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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Marquet, Pablo A.; Gaxiola, Aurora; Ávila-Thieme, M. Isidora; Pica-Téllez, Andrés; Vicuña, Sebastián; Alaniz, Alberto; Etcheberry, Gabriel; González, Diego; Jara, Valentina; Menares, Luna |
| Abstract: | Las tres crisis del sistema internacional se expresan en tres brechas desde la perspectiva de la periferia latinoamericana y caribeña: la brecha del bajo crecimiento, la brecha de la desigualdad y la brecha de la destrucción del ambiente, en economías que dependen de las exportaciones de recursos naturales para sostener el crecimiento. En este documento se utiliza el concepto de “límites planetarios” para analizar la brecha ambiental en Chile. Estos se definen a partir de parámetros que circunscriben un área dentro de la cual los procesos biofísicos se mantienen en condiciones relativamente estables. El objetivo de definir dichos límites ambientales es lograr que la humanidad pueda operar sin alterar de manera drástica el estado del sistema terrestre, a fin de mantener la condición de habitabilidad del planeta y su resiliencia, así como el bienestar humano. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MEDIO AMBIENTE, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, RECURSOS HIDRICOS, DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, SUELOS, CONTAMINACION, OZONO, PESQUERIAS, GASES, MODELOS DE DESARROLLO, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, RECURSOS NATURALES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, WATER RESOURCES, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, SOILS, POLLUTION, OZONE, FISHERIES, GASES, DEVELOPMENT MODELS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, NATURAL RESOURCES |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47883&r= |
| By: | Ekundayo Peter Mesagan (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria); Emeka Osuji (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria); Hope Agbonrofo (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | We adopt the FMOLS and Granger causality technique to analyse the effect of energy use and carbon emissions on output growth in selected West African economies, which includes Nigeria, Gambia and Ghana, from 1970 to 2019. Findings confirm that energy use enhances growth in the three selected West African economies. But in terms of significance, energy consumption is significant in Nigeria and Gambia at a 1% level of significance while it is insignificant for the Gambia. CO2 emission positively and significantly propels economic growth for the three selected West African economies. For Nigeria, causality evidence shows no direct influence among the variables. For Ghana, we find a bi-causal association between output growth and carbon emissions and a unidirectional causality from pollution to energy consumption. For Gambia, economic growth causes CO2 emissions. We recommend that the West African government reinforce their stand on a sustainable growth path through energy conservation. |
| Keywords: | Energy Use, Pollution, Output Growth, West Africa |
| JEL: | O44 O55 Q40 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/032&r= |
| By: | Ioannis Tikoudis; Walid Oueslati; Tobias Udsholt |
| Abstract: | Reducing air pollution is a major policy challenge, especially in densely populated urban areas where human exposure to emissions is considerable. This paper develops and examines a series of scenarios for the evolution of transport-related emissions in the area of Santiago, Chile. The analysis suggests that ramping up efforts to electrify the bus fleet may eliminate 25% of the CO2 and at least 10% of the remaining air pollutant emissions in 2050. These figures increase to 45% and 30%, respectively, if rapid electrification is accompanied by tax schemes. The paper highlights the potential synergies of policies curbing climate change and tacking air pollution from the viewpoint of urban transport. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, bus electrification, carbon tax, road pricing, urban transport |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q55 R13 R41 R48 H23 |
| Date: | 2022–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:195-en&r= |
| By: | Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute; Swiss Finance Institute); Gregory Levieuge (Banque de France); Jean-Guillaume Sahuc (Banque de France; Université Paris Ouest - Nanterre, La Défense - EconomiX); Gauthier Vermandel (Ecole Polytechnique; Department of Economics, Paris-Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | We explore the role of public subsidies in mitigating the transition risk associated with a climate-neutral objective by 2060. We develop and estimate an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the world economy featuring an endogenous market structure for green products. We show that public subsidies, financed by a carbon tax, are an efficient instrument to promote firm entry into the abatement goods sector by fostering competition and lowering the selling price of such products. We estimate that the subsidy, optimally distributed between startups at 60% and existing companies at 40%, will save nearly $2.9 trillion in GDP each year by 2060. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, E-DSGE model, bayesian estimation, stochastic growth, endogenous firms, environment-related products |
| JEL: | E32 H23 Q50 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2245&r= |
| By: | Srivastav, Sugandha; Singh, Tanmay |
