|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Mathias Mier; Jacqueline Adelowo; Christoph Weissbart |
| Abstract: | Current decarbonization policies neglect damages from local air pollutants. We analyze the trade-off between complementary taxation of carbon emissions and local air pollution. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Taxing only air pollution results in social cost of 5,890 billion € and fosters nuclear deployment. Taxing only carbon yields social cost of 716 billion € and promotes CCS deployment. Taxing both yields cost of 1,118 billion €. Moderate carbon taxation can be complementary to a primary policy of air pollution abatement. On the contrary, a primary policy of decarbonization stands in trade-off with air pollution abatement in the long-term. |
| Keywords: | Taxation, social cost, air pollution, carbon emission, externality, energy system model, power market model, decarbonization |
| JEL: | C61 H21 H23 H43 L94 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_375&r= |
| By: | Mr. Ippei Shibata; Rui Mano; Katharina Bergant |
| Abstract: | What are the implications of the needed climate transition for the potential reallocation of the U.S. labor force? This paper dissects green and polluting jobs in the United States across local labor markets, industries and at the household-level. We find that geography alone is not a major impediment, but green jobs tend to be systematically different than those that are either neutral or in carbon-emitting industries. Transitioning out of pollution-intensive jobs into green jobs may thus pose some challenges. However, there is a wage premium for green-intensive jobs which should encourage such transitions. To gain further insights into the impending green transition, this paper also studies the impact of the Clean Air Act. We find that the imposition of the Act caused workers to shift from pollution-intensive to greener industries, but overall employment was not affected. |
| Keywords: | Green and polluting employment; Green Labor Market Transition; Environmental Regulation; IMF working paper Western Hemisphere department; green job; polluting employment; polluting job; Employment; Environmental policy; Labor markets; Wages; Global |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/129&r= |
| By: | Etumnu, Chinoso E.; Wang, Tong; Kreuter, Urs; Davis, Christopher; Cheye, Stephen |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:323980&r= |
| By: | Brilé Anderson; Jorge Eduardo Patiño Quinchía; Rafael Prieto Curiel |
| Abstract: | The next few decades will bring an era of rapid urbanisation and unprecedented climate stress in African cities. Green spaces can boost the resilience of cities to heat waves, floods, landslides, and even coastal erosion, in addition, to enhancing sustainability by improving air quality, protecting biodiversity, and absorbing carbon. All of which can enhance well-being. Yet, data on the availability of green spaces in African urban agglomerations is scarce. This analysis fills the gap by combining new and novel data sources to estimate the availability of green spaces in 5 625 urban agglomerations with 10 000 inhabitants and above. The rest of the report then uses this novel dataset to first evaluate the dynamics between urbanisation and green spaces, and second, explore the potential of green spaces to boost the resilience and sustainability of cities in the future. The results show that as urban agglomerations become larger and more compact, green spaces disappear, exacerbating their vulnerability to climate change and deteriorating liveability. However, building taller buildings (i.e., growing vertically), offers a way for cities to grow whilst minimising loss of green space. Results show that more green space can boost sustainability by significantly lowering air pollution in African cities, which could be vital for public health in the future since outdoor air pollution is rising. The potential for green spaces to enhance resilience to climate events, like heat waves, depends on the location of green spaces throughout the city and the percentage of the population that lives close to a green space (i.e., within 300 metres). Green spaces may play a limited role in coping with heat waves in a city like Khartoum where only 3% of the population lives close to a green space, but could be a nature-based solution to heat waves in a city like Abuja, where 55% of the population can benefit from its cooling effects. Moving forward, local actors have clear evidence of the power of green spaces to build a sustainable and resilient future. Still, the report reveals that local actors need support from regional and national actors to realise the potential of green spaces. |
| Keywords: | Africa, Cities, Ecosystem-services, Green spaces, Nature-based solutions, Resilience, Sustainability |
| JEL: | Q53 Q54 Q56 Q57 R14 R15 R52 |
| Date: | 2022–07–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:swacaa:37-en&r= |
| By: | Thanh Viet Nguyen (University of Akureyri); Michel Simioni (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hung Trung Vo (Thu Dau Mot University - Partenaires INRAE) |
| Abstract: | The study aims at valuing mangrove ecosystem services in Xuan Thuy National Park, Red River Delta, Vietnam. A discrete choice experiment was employed to elicit household willingness to pay (WTP) for a community project to protect mangroves against climate change. A conditional logit model and a random parameter logit model were estimated to identify the relationships between WTP and the different attributes of the mangrove conservation project. The results suggested that local households exhibited strong preferences for mangrove coverage area and storm prevention capacity whereas biodiversity benefits were not greatly perceived by most respondents. High level of heterogeneity in household preferences was found for the high mangrove coverage, and high management level of biodiversity. Furthermore, marginal household WTPs were computed given a change in each attribute level. Hence, the findings will aid in the development of a comprehensive payment for mangrove preservation policy in Vietnam. |
| Keywords: | Mangrove preservation,Environmental services valuation,Discrete choice experiment,Xuan Thuy National Park,Vietnam |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03708264&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing reform; tourism sector; outlook implication; assessing impact; carbon pricing scheme; Greenhouse gas emissions; Carbon tax; Natural disasters; Climate change; Global; Europe; Southern Europe |
| Date: | 2022–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/204&r= |
| By: | Xu, Yilan; Box-Couillard, Sebastien |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322309&r= |
| By: | Xu, Yilan; Huang, Yi |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322178&r= |
| By: | Cheng, Yang; Chen, Susan E. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322526&r= |
| By: | Kang, Hyonyong; Suh, Dong Hee |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322121&r= |
| By: | Souza, Mateus; Ordonez, Pablo J. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322321&r= |
| By: | Lynn Riggs (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | There are two main veins of literature examining the distributional effects of carbon policy: the effects on households and the effects on production sectors (i.e., employment). These literatures have generally arisen from two common arguments against carbon policies – that these polices disproportionately affect lower income households and that the overall effect on jobs and businesses will be negative. However, existing research finds that well-designed carbon policies are consistent with growth, development, and poverty reduction, and both literatures provide guidance for policy design in this regard. This paper brings together the guidance from both literatures. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics, Climate Change Mitigation, Distributional Impacts of Carbon Policies |
| JEL: | J01 Q52 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:22_08&r= |
