries need to consider a multiplicity of economic, social, and environmental factors. These are often captured by metrics of economic complexity derived from the geography of trade, thus missing key information on innovative activities. To bridge this gap, we combine trade data with data on patent applications and research publications to build models that significantly and robustly improve the ability of economic complexity metrics to explain international variations in inclusive green growth. We show that measures of complexity built on trade and patent data combine to explain future economic growth and income inequality and that countries that score high in all three metrics tend to exhibit lower emission intensities. These findings illustrate how the geography of trade, technology, and research combine to explain inclusive green growth. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.08382&r= |
| By: | Pérez, María; Libra, Jesse; Machado, Kleber; Serebrisky, Tomás; Solís, Ben |
| Abstract: | An issue that affects the effectiveness of water pricing policies is consumers misperception, which implies that households decide their water consumption based on poor/inaccurate information about the marginal price. We use household survey data on bill and quality perception in Brazil to analyze this problem and its drivers. Once we control for the selection bias caused by survey respondents voluntarily providing their bill, we find evidence of bill misperception. Apart from the informational and socioeconomic drivers usually considered in the literature, perceived water quality seems to be a relevant factor of the degree of misperception. |
| Keywords: | water pricing,water quality,price perceptions,economics of information |
| JEL: | Q21 Q25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:264986&r= |
| By: | My Dam (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay); Thai Ha-Huy (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay, TIMAS - Institute of Mathematics and Applied Science); Cuong Le Van (IPAG Business School, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, TIMAS - Institute of Mathematics and Applied Science); Thi Tuyet Mai Nguyen (Thuongmai University - Partenaires INRAE, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This article considers a two-sector economy with externalities. In particular, the analysis involves an industrial sector whose polluting production activities have negative effects on the regeneration of a natural resource in the other sector. Without convexity or supermodularity, we prove that the economy evolves to increase the net gain of stock (a similar notion to the net gain of investment in Kamihigashi and Roy (2007)), and establish the conditions ensuring the convergence of the economy in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Two-sector economy,Renewable resources,Pollution externality,Ramsey model |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03261262&r= |
| By: | My Dam (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay); Thai Ha-Huy (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay, TIMAS - Institute of Mathematics and Applied Science); Cuong Le Van (IPAG Business School, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, TIMAS - Institute of Mathematics and Applied Science); Thi Tuyet Mai Nguyen (Thuongmai University - Partenaires INRAE, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This article considers a two-sector economy with externalities. In particular, the analysis involves an industrial sector whose polluting production activities have negative effects on the regeneration of a natural resource in the other sector. Without convexity or supermodularity, we prove that the economy evolves to increase the net gain of stock (a similar notion to the net gain of investment in Kamihigashi and Roy (2007)), and establish the conditions ensuring the convergence of the economy in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Two-sector economy,Renewable resources,Pollution externality,Ramsey model |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03261262&r= |
| By: | Aur\'elien Alfonsi; Nerea Vadillo |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a new stochastic volatility model for the temperature that is a natural extension of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model proposed by Benth and Benth (2007). This model allows to be more conservative regarding extreme events while keeping tractability. We give a method based on Conditional Least Squares to estimate the parameters on daily data and estimate our model on eight major European cities. We then show how to calculate efficiently the average payoff of weather derivatives both by Monte-Carlo and Fourier transform techniques. This new model allows to better assess the risk related to temperature volatility. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.05918&r= |
| By: | Lebdioui, Amir |