| Abstract: | Laws that govern land acquisition can lock in old paradigms. We study one such case: the Coal Bearing Areas Act of 1957 (CBAA) which unlike the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR) provides minimal social and environmental safeguards. The lack of due diligence processes in the CBAA confers an undue comparative advantage to coal development, a facet of policy that is at odds with India's current stance to phasedown coal use, reduce air pollution, and advance modern, low-carbon energy to achieve net-zero emissions. In the decades since the CBAA was written, the local context has significantly changed: the environmental and social costs of dirty energy are clearer, and low-carbon alternatives are cost competitive. We recommend updating land acquisition laws to bring coal under the general purview of LARR or, at minimum, amending CBAA to ensure adequate environmental and social safeguards are in place, both in letter and practice. |
| Keywords: | coal, land acquisition, net-zero, environmental protection, social impact assessment, rehabilitation and resettlement |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2022-09&r= |
| By: | Jeff Murray; Jessica Maufort |
| Keywords: | climate change fiction; climate migration; New Zealand public policy; Antarctica geopolitics; Pacific refugees; eco-catastrophe; social and environmental justice |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/326391&r= |
| By: | Lee, Jukwan (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Jong Duk (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Moon, Jinyoung (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Eom, Jun-Hyun (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Kim, Ji Hyeon (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Suh, Jungmin (Soongsil University) |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on Korea’s Green New Deal policy and global response measures to climate change that affect international trade. A trade policy perspective and approach have been applied while reviewing the carbon-neutral policy pursued by the Green New Deal. We attempted through an empirical analysis to determine whether the expansion of openness helps reduce carbon emissions and simulate the impact of a carbon-neutral policy, such as the EU's carbon border adjustment, on the global economy under global production networks. In addition, the amount of financial support from Korea's Green New Deal needed to offset the negative economic effects of other countries’ independent carbon-neutral policies was derived. This study finally suggests that the effect of the Green New Deal can be expanded through the restoration of openness and global cooperation. |
| Keywords: | Green New Deal; Carbon-neutrality; Open Trade Policy; Korea |
| Date: | 2022–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepwe:2022_020&r= |
| By: | Grottera, Carolina |
| Abstract: | Economic crises are not new, but the way countries respond to and seek to build back from their effects is an ever-evolving process. In the present context, the strategies adopted by Latin American and Caribbean countries to recover from the dramatic impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic are marked by an urgent need to also address the climate crisis. This publication examines the synergies and linkages between post-COVID-19 crisis recovery approaches stemming from a sustainable energy transition in Latin America and the Caribbean. The study aims to identify recovery strategies for key sectors and technologies based on policies, institutions, regulations and investments that can represent a big push for more sustainable ways to produce and consume energy and the decarbonization of the economy. |
| Keywords: | INDUSTRIA ENERGETICA, SERVICIOS ENERGETICOS, EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO, ANHIDRIDO CARBONICO, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, POLITICA ENERGETICA, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, POWER INDUSTRY, ENERGY SERVICES, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, CARBON DIOXIDE, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENERGY POLICY, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS |
| Date: | 2022–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47868&r= |
| By: | Martin Nerlinger (University of St. Gallen - School of Finance and Swiss Finance Institute); Sebastian Utz (University of St. Gallen - School of Finance) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether the Russia-Ukraine conflict has affected investors' assessment concerning a green energy transition. Based on a global energy sector sample, we apply an event study around the invasion on February 24, 2022. We find that energy firms' CAAR are positive around the event. Renewable energy firms generated comparably low abnormal returns than coal, oil and gas, and uranium. This pattern prevails except in North America, where they show the second-highest CAAR in 41 days around the event. Therefore, the Russia-Ukraine conflict appears not to entirely change the investors' assessment of a possible acceleration of a green energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Russia-Ukraine conflict, energy, transition, event study, climate change |
| JEL: | G14 G15 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2249&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Stern; Anna Valero |
| Abstract: | The climate crisis and the global economic impact of the Covid-19 crisis occur against a background of slowing growth and widening inequalities, which together imply an urgent need for a new environmentally sustainable and inclusive approach to growth. Investments in "clean" innovation and its diffusion are key to shaping this, accompanied by investments in complementary assets including sustainable infrastructure, and human, natural and social capital which will not only help achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, but will also improve productivity, living standards and the prospects of individuals. In this article, we draw on the theoretical and empirical evidence on the opportunities, drivers and policies for innovation-led sustainable growth. We highlight the importance of a coordinated set of long-term policies and institutions that can enable and foster private sector investments in clean innovation and assets quickly and at scale. In doing so, we draw inspiration from Chris Freeman's work on the system-wide drivers of innovation, and his early vision of achieving environmental sustainability by reorienting growth. |
