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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Kreft, Cordelia; Huber, Robert; Schäfer, David; Finger, Robert |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321198&r= |
| By: | Taheripour, Farzad; Steffen, Muller; Karami, Omid; Sajedinia, Ehsanreza; Emery, Isaac; Kwon, Hoyoung |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322289&r= |
| By: | Chen, Chen-Ti; Rudik, Ivan; Kling, Catherine L.; Rodewald, Amanda; Johnston, Alison |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322544&r= |
| By: | Bruno, Ellen; Hadachek, Jeffrey; Hagerty, Nick; Jessoe, Katrina K. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322241&r= |
| By: | Vyas, Shalika; Dalhaus, Tobias; Meuwissen, Miranda P.M.; Aggarwal, Pramod; Kropff, Martin; Ramirez-Villegas, Julian |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322327&r= |
| By: | Nguyen Van Kien; Vo Phu Qui; Vo Van Oc; Pham Tran Lan Phuong; Le Thi Phuong Dong; Lam Quoc Phuong; Pham Duy Tien; Truong Ngoc Thuy; Le Thanh Phong |
| Abstract: | Climate change has brought enormous challenges to human lives, livelihoods, and the environment. Temperature increase, abnormal floods, and water pollution have negatively impacted on socioeconomic and agricultural systems in the Vietnamese Mekong delta. The aims of this study are to assess the readiness of traditional rice farming systems in the Vietnamese Mekong delta in adapting to climate change conditions and select traditional rice genetic materials for supporting breeding programs in the future. The research was conducted from April 2016 to December 2017 in the upper part of the Vietnamese Mekong delta, including An Giang, Kien Giang, and Long An provinces where the cultivation of traditional rice varieties or TRV thrive with the conditions brought by the climate change such as drought and salinity. Social research methods were used to assess farmers’ socioeconomic status, indigenous farming knowledge, and the alternative farming models in the context of climate change. Sampling seeds were also analyzed based on morphological and yield-related indicators. TRVs are distributed mainly in Kien Giang and Long An provinces and some mountainous areas of Tri Ton district in An Giang province. Yield varies from four to seven t/ha and these rice varieties are well adapted to unfavorable soil and adverse weather conditions such as drought, salinity, and alum toxicity. These rice varieties can tolerate submergence of |
| Keywords: | Vietnam, Mekong Delta, climate change adaptation, rice-based farming system, traditional farming, TRV |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2022:518&r= |
| By: | John Caramichael; Andreas Rapp |
| Abstract: | We study a global panel of green and conventional bonds to assess the borrowing cost advantage at issuance for green bond issuers. We find that, on average, green bonds have a yield spread that is 8 basis points lower relative to conventional bonds. This borrowing cost advantage, or greenium, emerges as of 2019 and coincides with the growth of the sustainable asset management industry following EU regulation. Within this context, we find that the greenium is linked to two proxies of demand pressure, bond oversubscription and bond index inclusion. Moreover, while green bond governance appears to matter for the greenium, the credibility of the underlying projects does not have a significant impact. Instead, the greenium is unevenly distributed to large, investment-grade issuers, primarily within the banking sector and developed economies. These findings have implications for the role of green bonds in incentivizing meaningful green investments throughout the global economy. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds; Corporate bonds; Green finance; Sustainable finance; Climate finance; Green bond premium; Bond issuance |
| JEL: | C33 G15 G18 G23 G28 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgif:1346&r= |
| By: | Ricardo Correa; Ai He; Christoph Herpfer; Ugur Lel |
| Abstract: | We investigate how corporate loan costs are affected by climate change-related natural disasters. We construct granular measures of borrowers’ exposure to natural disasters and then disentangle the direct effects of disasters from the effects of lenders updating their beliefs about the impact of future disasters. Following a climate change-related disaster, spreads on loans of at-risk, yet unaffected borrowers, spike and are amplified when attention to climate change is high. Weaker borrowers with the most extreme exposure to these disasters suffer the highest increase in spreads. Importantly, there is no such effect from disasters that are not aggravated by climate change. |
| Keywords: | Banks; Climate change; Loan pricing; Natural disasters |
| JEL: | G21 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgif:1345&r= |
| By: | Csonka, Steve |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321099&r= |
| By: | Heather M. Anderson; Jiti Gao; Guido Turnip; Farshid Vahid; Wei Wei |
| Abstract: | The 2011 Clean Energy Act sought to align Australia's carbon pricing to the 2005 European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) by 2015, but this act was repealed in 2014. We estimate the hypothetical impact of Australia adopting an emissions trading policy in 2005, which corresponds with the establishment of the EU-ETS. We use a synthetic treatment approach that constructs a counterfactual measure of Australian carbon emissions that makes use of the time series properties of pre-2005 and post-2005 emissions in European countries. We find that Australian per-capita carbon emissions would have been lower by about 4.5% as a result of the policy -- a result that is robust to several variations of our methodology. |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions, climate change, common trends, mitigation policy, synthetic treatment |
| JEL: | C32 H23 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msh:ebswps:2022-12&r= |
| By: | Valentin Bellassen (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Denis Angers (ULaval - Université Laval [Québec]); Tomasz Kowalczewski (COWI A/S); Asger Olesen (Forest Stewardship Council) |
| Abstract: | Soil carbon is currently being monitored in European national greenhouse-gas (GHG) inventories. Reviewing the data and methods, we find that unreported losses could be around 70 MtCO2 yr–1 in croplands, and unreported gains could be around 15 MtCO2 yr–1 in grasslands and 45 MtCO2 yr–1 in forests. The share of European Union (EU) forest area for which soil carbon is being accurately reported is at most 33%, and more likely close to 24%. Accuracy is even worse for grasslands and croplands. Widespread adoption of key carbon-farming practices (peatland restoration, agroforestry, substituting maize with grass) could remove an additional 150–350 MtCO2 yr–1. Yet, if effective policies lead to realizing this potential, current GHG inventories would not capture their climate mitigation benefits. |
| Keywords: | national greenhouse gas inventories,soil carbon,monitoring,transparency |
| Date: | 2022–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03631358&r= |
| By: | Bekkers, Eddy; Cariola, Gianmarco |
| Abstract: | Climate change mitigation faces two main policy challenges: the need for global cooperation to tackle the collective action problem and the need to share the burden of global carbon pricing fair way following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CBRD). In this paper we explore the best ways to incentivize regions to reduce their CO2 emissions while minimizing the welfare losses for low-income countries using simulations with a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We first present the necessity, efficiency and urgency of global carbon pricing policies climate change mitigation policies. Global carbon pricing is necessary to tackle climate change, is more efficient than regional carbon pricing, and is urgent to prevent a patchwork of carbon pricing policies leading to calls for border carbon adjustment (BCA). However, because the impact of global carbon pricing on most regions is negative, complementary policies are needed to provide sufficient incentives to join a global carbon pricing coalition and at the same time share the burden fairly. We examine four potential complementary policies: BCA, Nordhaus's climate club, a global incentive scheme, and emission trading with progressive emission reduction targets. We evaluate these proposals based on their projected effects on average income and income inequality among countries, as well as their effectiveness as an incentive to introduce carbon pricing. BCA scores poorly along the three dimensions; Nordhaus's carbon club performs well as an incentive tool but has a negative impact on income and income inequality; the global carbon incentive has a positive impact on income and income inequality but performs poorly as an incentive tool; and emission trading with progressive reduction targets scores well across all dimensions. We conclude with a discussion of the feasibility of emission trading. |
| Keywords: | structural change,international trade,globalization |
| JEL: | F15 F62 F63 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:ersd202210&r= |
| By: | Giuliano Rolle (University of Ferrara – Department of Economics and Management (Ferrara, Italy);) |
| Abstract: | To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, the transportation sector must radically reduce its greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) emissions. According to earlier research, a growth of the market share of the used car market and an expansion of the lifetime of second-hand vehicles can play a crucial role in preventing a considerable amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. So, the purpose of this paper is to estimate, through a series of hedonic pricing models (HPMs), the consumers’ marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for three environmental attributes of used cars: their level of fuel efficiency, their level of CO2 emissions, and their belonging to one of the European emission categories. To perform this analysis, two original cross-sectional datasets (the Panda and the Milan ones) were created through a scraping process of the used cars’ listings contained in the Italian version of the AutoScout24’s online advertising platform. Despite its several limitations, the implications that can be derived from this work, which has estimated a relevant consumers' MWTP for vehicles that have an improved fuel efficiency - especially in the Milan HPMs - and that comply with the highest European emission standards, and a very small or even negative MWTP for cars’ with a reduced level of CO2 emissions, is a support for higher investments in policies that will encourage the purchases of used cars with a high degree of these environmental features and, at the same time, the dismantling of the oldest and most polluting vehicles of the national fleet. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0822&r= |
| By: | Ernst, Anne; Hinterlang, Natascha; Mahle, Alexander; Stähler, Nikolai |
| Abstract: | In a dynamic, three-region environmental multi-sector general equilibrium model (called EMuSe), we find that carbon pricing generates a recession initially as production costs rise. Benefits from lower emissions damage materialize only in the medium to long run. A border adjustment mechanism mitigates but does not prevent carbon leakage, but it 'protects' dirty domestic production sectors in particular. From the perspective of a region that introduces carbon pricing, the downturn is shorter and long-run benefits are larger if more regions levy a price on emissions. However, for non-participating regions, there is no incremental incentive to participate as they forego trade spillovers from carbon leakage and face higher production costs along the transition. In the end, they may be better off not participating. Because of the costly transition, average world welfare may fall as a result of global carbon pricing unless 'the rich' assist 'the poor'. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing,Border Adjustment,Climate Clubs,International Dynamic General Equilibrium Model,Sectoral Heterogeneity,Input-Output Matrix |
| JEL: | E32 E50 E62 H32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:252022&r= |
| By: | Majeed, Fahd; Khanna, Madhu; Miao, Ruiqing; Betes, Elena Blanc; Hudiburg, Tara; DeLucia, Evan |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322277&r= |
| By: | Khan, Muhammad Jawad; Atallah, Shadi S.; Kalaitzandonakes, Maria H.; Ellison, Brenna |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322464&r= |
| By: | Ofori, Isaac K.; Gbolonyo, Emmanuel Y.; Ojong, Nathanael |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the scholarly literature on the drive towards sustainable development in light of the UN’s Agenda 2030 and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 by examining pathways through which energy efficiency (EE) promotes inclusive green growth (IGG) in Africa. Our contribution is novel from both the conceptual and empirical perspectives. With regard to the former, we develop a framework on how EE and governance feed into IGG, and on the latter, our contribution is based on country-level data for 23 African countries for the period 1996 – 2020. First, evidence from the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator shows that EE is not unconditionally effective for spurring IGG. Second, we find that governance is both directly, and indirectly effective for repackaging EE to foster IGG. In particular, the evidence suggests that governance mechanisms for controlling corruption while ensuring regulatory quality and government effectiveness are keys for forming relevant synergies with EE to foster IGG. Third, regarding the socioeconomic sustainability (SES) and environmental sustainability (EVS) dichotomy of IGG, we find that the EE-governance pathway is more effective for driving the latter compared to the former. We also make some policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Africa; Inclusive Growth; Inclusive Green Growth; Greenhouse Gases; Environmental Sustainability; Carbon Intensity; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | I3 I31 O11 O43 O55 Q01 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113604&r= |
| By: | Wang, Sun Ling; Olver, Ryan; Bonin, Daniel; Dodson, Laura L.; Williams, Ryan C. |
| Keywords: | Productivity Analysis, Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322595&r= |
| By: | Klaas Lenaerts; Simone Tagliapietra; Guntram Wolff |
| Abstract: | Economic growth has historically been the main driver of rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To achieve steep emission reductions, the world would have to either decouple global GHG emissions from gross domestic product (GDP) at an unprecedented pace or face deep cuts to GDP. The so-called ‘green growth’ literature is optimistic that suitable policies and technology can enable such fast decoupling, while ‘degrowth’ proponents dismiss this and argue that the global economy must be scaled down, and that systemic change and redistribution is necessary to accomplish this. We use the so-called Kaya identity to offer a simple quantitative assessment of the gap between the historic performance in reducing the emission intensity of GDP and what is required for green growth, i.e. the basis of ongoing disagreement. We then review the literature on both degrowth and green growth and discuss their most important arguments and proposals. Degrowth authors are right to point out the considerable gap between current climate mitigation efforts and what is needed, as well as the various technological uncertainties and risks such as rebound effects. However, the often radical degrowth proposals also suffer from many uncertainties and risks. Most importantly, it is very unlikely that alternative welfare conceptions can convince a critical mass of countries to go along with a degrowth agenda. Governments should therefore instead focus on mobilizing the necessary investments, pricing carbon emissions, and encouraging innovation and behavioral change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; decoupling; degrowth; green growth; Kaya identity |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/344454&r= |
| By: | Reddy, Mallidi P.S.R.; Mathur, Ayush K.; Jain, Rohit K.; Agarwal, Sandip K.; Singh, Sriramjee |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Production Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322362&r= |
| By: | Matthew E. Kahn; Somik Lall |
| Abstract: | As billions of people in the developing world seek to increase their living standards, their aspirations pose a challenge to global efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The emerging middle class are buying and operating energy intensive durables ranging from vehicles to air conditioners to computers. Owners of these durables represent an interest group with a stake in opposing carbon pricing. The political economy of encouraging middle class support for carbon pricing hinges on offsetting its perceived negative income effects. Rising environmentalism in the developing world could also increase support for credible GHG reduction policy. We quantify these effects as we estimate Engel curves of durables ownership, compare the grid’s carbon intensity by nation and study the demographic correlates of support for prioritizing environmental protection. |
