|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Altmann, Garrett |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321096&r= |
| By: | Mueller, Nathan; Bartels, Melissa; Hulbert, Candace |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321095&r= |
| By: | Lyons, Kevin |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321105&r= |
| By: | Barron-Gafford, Greg |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321140&r= |
| By: | Mr. Patrick Bolton; Mr. Tobias Adrian; Alissa M. Kleinnijenhuis |
| Abstract: | We measure the gains from phasing out coal as the social cost of carbon times the quantity of avoided emissions. By comparing the present value of the benefits from avoided emissions against the present value of costs of ending coal plus the costs of replacing it with renewable energy, our baseline estimate is that the world can realize a net gain of 77.89 trillion USD. This represents around 1.2% of current world GDP every year until 2100. The net benefits from ending coal are so large that renewed efforts, carbon pricing, and other financing policies we discuss, should be pursued. |
| Keywords: | Climate; Carbon; Environment; Climate Policy; Valuation of Environmental Effects; Financial Economics; carbon arbitrage; net benefit; financing policy; baseline estimate; investment cost; coal company; Non-renewable resources; Renewable energy; Climate finance; Arbitrage; Greenhouse gas emissions; Global |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/107&r= |
| By: | Scholz, Wolfgang; Fink, Michael |
| Abstract: | Cities account for approximately 70 per cent of global energy consumption and about 75 percent of greenhouse gas emissions due to the density of economic activities and infrastructure and their often path -dependent development patterns. While this makes cities vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and causes of biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, cities can also play an important role in taking on climate change mitigation and adaptation actions. Cities adopting a green transformation process can minimise their environmental impact and maximise opportunities to improve and support the natural environment. Topics to address are energy efficiency and reduction of non-renewable energy sources to reduce their carbon footprint; actively support waste reduction and management; establish green and resilient infrastructure ; encourage nature-based solutions ; enhance the efficiency of new buildings; encourage low-carbon transport; and improve water cycle management. Also, these fields will lead to a greener urban economy, create more green jobs - or respectively change jobs towards becoming green - and deliver improved quality of life outcomes for residents. The current pandemic situation and the need for a quick COVID -19 recovery has created new challenges, but also the potential for a green and just recovery 'to create jobs and improve health in cities while limiting warming to 1.5°C (C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, 2021). Also, the OECD (2020) evaluates that 'the economic stimulus packages and recovery plans that governments are now putting in place have the potential to create a recovery that is both green and inclusive.' [...] |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:72022&r= |
| By: | Ekundayo Peter Mesagan (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.); Emeka Osuji (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria); Hope Agbonrofo (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | We adopt the FMOLS and Granger causality technique to analyse the effect of energy use and carbon emissions on output growth in selected West African economies, which includes Nigeria, Gambia and Ghana, from 1970 to 2019. Findings confirm that energy use enhances growth in the three selected West African economies. But in terms of significance, energy consumption is significant in Nigeria and Gambia at a 1% level of significance while it is insignificant for the Gambia. CO2 emission positively and significantly propels economic growth for the three selected West African economies. For Nigeria, causality evidence shows no direct influence among the variables. For Ghana, we find a bi-causal association between output growth and carbon emissions and a unidirectional causality from pollution to energy consumption. For Gambia, economic growth causes CO2 emissions. We recommend that the West African government reinforce their stand on a sustainable growth path through energy conservation. |
| Keywords: | Energy Use, Pollution, Output Growth, West Africa |
| JEL: | O44 O55 Q40 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/032&r= |
| By: | Drew, Vicky |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321032&r= |
| By: | Levan Elbakidze; Yuelu Xu; Philip W. Gassman; Jeffrey G. Arnold; Haw Yen |
| Abstract: | Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use in agricultural production is a significant determinant of surface water quality. As climate changes, agricultural producers are likely to adapt at extensive and intensive margins in terms of land and per acre input use, including fertilizers. These changes can affect downstream water quality. We investigate the effect of climate-driven productivity changes on water quality in the Gulf of Mexico using an integrated hydro-economic agricultural land use (IHEAL) model. Our results indicate that land and N use adaptation in agricultural production to climate change increases N delivery to the Gulf of Mexico by 0.4%-1.58% relative to the baseline scenario with no climate change. |
| JEL: | Q1 Q25 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30153&r= |
| By: | Juergen Attard; Larissa Vella |
| Abstract: | Climate change has come to the forefront of social debate as changes in weather patterns and extreme weather events can severely threaten economic development and wellbeing. In this light, this analysis discusses the role of fiscal policy in climate change mitigation in Malta, by firstly outlining climate-relevant fiscal measures introduced over the last decade, and then assessing their respective impact on the fiscal balance. In this assessment, measures which help mitigate climate change are considered as ‘green’, while measures which are considered as harmful to climate change are deemed as ‘brown’. Between 2009 and 2020, green initiatives, excluding government investment and capital transfers, had a deficit reducing impact. The introduction of a number of brown measures, on the other hand, had a deficit increasing influence during the same period. The analysis also discusses some recent climate-relevant measures announced in Malta’s Recovery and Resilience Plan and in the 2022 Budget. This analysis concludes with a list of recently announced policy initiatives aimed at strengthening the country’s resilience to climate change. This includes initiatives to encourage the use of less polluting behaviour, afforestation programs, the renovation of neglected rural and urban areas into green parks as well as other major climate-relevant projects. |
| JEL: | E62 H23 Q54 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mlt:ppaper:0322&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The use of materials globally has increased over the past century and it will continue to grow with sustained population and economic growth. Such growth also leads to increased environmental pressures, including climate change. While the Slovak Republic has made notable progress in decoupling environmental pressures from economic activity, its economy remains energy-, carbon- and resource-intensive. The urgent need to steer the country towards circularity calls for a national circular economy strategy to help focus efforts where they are needed most. This report identifies and analyses three areas where circular economy policy would be particularly impactful: the use of economic instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production, the construction sector and the food and bio-waste value chain. It also proposes more than 30 concrete policy recommendations supported by an implementation plan and a monitoring framework. Implementing these recommendations can also help the Slovak economy reach its climate change mitigation objectives. |
| Keywords: | bio-waste, circular economy, circular economy policy, circular economy strategy, construction, economic instruments, food waste, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption and production, waste management |
| JEL: | H23 K32 O13 O14 Q53 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–07–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaac:30-en&r= |
| By: | Mr. Adil Mohommad; Jaden Kim |
| Abstract: | This brief paper accompanies the Green Energy and Jobs tool, which is a simple excel-based tool to estimate the job-creation potential of greening the electricity sector. Specifically, it calculates the net job gains or losses from increasing the level of energy efficiency, and from increasing the share of clean and renewable electricity generation in the total electricity output mix. The tool relies on estimates of job multipliers in the literature, and adds evidence from firm-level data on the job-intensity of different energy sources. The paper illustrates applications of the tool using data from the IEA’s Sustainable Development Scenario compared to business-as-usual. This tool is intended to help country teams engage further on climate change issues in bilateral surveillance. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy; jobs; sustainable development; jobs tool; net job gain; job multiplier; electricity sector; electricity generation; Electricity; Non-renewable resources; Job creation; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/101&r= |
| By: | Davis, Paul |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321136&r= |
| By: | Cristian Alonso; Mr. Joey Kilpatrick |
| Abstract: | While a carbon tax is widely acknowledged as an efficient policy to mitigate climate change, adoption has lagged. Part of the challenge resides in the distributional implications of a carbon tax and a belief that it tends to be regressive. Even when not regressive, poor households could be hurt by a carbon tax, particularly in countries that rely heavily on carbon-intensive energy sources. Using household surveys, we study how a carbon tax may affect households in the Asia Pacific region, the main source of CO2 emissions. We document a wide range of country-specific policies that could be implemented to compensate households, reduce inequality, and build support for adoption. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing; Climate change; Compensation; Distributional effects; Inequality |
| Date: | 2022–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/116&r= |
| By: | Kiani, Behdad; Ogden, Joan |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector is a major source of California’s greenhouse gas emissions, contributing 41% of the state total[1]. California policy is moving rapidly toward Zero Emission battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV). Governor Newsom has issued an executive order that all new in-state sales of passenger vehicles should be Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) by 2035. Further, the California Air Resources Board has approved rulemaking requiring that more than half of trucks sold in the state must be zero-emissions by 2035, and all of them by 2045 [1a].California has the ambitious goal of achieving a 60% renewable electricity grid by 2030 and 100% carbon free grid by 2045. High penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) requires seasonal storage to match supply and demand and hydrogen could be a possible candidate for this purpose [1b]. The author has developed the CALZEEV energy-economic model to study possible roles for hydrogen in a VRE intensive future grid with a large Zero Emission Vehicle fleet, comprised of both BEVs and FCVs. In particular, we study whether we can provide sufficient seasonal storage for a 100% zero carbon electricity grid and the potential role of H2 infrastructure in a BEV/FCEV combination for a sustainable path towards a zero-emission energy system. The role of hydrogen infrastructure in seasonal storage for balancing VRE generation while meeting demand for hydrogen vehicles year around has been studied, including economic impacts. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2gp9q07n&r= |
| By: | Burke, Joshua; Gambhir, Ajay |
| Abstract: | Almost all modelled emissions scenarios consistent with the Paris Agreement's target of limiting global temperature increase to well below two degrees include the use of greenhouse gas removal (GGR) techniques. Despite the prevalence of GGR in Paris-consistent scenarios, and indeed the UK's own net-zero target, there is a paucity of regulatory support for emerging GGR techniques.. However, the role of carbon pricing is one area that has experienced more attention than others, including discussion about the future inclusion of GGR in carbon markets. Here we identify three risks associated with using carbon markets as the sole, or main, policy lever to encourage the deployment of GGR techniques. Our categorisation of risks stems from discussions with policymakers in the UK and a review of the broader literature on carbon markets and GGR. We present a three-pronged risk assessment framework to highlight the dangers in doing so. First, treating emissions removals and emissions reductions as entirely fungible allows for undesirable substitution. Second, carbon markets may provide insufficient demand pull to drive currently more-costly GGR techniques to deployment at commercial scales. Third, opening up a carbon market for potentially lower-cost GGR (such as nature-based solutions) too early could exert downward pressure on the overall market-based price of carbon, in the absence of adjustments to emissions caps or other safeguards. We discuss how these risks could hamper overall efforts to deploy GGR, and instead suggest a multi-pronged and intertemporal policy and governance framework for GGR. This includes considering separate accounting targets for GGR and conventional emissions abatement, removing perfect fungibility between GGR permits and carbon market permits and promoting a a wide range of innovation and technology-specific mechanisms to drive currently expensive, yet highly scalable technological GGR down the cost curve. Such a framework would ensure that policymakers can utilise carbon markets and other incentives appropriately to drive development and deployment of GGR techniques without compromising near-term mitigation, and that the representation of GGR in modelled low-carbon pathways is cognisant of its real-world scale-up potential in light of these incentives. |
