|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Scott Fan (UCL - University College of London [London]); Elliot Gyllensvärd (UCL - University College of London [London]); Erich Farkas (UCL - University College of London [London]); Julian Schutzner (UCL - University College of London [London]) |
| Abstract: | This paper seeks to analyse the environmental effects of China's recent regulatory steps taken against cryptocurrencies and compare them with two policy alternatives. To evaluate the environmental impact, two baseline scenarios are used-a ban scenario and a no-ban scenario-which are then employed to compare China's intervention with two alternative policies; an emissions trading system or carbon taxes. It is estimated that China's decision to ban cryptocurrencies will result in a 25.7% reduction in CO2 emissions from the global Bitcoin network between mid-2021 and 2030. In comparison, under a hypothetical emission trading system (ETS) and carbon tax intervention the most stringent scenario is estimated to reduce global Bitcoin CO2 emissions by 2.9% and 8.5% between mid-2021 and 2030, respectively. Furthermore, this paper shows that the ETS and carbon tax are both restricted in their absolute ability to reduce CO2 emissions due to the difficulties associated with the practical implementation of such policies. This provides evidence for why, in terms of an environmental perspective, a cryptocurrency ban is the most effective policy in reducing the Bitcoin blockchain network's CO2 emissions. However, the paper also shows that the transition to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains may create an environment in which there is less of an argument for active government intervention in the cryptocurrency markets due to the protocol's high energy efficiency. |
| Date: | 2022–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03737234&r= |
| By: | Peter K. Kruse-Andersen (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | Recent events have clarified the interdependence of national security and energy supply. Specifically, it has become increasingly evident that heavy reliance on foreign fossil fuel supply may come at a national security cost. The present study derives the optimal policy of a net fossil fuel importing economy with a binding climate target, when fossil fuel imports are associated with national security costs. The study shows that optimal carbon taxes are differentiated across fossil fuels and that domestic fossil fuel production should be subsidized. Further, carbon capture and storage should be taxed, while no subsidies should be granted to green energy production. These results contrast the typical climate policy recommendation of uniform carbon taxation. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, National security, Energy security, Environmental taxes and subsidies |
| JEL: | F52 H23 H56 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuiedp:2201&r= |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change do agree on the sign but differ an order of magnitude in effect size. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the effect is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impact of climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. The social cost of carbon shows a similar pattern to the total impact estimates, but with more emphasis on the impacts of moderate warming in the near and medium term. Keywords: climate change; weather shocks; economic growth; social cost of carbon |
| Keywords: | Climate change; weather shocks; economic growth; social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | D24 O44 O47 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220056&r= |
| By: | Abiry, Raphael; Ferdinandusse, Marien; Ludwig, Alexander; Nerlich, Carolin |
| Abstract: | We develop a two sector incomplete markets integrated assessment model to analyze the effectiveness of green quantitative easing (QE) in complementing fiscal policies for climate change mitigation. We model green QE through an outstanding stock of private assets held by a monetary authority and its portfolio allocation between a clean and a dirty sector of production. Green QE leads to a partial crowding out of private capital in the green sector and to a modest reduction of the global temperature by 0.04 degrees of Celsius until 2100. A moderate global carbon tax of 50 USD is 4 times more effective. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change,Integrated Assessment Model,2-Sector Model,GreenQuantitative Easing,Carbon Taxation |
| JEL: | E51 E62 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22027&r= |
| By: | Abiry, Raphael; Ferdinandusse, Marien; Ludwig, Alexander; Nerlich, Carolin |
| Abstract: | We develop a two-sector incomplete markets integrated assessment model to analyze the effectiveness of green quantitative easing (QE) in complementing fiscal policies for climate change mitigation. We model green QE through an outstanding stock of private assets held by a monetary authority and its portfolio allocation between a clean and a dirty sector of production. Green QE leads to a partial crowding out of private capital in the green sector and to a modest reduction of the global temperature by 0.04 degrees of Celsius until 2100. A moderate global carbon tax of 50 USD per tonne of carbon is 4 times more effective. JEL Classification: E51, E62, Q54 |
| Keywords: | 2-sector model, carbon taxation, climate change, green quantitative easing, integrated assessment model |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222701&r= |
| By: | TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC); GARCIA-GUTIERREZ Pelayo (European Commission - JRC); NESSI Simone (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | To support the EU Plastic Strategy with quantitative figures, this study estimates the potential environmental effects achieved with recycling of selected polymers that are relevant at EU market level, applying Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and building upon previous research conducted by the Joint Research Centre. The polymers investigated include Polyethylene Terephthalate (both amorphous and bottle-grade), High-density Polyethylene, Low-density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, Expanded Polystyrene, Polyurethane, and Polyvinylchloride. The primary focus is on the impact category Climate Change, reflecting the effects of Greenhouse Gas emissions. Two different perspectives are considered in the analysis: i) the total system-wide effects that can be achieved when recycling is implemented in place of alternative treatment routes currently applied in the EU (waste management or system perspective) and ii) the savings attributable to the user of recycled polymer in place of an equivalent amount of virgin material (product perspective). Using recycled polymers in plastic product manufacture, GHG savings, expressed as Climate Change benefits, in the order of about 147-1 493 kg CO2-eq./t recycled polymer were quantified relative to using virgin material. At a system-wide level, GHG emission savings, expressed as Climate Change benefits, in the order of about 1 140-3 573 kg CO2-eq./t polymer waste can be achieved when one additional tonne of plastic waste is recycled in place of being sent to the alternative treatments applied today, which include a mix of incineration and landfilling. Such system-wide level savings account for both the replacement of virgin production (as in the product perspective) and the avoidance of current incineration and landfilling practices. The results of this study are highly relevant for circular economy policies related to plastics and for informing, through quantitative figures, how the circular economy can contribute to the objectives of the EU Green Deal, especially in respect to decarbonisation. |
| Keywords: | Recycling, LCA, GHG, Plastics, CO2, Circular Economy, Waste |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc122455&r= |
| By: | GARBARINO Elena (European Commission - JRC); ORVEILLON Glenn (European Commission - JRC); HAMOR Tamas (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC); EDER Peter (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal and its environmental, climate, circular economy and industrial policy actions commit to twin green and digital transitions and to move towards zero pollution for air, soil and water. Achieving these objectives requires access to sustainable raw materials. The objective of the study presented here was to investigate which information already exists in the public domain regarding techniques that could possibly contribute to preventing or reducing the impact on the environment from non-energy extractive activities.The study starts by analysing the Key Environmental Issues, i.e. the areas where the largest environmental impacts could be expected for the various extractive sub-sectors as a whole in the EU. The report then presents a review of 430 literature references that were used to identify 149 Prevention or Reduction Techniques (PRT) which are currently being applied in the non-energy extractive industries to address these Key Environmental Issues. This in-depth overview of PRT can be used as an interactive screening toolkit, with PRT identified for the main Key Environmental Issues. However, not all PRT apply to all extractive sub-sectors, types of mineral resources, and extractive operations. Hence, it must be stressed that the application of PRT is very much dependent on site-specific conditions. In order to maximise the usability of the collected data, additional detailed information is needed with particular reference to PRT relevance for mineral resources and extractive activities and applicability conditions. Furthermore, during the study, the importance of applying a risk-specific approach emerged, particularly in the evaluation of the site- or operation-specific applicability. |
| Keywords: | Prevention or reduction techniques, non-energy extractive industry, Best Available Techniques, circular economy, emission prevention and control |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc125247&r= |
| By: | Ricardo Gimeno (Banco de España); Clara I. González (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | Concerns about climate change are now widespread, and the risks for financial assets have become more evident. Investors are increasingly aware of the need to incorporate climate-related considerations in their investment decisions. All this has had an impact on market valuations. In this paper, we extend the framework of the factor models that explain the expected return of stock models to include a climate change exposure factor. To do so, we built a portfolio that is long on companies with low carbon emissions, and short on companies with high carbon emissions. We show that this factor is relevant in the market and allows for an approximation of the climate change exposure of firms with poor disclosure of their green performance. Thus, the betas of this factor could be a useful tool for investors that wish to incorporate these aspects in the management of their portfolios and analysts interested in corporate exposure to climate change risks. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon footprint, factor model, asset pricing, disclosure |
| JEL: | G12 Q54 G24 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2207&r= |
| By: | Luis Miguel Galindo Paliza; Bridget Hoffman; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (Inter-American Development Bank - Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Latin America and the Caribbean must respond to the challenge of climate change while making progress with other sustainable development goals. How much will it cost to meet climate change goals in this context? This work reviews the evidence on the costs of meeting the goals the goals of the Paris Agreement and the sources of finance available to do so in the region. Its main thesis is that climate action does not consist solely or primarily of additional spending, but also requires a massive redirection of existing financial flows. The climate goals cannot be achieved without addressing other sustainable development goals intrinsically related to climate, such as those related to energy, transportation, water, agriculture, and ecosystem conservation, among others. Furthermore, climate action is closely linked to social spending since social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and lack of access to basic health services exacerbate vulnerability to climate change. Finally, the transition to a decarbonized and resilient economy must be fair. A so-called just transition means maximizing socioeconomic benefits, minimizing, or compensating transition costs, and involving all affected parties in decision-making processes. Consequently, climate action is also linked to competitiveness, education levels, labor markets, and social institutions. We find that responding to the climate crisis requires annual spending on the provision of infrastructure services of between 2% to 8% of GDP and annual spending to address a variety of social challenges of between 5% and 11% of GDP. This will involve aligning in total from 7% to 19% of annual GDP, representing from US$470 billion to US$1,300 billion of infrastructure and social spending in 2030, with sustainable, resilient, and decarbonized development goals. The benefit of this redirection will be far greater than its costs because it will avoid the worst impacts of climate change and generate economic, social, fiscal, and environmental benefits. Specific financing sources, such as green taxes and sustainable bonds, can finance part of the effort. However, to redirect public and private spending and foreign investment into solutions consistent with climate goals, governments will also need to reform policies and regulations in all sectors. Comprehensive climate strategies can help identify the necessary transformations to move toward a resilient, carbon-neutral economy in the region by 2050. Development banks can directly finance a small part of the necessary spending and support the design and implementation of reforms to redirect existing financial flows. |
| Abstract: | América Latina y el Caribe deben enfrentar el desafío del cambio climático al mismo tiempo que avanzan otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. ¿Cuánto costará hacer frente? Este trabajo revisa la evidencia sobre los recursos necesarios y las fuentes de financiamiento disponibles para cumplir con los objetivos del Acuerdo de Paris en la región. Su tesis principal es que la acción climática no consiste única o principalmente en un gasto adicional, sino que requiere de una reorientación masiva de los flujos financieros existentes. No pueden alcanzarse los objetivos climáticos sin atender otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible intrínsicamente relacionados al clima, como los relacionados a la energía, el transporte, el agua, la agricultura, y la conservación de ecosistemas, entre otros. Además, la acción climática está estrechamente ligada al gasto social, ya que desempeños sociales como la pobreza, la desigualdad y la falta de acceso a servicios de salud básicos exacerban la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Finalmente, la transición a una economía descarbonizada y resiliente debe ser justa, es decir debe maximizar beneficios socioeconómicos, minimizar o compensar costos de transición, e involucrar a todas las partes afectadas en los procesos de decisión. La acción climática esta entonces ligada a la competitividad, el nivel de educación, los mercados laborales, y las instituciones sociales. Encontramos que atender la crisis climática requiere un gasto en la provisión de servicios de infraestructura de entre 2% y 8% del PBI, y un gasto para atender diversos desafíos sociales entre 5% y 11 % del PBI. Ello implica alinear en total entre 7% y 19% del PBI anual que representará entre US$470 mil millones y 1,300 mil millones de gasto en infraestructura y de gasto social en 2030 con objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, resiliente y descarbonizado. La mayoría del esfuerzo consiste en redirigir flujos existentes. El beneficio de esta reorientación tendrá un valor muy superior a su monto, al permitir evitar los peores impactos del cambio climático y generar beneficios económicos, sociales, fiscales, y ambientales. Fuentes específicas, como impuestos verdes y bonos sostenibles, permiten financiar parte del esfuerzo. Para redirigir el gasto público, privado, y la inversión extranjera hacia soluciones consistentes con los objetivos climáticos, los gobiernos también necesitaran reformar las políticas y regulatorias en todos los sectores. Estrategias climáticas comprensivas pueden ayudar a identificar las transformaciones en todos los sectores necesarias para avanzar hacia una economía resiliente y carbono-neutral en la región en 2050. Los bancos de desarrollo pueden financiar directamente una parte pequeña del gasto necesario y apoyar el diseño y la implementación de reformas que permitan redirigir los flujos financieros existentes. |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03720397&r= |