| JEL: | H23 H87 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30238&r= |
| By: | Rocha, Jr., Adauto B.; Pinto, Bruno Chaves Morone; Tavares, Paulo A.; Fendrich, Arthur N. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322553&r= |
| By: | Ge, Muyang; Akhundjanov, Sherzod B.; Edwards, Eric C.; Oladi, Reza |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322196&r= |
| By: | Kuusi, Tero; Wang, Maria |
| Abstract: | Abstract The EU’s Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has been shown to have reduced emissions in the participating countries and industries since its adoption in 2005. However, there is less evidence on the shifting of production outside EU to avoid emission controls. We study this so-called carbon leakage with gravity analysis of international trade flows and carbon intensities of trade. We provide a simple theoretical framework and study its implications empirically. Our findings with the new OECD data indicate that carbon leakage has in fact occurred due to the EU ETS, resulting in higher CO2 intensity of imports to the EU, and lower CO2 intensity of exports from the EU. The evidence on the value of imports also shows some increases from nonparticipating countries due to the ETS. We find that our results are broadly consistent with the theory. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage, EU ETS, Gravity model |
| JEL: | J23 J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2022–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:wpaper:94&r= |
| By: | Antoine GODIN; Anda DAVID; Oskar LECUYER; Stéphanie LEYRONAS |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development trajectories are at the heart of many policy debates: CDN and Net Zero trajectories, just transition, climate justice, biodiversity inclusion, etc. These trajectories mostly propose a nexus approach combining climate, ecological, social, technological, economic and political aspects. In this paper, we propose a suite of three guiding principle, inspired by a strong sustainability approach, to construct sustainable trajectories: (i) the a priori refutation of substitutability, (ii) the need to construct multidimensional diagnostics and analyses highlighting synergies and tensions between different indicators, and (iii) the recognition of the importance of building a social construct on the desirable “good condition” and on the trajectories to reach it. We then show how these principles can be applied in different disciplines and help policymakers in constructing development trajectories. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2022–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en14123&r= |
| By: | Zirogiannis, Nikolaos; Byrne, April; Hollingsworth, Alex; Konisky, David |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322224&r= |
| By: | Shinde, Nilesh N.; Do Valle, Stella Z. Schons; Maia, Alexandre Gori; Amacher, Gregory S. |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322584&r= |
| By: | Dalhaus, Tobias; Ang, Frederic; Merckelbach, Karl; Hirsch, Stefan |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322402&r= |
| By: | Catuti, Mihnea; Righetti, Edoardo; Egenhofer, Christian; Kustova, Irina |
| Abstract: | Clean hydrogen will offer decarbonisation solutions for sectors where direct electrification would be either technologically impossible or too costly, though future demand should not be overestimated. Hydrogen will most likely be used in hard-to-decarbonise industrial processes, some segments of the transport sector, as well as for long-term energy storage. For hydrogen to contribute to decarbonisation, it needs to be produced with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, hydrogen obtained through electrolysis using renewable electricity will represent the priority for the EU. However, this does come with a set of trade-offs, all of which are explored at length in this report. A key challenge will be the interaction with the already-strained electricity market. New renewable energy installations are facing deployment obstacles, therefore the decarbonisation of the electricity mix and the deployment of renewable hydrogen need to be developed together to avoid tensions. This report also focuses on two other potential hydrogen sources. Nuclear hydrogen could create more opportunities for producing low-carbon hydrogen from electricity, whilst imports could cover potential supply deficits and provide further access to inexpensive renewable hydrogen for domestic consumption. Robust criteria will be needed for certifying the renewable nature of hydrogen, based on clear temporal and geographical connection requirements between the electrolyser and the renewable installations. However, the separate certification of low-carbon hydrogen produced from electricity that meets similar emissions savings requirements should also be established, without labelling it as renewable. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:34767&r= |
| By: | Michel Moreaux (Toulouse School of Economics); Jean-Pierre Amigues (Toulouse School of Economics); Gerard van der Meijden (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Cees Withagen (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Carbon capture and storage (CCS) seems an appealing option to meet the ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement. Captured carbon emissions can also be injected in active fields to enhance recovery: Carbon capture and utilization (CCU). We study a dynamic model of CCS and CCU of an economy subject to a carbon budget. We demonstrate that if the social planner implements CCU, it does so at the beginning of the planning period and stops before the budget has been depleted. On the contrary, if CCS occurs in the social optimum, this happens only once the carbon budget has been depleted. We show that the relationship between the carbon budget and the carbon price can be non-monotonic if CCU occurs. Our model features three state variables: The stock of fossil fuel, the stock of atmospheric carbon and the stock of injected carbon in active fields. We derive frontiers that separate regions in initial-stock-space with and without CCS and CCU regimes in the social optimum. Finally, we compare the social optimum with the decentralized market outcome. |
| Keywords: | global warming, carbon capture and storage, enhanced recovery, non-renewable resources, renewable resources |
| JEL: | Q54 Q30 Q35 Q42 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220041&r= |
| By: | Fahmida Khatun; Wasel Bin Shadat; Foqoruddin Al Kabir |
| Abstract: | Working Paper 141 is based on a scoping study which was conducted by the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) as part of the Climate Induced Migration (CIM) Issue Based Project (IBP) of the Promoting Knowledge for Accountable Systems (PROKAS) Programme which is funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the United Kingdom and implemented by the British Council in association with Palladium. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to the effect of climate change for its terrestrial and demographic features. In recent times, climate displacement and internal migration to the big city slums for employment opportunities have been critical problems for the country hindering the attainment of a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Given the social and economic background, the country needs to find an alternative solution to stop internal migration by creating employment opportunities. Moreover, several estimates suggest that there prevails a large finance gap in terms of achieving the SDGs both globally and locally. In this regard, blended finance can play a crucial role in mobilising funds from various sources, especially green climate funds (GCF). However, a prudent framework is required to operationalise a blended finance mechanism in Bangladesh. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to identify the opportunities and challenges of the blended finance mechanism involving climate funds and to recommend a generic blended finance framework with suggested key activities at different stages. |
| Keywords: | Blended Finance, Climate Funds, Climate Induced Migration, climate change, climate displacement, internal migration, |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:opaper:141&r= |
| By: | Fabienne Cantner; Geske Rolvering |
| Abstract: | To study how different economic information affect people’s perceptions and attitudes towards carbon prices, we conduct an online survey experiment in a representative sample of the German voting population. We find that providing information about the efficiency of carbon prices as well as on international emission levels and carbon price initiatives changes people’s perceptions and their support. Information about the possibility and benefits of revenue recycling, however, only affect the views of very specific subgroups of the population, such as individuals with low income or high trust in the government. Moreover, we find that none of the information affects the perceptions and support of climate change skeptics. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate policies, carbon pricing, information, survey experiment |
| JEL: | D72 D83 D91 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bav:wpaper:219_cantnerrolvering&r= |
| By: | Matsumoto, Deanna; Mace, Caitlin; Reeb, Tyler; O’Brien, Thomas |
| Abstract: | The Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach, together referred to as the San Pedro Bay Port Complex, are an important source of regional economic activity in southern California. However, the port complex is also the single largest fixed source of air pollution in the region. In response to pressure from regulatory agencies and local communities, the two ports developed a Clean Air Action Plan in 2006. The research team assembled three case studies of programs implemented under the Clean Air Action Plan: the Technology Advancement Program, voluntary Vessel Speed Reduction programs, and the Clean Trucks Program. An additional case study featured a proposed private-sector infrastructure project: the Southern California International Gateway project. Each case study describes the program, stakeholders involved, barriers to implementation, and outcomes. These cases highlight the institutional challenges the ports face while working with a multitude of stakeholders and regulatory bodies to address both environmental sustainability and economic competitiveness. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Air quality management, Case studies, Environmental policy, Freight transportation, Intermodal transportation, Ports |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9mr4958q&r= |
| By: | Michael Mullan; Nicola Ranger |
| Abstract: | Achieving climate-resilient economies and societies will not only require increasing the billions of financial flows for adaptation, but also shifting broader -- public and private -- financial flows and investment away from potentially mal-adapted activities towards those that contribute to climate-resilient economies and societies. The goal of aligning finance with climate-resilient development is included in article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, yet efforts to define and operationalise this concept are at an early stage. This framing paper summarises the current status of these efforts and outlines a way forward for defining, measuring and mobilising adaptation-aligned finance. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, climate change, finance, risk management |
| JEL: | H54 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–07–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:196-en&r= |
| By: | Bernardino Adão; Borghan N. Narajabad; Ted Temzelides |
| Abstract: | We develop a dynamic general equilibrium integrated assessment model that incorporates costs due to new technology adoption in renewable energy as well as externalities associated with carbon emissions and renewable technology spillovers. We use world economy data to calibrate our model and investigate the effects of the technology adoption channel on renewable energy adoption and on the optimal energy transition. Our calibrated model implies several interesting connections between technology adoption costs, the two externalities, policy, and welfare. We investigate the relative effectiveness of two policy instruments-Pigouvian carbon taxes and policies that internalize spillover effects-in isolation as well as in tandem. Our findings suggest that renewable technology adoption costs are of quantitative importance for the energy transition. We find that the two policy instruments are better thought of as complements rather than substitutes. |
| Keywords: | Technology adoption; Scrapping; Energy transition; Climate; Dynamic taxation |
| JEL: | H21 O14 O33 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2022-45&r= |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Trinh, Trong-Anh |
| Abstract: | Despite a vast literature documenting the negative effects of climate change on various socio-economic outcomes, surprisingly hardly any evidence exists on the global impacts of hotter temperature on poverty. Analyzing a new global dataset of subnational poverty in 166 countries, we find higher temperature to increase poverty. This finding is robust to various model specifications, data samples, and measures of temperature. Our preferred specification shows that a 1°C increase leads to a 2.1 percent increase in the headcount poverty rate, using the US$ 1.90 daily poverty threshold. Regional heterogeneity exists, with Sub-Saharan African countries being most vulnerable to higher temperature. We find suggestive evidence that reduction in crop yields could be a key channel that explains the effects of rising temperature. Further simulation indicates that global warming can significantly increase poverty, with more pronounced effects occurring in poorer regions and under scenarios of higher greenhouse gas emissions without mitigation policies. |
| Keywords: | climate change,global warming,poverty,agriculture,subnational data |
| JEL: | Q54 I32 O1 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1124&r= |
| By: | Danae Hernandez-Cortes; Kyle C. Meng; Paige E. Weber |
| Abstract: | This paper quantifies and decomposes recent trends in U.S. PM2.5 disparities from the electricity sector using a high-resolution pollution transport model. Between 2000-2018, PM2.5 concentrations from electricity fell by 89% for the average individual, more than double the decline rate in overall U.S. ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Across racial/ethnic groups, we detect a dramatic convergence: since 2000, the Black-White PM2.5 disparity from electricity has narrowed by 95% and the Hispanic-White PM2.5 disparity has narrowed by 93%, though these disparities still exist in 2018. A decomposition reveals nearly all of these disparity trends can be attributed roughly equally to improvements in emissions intensities and compositional changes in electric generators, with small contributions from scale and residential location changes. This suggests both local air pollution policies and recent coal-to-natural gas fuel switching have played major roles in reducing U.S. racial/ethnic pollution disparities from electricity. While we detect similarly large PM2.5 improvements for the average low and high income individual, PM2.5 disparities by income are relatively small, with little change over time. |
| JEL: | H4 I14 Q5 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30198&r= |
| By: | Ge, Houtian; Baker, Quinton J.; Gomez, Miguel I.; Jaromczyk, Jerzy; Yi, Jing |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322537&r= |
| By: | Asmare, Fissha; Jaraitė, Jūratė; Kažukauskas, Andrius |
| Abstract: | We explore the impact of climate change adaptation on the technical efficiency of Ethiopian farmers using panel data collected from 6,820 farm plots. We employ Green's (2010) stochastic frontier approach and propensity score matching to address selection bias. Our results reveal that climate change adaptation improves the efficiency of maize, wheat, and barley production. We also show that failure to account for selection bias underestimates the average efficiency level. Our findings imply that the expansion of climate change adaptation at larger scales will provide a double benefit by curbing climate-related risks and increasing the efficiency of farmers. Moreover, increasing credit access and introducing mechanisms that allow farmers to get enough amount of water during the main growing season will enhance the efficiency of subsistence farmers. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321197&r= |
| By: | Mavroutsikos, Charalampos; Schoengold, Karina; Banerjee, Simanti; Yiannaka, Amalia; Giannakas, Konstantinos; Awada, Tala |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322559&r= |
