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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒09‒26
fifty-one papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Chloe Green; Alex Bauer; Colleen Psomas; Shaun Stevenson; Anu Rangarajan; Matthew Stagner; Jacque Gombach |
| Abstract: | This article explores actions human services leaders can take to embed the sector in critical conversations surrounding climate change and effectively engage in efforts to address issues stemming from climate impact and environmental injustice. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Environmental justice, Human services |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:c8edf34f018145f0ab4ccf3bcb4d31fc&r= |
| By: | Joelle Noailly; Laura Nowzohour; Matthias van den Heuvel |
| Abstract: | We use machine learning algorithms to construct a novel news-based index of US environmental and climate policy uncertainty (EnvPU) available on a monthly basis over the 1990-2019 period. We find that our EnvPU index spikes during the environmental spending disputes of the 1995-1996 government shutdown, in the early 2010s due the failure of the national cap-and-trade climate bill and during the Trump presidency. We examine how elevated levels of environmental policy uncertainty relate to investments in the low-carbon economy. In firm-level estimations, we find that a rise in the EnvPU index is associated with a reduced probability for cleantech startups to receive venture capital (VC) funding. In financial markets, a rise in our EnvPU index is associated with higher stock volatility for firms with above-average green revenue shares. At the macro level, shocks in our index lead to declines in the number of cleantech VC deals and higher volatility of the main benchmark clean energy exchange-traded fund. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that policy uncertainty has adverse effects on investments for the low-carbon economy. |
| JEL: | C55 D81 E22 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30361&r= |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | The temperature targets in the Paris Agreement cannot be met without very rapid reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The latter requires large, perhaps prohibitively large subsidies. The central estimate of the costs of climate policy, unrealistically assuming least-cost implementation, is 3.8-5.6\% of GDP in 2100. The central estimate of the benefits of climate policy, unrealistically assuming constant vulnerability, is 2.8-3.2\% of GDP. The uncertainty about the benefits is larger than the uncertainty about the costs. The Paris targets do not pass the cost-benefit test unless risk aversion is high and discount rate low. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.00900&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The manufacturing industry is a major source of global carbon dioxide emissions. Industrial production will continue to shift to emerging and developing economies. New investments are needed in low-carbon technologies to align industry’s growth with countries’ net-zero emission targets. In order to reduce the risks associated with the high cost and low maturity of the many needed low-carbon technologies, scaling up finance from both public and private financial sources will be crucial. OECD’s new “Framework for industry’s net-zero transition” is a step-by-step approach to assist emerging and developing economies in designing solutions for financing and to improve the enabling conditions that can accelerate industry’s transition. Outcomes of the Framework implementation in emerging and developing economies will contribute to the broader climate and finance policies and it can help to facilitate international co-operation for transition at scale. |
| Keywords: | blended finance, carbon border adjustment mechanism, carbon price, carbon tax, CCUS, circular economy, clean energy finance, clean energy investment, clean energy policy framework, climate change, climate change mitigation, climate resilience, de-risking instruments, emission trading system, emissions reductions, enabling conditions, energy efficiency, financing instruments, green hydrogen, green industry, green infrastructure, greening supply chains, industry decarbonisation, industry transformation, industry transition, large corporates, low-carbon fuels, low-carbon industry, low-carbon investment, low-carbon technologies, material efficiency, Net-zero emissions, renewable energy, renewable heat, small and medium enterprises, sustainable business, sustainable industry, sustainable infrastructure, transition finance |
| Date: | 2022–09–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:32-en&r= |
| By: | Isaac K. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Francesco Figari (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This study employs macrodata for 23 African countries to examine whether good governance interacts with economic globalisation (EG) to foster inclusive green growth (IGG). First, the study finds that EG hampers IGG in Africa. Second, although unconditionally good governance promotes IGG, only government effectiveness interacts with EG to foster IGG. Across the social and environmental sustainability dimensions of IGG, however, the effects differ substantially. Notably, while the EG-governance pathways yield remarkable environmental sustainability net gains, a modest harmful effect was observed for socioeconomic sustainability. Evidence from our threshold analyses also suggests that while government effectiveness is critical for propelling EG to promote IGG, across the social and environmental perspectives of IGG, it is investments in building frameworks and structures for corruption control and the rule of law that are crucial. Our results shed new light on IGG and have several implications for Agenda 2030 and Agenda 2063. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Economic Globalisation; Governance; Inclusive Growth; Inclusive Green Growth; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | F18 F4 F6 F63 F64 H1 O55 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/053&r= |
| By: | Gondia Sokhna Seck (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques, EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Clement Bonnet (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Marine Simoën (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Samuel Carcanague (IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques) |
| Abstract: | This article aims to assess the impact of copper availability on the energy transition and to determine whether copper could become critical due to the high copper content of low-carbon technologies compared to conventional technologies. In assessing copper availability through to 2050, we rely on our linear programming world energy-transport model, TIAM-IFPEN. We examine two climate scenarios (2 °C and 4 °C) with two mobility shape, implemented with a recycling chain. The penetration of low-carbon technologies in the transport and energy sectors (electric vehicles and low-carbon power generation technologies) is likely to significantly increase copper demand by 2050. To investigate how tension over copper resources can be reduced in the energy transition context, we consider two public policy drivers: sustainable mobility and recycling practices. Results show that in the most stringent scenario, the cumulative primary copper demand between 2010 and 2050 is found to be 89.4% of the copper resources known in 2010. They also pinpoint the importance of China and Chile in the future evolution of the copper market. |
| Keywords: | Copper,Bottom-up modelling,Energy transition,Transport sector,Power sector,Recycling |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03118509&r= |
| By: | Schleich, Joachim; Alsheimer, Sven |
| Abstract: | This paper examines individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) to offset their carbon footprint in response to receiving information about (i) the size of their own carbon footprint, and (ii) further receiving in addition information about the difference between their carbon footprint and the target footprint, i.e. per-capita GHG emissions compatible with the 1.5êC target. The analysis employs a demographically representative survey among the adult population in Germany, which includes a comprehensive online carbon footprint calculator and randomized information treatments. The findings from estimating double hurdle models suggest that disclosing information about the size of the individual carbon footprint increases average WTP by about one third. Providing this information appears to affect the intensive margin but not the extensive margin. In comparison, providing information about the size of their carbon footprint together with information about the difference between their carbon footprint and the target footprint does not appear to affect individuals' WTP. Further, the WTP is related with income, gender, age, education, carbon literacy, the belief that carbon offsetting is effective, and with environmental preferences. In comparison, the findings provide no statistically significant evidence that the WTP is associated with the size of the individual carbon footprint, and whether participants consider their carbon footprint to be higher or lower than the carbon footprint of the average adult in the population. |