| By: | Andreas Lichtenberger; Joao Paulo Braga; Willi Semmler (Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis (SCEPA)) |
| Abstract: | The green bond market is emerging as an impactful financing mechanism in climate change mitigation efforts. The effectiveness of the financial market for this transition to a low-carbon economy depends on attracting investors and removing financial market roadblocks. This paper investigates the differential bond performance of green vs non-green bonds with (1)a dynamic portfolio model that integrates negative as well as positive externality effects and via (2) econometric analyses of aggregate green bond and corporate energy time-series indices; as well as a cross-sectional set of individual bonds issued between 1 January 2017, and 1 October 2020. The asset pricing model demonstrates that, in the long-run, the positive externalities of green bonds benefit the economy through positive social returns. We use a deterministic and a stochastic version of the dynamic portfolio approach to obtain model-driven results and evaluate those through our empirical evidence using harmonic estimations. The econometric analysis of this study focuses on volatility and the risk–return performance (Sharpe ratio) of green and non-green bonds, and extends recent econometric studies that focused on yield differentials of green and non-green bonds. A modified Sharpe ratio analysis, cross-sectional methods, harmonic estimations, bond pairing estimations, as well as regression tree methodology, indicate that green bonds tend to show lower volatility and deliver superior Sharpe ratios (while the evidence for green premia is mixed). As a result, green bond investment can protect investors and portfolios from oil price and business cycle fluctuations, and stabilize portfolio returns and volatility. Policymakers are encouraged to make use of the financial benefits of green instruments and increase the financial f lows towards sustainable economic activities to accelerate a low-carbon transition. |
| Keywords: | green bonds; innovation; climate finance; dynamic portfolio decisions |
| JEL: | E24 I14 J62 J38 E21 J83 J32 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:epa:cepapb:2022-02&r= |
| By: | Li, Zhiyun |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322376&r= |
| By: | Brady, Michael P. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322317&r= |
| By: | Chandio, Rabail |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322465&r= |
| By: | Swanson, Andrew C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322442&r= |
| By: | Hadachek, Jeffrey |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322249&r= |
| By: | Bigerna, Simona; D'Errico, Maria Chiara; Polinori, Paolo |
| Abstract: | Accounting for the 55% of global population and the 70% of global emissions cities are on the forefront of the climate change mitigation policies and have a pillar role in meeting global targets. The role of cities for a sustainable economy has become more urgent with the Covid-19 pandemic, highlighting that cities cannot go back to business as usual. There are many policy options for city to address climate change, such as improving energy saving, reducing emissions, advocating low-carbon life. Cities need to find the appropriate low-carbon development pathways for their sustainable development, therefore, their actions must be tailored according to multiple criteria, including socio-economic factors, spillover effects, the structure of source of emissions, etc. The objective of this study is therefore to identify the most appropriate pathways cities should follow when designing their climate mitigation programs, accounting for their specific characteristics, including their carbon dioxide emissions. Using data from the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System 2020 and the Global Human Settlement Urban Centre database, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis identifies the configurations of city- and program-specific factors according to which urban climate actions set more ambitious climate goals in terms of emissions reduction. In this way, the study provides policy recommendations to local governments to select and support the most appropriate climate mitigation programs. |
| Keywords: | climate change, city mitigation program, Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis |
| JEL: | C38 O21 O38 Q58 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114156&r= |
| By: | Lööf, Hans (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); Stephan, Andreas (Linnaeus University) |
| Abstract: | The Russian-Ukrainian war increases the stress on forests. International sanctions hit exports from Russia and Belarus, while the conflict severely affects production in Ukraine. The three countries accounted for a quarter of the worldwide timber trade in 2021, and Russia was the world’s largest exporter of softwood. The war increases the European Union’s (EU’s) dependency on its own forest resources. This brings forward the challenge to achieve a balance between forests as carbon sink, habitat for biodiversity conservation, and functional ecosystems on the one hand, and on the other hand, the growing demand for wood-based materials harvested from forests and rising demand for renewable energy. Our study provides insights into this trade-off with regard to the climate goals, where EU’s forest-based bioeconomy may play a major role. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy; biodiversity; climate-change; forest management; sustainability |
| JEL: | F18 H70 L73 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0491&r= |
| By: | Andreas Fazekas; Christopher Bataille; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (Inter-American Development Bank - Inter-American Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Getting to net-zero emissions is necessary to limit global warming to well under 2 °C and towards 1.5 °C, which are the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. More than 50 countries globally have set targets to reach net-zero emissions, typically by 2050, and most others are working on similar goals. Achieving these targets requires transformations in the electricity, transport, agriculture, land-use, buildings, industry, and waste-management sectors. While solutions exist to transition to a carbon-neutral economy, including both technology and behavioral changes, which often come with economic, social, or development benefits, many barriers prevent their uptake. We compile evidence from the academic and gray literature to identify 15 sectoral transformations that allow the achievement of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. We then list barriers that prevent their uptake, such as hurdles related to infrastructure, regulations, public and private finances, information, and political economy issues. Finally, we provide more than 50 examples of sector-level government interventions that can lift these barriers, such as building infrastructure, reforming regulations and subsidies, providing information and capacity building, and managing distributional impacts. Governments can use this information to inform the design of comprehensive climate strategies that translate the long-term net-zero emission goal into a roadmap of required transformations in each sector, and then work on designing and implementing government interventions at the national, regional, or local levels to enable them. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation,decarbonization,carbon-neutrality,implementation,policy reform,investment,sector policy |
| Date: | 2022–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03742125&r= |
| By: | Bonev, Petyo; Knaus, Michael |
| Abstract: | This is the first paper to study simultaneously the effect of environmental policies on individual pro-environmental behaviors and on pro-environmental preferences. Using a novel dataset that matches data on waste policies with data on behaviors and preferences, we find that environmental policies (1) decrease the amount of waste produced and (2) impact positively the pro-environmental attitudes of individuals. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy, waste policy, crowding intrinsic motivation |
| JEL: | D02 D04 H41 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usg:econwp:2022:07&r= |
| By: | Per Krusell; Anthony A. Smith Jr. |
| Abstract: | The economic effects of climate change vary across both time and space. To study these effects, this paper builds a global economy-climate model featuring a high degree of geographic resolution. Carbon emissions from the use of energy in production increase the Earth's (average) temperature and local, or regional, temperatures respond more or less sensitively to this increase. Each of the approximately 19,000 regions makes optimal consumption-savings and energy-use decisions as its climate (or regional temperature) and, consequently, its productivity change over time. The relationship between regional temperature and regional productivity has an inverted U-shape, calibrated so that the high-resolution model replicates estimates of aggregate global damages from global warming. At the global level, then, the high-resolution model nests standard one-region economy-climate models, while at the same time it features realistic spatial variation in climate and economic activity. The central result is that the effects of climate change vary dramatically across space---with many regions gaining while others lose---and the global average effects, while negative, are dwarfed quantitatively by the differences across space. A tax on carbon increases average (global) welfare, but there is a large disparity of views on it across regions, with both winners and losers. Climate change also leads to large increases in global inequality, across both regions and countries. These findings vary little as capital markets range from closed (autarky) to open (free capital mobility). |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 R13 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30338&r= |
| By: | Karel Janda (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University & Department of Banking and Insurance, Faculty of Finance and Accounting, Prague University of Economics and Business, Czech Republic); Anna Kortusova (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University); Binyi Zhang (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University) |
| Abstract: | Green bonds have gained prominence in China´s capital market as tools that help to fuel the transition to a climate-resilient economy. Although the issuance volume in the Chinese green bond market has been growing rapidly in recent years, the impact of the green label on bond pricing has not been adequately studied. Therefore, this paper investigates whether this newly developed financial instrument offers investors in China an attractive yield compared to other equivalent conventional bonds. By matching green bonds with their conventional counterparts and subsequently applying a fixed-effects estimation, our empirical results reveal a significant green bond yield premium of 1.8 basis points (bps) on average in the Chinese secondary market. In addition to that, we find that CBI certified green bond generate higher yields than self-labelled green bond in the Chinese market. Investors are found to be willing pay a higher price for green bonds issued by environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance-rated issuers. Our results point to some practical implications for investors and policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Green Finance; Green bonds; ESG; China |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2022_20&r= |
| By: | Gözlügöl, Alperen; Ringe, Wolf-Georg |
| Abstract: | Global consensus is growing on the contribution that corporations and finance must make towards the net-zero transition in line with the Paris Agreement goals. However, most efforts in legislative instruments as well as shareholder or stakeholder initiatives have ultimately focused on public companies. This article argues that such a focus falls short of providing a comprehensive approach to the problem of climate change. In doing so, it examines the contribution of private companies to climate change, the relevance of climate risks for them, as well as the phenomenon of brown-spinning (ie, the practice of public companies selling their highly polluting assets to private companies). We show that one cannot afford to ignore private companies in the net-zero transition and climate change adaptation. Yet, private companies lack several disciplining mechanisms that are available to public companies, such as institutional investor engagement, certain corporate governance arrangements, and transparency through regular disclosure obligations. At this stage, only some generic regulatory instruments such as carbon pricing and environmental regulation apply to them. The article closes with a discussion of the main policy implications. Primarily, we discuss and evaluate the recent push to extend climate-related disclosure requirements to private companies. These disclosures would not only help investors by addressing information asymmetry, but also serve a wide group of stakeholders and thus aim at promoting a transition to a greener economy. |
| Keywords: | private companies,net-zero transition,climate-related disclosures,brown-spinning,climate change,private equity |
| JEL: | G38 K22 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:lawfin:38&r= |
| By: | Jan Bebbington; Tom Cuckston; C. Feger (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, AgroParisTech) |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity,management,accounting,ecosystems,conservation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03746729&r= |
| By: | Berigüete, Rafael |
| Abstract: | Este documento, enfocado en la oferta de financiamiento climático, es parte del programa de cooperación técnica entre el Instituto Dominicano del Café (INDOCAFE), el Consejo Nacional para el Cambio Climático y Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (CNCCMDL) y la sede subregional de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) en México, para desarrollar la propuesta de una acción de mitigación nacionalmente apropiada (NAMA, por sus siglas en inglés) plus, integrando medidas de adaptación y con un enfoque de cadenas de valor. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MITIGACION DEL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, FINANCIACION, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, CAFE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, VALOR, DIRECTRICES, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, FINANCING, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, COFFEE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, VALUE, GUIDELINES |
| Date: | 2022–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:47915&r= |
| By: | Baldos, Uris Lantz C. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322242&r= |
| By: | Williams, Henry |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322461&r= |
| By: | RODRIGUEZ QUINTERO Rocio (European Commission - JRC); VIDAL ABARCA GARRIDO Candela (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Public authorities' expenditures in the purchase of goods, services and works (excluding utilities and defence) constitute approximately 14% of the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Europe, accounting for roughly EUR 1.8 trillion annually.Thus, public procurement has the potential to provide significant leverage in seeking to influence the market and to achieve environmental improvements in the public sector. This effect can be particularly significant for goods, services and works (referred to collectively as products) that account for a high share of public purchasing combined with the substantial improvement potential for environmental performance. The European Commission has identified (road) transport as one such product group.Road transport covers a wide scope of vehicles (cars, LCVs, L-category vehicles, buses and waste collection vehicles) and services (mobility services, public bus services, waste collection services and post and courier services). The main environmental issues at the use phase addressed by the criteria are GHG emissions, air pollutant emissions and noise emissions. The impacts from the manufacture of batteries used in electric vehicle are also considered, leading to criteria on minimum and extended warranty of batteries.This revision is meant to align the EU GPP criteria with the revised Clean Vehicle Directive. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc127043&r= |
| By: | Abdessamad Ejjiar (UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]); Fatima Arib (UCA - Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech]) |