| By: | Aldy, Joseph E.; Atkinson, Giles; Kotchen, Matthew J. |
| Abstract: | The United States and United Kingdom have long-standing traditions in the use of environmental benefit-cost analysis (E-BCA). While there are similarities between how EBCA is utilized, there are significant differences too, many of which mirror ongoing debates and recent developments in the literature on environmental and natural resource economics. We review the use of E-BCA in both countries across three themes: (a) the role of long-term discounting, (b) the estimation and use of carbon valuation, and (c) the estimation and use of the value of a statistical life. In each case, we discuss how academic developments are (and are not) translated into practical use and draw comparative lessons. We find that, in some cases, practical differences in E-BCA can be overstated, although in others these seem more substantive. Advances in the academic frontier also raise the question of when and how to update practical E-BCA, with very different answers across our themes. |
| Keywords: | benefit-cost analysis; social cost of carbon; social discount rate; value of statistical life; regulatory impact analysis |
| JEL: | H43 Q51 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110879&r= |
| By: | Casati, Mirta; Stranieri, Stefanella; Rommel, Jens; Medici, Riccardo; Soregaroli, Claudio |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322144&r= |
| By: | Sager, Lutz; Singer, Gregor |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effect of the U.S. Clean Air Act standards for fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Using high-resolution air pollution data, we find that nonattainment designations in 2005 led to reductions in PM2.5 levels by −0.4µm−3 over five years, with larger effects in more polluted areas. Standard difference-in-differences would overstate these effects by a factor of three due to time trends that differ by baseline pollution. We propose three alternative approaches which respectively control for baseline pollution levels, match similar attainment and nonattainment areas, and exploit the discontinuous regulatory nonattainment cutoff. We show that nonattainment designations contributed to narrowing Urban-Rural and Black-White PM2.5 exposure disparities, but less than in a difference-in-differences framework. Pollution damages capitalized into house prices, however, are understated by difference-in-differences when using nonattainment as instrument and thus larger than previously thought. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; clean air act; environment justice; regulation; house prices |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115528&r= |
| By: | Elkerbout, Milan |
| Abstract: | The EU may distribute free ETS allowances worth hundreds of billions of euros over the next two decades. This policy brief proposes an addition to free allocation rules, so that the free ETS allowances given to industry can be turned into innovation aid for very low-carbon producers, thereby helping companies transition to climate neutrality. Free allowances exist to mitigate carbon leakage risk, but current rules can put innovative climate neutral producers at a disadvantage vis-à-vis the carbon-intensive incumbents with which they need to compete. While the EU’s proposed carbon border adjustment mechanism would gradually reduce free allocation, many sectors may be excluded from this new mechanism at first, while transitional periods also result in continued free allocation to large industry sectors. Therefore, ensuring that free allocation (to the extent that it continues) benefits, and not harms, very low-carbon producers is important. In summary, the key points and recommendations discussed within this policy brief are: - ETS free allocation could in part actively support low- and zero-carbon production by introducing a new ‘zero-carbon’ benchmark. - The zero-carbon benchmark would reward zero-carbon producers with additional free EU ETS allowances (EUAs), to (partly) cover their investment costs. The zero-carbon benchmarks can then be defined by applying a multiplication factor to existing benchmark values (e.g. 1.5 or 2.0). Every tonne of climate-neutral goods a producer puts on the market would be rewarded by this higher benchmark. - No additional free allowances are needed (the existing cross-sectoral correction factor would still apply). The available supply of EUAs would simply be redistributed in such a way that it benefits very low-carbon producers, so long as they produce climate neutral goods. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eps:cepswp:35063&r= |
| By: | Uddin, Md Azhar; Gao, Zhifeng; Farnsworth, Derek; Borisova, Tatiana; Bolques, Alejandro |
| Keywords: | Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322431&r= |
| By: | Oosting, Simon; van der Lee, Jan; Verdegem, Marc; de Vries, Marion; Vernooij, Adriaan; Bonilla-Cedrez, Camila; Kabir, Kazi |
| Abstract: | For farmed animal production in the tropics, there are two important food system outcomes: supplying animal-sourced food to ensure healthy diets for all; and contributing to climate change mitigation and minimizing pollution. In this review, the role of farmed animals in circular food systems in the tropics is presented in four case studies. The impacts of circularity on food security and environmental impact mitigation are discussed. Farmed animals are important in circular food systems because they use land unsuited to crop production, they upgrade crop residues, and they supply manure for crop production. However, their increased demand puts pressure on important aspects of circularity, such as minimizing food-feed competition, maximizing use of waste streams in feed, and the value of manure for fertilization. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:322018&r= |
| By: | David A. Weisbach (The University of Chicago Law School); Samuel Kortum (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); Michael Wang (Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine); Yujia Yao (International Monetary Fund) |
| Abstract: | Climate policies vary widely across countries, with some countries imposing stringent emissions policies and others doing very little. When climate policies vary across countries, energy-intensive industries have an incentive to relocate to places with few or no emissions restrictions, an effect known as leakage. Relocated industries would continue to pollute but would be operating in a less desirable location. We consider solutions to the leakage problem in a simple setting where one region of the world imposes a climate policy and the rest of the world is passive. We solve the model analytically and also calibrate and simulate the model. Our model and analysis imply: (1) optimal climate policies tax both the supply of fossil fuels and the demand for fossil fuels; (2) on the demand side, absent administrative costs, optimal policies would tax both the use of fossil fuels in domestic production and the domestic consumption of goods created with fossil fuels, but with the tax rate on production lower due to leakage; (3) taxing only production (on the demand side), however, would be substantially simpler, and almost as effective as taxing both production and consumption, because it would avoid the need for border adjustments on imports of goods; (4) the effectiveness of the latter strategy depends on a low foreign elasticity of energy supply, which means that forming a taxing coalition to ensure a low foreign elasticity of energy supply can act as a substitute for border adjustments on goods. |
| Keywords: | climate change, carbon taxes, leakage, border adjustments |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2339&r= |
| By: | Baylis, Kathy; Heckelei, Thomas; Latka, Catharina; Blomqvist, Linus |
| Keywords: | International Relations/Trade, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322488&r= |
| By: | Animashaun, Jubril; Emediegwu, Lotanna E.; Osadolor, Nneka; Okoror, Okiemua |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322081&r= |
| By: | Hilsenroth, Jana; Grogan, Kelly A.; Savchenko, Olesya; Botta, Robert; Koeneke, Roberto F.; Court, Christa D. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Teaching, Communication, and Extension |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322282&r= |
| By: | John Nay |
| Abstract: | Climate adaptation could yield significant benefits. However, the uncertainty of which future climate scenarios will occur decreases the feasibility of proactively adapting. Climate adaptation projects could be underwritten by benefits paid for in the climate scenarios that each adaptation project is designed to address because other entities would like to hedge the financial risk of those scenarios. Because the return on investment is a function of the level of climate change, it is optimal for the adapting entity to finance adaptation with repayment as a function of the climate. It is also optimal for entities with more financial downside under a more extreme climate to serve as an investing counterparty because they can obtain higher than market rates of return when they need it most. In this way, parties proactively adapting would reduce the risk they over-prepare, while their investors would reduce the risk they under-prepare. This is superior to typical insurance because, by investing in climate-contingent mechanisms, investors are not merely financially hedging but also outright preventing physical damage, and therefore creating economic value. This coordinates capital through time and place according to parties' risk reduction capabilities and financial profiles, while also providing a diversifying investment return. Climate-contingent finance can be generalized to any situation where entities share exposure to a risk where they lack direct control over whether it occurs (e.g., climate change, or a natural pandemic), and one type of entity can take proactive actions to benefit from addressing the effects of the risk if it occurs (e.g., through innovating on crops that would do well under extreme climate change or vaccination technology that could address particular viruses) with funding from another type of entity that seeks a targeted return to ameliorate the downside. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.02064&r= |
| By: | Doan, Miki Khanh; Michuda, Aleksandr; Zhu, Heng; Gupta, Anubhab; Majumder, Binoy |
| Keywords: | International Development, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322365&r= |
| By: | Gadea Rivas, Marta Dolores; Gonzalo, Jesús |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a non-uniform phenomenon. This paper proposes a newquantitative methodology to characterize, measure and test the existence ofclimate change heterogeneity. It consists of three steps. First, we introduce anew testable warming typology based on the evolution of the trend of the whole temperature distribution and not only on the average. Second, we define the concepts of warming acceleration and warming amplification in a testable format. And third, we introduce the new testable concept of warming dominance to determine whether region A is suffering a worse warming process than region B. Applying this three-step methodology, we find that Spain and the Globe experience a clear distributional warming process (beyond the standard average) but of different types. In both cases, this process is accelerating over time and asymmetrically amplified. Overall, warming in Spain dominates the Globe in all the quantiles except the lower tail of the global temperature distribution that corresponds to the Artic region. Our climate change heterogeneity results open the door to the need for a non-uniform causal-effect climate analysis that goes beyond the standard causality in mean as well as for a more efficient design of the mitigation-adaptation policies. In particular, the heterogeneity we find suggests that these policies should contain a common global component and a clear local-regional element. Future climate agreements should take the whole temperature distribution into account. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Climate Heterogeneity; Global-Local Warming; Functional Stochastic Processes; Distributional Characteristics; Trends; Quantiles; Temperature Distributions |
| JEL: | C31 C32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–07–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:35442&r= |
| By: | Borgschulte, Mark (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Molitor, David (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); Zou, Eric Yongchen (University of Oregon) |
| Abstract: | We study how air pollution impacts the U.S. labor market by analyzing effects of drifting wildfire smoke that can affect populations far from the fires themselves. We link satellite smoke plume with labor market outcomes to estimate that an additional day of smoke exposure reduces quarterly earnings by about 0.1 percent. Extensive margin responses, including employment reductions and labor force exits, can explain 13 percent of the overall earnings losses. The implied welfare cost of lost earnings due to air pollution exposure is on par with standard valuations of the mortality burden. The findings suggest that labor market channels warrant greater consideration in policy responses to air pollution. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, labor market, wildfires |
| JEL: | J21 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15373&r= |
| By: | Haensch, Juliane; Bergmann, Holger; Quaranta, Gianni; Salvia, Rosanna; Sun, Dingqiang; Zhong, Funing; Plaas, Elke |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321231&r= |
| By: | Moeltner, Klaus; Puri, Roshan; Johnston, Robert J.; Besedin, Elena; Balukas, Jessica; Le, Alyssa |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322359&r= |
| By: | Raghunandan, Aneesh; Rajgopal, Shiva |
| Abstract: | Investment funds that claim to focus on socially responsible stocks have proliferated in recent times. In this paper, we verify whether ESG mutual funds actually invest in firms that have stakeholder-friendly track records. Using a comprehensive sample of self-labelled ESG mutual funds (as identified by Morningstar) in the United States from 2010 to 2018, we find that these funds hold portfolio firms with worse track records for compliance with labor and environmental laws, relative to portfolio firms held by non-ESG funds managed by the same financial institutions in the same years. Relative to other funds offered by the same asset managers in the same years, ESG funds hold stocks that are more likely to voluntarily disclose carbon emissions performance but also stocks with higher carbon emissions per unit of revenue. Despite these findings, ESG funds hold portfolio firms with higher average ESG scores. We show that ESG scores are correlated with the quantity of voluntary ESG-related disclosures but not with firms’ compliance records or actual levels of carbon emissions. Finally, ESG funds appear to underperform financially relative to other funds within the same asset manager and year, and to charge higher fees. Our findings suggest that socially responsible funds do not appear to follow through on proclamations of concerns for stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | social responsibility; ESG; SEC; environmental and labor laws; mutual fund; violation tracker; Springer deal |
| JEL: | M14 G23 G34 M41 |
| Date: | 2022–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115234&r= |
| By: | S. Roderick Zhang; Bilal Farooq |
| Abstract: | To help systematically lower anthropogenic Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accurate and precise GHG emission prediction models have become a key focus of the climate research. The appeal is that the predictive models will inform policymakers, and hopefully, in turn, they will bring about systematic changes. Since the transportation sector is constantly among the top GHG emission contributors, especially in populated urban areas, substantial effort has been going into building more accurate and informative GHG prediction models to help create more sustainable urban environments. In this work, we seek to establish a predictive framework of GHG emissions at the urban road segment or link level of transportation networks. The key theme of the framework centers around model interpretability and actionability for high-level decision-makers using econometric Discrete Choice Modelling (DCM). We illustrate that DCM is capable of predicting link-level GHG emission levels on urban road networks in a parsimonious and effective manner. Our results show up to 85.4% prediction accuracy in the DCM models' performances. We also argue that since the goal of most GHG emission prediction models focuses on involving high-level decision-makers to make changes and curb emissions, the DCM-based GHG emission prediction framework is the most suitable framework. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.09073&r= |