| Keywords: | carbon footprint,willingness to pay,social norms,information disclosure |
| JEL: | H41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s102022&r= |
| By: | Kastoryano, Stephen; Vollaard, Ben (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Keywords: | Enforcement; Regulation; Environmental economics,; Fisheries |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:c02852eb-237c-4c6b-af7c-96691f45cc18&r= |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | Methane is a greenhouse gas, which traps heat in the atmosphere. It has a stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide but remains in the atmosphere for a shorter period. This report outlines CBO's approach to analyzing the nonbudgetary effects of charging the oil and gas industry for methane emissions. It generally describes how imposing such a charge affects emissions, companies’ costs, and natural gas prices. (The 2022 reconciliation act, signed into law on August 16, 2022, imposes such a charge.) |
| JEL: | H00 H20 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:58166&r= |
| By: | Ioannis Tikoudis (OECD); Rose Mba Mebiame (OECD); Walid Oueslati (OECD) |
| Abstract: | The fuel efficiency of conventional private vehicles is a key input in the design of several economic and environmental policies. Reliable projections of the fuel efficiency variable can improve estimates on the future emission savings from policies promoting vehicle replacement, and on future revenues from fuel taxes. This paper examines the evolution of fuel efficiency using data on cars entering the US market from 1984 to 2020. It uses a series of new indexes for the gasoline cost in OECD countries and the stringency of fuel economy regulations. The paper shows that the effect of fuel prices and taxes is significant and robust. Doubling the user cost of gasoline with a stringent carbon tax will cause an irreversible increase in fuel efficiency by 6-11%. Increasing the stringency of the US CAFE standards by 10% raises average fuel efficiency by 2-3%. The impact of cross-market regulations is ambiguous. |
| Keywords: | CAFE standards, conventional cars, EU regulations, fuel economy, fuel efficiency, fuel taxes, gasoline prices |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q55 R48 O31 |
| Date: | 2022–09–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:198-en&r= |
| By: | Juan Benavides; Ximena Cadena; Martha E. Delgado-Rojas; Helena García; María C. García |
| Abstract: | La hoja de ruta, a partir de un diagnóstico de barreras de mitigación y necesidades de adaptación, especifica las funciones institucionales que se deben llenar para escalar la financiación climática; propone medidas transversales, complementarias y para avanzar en financiación; y presenta la secuencia de medidas entre 2024 y 2030. Para ello, la hoja de ruta está organizada en dos grandes bloques de propuestas. El primer bloque es el Trípode Institucional e incluye potenciar la capacidad de orquestación (coordinación), crear una facilidad pública de estructuración de proyectos, e instituir un fondo de blended finance. El segundo bloque sobre Avances en Financiación, Transversales y Complementarios contempla robustecer el Sistema MRV, aplicar la Taxonomía Verde, fortalecer capacidades internas públicas, definir el modelo de financiación climática pública para mitigación y adaptación, promover instrumentos para reducir la brecha entre oferta y demanda de financiamiento climático, priorizar la construcción de carteras en segmentos de alto impacto en mitigación y adaptación y establecer condiciones habilitantes para segmentos de alta complejidad, y adoptar una política de gestión de riesgos de adaptación. ****** Abstract : The road map, based on an assessment of mitigation barriers and adaptation needs, specify the institutional functions that must be filled to scale-up climate finance; proposes actions to advance in financing, cross-sectional and complementary; and present the action sequence between 2024 and 2030. For this purpose, the road map is organized in two big sets of proposals. The first set is the Institutional Tripod (Trípode Institucional) and includes enhancing the orchestration (coordination) capacity, creating a public facility to structure projects, and instituting a blended finance fond. The second set is about actions to Advance in Financing, Cross-sectional and Complementary considers reinforcing the Sistema MRV, applying the Green Taxonomy, strengthening internal public capacities, defining the public climate finance model for mitigation and adaptation, promoting instruments to reduce the gap between supply and demand of climate finance, prioritizing the construction of portfolios in high-impact mitigation and adaptation segments and stablishing enabling conditions in high-complexity segments, and adopting a risk of adaptation management policy. |
| Keywords: | Cambio Climático, NDC, Mitigación, Adaptación, Financiamiento Climático |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:020332&r= |
| By: | Krumme, Uwe; Meyer, Steffi; Kratzer, Isabella M.F.; Chladek, Jérôme C.; Barz, Fanny; Stepputtis, Daniel; Strehlow, Harry V.; Kraak, Sarah B.M.; Zimmermann, Christopher |
| Abstract: | The project STELLA (Gillnet-Solution-Approaches) aimed at finding finding solutions for the mitigation of unwanted by-catches of sea birds and marine mammals, and thus reconcile nature conservation interests and the interests of coastal fisheries in the Baltic Sea. The project was carried out by the Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries (OF) from November 2016 to January 2020, funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in cooperation with the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. From February to July 2020, pending work was continued with funds of the Thünen Institute. The objectives of the project were executed in five work packages (WP): WP1 aimed to improve data collection from the gillnet fishery; WP 2 focused on technical modifications of gillnets to reduce unwanted bycatches; WP3 addressed improvements to two alternatives to the gillnet, the fish trap and the pontoon trap; the social-science WP4 dealt with the fishing practice in relation to the avoidance of undesirable by-catches. Finally, WP5 synthesised the results of WPs 1 to 4 and derived recommendations to policy makers. WP1 analyzed the structure of the German small-scale gillnet fleet in the Baltic Sea and was able to identify eight distinct groups, similar in terms of activity and fishing pattern, that were stable over time. The identification of these fishing groups is essential in order to find tailored solutions, because there can be no uniform approach to the transformation of the gillnet fleet given its heterogeneity. In addition, means of data collection have been improved in this WP. In particular, reliable, high-resolution effort data that have not yet been reliably available from this fishing segment can now be collected on vessels of all sizes using the smartphone application “Mofi” (“mobile fisheries log”) developed in the project. A test lasting several months in the commercial fishery was successful. The "Mofi-App" is continuously developed further to allow for e.g. the photographic documentation of unwanted bycatch or gear damage caused by grey seals in the area, aiming at making its use more attractive for fishers. After a thorough review of the state of knowledge at the beginning of the project, WP2 focused on improving the acoustic "visibility" of gillnets. In order to prevent harbor porpoises from entangling and drowning in gill nets, acrylic beads were identified as the smallest possible neutrally buoyant bodies, which appear like much larger objects for the acoustically-oriented harbor porpoise due to a resonance frequency. These beads, which were glued into the meshes of the gill nets, could make the net acoustically perceivable (“visible”) for porpoises. In order to test the effectiveness of this net modification, the “beads net” was tested in a commercial fishery which is known for elevated bycatch rates of porpoises (gillnet fishery for turbot in the Black Sea). The experiments showed evidence of a reduction in by-catches, but statistically significant evidence is still pending due to the overall low by-catch rates during the experiment. WP3, the second technical WP, advanced fish traps and a pontoon trap as an alternative to gill nets. Fish traps and pontoon traps are known to reduce the bycatch of seabirds and marine mammals considerably, but so far have a lower catchability for the target species; they are also more complex to handle than gill nets and are therefore rarely used in German Baltic Sea fisheries. It has been possible to increase the catchability of the fish traps and to adapt the pontoon trap to the special conditions in the German Baltic fisheries (e.g. use in exposed shallow-water areas, adaptation to the target-species spectrum). The increase in the number of grey seals in