| Abstract: | Today, climate change is one of the major challenges that face the world, it is a considerable threat to mankind and also to its economic activities, the macroeconomic impacts of climate change and low-carbon transition policies on the planet would be moderate overall a relative few hundredth of a percent of world GDP on an annual basis. Understanding what constitutes dangerous climate change is of critical importance for future concerted action (Schneider, 2001, 2002). Developing countries, such as Morocco, consider themselves to be the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In contrast to low-income countries, rich countries that have very high greenhouse gas emissions can mitigate and adapt to the impact of climate change. The awareness of this vulnerability was confirmed during the many years of drought that hit the country at the end of the last century and heavily affected the national economy. It is important to have the most recent information on this subject in order to take it into account in the vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning processes. In this work, we purpose a review of the literature on the impact of climate change on economic growth, particularly in Morocco. theoretical analysis of the environmental/economic analysis and the possibility of its application to the Moroccan situation The study finds a significant negative effect on climate change debt on economic growth in Morocco in the short-run and the long-run. It also finds the necessity of implementing an economy to have more ideas about the unknown climate/economic situation in Morocco. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Economic Growth,DICE Model,Innovation,Morocco |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03695488&r= |
| By: | Michel Trommetter (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Keywords: | économie,biodiversité,climat |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03725547&r= |
| By: | HUYGENS Dries (European Commission - JRC); ORVEILLON Glenn (European Commission - JRC); LUGATO Emanuele (European Commission - JRC); TAVAZZI Simona (European Commission - JRC); COMERO Sara (European Commission - JRC); JONES Arwyn (European Commission - JRC); GAWLIK Bernd (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Potential exists to reconcile on-going technological and market developments for the recycling of nutrients in a circular economy with the objective of protecting water bodies against pollution originating from livestock manure. The objective of this report is to help define those harmonised criteria that could allow nitrogen (N) fertilisers, partially or entirely derived from manure through processing, to be used in areas subject to the ceiling of 170 kg N/ha/yr prescribed in Annex III of the Nitrates Directive following otherwise identical provisions applied to N containing chemical fertilisers in the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC), while ensuring the achievement the Directive’s objectives and adequate agronomic benefits. Such materials are referred to as REcovered Nitrogen from manURE (RENURE) in this report.This work combines biogeochemical modelling techniques, analytical measurements and quantitative (meta-analysis) and qualitative literature review techniques to assess use impacts of candidate RENURE materials on environmental pollution, including nitrate leaching. The results indicated that processed manure characterised by a ratio of total organic carbon to total N ≤ 3 or a mineral N to total N ratio ≥ 90% may have a similar N leaching potential and agronomic efficiency to Haber-Bosch derived and equivalent chemical N fertilisers. In particular, nitrogen-rich processed manure materials, such as scrubbing salts, mineral concentrates, and liquid digestates obtained through centrifugation and/or advanced solids removal might be able to meet these requirements. To comply with the objectives of environmental protection, it is, however, necessary to combine the use of RENURE with good management practices, including the use of living plant covers or equivalent measures, low NH3 emission application techniques and good RENURE storage conditions. Altogether, this report proposes a set of material and use requirements to enable the safe use of RENURE in areas with water pollution by nitrogen, in amounts above the threshold established by the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC). It is concluded that the possible implementation of RENURE as part of manure management systems enables a progression towards a more circular economy and an avenue for increased resource efficiency in the EU food production system. |
| Keywords: | nitrogen fertiliser, manure processing, circular economy, agriculture, environmental protection, nitrates, water quality, Nitrates Directive (91 676 EEC) |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc121636&r= |
| By: | Laepple, Doris |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322173&r= |
| By: | Aghion, Philippe; Boneva, Lena; Breckenfelder, Johannes; Laeven, Luc; Olovsson, Conny; Popov, Alexander; Rancoita, Elena |
| Abstract: | Fulfilling the commitments embedded in the Paris Agreement requires a climate-technologyrevolution. Patented innovation of low-carbon technologies is lower in the EU than in selectedpeers, and very heterogeneous across member states. We motivate this fact with anendogenous model of directed technical change with government policy and financialmarkets. Variations in carbon taxes, R&D investment, and venture capital investment explaina large share of the variation in green patents per capita in the data. We discuss implicationsfor policy, concluding that governments can play a catalytic role in stimulating greeninnovation while the role of central banks is limited. JEL Classification: E5, G1, O4, Q5 |
| Keywords: | central banks, climate change, directed technical change, financial markets, public policy |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222686&r= |
| By: | Dan Welsby; Baltazar Solano Rodriguez; Pye Steve; Adrien Vogt-Schilb |
| Abstract: | The global low-carbon energy transition driven by technological change and government plans to comply with the Paris Agreement makes future gas demand, prices, and associated public revenues uncertain. We assess the prospects for natural gas production and public revenues from royalties and taxation of gas production in Latin American and the Caribbean under different levels of climate policy. We derive demand from a global energy model, and supply from a global natural gas field model and a global oil field model – for associated gas. We find that natural gas production and associated public revenue are strongly impacted by decarbonization efforts. The more stringent climate policy is, the lower the production of natural gas. Exporting natural gas from Latin America and the Caribbean does not help the rest of the world reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In scenarios consistent with limiting global warming well-below 2°C, incumbent producers and natural gas associated with oil dominate production, drastically limiting opportunities for new gas production in the region and increasing the amount of gas left in the ground. Reduced demand for gas produced from Latin America and the Caribbean is mainly driven by falling demand in the region itself, as energy demand in buildings, industry, and transportation shift towards electricity produced from zero-carbon sources. Cumulative public revenues from natural gas extraction by 2035 range between 42 and 200 billion USD. The lower end of the range reflects scenarios consistent with below 2°C warming. In this case, up to 50% of proven, probable, and possible (3P) reserves in the region (excluding Venezuela) remain unburnable – the paper provides estimates by country. Our findings confirm that governments cannot rely on revenues from gas extraction if the objectives of the Paris Agreement are to be met. Instead, they need to diversify their fiscal and export strategy away from dependence on gas production. More generally, climate objectives, energy policies and fiscal strategies need to be consistent. |
| Keywords: | net-zero,transition risk,unburnable carbon,climate change mitigation |
| Date: | 2022–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03410049&r= |
| By: | ALFIERI Felice (European Commission - JRC); SANFELIX FORNER Javier Vicente (European Commission - JRC); BERNAD BELTRAN David (European Commission - JRC); SPILIOTOPOULOS Christoforos (European Commission - JRC); GRAULICH Kathrin; MOCH Katja; QUACK Dietlinde |
| Abstract: | This report is the final science for policy report supporting the revision of the EU Green Public Procurement (GPP) Criteria for Computers and Monitors, and the extension of these criteria to Smartphones.These EU GPP Criteria aim at helping public authorities to ensure that ICT equipment and services are procured in such a way that they deliver environmental improvements that contribute to European policy objectives for energy, climate change and resource efficiency, as well as reducing life cycle costs. The revision process has taken into account market and technical developments as well as the experience gained by stakeholders in the application of the previous version of criteria.These criteria for computers, monitors, tablets and smartphones focus on the most significant environmental impacts during their life cycle, which have been divided into four distinct areas: product lifetime extension; energy consumption; hazardous substances; end-of-life management. This set of criteria also includes a further category of criteria that apply to separate procurements for refurbished/remanufactured devices and related services.For each area of focus, one or more criteria are provided, accompanied by the background technical rationale and a summary of the stakeholder contributions that support the final version of each criterion. Procurers can apply the criteria and engage tenderers to reduce the life cycle environmental impacts of their activities, focusing on those areas presenting the most improvement opportunities from cost and market perspectives and for which performance can be verified. The identified procurement processes and final green criteria are also described in a separate document, published as a Staff Working Document of the Commission: SWD(2021) 57 final. Together these two documents aim to provide public authorities with orientation on how to effectively integrate these EU GPP criteria into their procurement processes. |
| Keywords: | Green Public Procurement, ICT, circularity, energy efficiency |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc124294&r= |
| By: | Sugiarto, Wisnu |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322205&r= |
| By: | David A. Weisbach; Samuel Kortum; Michael Wang; Yujia Yao |
| Abstract: | Climate policies vary widely across countries, with some countries imposing stringent emissions policies and others doing very little. When climate policies vary across countries, energy-intensive industries have an incentive to relocate to places with few or no emissions restrictions, an effect known as leakage. Relocated industries would continue to pollute but would be operating in a less desirable location. We consider solutions to the leakage problem in a simple setting where one region of the world imposes a climate policy and the rest of the world is passive. We solve the model analytically and also calibrate and simulate the model. Our model and analysis imply: (1) optimal climate policies tax both the supply of fossil fuels and the demand for fossil fuels; (2) on the demand side, absent administrative costs, optimal policies would tax both the use of fossil fuels in domestic production and the domestic consumption of goods created with fossil fuels, but with the tax rate on production lower due to leakage; (3) taxing only production (on the demand side), however, would be substantially simpler, and almost as effective as taxing both production and consumption, because it would avoid the need for border adjustments on imports of goods; (4) the effectiveness of the latter strategy depends on a low foreign elasticity of energy supply, which means that forming a taxing coalition to ensure a low foreign elasticity of energy supply can act as a substitute for border adjustments on goods. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon taxes, leakage, border adjustments |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9858&r= |
| By: | Toshi H. Arimura (Waseda University); Elke D. Groh (University of Kassel); Miwa Nakai (Fukui Prefectural University); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Based on data for more than 2,400 citizens in Japan, this paper empirically examines the effect of climate-related identity in private and organizational contexts on revealed climate protection activities, measured through incentivized donations. To identify causal effects, we include the concept of priming in our framed field experiment. In line with previous studies, our econometric analysis reveals that environmental attitudes are strongly positively correlated with climate protection activities. However, we cannot confirm causal effects of climate-related attitudes since the private climate-related treatment has no significant effect. In contrast, the organizational climate-related treatment has a significantly positive effect on donations of employed persons for climate protection. This result is especially driven by a significant effect at the intensive margin. It suggests possible spillovers from organizational environmental and climate protection activities on individual climate protection activities so that climate protection in companies, institutions, or other organizations has the potential to increase private climate protection. Our results thus suggest that the stimulation of organizational climate protection activities by climate policy measures such as taxes or subsidies can lead to a double dividend, i.e. to direct climate protection and to climate protection activities of persons who are employed in these organizations. Our empirical analysis also reveals that the estimated effect of the organizational climate-related treatment is particularly strong in the small sub-group of executive officers, managers of firms, and self-employed persons. This result suggests that higher individual responsibility and decision-making authority as well as compe-tences, also in terms of climate-related decisions, lead to stronger causal effects of organizational on private climate protection activities. |
| Keywords: | Climate protection activities, climate-related identity, private and organizational contexts, priming, non-state actors, framed field experiment |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D91 C93 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202229&r= |
| By: | Cordero, Martha |
| Abstract: | El objetivo principal de este documento es analizar los flujos de inversión hacia Centroamérica, Cuba, Haití, México y la República Dominicana (subregión norte de América Latina y el Caribe) en los siete sectores que la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) identificó como dinamizadores del desarrollo sostenible en el documento de su período de sesiones de 2020. Para cumplir con ese objetivo, el documento se divide en tres partes: en la primera se estudian las características principales de los siete sectores; en la segunda se analizan los flujos de inversión mundial en esos sectores durante el período enero de 2015 a junio de 2021; y en la tercera, se identifican y estudian los flujos en los países de la subregión. |
| Keywords: | INVERSION EXTRANJERA DIRECTA, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, ENERGIA ELECTRICA, TECNOLOGIA DIGITAL, TURISMO, INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA, ECONOMIA VERDE, ECONOMIA AMBIENTAL, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ELECTRIC POWER, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY, TOURISM, PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, GREEN ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:47980&r= |
| By: | Kimon Keramidas (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Silvana Mima (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA [2016-2019] - Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019]); Adrien Bidaud (LPSC - Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie - IN2P3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Keywords: | demand,recycling,CO2 capture,hydrogenin,zero-emissions steel |
| Date: | 2022–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03744624&r= |
| By: | Jana Stoever (Kiel University); Andre Reichel (International School of Management (ISM) Stuttgart) |
| Abstract: | Starting from a world in which resources have become scarce and planetary boundaries have been reached or exceeded, the paper discusses how these changes affect our understanding of (economic) progress and sustainable development. In doing so, the paper addresses three important points in the discussion on sustainability. Firstly, the question of "means" and "ends", secondly, the visualization of this reality in the measurement of sustainable development, taking into account the specific characteristics of the environment/nature, and thirdly, the question of whether a concept that maps "regenerative development" could be suitable to account for the current state of natural systemsthat have already exceeded their (planetary) limits. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development, planetary boundaries, well-being, wealth, means and ends, social and economic progress, conservation & restoration, regeneration |