| By: | Karla Hernández; Carlos Madeira |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of some weather variables (precipitation and temperatures) on GDP by using a region-industry panel data for Chile over the period 1985-2017. We find no effect of precipitation changes on GDP, but the results confirm a negative impact of higher summer temperatures on Agriculture-Silviculture and Fishing. An increase of one Celsius degree in January implies a 3% and 12% GDP reduction in Agriculture and Fishing, respectively, plus a negative effect on Construction, Electricity, Gas, and Water. Substantial uncertainty can be argued around these results due to the unavailability of region-industry GDP at a quarterly or monthly frequency and the assumption of fixed-coefficients over time. Stress test exercises for 2050 and 2100 that use all the industry coefficients estimated from our model or from an USA model imply a small effect of climate change on the overall Chilean GDP relative to a scenario without further climate change. However, these results should be taken with caution due to the overall fitness of the model. Indeed, under some parameter settings of the model, our stress test implies that the Chilean GDP would fall between -14.8% and -9% in 2050 and between -29.6% and -16.8% in 2100 relative to a scenario without further climate change. t further climate change. We also review several studies for the future impact of climate change during the 21st century. Some studies suggest that Chile is likely to suffer mild effects in terms of GDP growth, labor productivity and mortality costs. However, the studies of Kahn et al. (2019), Kalkuhl and Wenz (2020) and Swiss Re (2021) predict that Chile may suffer significant GDP costs due to the adaptation difficulties in a warmer weather. Furthermore, several studies find that Chile is facing non-GDP related problems from climate change, such as air pollution, drought, water stress, migration and changes in land classification. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:933&r= |
| By: | Li, Meng; Meng, Bo; Gao, Yuning; Wang, Zhi; Zhang, Yaxiong; Sun, Yongping |
| Abstract: | This study integrates the new global value chain (GVC) accounting method that explicitly considers the difference in the production functions of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and domestically-owned firms into existing production- and consumption-based CO2 emissions measures. This enables us to consistently trace emissions in GVCs through trade- and foreign direct investment (FDI)-related routes at the bilateral country-sector level by firm ownership. Based on OECD data, our empirical results, reveal that emissions related to FDI account for 15.2 percent of the world's total emissions and 58.1 percent of the world's GVCs emissions, 39.2 percent of which are emissions related to FDI for foreign demands in 2015. From 2000 to 2015, south-south emission transfers experienced rapid growth with relatively high carbon intensity. MNEs play a significant role through FDI in south countries, both in generating emissions as energy users and in transferring emissions as high-carbon intensive intermediate goods users in GVCs. There is a substantial difference in the patterns of emissions creation, transfer, and absorption in GVCs by firm ownership. These findings help us to better understand who creates emissions for whom and from which route and their potential environmental responsibility along GVCs. |
| Keywords: | embodied carbon emissions,carbon footprint,global value chain,multinational enterprises,emission responsibility,GVC,FDI |
| JEL: | Q54 C67 F64 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:sgscdp:2&r= |
| By: | Mathias Mier; Jacqueline Adelowo |
| Abstract: | Energy system and power market models refrain from distinguishing between private and social discount rates. We devise a strategy to account for diverging private and social discount rates in intertemporal optimization frameworks, resulting in an optimal carbon tax above the marginal damage when private discount rates exceed the social one. We quantify results for the European power market until 2050. Not distinguishing between private and social discount rates yields carbon emissions of 0.83 Gt in 2050 with rising trend from 2020 onwards. Distinguishing between private and social discount rates achieves full decarbonization (–0.15 Gt in 2050) and avoids damages of 1,386 billion € until 2050. Results explain missing investments of firms and suggest that policymakers should announce high future carbon prices to incentivize sufficient investments into clean technologies. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxation, discounting, social cost, carbon emission, externality, intertemporal optimization, power market model, decarbonization |
| JEL: | C61 H21 H23 H43 L94 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_374&r= |
| By: | Gary D. Libecap; Ariel Dinar |
| Abstract: | This paper highlights the role of agriculture in the American economy and society over time and points to farmer historical and contemporary responses to varying climatic conditions. It indicates the importance of water as an input to agricultural production and identifies possible impacts of climate change on access to water. It then summarizes a set of eleven papers from an NBER research project on water, climate change, and the agricultural sector. |
| JEL: | N5 Q1 Q15 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30290&r= |
| By: | Abman, Ryan; Lundberg, Clark |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322251&r= |
| By: | Berland, Ondine |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322433&r= |
| By: | Badr Eddine Lebrouhi (SIAME - Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au génie Electrique - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, EMI - Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs); Eric Schall (SIAME - Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au génie Electrique - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour); Bilal Lamrani (Faculté des sciences de Rabat); Yassine Chaibi (UMI - Université Moulay Ismail); Tarik Kousksou (SIAME - Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au génie Electrique - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | To address the climate emergency, France is committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. It plans to significantly increase the contribution of renewable energy in its energy mix. The share of renewable energy in its electricity production, which amounts to 25.5% in 2020, should reach at least 40% in 2030. This growth poses several new challenges that require policy makers and regulators to act on the technological changes and expanding need for flexibility in power systems. This document presents the main strategies and projects developed in France as well as various recommendations to accompany and support its energy transition policy. |
| Keywords: | energy transition,energy storage,energy policy,Renewable Energy,Hydrogen energy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03716839&r= |
| By: | Benjamin Dennis |
| Abstract: | This article reviews the rapidly proliferating economic literature on climate change and financial policy. We find: (1) enduring challenges in estimating the statistical properties of a changed climate; (2) emerging evidence of financial markets pricing in climate-related risks; and (3) a range of significant institutional distortions preventing such pricing from being complete. Finally, we argue that geographic regions may be an especially fruitful unit of analysis for understanding the financial impact of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Climate-finance; Climate-related risk |
| JEL: | G20 Q54 G10 |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2022-48&r= |
| By: | Eun, Sungtae |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322078&r= |
| By: | Laura, Laura; Alibegovic, Mia; Vaccari, Davide; Spasian, Andrea; Nardi, Fernando |