German Baltic waters and the increasing catch losses and damage to gill nets caused by this species will make the use of alternative fishing gear - such as fish traps - necessary in the near future. This could protect both the fishermen's catch from damage by the seals and the grey seals from drowning in the fishing gear. WP4 took the approach of using social science to develop adapted bycatch management. Research on fisheries management has called for years for consideration of people in the development of management tools, since successful management is based on behavioral responses of fishermen to imposed measures. Three types of fishermen and two different attitudes toward bycatch were categorised within the German Baltic small-scale gillnet fishery. An expert workshop identified potential management approaches that could avoid bycatch. Summary 5 These results were analysed in light of the types of fishers and their attitudes toward bycatch, and conclusions were drawn about which types of fishers could be targeted best with which management tools to promote their compliance. At the same time, changing fisher's attitudes toward bycatch events to understand the significance for a sustainable fishing was identified as one of the key actions. To date, a discourse has prevailed among fishers that describes seabird bycatch largely as a part of daily routine. Significant progress in transforming fisheries to reduce environmental impacts requires a change in discourse, fostered, for example, through co-management processes. In a number of important areas of work, STELLA was able to lay the foundation for the mitigation of by-catches of seabirds and marine mammals by gillnet fishing in the western Baltic Sea. Most of the work will be continued seamlessly, including in the context of follow-up projects, so that it could be implemented in fisheries in the foreseeable future. Gaps in knowledge exist mainly in aspects that are necessary to avoid seabird by-catches. These could not be addressed within STELLA, mainly because basic knowledge on sea bird behaviour is lacking. Such insights are a prerequisite for a systematic development of technical bycatch mitigation. The project results demonstrate that effort data can be recorded area-wide and in high resolution even on smallest fishing vessels, simple and cost-efficient using the smarthphone application “Mofi” developed within the Stella project. We therefore recommend to implement the required incentives or regulations to ensure a rapid start of such a data collection. With some time lag, needed for an unaltered determination of initial effort, by-catch data for endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species should be systematically recorded and verified with the help of electronic monitoring systems. For their rapid uptake in the fishery, incentives should be created that can be specific to the needs of the identified fishing groups; quota additions and excemptions from closed areas appear to be a stronger incentive than monetary aids. For the individual identified fishing groups, tailor-made solutions should be developed, which on the one hand can ensure economically viable German inshore fisheries, and on the other hand reduce their environmental impact. This requires the timely development of an overall strategy. If available, technical solutions for fishing gear that are already in use can probably be introduced relatively quickly and with little conflict because they require little change in fisher’s behaviour. Depending on the solution, a mandatory introduction (like in case of the “beads net”) or a voluntary introduction with incentives (in case of alternative fishing techniques) should be provided. If technical solutions are (presently) not available, legal actions for the mitigation are required. Social-science aspects should be included from the very beginning when designing and implementing measures to reduce the environmental impact of fishing; and full involvement of all actors should be ensured for each measure (comanagement). The creation of incentives carefully tailored to the specific target groups identified in this project is necessary because of the great heterogeneity of German gillnet fleet. This will help to convey that the measures are also in the interest of the fishery. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:324626&r= |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Matsumoto, Shigeru |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically evaluates different Alternative Dispute Resolution methods. Using a novel dataset on environmental disputes from Japan, we show that consensus-based approaches such as mediation lead on average to shorter duration and higher satisfaction than top-down approaches such as arbitration. Moreover, our findings suggest that the benefits depend on the transaction cost of resolving a dispute: while disputes with high transaction costs tend to benefit more from top-down approaches, disputes with lower costs benefit more from consensual resolution methods. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy, environmental disputes, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Coase Theorem |
| JEL: | C21 C41 C78 D04 D74 D83 Q34 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2022:08&r= |
| By: | Dröge, Susanne; Feist, Marian |
| Abstract: | At the G7 summit in June 2022, the German government intends to promote international climate cooperation by establishing a climate club. This club is envisioned to foster implementation of the Paris climate goals and, ideally, grow into a global alliance of ambitious countries. In light of Russia's attack on Ukraine, energy policy cooperation is now one of the most pressing issues at the G7 summit. Energy security as a short-term priority must be reconciled with accelerated decarbonisation and the international climate agenda. A climate club can certainly provide an impetus for this through agreements on joint regulatory approaches and climate action projects. In terms of the international political process, however, it is important to prevent the initiative from being perceived as a rich countries' club. The German government should carefully manage expectations: Strong signals are needed for COP27 in Egypt in autumn, first and foremost by way of increasing climate finance commitments. Moreover, it will be crucial to shape the G7 club as an ambitious but inclusive initiative. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:342022&r= |
| By: | Francesca Borgonovi (OECD); Ottavia Brussino (OECD); Helke Seitz (OECD); Alice Bertoletti (European Commission); Federico Biagi (European Commission); Abdelfeteh Bitat (European Commission); Zbigniew Karpinski (European Commission); Marco Montanari (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | The paper is the second in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The first paper is titled ‘Young people’s environmental sustainability competence: Emotional, cognitive, behavioural and attitudinal dimensions in EU and OECD countries. |
| JEL: | I20 J24 J31 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:275-en&r= |
| By: | Francesca Borgonovi (OECD); Ottavia Brussino (OECD); Helke Seitz (OECD); Alice Bertoletti (European Commission); Federico Biagi (European Commission); Abdelfeteh Bitat (European Commission); Zbigniew Karpinski (European Commission); Marco Montanari (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | The paper is the first in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The second paper is titled: ‘The environmental sustainability competence toolbox: From leaving a better planet to our children to leaving better children for our planet’. |
| JEL: | I20 J24 J31 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:elsaab:274-en&r= |
| By: | Angarita, Juan Sebastián; Sandoval, Carlos |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presentan los pasos para la aplicación de un modelo de simulación de la movilidad sostenible. Esta herramienta permite desarrollar de manera interactiva escenarios futuros de movilidad que integren variables de diferentes áreas temáticas, para, de ese modo, visualizar las interrelaciones entre dimensiones del desarrollo y sus consecuencias en la movilidad de una ciudad. El uso del modelo permite identificar, mediante una interfaz visual de fácil operación, los impactos indirectos de ciertas variables o los efectos en el largo plazo de la aplicación de políticas, programas o proyectos sobre movilidad urbana. El modelo está disponible para ser usado en procesos prospectivos o de planificación urbana y forma parte de la caja de herramientas prospectivas para la movilidad sostenible. |
| Keywords: | CIUDADES, DESARROLLO URBANO, TRANSPORTE URBANO, INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORTE, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, METODOS DE SIMULACION, TENDENCIAS DEL DESARROLLO, CITIES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, URBAN TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SIMULATION METHODS, DEVELOPMENT TRENDS |
| Date: | 2022–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48001&r= |