| JEL: | Q01 Q2 Q3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agz:bpaper:2203&r= |
| By: | Clara Berestycki; Stefano Carattini; Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Tobias Kruse |
| Abstract: | This study proposes a new indicator of Climate Policy Uncertainty based on newspaper coverage frequency. The indicator currently includes 12 OECD Member Countries and covers the period 1990-2018. The index spikes near major political events and during major discussions around potentially significant climate policy changes. Using a global firm-level dataset, the empirical analysis shows that Climate Policy Uncertainty is associated with economically and statistically significant decreases in investment, particularly in pollution-intensive sectors that are most exposed to climate policies, and among capital-intensive companies. In addition to annual series, the study also provides the indicator at higher frequencies of monthly and quarterly levels, and develops sub-indices that capture the direction of climate policy uncertainty associated with a strengthening or a weakening of climate policies for a sub-set of countries. |
| Keywords: | beliefs, climate policy, investment, Uncertainty |
| JEL: | D22 D83 G10 O32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1724-en&r= |
| By: | Steven Fries (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report on Climate Change Mitigation highlights the vast gap between climate change mitigation actions and climate stabilization goals. But its broad policy prescriptions are likely to leave policymakers pondering what specific actions to take. Informed by accumulating evidence on transforming aspects of energy systems like power generation from solar and wind resources and battery electric cars, this paper develops a more pointed energy reform strategy than that of the IPCC to deliver the necessary systemwide changes. It makes the case for two unorthodox policies. One is for governments to provide, in addition to R&D supports, market-creating supports for early deployment of low-carbon technologies in initial markets. The second is to sequence emissions pricing after innovation and market-creating supports and differentiate this pricing across key energy sectors rather than impose one economywide price. Compared with a single price, targeting higher emissions pricing on sectors that are costlier to decarbonize still promotes cost-effective emission cuts but limits adverse distributional impacts. The paper also considers nonprice barriers to change and ways to coordinate domestic reforms across countries. |
| Keywords: | low-carbon technologies, innovation policy, market-creating policies, cost-effective emissions pricing, distributional fairness, efficiency regulation, institutional reforms, international coordination. |
| JEL: | O25 O38 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp22-13&r= |
| By: | Lee, Seunghyun |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322348&r= |
| By: | SPEROTTO, Fernanda Q.; TARTARUGA, Iván G. P. |
| Abstract: | This study aimed to provide an overview of eco-innovations in the Brazilian industry. To address this issue, we analyzed specific data of eco-innovative companies. In addition, we applied the cluster heatmap technique, which allowed us to analyze the different drivers and impacts of eco-innovations in different sectors. According to the results, companies that stated that innovation made it possible to reduce their environmental impact represent a third of all innovators. Moreover, they are companies that have shown greater effort to innovate and greater susceptibility to the benefits and obstacles of innovation. Furthermore, the eco-innovation strategy is mainly driven by market factors, such as reputation and codes of good practice. The impacts are mainly associated with the use of more widespread and less complex technologies, such as recycling. In addition to these results, the study considers some alternatives to guide the innovation policy, especially related to eco-innovations in semi-peripherical countries. |
| Keywords: | sustainability; green technologies; environmental innovation; industry; Brazil |
| JEL: | L6 O31 Q55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:109149&r= |
| By: | Ghimire, Suraj |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322562&r= |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PEQUEÑOS ESTADOS INSULARES EN DESARROLLO, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS, CEPAL, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PROJECT EVALUATION, ECLAC |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:48054&r= |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Laurent Parrot (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UPR HORTSYS - Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Paula Fernandès Ce; Eric Roux (Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt); Jean-Pierre Devin (DRAAF Bretagne - Direction Régionale de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Bretagne, Service Régional de l'Information Statistique et Economique (SRISE) - DRAAF - Direction Régionale de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation et de la Forêt); Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Isabelle Jean-Baptiste (Chambre d'Agriculture de la Martinique) |
| Abstract: | Martinique, a French island and overseas department, faces many environmental challenges including a humid tropical climate prone to the development of pests, the decline of its agricultural sector and a deterioration of its environment. Despite these constraints, Martinique has to meet both national and European environmental requirements. In order to understand the main drivers of agroecological transition on the island, our study considers the role of both formal and informal networks in addition to individual and structural characteristics of farms. Based on a representative database of Martinican farms, our study highlights two main results. First, the individual characteristics of farmers influence their productive practices, while the structural characteristics of their farms have no impact. For farmer-owners, a farm has a value in terms of transmission translating into a desire to protect soil quality and hence to implement agroecological principles. Second, networks play an important role in the implementation of more environmentally-friendly practices. In Martinique, the main drivers are informal networks as Martinican farmers observe at the neighbourhood level both positive and negative impacts of the implementation of alternative practices. |
| Keywords: | Agroecological transition,Formal and informal networks,Martinique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03727778&r= |
| By: | Johan Brannlund; Geoffrey R. Dunbar; Reinhard Ellwanger; Matthew Krutkiewicz |
| Abstract: | Do technological improvements mitigate the potential damages from extreme weather events? We address this question using oil production and hurricane data from the Gulf of Mexico. We show that hurricane activity lowers well production and that stronger storms have larger impacts that persist for months after impact. Hurricanes also significantly increase the probability that oil assets are stranded, particularly when the hurricanes pass within 50km of an oil rig’s location. Regulations enacted in 1980 that required improved construction standards for rigs in the Gulf only modestly mitigated the short-run production losses caused by hurricanes. The 1980 regulatory reforms also modestly decreased the probability that leases permanently exited production. |
| Keywords: | Business fluctuations and cycles; Climate change; Potential output |
| JEL: | C22 C23 Q40 Q48 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:22-36&r= |
| By: | Melstrom, Richard |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322056&r= |
| By: | DONATELLO Shane (European Commission - JRC); GARBARINO Elena (European Commission - JRC); SANFELIX FORNER Javier Vicente (European Commission - JRC); FERNANDEZ CARRETERO Asuncion (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents criteria for EU Ecolabel hard covering products, as adopted in Commission Decision (EU) 2021/76 of 16 March 2021. The criteria are presented together with supporting rationale, which was derived from a combination of scientific research and stakeholder consultation.The final criteria are the culmination of 3+ year process, which started with a scoping questionnaire released in October 2017. This was followed by the publication of a draft preliminary report and initial criteria proposals in November 2018 and subsequent revisions following two stakeholder meetings (in December 2018 and October 2019) and a final round of modifications made in July 2020. The draft documents can be consulted at the JRC project website: https://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/product-bureau//product-groups/413/documentsThe product group applies to four main types of product sectors: natural stone, agglomerated stone, ceramics and precast concrete. A number of horizontally applicable criteria have been defined as well as sector specific criteria.Since a significant portion of environmental impacts are associated with some of the intermediate products (quarry blocks for natural stone products and cement for precast concrete products), the possibility for awarding the EU Ecolabel to these business-to-business products has been enabled.The criteria presented include mandatory requirements as well as optional requirements which can result in the awarding of points. If enough points are gained and all mandatory requirements are met, the product can be awarded the EU Ecolabel. The scoring approach allows for greater weighting to be applied to criteria associated with larger environmental impacts and also encourages continuous environmental improvement for license holders.Broadly speaking for all four product sectors, the criteria predominantly focus on:- Improving energy efficiency (setting benchmarks where possible and requiring specific energy consumption reduction plans in other cases).- Reducing emissions that contribute to Global Warming Potential (via CO2 emission limits for combustion-dominated or the incentivisation of renewables for electricity-dominated processes).- Reducing emissions from combustion processes that contribute to acidification (SOx and NOx).- Reducing dust emissions, both to the wider environment and in production facilities.- Improving water efficiency via recycling of process water and reducing contamination of local watercourses via requirements on wastewater treatment.- Improving material efficiency via the incentivisation of recycled content, the reuse/resale of by-products and improved extraction efficiencies.The importance of choosing the correct performance class and dimensions of hard covering products for a given use is addressed by setting requirements on fitness for use. The importance of correct installation and maintenance of hard covering products on life cycle impacts is also addressed by setting requirements on user information. |
| Keywords: | Natural stone, agglomerated stone, ceramic, cement, precast concrete, quarrying, EU Ecolabel, construction products |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc124266&r= |
| By: | Xiaoguang Ling |
| Abstract: | In this paper I examine the effects of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes in Norway. I find that prenatal exposure to ambient nitric oxide in the last trimester causes significant birth-weight and birth-length loss, whereas other ambient air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide appear to be at a safe level for the fetuses. Besides, newborns with disadvantaged parents are more affected by ambient nitric oxide. It worth noting that both average ambient nitric oxide pollution level and occasional high ambient nitric oxide pollution events in the third trimester affect the birth outcome adversely. The contribution of my work includes: First, I find an adverse effect of prenatal exposure to ambient nitric oxide on birth outcomes, which fills the long-standing knowledge gap. Second, by virtue of the large sample size and the sub-postcode geographic division in Norway, I can control for a rich set of spatial-temporal fixed effects in order to overcome much of the endogeneity problem caused by the self-selection for living area and delivery date. Furthermore, I study ambient air pollution problem in an environment with low-level pollution, which provides new evidence on the health effects of low-level ambient air pollution and at the same time avoids potential confounders such as water and soil pollution. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.06271&r= |
| By: | Daniel Engler (University of Kassel); Gunnar Gutsche (University of Kassel); Amantia Simixhiu (University of Kassel); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Based on the well-known observation that social norms can guide individual behavior, this paper empirically examines the causal effect of related information interventions on revealed climate protection activities, measured through incentivized donations. In our field-experimental setting, we differentiate between descriptive social norms by providing information about individual climate protection activities in Germany, injunctive social norms by providing information about what people in Germany think about the need for climate protection activities, and a combination of both social norms. Based on representative survey data for more than 1,600 individuals in Germany, our econometric analysis shows some weak evidence that information about both descriptive and injunctive social norms increases donations for climate protection. The decomposition of this estimated average treatment effects reveals that the corresponding treatment particularly has a significantly positive effect at the extensive margin, i.e. on the probability to donate for climate protection. These results suggest that a combined information intervention referring to both descriptive and injunctive social norms is at least able to stimulate the general willingness for climate protection. In addition, our analysis of heterogeneous treatment effects reveals that strong social preferences (in terms of altruism and trust) and high environmental attitudes (in terms of environmental awareness and ecological policy identification) induce significantly positive information treatment effects on donations for climate protection. This result suggests that individuals in Germany with a strong environmental and social orientation do not only behave directly more climate-friendly, but can also be better stimulated by information about descriptive and/or injunctive social norms. |
| Keywords: | Climate protection activities, descriptive and injunctive social norms, information interventions, heterogeneous treatment effects, framed field experiment |
| JEL: | Q54 D64 D83 D91 C93 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202230&r= |
| By: | Giorgio Meucci (Bank of Italy); Francesca Rinaldi (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This study provides a first assessment of Italian banks' exposure to physical risk arising from climate change in relation to lending to non-financial corporates. Based on granular data on loans and on the likelihood of climate-related events, we quantify to what extent physical risk could impair the loan portfolios both by lowering borrowers’ capacity to pay and by decreasing the value of collateral. The analysis shows that Italian banks' exposure to physical risk is limited overall. In general, only a few small intermediaries seem to face severe potential exposure to physical risk. More than half of the risky loans are secured by collateral. However, there is a large overlap between the location of the debtor companies and the real estate collateral offered as a guarantee. Hence, the exposure through loans is highly correlated with the exposure through collateral, leading to a potential positive correlation between the probability of default (PD) and the loss given default (LGD) of exposures in the event that climate risk materializes. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate risk, physical risk, credit risk |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_706_22&r= |
| By: | Ren, Yongwang |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322071&r= |
| By: | Grazier, Emma |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322312&r= |
| By: | Serraglio, Diogo Andreola; Schraven, Benjamin; Burgos Cuevas, Natalia |