| By: | Shiyi Chen; Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Huanhuan Wang; Jiaxin Xiong |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of a pioneering pollution reduction program, the Ecological Compensation Initiative (ECI) in China, which establishes side payments between upstream and downstream provinces along the same river. The program includes both Coasian and pay-for-performance elements. Instructed by a theoretical model, we employ a difference-in-differences empirical design and find strong evidence that the ECI mitigates the spillover effect of water pollution at the province boundary and brings about sharp reductions in water pollutant emissions from upstream firms, especially those in heavily polluting industries. This initiative also reduces upstream firms’ output and pollution intensity relative to downstream firms. The impact is stronger for upstream firms closer to the river and the point at which it enters the downstream province. Further evidence shows a significant increase in the rate of firms’ entry into neighboring prefectures, but no impact on firms’ exit from that region due to the initiative. Evidence from similar programs, later established in other river systems, suggests that cross-jurisdictional negotiations can effectively mitigate cross-border pollution externalities. |
| JEL: | D22 H7 K32 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30233&r= |
| By: | Zheng, Qiujie; Nayga, Rodolfo M. Jr.; Yang, Wei; Tokunaga, Kanae |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322145&r= |
| By: | Cultice, Brian J.; Irwin, Elena G.; Cai, Yongyang; Jones, Mackenzie; Gong, Ziqian; Bielicki, Jeff; Doidge, Mary; Guo, Ziyu; Jackson-Smith, Douglas |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322519&r= |
| By: | Kyriakopoulou, Danae; Hyrske, Anna |
| Abstract: | Central banks are increasingly looking to align their operations with sustainability objectives within the constraints of their mandates. This agenda mainly originated in central banks within the broader remit of financial stability, in their capacity as supervisors. However, some central banks have also begun to explore and act on the sustainability implications for their identity as managers of investment portfolios, including sustainable and responsible investment of their pension and own portfolios. The drivers for doing so range from managing sustainability-related risks to aligning their activities with wider government policies and commitments, including with net-zero emissions targets. This challenges the conventional approach that calls for investments to be guided by the trinity of objectives of ‘liquidity, safety and return’, which overlooks the value of an environmental, social and governance (ESG) approach as a means to identify risks and opportunities. Yet central banks’ progress on this agenda to date has been relatively muted compared with their peers from the wider public investor community such as pension funds and sovereign wealth funds. Only a few central banks are signatories to the UN-supported Principles for Responsible Investment, have climate-related targets, or have made their responsible investment principles public. Low rates of adoption may be due to challenges relating to the availability of data, information and resources, to the particular characteristics of a typical central bank portfolio, or to issues of institutional independence and mandates. Central banks can learn from their peers from the central banking community that are more advanced in this process, as well as from the wider public investor community in implementing sustainable and responsible investment through strategies including active ownership, ESG integration, impact investing, screening and thematic investing. This paper identifies a recommended course of action for central banks in sequence across the different phases from developing and implementing relevant policy, to monitoring and reporting outcomes, to identifying further adjustments to the policy and its implementation. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115537&r= |
| By: | Lee, Seungyub; Heberling, Matthew T.; Nietch, Christopher; Safwat, Amr |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322301&r= |
| By: | Adjei, Eugene; Zhang, Jingfang; Sawadgo, Wendiam; Li, Wenying |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322344&r= |
| By: | Sears, Louis S.; Lawell, C.Y. Cynthia Lin; Torres, Gerald; Walter, M. Todd |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322187&r= |
| By: | Mitra, Archisman; Bouwer, Roy; Balasubramanya, Soumya; Taron, Avinandan |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322159&r= |
| By: | SIRAGUSA Alice (European Commission - JRC); STAMOS Iraklis (European Commission - JRC); BERTOZZI Cecilia (European Commission - JRC); PROIETTI Paola (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Handbook for SDG Voluntary Local Reviews – 2022 edition provides policy makers, urban practitioners and experts with a consolidated method and examples of indicators that European local and regional governments can use to monitor the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs) are processes that encompass both the monitoring and the analysis of the achievements with respect to the SDGs at local level. The 2022 edition builds on the first one published in 2020 and it includes an updated analysis of the VLRs published globally and in Europe, their evolution over time and space in terms of use, main characteristics, and building blocks. The European Handbook includes detailed and updated information on 72 indicators and related data sources, which can enable cities to measure their progress toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The set of indicators includes examples of both official and experimental indicators, coming from international and European institutions, but also regional and local governments and research institutes. Finally, the European Handbook provides new insights into local SDG monitoring, including reference to new challenges and opportunities. The European Handbook for SDG Voluntary Local Reviews – 2022 edition represents a step forward in the support for European local and regional governments in localising the SDGs using the Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs). |
| Keywords: | SDGs, monitoring, sustainable development, 2030 agenda |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc129381&r= |
| By: | Tsendsuren Batsuuri |
| Abstract: | The success of the 2015 Paris Agreement in achieving its main temperature goal depends on its ability to increase the ambitions of individual countries to reduce their carbon emissions through effort comparison and peer pressure. Despite the empirical relevance of demographic changes in affecting factor prices, economic growth, and capital flows across countries, most comparisons of countries’carbon emissions reduction efforts are based on models that cannot capture demographic effects. Overlooking future demographic changes is problematic given the profound yet asymmetric demographic changes that countries are undergoing. This paper uses a two-country life-cycle model to show that comparing carbon emissions mitigation efforts can be misleading if countries’baseline emissions trajectories do not account for demographic dividends and spillovers from one country to another from unsynchronized demographic changes and asymmetric institutions. Through capital flows, differences in the timing, speed, and magnitude of demographic changes can reduce the emissions baseline in one country while increasing it in another country relative to the baseline with no spillovers — an effect which is amplified by differences in institutions such as pension and social security systems. Models that do not consider the effect of demographic changes and the institutions on the economy and emissions may underestimate one country’s carbon emissions reduction effort while overestimating that of another. Consequently, neglecting demographic changes when comparing countries’carbon emissions mitigation efforts can undermine the successful implementation of the Paris Agreement. |
| Keywords: | Global imbalances, Demographic transition, Carbon emissions, Lifecycle model, Energy dependent production function. |
| JEL: | E2 F32 F41 J11 J13 J14 O13 Q43 C6 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2022-42&r= |
| By: | Guimbeau, Amanda; Ji, Xinde; Menon, Nidhiya; Long, Zi |
| Keywords: | International Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322076&r= |
| By: | Celso Brunetti; John Caramichael; Matteo Crosignani; Benjamin Dennis; Gurubala Kotta; Donald P. Morgan; Chaehee Shin; Ilknur Zer |
| Abstract: | This report has two objectives: 1. Review the available literature on Climate-Related Financial Stability Risks (CRFSRs) as it pertains to the United States. Specifically, the literature review considers several modeling approaches and aims to 1.1 Identify financial market vulnerabilities (e.g., bank leverage), 1.2 Provide an assessment of those vulnerabilities (high/medium/low) as identified by the current literature, and 1.3 Evaluate the uncertainty surrounding these assessments based on interpretation of the findings and coverage of existing literature (high/low). 2. Identify methodologies to link climate risks to financial stability and possible research paths to assess U.S. CRFSRs. The report is structured in three parts. First, it characterizes the potential financial system vulnerabilities of climate change. Second, it describes the major methodologies adopted in studying the implications of climate change and provides an assessment of financial system vulnerabilities identified by the current literature. Third, it discusses how different methodologies can be further developed or combined to assess U.S. CRFSRs. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Financial stability and risk |
| Date: | 2022–07–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2022-43&r= |
| By: | Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Vu, Alexander; Hao, Peng; Wei, Zhensong; Brown, Dylan; Barth, Matthew; Zhang, Yihang; Alasiri, Faisal; Vital, Filipe; Ioannou, Petros |
| Abstract: | In the last few decades, efforts to reduce emissions from heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) and their health impacts have been focused on imposing increasingly stringent emissions standards. This has led to significant advancements in emission control technologies and alternative fuel vehicle technologies. While these technologies are effective at reducing emissions from HDDTs, the turnover of the existing HDDT population to these advanced technologies would require a large amount of investment and along time. In the near term, other efforts to reduce emissions of the existing HDDTs and mitigate their impacts on communities are needed. Many studies have shown the promise of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technologies in reducing the energy consumption and environmental footprint of people and goods movement through various means. This research is aimed at developing and evaluating eco-friendly ITS strategies for freight vehicles and traffic, with a focus on strategies that are applicable to the transportation systems in the South Coast Air Basin. Four specific strategies are examined in this research, including: 1) connected eco-driving, 2) truck eco-routing, 3) integrated traffic control, and 4) intelligent parking assist. This report describes the evaluation of each strategy, discusses results, and provide recommendations for future implementation. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Heavy-duty trucks, freight movement, intelligent transportation systems, traffic, emissions |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7262s64x&r= |
| By: | Gannon, Kate; Castellano, Elena; Eskander, Shaikh; Agol, Dorice; Diop, Mamadou; Conway, Declan; Sprout, Liz |
| Abstract: | The ability of businesses to adapt effectively to climate change is highly influenced by the external business enabling environment. Constraints to adaptive capacity are experienced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across sub-Saharan Africa, regardless of the gender of the business owner. However, gender is a critical social cleavage through which differences in adaptive capacity manifest and in Africa most entrepreneurs are women. We conduct a systematic review to synthesise existing knowledge on differential vulnerability of female entrepreneurs in Africa to climate risk, in relation to their sensitivity to extreme climate events and their adaptive capacity. We synthesise this literature using a vulnerability analysis approach that situates vulnerability and adaptive capacity within the context of the wider climate risk framework denoted in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. In doing so, we identify gendered barriers and enablers to private sector adaptation and suggest women entrepreneurs face a ‘triple differential vulnerability’ to climate change, wherein they: 1) are often more sensitive to climate risk, as a result of their concentration in certain sectors and types of enterprises (e.g. micro SMEs in the agricultural sector in remote regions); 2) face additional barriers to adaptation in the business environment, including access to finance, technologies, (climate and adaptation) information and supportive policies; and 3) are also often concurrently on the frontline of managing climate risk at household levels. Since various forms of inequality often create compounding experiences of discrimination and vulnerability, we pay particular attention to how factors of differential vulnerability intersect, amplify and reproduce. |
| Keywords: | ES/R009708/1; Wiley deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115222&r= |
| By: | Zabel, Astrid; Bokusheva, Raushan; Bozzola, Martina |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aesc22:321225&r= |
| By: | Linsenmeier, Manuel |
| Abstract: | In many countries, GDP varies by several percent from quarter to quarter. It has long been conjectured that temperature plays a role in these cycles, but previous research has either neglected its possible influence, focused on proximate rather than fundamental drivers of quarterly fluctuations, or concluded that the influence of temperature is small based on limited evidence and inappropriate methods. As climate change is projected to change the seasonality of temperature, the question appears very relevant. In this paper, I examine the effect of seasonal temperature variability on seasonal economic cycles using data on quarterly GDP from 98 countries and quarterly GVA by industry for 35 European economies. I first construct a dataset of seasonal temperature and seasonal economic production calculated in a consistent way across countries. This dataset reveals a much larger diversity of seasonal economic cycles around the world than previously reported. I then attribute these economic cycles to seasonal variation in temperature. For identification, I propose and apply a novel econometric approach based on seasonal differences that accounts for expectations. The results show that seasonal temperature has a statistically significantly positive effect on seasonal production, which is primarily due to countries with larger production in summer than in winter. Using GVA data for industry groups, I find significant effects of seasonal temperature on GVA only in industries with relatively high exposure to ambient temperature. Overall, the effect of temperature on seasonal economic cycles appears large, as in many countries the effect of temperature is strong enough to explain almost all of the observed seasonal economic cycle. Regarding future anthropogenic climate change, the results suggest that changes to seasonal temperatures will lead to a reallocation of economic activity across seasons. |
| Keywords: | seasonal cycles; macroeconomic fluctuatios; temperature variability |
| JEL: | E32 E23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115530&r= |
| By: | Linsenmeier, Manuel |
| Abstract: | In many countries, GDP varies by several percent from quarter to quarter. It has long been conjectured that temperature plays a role in these cycles, but previous research has either neglected its possible influence, focused on proximate rather than fundamental drivers of quarterly fluctuations, or concluded that the influence of temperature is small based on limited evidence and inappropriate methods. As climate change is projected to change the seasonality of temperature, the question appears very relevant. In this paper, I examine the effect of seasonal temperature variability on seasonal economic cycles using data on quarterly GDP from 98 countries and quarterly GVA by industry for 35 European economies. I first construct a dataset of seasonal temperature and seasonal economic production calculated in a consistent way across countries. This dataset reveals a much larger diversity of seasonal economic cycles around the world than previously reported. I then attribute these economic cycles to seasonal variation in temperature. For identification, I propose and apply a novel econometric approach based on seasonal differences that accounts for expectations. The results show that seasonal temperature has a statistically significantly positive effect on seasonal production, which is primarily due to countries with larger production in summer than in winter. Using GVA data for industry groups, I find significant effects of seasonal temperature on GVA only in industries with relatively high exposure to ambient temperature. Overall, the effect of temperature on seasonal economic cycles appears large, as in many countries the effect of temperature is strong enough to explain almost all of the observed seasonal economic cycle. Regarding future anthropogenic climate change, the results suggest that changes to seasonal temperatures will lead to a reallocation of economic activity across seasons. |