| By: | Carneiro, Juliana (University of Warwick,); Cole, Matthew A. (University of Birmingham,); Strobl, Eric (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of foetal exposure to air pollution from agricultural fires on Brazilian students cognitive performance later in life. We rely on comparisons across children who were upwind and downwind of the fires while in utero to address concerns around sorting and temporary income shocks. Our findings show that agricultural fires increase P M2.5, resulting in significant negative effects on pupils’ scores in Portuguese and Maths in the 5th grade through prenatal exposure. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that a 1% reduction in P M2.5 from agricultural burning has the potential to increase later life wages by 2.6%. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural fires ; air pollution ; foetal exposure ; cognitive performance |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1425&r= |
| By: | Irina Kalina (Ural Federal University); Andrey Pushkarev (Ural Federal University) |
| Abstract: | Developing countries have achieved significant economic growth over the past few decades. Economic growth contributes to the development of infrastructure facilities, reducing poverty and improving the standard of living of the population. To achieve rapid economic growth, developing economies sacrifice their reserves of natural resources, which leads to serious environmental degradation. The same economic structure, trade ties, similarity in the mindsets of population, common economic environment and history bound the current Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. In this perspective we assume possible similarities in terms of ecology and ecological footprints within the CIS countries. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of economic growth, natural resources, urbanization, foreign direct investments, trade, corruption on the ecological footprint of the CIS countries in the time frame spanning from 1996 to 2018. For empirical analysis we follow the log-linear form of the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. STIRPAT is a coordinated research program dedicated to understanding the dynamic relationships between human systems and the ecosystems on which they depend aimed to identify the major drivers of environmental harm and to reveal the levers to reduce that harm (Dietz & Rosa, 1994; York et al., 2003). Results of Pesaran's CD test and Bias-corrected LM test evidence the cross-sectional dependence across countries. The unit root test show stationary of variables at 1st difference. Besides, testing for slope heterogeneity allows us to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that slope coefficients are heterogeneity. Additionally, our study explores the effects on ecological footprint in CIS counties by using the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator. We also report estimates applying the mean-group (MG) estimator and dynamic fixed-effects (DFE) estimator for comparison and robustness purpose. The empirical evidence from PMG estimations shows positive and significant influence of economic growth, urbanization, natural resources rent and foreign direct investments on the ecological footprint in the group of CIS countries. Our findings demonstrate the negative impact of these factors on environmental quality. Finally, the CIS countries' governments should collaborate to reduce the excessive use of natural resources and promote institutional development favorable for the environment. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization, Economic development, Corruption, Ecological footprints, Commonwealth of Independent States, STIRPAT model, Pooled mean group (PMG) estimator |
| JEL: | Q01 Q59 O10 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:13015649&r= |
| By: | Tommaso Luzzati; Ilaria Tucci; Pietro Guarnieri |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the relevance of information overload for explaining environmental degradation. Our argument goes that information overload and detachment from nature, caused by energy abundance, have made individuals unaware of the unsustainable effects of their choices and lifestyles. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.01039&r= |
| By: | Gong Cheng; Eric Jondeau; Benoit Mojon |
| Abstract: | We propose a strategy to build portfolios of sovereign securities with progressively declining carbon footprints. Passive investors could use it as a new Paris-consistent benchmark to construct a "net zero" (NZ) portfolio while tracking closely the risk-adjusted returns of a business-as-usual (BAU) benchmark. Our strategy rewards sovereign issuers that have made stronger efforts in reducing carbon intensity, measured by total domestic emissions per capita. The NZ portfolio would have reduced carbon intensity by 41% between 2014 and 2019, by assigning higher weights to countries that have had lower carbon emissions. Among advanced economies, rebalancing leads to raising shares of France, Italy and Spain in the portfolio at the expense of the United States. And among emerging market economies, this leads to higher shares for Chile, the Philippines and Romania at the expense of China. Importantly, the NZ portfolio retains the same creditworthiness as the BAU benchmark without entailing materially higher foreign exchange risks. |
| Keywords: | carbon footprints, sovereign debt, portfolio rebalancing, portfolio optimisation, active share, tracking error |
| JEL: | G11 G24 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1038&r= |
| By: | Wang, Feiyang; Shreedhar, Ganga; Galizzi, Matteo M; Mourato, Susana |
| Abstract: | Previous research on food waste interventions has mostly focused on micro-level factors related to the individuals, and largely neglected macro-level contextual factors such as work-to-home spillovers. Inspired by the multi-level framework, we present a case study of how macro-level workplace campaigns could decrease food waste in staff cafeterias, compete with micro-level factors like environmental identity, and further stimulate some employees’ food saving efforts at home. The workplace interventions combined smart bins with fortnightly informational feedback trialed in three staff cafeterias of a large hotel chain in Macau, China. Actual food waste data and self-reported behavior consistently show that the staff cafeteria receiving environmental framing with anthropomorphic cues had more reductions in food waste behaviors. A key determinant of self-reported food saving efforts at home was efforts to reduce food waste at work, which predicted beyond and above environmental identity and provided evidence for positive contextual spillover effects. |
| Keywords: | food waste; behavioral intervention; multi-level framework; environmental framing; anthropomorphism; contextual spillover |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115762&r= |
| By: | Clément Nedoncelle (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julien Wolfersberger (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Climate Economics Chair - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | We study how temperature shocks affect exports in developing countries both at the firm-and aggregate-level. We find that while the average effect of temperature rise on exports is negative, small firms are disproportionately harmed compared with others. This feature is robust across subsamples, specifications and confounding factors. We show that this heterogeneity across firms has aggregate implications. In particular, we find that the overall trade deterring effect of temperatures would be significantly larger in absence of the largest exporters. We also show that firm structure matters for exports under future climate change scenarios, with large firms reducing the costs of predicted temperature rise. We conclude that the existing firm distribution in developing countries may increase the cost of climate change. |
| Abstract: | Nous étudions comment les chocs de température affectent les exportations dans les pays en développement à la fois au niveau des entreprises et au niveau global. Nous constatons que si l'effet moyen de la hausse des températures sur les exportations est négatif, les petites entreprises sont touchées de manière disproportionnée par rapport aux autres. Cette caractéristique est robuste à travers les sous-échantillons, les spécifications et les facteurs confondants. Nous montrons que cette hétérogénéité entre les entreprises a des implications globales. En particulier, nous constatons que l'effet dissuasif global des températures sur le commerce serait nettement plus important en l'absence des plus grands exportateurs. Nous montrons également que la structure des entreprises a une importance pour les exportations dans les scénarios de changement climatique futurs, les grandes entreprises réduisant les coûts de l'augmentation prévue des températures. Nous concluons que la distribution actuelle des entreprises dans les pays en développement peut augmenter le coût du changement climatique. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Economic development,International trade,Firms Structure |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03753384&r= |