| Abstract: | Whereas South American countries are experiencing increased population movements in the context of climate change, the international climate governance agenda calls for the adoption of specialised legislation and for enhanced cooperation among different policy frameworks. The revision and update of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) provide a window of opportunity to mainstream human mobility discussions in climate policy frameworks and, thus, support the uptake of effective measures to address the topic. This briefing paper provides an overview of how the climate change-human mobility nexus has been addressed in the NDCs submitted thus far by South American countries and identifies pathways towards improved management of population movements in revised NDCs. To date, a partial integration of the human mobility perspective prevails: References to the topic indicate a slow - but progressive - acknowledgment of the impacts of a changing climate in vulnerable communities, which may include human displacement. Given the urgent need to move forward from the recognition of the topic to the establishment of effective measures to tackle forced population movements associated with the impacts of climate change, the updating of NDCs - currently under way in the region - entails an opportunity to incorporate strategies aimed at enhancing the management of human mobility. Ongoing discussions linked to the inclusion of the human mobility dimension should happen in a holistic manner, taking socio-environmental approaches into consideration. Human displacement and adaptation to climate change are akin processes that need to be aligned with mitigation and related measures. An improved adaptation component of NDCs depends on the participation of distinct actors (such as national departments and agencies, as well as non-governmental and civil society organisations focussed on climate adaptation) at the national level, and not only those dealing with mitigation strategies. Likewise, it should take the incorporation of practical and evidence-based measures into account. These include, for instance, methods to promote the consultation and effective participation of affected communities and strategies to strengthen their resilience. Furthermore, revised NDCs should call for governance and legal frameworks that include a clear definition of roles and the establishment of effective measures, rooted in the commitment to protect the human rights of affected and vulnerable populations. Revised NDCs should set up policy options to prepare for and respond to human displacement, aiming to reduce communities' vulnerability and exposure. The recognition of human mobility in the context of climate change as a common challenge faced by South American countries entails a window of opportunity to enhance the development of effective measures to address the topic, as well as to foster the implementation of coherent long-term strategies that go beyond short-term political priorities. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diebps:42022&r= |
| By: | Krah, Kwabena |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322247&r= |
| By: | ORVEILLON Glenn (European Commission - JRC); GARBARINO Elena (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study provides an overview and analysis of waste disposal operations and waste flows in the EU, based on data and information from existing sources and from a survey designed specifically for this study.The study also provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of almost 50 documents, including a non-exhaustive list of EU legal texts and reference documents related to the disposal of waste and the protection of human health and the environment, and a number of UN conventions.In addition, data and information on waste flows, the different interpretations and uses of the waste disposal operations, the permitting of waste disposal operations, and the measures implemented to protect human health and the environment were analysed, based on input from 22 Member States and 6 industry organisations.By means of waste data and information analysis, this study analyses the situation in each Member State and identifies the main impacts on the circular economy brought about as a result of the disposal of a number of targeted waste streams, in particular construction and demolition wastes, textile wastes, municipal biowaste, other municipal wastes and other industrial non-hazardous wastes.Finally, the study aims to support the Commission by identifying a number of areas of technical and legal improvements, and a number of policy options, i.e. overall and/or operation-specific waste disposal restrictions and reduction targets. |
| Keywords: | Waste disposal, disposal operations, landfills, circular economy, biowaste, municipal waste, construction and demolition waste, textiles waste, other non-hazardous industrial waste, best available techniques, best environmental practice, environmental, impact, protection of the environmental and human health |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc125415&r= |
| By: | David Popp; Francesco Vona; Myriam Grégoire-Zawilski; Giovanni Marin |
| Abstract: | The costs of low-carbon energy fell dramatically over the past decade, leading to rapid growth in its deployment. However, many challenges remain to deploy low-carbon energy at a scale necessary to meet net zero carbon emission targets. We argue that developing complementary technologies and skills must feature prominently in the next wave of low-carbon energy innovation. These include both improvements in physical capital, such as smart grids to aid integration of intermittent renewables, and human capital, to develop the skills workers need for a low-carbon economy. We document recent trends in energy innovation and discuss the lessons learnt for policy. We then discuss the need for complementary innovation in both physical capital—using smart grids as an example of how policy can help—and human capital, where we show how a task approach to labor informs policy and research on the worker skills needed for the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | low-carbon energy, innovation, patents, human capital, skills |
| JEL: | J24 O31 O38 Q42 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9878&r= |
| By: | E. Mark Curtis; Ioana Marinescu |
| Abstract: | Does the growth of renewable energy benefit US workers, and which workers stand to benefit the most? Until now, evidence on green energy jobs has been limited due to measurement issues. We use data on nearly all jobs posted online in the US, as collected by Burning Glass Technology, and we create a new measure of green jobs, defined here as solar and wind jobs. We use job titles and task requirements to define green jobs. We find that both solar and wind job postings have more than tripled since 2010, with solar jobs seeing especially strong growth that precedes the growth of new installed solar capacity. In 2019, we identify approximately 52,500 solar job openings and 13,500 wind job openings. Solar jobs are mostly (33%) in sales occupations, and in the utilities industry (16%). Wind jobs are most represented among installation and maintenance occupations (37%), and in the manufacturing industry (29%). Green jobs are created in occupations that are about 21% higher paying than average. The pay premium is even higher for jobs with a low educational requirement. Finally, green jobs tend to locate in counties with high shares of employment in fossil fuel extraction. Overall, our results suggest that the growth of renewable energy leads to the creation of relatively high paying jobs, which are more often than not located in areas that stand to lose from a decline in fossil fuel extraction jobs. |
| JEL: | J23 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30332&r= |
| By: | Wells, Kaylee K. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322379&r= |
| By: | Djenontin, Ida N.S.; Ligmann-Zielinska, Arika; Zulu, Leo C. |
| Abstract: | Local farmers’ engagement and contributions are increasingly underscored in resources restoration policy. Yet, empirical context-situated understanding of the environmental impacts of farmer-led restoration remains scant. Using six Agent-based Modeling (ABM) simulations that integrate multi-type data, we explore the potential spatial-temporal aggregate patterns and outcomes of local restoration actions in Central Malawi. Findings uncover a 10-year positive trend and spatially explicit potential restoration extent and intensity, greenness, and land productivity, all varying by farmer’s participation level. Landscape regreening is modestly promising with fluctuating greenness levels and low, slightly incremental, then steady land-productivity levels. Findings also show appropriate incentives, restoration knowledge, and inspiring local leadership as propitious management options for boosting local restoration. Bundling these enabling management and policy options would maximize local restoration. Findings suggest empowering bottom-up restoration efforts for enhanced environmental impacts. We also demonstrate the potential of using ABM to offer insights for spatially targeted, evidence-based restoration policy implementation and monitoring. |
| Keywords: | Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR); greenness; participation; productivity; Space-time patterns |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2022–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115672&r= |
| By: | Charlotte Demonsant (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Kevin Levillain (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Blanche Segrestin (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The problem of climate change, and how to respond to it, is often confronted to a dilemma between social justice and efficacy of action. Systematically presented as a tradeoff between individual action and profit (Acquier & Aggeri, 2015), or social acceptability and efficacy (Klenert et al., 2018), or equity and efficiency (Bauer et al., 2020), the coupling between social justice and efficacy appears to be a theoretical and empirical knot for climate action. In this conceptual paper, we draw on the notion of framing to show that current mechanisms for climate action are based on the same frame of climate action. The frame of a "social dilemma" or "collective action problem" or "commons dilemma" situation underlies most of our thinking of climate action and forces to see climate action as individuals who are 1) interdependent because they are constrained by a common resource, but 2) independent in the way they derive value from this resource. Yet, this single framing is restrictive. While climate change has been framed in many ways, we propose that there is a need for research to properly frame climate action itself to access new strategies. We show that "common peril" situation which acknowledge an interdependence between values can be an alternative action frame and allow exploring new ways of thinking climate action. |
| Keywords: | Governance,climate change,collective action,framing,climate policy,equity |
| Date: | 2022–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03722106&r= |
| By: | CANFORA Paolo (European Commission - JRC); GAUDILLAT Pierre (European Commission - JRC); ANTONOPOULOS Ioannis (European Commission - JRC); DRI Marco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The steady growth over the past decades of the Telecommunications and ICT Services sector, and its uninterrupted progress with the constant provision of renewed and ever-faster services as well as new applications, has transformed many aspects of our society and lives but has also spurred the development of ever more power- and resource-hungry systems, contributing to the sector’s ever-growing environmental footprint. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the actions implemented by environmental front runners and of existing EU and industry initiatives addressing the environmental performance of the sector, this report describes a set of best practices with high potential for larger uptake. These are called Best Environmental Management Practices (BEMPs). The BEMPs, identified in close cooperation with a technical working group comprising experts from the sector, cover improvement of environmental performance across all significant environmental aspects (energy consumption, resource consumption, etc.) at the different life cycle stages (planning and design, installation, operation, end-of-life management, etc.) and for different ICT assets (software, data centres, etc.). Besides actions aimed at reducing the environmental impact of Telecommunications and ICT Services operations (with a special focus on data centres and telecommunications networks), the report also identifies best practices in the ICT sector that contribute towards reducing the environmental impact of other sectors of the economy ("greening by ICT" measures).The report gives a wide range of information (environmental benefits, economics, indicators, benchmarks, references, etc.) for each of the proposed best practices in order to be a source of inspiration and guidance for any company in the sector wishing to improve its environmental performance. In addition, it will be the technical basis for a Sectoral Reference Document on Best Environmental Management Practice for the Telecommunications and ICT Services sector, to be produced by the European Commission according to Article 46 of Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 (EMAS Regulation). |
| Keywords: | Best environmental management practice, telecommunications and ICT services |
| Date: | 2020–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc121781&r= |
| By: | Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Most policy bodies involved with water management issues are facing new challenges: more evident climate change impacts, Covid-19, recession, wars, population movements, increased energy and resources demand. These challenges affect water resources management, as they impact several related sectors such as energy, fuels, industry, agriculture, international relations and trade, economy, resources, including water, human and natural capital. This situation creates an ambiguous context (deep uncertainty) that suggests reconsidering the traditional management approaches, and leaves limited space for management failures and delays. We discuss three research questions/areas of focus for the future: 1) Redefining multi-disciplinary science and innovative collaborations to analyze and solve complex problems; 2) Efficient communication and continuous engagement to create the culture for science-supported policies, and speed up the response of policy-makers to grasp and adopt research and technological advances; 3) Deciding under deep uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | Water Resources Management, Systems analysis, Future research, Inter-disciplinary science |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2221&r= |
| By: | Jaime de Melo (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International, UNIGE - Université de Genève); Jean-Marc Solleder (UNIGE - Université de Genève) |
| Abstract: | Expansion of Global Value Chains (GVCs) is a mixed blessing for the environment. Effects of growth and emissions from transport associated with international trade have negative effects; but greater flows of knowledge and associated spillovers, and adoption of environmentally innovative products have positive effects. This paper provides evidence on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for 51 African and 132 other countries for 163 products over the period 1995-2015. The resulting landscape is summarized in four patterns. Patterns identified for the Africa region differ from those identified for other regions but are closely related to a synthetic aggregate comparator constructed on the basis of three characteristics (per capita income, share of manufacturing in GDP, and distance to trading partners). |
| Keywords: | Africa,decarbonization,emission intensity |
| Date: | 2022–07–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03739898&r= |