| Abstract: | As part of the CITI4GREEN project, this contribution analyzes the public interventions contained in Re-START “Territorial Resilience of the Central Apennines Earthquake Reconstruction” assessing their impacts on the sustainability guidelines posed by the United Nations through the establishment of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To do so, the paper applies the methodology developed in Cavalli et al. (2020, 2021) to the 1278 reconstruction, repair, and restoration works in the Italian regions of Abruzzo, Lazio, Marche, and Umbria, affected by the seismic events of 2016 and 2017. The results are a clear priority given to Goal 4, “Quality education” which accounts for the 24.2% of the investments that af-fect the Agenda. Goal 11, “Sustainable cities and communities” takes the second place with 19.8%. Goals 14 “Life below water” and 7 “Affordable and clean energy” are, respectively, last and second last. All the three pillars of sustainability — environmental, social, and economic — are embraced by the public interventions. However, clear priority has been given to social and environmental sustainability. The economic dimension results under-represented. Additional policies are needed to ensure a more integrated sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2022–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:323875&r= |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Earlier meta-analyses of the economic impact of climate change are updated with more data, with three new results: (1) The central estimate of the economic impact of global warming is always negative. (2) The confidence interval about the estimates is much wider. (3) Elicitation methods are most pessimistic, econometric studies most optimistic. Two previous results remain: (4) The uncertainty about the impact is skewed towards negative surprises. (5) Poorer countries are much more vulnerable than richer ones. A meta-analysis of the impact of weather shocks reveals that studies, which relate economic growth to temperature levels, cannot agree on the sign of the impact whereas studies, which make economic growth a function of temperature change, differ an order of magnitude in effect size, but do agree on the sign. The former studies posit that climate change has a permanent effect on economic growth, the latter that the impact is transient. The impact on economic growth implied by studies of the impact of climate change is close to the growth impact estimated as a function of weather shocks. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.12199&r= |
| By: | Cantner, Fabienne; Rolvering, Geske |
| Abstract: | To study how different economic information affect people's perceptions and attitudes towards carbon prices, we conduct an online survey experiment in a representative sample of the German voting population. We find that providing information about the efficiency of carbon prices as well as on international emission levels and carbon price initiatives changes people's perceptions and their support. Information about the possibility and benefits of revenue recycling, however, only affect the views of very specific subgroups of the population, such as individuals with low income or high trust in the government. Moreover, we find that none of the information affects the perceptions and support of climate change skeptics. |
| Keywords: | climate change,climate policies,carbon pricing,information,surveyexperiment |
| JEL: | D72 D83 D91 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:upadvr:v9122&r= |
| By: | Omukuti, Jessica; Barrett, Sam; White, Piran C.L.; Marchant, Robert; Averchenkova, Alina |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement recognizes the important role that local level actors play in ensuring climate change adaptation that contributes to meeting the global temperature goal. As a financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the largest dedicated climate fund, the Green Climate Fund (GCF) is critical to achieving this goal. How GCF allocates its resources is therefore a critical area of research. This article assesses GCF’s commitment to the local delivery of adaptation finance and identifies the key barriers to GCF’s achievement of this commitment. The analysis finds that although GCF’s policies and communications fully commit to funding local level adaptation, three key barriers still prevent it from delivering finance to the local level. First, GCF lacks a unified framework for identifying and defining the local level, local actors, and local adaptation processes. Second, GCF exhibits limited transparency and accountability in relation to how approved funding for adaptation is spent, particularly for projects that claim to generate local level adaptation outcomes. Third, some Accredited Entities have limited experience and capacity for designing and implementing projects that deliver finance to the local level. This is because the local delivery of finance is not prioritized by GCF during the accreditation of entities or provision of readiness support to Accredited Entities. Our findings indicate limited evidence of GCF’s full operationalization of its commitment to supporting local adaptation. We recommend that GCF develop and apply a unified framework for defining what constitutes ‘local’. Key policy insights GCF is committed to supporting local adaptation finance in developing countries but has failed to adequately operationalize this commitment. To increase local delivery of climate finance, GCF should develop a unified framework for local delivery of adapation finance that emphasises local actors' leadership in design, implementation, and management of adaptation projects. GCF should also increase transparency and accountability of funded projects to enable independent assessments of local delivery of adaptation finance by making project information, including financial reports publicly available. GCF should ensure that Accredited Entities have capacity to develop and deliver projects that deliver adaptation finance to the local level e.g. by requiring entities to provide evidence of support for local adaptation during accreditation. |
| Keywords: | climate change adaptation; climate finance; local delivery; locally-led adaptation; transparency and accountability; UNFCCC; ES/S008381/1; awarded through through the PlaceBased Climate Action Network. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115623&r= |
| By: | Deschenes, Olivier (University of California, Santa Barbara) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews and extends the recent empirical literature on the impact of climate change on mortality and adaptation in the United States. The analysis produces several new facts. First, the reductions in the impact of extreme heat on mortality risk previously documented up to 2004 have continued up to 2019, consistent with continued investments in health-protecting adaptations to high temperatures. The second part of the paper examines the private and external costs of electricity generation and consumption related to high temperatures, a commonly-used proxy for measuring the consumption of adaptation services. Extreme temperatures increase electricity demand in the residential sector (relative to moderate temperatures), but not in the commercial, industrial, and transportation end-use sectors. The additional electricity demand in response to high temperatures results in significant external costs due to the release of local and global pollutants caused by the combustion of fossil fuels in order to produce electricity. These external costs, documented for the first time in this paper, are one order of magnitude larger than the private cost of adaptation associated with electricity consumption. |
| Keywords: | climate change, extreme temperature, mortality, adaptation, air pollution |
| JEL: | I1 Q4 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15448&r= |
| By: | Box-Couillard, Sebastien; Xu, Yilan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322191&r= |
| By: | Dalhaus, Tobias; Oostrom, Edith Van |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322124&r= |
| By: | Ali, Saif; Arora, Gaurav |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322426&r= |
| By: | Barai, Dipanwita; Marsh, Thomas L. |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322372&r= |
| By: | Gong, Ziqian; Cai, Yongyang |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322115&r= |
| By: | Liu, Menglin |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322417&r= |
| By: | Jun Kyung Auh; Jaewon Choi; Tatyana Deryugina; Tim Park |
| Abstract: | Climate change is increasing the frequency of natural disasters, which could make municipal bonds a riskier asset class. We study the effects of natural disasters on municipal bond returns, exploiting the repeat sales approach to overcome the challenge that municipal bonds trade extremely infrequently. We find substantial price effects that materialize gradually: returns of uninsured bonds fall slowly in the weeks following a disaster, by 0.31% on average, translating into investor losses of almost $10 billion. Source of bond revenue, bond insurance, disaster severity, federal disaster aid, and local financial conditions all affect the magnitude of the price effects. |
| JEL: | G10 G14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30280&r= |
| By: | Lee, Goeun; Beatty, Timothy |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322338&r= |
| By: | Chunmeng Yang; Siqi Bu; Yi Fan; Wayne Xinwei Wan; Ruoheng Wang; Aoife Foley |