| Keywords: | mitigation; negative emissions; GGR; carbon markets; policy instruments; governance; H2020 European Commission Project “PARIS REINFORCE” under Grant Agreement No. 820846; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115010&r= |
| By: | Mueller, Isabella; Sfrappini, Eleonora |
| Abstract: | We identify the effect of climate change-related regulatory risks on credit real-location. Our evidence suggests that effects depend borrower's region. Following an increase in salience of regulatory risks, banks reallocate credit to US frms that could be negatively impacted by regulatory interventions. Conversely, in Europe, banks lend more to firms that could benefit from environmental regulation. The effect is moderated by banks' own loan portfolio composition. Banks with a portfolio tilted towards firms that could be negatively a affected by environmental policies increasingly support these firms. Overall, our results indicate that financial implications of regulation associated with climate change appear to be the main drivers of banks' behavior. JEL Classification: G21, Q51, Q58 |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate risk, credit reallocation, Paris Agreement |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20222670&r= |
| By: | Nicole Karwowski |
| Abstract: | US crops face higher losses as growing season temperatures rise and destructive disasters become commonplace. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) easement programs offer an adaptation strategy to improve agricultural resilience. Easements impact agricultural production directly by reducing planting on marginal land and indirectly by improving yields on surrounding cropland. I use national USDA data from the past three decades to build a county-level panel. I employ a regression model with two-way fixed effects to quantify how easement land share impacts yields, risk, as well as acres planted, failed, and prevented planted. A 100% increase in land share of wetland easements increases yields by 0.34%, 0.77% and 0.46% for corn, soybeans, and wheat. Easements improve yields by mitigating the effect of excess precipitation and extreme degree days. Wetland easements reduce soybean losses from excess moisture, heat, and disease by $3.59, $6.07 and $11.23 for each dollar of liability. I also find evidence of a spillage effect in which producers reduce soybean and wheat acreage but increase corn production. This work quantifies the ecosystem benefits of easement habitats and uncovers program externalities including yield spillovers and a spillage effect. My results have policy implications for future NRCS funding and targeting decisions. |
| JEL: | Q1 Q15 Q18 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30156&r= |
| By: | Mr. Adil Mohommad; Gregor Schwerhoff; Manuel Linsenmeier |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the international diffusion of carbon pricing policies. In the first part, we empirically examine to what extent the adoption of carbon pricing in a given country can explain the subsequent adoption of the same policy in other countries. In the second part, we quantify the global benefits of policy diffusion in terms of greenhouse gas emission reductions elsewhere. To do so, we combine a large international dataset on carbon pricing with several other datasets. For causal identification, we estimate semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard models. We find robust and statistically significant evidence for policy diffusion. |
| Date: | 2022–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/115&r= |
| By: | Hrozencik, Aaron |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321030&r= |
| By: | McGaughey, Katie |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321012&r= |
| By: | Moody, Lara |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:320984&r= |
| By: | Lindbergh, Sarah PhD; Reed, Jackson; Takara, Matthew; Aparri, Aidan; Rakas, Jasenka PhD |
| Abstract: | Airports are complex social, technical, and environmental systems. Understanding their complexity is fundamental for advancing transformative climate adaptation policy. For airports to adapt, climate science must be incorporated not only into standards of specific equipment and facilities, but also into the air traffic network and its interconnected infrastructure systems (e.g., road access, ground-based communications, navigation, and surveillance systems). In addition, airport adaptation requires a shift in the way policy is designed, reinforced, and updated, which in turn relies on an understanding of airport governance models and organizational networks. UC Berkeley researchers recently explored how airport planners and policymakers can use climate science to transform standards and update organizational values to promote climate adaptation. After assessing California airports’ exposure to future coastal flooding and reviewing more than 300 policy documents, the UC Berkeley research team developed guidelines on how international, federal, and state policies can better incorporate forward-looking climate science into airport standards and policies. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt47s8s0v4&r= |
| By: | Niko Korpar (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Mario Larch; Roman Stöllinger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | As the European carbon border adjustment (CBA) mechanism is high up on the European Commission’s agenda and soon to be implemented, it is important to understand the economic and environmental implications of alternative designs of such a mechanism. To this end and with a view to informing the decision-making process, this study analyses and compares a series of alternative scenarios, which differ along several dimensions of a potential CBA mechanism. Two main scenarios are defined the first one is labelled ‘future ETS price scenario', which assumes a carbon price of EUR 44 and a continuation of the current practice of free allowances; the other is labelled ‘IMF carbon tax scenario’ and assumes a carbon price of EUR 67, which is taken from a recent publication by the IMF, and that free allowances in the industries by the CBA mechanism are abandoned. The scenario analyses rely on the multi-sector quantitative trade model by Larch and Wanner (2017) for trade and on the quantitative FDI model by Anderson et al. (2019). Overall, we find relatively small effects on EU exports, GDP and CO2 emissions. These small quantitative changes at the aggregate, however, mask larger changes at the sectoral level. As expected, the CBA mechanism is more effective when designed in a comprehensive manner, including export rebates in addition to carbon border taxes. The greater economic and environmental effectiveness of such a comprehensive design must be weighed against a heightened legal risk and fiercer opposition by developing countries which perceive the CBA mechanism as ‘green protectionism’ in disguise. |
| Keywords: | Carbon border taxes, carbon tariffs, carbon leakage, climate change |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F17 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:rpaper:rr:460&r= |
| By: | Francisco Lallana; Gonzalo Bravo; Gaëlle Le Treut (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Julien Lefevre (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gustavo Nadal; Nicolás Di Sbroiavacca |
| Abstract: | To align near term action with a deep decarbonization objective by 2050, a long term low-greenhouse gas emissions development strategy is needed and involves drastic changes to the energy system and the AFOLU sectors. To help move forward the policy debate in this direction, this paper explores deep decarbonization pathways for the country until 2050 which break with existing more conservative national scenarios. It uses a combined qualitative-quantitative deep decarbonization pathway method based on the complementarity between exploratory storylines and the quantification of pathways based on linked energy-economy models. The built pathways show how deep decarbonization could be reached in Argentina along with other economic development goals and through contrasted possible routes all involving significant changes to the energy and AFOLU sectors. Remarkably, afforestation stands out as a key sectorial measure for reaching DDP. We contrast two alternative DDP Scenarios with a BAU one with specific focus on CO2 emissions, with emphasis on energy sector demand and supply alternatives. Many of the energy initiatives proposed for the BAU scenario were maintained but increased in ambition and many others were incorporated only in these deep decarbonization scenarios. While the HardPath proposes and requires natural gas use-with CO2 capture and storage-the Enlighten scenario proposes replacing it by hydro-nuclear energy. Finally, in none of the DDP scenarios is the export of natural gas proposed as an explicit energy policy objective, since little space is considered in external markets for fossil fuels, within the framework of a global action aimed at decarbonization. |
| Keywords: | Argentina,Deep Decarbonization Pathway,Low-carbon Transition,Energy-economy modelling |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03663087&r= |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | Climate change is the defining challenge of our time with complex and evolving dynamics. The effects of climate change on economic output and financial stability have received considerable attention, but there has been much less focus on the relationship between climate change and income inequality. In this paper, we provide new evidence on the association between climate change and income inequality, using a large panel of 158 countries during the period 1955–2019. We find that an increase in climate change vulnerability is positively associated with rising income inequality. More interestingly, splitting the sample into country groups reveals a considerable contrast in the impact of climate change on income inequality. While climate change vulnerability has no statistically significant effect on income distribution in advanced economies, the coefficient on climate change vulnerability is seven times greater and statistically highly significant in the case of developing countries due largely to weaker capacity for climate change adaptation and mitigation. |
| Keywords: | climate change vulnerability; climate change adaptation; income redistribution; income equality; income growth; Income inequality; Climate change; Income distribution; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/103&r= |
| By: | Kenneth Egesa; Mr. Gregory M Legoff; Maria Borga; Achille Pegoue; Alberto Sanchez Rodelgo; Dmitrii Entaltsev |
| Abstract: | This paper presents estimates of the carbon emissions of FDI from capital formation funded by FDI and the production of foreign-controlled firms. The carbon intensity of capital formation financed by FDI has trended down, driven by reductions in the carbon intensity of electricity generation. Carbon emissions from the operations of foreign-controlled firms are greater than those from their capital formation. High emission intensities were accompanied by high export intensities in mining, transport, and manufacturing. Home country policies to incentivize firms to meet strict emissions standards in both their domestic and foreign operations could be important to reducing emissions globally. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions; foreign direct investment; input-output tables; A. carbon emissions; carbon intensity; emission intensity; FDI flow; carbon emission intensities of MNEs; Greenhouse gas emissions; Gross fixed investment; Exports; Manufacturing; Africa; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/086&r= |
| By: | Mariantonietta Intonti (Department of Economics and Finance - University “Aldo Moro†of Bari); Laura Serlenga (Department of Economics and Finance - University “Aldo Moro†of Bari); Giovanni Ferri (LUMSA University); Matteo De Leonardis (Department of Economics and Finance - University “Aldo Moro†of Bari) |
| Abstract: | The paper aims to analyze the presence of a premium on Green Bonds (GBs greenium), financial instruments issued with the specific purpose of contributing to the ecological transition, to facilitate the transformation of our economic system into a low carbon economy, resilient to climate change and resource efficient. The study, starting from the indications provided by Zerbib (2019), was carried out in four steps: the first, to determine the actual existence of a differential between the GB yields compared to a sample of traditional bonds; the second step, based on a panel analysis, to demonstrate that the differential is not due to typical market factors, but rather to the nature of GBs; the third step, characterized by a cross-section analysis, that has the objective to verify whether the characterizing components of the GBs, identified in the qualitative variables of currency, issued quantity, rating and type of issuer, are determinants of the "greenium" factor. Lastly, the evolution of the “greenium constant†over time is calculated to draw some final conclusions. The analysis period is from 2017 to 2022 for a total of 248 weekly observations. The analysis shows that greenium does not seem to be present for all categories of issuers. One of the possible reasons may be linked to the different degree of transparency observed by the different issuers. Finally, considering the time frame of the analysis (2017-2021) we can assert that the premium for GBs has undergone an evolution, over time, due to some triggering factors. The first is certainly the growth of interest in green finance. Secondly, the pandemic (as seen also by estimates made over time and by the presence of a structural break) played its role as protagonist, bringing with it an increase in the value of the differential for both government and corporate bonds, precisely in the period due to the first lockdown, characterized by a strong instability of the markets. Estimates have also shown that, for government bonds, the increase in greenium was not driven by liquidity shocks, unlike corporate bonds. This result reflects the importance that investors attach to the disclosure of information that is provided at the time of issue and during the life of the bond. |
| Keywords: | Perceived Inequality; Green Bonds; Greenium; Yields; Sustainable Transition |
| JEL: | G15 H23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsa:wpaper:wpc40&r= |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; Fedor Miryugin |