| By: | Alexandre Charpentier Poncelet (ISM - Institut des Sciences Moléculaires - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4 - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB) - INC - Institut de Chimie du CNRS - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Christoph Helbig (Universität Augsburg [Augsburg], Universität Bayreuth); Philippe Loubet (ISM - Institut des Sciences Moléculaires - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4 - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB) - INC - Institut de Chimie du CNRS - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antoine Beylot (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Stéphanie Muller (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Jacques Villeneuve (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Bertrand Laratte (I2M - Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université); Andrea Thorenz (Universität Augsburg [Augsburg]); Axel Tuma (Universität Augsburg [Augsburg]); Guido Sonnemann (ISM - Institut des Sciences Moléculaires - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4 - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 - École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (ENSCPB) - INC - Institut de Chimie du CNRS - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The consumption of most metals continues to rise following ever-increasing population growth, affluence and technological development. Sustainability considerations urge greater resource efficiency and retention of metals in the economy. We model the fate of a yearly cohort of 61 extracted metals over time and identify where losses are expected to occur through a life-cycle lens. We find that ferrous metals have the longest lifetimes, with 150 years on average, followed by precious, non-ferrous and specialty metals with 61, 50 and 12 years on average, respectively. Production losses are the largest for 15 of the studied metals whereas use losses are the largest for barium, mercury and strontium. Losses to waste management and recycling are the largest for 43 metals, suggesting the need to improve design for better sorting and recycling and to ensure longer-lasting products, in combination with improving waste-management practices. Compared with the United Nations Environmental Programme's recycling statistics, our results show the importance of taking a life-cycle perspective to estimate losses of metals to develop effective circular economy strategies. We provide the dataset and model used in a machine-readable format to allow further research on metal cycles. |
| Keywords: | Business and industry,Environmental sciences,Sustainability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03702553&r= |
| By: | Xhulia Likaj (Forum New Economy); Michael Jacobs (University of Sheffield (SPERI)); Thomas Fricke (Forum New Economy) |
| Abstract: | Arguments about the possibility and desirability of exponential economic growth have animated the environmental movement for half a century, since the publication of the Club of Rome report The Limits to Growth in 1972. The debate has been revived in recent years as the climate crisis has reached centre-stage. This paper seeks to unpick the different strands in the debate and the different kinds of arguments - philosophical, empirical, and policy-prescriptive - used by different writers and institutions. It suggests that the contemporary debate is best understood as a disagreement between political strategies, in which the character of public and academic discourse plays a key role. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, green growth, degrowth, post-growth, wellbeing, GDP |
| JEL: | O4 O44 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agz:bpaper:2202&r= |
| By: | CHRONOPOULOS Georgios (European Commission - JRC); CAKMAK Ece Gizem (European Commission - JRC); TEMPANY Paul (European Commission - JRC); KLEIN Gabriele (European Commission - JRC); BRINKMANN Thomas (European Commission - JRC); ZERGER Benoît (European Commission - JRC); ROUDIER Serge (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document (BREF) on Surface Treatment using Organic Solvents including Preservation of Wood and Wood Products with Chemicals is part of a series of documents presenting the results of an exchange of information between EU Member States, the industries concerned, non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, and the Commission, to draw up, review and – where necessary – update BAT reference documents as required by Article 13(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU on Industrial Emissions (the Directive). This document is published by the European Commission pursuant to Article 13(6) of the Directive.The BREF on Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents including Preservation of Wood and Wood Products with Chemicals covers the surface treatment of substances, objects or products using organic solvents as well as the preservation of wood and wood products using chemicals as specified in Sections 6.7 and 6.10 of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU respectively.Important issues for the implementation of Directive 2010/75/EU in the surface treatment using organic solvents (STS) and the wood preservation with chemicals (WPC) sectors are emissions to air and water as well as energy and water consumption. Chapter 1 provides general information on the STS sector and on the main environmental issues associated with their use. Chapters 2 to 14 give the applied processes, current emission and consumption levels, techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the STS sectors that are covered by these chapters. Chapter 15 provides general information, applied processes, current emission and consumption levels, techniques to consider in the determination of BAT for the wood preservation sector. Chapter 16 provides thumbnail descriptions of additional STS sectors, for which a data collection via questionnaires has not been carried out. General techniques to consider in the determination of BAT (i.e. those techniques to consider that are widely applied in the STS sector) are reported in Chapter 17. Chapter 18 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive, both general and sector-specific. Chapter 19 provides the emerging techniques for the STS and WPC sectors. Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 20. |
| Keywords: | IED, BAT, BREF, organic solvents, surface treatment using organic solvents, wood preservation, industrial emissions |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc122816&r= |
| By: | Nouve, Yawotse |
| Keywords: | International Development, Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322566&r= |
| By: | Ahmed OUTOUZZALT (Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir]); Abdelkbir Elouidani (Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir]); Rania Elouidani (Université Ibn Zohr [Agadir]) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable investment, unlike other approaches, does not require rejecting investments based on their sector of activity or investing in specialized instruments. It simply entails taking environmental, social and governance criteria into account when making investment decisions. Environmental, social and governance issues are considered the three pillars of sustainability, and their integration into investment decisions is growing worldwide. In Morocco, the Casablanca Stock Exchange introduced a stock market index in 2018 called "Casablanca ESG 10". This index calculates the stock price performance of socially responsible companies based on environmental, social and governance criteria. It is a device for recognizing and taking into account social and environmental commitments, which leads to a promoting research field. Therefore, this study allowed us to identify environmental, social and corporate governance factors that influence the investment decision among Moroccan individual investors. The results showed that social and governance criteria is among the factors deemed significant by our research model that directly affects investment intention and indirectly affects participation in the stock market. |
| Abstract: | L'investissement durable, contrairement aux autres approches, ne requiert pas de rejeter des investissements au regard de leurs secteurs d'activité ou d'investir dans des instruments spécialisés. Il entraine simplement de prendre en compte les critères de l'environnement, le sociale et la gouvernance dans la prise de décision d'investissement. Les questions environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance sont considérées comme les trois piliers de la durabilité, et leur intégration dans les décisions d'investissement est en pleine croissance dans le monde entier. Au Maroc, la bourse de Casablanca a mis en place en 2018 un indice boursier nommé « Casablanca ESG 10 ». Cet indice calcule la performance des cours boursiers des entreprises socialement responsables sur la base de critères environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance. C'est un dispositif de reconnaissance et de prise en compte des engagements sociaux et environnementaux, ce qui entraine un terrain de recherche promoteur. Par conséquent, Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence des facteurs environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance d'entreprise qui influencent la décision d'investissement chez les investisseurs individuels marocains. Les résultats ont montré que les critères sociaux et de gouvernance est parmi les facteurs jugés significatifs par notre modèle de recherche qui affecte directement l'intention d'investissement et indirectement la participation au marché boursier. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable investment,Investor’s behavior,ESG,Stock market.,Investissement durable,Comportement des investisseurs,Marché boursier,Investor's behavior |
| Date: | 2022–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03739144&r= |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Yoo, Seung Jick |
| Abstract: | We theoretically analyze the interaction between two representative and real tanneries, denoted by A and B, that are located on the same bank of the Ganges River in Kanpur, India. Tannery A is situated upstream from tannery B. Both tanneries produce leather and leather production by tannery A also gives rise to chemical waste that adversely affects the cost incurred by tannery B in producing leather. In this setting, we perform four tasks. First, we determine the amount of chemical waste and the leather produced by tanneries A and B in a competitive equilibrium. Second, we explain why this competitive equilibrium is inefficient from a societal standpoint. Third, we ascertain the socially optimal amount of leather produced by the two tanneries. Finally, we illustrate the working of our theoretical model with a specific example in which we use explicit functional forms and numbers. |
| Keywords: | Ganges River, Leather Production, Tannery, Waste Treatment, Water Pollution |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114284&r= |
| By: | De Ponti, Pietro; Romagnoli, Matteo |
| Abstract: | We study the European Union’s Emission Trading System (EU ETS) from a financial perspective. Using ARMA-eGARCH filtered volatilities, we first discuss the evolution of the volatility of EU ETS allowances’ returns from 2008 to 2021. Second, we study the degree of co-movement and interdependence between the EU ETS returns’ volatility and those of 37 large companies in industries subject to the System; to this end, we employ Wavelet Coherence and Volatility Spillovers Analyses. Despite spotting seasons of co-movement between volatilities in the markets under consideration, the market performances of the companies in our sample are not particularly responsive to the EU ETS dynamics, except for temporary seasons of interconnection in correspondence of relevant policy changes. |
| Keywords: | Financial Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:323874&r= |
| By: | Claudia Teran-Escobar (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sarah Duche (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Helene Bouscasse (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Isoard-Gatheur (SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Patrick Juen (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Lilas Lacoste (SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sarah Lyon-Caen (IAB - Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) - CHU - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - EFS - Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sandrine Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Estelle Ployon (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Anna Risch (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Philippe Sarrazin (SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Remy Slama (IAB - Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) - CHU - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - EFS - Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Kamila Tabaka (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Carole Treibich (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sonia Chardonnel (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Aina Chalabaev (SENS - Sport et Environnement Social - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Date: | 2022–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03739435&r= |
| By: | Bigerna, Simona; D'Errico, Maria Chiara; Polinori, Paolo; Simshauer, Paul |
| Abstract: | Over time, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have accumulated large oil portfolio revenues. But the world economy is seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and in turn, its reliance on fossil fuel resources through ongoing investments in renewable energy resources. In this article, we construct oil portfolios for four of the GCC countries (viz. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman) and focus on their top five importing counterparties. Portfolio returns (quantity and price) have been derived between 2008-2018 with volatility spillovers computed via Diebold and Yilmaz’s dynamic spillover index approach. The spillover analysis shows a consistent reallocation effect amongst spillover directions together with their generalized increases. The structural rigidity of oil demand was confirmed with ‘quantity’ Total Volatility Spillovers being lower than ‘price’ Total Volatility Spillovers. Analysis of net contributors for both kinds of volatility found China to be a “net transferer” in quantity spillovers, and India seemingly absorbing quantity and price shocks. We find economic policy uncertainty and rising renewable market shares significantly affects volatility spillovers in oil export portfolios. Although some degree of heterogeneity exists, greater deployment of renewables in importing nations reduces adverse impacts of oil market fluctuations. This result and broader ‘net-zero’ policy commitments means rising renewable market shares are predictable. For GCC countries, two consequential long run risks arise, viz. loss of revenues and stranded oil reserves, which has its own policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Gulf Cooperation Council countries; oil exports; total volatility spillovers; renewables; volatility determinants, energy security |
| JEL: | C32 C58 G32 O53 Q41 |
| Date: | 2022–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114164&r= |
| By: | Matthew Kotchen |
| Abstract: | This paper asserts that reporting of the ratio of welfare gains to tax revenue should be standard protocol in economic analyses of externality correcting taxes. That this comparison might matter is somewhat of a “blind spot” in most economic analyses, for it plays virtually no role when economists recommend taxes to internalize externalities. A simple model illustrates how the ratio of welfare gains to tax revenue plays a central role in a political economy and efficiency framing of Pigouvian type taxes. The analysis also shows intuitive results about how the ratio is increasing in the marginal external costs and the equilibrium elasticity to a tax. The second part of the paper illustrates the wide range of potential results with application of carbon taxes to different fuels in the United States. For example, assuming a social cost of carbon (SCC) and a carbon tax equal to $50 per tonne, the central estimates imply ratios of 12.1 for coal, 0.36 for natural gas, and very close to zero for diesel and gasoline. When all four fuels are combined, the ratios indicate a more proportional balance between welfare gains and tax revenue, with overall estimates ranging between 0.7 and 2.8. The paper concludes with a general appeal for economists to pay more attention to the relative magnitudes of efficiency gains and tax revenue when analyzing and advocating for externality correcting taxes. |
| JEL: | H2 H21 H23 Q38 Q4 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30321&r= |
| By: | Andreas Fazekas; Christopher Bataille; Adrien Vogt-Schilb (Banco Interamericano de Desarollo) |
| Abstract: | Alcanzar cero emisiones netas es necesario para limitar el calentamiento global a menos de 2 C y cerca de 1,5 C, que son los objetivos de temperatura del Acuerdo de París. Más de 50 países de todo el mundo han establecido objetivos para alcanzar emisiones netas cero, generalmente para 2050; y la mayoría de los demás están trabajando en objetivos similares. Lograr estos objetivos requiere transformaciones en varios sectores como el de la electricidad, el transporte, la agricultura, el uso de la tierra, los edificios, la industria y la gestión de residuos. Para realizar la transición a una economía neutra en carbono existen varias soluciones que incluyen la tecnología y los cambios de comportamiento (que a menudo vienen con beneficios económicos, sociales o de desarrollo), sin embargo, existen también muchas barreras impiden su adopción. Recopilamos evidencia de la literatura académica y gris para identificar 15 transformaciones sectoriales que permitan alcanzar cero emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero. Luego enumeramos las barreras que impiden su adopción, como los obstáculos relacionados con la infraestructura, las regulaciones, las finanzas públicas y privadas, la información y los problemas de economía política. Finalmente, brindamos más de 50 ejemplos de intervenciones gubernamentales en el plano sectorial que pueden eliminar estas barreras, como la construcción de infraestructura, la reforma de regulaciones y subsidios, el suministro de información y el desarrollo de capacidades, y la gestión de los impactos distributivos. Los gobiernos pueden usar esta información para comunicar el diseño de estrategias climáticas integrales que traduzcan el objetivo de cero emisiones netas a largo plazo en una hoja de ruta de las transformaciones necesarias en cada sector, y luego trabajar en el diseño e implementación de intervenciones gubernamentales a un nivel nacional, regional o local que las habilite. |