| Abstract: | The paper contains the online supplementary materials for "Data-Driven Prediction and Evaluation on Future Impact of Energy Transition Policies in Smart Regions". We review the renewable energy development and policies in the three metropolitan cities/regions over recent decades. Depending on the geographic variations in the types and quantities of renewable energy resources and the levels of policymakers' commitment to carbon neutrality, we classify Singapore, London, and California as case studies at the primary, intermediate, and advanced stages of the renewable energy transition, respectively. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.01433&r= |
| By: | Lal, Ishani; Brozovic, Nick |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322274&r= |
| By: | Chishimba, Elizabeth; Larochelle, Catherine |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322492&r= |
| By: | Dalhaus, Tobias; Zhang, Yujie |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322126&r= |
| By: | Hosni, Hanin; Giannakas, Konstantinos |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322331&r= |
| By: | Liu, Yong; Ruiz-Menjivar, Jorge |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322521&r= |
| By: | Kooten, G. Cornelis Van |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322612&r= |
| By: | Van Hoof, Bart; Núñez, Georgina; De Miguel, Carlos J. |
| Abstract: | La presente investigación pone el énfasis en las cadenas de valor y destaca casos de negocios circulares como parte de estas. Al mismo tiempo, desarrolla una metodología de indicadores para la evaluación de avances en circularidad en cadenas de valor prioritarias y en la identificación de oportunidades en América Latina y el Caribe. Se incluyen casos de estudio en cadenas agroalimentarias en Argentina, construcción en Colombia y automotriz en México. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, PRODUCCION INDUSTRIAL, PRODUCCION SOSTENIBLE, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, VALOR, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, EVALUACION, INDUSTRIA ALIMENTARIA, INDUSTRIA AUTOMOTRIZ, INDUSTRIA DE LA CONSTRUCCION, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, VALUE, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, EVALUATION, CASE STUDIES, FOOD INDUSTRY, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY |
| Date: | 2022–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col026:47975&r= |
| By: | Jiang, Wentian; Filipski, Mateusz J. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322518&r= |
| By: | Nandeeta Neerunjun (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.) |
| Abstract: | I analyze emissions pricing to support the integration of a renewable resource into an electricity mix composed of an emissions-intensive technology. I consider the intermittent nature of the resource such as wind energy and incremental externalities that become severe for high emissions levels. I show that an emissions tax is inefficient when consumers are on flat-rate electricity tariffs and cannot adapt their consumption to varying production. The tax is inefficient even with flexibility in the markets when consumers are on varying tariffs. The renewable resource induces variability in fossil-fueled electricity production and associated marginal damage that does not match a predetermined tax. I study an Emissions Trading Scheme that provides flexibility at the policy level. Emissions permits are traded at varying prices. Since the emissions cap must still be predetermined, I show that it leads to inefficient permits prices that do not match the marginal damages. I also find that the two emissions pricing instruments are not implemented equivalently since the tax differs from the prices of permits. |
| Keywords: | electricity, renewables, intermittency, emissions tax, Emissions Trading Scheme |
| JEL: | D24 D61 D62 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2215&r= |
| By: | Liu, Yanan; Klaiber, Allen |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322117&r= |
| By: | Kristjanson, Patricia |
| Abstract: | Gender relations shape women’s and men’s identities, norms, rules, and responsibilities. They influence people’s access to, use, and management of land and other natural resources, including ownership, tenure, and user rights to land and forests. A substantial body of research on these issues comes from the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), through its Flagship 5 research theme. Flagship 5 focused on gender and social inclusion in relation to land and natural resource tenure and to landscape governance, and analyzed how tenure security affects sustainable management of land, water, fish stocks, and forests. This Food Policy Report reviews the scientific contributions from Flagship 5 to the broader wealth of related literature, including key lessons about gender from these studies with respect to outcomes and impacts on natural resource management, food security, and poverty alleviation. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; gender; tenure; tenure security; governance; landscape; land governance; natural resources; women; gender norms |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:136299&r= |
| By: | Andor, Mark Andreas; Lange, Andreas; Sommer, Stephan |
| Abstract: | Exemptions from costly policy measures are frequently applied to alleviate financial burdens to specific market participants. Using a stated-choice experiment with around 6,000 German household heads, we test how exemptions for low-income households and energy-intensive companies influence the political acceptability of additional cost for the promotion of renewable energies. We find that the support for the policy is substantially higher when low-income households are exempt rather than the industry. Introducing exemptions for low-income households on top of existing exemptions for the industry increases the acceptability of the policy. We show that the support for exemptions as one example of distributional policy design is associated with individual behavioral measures like inequality aversion and fairness perceptions. |
| Keywords: | Fairness,distributional effects,environmental policy,exemptions renewable energy,political acceptance,behavioral economics,discrete choice experiment |
| JEL: | D03 D12 H41 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:944&r= |
| By: | SDIRI, Hanen |
| Abstract: | This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the extent to which environmental commitment and innovation increase the export intensity of Tunisian firms. Relying on firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted in 2020, we empirically test how environmental commitment increases export intensity through innovation. This study distinguishes between two types of innovation; product innovation and process innovation. We show that environmental commitment is useful in stimulating both product and process innovation. We find that environmental commitment and product innovation drive exports. Yet, process innovation does not affect exports. Moreover, our results highlight that quality certification interacts with the relationship between environmental commitment and process innovation. The results can help decision-makers understand how environmental commitment represents an important strategy for companies to be more innovative and oriented towards export. |
| Keywords: | Product innovation. Process innovation. Environmental Commitment. Export intensity. Quality certification. Tunisian firms. |
| JEL: | F23 F63 F64 O3 |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113793&r= |
| By: | Capuno, Joseph (University of the Philippines Diliman); Corpuz, Jose (University of Warwick); Samuel Lordemus (University of Lucerne) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how natural disasters affect low public finances and their interplay with intergovernmental transfers and external resources. We document the causal effect of a natural disaster on the allocation of local public resources the local government fiscal dynamics by exploiting the random nature of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan, one of the most devastating natural disasters in recent history. Combining data on local government finance with reports on the level of damages caused by the typhoon, we employ several estimation strategies: we first rely on difference-in-differences and event study designs, and we further address a potential endogeneity concern by instrumenting the intensity exposure to the typhoon with distance to the storm path. We show that local revenue and public expenditures remain largely unaffected, except debt service, which are on average 15% lower in affected cities or municipalities. However, we document important heterogeneity in local revenue responses. We find no support for the moral hazard problem : our results indicate that external aid leads to higher local expenditures, particularly general public services, socioeconomic expenditures, including education and social services, and debt payments. These results highlight the crucial role of central government transfers in supporting local governments and mitigating the geographical economic disparities in the aftermath of exogenous shocks such as natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters ; local government finance ; Haiyan/Yolanda |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:620&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (Rennes School of Business, France); Weihua Ruan (Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Purdue University Northwest, USA); Benteng Zou (DEM, University of Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | We solve a bimodal optimal control problem with a non-concavity and uncertainty through a Poisson process underlying the transition from a mode to another. We use a dynamic programming approach and are able to uncover the global optimal dynamics (including optimal non-monotonic paths) under a few linear-quadratic assumptions, which do not get rid of the non-concavity of the problem. This is in contrast to the related literature on pollution control under irreversibility which usually explores local dynamics along monotonic solution paths to firstorder Pontryagin conditions. |