| Abstract: | One of the most important challenges of the 21st century is the quest for economic development models that respect the planet's ecosystem. Rather than imposing our industrial systems on nature, why not let nature influence our industrial and innovation systems? From wind turbine blades to bullet trains and solar cells, many of the technologies we rely on today have been inspired by solutions found in nature. Although relatively widespread in the fields of architecture and engineering, biomimicry/biomimetics remains largely overlooked in economics, public policy, and development studies. This is paradoxical because the world's remaining biodiversity stock-a knowledge bank of solutions to both current and unknown challenges- is largely held in developing economies and can be leveraged as a source of inspiration for -and entry door to- industrial innovation. This paper, therefore, investigates the relevance of biomimicry in the formulation of sustainable development strategies in biodiverse developing countries and maps out the national policy landscapes that can advance it. Several findings arise from this study. First, despite the exponential growth of biomimicry as a field and our understanding of its economic impact, what drives nature-inspired innovation remains elusive. Second, the biomimicry innovation landscape is dominated by industrialised economies that have relied on proactive policy interventions, while virtually no developing country has adopted biomimicry as an innovation strategy, consolidating the exploitation of the biodiversity in the developing world by firms in high-income nations. Third, by drawing on empirical evidence from a selection of Latin American countries, this paper shows that while biomimicry presents tremendous opportunities to leapfrog towards high value-added knowledge-intensive activities by using local biodiversity and related expertise as factor endowments, policy, and institutional factors have led to the persistence of important coordination failures that hinder the expansion and commercialization of biomimicry-based R&D. This paper concludes by discussing the public policies needed to support the integration of developing nations at the innovation frontier through biomimicry. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity; biomimicry; economic upgrading; ecosystem services; innovation; sustainability economics |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116652&r= |
| By: | Soysa, R.N.K.; Pallegedara, Asankha; Kumara, A.S.; Jayasena, D.M.; Samaranayake, M.K.S.M. |
| Abstract: | The study intends to identify the factors influencing the waste generation and segregation behaviour of households. An online survey was conducted with more than 400 residents in the North-western and Western provinces of Sri Lanka who have obtained a tertiary educational qualification. It was identified that family income level, local governmental authorities’ involvement in waste collection, age of the household head, and house type significantly affect the waste segregation behaviour of households of educated communities. Further, age of household head, family size, attitude, land area, household ownership, family income and involvement of local governmental authorities in the waste collection were observed to affect the household solid waste generation. The results could support developing influential policies in the local governmental authority levels to further strengthen and improve the solid waste management practices in Sri Lanka. It could also shed light on the formulation of appropriate strategies focussed on different communities to encourage the practice of waste segregation at source in Sri Lanka. |
| Keywords: | Waste management; waste segregation at source; waste generation; households; recycling |
| JEL: | Q2 Q20 Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–03–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114508&r= |
| By: | Paige Weber; Matt Woerman |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy resources possess unique characteristics—intermittency and uncertainty— that pose challenges to electricity grid operations. We study these characteristics and find that uncertainty, represented by wind forecast error, has larger grid impacts than intermittency, or hourly generation changes. Uncertainty yields roughly double the price effects and roughly double the number of conventional generator start-ups, as compared to perfectly forecast wind. While this finding is important given the persistence of wind forecast error over the study period, reducing wind forecast error to the level of demand forecast error would lower costs by a modest half a million dollars per year. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy, electricity prices and price dispersion, electricity grid management |
| JEL: | Q40 Q42 Q47 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9902&r= |
| By: | Marie Lassalas; Vincent Chatellier; Cécile Detang-Dessendre; Pierre Dupraz; Hervé Guyomard |
| Abstract: | La future PAC affiche une plus grande ambition climatique et environnementale recherchée via notamment le nouvel instrument de l’éco-régime du premier pilier. Cet article analyse les conditions d’accès des agriculteurs à l’éco-régime français par la voie dite de la certification environnementale. Nos résultats mettent en lumière le faible niveau d’ambition climatique et environnementale de la voie puisque la quasi-totalité des exploitations auraient accès au premier niveau, et plus d’un tiers au niveau supérieur, sans aucune modification de leurs pratiques actuelles. |
| Keywords: | Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), Plan Stratégique National (PSN), éco-régime, Haute Valeur Environnementale (HVE), RICA français |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rae:wpaper:202205&r= |