| Keywords: | Mitigación del cambio climático,descarbonización,neutralidad en carbono,implementación,reforma política,inversión,política sectorial |
| Date: | 2022–07–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03742126&r= |
| By: | T. Chamarande (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); S. Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); B. Hingray (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Autonomous micro-grids based on solar photovoltaic (PV) are one of the most promising solutions to provide electricity access in many regions worldwide. Different storage/PV capacities can produce the same level of quality service, but an optimal design is typically identified to minimize the levelized cost of electricity. This cost optimization however relies on technical and economic hypothesis that come with large uncertainties and/or spatial disparities. This article explores the sensitivity of the optimal sizing to variations and uncertainties of such parameters. Using data from Heliosat and ERA5, we simulate the solar PV production and identify the least cost configurations for 200 locations in Africa. Our results show that the optimal configuration is highly dependent on the characteristics of the resource, and especially on its co-variability structure with the electric demand on different timescales. It is conversely rather insensitive to cost hypotheses, which allow us to propose simple pre-sizing rules based on the only characteristics of the solar resource and electricity demand. The optimal storage capacity can be estimated from the 75th percentile of the daily nocturnal demand and the optimal PV capacity from the mean demand and the standard deviation of the daily power difference between solar production and demand. |
| Keywords: | PV microgrids,microgrid sizing,Rural electrification,Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE),Africa |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03740059&r= |
| By: | Renee van Eyden (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Geoffrey Ngene (Stetson-Hatcher School of Business (SHSB), Mercer University, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA 32107, USA); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark; Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050, Ankara, Turkey); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of temperature growth on real returns of US housing markets at the state level. Using the 1-month, 3-month, and 12-month horizons for the period 1975:01 to 2021:06 and heterogeneous random coefficients panel data model, we find that increased temperature growth rates negatively affect real house price returns across all horizons. The effects intensify when the media refers more to climate change news. While most states experience a decline in real house price returns at a 3-month horizon, the largest relative negative impacts are registered over the 12-month horizon, suggesting that climate risk is a long-run risk. Geographically, the rising temperatures have the most negative effect on real house returns in the US West Coast states of California, Arizona, Nevada, and Idaho, and the Sun Belt states, most notably Florida, Georgia, Texas, Tennessee, and Alabama. The results remain robust after controlling for state-level leading economic indicators and state- and national-level economic uncertainty arising from policy changes. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risks, Temperature Growth, Panel Random Coefficient Model, US States |
| JEL: | C33 D80 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202236&r= |
| By: | Bernhardt, Jacob Jeff; Rolfes, Lennart; Kreins, Peter; Henseler, Martin |
| Abstract: | Die Herausforderungen des fortschreitenden Klimawandels stellen die globale Landwirtschaft zukünftig vor große Herausforderungen und erfordern durchdachte Anpassungsstrategien. So zählt eine Anpassung des Wassermanagements zu einer der großen Aufgaben, die es zu bewältigen gilt. Änderungen der monatlichen Wasserbilanz und der Niederschlagshöhen und deren innerjährige Verschiebung zugunsten des Winterhalbjahres sowie Steigerungen der Verdunstungsraten lassen die Verfügbarkeit von Wasser als zunehmend begrenzten Produktionsfaktor gelten. Diese globalen Änderungen lassen sich auch auf regionalem Maßstab betrachten und sind somit auch in Deutschland von hoher Relevanz. Im vorliegenden Projekt wird der erwartbare Klimawandel durch das globale RCP 8.5-Szenario angenommen und durch das Kernensemble des Deutschen Wetterdienstes (DWD) regionalisiert abgebildet. Auf Basis dieser Klimaprojektionen wird die Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit der Landwirtschaft Bayerns in einer Modellsimulation berechnet und nach Ackerbau-, Gemüsebau- und weiteren Sonderkulturen aufgeschlüsselt. In der Vergangenheit am Thünen-Institut durchgeführte Studien zur Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit stellen die Grundlage der Modellentwicklung dar, die im Zuge des Projekts kontinuierlich optimiert wurde. Im Modell werden, basierend auf dem Prinzip der Geisenheimer Beregnungssteuerung, neben Klimadaten zusätzlich bodenkundliche und pflanzenspezifische Parameter verwendet, um kulturspezifische Unterschiede der Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit zu ermitteln. Diese Informationen werden mit räumlichen Daten zur landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzung Bayerns verknüpft, um die Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit räumlich differenziert abschätzen zu können. Das in dieser Studie entwickelte Modell weist eine hohe Sensitivität gegenüber den Eingangsparametern auf und erlaubt es, Simulationen verschiedener Zeiträume und Untersuchungsgebiete durchzuführen. Im Verlauf der Modellentwicklung wurden, in Abstimmung mit einem Landesexpertenkreis, verschiedene Annahmen getroffen. Insgesamt konnte die Methodik verbessert und weiterentwickelt werden, sodass eine Übertragbarkeit auf andere Projekte und Fragestellungen möglich ist. Die räumliche Analyse der Ergebnisse zeigt eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit den Schwerpunktregionen Bayerns, in denen eine überdurchschnittliche Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit zu erwarten ist. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit der bayerischen Landwirtschaft für die Perioden 1991-2020 (Ex-Post-Periode) und 2021-2050 (Zukunft) simuliert. So lässt sich beispielsweise im Knoblauchsland, den unterfränkischen Weinbauregionen sowie den Bereichen südlich von Regensburg ein hoher Wasserbedarf der Landwirtschaft durch das Modell identifizieren, der auch in der Realität zu beobachten ist. Die mittlere Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit aller betrachteten Kulturen nimmt, im Vergleich der beiden Beobachtungszeiträume, zu. Es sind Steigerungen der mittleren jährlichen Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit von 19 % bis in das Jahr 2050 zu erwarten. Differenziert nach Landnutzungsklassen nimmt die Bewässerungsbedürftigkeit Bayerns im Ackerbau um 19 %, im Gemüsebau um 23 % und im Anbau von sonstigen Sonderkulturen um 10 % zu. Jährliche Schwankungen der klimatischen Bedingungen können allerdings zu deutlichen Abweichungen vom mittleren Trend führen. |
| Keywords: | Landwirtschaft,Bewässerung,Dürre,Wassermanagement,Wasser,Klimawandel,Raumbezogene Modelle,Bayern,Agriculture and Environment,Irrigation,Drought,Water Supply,Climate Change,Spatial Model |
| JEL: | Q15 Q25 Q54 C21 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:96&r= |
| By: | Gino Sturla; Lorenzo Ciulla; Benedetto Rocchi |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the pressure exerted by Italian consumption on domestic and foreign water resources, adopting the Water Embodied in Bilateral Trade (WEBT) and Multiregional Input Output (MRIO) approaches, and using the information of the most recent (year 2014) World Input-Output Database (WIOD). Disaggregated results are obtained at country/industry level, identifying geographical and sectoral hotspots. We compare the volumetric measure of the water footprint (WF) with its impact-based measure, the scarce water footprint (SWF), and propose the concept of scarce social water footprint (SoSWF) incorporating criteria of social goals fulfillment. We find that SWF represents 33.9% of volumetric WF, but the geographical breakdown reveals a relevant asymmetry between domestic and external water exploitation: while only 11.2% of domestic WF exploited scarce water resources, SWF for imports amounted to 54.9% of the water used to produce imported goods. The Italian external SWF is highly concentrated in manufacturing, agriculture and electricity, gas and water supply in China and India. About 43% of WF generated impacts on socially scarce water resources. The inclusion of social criteria in the assessment of WF deepens the asymmetries between domestic and external footprints (12.8% vs. 71.1% of WF). |
| Keywords: | Input-output, Water footprint, Water stress, Italy |
| JEL: | C67 Q25 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2022_17.rdf&r= |
| By: | Bigerna, Simona; Choudhary, Piyush; Kumar Jain, Nikunj; Micheli, Silvia; Polinori, Paolo |
| Abstract: | Reliable electricity is a key factor in improving the living conditions of households and sustainable development of the country. Power outages restrict economic and social welfare of developing countries. This study used contingent valuation survey to elicit the factors affecting Indian household’s willingness to pay to avoid unanticipated power outages. The survey was outlined to ensure that a household gives preferences considering multiple aspects of the outages. The households were asked to state their willingness to pay for five different types of outages. Empirical data from 1043 Indian households were analyzed using double hurdle approach. The econometric results indicate that the households’ willingness to pay to avoid power outage strictly depend on the length of outages ranging, on average, from 30.2 INR (2 hours) to INR. 245.6 (12 hours). Further income and environmental attitude of respondents positively influence higher WTP to avoid power outages. Our findings provide useful insights for policy makers and utility companies to design more reliable and customer centric energy generation and distribution models. |
| Keywords: | Power outages; contingent valuation; willingness to pay; residential electricity |
| JEL: | C24 C93 D12 Q41 |
| Date: | 2022–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114160&r= |
| By: | KOWALSKA Malgorzata Agata (European Commission - JRC); DONATELLO Shane (European Commission - JRC); WOLF Oliver (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This Technical Report presents the EU Ecolabel criteria for Printed paper, stationery paper, and paper carrier bag products, as published in Commission Decision (EU) 2020/1803 of 27 November 2020, and provides the supporting rationale and background research for each criterion. The final criteria are the result of a broad consultation including interaction at two Ad-Hoc Working Group meetings, discussions with specialised stakeholders within the technical subgroup for recyclability aspects as well as dialogue with Commission colleagues and EU Ecolabel Board members.The main criteria are split into the following: • Substrate sourcing (requring the use of EU Ecolabel substrate).• Recyclability that targets product circularity.• Emissions to water and air.• Waste management and quantity of paper for recycling from the manufacturing process.• Energy use addressed by means of an energy management system.• Hazardous substances (horizontal restrictions for SVHCs and substances with certain CLP classifications plus specific restrictions in defined circumstances for biocidal products and biocidal active substances, cleaning agents, APEOs, halogenated solvents and phthalates, printing inks, toners and varnishes, and toluene recovery from rotogravure printing). Decision (EU) 2020/1803 effectively merges revised criteria from two different Commission Decisions: EU Ecolabel criteria for converted paper products (2014/256/EU) and EU Ecolabel criteria for printed paper products (2012/481/EU). Commission Decision 2020/1803 establishes EU Ecolabel criteria for a new, combined product group: Printed paper, stationery paper, and paper carrier bag products. This report consists of the following sections:• Introduction, outlining the purpose of the report and a brief summary of the Preliminary Report, linking the environmental hotspots of the criteria proposed in this document.• Product group specifications, including product group name, definition and scope, and other general indications related to this EU Ecolabel, such as application specification, general assessment and verification terms.• EU Ecolabel criteria for printed paper, stationery paper, and paper carrier bag products with the supporting rationale.• Main changes to criteria compared to previous criteria versions. |
| Keywords: | Printing, printed matter, paper conversion, stationery paper products, paper products, recyclability, VOCs emission, EU Ecolabel |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc123180&r= |
| By: | Belkacem OUCHENE (Warocqué School of Business & Economics, University of Mons (Belgium )) |
| Abstract: | To follow the path of economic development, developed countries have long relied, on the income from their natural resources. This is notably the case for Australia (minerals), Canada (oil, minerals) and the United States (oil) but also Germany, France and England (coal). However, there are recent experiences of countries which have based part of their economic development on their natural resources. Examples of Norway (petroleum), Chile (copper ore) and Botswana (diamonds) provide an illustration. Despite these success stories, empirical studies generally show the existence of a negative relationship between their natural resource wealth and their economic growth, known as “Dutch Disease†. Generally, countries with large stocks of natural resources struggle to guarantee sustainable growth of their GDP unlike the other resource-poor countries. With significant oil deposits, is Algeria one of the countries that have fallen into Dutch disease? This contribution will attempt to answer as well as to identify, if applicable, the conditions that led to the appearance of the phenomenon and to propose a solution to get out of it. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources, Dutch disease, governance, corruption |
| JEL: | G3 G30 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2109&r= |
| By: | Gond, Jean-Pascal,; Augustine, Grace,; Shin, Hyemi,; Tirapani, Alessandro,; Mosonyi, Szilvia, |
| Abstract: | This report sets out to analyse the emergence and distinctive impact of corporate social responsibility and sustainable development (CSR/SD) functions and professionals within organizations. By evaluating the literature on this topic, it seeks to clarify how leveraging the already established CSR/SD functions and professionals across organizations can contribute to the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) objective of achieving a future of work that provides decent and sustainable work opportunities for all. |
| Keywords: | corporate social responsibility, sustainable development, professional worker |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995193791802676&r= |
| By: | Harvey, John; Butt, Ali A.; Ostovar, Maryam; Kendall, Alissa; Hernandez, Jesus |
| Abstract: | “Complete streets” are those designed not only to accommodate private vehicles, but also to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities. Complete streets can contribute to increased transportation choices, economic revitalization, improved return on infrastructure investments, livable communities, improved safety, improved public health through promotion of active transportation, greenhouse gas reductions, and improved air quality. In 2018, researchers developed a life cycle assessment (LCA) framework for complete streets to enable planners and policymakers to quantify environmental and social impacts over the life cycle of a complete streets project. In this follow-on project, the researchers applied the framework to three case studies covering urban, suburban and rural/suburban regions/conditions. The researchers assessed whether the LCA framework was useful in identifying whether a complete street delivered or, in the case of a proposed project, was likely to deliver, the intended performance and benefits, and the social and health conditions of the neighborhoods receiving the benefits. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Alternatives analysis, Before and after studies, Case studies, Complete streets, Environmental impacts, Equity (Justice), Life cycle analysis, Metrics (Quantitative assessment), Nonmotorized transportation, Social impacts |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6wr8x21j&r= |