| Abstract: | Climate change is an existential threat to the global economy and financial markets. There is a large body of literature documenting potential macroeconomic consequences of climate change, but firm-level empirical research on how climate change affects the performance of firms remains scarce. This paper aims to close this gap by empirically investigating the impact of climate change vulnerability on corporate performance using a large panel dataset of more than 3.3 million nonfinancial firms from 24 developing countries over the period 1997–2019. We find that nonfinancial firms operating in countries with greater vulnerability to climate change tend to experience difficulty in access to debt financing even at higher interest rates, while being less productive and profitable relative to firms in countries with lower vulnerability to climate change. We confirm these findings with alternative measures of climate change vulnerability. Furthermore, partitioning the sample reveals that these effects are significantly greater for smaller firms, especially in high-risk sectors and countries and countries with weaker capacity to adapt to and mitigate the consequences of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; nonfinancial firms; corporate performance; nonfinancial firm; firm performance; climate change vulnerability; consequences of climate change; sector peer; Natural disasters; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/102&r= |
| By: | Thomas Longden (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University (ANU) and Zero-Carbon Energy for the Asia-Pacific (ZCEAP) Grand Challenge, ANU); Frank Jotzo (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University (ANU)); Andreas Löschel (Center for Applied Economic Research, University of Münster) |
| Abstract: | Green hydrogen holds promise as a zero-carbon energy carrier if production costs fall low enough to achieve cost-competitiveness with alternatives. We specify reducedform marginal effect relationships that capture the underlying dynamics of existing structural models of hydrogen production via electrolysis. These specifications provide the marginal effect of electricity costs, electrolyser capital costs and capacity utilisation factors on the cost of producing hydrogen. And we use them to identify the potential combinations of cost components that meet threshold production costs under which green hydrogen will be cost-competitive. In the near-term, there is particular promise for low cost green hydrogen production where electrolysers are co-located with renewable energy parks to use electricity that would otherwise be curtailed. Or when they operate during periods of low or negative prices in electricity grids. Green hydrogen stand-alone operations could be commercially viable with continued reductions in renewable energy generation and electrolysers. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2108&r= |
| By: | Francesco de Cunzo; Alberto Petri; Andrea Zaccaria; Angelica Sbardella |
| Abstract: | We study the empirical relationship between green technologies and industrial production at very fine-grained levels by employing Economic Complexity techniques. Firstly, we use patent data on green technology domains as a proxy for competitive green innovation and data on exported products as a proxy for competitive industrial production. Secondly, with the aim of observing how green technological development trickles down into industrial production, we build a bipartite directed network linking single green technologies at time $t_1$ to single products at time $t_2 \ge t_1$ on the basis of their time-lagged co-occurrences in the technological and industrial specialization profiles of countries. Thirdly we filter the links in the network by employing a maximum entropy null-model. In particular, we find that the industrial sectors most connected to green technologies are related to the processing of raw materials, which we know to be crucial for the development of clean energy innovations. Furthermore, by looking at the evolution of the network over time, we observe that more complex green technological know-how requires more time to be transmitted to industrial production, and is also linked to more complex products. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.07537&r= |
| By: | Eiji Sawada; Takayoshi Shinkuma; Akira Hibiki |
| Abstract: | The interest of this paper is in the area of non-point source pollution, especially that produces a certain large environmental damage in a stochastic manner. Most previous studies on non-point source pollution control policies have implicitly assumed that the abatement efforts of economic agents as a whole can be estimated by assuming environmental damages whose magnitude depends on the abatement efforts of economic agents. When assuming environmental damage that occurs at a certain magnitude in a stochastic manner, the policies proposed by previous studies may achieve efficiency but do not prevent collusion. Therefore, this paper designs new efficiency and collusion-proof policies that work even when not only individual abatement efforts cannot be observed, but furthermore, when the total abatement effort cannot be estimated. Our policy only requires an honest reportig as a whole. By remaining room for adjustment in the reported amount of individual economic agents, our policy is also shown to achieve an equal burden among eocnomic agents. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:17&r= |
| By: | Klaas Lenaerts; Simone Tagliapietra; Guntram B. Wolff |
| Abstract: | The authors thank Stavros Zenios and other Bruegel colleagues for their valuable comments and suggestions. Europe must increasingly deal with the harmful impacts of climate change, regardless of its success in reducing emissions. These impacts have significant cross-border effects and threaten to deepen existing divisions. Cooperation on adaptation, which is mostly seen as requiring local or regional efforts, may be useful, but the role of the European Union is ill-defined.... |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:49231&r= |
| By: | Miller, Marshall; Wang, Qian; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | Carbon emissions targets require large reductions in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the near-to mid-term, and the transportation sector is a major emitter of GHGs. To understand potential pathways to GHG reductions, this project developed the U.S. Transportation Transitions Model (US TTM) to study various scenarios of zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) market penetration in the U.S. The model includes vehicle fuel economy, vehicle stock and sales, fuel carbon intensities, and costs for vehicles and fuels all projected through 2050. Market penetration scenarios through 2050 are input as percentages of sales for all vehicle types and technologies. Three scenarios were developed for the U.S.: a business as usual (BAU), low carbon (LC), and High ZEV scenario. The LC and High ZEV include rapid penetration of ZEVs into the vehicle market. The introduction of ZEVs requires fueling infrastructure to support the vehicles. Initial deployments of ZEVs are expected to be dominated by battery electric vehicles. To estimate the number and cost of charging stations for battery electric trucks in the mid-term, outputs were used from a California Energy Commission (CEC) study projecting the need for chargers in California. The study used the HEVI-Pro model to estimate electrical energy needs and number of chargers for the truck stock in several California cities. The CEC study outputs were used along with the TTM model outputs from this study to estimate charger needs and costs for six U.S. cities outside California. The LC and High ZEV scenarios reduced carbon emissions by 92% and 94% in the U.S. by 2050, respectively. Due to slow stock turnover, the LC and High ZEV scenarios contain significant numbers of ICE trucks. The biomass-based liquid volume reaches 70 (High ZEV) to 80 (LC) billion GGE by 2045. For the cities in this study, the charger cost ranges from $5 million to $2.6 billion in 2030 and from roughly $1 billion to almost $30 billion in 2040. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Battery electric trucks, U.S. transportation model, electric chargers, greenhouse gases, ZEV market penetration |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt77m0v72x&r= |
| By: | Pia Andres; Giorgia Cecchinato; Penny Mealy; Charlotte Taylor; Sam Unsworth; Anna Valero |
| Abstract: | The UK's future economic, social and environmental prosperity will be shaped by how it deals with, and recovers from, the impact of Covid-19. This paper sets out coordinated net-zero-aligned investments which the UK can place at the heart of its recovery plan including: energy efficiency in buildings; natural capital projects; active travel equipment and infrastructure; renewable power generation and distribution; electric vehicle production and charging infrastructure; and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen production. We summarise evidence from a range of sources including ex-post evaluations and more forward-looking forecast-based studies; looking at short-run and long-run job creation and broader benefits. We also present new analysis on where these economic opportunities might lie. Together, these analyses can inform UK decisions on where to focus investment in the recovery from Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | covid-19, sustainable recovery, investment, net zero greenhouse emissions, jobs, employment |
| Date: | 2020–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcvd:cepcovid-19-010&r= |
| By: | François Destandau (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Youssef Zaiter (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Nitrate transfer from agricultural sources via river networks remains a serious unresolved and complex issue. This article proposes an economic analysis of the optimal reduction of this nitrate. A linear transformation and transport model of nitrogen inputs from agricultural sources in the form of nitrate from five agricultural areas towards a hydrographic network in France is used to calculate the optimal effort to reduce nitrogen inputs on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). A sensitivity study is implemented with different damage scenarios. In addition, efforts to reduce uniform and spatialized inputs are compared. In particular, our results show the determining role of the magnitude of the damage. The ratio of 1 to 3 between the low and high range of its estimation would make it possible to attain good status, as specified by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), without having to resort to the exemption procedure, decreasing the average optimal nitrate concentration from 47 mg/l to 42 mg/l. Moreover, this would increase the absolute and relative benefits of spatialization by a factor of 9 and 2, respectively. |
| Keywords: | abatement effort spatialization,environmental damage,sensitivity analysis,cost-benefit analysis,nitrogen pollution |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03658461&r= |
| By: | Meyer, Seth |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321076&r= |
| By: | Marvin Nipper; Andreas Ostermaier; Jochen Theis |
| Abstract: | Sustainability reporting enables investors to make informed decisions and is hoped to facilitate the transition to a green economy. The European Union's taxonomy regulation enacts rules to discern sustainable activities and determine the resulting green revenue, whose disclosure is mandatory for many companies. In an experiment, we explore how this standardized metric is received by investors relative to a sustainability rating. We find that green revenue affects the investment probability more than the rating if the two metrics disagree. If they agree, a strong rating has an incremental effect on the investment probability. The effects are robust to variation in investors' attitudes. Our findings imply that a mandatory standardized sustainability metric is an effective means of channeling investment, which complements rather than substitutes sustainability ratings. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2205.15576&r= |
| By: | Malerba, Daniele |
| Abstract: | Germany promotes 'just transition' as a guiding principle for the global transition to a socially and environmentally sustainable economy that incorporates the necessary climate, environmental and energy policy measures. This includes the urgent transformation of economies to become emission neutral while ensuring a process whereby poverty and inequality are reduced, and no one is left behind.The German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), the World Bank and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) worked together to explore ways to implement the concept of just transition in German development cooperation. The two papers that have resulted from this process outline approaches to a 'just transition for all' and highlight its potential to reduce poverty and inequality (SDG 1 and SDG 10). [...] |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:62022&r= |
| By: | Mara Hammerle (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Paul J. Burke (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Does variation in household vulnerability influence the effects of switching to new energy efficient electrical appliances in the home? Using the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme (EEIS) as a case study, this paper examines impacts on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from replacing natural gas heaters and hot water systems with more energy-efficient electric alternatives. To do so we use quarterly billing data over 2015–2020 for a sample of residential customers of the ACT’s largest energy retailer, ActewAGL. Based on fixed effects panel regressions, we find that the electric replacements led to large decreases in residential natural gas consumption and smaller increases in consumption of electricity from the grid in energy content terms. Reductions in natural gas use from switching to electric hot water heaters were particularly large for the more vulnerable households in the scheme. The emissions effects depend on the emissions factor applied for grid electricity and underline the key role that residential electrification can play in decarbonization efforts if electricity is from low-emission sources. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2201&r= |
| By: | Witte, Jeff |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321106&r= |
| By: | Xuwen Gao; Ran Song; Christopher Timmins |