| Keywords: | Multi-stage optimal control, Poisson process, HJB equations, irreversible pollution |
| JEL: | C61 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2022017&r= |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | The IPCC started at a time when climate policy was an aspiration for the future. The research assessed in the early IPCC reports was necessarily about potential climate policies, always stylized and often optimized. The IPCC has continued on this path, even though there is now a considerable literature studying actual climate policy, in all its infuriating detail, warts and all. Four case studies suggest that the IPCC, in its current form, will not be able to successfully switch from ex ante to ex post policy evaluation. This transition is key as AR7 will most likely have to confront the failure to meet the 1.5K target. The four cases are as follows. (1) The scenarios first build and later endorsed by the IPCC all project a peaceful future with steady if not rapid economic growth everywhere, more closely resembling political manifestos than facts on the ground. (2) Successive IPCC reports have studiously avoided discussing the voluminous literature suggesting that political targets for greenhouse gas emission reduction are far from optimal, although a central part of that work was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2018. (3) IPCC AR5 found it impossible to acknowledge that the international climate policy negotiations from COP1 (Berlin) to COP19 (Warsaw) were bound to fail, just months before the radical overhaul at COP20 (Lima) proved that point. (4) IPCC AR6 by and large omitted the nascent literature on ex post climate policy evaluation. Together, these cases suggest that the IPCC is too close to policy makers to criticize past and current policy mistakes. One solution would be to move control over the IPCC to the national authorities on research and higher education. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.14724&r= |
| By: | Alt, Marius |
| Abstract: | To adequately design and implement effective environmental policies, it is paramount for policymakers to understand preferences for regulatory instruments as well as their individual level determinants. In this study, I experimentally investigate the demand for three environmental policies, comprising nudges, monetary incentives, and punishments. I elicit the demand for these interventions through decisions in a pro-environmental real effort task. The experiment introduces exogenous variation along two dimensions to analyze, whether interventions are (1) demanded as commitment devices to commit to future pro-environmental behavior, and (2) how demand changes when regulation affects not only the self but also others. The results show that a large fraction of individuals demands regulation, which is, however, heterogeneously distributed across participants, being dependent on individual characteristics. Moreover, particularly participants who are sophisticated about their time-inconsistent prosocial preferences demand interventions to commit to pro-environmental behavior. When the intervention is also imposed on other participants, this leads to an increase in the demand, driven by conditionally cooperative individuals who are not averse to constraining others' behavior. Finally, I provide evidence that the experimentally elicited demand for interventions can serve as a predictor of preferences for actual environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | Pro-environmental behavior,Nudges,Economic incentives,Real effort |
| JEL: | Q58 D04 C91 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22028&r= |
| By: | Mohiuddin, Hossain; Fitch, Dillon; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | Bike-share services provide an affordable and environmentally sustainable transportation option. Research has shown that bike-share use can reduce car dependence and facilitate access to public transit. Expanding the use of these services can help cities meet environmental goals and, if done right, better serve transportation-disadvantaged residents. Researchers at the University of California, Davis surveyed households and bike-share users in the Sacramento region and used both behavioral modeling and market segmentation approaches to identify opportunities for increasing demand while improving access for low-income groups. The results can inform cities’ efforts to expand bike-share services. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Bicycles, Market segmented groups, Surveys, Transportation disadvantaged persons, Travel behavior, Vehicle sharing |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3qw7724j&r= |
| By: | Venkat, Aishwarya; Masters, William A. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322603&r= |
| By: | Jahanshahi, Babak (Queen's University Belfast); Johnston, Brian (Ordnance Survey); McVicar, Duncan (Queen's University Belfast); McGovern, Mark E. (Rutgers University); O’Reilly, Dermot (Queen's University Belfast); Rowland, Neil (Queen's University Belfast); Vlachos, Stavros (Queen's University Belfast) |
| Abstract: | There are growing concerns about the impact of pollution on maternal and infant health. In the UK in 2018, 36% of local authorities had levels of PM2.5 where exposure exceeded the annual level recommended by the World Health Organisation at the time. Using a population database of births in Northern Ireland linked to localised geographic information on pollution in mothers’ postcodes (zip codes) of residence during pregnancy, we examine whether prenatal exposure to PM2.5 is associated with a comprehensive range of birth outcomes. Overall, we find little evidence that particulate matter is related to worse infant outcomes once we implement a fixed effects approach that accounts for time-invariant factors common to mothers. While reducing pollution remains an urgent public health priority, our results imply that improvements in short-run levels of prenatal PM2.5 exposure are unlikely to be sufficient by themselves to reduce disparities in birth outcomes. |
| Keywords: | sibling fixed-effects, infant outcomes, PM2.5, pollution, birth weight |
| JEL: | I10 J10 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15464&r= |
| By: | Stefano Farolfi (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Sylvie Morardet (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Oumaima Lfakir (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Faten Khamassi (Institut National Agronomique de Tunis (TUNISIE)); Marc Willinger (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Groundwater resources are a crucial driver of development. Since the 1970s, the expansion of irrigated land on the margins of the existing 'traditional' oases has been encouraged by the Tunisian authorities to enhance local development. As a result, oases in Southern Tunisia are currently facing sustainability concerns. This situation requires alternative water management approaches, in which local actors collaborate and contribute to the design of new rules. To understand Tunisian oasis farmers' perceptions of water rules and public organisations, in 2021, we conducted an online survey in Jemna, an oasis in the Kebili region in Southern Tunisia. The picture that emerged from the online survey is that farmers in extension areas have distinctive characteristics but also similarities with farmers in the traditional oasis. Both types of farmers mainly cultivate date palm (monoculture), and, like farmers in the extensions, many farmers in the traditional oasis have a private borehole. All farmers in the Jemna oasis clearly perceive the limited availability and poor quality of the groundwater resource. However, they do not believe these problems cause conflict among farmers. They consider that, to solve possible conflicts and to ensure better water management in the oasis, collaboration among farmers is more effective than changes to rules issued by existing organisations. These preliminary results, if confirmed, can have important policy implications, as the farmers' perceptions of water rules and organisations, as well as farmers' willingness to collaborate, are crucial for a possible new approach to water management in the oasis. |