| Keywords: | innovation, sustainable growth, net-zero transition, clean technology |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1773&r= |
| By: | Julca Zuloeta, Dolfer |
| Abstract: | Ante una economía lineal globalizada que se basa en “tomar, fabricar y desechar”, surge la tendencia de la economía circular, un modelo que opera en todos los niveles organizacionales, evita la contaminación, protege el medio ambiente, ofrece un camino hacia la sostenibilidad y funciona como un sistema cerrado, regenerativo y restaurador. Su objetivo es desarrollar el sistema económico y, a la vez, reducir la presión que este genera sobre el entorno natural. Las prácticas de la economía circular no son ajenas a las operaciones mineras, pues ofrecen oportunidades para minimizar y otorgar valor a los residuos, mejorar la eficiencia de dichas operaciones (extracción y beneficio) y recuperar los sitios mineros con fines productivos futuros. Para adoptar la economía circular en la minería peruana, es necesaria la interacción de múltiples actores en un ecosistema colaborativo, en que se aborden las dificultades para la valorización o inertización de los residuos mineros según la capacidad de la minería peruana y el ambiente geográfico y social en el cual se desarrollan las actividades. El tránsito hacia la economía circular ha de ser gradual; deben brindarse “nuevas soluciones a viejos problemas” y alinearse dichas soluciones a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. |
| Keywords: | MINERIA, INDUSTRIA MINERA, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, ECONOMIA AMBIENTAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIA VERDE, VALOR, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, MINING, MINING INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GREEN ECONOMY, VALUE, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY |
| Date: | 2022–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47895&r= |
| By: | Stephen P. Holland; Erin T. Mansur; Andrew J. Yates |
| Abstract: | Decarbonization and electrification will require a transformed electricity grid. Our long-run model of entry and exit of generation and storage capacity captures crucial aspects of the electricity industry such as time-varying demand for electricity, intermittency of renewables, and intertemporal optimization of storage. We derive several theoretical possibilities that differ in surprising ways from short-run intuition: A carbon tax can increase electricity consumption; cheaper storage can decrease renewable capacity; cheaper renewables can increase carbon emissions; and an increase in electricity demand (e.g., electrification) can decrease emissions. We calibrate the model using 2019 hourly data on demand and renewable availability for thirteen regions covering the contiguous U.S. A carbon price of $150 or more essentially eliminates carbon emissions. Given a modest decarbonization goal, a renewable subsidy performs better than a nuclear subsidy, but this ranking is reversed for an ambitious decarbonization goal. Transmission expansion yields large emissions reductions if renewable costs fall sufficiently, but policies promoting storage are unlikely to yield significant benefits. Electrifying 100% of car miles traveled (thereby eliminating gasoline vehicle carbon emissions) increases electricity-sector carbon emissions by 23-27% if vehicles are charged at night, but could decrease electricity-sector carbon emissions if vehicles are charged during the day. |
| JEL: | H23 Q4 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30082&r= |
| By: | Kleinnijenhuis, Alissa; Adrian, Tobias; Bolton, Patrick |
| Abstract: | We measure the gains from phasing out coal as the social cost of carbon times the quantity of avoided emissions. By comparing the present value of the benefits from avoided emissions against the present value of costs of ending coal plus the costs of replacing it with renewable energy, our baseline estimate is that the world can realize a net gain of 77.89 trillion USD. This represents around 1.2% of current world GDP every year until 2100. The net benefits from ending coal are so large that renewed efforts, carbon pricing, and other financing policies we discuss, should be pursued. The IMF working paper can be found here: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/I ssues/2022/05/31/The-Great-Carbon-Arbitr age-518464 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2022-07&r= |
| By: | Otto, Felix; Held, Hermann |
| Abstract: | This article investigates the genesis and role of the 2° target in international climate policy. We identify a dual role played by temperature targets: (i) a social planner's option of decision making under uncertainty that draws on the precautionary principle, and (ii) a policy instrument to help the social planners' position become reality. Accordingly, the recent debate over the 2° target as found in the literature is actually a mutual misunderstanding: while the opponents mainly focus on the policy instrument function, the proponents focus on the social planner solution. By publishing this article, we hope to contribute to a more "targeted" dialogue in the future. In order to achieve this, the article analyses the concept of targets and argues that an environmental target always consists of three elements, namely (a) science or system knowledge, (b) norms and values, and (c) an operational perspective. Further, it investigates how targets were defined in international climate policy and how they have evolved over time. In 1997, emission targets were defined in the Kyoto Protocol. In 2015, the 2° target, based on the precautionary principle, was implemented in the Paris Agreement. Learning from the case of sulphur dioxide policy, another example of environmental policy, when considering how the 2° target could be made more effective, one might be tempted to underpin it with impact-related findings that are as concrete as possible - or to replace it with corresponding impact-based targets. However, many actors might contend that the totality of global warming impacts is still hard to judge. Accordingly, the 2° target should also serve as an expression of precaution, as an interim solution of sorts, until we acquired a more comprehensive grasp of climate impacts. |