| Keywords: | seasonal cycles; macroeconomic fluctuatios; temperature variability |
| JEL: | E32 E23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115526&r= |
| By: | Golub, Alla; Haqiqi, Iman; Karami, Omid; Sajedinia, Ehsanreza; Taheripour, Farzad |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, International Development |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322165&r= |
| By: | He, Fei; Lai, John; Court, Christa D.; Borisova, Tatiana; Athearn, Kevin R. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322578&r= |
| By: | Chenet, Hugues; Kedward, Katie; Ryan-Collins, Josh; van Lerven, Frank |
| Abstract: | Climate change and biodiversity loss have primarily been approached by financial authorities (central banks and supervisors) from the perspective of financial risk. The prevailing view is that there is insufficient information and understanding of environment-related financial risks within financial institutions. If such financial risks can be discovered, measured and disclosed, they can be priced into financial markets to support a smooth environmental transition and this market failure can be addressed. However, environment-related financial risks have particular features that make them less amenable than other types of risk to standard financial risk management approaches. In particular, the ‘radical uncertainty’ characterising the long time horizons and the endogenous and non-linear dynamics involved with environmental change make quantitative calculations of financial risk challenging, if not impossible. The authors propose in this paper an alternative, precautionary approach to financial policy, incorporating both prudential and monetary policies. As a framework it draws on the ‘precautionary principle’ and modern macroprudential policy traditions. A precautionary financial policy mindset acknowledges the importance of measurement practices and price discovery but justifies bolder policy action to shift the allocation of capital to shorter time frames better aligned with the uncertain and potentially catastrophic nature of environment-related threats, including the risks to, and posed by, financial institutions. The paper considers financial authorities’ tentative steps and possible tools in such a precautionary policy direction – and how these could be scaled up and mainstreamed. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115535&r= |
| By: | Khondaker Golam Moazzem; Abdullah Fahad; Shah Md. Ahsan Habib |
| Abstract: | While Bangladesh’s energy scenario has been historically dominated by natural gas assuming that Bangladesh will never face a shortage in natural gas production, the local natural gas production started decreasing after 2016 and is likely to decrease even more in the coming years. Increasing demand for gas and decreasing local production led Bangladesh to import Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in 2018. Power plants account for the major share of the gas consumed in Bangladesh. This study estimates the economic costs of the LNG supply chain considering the power plant as an end customer in Bangladesh for the fiscal years 2019 to 2021. A supply chain was identified to estimate the economic costs of LNG in Bangladesh based on the data collected from relevant government agencies. It was found that per unit LNG import cost, was about 24 times that of the national company production. Environmental emissions associated with the imported LNG were also estimated in the study based on literature. LNG life cycle emissions indicate that LNG is not that of improvement from other fossil fuels. The study concludes that to meet the existing gas demand of Bangladesh currently there are no alternatives to LNG import, but, considering LNG as a long-term solution going to cost the country gravely. |
| Keywords: | LNG Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas, Natural gas, LNG import |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdb:opaper:144&r= |
| By: | Villoria, Nelson B.; Cisneros-Pineda, Alfredo; Haqiqi, Iman; Chakravarty, Shourish; Delgado, Michael; Hertel, Thomas W. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322315&r= |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on gender sensitive responses to climate change in oil host communities in Nigeria. This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 1200 rural women were sampled across the Niger Delta region. The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate a significant relationship between GMoU model and women, gender and climate change in the Niger Delta Nigeria. This implies that CSR of a multinational oil companies is a critical factor in the need for gender sensitive responses to the effect of climate change. It suggests that, for adaptation to climate change effects, understanding gender dimensions and taking gender responsive steps be incorporated into GMoU policies and action plans of multinational enterprises. This research contributes to gender debate in climate change from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Gender equality, Corporate social responsibility, Multinational oil companies, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/041&r= |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on gender sensitive responses to climate change in oil host communities in Nigeria. This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 1200 rural women were sampled across the Niger Delta region. The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate a significant relationship between GMoU model and women, gender and climate change in the Niger Delta Nigeria. This implies that CSR of a multinational oil companies is a critical factor in the need for gender sensitive responses to the effect of climate change. It suggests that, for adaptation to climate change effects, understanding gender dimensions and taking gender responsive steps be incorporated into GMoU policies and action plans of multinational enterprises. This research contributes to gender debate in climate change from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Gender equality, Corporate social responsibility, Multinational oil companies, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/041&r= |
| By: | Ruben Bibas (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C. Cassen (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Renaud Crassous; Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Meriem Hamdi-Cherif (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean Charles Hourcade (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Florian Leblanc (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Eoin Ó Broin (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Julie Rozenberg; Olivier Sassi; Adrien Vogt-Schilb; Henri-David Waisman |
| Date: | 2022–06–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03702627&r= |
| By: | Marco Sebastian Breder; Felix Meurer; Michael Bucksteeg; Christoph Weber (Chair for Management Sciences and Energy Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen) |
| Abstract: | Germany’s energy transition is associated with increasing congestion in the electricity transmission grids due to increasing infeed from renewable energy sources, especially from wind turbine installation at the periphery in coastal areas. Here, regional differences in generation and demand lead to grid bottlenecks from the northern to the southern parts of the country, thus leading to grid expansion requirements towards the load centers. However, long lead times for grid expansion in combination with the rapid expansion of renewables amplify the grid congestion. The provision of flexibility is one way to overcome this issue. In zonal markets, loadside flexibility can mitigate this situation, but it can also exacerbate it. Hence, adequate spatial incentives are crucial. To date, research has discussed possible market splits as a mid-term solution to improve congestion management, recognizing that the first-best solution of nodal prices is controversial in Europe. Nevertheless, adjusted bidding zones, e.g., by market splitting, can offer a solution. In the context of energy transition and ambitious decarbonization goals, hydrogen becomes important both as a storage option for renewable energy surplus and a green fuel for multiple usages. The German government already foresees 10 GW of electrolyser capacity by 2030, yet their locations will strongly affect congestion in the electricity grid. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of a possible market split on both the operation of and the investment in electrolysers. We apply an optimization approach including endogenous investment decisions linked to a detailed scheduling model. The investments are iteratively adjusted based on a Benders decomposition approach to study the impacts of market splitting on both the amount and the location of investments in terms of the electrolysers’ capacity and operation. In addition to conducting an analysis of spatial incentives, this study considered incentives through different CO2 prices. |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen, German Energy Transition, Electricity Market, Operations Research, Market Split |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dui:wpaper:2203&r= |
| By: | Christophe Bellmann; Alena Bulatnikova |
| Abstract: | This report explores ways in which regional trade agreements (RTAs) can incorporate environmental objectives in chapters and articles related to trade in services. In particular, the analysis builds on a review of existing provisions in recent RTAs aiming at fostering deep economic integration. The report identifies a range of possible options as a way forward, from general commitments to co-operate on environmental goods and services, through horizontal provisions guaranteeing the right to regulate or to protect the environment, to specific commitments on market access and national treatment, or disciplines designed to promote regulatory cooperation and good regulatory practices. These different avenues point to the need for a holistic approach in incorporating environmental considerations in services related provisions. Parties interested in promoting and facilitating trade in environmental services through RTAs would not only need to look at environment and sustainability chapters, but may also wish to do it through specific commitments on market access and national treatment as well as sectoral provisions or annexes on regulatory co-operation. |
| Keywords: | environmental provisions, international regulatory co-operation, non-tariff measures, regional trade agreements, technical barriers to trade, trade and environment, trade in services, trade policy |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2022/01-en&r= |
| By: | Gao, J.; Linton, O.; Peng, B. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider a panel data model which allows for heterogeneous time trends at different locations. We propose a new estimation method for the panel data model before we establish an asymptotic theory for the proposed estimation method. For inferential purposes, we develop a bootstrap method for the case where weak correlation presents in both dimensions of the error terms. We examine the ï¬ nite–sample properties of the proposed model and estimation method through extensive simulated studies. Finally, we use the newly proposed model and method to investigate rainfall, temperature and sunshine data of U.K. respectively. Overall, we ï¬ nd the weather of winter has changed dramatically over the past ï¬ fty years. Changes may vary with respect to locations for the other seasons. |
| Keywords: | Bootstrap method, Interactive ï¬ xed–effect, Panel rainfall data, Time trend |
| JEL: | Q50 C23 |
| Date: | 2022–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2215&r= |
| By: | Natalia Porto (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP); Pablo (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP); Manuela Cerimelo (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to identify and characterize the potential of green jobs in Argentina, i.e., those that would benefit from a transition to a green economy, using occupational green potential scores calculated in US O*NET data. We apply the greenness scores to Argentine household survey data and estimate that 25% of workers are in green jobs, i.e., have a high green potential. However, when taking into account the informality dimension, we find that 15% of workers and 12% of wage earners are in formal green jobs. We then analyze the relationship between the greenness scores (with emphasis on the nexus with decent work) and various labor and demographic variables at the individual level. We find that for the full sample of workers the green potential is relatively greater for men, the elderly, those with very high qualifications, those in formal positions, and those in specific sectors such as construction, transportation, mining, and industry. These are the groups that are likely to be the most benefited by the greening of the Argentine economy. When we restrict the sample to wage earners, the green potential score is positively associated with informality. |
| JEL: | E20 Q50 J80 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0301&r= |
| By: | Leonor Dormido (Banco de España); Isabel Garrido (Banco de España); Pilar L´Hotellerie-Fallois (Banco de España); Javier Santillán (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | En los últimos años, la lucha contra el cambio climático y por un crecimiento sostenible está ganando protagonismo en la agenda internacional. Reducir las emisiones contaminantes depende de que un número suficientemente amplio de países adopten medidas mitigadoras eficientes y alineadas con los acuerdos internacionales. La cooperación internacional es fundamental para hacer efectivos los compromisos asumidos en virtud de esos acuerdos, llevar a cabo la transición energética y frenar el cambio climático. Tanto el G-20, que cuenta entre sus miembros con los mayores emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, como el Fondo Monetario Internacional están incorporando de manera creciente las consideraciones climáticas al ejercicio de sus respectivas funciones. La Unión Europea (UE) es parte activa de ese compromiso global, en el que ejerce cierto liderazgo, y persigue objetivos cada vez más ambiciosos. En cumplimiento del Pacto Verde Europeo, la UE ha dado rango legal a su objetivo de neutralidad climática en la Ley Europea del Clima y ha puesto en marcha diversas políticas pioneras para su implementación, como el paquete de medidas Objetivo 55. La guerra en Ucrania introduce un elemento de incertidumbre en esta senda, dada la importancia de Rusia como suministrador de combustibles fósiles a la UE. |
| Keywords: | cambio climático, descarbonización, UE, G-20, FMI, COP, Pacto Verde, Ucrania/Rusia |
| JEL: | F53 P18 H23 H87 Q54 F64 F68 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2213&r= |
| By: | Boneva, Lena; Ferrucci, Gianluigi |
| Abstract: | Climate change is increasingly affecting the objective, conduct and transmission of monetary policy. Yet, climate-related shocks and trends are still generally absent from the canonical models used by central banks for their policy analysis and forecasting. This briefing paper reviews the potential pitfalls of using a modelling framework that omits climate-related information and provides some reflections on how central banks can integrate climate change considerations into their ‘workhorse’ models. This includes: accounting for an explicit role of the energy sector in the production structure and for specific climate change policies; improving the ability of models to cope with various sources of heterogeneity; and incorporating a more realistic representation of the financial sector, to analyse the possible stranding of assets and impairments in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. It argues that a ‘suite-of-models’ strategy is a promising approach for central banks to cope with the climate challenge when designing a new generation of models. To complement theory with practice, several examples of central banks that have already integrated climate-related information into their analytical frameworks are provided. The paper concludes with some specific recommendations. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 J1 |
| Date: | 2022–04–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115533&r= |
| By: | Nandini E. S; Sudharani R; Suresh N |