| Keywords: | Farmers' perceptions,Public organisations,Rules,Tunisia |
| Date: | 2022–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03726258&r= |
| By: | Lu, Yifan (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania); Yamazaki, Satoshi (Tasmanian School of Business & Economics, University of Tasmania) |
| Abstract: | To what extent do marine-based economic activities influence the onset of violent conflict? Despite ongoing debate over several decades around the relationship between natural resources and violent conflict, little of the relevant research has addressed the marine environment. Based on satellite data in Indonesia, this paper provides new evidence on the relationship between fisheries and violent conflict. From a sample of 757 cells representing the spatial interaction of conflict and catch landings in 2015 and employing ocean productivity as an exogenous instrument, both industrial and non-industrial catches were found to have a statistically significant positive effect on the number of conflict events. Additionally, increased illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) catches are more likely than legal catches to cause violent conflict. An increase in fish catches in Indonesian waters fuels conflict of every kind, among which protests and riots are most sensitive to fisheries while fighting and terrorism are least sensitive. Overall, these empirical findings support the hypothesis that increased competition for common-pool resources contributes to the onset of violent conflict. |
| Keywords: | conflict, illegal fishing, marine resources, ocean productivity, satellite data, Indonesia |
| JEL: | D74 O13 Q22 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tas:wpaper:46656&r= |
| By: | Hobbie, Hannes; Lieberwirth, Martin |
| Abstract: | Integrating large amounts of hydrogen production capacities for decarbonizing energy-intensive industries in Germany can be challenging for transmission system operators. This research investigates interactions of hydrogen production deployment pathways and associated congestion management policies with the operation of the German electricity transmission system for future market projections. Hydrogen electrolysis imputes additional electricity loads above conventional levels. A scenario framework is created representing different geographic electrolyzer deployment pathways and congestion management regulations for electrolyzer operation. Fundamental electricity market modeling and load flow optimization are proposed to evaluate resulting congestion management volumes to resolve grid bottlenecks associated with the market clearing dispatch. Overall results of this work highlight the importance of designing congestion management frameworks that enable efficient utilization of electrolyzers as a redispatch capacity, primarily if a demand-oriented deployment of electrolyzer installations near energy-intensive industries is assumed to support renewable energy integration. The findings of this work assist policymakers and regulators with valuable insights into design options for future congestion management frameworks. |
| Keywords: | ELMOD,Green hydrogen,Electricity grid operation,Congestion management |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:262112&r= |
| By: | Christopher Boudreaux; Anand Jha; Monica Escaleras |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to investigate if a country quality of governance moderates the effect of natural disasters on startup activity within that country. We test our hypotheses using a panel of 95 countries from 2006 to 2016. Our findings suggest that natural disasters discourage startup activity in countries that have low quality governance but encourage startup activity in countries that have high quality governance. Moreover, our estimates reveal that natural disasters effects on startup activity persist for the short term (1-3 years) but not the long term. Our findings provide new insights into how natural disasters affect entrepreneurship activity and highlight the importance of country governance during these events. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.12492&r= |
| By: | Park, Jinseon; Suh, Dong Hee |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Consumer/Household Economics, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322119&r= |
| By: | Chakravarty, Shourish; Wade, Tara |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322606&r= |
| By: | Oihana Luque (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Nina Graveline (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les effets du changement climatique sur le secteur agricole dans les territoires arides et semiarides sont multiples et il est crucial d'étudier les mesures d'adaptation envisageables. Parmi ces mesures, l'irrigation et la gestion collective de l'eau ont une place centrale tant les ressources en eau sont fortement sous-tension et sont d'ores et déjà indispensables dans certaines régions pour le maintien d'une partie du secteur agricole. Des politiques efficaces et robustes ainsi que leur évaluation dans un contexte de changement climatique sont nécéssaires. Ce travail analyse les effets des politiques et leurs instruments de gestion de l'eau sur la capacité d'adaptation du secteur agricole au changement climatique dans un territoire du Sud de l'Europe, le bassin du Guadalquivir en Andalousie. Pour ce faire une perspective historique est adoptée. Nous distinguons les politiques de l'eau d'une part et l'évolution de l'agriculture d'autre part. Une étude de terrain complète cette analyse et a permis d'étudier les adaptations de court terme des agriculteurs lors d'une sécheresse. Celle-ci suggère que si la trajectoire semble assez peu résiliente mais performante du point de vue économique, les agriculteurs ont encore des marges de manoeuvre pour l'optimisation de l'usage de l'eau. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture,Changement climatique,Trajectoire,Irrigation,Eau,Economie,Guadalquivir |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03711110&r= |
| By: | Valentina Stöhr (TUMCS for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides insight into the impact of party cues on the public’s desire for climate protection during the COVID-19 crisis. In particular, the effects of cues from one or multiple parties as well as the mechanisms behind these effects are analyzed. Utilizing the case of Germany’s multi-party system, two online survey experiments with a representative sample of the German voting population are conducted. Despite finding rather small effect sizes overall, results show that a party statement in favor of more climate protection is effective in changing participants’ opinions towards the same direction. People appear to be even more impressionable when they receive unexpected cues or are lead to believe that all parties work together to fight climate change. Finally, respondents that do not care about or oppose climate protection are more easily persuaded. Thus, these results could be employed to shape the way politicians and parties in multi-party systems convey the need for more ambitious climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Party Cues, Multi-party System, Experiment |
| JEL: | C91 D91 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aiw:wpaper:23&r= |
| By: | Van Moer, Geert |
| Abstract: | I analyze horizontal agreements about the use of a natural resource. I consider a Cournot duopoly where production depends on two inputs, a natural resource and a basket of other resources, according to a production technology with constant returns to scale. I compare three regimes. (1) The competitive benchmark is defined such that firms operate with the cost-minimizing input combination. (2) A joint absolute usage target lowers the absolute usage of the natural resource. It also lowers the usage in relative terms, per unit of production, except with a fixed-proportions production technology. (3) A joint relative usage target mimics the competitive benchmark. |