| Keywords: | target,climate policy,Precautionary Principle,international environmental policy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:uhhwps:64&r= |
| By: | Benes, Ondrej; Janda, Karel |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with non-economic problems of biofuel development. Firstly we look at a complex of issues surrounding the food-fuel debate, which is concerned mainly with the efficiency of use of land resources for the production of biofuel feedstock rather than for production of food for human consumption. Secondly we look at other environment and health related problems of extensive biofuels production. Lastly we briefly acknowledge the existence of a large block of socio-economic impacts of biofuels. |
| Keywords: | Biofuels,land,food,environment |
| JEL: | Q42 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:259403&r= |
| By: | Wong, Stephen D. PhD; Shaheen, Susan A. PhD; Martin, Elliot PhD; Uyeki, Robert |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental problems have spurred new strategies to reduce fossil fuel consumption in transportation. Two important strategies include a rapid transition to green energy and the replacement of internal combustion vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs). However, the increasing demand for electricity by EVs, especially from time-dependent green sources of energy (e.g., solar, wind), will likely overload the grid at peak hours. Rather than build costly infrastructure improvements for distribution and generation, smart charging programs for EVs could defer charging to off-peak times and better match demand with supply. Yet, little is currently known about people’s willingness to participate in a program and relinquish control of charging to a third party. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt98z4b5rr&r= |
| By: | Kalantzis, Fotios; Dominguez, Sofia |
| Abstract: | This study uses unique firm-level data from EIBIS to identify EU firms' climate strategies and their associated factors. To do so, we initially run a clustering analysis that results in five distinct clusters in line with the literature and then investigate the role of various firms' characteristics in their adoption based on a multi-logit regression. Our findings show that almost half of the EU firms adopt either "wait-and-see" strategies or plan to invest in tackling climate change risks. More climate-friendly strategies appear to be positively associated with the awareness of climate-related risks, especially with firms that see the transition to a lowcarbon future as an opportunity. Similarly, those strategies are followed by large firms that are innovative, face fewer credit constraints and operate in an environment where there is a strong push for climate actions from various stakeholders. These findings are valuable as they can guide policymakers on supporting firms' transformation to play their part, as an integral part of our society, in the road to a clean, affordable, and secure energy future. |
| Keywords: | EIBIS,climate strategies,climate change risks,perception analysis,clustering analysis |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eibwps:202208&r= |
| By: | KUROKAWA Hirofumi; IGEI Kengo; KITSUKI Akinori; KURITA Kenichi; MANAGI Shunsuke; NAKAMURO Makiko; SAKANO Akira |
| Abstract: | We ran randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of our environmental education class and the impact of the nudge and boost on students’ attitudes and behaviors toward environmental issues. We found that our environmental education class significantly improves the students’ basic knowledge of the environment and concerns about plastic waste. Although there is no evidence that nudges and boosts amplify the effect of environmental education on basic knowledge of the environment, nudges are successful in making students who received environmental education more concerned about plastic waste. Our results also show that nudges and boosts can change students’ pro-environmental behaviors. Students who were assigned to treatment groups with nudges or boosts are more likely to refuse free wet wipes provided at convenience stores. These results indicate that our interventions change students’ pro-environmental behaviors only if the cost of changing their behaviors is low. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22047&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Philippines is highly vulnerable to risks from climate change. The Philippines is categorized as one of the world’s most vulnerable countries to climate change and natural disasters, especially typhoons. Depending on where a severe typhoon hits the Philippines, it could potentially cause a systemic impact. All major cities and most of the population reside on the coastline, including the metropolitan Manila area where about 60 percent of economic activities take place. On the other hand, exposures to transition risk are concentrated in the coal-based power generation sector and the government’s licensing policy to build new power plants. |
| Date: | 2022–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/154&r= |
| By: | Sunday, Nathan; Kahunde, Rehema; Atwine, Blessing; Adelaja, Adesoji; Kappiaruparampil, Justin |