| Abstract: | We incorporate pollution exposure into Becker’s “Quantity-Quality” (Q-Q) model of fertility and quantify how air pollution distorts individuals’ fertility behaviors in China. We document a robust pattern in which increased pollution over time negatively affects the fertility of ethnic Han people, who comprise approximately 92% of the Chinese population. These patterns are evident in both cross-sectional and panel data, when instrumenting for pollution using distant coal-fired plants upwind of cities or thermal inversions that trap pollution. Consistent with the stylized Q-Q model of fertility, we find that increased pollution drives up the parental expenditure per child, which increases the shadow price associated with the number of children and reduces fertility. Consistent with the model, we also find that the fertility choices of people who tend to have higher demand for child quality are significantly more sensitive to pollution changes. Pollution does not have a meaningful effect on the fertility of ethnic minorities, which can also be explained under the Q-Q framework. |
| JEL: | J13 J24 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30165&r= |
| By: | Andreas Kick; Horst Rottmann |
| Abstract: | The popularity of sustainable investments is unbroken and attracts investors and researchers alike. Modelling the properties of such ‘green’ firms, Pástor, Stambaugh, and Taylor 2021 consider a hedge against climate risks in their theoretical model. Likewise, it could be assumed that companies with high social scores might offer a protection against related events. On February 24, 2022 with the Russian invasion on Ukraine one of the biggest events imaginable came to pass. Using standard event study methodology we analyse if and how Refinitiv’s ESG-ratings, as well as the CO2 intensity, influence the cumulative abnormal returns during different event windows. We find that the abnormal returns of companies with high ecological scores are positively influenced in the pre and post-event window. However the effects are of no economical relevance. Therefore our results do not fully support the hypothesis of an ‘ESG-hedge’ against such an extreme event. If such an effect exists, it was superimposed by other properties accounting for stability and defensiveness. |
| Keywords: | abnormal returns, war, Ukraine, ESG |
| JEL: | G11 G14 M14 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9798&r= |
| By: | Mohammed Mazharul Islam (King Abdulaziz University) |
| Abstract: | Saudi Arabia is passing a complicated path from a factor-driven economy to an efficiency-driven economy through various programs, policies, and initiatives to pursue sustainable economic growth which is the ambitious aim outlined in its Vision 2030. Utilizing the potential talent and dedication of the young has been considered one of the driving forces in this process. The culture of environmental awareness is one of the essential forces for sustainable growth. Therefore, we conducted a study to examine the existent level of knowledge, awareness, beliefs, and actions that comprise the environmental attitudes of university students in Saudi Arabia. This study is based on surveys conducted to over 200 students at King Abdulaziz University and draws inferences based on using the descriptive analysis. From the preliminary results, it is evident that Saudi Arabian university students have a narrow and limited range of knowledge, attitudes, actions, and skills in the area of sustainability. The findings of this study suggested that the educational institutions should incorporate environmental issues in every level of educational curriculum, the government should deliver some practical programs and arrange short-term training sessions to develop youths? skills to support sustainable economic growth. At the same time, social, electronic, and print media should disseminate the knowledge of sustainability effectively as they have a strong influence over young students. So that young and potential students would be able to explore the many possible ways in which their own actions can contribute to a sustainable future. |
| Keywords: | Environmental awareness, Sustainable growth, Readiness, Youths, Saudi vision 2030 |
| JEL: | O44 I25 A13 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:12513302&r= |
| By: | Salim Refas (IZU - Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University); Ezzedine Ghlamallah (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | Despite considerable progress in the ratification and implementation of the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda (SDG Agenda) and Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement) since 2015 the world has not committed enough resources to implement these two strategic agendas for humanity and achieve their crucial targets for the development of current and future generations. As the COVID-19 global pandemics started unfolding at the beginning of 2020, both the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda were not on the track, and this was attributed to a large extent to the significant funding gaps for both agendas, especially for the most vulnerable countries. On the other hand, the recent economic crises (COVID-19 pandemics, 2008 global financial crisis) have profoundly disrupted the global economy and demonstrated the heightened vulnerability of the global financial and economic system to climate, health, financial or socioeconomic risks. Geopolitical events further challenged the foundations of the global financial architecture, in particular, due to unprecedented sanctions against Russia in the United States, the European Union, and allies, and the unexpected response of Russian authorities to these sanctions. In this context, the world is perceived as even more exposed in the short-term future to a major crisis, potentially far more reaching than the 2008 global financial crisis, a crisis that will arguably determine the fate of most vulnerable nations in the next decades. In this dual context of failed achievement of global agendas and heightened risks of major global financial shock, this paper addresses the positioning and potential evolution of the Islamic finance (IF) sector. In particular, the paper posits that despite solid growth in the last four decades, IF institutions have not adopted a clear strategy with regards to rapidly aligning with SDG and climate action agendas, or developing relevant mechanisms and policies to face external shocks of the magnitude expected with the unfolding global financial crisis and IF will therefore face an existential crisis when the major global financial shock occurs. The current global IF institutions are not equipped with the capabilities and resources to adopt packages of reforms radical enough to bring rapidly enough the sector back on track before the crisis hits. In consequence, the IF sector is likely to become marginalized in the short-term due to capital flight and institutional obsolescence and despite positive developments, sustainable or Islamic green finance remain constrained in their current infancy stage. The central idea of this paper is therefore that the best opportunity to develop a global Islamic green finance architecture that substantially contributes to building a better, greener, and more inclusive world lies in building a radically transformed Islamic economic system in the aftermath of the expected major shock forthcoming. Using the framework of shock theory, the paper argues that seven critical conditions (government stability, mass urban relocations, de-commoditization of consumption, state control over unsustainable industries, dematerialization of the economy through technology and state planning, large-scale reconstruction financing program tied to the mobilization of human capacities and natural resources and interventionist policy to salvage and consolidate the banking sector and transition to Islamic Green Finance) would best support this needed transition for the benefit of present and future generations. |
| Keywords: | Institutional obsolescence,Shock theory,Paris Agreement,Post-COVID-19 recovery,Sustainability,Climate Finance |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03685231&r= |
| By: | Matlock, Marty D. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321107&r= |
| By: | Masters, Mark |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321031&r= |
| By: | Forsyth, Tim |
| Abstract: | This paper calls for a more critical analysis of implicit social values in time-based projections of transformative change in climate change policy in developing countries. The paper argues that transformative change is a form of socio-technical imaginary, in which contemporary visions of social order influence supposedly technical, and apolitical policies and timelines. To analyse these imaginaries, the paper applies the framework of ‘technologies of futuring’, or the processes in which projections about the future are imbued with implicit values, to different theories of change used to propose responses to climate change in Nepal. The paper shows that projections of future change are linked to assumptions about physical risks and social agency that reflect different, and contestable, worldviews. This chapter concludes that discussions about transformative change need to make assumptions about risk and society more transparent when proposing urgent deadlines based on assumptions about the future. |
| Keywords: | transformative change; socio-technical imaginary; Nepal; climate change; STS and change |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:107544&r= |
| By: | Takayoshi Shinkuma; Akira Hibiki; Eiji Sawada |
| Abstract: | We have considered an environmental pollution that seldom occurs but catastrophically destroys the environment once it occurs. While this kind of pollution might be avoided to some extent through precaution activity, the effort to prevent pollution could not be observed by the government without inspection. In addition, the polluter might not afford to compensate for the damage. The first best has not been achieved in the literature when moral hazard and limited liability are considered at the same time. By generalizing other policies including strict liability and negligence rule, we derive an optimal inspection policy under moral hazard and limited liability. The optimal policy is composed of advance payment and ex-post payment after inspection. In other words, we can consider the optimal policy as a deposit/refund system. The first best will always be achieved under the optimal policy as long as the liability covers the first-best effort if inspection cost is negligible. We also derive the second-best policy by taking account of inspection cost. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:16&r= |
| By: | Jorrit Gosens (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University); Alex Turnbull (Keshik Capital, Singapore); Frank Jotzo (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | China aims for net-zero carbon emissions by 2060, and an emissions peak before 2030. This will reduce its consumption of coal for power generation and steel making. Simultaneously, China aims for improved energy security, primarily with expanded domestic coal production and transport infrastructure. Here, we analyze effects of both these pressures on seaborne coal imports, with a purpose-built model of China's coal production, transport, and consumption system with installation-level geospatial and technical detail. This represents a 1000-fold increase in granularity versus earlier models, allowing representation of aspects that have previously been obscured. We find that reduced Chinese coal consumption affects seaborne imports much more strongly than domestic supply. Recent expansions of rail and port capacity, which reduce costs of getting domestic coal to Southern coastal provinces, will further reduce demand for seaborne thermal coal and amplify the effect of decarbonisation on coal imports. Seaborne coking coal imports are also likely to fall, because of expanded supply of cheap and high quality coking coal from neighbouring Mongolia. |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2109&r= |
| By: | Gabriel Aboyadana (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde and School of Education, University of Glasgow); Marco Alfano (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde and Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, University College London) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents a significant effect of short-term temperature fluctuations on attitudes towards institutions and on civil unrest in Africa. Combining attitudinal survey and climate data, we calculate temperature as perceived by respondents via an algorithm that combines different meteorological variables. The results show that daily temperature anomalies at the location of interview increase self-reported mistrust in government and intentions to vote for opposition parties. Effects are particularly strong in poor countries where temperature anomalies also increase self-reported intentions to protest. Accordingly, we find that temperature anomalies also increase incidences of protests and riots. Evidence suggests that effects are not driven by changes in agricultural incomes. |
| Keywords: | Climate, Trust, Conflict |
| JEL: | D74 Q54 N57 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:344&r= |
| By: | Messono O. Omang (University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of historical prevalence of infectious diseases on contemporary sustainable development. Previous studies reveal numerous proximate causes of sustainable development, but little is known about the fundamental determinants of this widespread economic concern. The novelty of this paper lies in the adoption of a historical approach that sheds light on the deep historical roots of cross-country differences in sustainable development. The central hypothesis is that historical pathogens exert persistent impacts on present-day sustainable development. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) in cross-section with data from 122 countries between 2000 and 2021, we provide support for the underlying hypothesis. Past diseases reduce sustainable development both directly and indirectly. The strongest indirect effects occur through property rights, innovation, globalization and government effectiveness. This result is robust to many sensitivity tests. Policy makers may take these findings into account and incorporate disease pathogens into the design of international sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases; sustainable development, economic development |
| JEL: | B15 B40 I31 J24 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/036&r= |
| By: | Charlotte Bez; Maria Enrica Virgillito |