| Keywords: | Horizontal Agreements; Natural Resources |
| JEL: | L13 L41 Q01 Q38 |
| Date: | 2022–07–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113878&r= |
| By: | Malan, Mandy; Berkhout, Ezra; Duchoslav, Jan; Voors, Maarten; van der Esch, Stefan |
| Abstract: | At the onset of the United Nations' decade of ecosystem restoration, lessons from well-designed impact evaluations on land restoration programs are crucial for improving policymaking. This study presents findings from a systematic review of research on the socioeconomic impact of such interventions, namely within agroforestry, conservation agriculture, integrated soil fertility management and soil and water conservation. We focus on identifying rigorous impact assessments, and after careful methodological assessment select only 29 relevant publications. We identify three key knowledge gaps. First, we retained no studies on agroforestry, suggesting a need for impact evaluations in this domain. Second, most studies look solely at farm-level outcomes instead of socioeconomic outcomes. Third, two-thirds of studies report positive on farm- or socioeconomic outcomes, but impact does not appear ubiquitous and may emerge under certain circumstances only. Overall, we conclude that there is a lack of well-designed impact assessments in this field. Promises on land restoration leading to improvements in the socioeconomic situation of households cannot yet be backed up by existing studies and it remains unclear which interventions work under which conditions. |
| Keywords: | Land restoration,systematic review,impact evaluation,rural development |
| JEL: | O13 O33 Q15 Q24 Q32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:951&r= |
| By: | Zilberman, David; Huang, Alice; Reardon, Thomas A. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322753&r= |
| By: | Jean C. Kouam (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | In developing countries, taxation is perceived as a brake on economic growth. Indeed, taxes in most of these countries are not sufficiently adapted to the specificity of the taxpayer and often do not consider the weak administrative capacity of the countries in the region. In this context, reforms have been initiated over the last decade to create tax environments that encourage savings, investment, entrepreneurship, and social innovation. This study provides an overview of research on the effects of taxation on social innovation and the corresponding implications for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing countries, taking three approaches: thematic, chronological, and methodological. Most studies agree that high taxes in business undermine social innovation and thus the achievement of SDGs, as social innovation is known to be a driver of most SDGs and business the vehicle. The majority of the selected studies used primary data collected from samples whose representativeness with respect to the population concerned (notably businesses) is still not explicitly justified. |
| Keywords: | Social innovation, SDGs, developing countries |
| JEL: | G20 I10 I20 I30 O10 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/046&r= |
| By: | Georgieva, Daniela |
| Abstract: | The current strategic goals and proposed initiatives regarding the labor force challenges in the forestry sector in Bulgaria are covering the overall development of human capacity without separately focusing on female managerial opportunities and participation in the sector. Researches in the field are indicative of the low level of employment of women with a tendency for becoming even lower during the upcoming years. However, women are an important factor in the labor market of the current modern society. The main goal of the paper is to study the attractiveness of forestry in Bulgaria by outlining the attitudes, priorities, and opportunities of women (1) to develop in their careers at the public and private forestry sectors and (2) to manage their forests as an alternative form for entrepreneurial development and increasing the competitiveness of the sector. Primary data is presented from the Fem4Forest project with information from in-depth interviews among the target groups, a round table with stakeholders and decision-makers, and results from online questionnaires. |
| Keywords: | Female forest professionals, female forest owners, questionnaire, round table, in-deep interviews |
| JEL: | J0 Q00 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113980&r= |
| By: | Maureen L. Cropper; Nicholas Z. Muller; Yongjoon Park; Victoria Perez-Zetune |
| Abstract: | We examine whether counties designated as out of attainment with the NAAQS under the 1970 CAA experienced larger reductions in TSP during the 1970s than attainment counties. We answer this question using the official designation of nonattainment status which, between 1972 and 1978, was by Air Quality Control Region (AQCR). Data from balanced panels of TSP monitors in operation from 1969-78 and in operation from 1971-78 are used to examine the impact of nonattainment status on TSP. We also examine the impact of nonattainment on TSP using the definition in the literature, which designates a county as out of attainment if any of its monitors violated the NAAQS. Using the official designation of nonattainment, TSP, on average, fell by over 9 μg/m3 more in non-attainment than in attainment counties, controlling for county and year fixed effects, county population, employment, and per capita income. The average treatment effect is 10.2 μg/m3 using the 1969 panel and 9.1 μg/m3 using the 1971 panel. Using the definition of nonattainment in the literature yields similar, albeit smaller, average treatment effects: 6.0 μg/m3 using the 1969-78 panel and 7.7 μg/m3 using the 1971-78 panel. |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30312&r= |
| By: | Altenburg, Tilman; Bauer, Steffen; Brandi, Clara; Brüntrup, Michael; Malerba, Daniele; Never, Babette; Pegels, Anna; Stamm, Andreas; To, Jenny; Volz, Ulrich |
| Abstract: | Die Weltwirtschaft steuert in Richtung ökologischer Nachhaltigkeit. Aufgrund einer immer stringenteren umwelt- und klimapolitischen Regulierung setzen sich neue nachhaltige Technologien und Geschäftsmodelle durch. Diese wiederum verändern Wettbewerbsbedingungen und Standortvorteile. Kluge Strukturpolitik antizipiert solche Veränderungen; sie lenkt und fördert die heimische Wirtschaft dahingehend, dass sie frühzeitig die Chancen dieses Strukturwandels nutzt. Das gilt auch für die Wirtschafts- und Beschäftigungsförderung in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Mit einer Fokussierung auf ökologische Strukturpolitik als Entwicklungsmotor könnte die deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ihr in Teilbereichen - z. B. Förderung erneuerbarer Energien, Ökostandards in Lieferketten - bereits angelegtes besonderes Profil weiter ausbauen. Im vorliegenden Impulspapier schlagen wir sieben Themen vor, die in Zukunft ein stärkeres Gewicht bekommen sollten. Diese reichen von der Gestaltung wirtschaftspolitischer Rahmenbedingungen (z. B. öko-sozialer Fiskalreformen) bis hin zur Nutzung spezifischer neuer Marktpotenziale in Bereichen wie nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung, Bioökonomie und grünem Wasserstoff. Allen Themen ist gemeinsam, dass hier ein beschäftigungswirksamer Strukturwandel sowie klima- und umweltpolitische Ziele synergetisch miteinander verknüpft werden. |
| Keywords: | Green Economy,Umwelt,Ökosysteme und Ressourcen |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:82022&r= |
| By: | Aleksandrova, Mariya |