| By: | Li, Man |
| Keywords: | International Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322429&r= |
| By: | Gautam Gowrisankaran; Ashley Langer; Wendan Zhang |
| Abstract: | Legislation often empowers agencies to develop rules, but legal challenges may create uncertainty, thereby increasing firm costs, delaying policy objectives, and affecting externalities. This paper investigates policy uncertainty surrounding the Mercury and Air Toxics Standard, estimating a dynamic oligopoly model of technology adoption and exit for coal electricity generators that extends moment-based Markov equilibrium. To recover annual profits, we develop estimators for ramping and operation and maintenance costs. Our estimated perceived enforcement probability fell as low as 43% in 2014. Removing policy uncertainty would increase expected discounted generator profits by $0.930 billion, but increase pollution by $0.809 to $2.206 billion. |
| JEL: | L13 Q48 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30297&r= |
| By: | Timothy Wilson; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | We compare the realised impact of terrorism and disasters linked to natural hazards. Using fifty years of data from two databases covering 99 percent of the global population, we find that natural hazard disasters were more then 20 times more impactful than terrorism. The former had a larger realised impact in all regions in both gross and per-capita terms. The largest cross-peril difference was in Asia, where natural hazard disasters took 324 million Lifeyears, while terrorism took ten. Similar results were found across countries grouped by income status and development status. Low and lower-middle income countries bore the vast majority of the impact of both terrorism and natural hazard disasters. Given the multitude of prevalent global threats, our findings are relevant in the allocation of scarce public resources to mitigate and adapt. Our results suggest that significantly greater public spending should be applied to natural hazard disasters than terrorism. |
| Keywords: | terrorism, disaster, lifeyears, shock |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9885&r= |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Geoffroy Enjolras (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Zouhair Bouhsina (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of marketing channels on the adoption of organic farming. The originality of this study is to consider both short and long food supply chains and their respective heterogeneity. Our empirical study uses a representative survey of French fruit farms. The results show that both short and long food supply chains encourage organic production insofar as producers know the destination of their production. |
| Abstract: | Cet article examine l'influence des circuits de commercialisation sur l'adoption de l'agriculture biologique. L'originalité de cette étude est de considérer à la fois les circuits alimentaires courts et longs ainsi que leur hétérogénéité. Elle utilise une enquête représentative des exploitations fruitières françaises. Les résultats montrent que les filières courtes et longues favorisent la production biologique dans la mesure où les producteurs connaissent la destination de leur production. |
| Keywords: | organic farming,marketing channel,fruit production,certification,France,marketing channels,food supply chain,agriculture biologique,circuit de commercialisation,fruit |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03514499&r= |
| By: | Smith, Sarah |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322378&r= |
| By: | Estrada, Javier H.; Rodríguez, Víctor; Ventura Ruiz, Víctor Hugo |
| Abstract: | El gas natural ha sido el combustible más consumido en México desde 2014. Su participación en la canasta energética supera el 48% y sigue en ascenso. Desde hace dos décadas ha sido el energético con mayor dinamismo y ha superado el crecimiento de la demanda de electricidad y de la economía1. Como la producción no ha logrado seguirle el paso a la demanda2, la brecha se ha tenido que cerrar con importaciones que hoy representan el 70% del consumo y hasta el 93% si se excluye el gas seco que consume la industria petrolera3. Las importaciones seguirán creciendo a menos que la política de autosuficiencia, seguridad y soberanía de la presente administración resulte exitosa. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la situación del gas natural en México, las proyecciones de producción, consumo e importación, los problemas por resolver, las oportunidades y disyuntivas, las implicaciones de la nueva política energética en conexión con la transición energética, así como las posibles sinergias con los mercados emergentes de gas natural en Centroamérica y el Caribe. |
| Keywords: | GAS NATURAL, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, RECURSOS NATURALES, SEGURIDAD ENERGETICA, POLITICA ENERGETICA, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, INTEGRACION ECONOMICA, TENDENCIAS ECONOMICAS, NATURAL GAS, ENERGY RESOURCES, NATURAL RESOURCES, ENERGY SECURITY, ENERGY POLICY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC TRENDS |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:47981&r= |
| By: | Bhatta, Dhiraj |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322325&r= |
| By: | RICOME Aymeric (European Commission - JRC); SOLANO HERMOSILLA Gloria (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this report is to qualitatively assess the added value of introducing EU marketing standards in the cider sector, and their costs and benefits from socioeconomic, environmental and health perspectives. For this purpose, the report also analyses the current public and private marketing standards that operators in the cider sector apply in different Member States. The analyses in the report are based on semi-structured interviews conducted with stakeholders from the cider sector. |
| Keywords: | Marketing standards, cider, EU, food chain, sustainability |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc127345&r= |
| By: | Peter Cramton (University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 50923); Emmanuele Bobbio (University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 50923); David Malec (University of Maryland, College Park MD 20742); Pat Sujarittanonta (Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10400) |
| Abstract: | "Electricity markets worldwide are undergoing a many‐decade transition in the way electricity is generated and consumed. The success of this transition depends critically on climate policy and market design. We model the most advanced electricity markets in the world to evaluate the impact of alternative policies on electricity market outcomes over the next 40 years, including costs, profits, social welfare, risks, and reliability. Each year, investors decide which resources enter and exit given forward‐looking consistent expectations about energy profits, prices, and costs. The model is unique in modeling investment decisions at the individual unit level based on precisely calculated profits from energy, reserves, and capacity markets. These profits depend critically on the resource structure, which changes each year with investor decisions. New and essential elements of electricity markets, such as battery storage and price responsive demand are fully integrated. The model provides detailed insights into how policies such as carbon pricing impact the transition to renewable energy." |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:183&r= |
| By: | Löfgren, Åsa (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Nordblom, Katarina (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | In our representative sample of Swedish mutual fund investors, those who are sustainability motivated perceive investment choices more difficult than other investors. Of those who are sustainability motivated, 38 percent have never actively invested in a sustainable fund. Preferences for sustainable investment as well as the attentiveness of the investment decisions correlate with certain investor attributes. Young people and women value sustainability higher than others and women make their investment choice less attentively than men. Investors making the choice inattentively are less influenced by financial information. Nudges, such as sustainability labels, may be a more effective way of communicating with this group |
| Keywords: | Nudge; decision-making; sustainable investment; mutual funds |
| JEL: | D91 G11 G41 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0826&r= |
| By: | Kouam, Jean; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | In developing countries, taxation is perceived as a brake on economic growth. Indeed, taxes in most of these countries are not sufficiently adapted to the specificity of the taxpayer and often do not consider the weak administrative capacity of the countries in the region. In this context, reforms have been initiated over the last decade to create tax environments that encourage savings, investment, entrepreneurship, and social innovation. This study provides an overview of research on the effects of taxation on social innovation and the corresponding implications for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing countries, taking three approaches: thematic, chronological, and methodological. Most studies agree that high taxes in business undermine social innovation and thus the achievement of SDGs, as social innovation is known to be a driver of most SDGs and business the vehicle. The majority of the selected studies used primary data collected from samples whose representativeness with respect to the population concerned (notably businesses) is still not explicitly justified. |
| Keywords: | Social innovation, SDGs, developing countries |
| JEL: | G20 I10 I20 I30 O10 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:114061&r= |
| By: | Jean C. Kouam (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | In developing countries, taxation is perceived as a brake on economic growth. Indeed, taxes in most of these countries are not sufficiently adapted to the specificity of the taxpayer and often do not consider the weak administrative capacity of the countries in the region. In this context, reforms have been initiated over the last decade to create tax environments that encourage savings, investment, entrepreneurship, and social innovation. This study provides an overview of research on the effects of taxation on social innovation and the corresponding implications for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing countries, taking three approaches: thematic, chronological, and methodological. Most studies agree that high taxes in business undermine social innovation and thus the achievement of SDGs, as social innovation is known to be a driver of most SDGs and business the vehicle. The majority of the selected studies used primary data collected from samples whose representativeness with respect to the population concerned (notably businesses) is still not explicitly justified. |
| Keywords: | Social innovation, SDGs, developing countries |
| JEL: | G20 I10 I20 I30 O10 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/046&r= |
| By: | Braiki Houssem (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Emeline Hassenforder (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Guillaume Lestrelin (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Sylvie Morardet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Nicolas Faysse (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Soumaya Younsi (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Nils Ferrand (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Crystèle Léauthaud (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Nadhira Ben Aissa (INAT - Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie); Safouane Mouelhi (INRGREF - Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - IRESA - Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis]); Sihem Jebari (INRGREF - Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts - ENGREF - Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts - IRESA - Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis]); Xavier Augusseau (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Amar Imache (LISODE); Audrey Barbe (LISODE); Jean-Yves Jamin (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Houria Amri (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Hajer Khelil-Arfa (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Ali Bayar (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Anissa Ben Hassine (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Rouhia Ferchichi (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Kamel Ghanmi (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Fathi Haddeji (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Khadija Harbaoui (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Noura Messaoudi (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Ezzeddine Zouari (CRDA ARIANA TUN - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Abstract: | More and more literature and practice recommend involving the public at the early stages of the policy cycle, i.e. issue identification, definition of the policy objectives and policy design. Policy design involves, among others, identifying solutions, ideas or alternatives which may address the policy objectives. Three main arguments are often put forward to advocate for the involvement of stakeholders, or the public, in policy design: a "user-centered " argument (i.e. for the policy to better meet people's priorities), an innovation argument (i.e. to conceive new solutions) and a collective argument (i.e. to identify collective actions and better tackle environmental problems). However, in both research and practice these arguments have been challenged. Research has insufficiently generated evidence of the influence of large-scale participation in policy design on resulting proposed actions. The objective of this paper is to analyze whether a large-scale participatory process leads to action proposals that fit people's priorities and that are innovative and collective. It draws from a land management and rural development policy design experiment conducted in six vulnerable areas of Tunisia. 4,300 direct participants were involved and 11,583 action proposals were collected. Our results highlight the influence of the local circumstances on innovation and the interest towards collective actions. Our results also show that whether policy design is made individually or in group influences the outcomes. The results also suggest that appropriate facilitation can help fostering more collective and innovative actions. We conclude the paper by opening up the idea of hybridizing policy design methods with methods from political and agricultural sciences in order to better understand the drivers and rationalities behind participants' action proposals. |
| Keywords: | Land use policy,Tunisia,Participatory planning |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03737537&r= |
| By: | HUYGENS Dries (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 lays down rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products. Article 42(7) of the Regulation sets the obligation for the Commission to adopt a delegated act to establish criteria on agronomic efficiency and safety of use of by-products in EU fertilising products. This JRC report develops and brings forward criteria proposals based on a thorough scientific and technical analysis. While assessing the safety and agronomic criteria needed for the use of by-products, the JRC also identified certain high purity materials derived from secondary raw materials with a high agronomic value that could be used as component materials in EU fertilising products. Therefore, criteria for additional component materials of EU Fertilising Products, entitled “recovered high purity materials”, were developed. The criteria proposals prioritise and limit the materials to certain components for EU Fertilising Products for which a knowledge base exists that shows that they (i) have a demonstrated agronomic efficiency, (ii) do not cause risks to the environment and/or human health, and (iii) can be expected to be subject to significant trade on the EU market. The criteria proposals form the technical basis to adopt two delegated Regulations to amend and introduce the requirements for by-products and high purity materials as Component Material Categories for EU Fertilising Products. |
| Keywords: | Fertilising products, Agronomic efficiency, By-products, Waste Framework Directive, Contaminants |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc128459&r= |