| Abstract: | This paper looks at the nexus between toxic industrial pollution and the spillovers from the plant's production activities, leading to regional lock-ins. Geolocalised facility-level data from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) are used to calculate annual chemical-specific pollution, weighted by its toxicity. We combine the latter with regional data on employment, wages and demographics sourced from Cambridge Econometrics, covering more than 1.200 NUTS-3 regions in 15 countries, over the period 2007-2018. We employ quantile regressions to detect the heterogeneity across regions and understand the specificities of the 10th and 25th percentiles, the so-called left-behind places. Our first contribution consists in giving a novel and comprehensive account of the geography of toxic pollution in Europe, both at facility and regional level, disaggregated by sectors. Second, we regress toxic pollution (intensity effect) and pollutant concentration (composition effect) on labour market dimensions of left-behind places. Our results point to the existence of economic dependence on noxious industrialization in left-behind places. In addition, whenever environmental efficiency-enhancing production technologies are adopted this leads to labour-saving effects in industrial employment, but positive spatial spillovers at the regional level. Through the lens of evolutionary economic geography our results call for a new political economy of left-behind places. |
| Keywords: | Environmental inequality; Left-behind places; Toxic pollution; Labour markets. |
| Date: | 2022–07–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2022/19&r= |
| By: | Hugh Saddler (Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | This paper specifies, and populates with data, a set of indicators which are designed to quantify the progress of Australia’s energy system transition. The indicators are national in coverage and include all sources of energy supply and consumption. The major data sources used are all longstanding official Commonwealth statistical series, meaning that the indicators should be able to be updated each year with minimal risk of definitional discontinuities. Indicators are structured into four groups, covering emissions, energy supply, energy consumption, and the changing mix of fuel types and energy using technologies. Emissions indicators run from 2005, because that is the base year for the Paris Agreement, while all energy indicators run from 2009 because of a major data series discontinuity prior to 2009. All indicators end in 2019. Total energy combustion emissions increased gradually from 2005 to 2016, but since then have been almost constant. However, as a share of total national emissions, energy combustion emissions increased markedly up to 2016, because of a decline in other mission sources. Using conventional energy accounting conventions, the renewable share of total primary energy supply increased from 4.2% in 2005 to 6.4% in 2019. However, if the substitution accounting method is applied to renewable electricity, the increase in the renewable share of primary supply is from 6.3% in 2005 to 11.7% in 2019. Total final energy consumption has grown steadily since 2009, and throughout this period the shares of types of final energy supplied to consumers have remained remarkably constant. Gross final energy consumption efficiency by households, measured as the reciprocal of residential energy consumption per capita, was almost constant up to 2011, but increased steadily from then until 2019. Similarly, economy-wide energy use productivity, measured as gross economic value added per unit of energy consumed, also increased steadily from 2011 to 2019. The services provided by energy are commonly sorted into three major groups: generation of electricity, the most versatile energy carrier which is capable of providing a wide range of other services; energy used to deliver transport and other forms of mobility; and energy used to deliver heat. Transition of electricity generation from almost exclusive reliance on coal towards a lower emissions mix of generation technologies is well underway. By contrast, no significant progress has been made in transitioning energy used by transport and other mobile equipment; reliance on petroleum fuel remains almost total and emissions are increasing steadily every year. Similarly, almost no progress has been made in transitioning away from gas and, in some sectors of manufacturing, coal, as the source of heat for manufacturing, commercial sector businesses and households. Total fossil fuel energy consumption in these sectors combined has decreased, but only because of the marked fall in Australian manufacturing activity over the period covered.ure and the role of local endowments. This persistence is evident in current energy-type use being strongly influenced by past use. Our analysis uses data for eight energy types and a large sample of countries, finding varying degrees of energy mix persistence. We also find evidence that carbon pricing appears to have played a key role in tilting energy mixes from coal toward renewable energy. Our estimates provide empirical support to policymakers seeking to implement carbon pricing to transition their energy systems in a lower-carbon direction. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:ccepwp:2106&r= |
| By: | Barz, Fanny |
| Abstract: | People have always been utilizing natural resources from the sea with various impacts on fish stocks and the marine environment. An issue that arises from humans', specifically fishers' interaction with the sea, is the entanglement of marine birds and mammals in fishing gears, in particular gillnets, as a result of which these air-breathing animals drown. These incidents are called bycatch. Gillnets have a long history and tradition in fishing in the Baltic Sea and are also one of the most common gears worldwide. Bycatch of seabirds and marine mammals in gillnet fisheries is therefore a hazard for conservation globally. Measures on bycatch mitigation in fisheries management so far are mostly based on technological and ecological findings. There is often a lack of knowledge concerning the heterogeneity of fishers' actions and drivers, despite its importance for effective fisheries management. This dissertation considered the case of the German gillnet fleet in the Baltic Sea to generate an ontological understanding of fishers' social practices to inform management and develop bycatch mitigation measures. Natural resource sociology offers the lens to look at this objective. In this dissertation the praxeological theory of structuration, extended by the concept of agency by is applied to the research question. The qualitative empirical research was conducted applying problem-centred interviews, analysed with documentary method. An expert-workshop about political and administrative aspects of bycatch management complemented the empirical research. With the praxeological view and in applying the concept of agency, three types of fishers' dominating agency were distinguished: (i) Fishers with a dominating projective (future-oriented) agency plan long term, keep abreast of current developments in the fishery and develop teleological projects. (ii) Fishers with a dominating evaluative (present-oriented) agency constantly evaluate as well as re-evaluation their situations. Evaluative social practices are not teleological and are rather characterized in the fishery by decisions that are directed to present situations. This can also show in deviant behaviour (iii) Fishers with a dominating iterational (past-oriented) agency are characterised through the iteration of known schemes of action, which therefore reproduce social practices constantly. Such iterational aspects can be seen in fishers who solely apply gillnets. Furthermore, the analysis of bycatch practice resulted in two different types: (i) non-normalization of bycatch, mostly concerning the bycatch of harbour porpoise, a critical situation interrupting the daily routine and (ii) normalization of bycatch, mostly concerning the bycatch of seabirds which was understood as part of a routine. In applying the knowledge of different fisher types and bycatch practices to possible management instruments, numerous measures that can be considered by fisheries managers ii Abstract were identified and their potential effectiveness concerning fishers' heterogeneity was discussed.It is concluded that considering the social practices of resource users may be an important contribution to design effective natural resource management instruments. The inclusion of sociology, as well as sociologically established theories and qualitative reconstructive methods, has led to practice-relevant insights how knowledge on human behaviour may inform management and mitigate bycatch. |
| Keywords: | Fishers' agency,Bycatch discourse,Bycatch mitigation,Fisheries management,Social-science fisheries research,Handlungsfähigkeit von Fischern,Beifangdiskurs,Beifangreduzierung,Fischereimanagement,sozialwissenschaftliche Fischereiforschung |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:95&r= |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on gender sensitive responses to climate change in oil host communities in Nigeria. This paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 1200 rural women were sampled across the Niger Delta region. The results from the use of a combined propensity score matching and logit model indicate a significant relationship between GMoU model and women, gender and climate change in the Niger Delta Nigeria. This implies that CSR of a multinational oil companies is a critical factor in the need for gender sensitive responses to the effect of climate change. It suggests that, for adaptation to climate change effects, understanding gender dimensions and taking gender responsive steps be incorporated into GMoU policies and action plans of multinational enterprises. This research contributes to gender debate in climate change from a CSR perspective in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Gender equality, Corporate social responsibility, Multinational oil companies, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/008&r= |
| By: | Cuthbertson, Courtney |
| Keywords: | Health Economics and Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321149&r= |
| By: | Georg Zachmann |
| Abstract: | An earlier version of this paper was co-written with Julia Anderson, providing excellent input on the legal basics and a deep dive into green efficiency that has been used in this paper. Based on this, and many comments (special thanks to Marie Le Mouel), the paper developed into a very broad take on the role of competition in decarbonisation. Research assistance from Ben McWilliams and Giovanni Sgaravatti is gratefully acknowledged.... |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:wpaper:49251&r= |
| By: | Jing Liu; Laura Bowling; Christopher Kucharik; Sadia Jame; Uris Baldos; Larissa Jarvis; Navin Ramankutty; Thomas Hertel |
| Abstract: | Reducing the size of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico has proven to be a challenging task. A variety of mitigation options have been proposed, each likely to produce markedly different patterns of mitigation with widely varying consequences for the economy. The general consensus is that no single measure alone is sufficient to achieve the EPA Task Force goal for reducing the Gulf hypoxic zone and it appears that a combination of management practices must be employed. However, absent a highly resolved, multi-scale framework for assessing these policy combinations, it has been unclear what pattern of mitigation is likely to emerge from different policies and what the consequences would be for local, regional and national land use, food prices and farm returns. We address this research gap by utilizing a novel multi-scale framework for evaluating alternative N loss management policies in the Mississippi River basin. This combines fine-scale agro-ecosystem responses with an economic model capturing domestic and international market and price linkages. We find that wetland restoration combined with improved N use efficiency, along with a leaching tax could reduce the Mississippi River N load by 30-53\% while only modestly increasing corn prices. This study underscores the value of fine-resolution analysis and the potential of combined economic and ecological instruments in tackling nonpoint source nitrate pollution. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.07596&r= |
| By: | Jakovich, Scott; Reeb, Tyler |
| Abstract: | This white paper provides educational and policy-driven approaches to sustainable transportation workforce development in the transit sector with a focus on knowledge transfer and training strategies for zero-emission bus technologies. The authors draw from a comprehensive survey of national research, interviews with transit leaders, and case studies to identify the most critical technology transfer gaps in the adoption of zero-emission bus technologies. The paper concludes with strategic transit workforce priorities and related recommendations for transit leaders, educational partners, and policy makers. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Zero-emission, transit, battery-electric, fuel-cell, workforce development, buses, sustainable transportation |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3jb4b73d&r= |
| By: | Davide Golinelli (University of Ferrara – Department of Economics and Management (Ferrara, Italy);) |
| Abstract: | Nonparametric regression models are designed to relax the Gauss-Markov assumptions needed to obtain an unbiased and consistent estimator from the traditional parametric regression. The rationale is to let the function be defined by the data locally, without imposing a linear relationship or higher orders polynomials to fit possible non-linearity, at global level. This paper has the aim to investigate the Porter Hypothesis with the use of nonparametric analysis using kernel regression, in particular the local constant estimator developed by Nadaraya and Watson (1955; 1956) and the linear extension proposed by Stone (1977) and Cleveland (1979). The use of kernel to deal with discrete variables is extremely useful to study the effect of the introduction of pollution abatement technologies, used as a proxy assessing for policy stringency, over the value added and hence to test the effect of regulations on firm’s performances: in doing so, starting from the estimator designed by Aitchinson and Aitkens (1976), the extension proposed by Li and Racine (2007) is used. The nonparametric analysis provides a model with a better goodness-of-fit, furthermore the value of the bandwidth referred to the introduction of pollution abatement technology obtained through Kullback-Leibler cross-validation, underlines heterogeneity between groups, and suggesting the positive effect of the introduction of environmental regulation on the performance of firms, leading to the so called Porter hypothesis. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0622&r= |