| Abstract: | The study focuses on the Impact of Environmental Accounting on the Profitability of Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The study has considered the Amount spent on Environmental protection as an Independent variable and Return on Capital Employed, Return on Assets, Return on Net worth/equity, Net Profit Margin, and Dividend per Share as the Dependent variable. The present study is to analyses the relationship between Amounts spent on Environmental protection costs and Return on Capital Employed, Return on Assets, Return on Net worth/equity, Net Profit Margin, and Dividend per Share. The data is collected from 18 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange for 10 years from the Annual reports of companies. The data collected were analysed using Panel data Regression in E-Views. Results revealed that there is a significant Relationship between Environmental protection Cost and Return on Capital Employed, Return on Assets, Return on Net worth/equity, Net Profit Margin, and Dividend per Share. The study shows that Environmental accounting impact positively on Firms profitability. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.00716&r= |
| By: | Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Sen, Anupama |
| Abstract: | As renewable energy technologies mature, new industry configurations are also emerging with offshore wind and energy islands as notable examples. However, a clear conceptualisation of the role of the state and governance framework is lacking, alongside growing pressure for the state to define the path forward. This paper reviews recent developments in emerging EU offshore renewable energy regimes, highlighting three implications that show the need for new governance frameworks. First, there is a reconfiguration of energy industry structures around changing economics and policies, in a repeat of historical trends. Second, energy islands will increasingly represent features of a natural resource in fixed supply, with the economic nature of offshore energy gradually transiting from the sub-domain of renewable energy economics towards natural resource economics. Third, to realise their economic value, frameworks are needed to enable these resources to harmonise with other resources in fixed supply, such as the land on which they are sited, which is constitutionally under the stewardship of the state. Finally, the paper draws out a set of criteria for governance of emerging offshore renewables, to underpin the changing industry landscape and role of the new ‘energy state’ within |
| Keywords: | Offshore energy; Governance; Fiscal regime; Energy; Natural resources; Power |
| JEL: | L22 L24 L51 Q20 Q24 Q28 Q32 Q38 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2022_005&r= |
| By: | Wang, Hong Holly; Moon, Dong Whoi; Hao, Na; Lusk, Jayson L. |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322203&r= |
| By: | Laurence Viale (Humanis - Hommes et management en société / Humans and management in society - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg); Stéphano Vacher (Humanis - Hommes et management en société / Humans and management in society - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg); Jeanne Bessouat (Humanis - Hommes et management en société / Humans and management in society - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg) |
| Abstract: | Purpose: In a context of ecological transition, this study aims to explore and understand what fosters the participation of purchasing departments and identify the drivers and difficulties encountered during the development of eco-innovation within firms. Design/Methodology/Approach: We adopt a qualitative methodology that provides tools to study complex phenomena. In-depth interviews with highly knowledgeable respondents from multisectoral organisations enable us to explore the eco-innovation process within firms. Findings: From the perspectives of resource-based theory and stakeholder theory, the study contributes to the literature by investigating firms' internal resources and exploring further dimensions based on sustainable SCM and purchasing. Internal stakeholders (e.g., purchasing agents) and external stakeholders (e.g., suppliers) were identified with regard to the business eco-innovation activities of focal companies in relation to upstream stakeholders. We examine this complex phenomenon by raising certain intra-and inter-organisational factors, as well as more individual aspects, such as the sensitivity of the purchasing manager to ecological transition. Purchasing agents are involved in increasing the propensity of organisations to eco-innovate and, as internal stakeholders, appear to be influential in ecoinnovation. Originality: The study provides new insights into the constituent resources needed for purchasing participation during eco-innovation in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. This paper is an initial attempt at research in the area. Practical implications: This study presents an opportunity for purchasing managers to understand challenges more comprehensively in order to add value within the eco-innovation process. The results highlight recommendations for how best to undertake eco-innovation in upstream supply chains. Research limitations/implications: Given the nascent state of eco-innovation practice and accessibility to primary data about ongoing efforts, this research could not consider all possible drivers. |
| Keywords: | Innovation,Purchasing,Resource Based View,Green supply chains,Ecological efficiency,Stakeholders Eco-innovation,Ecological transition,Purchasing management,RBV,Stakeholder theory,Eco-innovation |
| Date: | 2022–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03695500&r= |
| By: | Natalia Porto; Pablo de la Vega; Manuela Cerimelo |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to identify and characterize the potential of green jobs in Argentina, i.e., those that would benefit from a transition to a green economy, using occupational green potential scores calculated in US O*NET data. We apply the greenness scores to Argentine household survey data and estimate that 25% of workers are in green jobs, i.e., have a high green potential. However, when taking into account the informality dimension, we find that 15% of workers and 12% of wage earners are in formal green jobs. We then analyze the relationship between the greenness scores (with emphasis on the nexus with decent work) and various labor and demographic variables at the individual level. We find that for the full sample of workers the green potential is relatively greater for men, the elderly, those with very high qualifications, those in formal positions, and those in specific sectors such as construction, transportation, mining, and industry. These are the groups that are likely to be the most benefited by the greening of the Argentine economy. When we restrict the sample to wage earners, the green potential score is positively associated with informality. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.09279&r= |
| By: | Frédéric Reynés (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Meriem Hamdi-Cherif (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Gissela Landa (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Alexandre Tourbah |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de ce Policy brief est de faire le diagnostic des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique en France et de mettre en avant les grands chantiers nécessaires. Nous revenons d'abord sur les performances de la France en matière de baisse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Bien que des efforts soient engagés, les politiques mises en oeuvre sont en retard par rapport à l'objectif de la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Au rythme de baisse des émissions des 10 dernières années, cet objectif ne serait atteint qu'en 2130. Il est donc primordial dès le prochain quinquennat de relancer concrètement la politique environnementale de la France. Pour mettre la France sur une trajectoire de décarbonation ambitieuse et réaliste, deux stratégies sont souvent opposées. La première repose sur les évolutions technologiques tandis que la seconde s'appuie sur la sobriété énergétique. Nous montrons au contraire la complémentarité des deux approches qui ont chacune leurs incertitudes : pari technologique versus pari de la modification des comportements. Le point commun de toute stratégie compatible avec la neutralité carbone en 2050 est qu'un effort significatif à mettre en oeuvre sans délai est nécessaire. Un enjeu important de l'élection présidentielle est de trancher démocratiquement sur quoi doit porter cet effort et sur les instruments à privilégier : inciter à des modes de consommation plus sobres, investir massivement dans des modes de production d'énergie décarbonée, faire des choix technologiques, etc. Cela nous amène à discuter des avantages et des inconvénients des principaux instruments économiques (prix du carbone, subventions, investissements publics, normes, sensibilisations) dont disposent les décideurs politiques pour mettre en oeuvre la transition bas carbone. Nous en tirons plusieurs conclusions. Aucun instrument n'étant parfait, la politique environnementale nécessite de s'appuyer sur une combinaison d'instruments et donc d'être pensée dans sa globalité. Le manque de considération des questions d'acceptabilité et de justice sociale sont des éléments clé pour expliquer les blocages autour des politiques de lutte contre le changement climatique. Nous proposons deux pistes pour relancer les politiques environnementales : Améliorer la transparence autour des prix du carbone (explicites ou implicites) payés par les différents agents. Cela passe par une réforme fiscale qui convertisse explicitement les taxes énergétiques en fiscalité carbone. Cela faciliterait la comparaison des dispositifs existants (fiscalité, marchés de quotas, ou normes) et donc les efforts des différents agents dans la lutte contre le changement climatique ; Structurer la politique économique autour de la question climatique et de la réalisation de la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Cela pourrait passer par la fusion des ministères de l'Économie et des finances avec celui de la Transition écologique, comme cela s'est fait aux Pays-Bas et en Allemagne. Ceci permettrait de faciliter la mise en oeuvre des grands chantiers économiques liés aux politiques environnementales : politiques d'investissements, de planification, ou industrielles, mais également de redistribution et de soutien aux différents acteurs, ménages et entreprises exposés. Cette fusion doit aller de pair avec le renforcement des conseils indépendants d'évaluation et de recommandation, comme le Haut-Conseil pour le climat. |
| Keywords: | environnement,politique économique,réforme fiscale,changement climatique |
| Date: | 2022–02–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03700011&r= |
| By: | Isabelle Chort (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); Berk Öktem (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Deforestation in the tropics is a critical issue that interacts with global environmental changes, and the mediating role of negative agricultural shocks is ambiguous. We investigate the impact of the massive epidemic of coffee leaf rust (CLR) that affected Central America from 2012 on deforestation in Mexico. CLR is a fungal disease that negatively affects coffee production. We exploit the gradual and random diffusion of the epidemic across coffee-growing municipalities and estimate a difference-indifference model. We find that deforestation increased by 32% in CLR-affected municipalities but we find no increase in agricultural land. Effects are driven by municipalities with low coffee yields, characterizing shade coffee systems, and states where rustic coffee systems were predominant. These results suggest that deforestation occurred within coffee cultivation areas and point out the concurrent role of government subsidies and incentives through the PROCAFE program, launched in 2014, that promoted the replacement of traditional coffee trees by CLR-resistant hybrids. We study the dynamic effects of CLR and exploit the delayed launch of PROCAFE to try to disentangle the impact of the epidemic from that of the policy response. Our results emphasize the vulnerability of agroforestry systems to exogenous shocks and suggest that PROCAFE, as a short-term response to CLR, contributed to increasing deforestation and accelerating the transition of Mexican traditional coffee landscapes to monoculture. |
| Keywords: | deforestation,coffee,Mexico,climate change,land use,agroforestry systems,government policies |
| Date: | 2022–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03715600&r= |
| By: | Lipper, Leslie; Cavatassi, Romina; Symons, Ricci; Gordes, Alashiya; Page, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Climate change is imposing a transformative process on agricultural and food systems, threatening the livelihoods of people dependent on them, including a large proportion of the world’s poor people. Moving to a process that contributes to improving rather than endangering livelihoods is the challenge that climate change adaptation and resilience-building efforts currently face. Transformative adaptation that addresses the interactions between food systems and climate change requires adequate, accessible, and appropriate financing. Expanding climate finance resources from the public sector and creating an incentivizing environment for private sector investments is needed to attain adequate levels of financing. Appropriate finance must be designed to address specific characteristics of adaptation investments, such as risk, delayed returns, high social values, and new and unproven activities. Using blended finance integrated with development finance can generate financing appropriate to the investment needs. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:322020&r= |
| By: | Andreas Coester (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Marjan Hofkes (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam); Elissaios Papyrakis (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | Renewable electricity plays an increasingly important role in the effort to reduce CO2 emissions in the electricity sector. One of the major challenges that must be addressed is the fluctuating supply of renewable electricity. We explore the impact of cross-border electricity transfers on both the security of electricity supply and renewable electricity expansion. We focus on Spain and Germany due to the relative abundance of their country-specific renewable electricity sources (solar for Spain and wind for Germany). We develop an electricity market model that allows for cross-border electricity transfers by connecting country-specific electricity markets. We apply six policy scenarios aiming towards securing the electricity supply and renewable electricity expansion. Our simulation results show that cross-border electricity transfers postpone supply shortages in both countries. These shortages occur as a result of an increasing amount of low-marginal-cost renewable electricity, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the electricity price, so that power plants cannot operate profitably. However, the postponement of these supply shortages is primarily achieved through an excess supply of German conventional power plants that are utilised to meet excess demand in Spain. Although this serves to reduce required government subsidies, it also leads to an increase in CO2 emissions. |
| Keywords: | Cross-border electricity transfers, Security of electricity supply, Renewable Electricity |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220043&r= |
| By: | Zhaojia Huang; Liang Zhang; Tianhao Zhi |
| Abstract: | There is a rapid development and commercialization of new Energy Vehicles (NEV) in recent years. Although traditional fuel vehicles (TFV) still occupy a majority share of the market, it is generally believed that NEV is more efficient, more environmental friendly, and has a greater potential of a Schumpeterian "creative destruction" that may lead to a paradigm shift in auto production and consumption. However, less is discussed regarding the potential environmental impact of NEV production and future uncertainty in R&D bottleneck of NEV technology and innovation. This paper aims to propose a modelling framework based on Lux (1995) that investigates the long-term dynamics of TFV and NEV, along with their associated environmental externality. We argue that environmental and technological policies will play a critical role in determining its future development. It is of vital importance to constantly monitor the potential environmental impact of both sectors and support the R&D of critical NEV technology, as well as curbing its negative externality in a preemptive manner. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.03672&r= |
| By: | Boissinot, Jean; Goulard, Sylvie; Salin, Mathilde; Svartzman, Romain; Weber, Pierre-François |