| Abstract: | Uganda continues to be prone to climate shocks especially drought which has adverse impact on food security. This paper studies household resilience capacities with special focus on how different resilience capacities mitigate the impact of drought on food security. The study follows the TANGO framework and two-step factor analysis to construct resilience capacity indexes. It employs a panel data from the Uganda National Panel Surveys (UNPS) undertaken between 2010/11 and 2018/19, spanning five waves. To minimize the bias arising from subjective self-reported drought shock, we introduce an objective measure of drought from the global SPEI database into the UNPS data. We also control for attrition bias by controlling for attrition hazard estimated from the attrition function. Our analysis reveals that households in Uganda exhibit significantly low and nearly static resilience capacities. This implies majority of households in Uganda remain highly susceptible food insecurity in the event of severe drought. The study shows that building resilience capacities is an effective way of protecting households from such devastating situation. In this regard, adaptive capacity is found to be the most effective in mitigating the effect of drought on food security. Transformative capacity and absorptive capacities possess limited mitigating power. Based on significant components from each of the capacities, we recommend investing in early warning systems and wide dissemination of climate related information to enhance preparedness adaptation, encouraging and supporting formation and sustainability of informal institutions at local levels, enhancing access to communal resources, improved infrastructure and agriculture extension services by the most vulnerable groups. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2021–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprrp:321058&r= |
| By: | Bárcena-Ruiz, Juan Carlos; Garzón, Maria Begoña; Sagasta, Amagoia |
| Abstract: | The literature on the environment has analyzed how firms carry out R&D to reduce their pollutant emissions, assuming that they maximize profits. However, empirical evidence shows that firms are increasingly concerned about Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (ECSR). Following that evidence, we consider that the objective function of firms incorporates the environmental damage they generate as part of their social concern. We find that how firms perform environmental R&D depends crucially on the degree to which they care about ECSR. If that degree is low enough, firms agree to set up an Environmental Research Joint Venture (ERJV) under which they coordinate their R&D investments and fully share their technological knowledge. This is the result obtained when firms maximize profits. If the degree is high enough, firms enter into an ERJV in which each fully shares its technological expertise but they do not coordinate their R&D investments. Finally, if the degree is intermediate, firms neither set up an ERJV nor disclose information. Social welfare is the highest and environmental damage the lowest if firms form an ERJV and coordinate their R&D investments. Therefore, the way in which firms organize their R&D activities is not always the most socially preferable. |
| Keywords: | environmental corporate social responsibility; environmental tax; endogenous spillovers; R&D competition; Research Joint Ventures. |
| JEL: | D43 L13 L22 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:113060&r= |
| By: | Brenneis, Karina; Edison, Edi; Asnawi, Rosyani; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | Oil palm is the most significant boom crop in Southeast Asia and associated with tremendous negative environmental effects. These environmental effects can influence the environmental concern (EC) and pro-environmental behavior (PEB) of the local population in different ways. While various research has investigated rural-urban differences for EC and PEB, evidence is missing for societies in the Global South where rural and urban populations face similar environmental problems. This paper addresses the questions of what influences EC and PEB of residents living in a hotspot for oil palm cultivation with a special focus on the geographical residence in Indonesia. Our results from OLS regressions show that overall, rural residents directly involved in oil palm cultivation tend to be more concerned than the urban respondents. This is true for general EC, as well as for the oil palm-related EC, which points towards oil palm farmers being aware of the environmental repercussions of oil palm plantations. We also find that connectedness with nature, connectedness with oil palms, and preferences for homogenized landscapes are important factors that are correlated with EC. PEB is measured in terms of donations made to a local environmental organization. Our results, first of all, show strong positive correlations between EC measures and PEB. Furthermore, results reveal that rural respondents make significantly higher donations. In addition, a higher connectedness with oil palms decreases donations among our respondents, while the hours participated in other environmental activities correlate positively with donations. |
| Keywords: | environmental concern,pro-environmental behavior,rural-urban gap,hyperbolic sine transformation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:35&r= |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | The average annual acreage burned by wildfires in the United States has increased over the past 30 years, affecting both federal and nonfederal lands. In this report, CBO analyzes trends in wildfire activity; considers the effects of wildfires on the federal budget, the environment, people’s health, and the economy; and reviews forest-management practices meant to reduce the likelihood and seriousness of fire-related disasters. |
| JEL: | H84 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:57970&r= |