| Abstract: | Soziale Sicherung spielt eine zentrale Rolle bei der Erreichung mehrerer sozial- und umweltbezogener Ziele der Agenda 2030 für nachhaltige Entwicklung. Daher gewinnt dieser Ansatz in den internationalen Debatten an der Schnittstelle von Klimawandel und Entwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass unterschiedliche Programme zur sozialen Absicherung die Kapazität vulnerabler Gruppen fördern können, wenn es um Bewältigung, Anpassung und Transformation angesichts von Klimafolgen geht. Weiterhin können soziale Sicherungsprogramme einen gerechten Übergang zu einer grünen Wirtschaft erleichtern, zur Erreichung von Umweltschutzzielen beitragen, die Widerstandsfähigkeit über verschiedene Generationen hinweg stärken und auch die Bewältigung nicht-ökonomischer Klimafolgen unterstützen. Aktuell verfügen viele der Entwicklungsländer, die am schwersten von Klimafolgen betroffen sind, jedoch nur über rudimentäre soziale Sicherungssysteme. Diese müssen klimasicher gestaltet werden, etwa indem die mit dem Klimawandel verbundenen Risiken in Richtlinien, Strategien und Mechanismen zur sozialen Sicherung berücksichtigt werden. Doch um die soziale Absicherung auszubauen, ein nationales soziales Sicherungsnetz zu etablieren und Klimafragen darin einzubeziehen, bedarf es umfangreicher zusätzlicher Finanzierungsquellen. Dieses Papier analysiert das Potenzial der wichtigsten multilateralen Klimafonds, die unter dem Dach der Klimarahmenkonvention der Vereinten Nationen (UNFCCC) eingerichtet wurden, soziale Sicherung im Rahmen klimapolitischer Maßnahmen zu finanzieren. Damit einhergehend wird gezeigt, wie wichtig es ist, soziale Sicherung in die nationalen Klimapläne (Nationally Determined Contributions, NDCs) der Länder einzubeziehen, damit diese dafür Zugang zu Klimafinanzierung erhalten. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickelt das Papier Empfehlungen für Regierungen, Durchführungsorganisationen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit sowie für Finanzierungsinstitutionen. Bislang fehlen gezielte Investitionen, mittels derer der Grüne Klimafonds (GCF), der Anpassungsfonds (AF) und die Globale Umweltfazilität (GEF) Klimaaspekte in Programme, Richtlinien und Mechanismen zur sozialen Sicherung einbringen könnten. Grundsätzlich können diese Klimafonds Regierungen darin unterstützen, Klimafragen in soziale Sicherungssysteme zu integrieren und die Ziele der sozialen Absicherung mit nationalen Klima- und Umweltstrategien abzustimmen. Dies wiederum kann den Ländern helfen, ihre Kapazitäten zur Bewältigung der sozialen und immateriellen Kosten des Klimawandels zu stärken. Folgende Maßnahmen werden empfohlen: * Finanzierungsinstitutionen sollten in ihren Portfolios zur Risikominderung und zum Risikomanagement ausdrücklich auf Möglichkeiten zur Finanzierung von Projekten und Programmen zur sozialen Sicherung hinweisen * Nationale Regierungen und Organisationen der internationalen Zusammenarbeit sollten auf Klimafonds zurückgreifen, um in die Stärkung sozialer Sicherungssysteme zu investieren, auf eine verbesserte Koordination von Initiativen für eine soziale Absicherung hinwirken und das Potenzial von NDCs nutzen, soziale Sicherung klimaresilient zu gestalten. * Die Befürworter einer Politik der sozialen Sicherung sollten zwei zentrale Prozesse nutzen, um soziale Absicherungen im Kontext der Klimapolitik zu stärken: die Klimakonferenzen unter dem Dach der UNFCCC und die Wiederaufbauprogramme infolge der COVID19-Pandemie. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dieaus:92021&r= |
| By: | Victor Champonnois (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.); Olivier Chanel (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.); Costin Protopopescu (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France.) |
| Abstract: | Recurring statistical issues such as censoring, selection and heteroskedasticity often impact the analysis of observational data. We investigate the potential advantages of models based on quantile regression (QR) for addressing these issues, with a particular focus on willingness to pay-type data. We gather analytical arguments showing how QR can tackle these issues. We show by means of a Monte Carlo experiment how censored QR (CQR)-based methods perform compared to standard models. We empirically contrast four models on flood risk data. Our findings confirm that selection-censored models based on QR are useful for simultaneously tackling issues often present in observational data. |
| Keywords: | Censored Quantile Regression; Contingent Valuation; Flood; Monte Carlo Experiment; Quantile Regression; Selection Model; Willingness to Pay |
| JEL: | C15 C9 C21 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2214&r= |
| By: | Yenerall, Jackie; Jensen, Kimberly L. |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322304&r= |
| By: | Georgieva, Daniela; Bankova, Diyana |
| Abstract: | Auditing has undergone many changes in the context of globalization and digitalization. Under the influence of the COVID-19 health crisis, additional restrictions are introduced, which are related to the impossibility of physical inspections (desk cheks or on-site ones). This has a significant effect on the activities of sectors and enterprises where on-site inspections are a priority, like in forestry. In order to answer the current challenges, the Forest StewardshipCouncil introduces a new audit approach, called "hybrid audit". The main goal of the study is to analyze the benefits and risks of hybrid audits in forestry. This will be done by (1) performing a comparative analysis with other types of audit (particularly financial and IT audit) and (2) deriving the characteristics and requirements of the hybrid audit. The study is conducted based on the scientific methods of analogy, analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, and logical approach. The results of the study outlined the need for specific, local forestry-related rules and methodology of the procedures for the hybrid audit to be developed. Additionally, there is a risk of gaps in the check and verification of the forestry documentation and resources when using the hybrid audit |
| Keywords: | hybrid audit, forestry, management, risks, benefits |
| JEL: | M42 Q0 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113981&r= |
| By: | Julia Skretting |
| Abstract: | I construct a novel dataset to investigate the effects of oil income in regions of Russia. My data combines regional level data on oil endowments and a wide range of economic series for 85 geographical regions of Russia. Focusing on exogenous oil windfall gains induced by movements in oil prices, I compare outcomes in oil endowed regions to outcomes in other areas. In doing so, I show that oil resources do not seem to benefit regional economic growth. Indeed, I provide evidence that oil windfalls lead to an expansion of the local public sector and a contraction of the private sector, resulting in lower profitability and a decline in economic growth. Overall, my results indicate that only a small share of revenues benefits the local population and that there are signs of missing money. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resource Curse, Rent Seeking, Dutch Disease, Regional Windfalls |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bny:wpaper:0105&r= |
| By: | Giuffrida, Leonardo M.; Spagnolo, Giancarlo |
| Abstract: | In this policy brief, we review the main trade-offs associated with joint procurement, or procurement 'centralization', as identified by procurement scholars. We then focus on the specific case of natural gas. Finally, we compare the procurement of natural gas to that of COVID-19 vaccines, arguing that the centralization of natural gas procurement can be expected to bring greater benefits at lower costs. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:32022&r= |
| By: | McCarty, Tanner; Young, Jeffrey S. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322230&r= |
| By: | Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Brian B. Matanhire (Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Precious P. Adeshina (Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Mozambique’s Public Investment Management (PIM) system is still developing. A number of reforms and technical assistance mission have been carried out by the World Bank in collaboration with Ministry of Economy and Finance to strengthen the country’s PIM system. Mozambique has made great strides in establishing a robust institutional framework for PIM, which will contribute to the efficient delivery of public goods and services through investments in Public Investment Plans (PIPs) and programs. The introduction of climate-smart appraisal techniques will enable investment programs to be developed that result in a more effective implementation of policy and development goals. To improve the management of public investments, Mozambique developed the Electronic National Public Investment Subsystem (ESNIP) in 2018 with the technical assistance of the World Bank and the Department for International Development (DFID). ESNIP’s objective is to ensure that public resources are allocated to initiative (project and programs) that will maximize the socio-economic outcomes of public investment. The implementation of climate-smart policies will serve to reinforce these policies of the Government of Mozambique. |
| Keywords: | Public Investment Management Systems, Public Investment Plan, Mozambique, World Bank. |
| JEL: | O2 O3 O23 |
| Date: | 2022–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4594&r= |