| Abstract: | The concept of double materiality is developing rapidly, with potential implications for monetary and financial policies. Double materiality builds on the historical accounting and auditing convention of materiality and expands it by considering that non-financial and financial corporations are not only materially vulnerable to environment-related events and risks, but also materially contribute to enabling dirty activities and environmental degradation. Three rationales that support the use of double materiality are distinguished in this paper, each with different policy implications: i) an idiosyncratic perspective – closely connected to the concept of dynamic materiality – which considers that an entity’s environmental impacts are relevant as they provide information on the institution’s own risks; ii) a systemic risk perspective – closely connected to the concept of endogeneity of financial risks – which seeks to reduce financial institutions’ contribution to negative environmental externalities because of the systemic financial risks that could result from them; and iii) a transformative perspective seeking to reshape financial and corporate practices and values in order to make them more inclusive of different stakeholders’ interests and compatible with the actions needed for an ecological transition. Each of these rationales has potential implications for monetary and financial policies, as well as possible theoretical and practical challenges. While the adoption of a double materiality perspective remains an open question, the concept proposes the opportunity to think more comprehensively about the role of the financial system in urgently addressing the ecological challenges of our times. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 J1 |
| Date: | 2022–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115539&r= |
| By: | Kassie, Girma T.; Martin, Will; Tokgoz, Simla |
| Abstract: | Agricultural value chains are enormously important for development and poverty reduction in developing countries. Unfortunately, the wide array of forms of intervention used creates serious difficulties in understanding its impacts on agricultural value chains and on the economy in general. This paper reviews recent work to increase transparency of agricultural support measures and to assess their impacts on key outcomes. To do this, it draws lessons from various studies on agricultural incentives, including the global Ag-Incentives database, studies exploring the link between agricultural incentives and value chain development, and studies exploring the links between agricultural incentives and environmental outcomes. Studies highlighted in the Report will allow future researchers to use the described methodologies and tools and apply them to different countries, different contexts, and different commodities. This research portfolio has created a foundation for future work relevant to the five Impact Areas of One CGIAR; namely, nutrition, health, and food security; poverty reduction, livelihoods, and jobs; gender equality, youth, and inclusion; climate adaptation and mitigation; and environmental health and biodiversity. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; agriculture; incentives; greenhouse gases; value chains; agricultural value chains; nominal rate of assistance; nominal rate of protection |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2127&r= |
| By: | Fender, Ingo; McMorrow, Mike; Zulaica, Omar |
| Abstract: | Central banks are playing an increasingly active role in promoting the move towards a sustainable global economy. One key motivation is the need to mobilise funds for the large-scale public sector investment required to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change. This paper explores the role central banks’ foreign exchange (FX) reserves portfolios can play in this context. Central banks’ frameworks for managing FX reserves have traditionally balanced a triad of objectives: liquidity, safety and return. Incorporating sustainability requires expanding this usual triad into a tetrad. This can be achieved either explicitly, by introducing new economic uses of reserves, or implicitly, by recognising the ways in which sustainability affects existing policy objectives – or through a combination of both approaches. Pursuing sustainability, however, may give rise to trade-offs over and above the usual tensions between liquidity and safety and return. This paper explores sustainability-enhanced reserve management in the context of these trade-offs and outlines 12 different channels (classified into four different types) that reserve managers can use to ‘green’ their operations. Each of these channels comes with its own advantages and limitations, so – given the constraints faced at the individual reserve manager’s level – choosing the right channels is key. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–07–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115540&r= |
| By: | EL MELIGI Andrea (European Commission - JRC); FERREIRA Valeria; MAINAR CAUSAPÉ Alfredo; PHILIPPIDIS George; RONZON Tevecia (European Commission - JRC); FERRARI Emanuele (European Commission - JRC); M'BAREK Robert (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Bioeconomy emerges as an opportunity towards more economic, social and environmental sustainability, becoming a priority for many countries, including the European Union and its Member States. According to the definition in the European Union’ strategy, the Bioeconomy includes all sectors of the economy that are based on the use of renewable biological resources to produce value added products such as food, feed, energy, and bio-based products (European Commission, 2012). Due to the importance of promoting the Bioeconomy, it is necessary to analyse the impact of the sectors directly involved. However, the lack of available data is one of the main obstacles for monitoring its progress. As a response to this problem, the Bioeconomy Social Accounting Matrix (BioSAM) database has been developed for the EUs Member States (Mainar-Causapé 2021). The purpose of this report is to present an overview of the European Union bio-based products and industries. Our focus is mainly on the analysis of the impacts of final demand variation on value added and employment by sectoral level disaggregation. By using the BioSAM database it is possible to deepen the impact analysis by considering a detailed disaggregation of bio-based products. A country cluster analysis focusing on food system sectors is also introduced. In addition, the results are presented in a dashboard to allow the replication and comparison of different impacts by sector and country. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy, Agriculture, Food System, Multipliers, Employment, Value Added |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc128716&r= |
| By: | von Kalckreuth, Ulf |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a system of greenhouse gas indicators for markets and policymakers. The system is lean and informative. It condenses the relevant product and enterprise-specific information into a single number: the greenhouse gas (GHG) value. Like prices, GHG values are easy to understand, manage and communicate. The envisaged scenario is one in which, at all levels of production, goods and services have two tags - the financial price to pay and the GHG value. GHG values are interdependent. The value for any product will depend on the carbon costs of all inputs. This paper shows that the massive information processing this simultaneity involves can be handed over to the market. Analytically, the system of product-level indicators is solved for the reduced form, the vector of true GHG values. This vector is shown to be the fixed point to which measurement will converge if producers comput e GHG values using the information they have: data from their input providers if available, and estimates elsewhere. This amounts to a process of collective, decentralised learning. Technological changes will automatically be accounted for. A micro-simulation exercise is carried out based on sectoral information on production structure from Germany. The results indicate that convergence is fast. W ith appropriate institutional underpinning, the disclosure of GHG values by producers may become self-sustaining. |
| Keywords: | greenhouse gas intensities,carbon accounting,green finance |
| JEL: | Q56 Q51 C81 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:232022&r= |
| By: | Jiti Gao; Oliver Linton; Bin Peng |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider a panel data model which allows for heterogeneous time trends at different locations. We propose a new estimation method for the panel data model before we establish an asymptotic theory for the proposed estimation method. For inferential purposes, we develop a bootstrap method for the case where weak correlation presents in both dimensions of the error terms. We examine the finite-sample properties of the proposed model and estimation method through extensive simulated studies. Finally, we use the newly proposed model and method to investigate rainfall, temperature and sunshine data of U.K. respectively. Overall, we find the weather of winter has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. Changes may vary with respect to locations for the other seasons. |
| Keywords: | bootstrap method, interactive fixed-effect, panel rainfall data, time trend |
| JEL: | Q50 C23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msh:ebswps:2022-9&r= |
| By: | Wu, Tong; Lawell, C.Y. Cynthia Lin; Just, David R.; Zhao, Jiancheng; Fei, Zhangjun; Wei, Qiang |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322164&r= |
| By: | Pagel, Jeff |
| Abstract: | This paper studies whether extractive resource activities provoke an ecological response on the emergence and proliferation of malaria by altering the reproductive environment of mosquitoes. In January 2004, the government of the Philippines launched the Minerals Action Plan (MAP) with the goal of revitalizing the mining sector, which significantly reduced the average lag between application and grant of a mining permit. I exploit the timing of the reform and the spatial distribution of mineral endowments through a difference-in-differences (DID) approach that compares provinces with and without gold deposits before and after the reform. After the MAP reform, provinces with deposits of gold had 32 percent more malaria cases relative to provinces without gold deposits. Additionally, the impact on malaria appears to be persistent 10 years beyond the implementation of the policy. I perform several falsification tests as well as investigate other potential mechanisms to further suggest that the main mechanism is through gold mining’s creation of slow-moving bodies of stagnant water, which provide an ideal breeding site for Anopheles mosquitoes, malaria’s main transmission vector, to propagate and reproduce. |
| Keywords: | natural resource curse; malaria; extractive resources; health and economic development |
| JEL: | Q32 Q57 I18 |
| Date: | 2022–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115532&r= |
| By: | Kyriakopoulou, Danae; Antonakaki, Theodora; Bekiari, Maria; Kartapani, Aliki; Rapti, Eleni |
| Abstract: | Central banks are increasingly exploring how climate-related financial risks and opportunities impact their price and financial stability mandates, as well as their own operations. They are also beginning to consider how their own actions, and those of the financial institutions they supervise, may contribute to and exacerbate climate change risks and opportunities. Measuring and reporting – or disclosing – climate-related risks and opportunities is a key step in addressing these issues, for both individual institutions and thefinancial system as a whole. With this recognition, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) was established, to guide financial institutions to make effective climate disclosures. The development of high quality, reliable, comparable and transparent climate disclosures can support decision-making and enable better understanding of the implications of climate change for central banks. Further, central banks can lead by example by demonstrating lessons learned from their own climate-related disclosures to other financial institutions and by using their influence over the financial rulebook to build the broader system architecture. This paper reviews key elements of the recommendations made by the TCFD – first released in 2017 – and their application by central banks to date. The paper also considers potential enhancements for central banks’ climate disclosures and their possible implications for the wider financial system. The fact that definitions, data, and methodologies for assessing climate-related issues are constantly evolving means that efforts to develop climate-related disclosures will need to follow a progressive approach, with the quantity and quality of disclosures improving in parallel with the progress made in these areas. A flexible framework also suits the distinct operational models and different mandates of central banks. The recommendations made in this paper can be applied to the different central bank portfolios, including monetary and non-monetary and credit facilities, as well as financial stability and physical operations. They are designed to support a wider and more practical application of the TCFD recommendations by central banks. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2022–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115543&r= |
| By: | Wan, Xibo; Ji, Yongjie; Liu, Pengfei; Zhang, Wendong |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322157&r= |
| By: | Dai, Bingyan; Gomez, Miguel I.; Atallah, Shadi S.; Bjoerkman, Thomas; Eccleston, Jill |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322153&r= |
| By: | Pavel Ciaian; Andrej Cupak; Pirmin Fessler; d'Artis Kancs |
| Abstract: | Individuals invest in Environmental-Social-Governance (ESG)-assets not only because of (higher) expected returns but also driven by ethical and social considerations. Less is known about ESG-conscious investor subjective beliefs about crypto-assets and how do these compare to traditional assets. Controversies surrounding the ESG footprint of certain crypto-asset classes - mainly on grounds of their energy-intensive crypto mining - offer a potentially informative object of inquiry. Leveraging a unique representative household finance survey for the Austrian population, we examine whether investors' ESG preferences can explain cross-sectional differences in individual portfolio exposure to crypto-assets. We find a strong association between investors' ESG preferences and the crypto-investment exposure. The ESG-conscious investor attention is higher for crypto-assets compared to traditional asset classes such as bonds and shares. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.14548&r= |
| By: | Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda; Adjognon, Serge G.; Dillon, Andrew |
| Keywords: | International Development, Agribusiness, Research Methods/Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322152&r= |
| By: | Yuta Kuroda; Takeru Sugasawa |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of scattered greenery (street trees and yard bushes), rather than cohesive greenery (parks and forests), on housing prices. We identify urban greenspace from high-resolution satellite images and combine these data with data on both sales and rentals of condominiums to estimate hedonic pricing models. We find that scattered urban greenery within 100 meters significantly increases housing prices, while more distant scattered greenery does not. Scattered greenery is highly valued near highways but is less valued near the central business district (CBD). Additionally, the prices of inexpensive and small for-sale and of for-rent properties are less affected by scattered greenery. These results indicate that there is significant heterogeneity in urban greenery preferences by property characteristics and location. This heterogeneity in preferences for greenery could lead to environmental gentrification since the number of more expensive properties increases in areas with more green amenities. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:128&r= |
| By: | Billio, Monica; Costola, Michele; Pelizzon, Loriana; Riedel, Max |
| Abstract: | Energy efficiency represents one of the key planned actions aiming at reducing greenhouse emissions and the consumption of fossil fuel to mitigate the impact of climate change. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between energy efficiency and the borrower's solvency risk in the Italian market. Specifically, we analyze a residential mortgage portfolio of four financial institutions which includes about 70,000 loans matched with the energy performance certificate of the associated buildings. Our findings show that there is a negative relationship between a building's energy efficiency and the owner's probability of default. Findings survive after we account for dwelling, household, mortgage, market control variables, and regional and year fixed effect. Additionally, a ROC analysis shows that there is an improvement in the estimation of the mortgage default probability when the energy efficiency characteristic is included as a risk predictor in the model. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:352&r= |
| By: | Goemans, Christopher; Manning, Dale; Sloggy, Matthew R.; Bryan, Calvin |