| By: | Bäuerle, Max Juri |
| Abstract: | The transport sector has so far shown little success in reducing emissions. Demand-side solutions such as lifestyle and behavioural changes of individuals and private households entail extensive reduction potential that could greatly complement technological solutions in transport. Private households are therefore relevant actors through their transport demand and modal choice. Yet, challenges and opportunities for reducing emissions vary with the household living situations and individual preconditions for action. The real-world lab experiment KLIB pursued to support and motivate households that intended to reduce their carbon footprint during an one year real lab phase using a carbon tracker tool. Based on the KLIB mobility data, this study aims to enhance understanding on the extent of emissions reductions through voluntary changes in mobility behaviour. This implies to identify through which changes in modal choice and transport demand how much of emissions reductions were achieved and where obstacles and limits to voluntary efforts existed. A mixed-methods research design is adopted: transport sociologically grounded type formation groups the KLIB households along relevant household characteristics. Subsequent type-based statistical data analysis examines changes of the types' mobility patterns and associated emissions. The findings indicate that within everyday ground mobility voluntary behavioural changes like the shift to low-carbon modes can lead to considerable emissions reductions depending on the household living situation and particularly car equipment. Nevertheless, car ownership presents a strong carbon lock-in and barrier to emissions reductions. Contradictory results are provided by air travel, where emissions increase for almost all household types, offsetting or outbalancing ground mobility savings. It emerges that behavioural changes are contextspecific and constrained by counteractive effects and obstacles, especially in holiday contexts and emissions-intensive air travel. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbdms:spiii2022601&r= |
| By: | Mauro David Reyes Pontet (Universidad Nacional del Sur/CONICET); María M. Ibáñez Martín (Universidad Nacional del Sur/CONICET); Silvia London |
| Abstract: | Mientras que el objetivo del desarrollo sostenible es común a todas las economías, la performance ambiental difiere entre regiones. Los motivos de esta divergencia son variados, en particular en el presente trabajo se analiza la posible existencia de una relación causal entre la calidad de las instituciones y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Una revisión de la literatura identifica autores que proponen una relación positiva; un enfoque más actual postula a los marcos institucionales débiles como causa de la degradación ambiental, relacionada con la idea de “maldición de los recursos naturales”. Para realizar el análisis se aplican estimaciones de causalidad de largo plazo y de correlación para 180 países, utilizando un indicador de calidad institucional de elaboración propia y datos del Environmental Performance Index (EPI). Los resultados evidencian una alta correlación entre las variables y permiten sostener una relación causal de largo plazo. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:173&r= |
| By: | Ronzheimer, Ira Nadine; Durán Lima, José Elías; Budnevich, Cristóbal; Gomies, Matthew |
| Abstract: | The dashboard presented here was developed in the framework of a collaboration project between ECLAC and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on electromobility in Latin America. The dashboard represents the visualization of a methodology proposed for analysing trade flows in electric bus components in Latin America and worldwide in order to evaluate the productive capacity of Latin American countries in this area. The required components have accordingly been disaggregated into three levels: processed and semi-processed components and raw materials. The dashboard captures the complexity of this methodology and makes it accessible to policymakers and entrepreneurs, who can use it to evaluate their country’s or business’s potential to participate in the value chain of electric buses. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, AUTOBUSES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, TRANSPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, ELECTRIC POWER, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, BUSES, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–07–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47994&r= |
| By: | Nischwitz, Guido; von Bestenbostel, Martin |
| Abstract: | Bereits seit einigen Jahrzehnten muss die Stadt Bremerhaven tiefgreifende, sozioökonomische Strukturbrüche und Anpassungsprozesse bewältigen. Neben akuten Krisen (Corona-Pandemie, Niedergang der lokalen Windkraftindustrie) stellen auch Metatrends, wie demografischer Wandel, Digitalisierung und Klimawandel die Stadt vor veränderte Herausforderungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnen neue Entwicklungsansätze zunehmend an Bedeutung. Als ein strategisch wichtiges Zukunftsfeld kristallisiert sich seit einigen Jahren die Verfolgung eines Green-Economy-Ansatzes heraus. Der Magistrat und insbesondere die Wirtschaftsförderung in Bremerhaven richten ihr Augenmerk verstärkt auf die Förderung eines nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens in der Seestadt. Der Fokus auf die Green Economy impliziert zugleich einen umfangreichen Wandel im Bereich der Beschäftigung. Einerseits werden sich die Tätigkeitsprofile in vielen Berufen verändern, andererseits sind neue Ansprüche hinsichtlich der Ausbildung und Qualifizierung zu erwarten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung im Auftrag der Arbeitnehmerkammer nimmt die Trag- und Anschlussfähigkeit der Green Economy als strategisches Zukunftsfeld für Bremerhaven in den Blick. Darüber hinaus zielt das Projekt insbesondere auf die Analyse von Potenzialen und Bedarfen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iawraw:40&r= |
| By: | Leon Bremer (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Konstantin Sommer (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) on employment and profits as well as on the investment decisions of Dutch manufacturing firms. Motivated both by sizable differences between firms that are regulated in different phases and by the gradual increase in regulatory stringency, we pay close attention to treatment effect heterogeneity between firms and over time. We use microdata from Statistics Netherlands to apply two difference-in-differences (DiD) estimators: (1) a matched twoway fixed effects regression and (2) a recently developed, more flexible DiD method, designed for staggered treatment and treatment effect heterogeneity. We find that firms that were first regulated in phase 1 and 2 experience temporary employment losses of between 7 to 9% early in the regulation, but we do not find conclusive evidence for changes in profits. Firms that were regulated the earliest reduced their investments throughout all phases. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading, Environmental regulation, Staggered Difference-in-Differences, Treatment heterogeneity, Manufacturing |
| JEL: | H23 L51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220061&r= |
| By: | Wessel Vermeulen |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has critically tested OECD economies, with major differences in economic repercussions at the subnational level. The pandemic can be characterised as a combination of shocks to local economies: (i) a recession, (ii) a supply-side shock mirroring a natural disaster, and (iii) the economic and workplace adjustments accelerated by pre-existing megatrends (e.g. automation, green transition). This paper reviews the empirical evidence for effective policies from across the OECD to strengthen local economic resilience through support for people, firms and places. There is a strong need for effective policies in times of recessions, natural disasters and long-term structural change. Policies that strengthen economic resilience strongly overlap with policies for local productivity growth and vice-versa. Moreover, some policies aiming to increase resilience through adding redundancy in production or infrastructure can serve productivity in the long-term. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, economic shocks, industrial change, megatrends, recessions, regional economic resilience, regional economic systems, subnational economic policy |
| JEL: | R1 R11 R5 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/09-en&r= |
| By: | Clara Frezal; Claude Nenert; Hubertus Gay |