| By: | Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Bénédicte Apouey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hazem Arab (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Simon Baeckelandt (Université de Lille); Philippe Begout (GIS DEMOCRATIE ET PARTICIPATION - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Nicolas Berghmans (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Nathalie Blanc (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-yves Boulin (Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, IRISSO - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eric Buge (Assemblée Nationale); Dimitri Courant (UNIL - Université de Lausanne); Amy Dahan (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrien Fabre (ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]); Jean-Michel Fourniau (Université Gustave Eiffel); Maxime Gaborit (Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles); Laurence Granchamp (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hélène Guillemot (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Laurent Jeanpierre (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Hélène Landemore (Yale University [New Haven]); Jean-François Laslier (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antonin Macé (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Claire Mellier; Sylvain Mounier (GIS DEMOCRATIE ET PARTICIPATION - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Théophile Pénigaud (ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Ana Povoas (ULB - Université libre de Bruxelles); Christiane Rafidinarivo (UR - Université de La Réunion); Bernard Reber (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Romane Rozencwajg (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Philippe Stamenkovic (Université Ben Gourion du Néguev); Selma Tilikete (UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Solène Tournus (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Launched in 2019, the French Citizens' Convention for Climate (CCC) tasked 150 randomly-chosen citizens with proposing fair and effective measures to fight climate change. This was to be fulfilled through an "innovative co-construction procedure," involving some unspecified external input alongside that from the citizens. Did inputs from the steering bodies undermine the citizens' accountability for the output? Did co-construction help the output resonate with the general public, as is expected from a citizens' assembly? To answer these questions, we build on our unique experience in observing the CCC proceedings and documenting them with qualitative and quantitative data. We find that the steering bodies' input, albeit significant, did not impair the citizens' agency, creativity and freedom of choice. While succeeding in creating consensus among the citizens who were involved, this co-constructive approach however failed to generate significant support among the broader public. These results call for a strengthening of the commitment structure that determines how follow-up on the proposals from a citizens' assembly should be conducted. |
| Keywords: | Citizens’ assemblies,climate assemblies,deliberative democracy,co-construction,carbon tax,referendum |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03119539&r= |
| By: | Carla Morvan (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to analyze the causal impact of natural disasters on municipal budget choices, using a original database that allows us to study a sample of several thousand municipalities, 22,972 of which were affected by a natural disaster between 2000 and 2019. This quasi-experimental setting allows us to use panel regression models to estimate municipalities' responses to a shock and with respect to their prevention strategies. We find evidence of increased spending for about 10 years after the disaster, together with increased in revenues and debt. Furthermore, it appears that prevention allows municipalities to effectively mitigate the effect of the disaster in terms of public spending, as municipalities with a natural hazard prevention plan in place did not increase their spending and their debt in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Local public finance,Local expenditure,Natural disasters,Risks prevention |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03684732&r= |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka, Nigeria); Favour C. Onuoha (Evangel University Akaeze, Abakaliki, Nigeria); Benedict I. Uzoechina (NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria); Ebele S. Nwokoye (NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Purpose - Given the ever-growing fiscal commitments of Nigeria and her chequered history of electricity generation and distribution, the fortunes of the energy sector in the country have been affected by the prevalence of energy poverty. Government policies such as public capital expenditure (PCE) present a crucial option for reducing energy poverty in Nigeria, providing the research impetus for this study. Design/methodology/approach -To investigate the relationship between government capital spending and five distinct energy poverty proxies, this research applies the Bayer-Hanck cointegration system and the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test. Findings -The findings indicate that public capital spending in Nigeria worsens energy poverty by reducing access to electricity, urban electrification, renewable energy consumption, and renewable electricity generation, with a positive but insignificant influence on rural electrification. Originality/value – This inquiry presents a pioneering investigation of the nexus between PCE and energy poverty in Nigeria. Also, aside from the variables of energy poverty adopted by existing studies, this study incorporates renewable energy consumption and renewable electricity output with implications for energy poverty and sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Public Capital Expenditure, Energy Poverty, Electricity, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/033&r= |
| By: | Ostovar, Maryam; Butt, Ali A.; Harvey, John T.; Ramalingam, Zachary T.; Hernandez, Jesus; Kendall, Alissa |
| Abstract: | “Complete streets” is a design concept for primarily urban streets and intersections (existing and/or new) intended to encourage active transportation by bicyclists and pedestrians by making streets safer, convenient, and attractive for active transportation; motorized transportation and parking are also accommodated in the design concept. The social and economic performance indicators included in the social life cycle assessment (SLCA) framework that was used in this project provide a great deal of insight into specific and different potential benefits of a given complete streets project. The SLCA framework is based on five categories of concerns and 17 performance measures or indicators. The indicators were tested in the project and evaluated for final recommendations for use in future studies. The results are compared with the existing streets that were configured to be vehicle-centric. The case studies were solicited in more and less advantaged neighborhoods so that the framework could also be evaluated in different contexts. Use of the CalEnviroScreen tool from the California Environmental Protection Agency was also investigated to assess the exposure of neighborhoods and their vulnerability to environmental impacts in conjunction with the performance indicators when evaluating the potential benefits for disadvantaged neighborhoods (also called priority population areas). As was found in the preceding study, the primary environmental impacts come from the use stage, namely changes in vehicle travel and changes in vehicle speeds from complete street design features. Recommendations are made for dropping some indicators because of difficulties collecting data or interpreting the results, modifications of other indicators, and adding some new indicators to fill important gaps. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Complete streets, social life cycle assessment, performance indicators |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4n4081k8&r= |
| By: | Wang, Guihua; Fulton, Lew; Miller, Marshall |
| Abstract: | California and other states are pursuing strategies to transition to zero-emission passenger vehicles and trucks, and regulations under development in California will shape multiple states’ transition to zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty trucks. A key factor influencing the pace of these regulations and complementary incentive programs is when battery-electric trucks can be expected to reach cost parity with conventional diesel trucks. Studies on likely purchase cost and total cost of ownership of battery-electric trucks have produced different estimates about these trucks’ current and future competitiveness with diesel trucks. Comparing these studies, their assumptions, and their total cost of ownership estimates can ultimately help policymakers understand the financial impacts fleets will experience in transitioning to zero-emission vehicles, and the likelihood of fleets purchasing zero-emission vehicles independent of regulatory requirements. Researchers at the University of California, Davis reviewed 10 recent studies of the total cost of ownership of battery-electric trucks, now and in the future, compared to a baseline diesel truck. The researchers did not judge these studies against each other but attempted to derive general findings that are robust across all the studies. This policy brief summarizes the key findings from that research. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Battery Electric Trucks, Total Costof Ownership (TCO), Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks, Battery Cost, Zero Emission Vehicles |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5vb9d26f&r= |
| By: | Hamet Sarr (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mohamed Ali Bchir (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); François Cochard (CRESAT - Centre de recherches sur les économies, les sociétés, les arts et les techniques - CRESAT - UR3436 - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar); Anne Rozan (UMR GESTE - Gestion Territoriale de l'Eau et de l'environnement - ENGEES - École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We study the "average Pigouvian tax" (APT), an ambient-based policy instrument that requires polluters to cooperate to achieve the social optimum. In this paper, we are interested in the group size variation and its effect of the APT efficiency. Indeed, in the field, the implementation of the instrument will face group sizes that can vary from a few to a large number of farmers. We find that increasing the size of the group reduces cooperation among subjects, thereby reducing the efficiency of the instrument. We also show that when the sucker's cost is lowered, the instrument can converge towards the social optimum. |
| Keywords: | sucker’s payoff,Size effect,Cooperation,Ambient-based taxes,Nonpoint source pollution |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03662042&r= |
| By: | Hanak, Ellen |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321033&r= |
| By: | Gao, J.; Linton, O.; Peng, B. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider a panel data model which allows for heterogeneous time trends at different locations. We propose a new estimation method for the panel data model before we establish an asymptotic theory for the proposed estimation method. For inferential purposes, we develop a bootstrap method for the case where weak correlation presents in both dimensions of the error terms. We examine the ï¬ nite–sample properties of the proposed model and estimation method through extensive simulated studies. Finally, we use the newly proposed model and method to investigate rainfall, temperature and sunshine data of U.K. respectively. Overall, we ï¬ nd the weather of winter has changed dramatically over the past ï¬ fty years. Changes may vary with respect to locations for the other seasons. |
| Keywords: | Bootstrap method, Interactive ï¬ xed–effect, Panel rainfall data, Time trend |
| JEL: | Q50 C23 |
| Date: | 2022–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2239&r= |
| By: | Emmanuel Okamba (Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Abstract: | Dans le cadre des stratégies de développement durable des organisations, l'évaluation de la dimension éthique du développement économique, conduit à mesurer leur responsabilité environnementale à partir des « empreintes » ou des coûts liés à la pression qu'elles exercent sur l'environnement pour satisfaire l'offre et la demande des ressources rares renouvelables. Le risque écologique soutenable représente le montant de cette pression nécessaire pour créer de la valeur dans le cadre de la sobriété environnementale. Deux profils de développement s'en dégagent. Le pays à forte responsabilité écologique ayant des avoirs de réserves de ressources renouvelables produisant une faible valeur et le pays à faible responsabilité écologique vivant à crédit de ressources renouvelables produisant une forte valeur grâce aux importations des ressources. La constitution des stocks de ressources renouvelables par la photosynthèse artificielle améliore la sobriété environnementale et permet de réaliser une valeur durable. Mots de passe Sobriété environnementale, risque écologique soutenable, empreinte carbone, empreinte écologique, biocapacité. |
| Date: | 2022–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03678441&r= |
| By: | Capuno, Joseph (University of the Philippines Diliman); Corpuz, Jose (University of Warwick); Lordemus, Samuel (University of Lucerne) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how natural disasters affect low public nances and their interplay with intergovernmental transfers and external resources. We document the causal effect of a natural disaster on the allocation of local public resources the local government fiscal dynamics by exploiting the random nature of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan, one of the most devastating natural disasters in recent history. Combining data on local government nance with reports on the level of damages caused by the typhoon, we employ several estimation strategies: we first rely on difference-in-differences and event study designs, and we further address a potential endogeneity concern by instrumenting the intensity exposure to the typhoon with distance to the storm path. We show that local revenue and public expenditures remain largely unaffected, except debt service, which are on average 15% lower in affected cities or municipalities. However, we document important heterogeneity in local revenue responses. We find no support for the moral hazard problem : our results indicate that external aid leads to higher local expenditures, particularly general public services, socioeconomic expenditures, including education and social services, and debt payments. These results highlight the crucial role of central government transfers in supporting local governments and mitigating the geographical economic disparities in the aftermath of exogenous shocks such as natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters ; local government finance ; Haiyan/Yolanda |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1411&r= |