| Keywords: | Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322356&r= |
| By: | Han, Fei; Zhou, Jiehong; Yan, Zhen; Yin, Shijiu |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Marketing |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322228&r= |
| By: | Rui Albuquerque (Carroll School of Management, Boston College, ECGI, CEPR); Yrjö Koskinen (Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, ECGI); Raffaele Santioni (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Using proprietary monthly holdings data from Morningstar, we show that Environmental, Social, and Governance funds’ trading during the Covid-19 market crash was consistent with the choices of their clientele. Thus, ESG funds helped to stabilize the market for ESG stocks, but interestingly non-ESG funds did so too. First, all funds experiencing inflows helped to stabilize the market during the crash by increasing net purchases per dollar of inflows. This behaviour was more pronounced for ESG funds. Second, non-ESG funds experiencing outflows increased their net sales per dollar of outflow for non-ESG stocks, tilting their portfolios towards ESG stocks. |
| Keywords: | Environmental and social responsibility, clientele effects, fund flows, investor horizon, stock market crash |
| JEL: | G01 G12 G23 G32 M14 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1371_22&r= |
| By: | Verónica Farreras (Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales); Carolina Lauro (Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales); Emilce Vaccarino (Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales); Laura Abraham (Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias) |
| Abstract: | Si los modelos climáticos resultan acertados y continúan las actuales políticas de gestión del agua, el déficit hidrológico generará importantes consecuencias sobre la Disponibilidad Hídrica (DH). La eficiencia en el uso del agua puede generar beneficios sociales por permitir “ahorrar” agua para reasignarla a otros usos. En base a un análisis de la huella hídrica de los viñedos a nivel de oasis, se integra un enfoque hidrológico y económico cuyo objetivo fue estimar, en términos monetarios, el cambio en el bienestar de los ciudadanos del oasis Norte de Mendoza por políticas de reasignación del agua de los viñedos a otros usos. Se estimó que las personas están dispuestas a pagar por hogar, en promedio, 1.702,89 (814,17; 3.559,92) pesos argentinos anuales –en moneda de 2022– durante los próximos 25 años por un aumento de –al menos– 21 puntos porcentuales de DH. Esta información puede ser útil en el desarrollo de soluciones sostenibles para mitigar los impactos del cambio climático relacionados con el agua. |
| Keywords: | Reasignación del agua, huella hídrica, bienestar social. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:156&r= |
| By: | Nick Robins; James Rydge; Nicholas Stern; Sam Unsworth; Anna Valero; Dimitri Zenghelis |
| Abstract: | The UK and the world have suffered disruption and hardship from the COVID-19 pandemic on an immense scale. Together with the tragic consequences of the health crisis, there is now a real risk of protracted global depression. Strong and timely action can increase confidence, steer expectations and channel productive private and public investment into a sustainable, inclusive and resilient recovery across the UK. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, sustainable recovery, investment, productivity, infrastructure, net zero greenhouse emissions, 'building back better', uk economy |
| Date: | 2020–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcvd:cepcovid-19-005&r= |
| By: | Aneesa Chaudhry; Aisha Irum |
| Abstract: | The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics has organized a webinar titled “Fiscal Policy for Sustainable Growth and Accountable Governance: Can Pakistan Learn from China or Mexico?” The purpose of the webinar is to discuss how Pakistan can learn from fiscal policy initiatives of China or Mexico for long-term growth and accountable governance. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Policy, Sustainable Growth, Governance, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wbrief:2021:80&r= |
| By: | O'Brien, Thomas; Warren, Elizabeth; Vu, Kieu-Anh |
| Abstract: | The Caltrans Sustainable Freight Academy was conducted on March 29; April 5, 12, and 26; and May 3, 2022. The academy consisted of presentations from goods movement professionals and subject matter experts, from the U.S. State DOTs and public-and private organizations as well as those from international planning agencies. The final group presentation allows participants to respond to a capstone project using a web-based geospatial presentation platform. There were 70 participants that were divided into ten groups, and each group developed a presentation that calls for proposals for trade corridor funding. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Education, Sustainability, Freight, Transportation, Planning |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6zk8689k&r= |
| By: | Alban Thomas (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Arlène Alpha (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Aleksandra Barczak (SAE2 - Département Sciences Sociales, Agriculture et Alimentation, Espace et Environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nadine Zakhia-Rozis (Cirad-Dgdrs - Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche et à la Stratégie - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | Food and nutritional security refers to the challenge of providing sustainable, healthy and accessible food to all people. It has four interconnected dimensions: availability, access, utilization and stability. Tackling this tremendous challenge means transforming our food systems and mobilizing key stakeholders and decision-makers to leverage intersectoral knowledge and scientific evidence. From 2014 to 2020, CIRAD and INRAE led an ambitious interdisciplinary flagship programme on the transitions for global food security called GloFoodS. Authored by principal investigators and contributors to research projects funded by GloFoodS, this book is representative of the programme's interdisciplinary research but does not claim to provide exhaustive coverage of topics and approaches of food security. It presents recent research findings from many disciplines, including the life, engineering and social sciences. The findings were drawn from different analysis scales as well as from the combination of local and global food security approaches. The various chapters explore issues such as food system governance, balance and discrepancies between agricultural supply and food needs, the role of innovations in providing high-quality foods and promoting resilient value chains, and the role of local resource management in achieving food security. This book will be of interest to a broad scientific audience of researchers, academics, food systems professionals and decision-makers, as well as readers interested in food and nutritional security issues. |
| Date: | 2022–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03699725&r= |
| By: | Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Catharien; de Miguel Garcia, Angel; Wilbers, Gert-Jan; Wolters, Wouter; Heesmans, Hanneke; Dankers, Rutger; Smit, Robert; Smaling, Eric |
| Abstract: | Water is a major driver of food systems in arid and semi-arid countries. This paper explores the role of water in Egypt’s food system and the dilemma the country faces: raise food self-sufficiency by allocating freshwater resources from the Nile to food production, or rely on food imports from water-abundant regions worldwide. Using a food system analysis approach, the main drivers and outcomes in Egypt’s food system are described, followed by two examples of food system trade-offs where water plays an important role: wheat and chicken. The paper concludes with a reflection on the role of water in the food system and gives suggestions on how the role of water in the food system can be addressed systematically. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:unadrs:322002&r= |
| By: | Sasaki, Hiroaki; Fukatani, Noriki; Imai, Daisuke; Kamanaka, Yusuke |
| Abstract: | This study builds a growth model and theoretically investigated the effects of the depletion of resources, as well as an increase or decrease in population, on the growth rate of per capita consumption in an open economy that trades with the rest of the world. We specifically consider an open economy where final goods are produced with capital, labor, exhaustible resources, and imported intermediate goods. We examine two cases. In one case, the input ratio of exhaustible resources is fixed while in the other case, it is endogenously determined. In both cases, as long as the combinations of the parameters are confined within a specific range, the long-term growth rate of per capita consumption is positive, irrespective of whether the population growth rate is positive or negative. Comparing the case where the input ratio of exhaustible resources is fixed with the case where it is endogenized, in the latter case, the long-term growth rate of per capita consumption is more likely to be positive. |
| Keywords: | exhaustible resources; population decline; international trade; balance-of-payments constraint; sustainable growth |
| JEL: | J11 O13 O41 Q32 |
| Date: | 2022–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113559&r= |
| By: | Ceballos, Francisco; Hernandez, Manuel A.; Paz, Cynthia |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the continuing effects of COVID-19 and exposure to weather extremes on income, dietary, and migration outcomes in rural Guatemala. We rely on a comprehensive longitudinal survey of 1,612 smallholder farmers collected over three survey rounds in 2019, 2020, and 2021. We find improvements in incomes, food security, and dietary diversity in 2021 relative to 2020, but with levels still below pre-pandemic ones in 2019. We also find a substantial increase in the intention to emigrate that was not observed in the onset of the pandemic. In terms of the channels mediating the variations in dietary diversity and migration intentions, income shocks seem to have played a role, in contrast to direct exposure to the virus, local mobility restrictions, and food market disruptions. Importantly, households exposed to ETA and IOTA tropical storms, in addition to COVID-19, were considerably more prone to exhibit larger increases in the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecure episodes and larger decreases in their diet quality. The study provides novel evidence on vulnerable households’ wellbeing in the aftermath of a global crisis, including the effects of compound shocks. |
| Keywords: | GUATEMALA; LATIN AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; weather; extreme weather events; food security; migration; rural areas; shock; households |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2126&r= |
| By: | Shi, Longzhong; Chen, Xuan; Qiu, Jingran; Li, Li |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Marketing, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322209&r= |
| By: | Luis Moreno-Izquierdo; Adrián Más-Ferrando; Marta Suárez-Tostado; Ana B. Ramón-Rodríguez |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se expone precisamente cómo el sector está introduciendo cambios necesarios para ser más competitivo y sostenible en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Un proceso que transformará de forma radical los procesos empresariales y la interacción entre turistas y destinos. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdafen:2022-19&r= |
| By: | Aneesa Chaudhry (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Aisha Irum (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics has organized a webinar titled “Fiscal Policy for Sustainable Growth and Accountable Governance: Can Pakistan Learn from China or Mexico?” The purpose of the webinar is to discuss how Pakistan can learn from fiscal policy initiatives of China or Mexico for long-term growth and accountable governance. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wbrief:2022:80&r= |
| By: | Lapp, Bill |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321113&r= |
| By: | Gjertsen, H; Groves, T; Miller, DA; Niesten, E; Squires, D; Watson, J |
| Abstract: | This article examines the structure and performance of conservation agreements, which are relational contracts used across the world to protect natural resources. Key elements of these agreements are (1) they are ongoing arrangements between a local community and an outside party, typically a nongovernmental organization (NGO); (2) they feature payments in exchange for conservation services; (3) the prospects for success depend on the NGO engaging in costly monitoring to detect whether the community is foregoing short-term gains to protect the resource; (4) lacking a strong external enforcement system, they rely on self-enforcement; and (5) the parties have the opportunity to renegotiate at any time. A repeated-game model is developed and utilized to organize an evaluation of real conservation agreements, using three case studies as representative examples. (JEL D74, D86, Q20, Q56). |
| Keywords: | Economics, Applied Economics, Law |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt6zq3g110&r= |
| By: | Duan, Dinglin; Gao, Zhifeng; Uddin, Md Azhar; Nian, Yefan; Nguyen, Ly |
| Keywords: | Marketing, Agribusiness, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322419&r= |
| By: | Pierre Scemama (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Charlène Kermagoret; Alexia Rivallin; Fanny Le Fur; Frédérique Alban; Harold Levrel; Rémi Mongruel |
| Date: | 2022–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03655013&r= |
| By: | Jean BONNET (Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, CREM, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 CAEN cedex 5); Bruno Drouot (Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, CREM, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 CAEN cedex 5); Dominique Lamort (NFM- Normandie Fraicheur Mer 10 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 14520 Port-en-Bessin-Huppain) |
| Abstract: | Les labels et certifications cherchent à garantir à la fois la qualité mais aussi la durabilité du produit puisqu’il s’agit pour le patron pêcheur de « pêcher moins pour vendre mieux ». Ainsi, ils permettent de réconcilier les pêcheurs et les attentes des consommateurs en améliorant la préservation des ressources halieutiques. A travers une application longitudinale sur données microéconomiques, les effets du label « bar de ligne de Normandie » sur la formation du prix sont examinés sur une période de dix ans. La valorisation du label, en révélant l’information, n’est cependant pas insensible aux effets d’offre et de demande qui peuvent resserrer les prix entre produit labélisé et non labelisé et à la rareté du produit labelisé. Ce travail nous permet de mesurer les écarts de prix, les effets du label et d’expliquer une partie de la désaffection des ligneurs ces dernières années en Normandie. |
| Keywords: | prix, label de qualité, asymétrie d’information, pêche durable |
| JEL: | R11 Q22 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2022-04&r= |
| By: | Ye, Ziwei; Krupke, Christian; DiFonzo, Christina; Hennessy, David A.; Wu, Felicia |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:322082&r= |
| By: | Mara Hammerle (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Paul J. Burke (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Expanding access to solar photovoltaics (PV) may help to reduce the incidence of energy poverty. Yet little is known about the strength and magnitude of this relationship. This paper uses cross-sectional survey data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics to conduct a retrospective analysis of the effects of having rooftop solar PV for Australian households. As the main identification challenges are the potential for omitted variables and reverse causality, we present results for regressions controlling for potential confounders and also use an instrumental variable approach. The study finds that having solar PV is associated with a large decrease in the likelihood of experiencing energy poverty based on objective indicators that compare household incomes and energy bills. Having solar PV is also associated with a reduction in self-reported difficulty in paying bills on time, although this effect is less robust across estimations. The findings could inform future policies for promoting residential solar PV through an improved understanding of likely impacts. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2203&r= |
| By: | Clement Josset (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jens Abildtrup (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Anne Stenger (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Enquête auprès des propriétaires forestiers privés dans le GrandEst : comment valoriser les biens et les services fournis par sa forêt ? |
| Keywords: | Forestiers,Valorisation,Services fournis,Forêt |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03721835&r= |