| Abstract: | Meat alternatives are attracting private investment and interest from the research community as possible solutions to meet the growing global demand for proteins in a sustainable, ethical, and healthy way. Using a food systems lens, this report investigates the opportunities and challenges associated with three meat alternatives: plant-based, insects and cultured meat. The analysis is based primarily on a literature review, which is complemented by an illustrative scenario using the OECD-FAO Aglink-Cosimo model. Results from the scenario analysis suggest that a shift from meat to meat alternatives in high and upper middle-income countries could result in a decline in global agricultural land use and GHG emissions from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector. Lower demand for meats in these countries would also lead to a decrease in international prices for meats, soybean and cereals, which would benefit consumers but place pressure on farmer incomes. |
| Keywords: | Cultured meat, Economic scenario, Insects, Plant-based |
| JEL: | O13 Q19 Q55 L66 |
| Date: | 2022–09–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:agraaa:182-en&r= |
| By: | International Labour Organization. |
| Keywords: | youth employment, COVID-19, labour market, green economy, care economy, trend |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:trends:995201492602676&r= |
| By: | Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri (Dept. of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Business); Tatiana Pliakou; Eleni Toli; Lydia Papadaki |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2222&r= |
| By: | Ron Crawford (Productivity Commission) |
| Abstract: | Focused innovation policy is a means for governments to work with industry, knowledge institutions and other stakeholders to realise the potential for productivity growth and export success in chosen areas of the economy. Governments in most small advanced economies (SAEs) take a more deliberate approach to such policy than does New Zealand. They typically draw on decades of experience in using and adapting such a policy to changing circumstances. Lessons that New Zealand can take from other SAEs include using high-level multistakeholder governance to develop and oversee the implementation of strategy (including choice of areas for focus); devolving governance of policy implementation in chosen areas of focus to independent multistakeholder bodies, and, together with other participants, marshalling sufficiently large and enduring resources to "shift the dial" on the outcomes sought. Areas of focus do not necessarily or usually correspond to standard industry classifications. They could, instead, be technologies spanning more than one industry, diverse technologies serving specific industries, or innovation in linked upstream and downstream industries. Governments employ focused innovation policies with a variety of objectives. For instance, mission-oriented policies address societal challenges such as those arising from climate change, technological disruption and social inequality. Focused innovation policies to enhance productivity will only be durable if they are also consistent with environmental and social objectives. |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ayz:wpaper:21_03&r= |
| By: | Kuschan, Marika; Burghard, Uta; Groneweg, Kiara; Strebel, Annika |
| Abstract: | [Conclusion] The aim of this paper was to investigate citizens' perceptions of the energy transition initiated by the federal government through the lens of gender and social justice. For this purpose, data were collected in surveys and workshops with two target groups - TG 1 comprising persons already ac-tively participating in the energy transition, and TG 2 made up of persons who have not been active in the energy transition so far. As already elaborated, there are no crucial differences in the perceptions of these two target groups. One main result was that the energy transition planned by the German government, i.e. in a top-down approach is perceived as generally unjust by both groups. It is noteworthy that gender as-pects were not seen as the main drivers of this injustice. Instead, the participants pointed out that specific social groups are not yet considered enough when it comes to energy transition projects. Practical recommendations for the federal government can be derived from the results of this study: The federal government should include an intersectional perspective in their energy policies as well as in acceptance policies and measures. This should increase the approval of energy transition pro-jects by German citizens in terms of accessibility, use of energy services, investments or decision-making processes. To ensure a gender-just and socially-just energy transition, different perspectives must be included, since all social groups influence the energy value chain (in households, local communities, and energy markets). The participation and representation of different social groups must be encouraged and planned, not only from the governmental side, but also from the civil society side. As mentioned in the dis-cussion, citizen energy projects in Europe are still dominated by white men with financial resources. Diversifying and democratizing citizen energy projects requires acceptance at local level, i.e. at community level, as a precondition. Once citizens are convinced about the potential of such energy projects and mobilised to take part, such citizen energy projects have huge potential to influence energy policies from the bottom up. Recent developments, such as the war in Ukraine, can be regarded as an additional driver to in-crease the acceptance of renewable energy projects. The resulting rising prices and predicted short-ages for fossil fuel-based energy could lead to a stronger shift towards renewable energies. Fur-thermore, the war has enhanced the awareness in society of the dangers of dependency on energy/ fossil fuels from abroad. This could act as another driver towards locally produced renewable ener-gies and their increased acceptance by society. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s092022&r= |
| By: | Ercio Munoz (The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Ex-ante evaluation of the distributional effects of a macroeconomic shock is a difficult task. One approach relies on microsimulation models often combined with a macroeconomic model (e.g., a CGE model). This approach typically follows a top-down sequence where the microsimulation model takes the outputs from the macroeconomic model as given and then uses a household survey to generate changes in the data that mimic the resulting macroeconomic aggregates. For example, this approach could be used to model how changes in the level of employment and wages by industry derived from a given macroeconomic scenario (e.g., a set of climate change policies) impact poverty and inequality. This presentation compares two methods (reweighting versus modeling occupational choices) for analyzing changes in the labor market in the context of a top-down macro–micro model. I use two surveys that are more than 10 years apart to explore how these two different ways of modeling changes in the labor market using the older survey can predict what we observe in the newer survey. |
| Date: | 2022–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:usug22:12&r= |
| By: | Sonya Ravindranath Waddell; John M. Abowd; Camille Busette; Mark Hugo Lopez |
| Abstract: | This article is an edited transcript of the session of the same name at the 38th Annual NABE Economic Policy Conference: Policy Options for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. The panelists are experts from government and private research organizations. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.05252&r= |
| By: | Rodríguez, Julieta A.; Magnoni, Juan Máximo; D'Onofrio, Paula; Lupín, Beatriz |
| Abstract: | En Argentina, uno de los principales países productores de alimentos a nivel mundial, se presentan importantes contradicciones vinculadas a la subalimentación y al impacto ambiental ocasionado por tal actividad. Los ODS-Agenda 2030 (Naciones Unidas, 2015) interpelan y retan a la comunidad internacional respecto a la implementación de acciones concretas que permitan mejorar sustancialmente las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales. Las organizaciones y las empresas en Argentina no son ajenas a los ODS. Tal es así que se desarrollan diferentes acciones para contribuir al cumplimiento de los mismos. De manera particular, en este trabajo se analiza un caso empírico –denominado NODO, el que fue creado colaborativamente por tres Bancos de Alimentos– en el marco de los ODS 2 (Hambre cero), 12 (Producción y consumo responsables) y 17 (Alianzas para alcanzar los objetivos). Por tal motivo, el objetivo es evaluar, desde el enfoque de la Contabilidad Social y Ambiental, el grado de cumplimiento de los ODS por parte del proyecto bajo estudio. En términos generales, los resultados evidencian una importante contribución del NODO a los ODS mencionados, durante el año 2021. |
| Keywords: | Contabilidad Social; Contabilidad Ambiental; Banco de Alimentos; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3685&r= |