| By: | Mr. Selim A Elekdag; Maxwell Tuuli |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the stabilization properties of fixed versus flexible exchange rate regimes and aims to answer this research question: Does greater exchange rate flexibility help an economy’s adjustment to weather shocks? To address this question, the impact of weather shocks on real per capita GDP growth is quantified under the two alternative exchange rate regimes. We find that although weather shocks are generally detrimental to per capita income growth, the impact is less severe under flexible exchange rate regimes. Moreover, the medium-term adverse growth impact of a 1 degree Celsius increase in temperature under a pegged regime is about –1.4 percentage points on average, while under a flexible regime, the impact is less than one half that amount (–0.6 percentage point). This finding bolsters the idea that exchange rate flexibility not only helps mitigate the initial impact of the shock but also promotes a faster recovery. In terms of mechanisms, our findings suggest that the depreciation of the nominal exchange rate under a flexible regime supports real export growth. In contrast to standard theoretical predictions, we find that countercyclical fiscal policy may not be effective under pegged regimes amid high debt, highlighting the importance of the policy mix and precautionary (fiscal) buffers. |
| Keywords: | Exchange rate regimes; Economic growth; Climate change; weather shock; growth impact; regime s; decline in government expenditure growth; peg exchange rate regime; temperature shock; government consumption growth; regime window; Exchange rate arrangements; Exchange rate flexibility; Conventional peg; Exchange rate adjustments; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/093&r= |
| By: | Michela Limardi (RIME-Lab - Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Management et Économie Lab - ULR 7396 - UA - Université d'Artois - Université de Lille, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Francesca Battista (Virginia Tech - College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) exert pressure on multinational enterprises (MNE) to force the application of social and environmental standards for subcontractors in developing countries. Non-governmental regulation relies on voluntary standards defined by the NGOs,or by the MNE themselves. This leads to an uncertainty and social regulation. In this respect, external pressure from NGOs constitutes a reputational risk for the company. MNEs, in turn, try to manage those risks by increasingly monitoring the environmental and social impact of their global suppliers. Two forms of non-governmental enforcement currently prevail: warning (i.e.disclosing information of a violation to the company) versus immediate punishment (i.e. penalizing a company without disclosing information). A theoretical model is developed to determine whether disclosing (or not) information to the MNE about reputational risk is more effective. The results demonstrate that MNEs with a low reputation (or a high degree of out-sourcing) will have a higher incentive to conduct inspections of its global suppliers in a warning regime. Conversely, when MNE visibility is high, disclosing information in advance does not provide additional incentives. |
| Date: | 2022–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03704334&r= |
| By: | Fanny Reniou (UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes); Elisa Monnot (CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Lucie Sirieix (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Maud Daniel-Chever (UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes) |
| Abstract: | D'ici 2030, les magasins de plus de 400m2 devront consacrer « au moins 20 % de leur surface de vente de produits de grande consommation… à la vente de produits présentés sans emballage primaire » pour se mettre en conformité avec l'article 11 du projet de loi Climat et résilience. Cette loi vise à accélérer la vente en vrac, c'est-à-dire « la vente de produits présentés sans emballage, en quantité choisie par le consommateur, dans des contenants réemployables ou réutilisables », comme le définit le code de la consommation. |
| Keywords: | Vente en vrac |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03684214&r= |
| By: | Grazia Errichiello (Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope) |
| Abstract: | The research aims to observe the Italian regions with most absences from work and verify if there is a relationship between the absences and climate change. I used the INPS database relating to employees; the time interval considered was 2009–2018, and the variable credit difference was examined, which is a measure of the salary that workers have not received because of absence from work. Then, the existence of geographical in |
| Date: | 2022–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:isug22:13&r= |
| By: | Festus F. Adedoyin (Bournemouth University, United Kingdom); Olawumi A. Osundina (Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria.); Festus V. Bekun (Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Over the years, agriculture has been considered as a panacea for long-term economic growth as believed by the physiocracy school of thought. Aligning this with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (specifically UN-SDG-2 which highlights zero hunger), the present study empirically complements existing studies by exploring the interactions between agriculture, trade openness and oil rents using annual time frequency series data from 1981-2017. A series of analysis is conducted. First, a battery of non-stationarity and stationarity unit root tests are performed; these range from the traditional Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) techniques to the relatively recent Zivot Andrews (ZA) unit root test which accounts for a single structural break to ascertain stationarity properties in the variables under review. Subsequently, the recent Bayer and Hanck (2013) test in conjunction with the Johansen co-integration test were used for the co-integration analysis. Furthermore, to detect the direction of causality, the Toda-Yamamoto Granger Causality test alongside the impulse response function technique shows insightful outcomes. From the empirical results, co-integration is apparent and a long-run equilibrium relationship is traced between the outlined variables over the investigated period. The causality results and impulse response analysis highlight the existence of one-way causality links running from agriculture to trade and from trade to oil rents. These are revealing given the dwindling oil market prices. More insights are elucidated in the conclusion section accordingly. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, sustainability; Bayer-Hanck cointegration; Nigeria |
| JEL: | Q10 O13 C32 C33 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/031&r= |
| By: | Osvaldo Nina Baltazar (Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Desarrollo (INESAD)); Daniela Berdeja Ruiz (Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Desarrollo (INESAD)) |
| Abstract: | La cooperación intermunicipal es un mecanismo idóneo para promover el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible porque permiten realizar proyectos, crear empresas y realizar asociaciones entre municipios cercanos y conectados. Además, este mecanismo permite que dos o más municipios vecinos puedan implantar estrategias conjuntas, de forma voluntaria, para solucionar problemas similares, aprovechando las economías de escala. Las experiencias europeas y latinoamericanas han mostrado que el arreglo institucional es la opción más efectiva para promover la cooperación intermunicipal, logrando que los recursos financieros involucrados en los acuerdos se incrementen. Para el caso boliviano, el tamaño pequeño y los recursos financieros escasos de la mayoría de los municipios podrían ser las causas para impulsar la cooperación intermunicipal, pero principalmente por el pequeño número de conglomerados espaciales que existen en torno al índice municipal de desarrollo sostenible. |
| Keywords: | Bolivia, Development, Sustainabililty |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 F63 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:1220&r= |
| By: | Jérôme Ballet; Damien Jérôme Albert Bazin (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Boniface Komena |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03043469&r= |
| By: | Ziche, Daniel; Grüneberg, Erik; Riek, Winfried; Wellbrock, Nicole |
| Abstract: | Die Produktivität von Waldökosystemen wird durch die Bereitstellung von Nährstoffen und Wasser gewährleistet. Somit ist das Wissen über die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften der Böden essentiell sowohl zur Beurteilung des Bodenzustands als auch der Güte des Waldstandorts. Hierfür können Daten aus zwei bundesweiten Bodenzustandserhebung im Wald (BZE-Wald) von über 1.800 Probepunkten eines 8 x 8 km-Grundrasters herangezogen werden. Die Erhebungen fanden zwischen 1986 bis 1994 (BZE I-Wald) und 2006 bis 2008 (BZE II-Wald) nach einheitlichem Aufnahmeverfahren statt. Das LUCAS-Projekts zielt auf die Erstellung eines harmonisierten Datensatz zur Landbedeckung und Landnutzung innerhalb der Europäischen Union (EU). Das Europäische Datenzentrum (ESDAC) stellt 265.000 georeferenzierte Punkte auf einem 2 x 2 km-Raster bereit, die jeweils in den Jahren 2009 und 2015 an 10 % der Punkte am gleichen Standort beprobt wurden. Angesichts von zwei parallellaufender Bodeninventuren stellt sich die Frage einer potentiellen Verknüpfung miteinander. In dieser Studie werden die LUCAS-Bodendaten der Inventur des Jahres 2015 mit den entsprechenden bundesweiten BZE-Daten verglichen und auf ihre Repräsentativität überprüft. Um eine flächengewichtete Hochrechnung für Deutschland zu ermöglichen, erfolgte eine Zordnung der Inventurpunkte des LUCAS-Programms anhand ihrer Koordinaten zu den bei der bundesweiten BZE-Auswertung verwendeten 16 BZE-Substratklassen. Alle Klassen wurden hinsichtlich signifikanter und systematischer Unterschiede zwischen beiden Inventuren überprüft. Darüber hinaus wurden die BZE-Daten dahingehend evaluiert, inwieweit die ausschließlich im LUCAS Programm verwendete Tiefenstufe 0-20 cm im Vergleich zum Mineralboden bis in 90 cm Tiefe und der Humusauflage bei der Berechnung von Vorräten zukommt. Der Vergleich der bodenchemischen Kennwerte ergab deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Inventuren. Sowohl die pH(H2O)-Werte als auch die C/N-Verhältnisse waren bei LUCAS 2015 niedriger, die Konzentrationen von C und N jedoch höher als bei der BZE II. Die Vorräte an Kohlenstoff und Sticksoff weisen noch größere Abweichungen gegenüber der BZE II aufgrund der Unsicherheiten bei der Ableitung von Trockenrohdichten aus Kartenmaterial auf. Im Gegensatz dazu erfolgte durch die BZE II eine volumenbezogene Beprobung an fast allen Standorten. Eine Ableitung von Trockenrohdichten aus Kartenmaterial führt bei der LUCAS-Inventur zu einer hohen Unsicherheit der Ergebnisse und zu einer Überschätzung von Vorratsänderungen. Die höheren Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffkonzentrationen bei der LUCAS-Inventur könnte an einer unzureichend genauen Trennung der organischen Auflage vom Mineralboden liegen, da dieser durch Bestandteile der Auflage aufkonzentriert würde. Während der Erhebung der BZE-Wald wurde explizit auf die systematische Trennung beider Kompartimente geachtet. Weiterhin steht die Anzahl der beprobten LUCAS-Waldpunkte im Missverhältnis zur Waldfläche, da in Nord- und Süddeutschland zu wenig Probepunkte vorkamen. Allerdings sind die Waldanteile der LUCAS-Gesamtinventur mit denen der dritten Bundeswaldinventur vergleichbar. Die Stichprobengröße von LUCAS 2015 umfasst etwa 25 % der BZE II-Stichprobe. Hierdurch sind einige Substrattypen nur unzureichend belegt, weshalb zum einen wesentliche Bodeneigenschaften unberücksichtigt blieben und andererseits eine flächengewichtete Hochrechnung erschwert werden würde. Infolge der geringeren Stichprobe weichen die bodenchemischen Kennwerte der einzelnen Substratgruppen zwischen den Messnetzen ab. Außerdem erhöhen sich die Unsicherheiten durch die Reduzierung der Stichprobe. Somit ließen sich Bodenveränderungen bei einer Wiederholungsinventur schwerer detektieren. Die Daten aus den Bodeninventuren sind für die Treibhausgasberichterstattung relevant, da Kohlenstoffvorräten für die organische Auflage und für den Mineralboden bis zu einer Tiefe von mindestens 30 cm zu berichten sind. Im Mittel werden nach den Daten der BZE II 16 % des bis 90 cm Tiefe vorkommenden Kohlenstoffs in der Auflage gespeichert, wobei diese mit der LUCAS-Inventur nicht beprobt wurde. Der in der organischen Auflage gebundene Kohlenstoff ist vulnerabel gegenüber Klima- und Umwelteinflüssen, so dass eine Auswertung diesbezüglich nicht möglich ist. Weiterhin wurde bei LUCAS 2015 nur die oberen 20 cm des Mineralbodens beprobt und damit lediglich 42 % des bei der BZE II abgeschätzten Kohlenstoffs erfasst. Durch das Fehlen der Auflage und die geringere Tiefe sind die Daten aus LUCAS 2015 nur eingeschränkt für die Treibhausgasberichterstattung nutzbar. Aufgrund einer geringeren Repräsentativität sowie größeren Unsicherheiten und Diskrepanzen von LUCAS 2015 gegenüber der BZE im Wald würde eine Vereinigung beider Datensätze keine zusätzlichen Synergien erzeugen. |
| Keywords: | Boden,Wald,Inventur,Probenahme,Karten,Konzentrationen,Vorräte,Kohlenstoff,Stickstoff,pH-Wert,Trockenrohdichte,Unsicherheiten,Harmonisierung,Repräsentativität,Soil,Forest,Monitoring,Inventory,Sampling,Mapping,Stocks,Concentrations,Carbon,Nitrogen,pH-Value,Bulk density,Uncertainties,Representativity,Harmonisation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:94&r= |