| By: | Yuzhi Yang (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Erik Ansink (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | We propose the river pollution claims problem to distribute a limited pollution budget among agents located along a river. A key distinction with the standard claims problem is that agents are ordered and they are given priority based on their location in this order instead of their identity. We propose two new axioms that are relevant in the context of river pollution and use these to characterize two priority rules. Our characterization results show that Consistency plays an important role since it makes sure that any asymmetric treatment will be transferred across problems. |
| Keywords: | Claims Problem, River Pollution, Pollution Permits, Priority Rules |
| JEL: | C71 D62 D63 Q25 |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220058&r= |
| By: | Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri; Tatiana Pliakou; Eleni Toli; Lydia Papadaki |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2223&r= |
| By: | Kastoryano, Stephen; Vollaard, Ben (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:c02852eb-237c-4c6b-af7c-96691f45cc18&r= |
| By: | Maxime TERRIEUX; Marion Hémar; Cécile DUQUESNAY; Benoît Jonveaux; Meghann Puloc’h; Emmanuelle Mansart Monat; Cécile VALADIER; Sylvain Bellefontaine; Maelan Le Goff; Alix Vigato; Luciana Torrelio |
| Abstract: | The rise in commodity prices had already been happening since mid-2020 and is subject to an in-depth analysis in this third issue of the semi-annual MacroDev Panorama. The objective is to place the dramatic increase in prices observed in the spring in a historical perspective and question whether it is temporary or permanent. Beyond the economic impacts on growth trajectories and external account balances, which have varying degrees of exposure and vulnerability to the shock, the social impacts, in particular in terms of food security, and political impacts are of particular concern. The shock affecting food commodity prices has highlighted the materiality of climate risks and their cross border spillover effects, as illustrated, for example, by India’s decision to suspend its wheat exports following the drought affecting the country, which is also compounding global supply tensions. |
| JEL: | E |
| Date: | 2022–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en14416&r= |
| By: | Vaca-Trigo, Iliana; Valenzuela, María Elena |
| Abstract: | A pesar del potencial de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) para alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible y la igualdad de género, como se plantea en la Estrategia de Montevideo para la Implementación de la Agenda Regional de Género en el Marco del Desarrollo Sostenible hacia 2030, si no se cuenta con las políticas apropiadas, se corre el riesgo de profundizar los nudos estructurales de la desigualdad de género. En América Latina y el Caribe, distintos grupos de personas siguen teniendo un nivel desigual de acceso, uso y apropiación de las tecnologías digitales. Las mujeres están sobrerrepresentadas entre las personas que encuentran más barreras para aprovechar el potencial de las TIC. La llegada de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) y las medidas adoptadas para mitigar su propagación han acelerado la transformación digital de las sociedades y su vínculo con la economía digital. Por este motivo, la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha propuesto avanzar hacia procesos de transformación digital incluyentes, que aseguren el acceso de las mujeres a las TIC y potencien sus habilidades para utilizarlas y hacerlas suyas, al tiempo que permitan avanzar hacia una recuperación transformadora sostenible y con igualdad de género. |
| Keywords: | MUJERES, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, INTERNET, TECNOLOGIA DE LA INFORMACION, TECNOLOGIA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, BRECHA DIGITAL, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, CAMBIO TECNOLOGICO, POLITICA SOCIAL, WOMEN, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, INTERNET, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, DIGITAL DIVIDE, GENDER EQUALITY, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, SOCIAL ASPECTS, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, SOCIAL POLICY |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47940&r= |
| By: | Melkani, Aakanksha; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis. S.O.; Snapp, Sieglinde |
| Abstract: | This study critically reviewed policy documents and associated budgets of six sub-Saharan African countries (accounting for about 40% of Africa’s population and (gross domestic product) GDP and almost 60% of inorganic fertilizer use in the region) to gauge government’s commitment to agricultural intensification (AI) and sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) during the last two decades. This is this is the first systematic assessment of African ag policy documents in relation to Sustainable Intensification and three key findings emerge. First, we find that all study countries have consistently prioritized AI as a key policy objective over the last two decades. This commitment to AI is supported by significant resource allocation to AI programs and interventions. Second, we find that policy focus on SAI is a more recent phenomenon and resource allocation to SAI is generally low. Though all study countries demonstrate interest in some aspect of SAI by 2010, this enthusiasm is not proportionately reflected in the resources allocated to SAI. Third, we find that all countries emphasize the need for investment in agricultural research and extension, but the resource allocation varies substantially and is not always proportionate to the expressed interest in the sector. Together these findings indicate that the focus of agricultural investments in Africa remains agricultural intensification in the main with only modest sustainable agricultural intensification and that only in recent years. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprrp:324030&r= |
| By: | Rozas, Patricio |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presenta una caja de herramientas dirigida a los encargados de la toma de decisiones en materia de políticas relacionadas con las inversiones y el financiamiento de la electromovilidad en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Para su diseño, se han tenido en cuenta dos aspectos esenciales: la transversalidad de las políticas (dado que la conectividad no tiene que ver únicamente con temas de transporte) y la sostenibilidad económica y ambiental. El objetivo es abordar un conjunto de problemas que inciden en la capacidad de los países de definir e implementar una política de conectividad eficiente, sostenible e integrada. Entre los aspectos que se abarcan, cabe mencionar las deficiencias institucionales en la evaluación de los proyectos de inversión y financiamiento con recursos públicos o privados; el tratamiento de las fallas de mercado y los conflictos de competencia en mercados relevantes; el desarrollo de mercados e instrumentos financieros; la definición y ejecución de una política energética compatible con la electromovilidad, así como de un marco y una institucionalidad regulatorios adecuados, y el apoyo a las actividades de innovación tecnológica y de inversión privada. |
| Keywords: | TRANSPORTE, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, CIUDADES, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, DIRECTRICES, TRANSPORT, ELECTRIC POWER, CITIES, TRANSPORT POLICY, CASE STUDIES, GUIDELINES |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47959&r= |
| By: | Mavisakalyan, Astghik; Minasyan, Anna |
| Abstract: | Recent research shows that natural resources can hurt institutions by promoting corruption and diverting resources from the production of public goods. This, in turn, may have implications for the trust individuals hold for their governments. We explore this possibility by linking survey data on over 43,000 individuals with spatial data on mine locations in 27 post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. By exploiting the information on the development status of each mine site, we draw comparisons between individuals living in the vicinity of active versus inactive mines, imitating a difference-in-differences strategy applied to cross-sectional data. We show that there is a negative association between mining and trust in government - a finding that is robust to a battery of tests. Our analysis of the mechanisms confirms that corruption perception and, to a lesser extent, dissatisfaction with public good provision, are likely behind this relationship. The analysis of the consequences of such mistrust in government points towards a potentially damaging impact of mining for new democracies. The results suggest that mining activity might decrease individuals' willingness to go on lawful demonstrations and participate in civil and political movements. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources,Trust,Institutions,Post-communist countries |
| JEL: | D72 L72 O13 P28 Q32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1164&r= |
| By: | Bernard Caillaud (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate the Investor-State Dispute Resolution Settlement (ISDS) framework, which governs dispute resolution between foreign investors and host states in many bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. We show that ISDS delivers fair justice in a one-shot setting. In a repeated-interaction setting however, it is prone to collusion to the benefit of all parties except the host states. Three factors are determinant: First, the investors are the sole parties able to file cases; Second, arbitrators' earning prospects depend on the investors' filing cases; And finally, treaties leave substantial discretion to arbitration courts in their interpretation of treaties' provisions. We give conditions for pro-business collusion between investors and arbitrators to develop and we show how it makes it profitable for foreign investors to file high-stake claims against states in response to new environmental, social or health regulations. Further, we address regulatory chill and show how the fear of ISDS attacks can hold back welfare improving regulation in the host country. Finally, we extend the model to show how regulatory chill affect policy-making in other countries in which the investor operates with similar activities. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03763380&r= |
| By: | Vaca-Trigo, Iliana; Baron, Camila |
| Abstract: | Numerosos planteos formulados en los últimos años señalan lo restringido de considerar el producto interno bruto (PIB) como una medida de bienestar. Este documento retoma dichas críticas, al tiempo que señala los límites del PIB para medir la producción. Lo que incluye y lo que no incluye el PIB es resultado de convenciones que arrastran sesgos androcéntricos. La falta de valoración de los servicios no remunerados producidos por los hogares y de los recursos naturales resulta en una visión sesgada de la economía que pone el enfoque en los mercados y deja de lado otros procesos esenciales para la vida humana. La región de América Latina y el Caribe tiene una larga trayectoria de acuerdos políticos y técnicos que destacan la importancia para las sociedades de dimensiones como las de los cuidados, el reparto del tiempo y el bienestar. El documento llama, especialmente, a medir aquello que las sociedades valoran y a incluir en la toma de decisiones indicadores complementarios al PIB, entre los que se destacan los indicadores de uso del tiempo. |
| Keywords: | PRODUCTO INTERNO BRUTO, CONDICIONES ECONOMICAS, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, HOGARES, TRABAJO NO REMUNERADO, TIEMPO, VALOR, MEDICION, INDICADORES DEL DESARROLLO, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, SOCIAL WELFARE, HOUSEHOLDS, UNPAID WORK, TIME, VALUE, MEASUREMENT, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47941&r= |
| By: | Klingebiel, Stephan |
| Abstract: | Die russische Aggression in der Ukraine im Jahr 2022 hat der Relevanz von Geopolitik im Verhältnis zum Globalen Süden einen enormen Schub verliehen. Dieser Trend ließ sich schon seit einigen Jahren beobachten. Künftig dürfte die Rivalität mit China noch prägender werden und insgesamt die zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen bestimmen. Nach dem russischen Einmarsch im Februar 2022 war die Aufmerksamkeit anfangs darauf gerichtet, wie sich Staaten zu den entsprechenden UN-Resolutionen und UN-Debatten verhielten. Allein dieser Fokus zeigt die höhere Relevanz, die der Positionierung von Staaten und damit dem strategischen "Lagerdenken" zukommt. Zugleich ist vorläufig nicht die Bildung neuer Länderallianzen erkennbar, die sich von Konstellationen der letzten Jahre grundlegend unterscheiden. Entwicklungsländer nutzen vielfach ihre in den letzten Jahrzehnten erworbene Emanzipation, um eigene Positionen zu formulieren. Aber auch, um etwaige Doppelstandards von westlichen Regierungen zu benennen. Für deutsche, europäische und andere politische Akteur*innen ist es wichtig, Interessen und Wahrnehmungen von Partner*innen im Globalen Süden besser einzuschätzen. Der russische Angriffskrieg ist aus entwicklungspolitischer Sicht eine Zäsur. Folgende Punkte sind dabei wichtig: - Insgesamt dürften solche langfristig ausgerichteten nachhaltigen Entwicklungsziele schwerer zu erreichen sein, wie sie für die Agenda 2030 und ihre 17 Nachhaltigkeitsziele formuliert wurden. Für den Globalen Süden war schon die Covid-Pandemie ein enormer sozio-ökonomischer Schock. In vielen Entwicklungsländern wurde er allerdings von den Auswirkungen des Krieges noch deutlich übertroffen. Die zunehmenden krisenhaften Auswirkungen des Klimawandels kommen dauerhaft hinzu. - Neben den gravierenden Folgen des Ukraine-Krieges vor allem für das Land selbst (Bedarf an umfangreicher humanitärer Unterstützung; spätere massive Wiederaufbaubedarfe) und für die Region (Flüchtlingsversorgung etc.), lassen sich aufgrund der stark gestiegenen Nahrungsmittel- und Energiepreise enorme Kriegsfolgen für Entwicklungsländer feststellen. - Zugleich gibt es weitere langfristige Herausforderungen für eine global nachhaltige Entwicklung. Sie zeigen sich u.a. an innovativen Kooperationsinstrumenten im Umgang mit dem Klimawandel, insbesondere durch neue Partnerschaften (just energy transition partnerships). Kurzfristige Maßnahmen der europäischen Länder, die eine Rückkehr zu Investitionen in fossile Brennstoffe beinhalten, könnten allerdings die Legitimität untergraben, ambitionierte klimabezogene Partnerschaften zu fördern. - Grundsätzlich könnte der steigende Bedarf, grenzüberschreitende Herausforderungen zu meistern, zeitgleich mit einer Situation zusammentreffen, in der es zu finanziellen Einschnitten für längerfristige Entwicklungsprogramme vonseiten der Geberländer kommt. Indem beispielsweise Mittel zurückgefahren werden (vor allem Großbritannien, teilweise Deutschland) oder Kosten zur Unterbringung von Geflüchteten vermehrt angerechnet und damit vor allem rechnerische entwicklungspolitische Leistungen erbracht werden (z. B. geplant in den Niederlanden und in Norwegen). - Der Ukraine-Krieg dürfte den allgemeinen Trend weiter verstärken, Entwicklungspolitik interessengeleitet auszurichten. Weiter wird er voraussichtlich den Bedarf an schnell wirkenden Ansätzen steigern. Gleichwohl ist aus diesem Trend kein klares länder- und regionalbezogenes oder thematisches Profil abzuleiten. - Regierungsführung in Entwicklungsländern erfährt durch die von autokratischen Systemen ausgehenden Gefahren mehr Aufmerksamkeit. Insbesondere zeigt die verstärkte Zusammenarbeit von China und Russland, die mit einem eigenen globalen Diskurs sogenannte 'echte Demokratie' zu steuern versuchen, wie insbesondere China versucht, globale Debatten zu beeinflussen. |
| Keywords: | Entwicklungspolitik,Globaler Süden,Westen,Russland,Ukraine,Pandemie,Afrika,China |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:22022&r= |
| By: | OCDE |
| Abstract: | Les enseignants jouent un rôle déterminant dans notre réponse à la crise climatique mondiale. Comment peuvent-ils, dès lors, aider tous les apprenants à développer les connaissances, compétences, valeurs et attitudes qui leur permettront de prendre activement part à l’action climatique, tant au niveau individuel que collectif ? De juillet 2021 à décembre 2021, l’OCDE, l’UNESCO et l’Internationale de l’Éducation ont mené une initiative conjointe autour de l’éducation à l’action climatique. Cette note se propose d’en présenter les points forts. |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaai:44-fr&r= |
| By: | Westerhout, Ed (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Keywords: | Generational Accounting; Public debt; Fiscal Sustainability; Sustainability Gap |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:252a02fe-7374-499e-97c5-0fdd0a9d1af4&r= |
| By: | Casas Tragodara, Carlos |
| Abstract: | Esta investigación aborda la forma en que se asignan, distribuyen y usan los ingresos fiscales derivados de la actividad minera en el Perú. Una proporción significativa de estos ingresos públicos se destinan a los gobiernos subnacionales y universidades públicas ubicadas en los departamentos donde se desarrolla la actividad. Estos recursos deben orientarse a cubrir las necesidades de la población de las zonas donde se sitúan los yacimientos y la legislación establece la obligatoriedad de destinarlos a gastos de capital (inversión). Sin embargo, es necesario analizar con mayor profundidad el destino de estos recursos y determinar si se cumple con los objetivos trazados. Al respecto, se indaga sobre los posibles efectos de la distribución y el uso de estos recursos en la desigualdad fiscal entre jurisdicciones, la inequidad de los ingresos de las personas y la inversión pública de los distintos niveles de gobierno. El documento concluye con una serie de recomendaciones centradas en la distribución y el uso de los ingresos fiscales para atender los problemas de desigualdad fiscal y de ejecución y calidad del gasto en las jurisdicciones subnacionales. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, RECURSOS MINERALES, INGRESOS FISCALES, GASTOS PUBLICOS, GOBIERNO LOCAL, POLITICA FISCAL, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, MACROECONOMIA, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, MINERAL RESOURCES, TAX REVENUES, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, FISCAL POLICY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, MACROECONOMICS |
| Date: | 2022–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47936&r= |