| By: | Lisette Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sébastien Roussel (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Communication policies employed by policymakers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often appeal to the emotions to persuade people to adopt virtuous behavior. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of induced emotions on pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We design a three-stage laboratory experiment. In the first stage, we determine the level of the subjects' environmental awareness. In the second stage, subjects read scripts that place them in realistic hypothetical scenarios designed to induce specific emotions. We implement a 2 x 2 in-between design by varying both the valence and social dimension of the four emotional states induced: happiness, sadness, pride and shame. In the third stage, subjects play a modified dictator game in which the recipient is an environmental non-governmental organization (ENGO). We show that the emotional states of subjects can influence PEB. In particular, negative emotions significantly reduce the average individual amount of donations made to ENGOs. We also find that the precise impact of the emotional states is more complex and appears to be dependent on individuals' characteristics and awareness for environmental issues. For instance, in positive emotional states, men donate significantly less than women. In addition, a high level of environmental awareness increases donations in subjects experiencing shame and decreases their likelihood to donate when feeling pride. Also, we observe behavioral consistency for negative emotions and rather compensatory behavior for positive emotions. |
| Keywords: | Emotions,Happiness,Prosocial Behavior,Dictator game,Educational attainment,Decision making,Experimental economics,advertising |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03352952&r= |
| By: | Patel-Weynand, Toral |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao21:321044&r= |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble) |
| Abstract: | Le réchauffement de la Terre constitue un danger pour la vie humaine, mais les Etats ne peuvent combattre ce fléau sans l'appui des autres Etats. La catastrophe écologique va modifier les conditions de vie humaine, et limiter les consommations fossiles et les comportements consuméristes. Malgré ces dangers, les hommes politiques et le lobbying restent fondamentalement concentrés sur leurs pouvoirs et leur profits immédiats. Des solutions techniques existent, mais le capitalisme promeut un intérêt individuel aujourd'hui dangereux. Aucune autorité internationale n'a l'autorité pour convaincre les Etats d'éviter la catastrophe à venir. Dans ce cadre, il faut raisonner comme si les hommes vivaient déjà cette crise du réchauffement climatique et se posaient la question « qu'aurait-il fallu faire alors pour éviter cette catastrophe ». Le « catastrophisme éclairé » peut inciter les Etats à mieux valoriser l'intérêt collectif et à empêcher les nuisances de certaines formes spéculatives d'intérêt personnel. |
| Keywords: | New Green deal Vert,locked assets,capitalism,global warming,digital industry,economic crisis |
| Date: | 2022–05–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03664892&r= |
| By: | Takuya Hara |
| Abstract: | Studies have evaluated the economic feasibility of 100% renewable power systems using the optimization approach, but the mechanisms determining the results remain poorly understood. Based on a simple but essential model, this study found that the bottleneck formed by the largest mismatch between demand and power generation profiles determines the optimal capacities of generation and storage and their trade-off relationship. Applying microeconomic theory, particularly the duality of quantity and value, this study comprehensively quantified the relationships among the factor cost of technologies, their optimal capacities, and total system cost. Using actual profile data for multiple years/regions in Japan, this study demonstrated that hybrid systems comprising cost-competitive multiple renewable energy sources and different types of storage are critical for the economic feasibility of any profile. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2205.15451&r= |
| By: | Tucker, Jennifer |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usao22:321146&r= |
| By: | Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble) |
| Abstract: | Liberal economists have always considered that the market economy was a factor of peace. Today's world is dominated by the principles of the World Trade Organization, but war is more present than ever in people's minds. States are engaged in rearmament, with the optimization of the "bang for a buck" in mind, nuclear or conventional strategies and the choice between butter and cannon. As a result, in a globalized system normally prepared for peace, conflicts arise that lead to coups d'état, to armed struggle that benefits the arms industry or to economic warfare, which can only be waged by a coalition of countries that together have virtual monopolies of essential goods. The United States often uses the economic weapon of extraterritorial law against rogue states or multinational firms that do not meet its demands. Today, globalization is a factor in the growth of inequalities, often unjustified, particularly with the rise of tax havens. The capitalist system is riddled with generalized or regional crises and the financial system is characterized by its capacity to predate on wealth and the rise of crypto-currencies often used for laundering organized crime. New rarities are emerging such as rare earths or water, while non-renewable fossil energy resources should give way to underdeveloped renewable energies. The major threats facing all of humanity between now and the end of this century are climate change, respect for nature and ecosystems, and the fight against unbearable and lethal inequalities. |
| Abstract: | Les économistes du courant libéral ont toujours considéré que l'économie de marché était un facteur de paix. Or, le monde d'aujourd'hui est dominé par les principes de l'Organisation Mondial du Commerce, mais la guerre est plus que jamais présente dans les esprits. Les Etats s'engagent dans un réarmement, avec à l'esprit l'optimalisation du « « bang for a buck », les stratégies nucléaires ou conventionnelles et le choix entre le beurre et le canon. De ce fait, dans un système globalisé préparé normalement à la paix, les conflits surviennent qui conduisent aux coups d'Etat, à la lutte armée qui profitent aux industries d'armement ou à la guerre économique, laquelle ne peut être menée que par une coalition de pays disposant ensemble de quasi monopoles de biens essentiels. Les Etats-Unis utilisent souvent l'arme économique du droit extraterritorial contre les « rogue states » ou les firmes multinationales qui ne répondent pas à leurs exigences. Aujourd'hui, la globalisation est un facteur d'accroissement des inégalités, souvent injustifiées notamment avec l'essor des paradis fiscaux. Le système capitaliste est perclus de crises généralisées ou régionales et le système financier se caractérise par sa capacité prédatrice des richesses et l'essor de cryptomonnaies souvent utilisées pour le blanchiment du crime organisé. De nouvelles raretés apparaissent comme les terres rares ou l'eau, alors que les ressources fossiles énergétiques non renouvelables devraient laisser place à des énergies renouvelables insuffisamment développées. Les grandes menaces qui pèsent sur l'ensemble de l'humanité d'ici la fin de ce siècle portent sur le changement climatique, le respect de la nature et des écosystèmes et la lutte contre des inégalités insupportables et létales. |
| Keywords: | Peace, War, economic weapons, military spending, capitalism, scarcity, rare earth, state, power,Paix,Guerre,armes économiques,dépenses militaires,capitalisme,rareté,terres rares,Etat,puissance |
| Date: | 2022–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03696593&r= |
| By: | Pierret, A.; de Rouw, A.; Chaplot, V.; Valentin, C.; Noble, Andrew; Suhardiman, Diana; Drechsel, Pay |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirr:321896&r= |
| By: | Marian Moszoro; Mauricio Soto |
| Abstract: | We introduce a novel measure of cross-country road quality based on the travel mean speed between large cities from Google Maps. This measure is useful to assess road infrastructure and access gaps. Our Mean Speed (MS) score is easier to estimate and update than traditional gauges of road network quality which rely on official reports, surveys (i.e., World Economic Forum’s Quality of Roads Perception survey), or satellite imaging (i.e., World Bank’s Rural Access Index). In a sample of over 160 countries, we find that MS scores range between 38 km/h (23.6 mph) and 107 km/h (66.5 mph). We show that the MS score is a strong proxy for road quality and access. |
| Keywords: | Road Quality; Sustainable Development Goals; Access to Infrastructure; MS score; road infrastructure; road network characteristic; B. geometric mean speed Score; Infrastructure; Income; Africa; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2022/095&r= |
| By: | Enrique Velazco Reckling (Fundación INASET) |
| Abstract: | El estudio plantea la necesidad de identificar, para la realidad boliviana, una ruta crítica que guiada por las prioridades, oriente los lineamientos estratégicos que, a su vez, permitan definir los contenidos, la naturaleza y la secuencia de las acciones necesarias para avanzar hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Con ese propósito, introduce el tema reflexionando inicialmente sobre las relaciones entre los objetivos y los medios necesarios para lograrlos, lo que implica la necesidad de establecer los flujos de causalidad entre los factores asociados, a los medios y los objetivos, a fin de asegurar que se eliminen las causas sin distraer los recursos tratando síntomas; en el mismo sentido, establecer la más apropiada y eficiente secuencia de acciones consistente con las causalidades; y, finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de definir adecuada y específicamente los objetivos que se buscan porque un problema es un obstáculo que impide lograr un objetivo: los problemas solo pueden identificarse correctamente si el objetivo es: específico, medible, asignable (a un responsable), realista (en cuanto a meta y medios disponibles) y enmarcado en un horizonte de tiempo. Con base en estas consideraciones, desarrolla a título ilustrativo la secuencia del análisis que Bolivia debería enfrentar para construir las bases conceptuales e institucionales que le permitan asumir seriamente los compromisos con la comunidad internacional sobre los ODS. En primera instancia, muestra un primer ordenamiento causal de los 17 objetivos mediante 2 criterios: la causalidad directa (causa-problema-efecto) y la institucionalidad sistémica (valores y visión social del desarrollo; orientación de políticas macro; capacidad y pertinencia de la estructura institucional-operativa del Estado; y la calidad de los procesos y de las transacciones en la sociedad). Afina posteriormente esta primera aproximación recurriendo al análisis estructural bajo tres escenarios: 1) estimar causalidades relativas respetando literalmente las fundamentaciones y 2 descripciones de ODS en los documentos públicos con los que Naciones Unidas los difunde; 2) para factores de alto interés generalizado como la educación, adoptar definiciones que sean más centradas en las realidades de los países menos desarrollados; y, finalmente, 3) agregando a las definiciones de los objetivos precisiones específicas a la realidad boliviana. El análisis identifica tentativamente, para la realidad boliviana, los flujos de influencia y de dependencia entre los 17 ODS, así como las principales relaciones de causalidad; representa esas relaciones en un esquema básico a partir del cual se podrían establecer las prioridades y la secuencia de las políticas de desarrollo. El ejercicio muestra la viabilidad de establecer, con fundamentaciones muy razonables, la ruta crítica que Bolivia debería seguir para avanzar, de manera sistémica, a los ODS. Al describir la metodología e ilustrar su potencial para ubicar los ODS en un contexto holístico, propone como la acción complementaria necesaria, que SDSN-Bolivia repita el ejercicio de análisis estructural con un grupo multidisciplinario de profesionales, con buen conocimiento de la realidad y de las relaciones de cada ODS en Bolivia. La credibilidad de estos profesionales sería una sólida base para que sus propuestas permitan a la Academia, la sociedad en su conjunto y al Estado, proponer y establecer la institucionalidad legítima que acompañe críticamente al proceso, y acoja a los actores comprometidos con el logro de los ODS. |
| Keywords: | Bolivia, Development, Sustainabililty |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 F63 |
| Date: | 2020–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:sdsnwp:1120&r= |
| By: | Colner, Jonathan P.; D’Agostino, Mollie |
| Abstract: | Congestion pricing (CP) is widely considered to have significant potential for effectively reducing vehicle miles traveled, reducing emissions, and providing a reliable revenue source for transportation investments. This study evaluated cities interested in CP—five in the U.S. (Boston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle) and two in other countries (Vancouver, Canada, and Auckland, New Zealand). This study examines the following features of a CP system for each of these cities: 1) duration of CP investigations, 2) equity mitigations, 3) range of alternatives considered, 4) public engagement, and 5) importance of emissions reductions. Timelines are impossible to predict with certainty, but New York and Auckland appear closest to implementation. Vancouver, San Francisco, and Seattle are well into the process; and Boston and Los Angeles are early in the process. Other key findings include that most of the cities start considering a range of options before narrowing down to comparing more detailed CP systems. Vancouver and San Francisco have made public engagement a cornerstone of their plan development, using polls and workshops to finetune the details of their CP proposals. In contrast, Auckland, while still engaging with stakeholders and experts for guidance, has mainly focused on how to ensure public support and understanding of the proposals they recommend. In terms of equity, discounts are a common and primary strategy proposed among the cities, but some also develop a more comprehensive set of equity policies to accompany a CP system. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Congestion pricing, vehicle miles of travel, exhaust emissions, social equity, policy analysis, case studies |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1pd4x9wr&r= |
| By: | Idriss Fontaine; Sabine Garabedian; Hélène Vérèmes |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tep:teppwp:wp22-10&r= |