| By: | Fabio Alessandrini (University of Lausanne; Banque Cantonale Vaudoise); Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute; Swiss Finance Institute); Ghislaine Lang (University of Lausanne); Evert Reins (University of Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the sustainability of real estate investment vehicles in Switzerland according to the three Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) pillars. For this purpose, we conducted a survey of direct investors (real estate investment companies, funds, and foundations) inquiring about their sustainability practices. Based on the data of this survey, we assess the ESG profile of their real estate investment portfolios. A methodology is proposed to build an ESG score and subscores on the three pillars of sustainability. We find that, in the aggregate, the performance of real estate investment vehicles is relatively good on energy issues, whereas it is less developed on environmental issues outside of energy. Social policies seem to be less of a priority for investment vehicles than environmental and governance policies. Large entities tend to perform better than small ones. Regarding the various categories of investment vehicles, foundations tend to have more advanced ESG practices than funds and companies. We do not find any significant impact of ESG scores on the financial performance of the portfolios. This research also highlights the need for the industry to establish reporting and technical standards on sustainability matters. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable investment, ESG ratings, Real estate |
| JEL: | C83 Q01 Q56 R3 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2246&r= |
| By: | Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The energy transition towards a low-carbon regime is a critical challenge for the 21st century. It is not only a matter of techniques, but also of social organization and cultural representations. This article explores how the ordinary economic representations of energy have been developed since the 19th century, and how they have influenced public decision-making. Through the examples of forecasting and of the distinction renewable vs. exhaustible resources, this article suggests that path dependencies still weight upon those views. When thinking about the low-carbon transition, getting out of these dependencies seems essential. |
| Abstract: | La transition d'un régime énergétique fossile vers un régime bas-carbone est l'un des grands défis du XXIe siècle. Le sujet n'est pas seulement technique, mais aussi organisationnel et culturel, touchant aux représentations et aux usages de l'énergie. Cet article revient sur la façon dont se sont construites les représentations économiques conventionnelles de l'énergie depuis le XIXe siècle, influençant ici et là la décision publique. À travers les exemples de la prospective et de la distinction renouvelables vs. épuisables, cet article suggère que des dépendances au sentier pèsent toujours sur ces représentations, et qu'à l'heure de penser la transition bas-carbone, sortir de ces dépendances semble essentiel. |
| Keywords: | energy,history of economic thought,forecasting,energy transition,path dependency,performativity,énergie,histoire de la pensée économique,prospective,transition énergétique,dépendance au sentier,performativité |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03657637&r= |
| By: | Donato Masciandaro; Riccardo Russo |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the trade–offs that central banks would face if they were to start tackling climate change. Disruptive natural events can hamper growth and capital accumulation, thereby affecting price and financial stability – elements for which central banks are responsible. Yet, the array of instruments they could use to mitigate climate–related risks overlap with those already used in relation to their monetary and macroprudential mandates. By leveraging a principal–agent setting, we consider the conditions under which the central bank architecture would be fit to take on this objective without jeopardising the attainment of central banks’ core mandates. We also examine the corresponding effects in terms of climate risks. Our results show that central banks’ effectiveness in this regard depends on the degree of their independence from governments’ climate preferences and on their ability to calibrate their “green” easing, either monetary and/or regulatory, on the realised level of abatement and emissions. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy, macroprudential policy, fiscal policy, climate change, delegation, independence |
| JEL: | D02 E52 E58 E61 E63 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:baf:cbafwp:cbafwp22181&r= |
| By: | Messono O. Omang (University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of historical prevalence of infectious diseases on contemporary sustainable development. Previous studies reveal numerous proximate causes of sustainable development, but little is known about the fundamental determinants of this widespread economic concern. The novelty of this paper lies in the adoption of a historical approach that sheds light on the deep historical roots of cross-country differences in sustainable development. The central hypothesis is that historical pathogens exert persistent impacts on present-day sustainable development. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) in cross-section with data from 122 countries between 2000 and 2021, we provide support for the underlying hypothesis. Past diseases reduce sustainable development both directly and indirectly. The strongest indirect effects occur through property rights, innovation, globalization and government effectiveness. This result is robust to many sensitivity tests. Policy makers may take these findings into account and incorporate disease pathogens into the design of international sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases; sustainable development, economic development |
| JEL: | B15 B40 I31 J24 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/036&r= |
| By: | Messono O. Omang (University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of historical prevalence of infectious diseases on contemporary sustainable development. Previous studies reveal numerous proximate causes of sustainable development, but little is known about the fundamental determinants of this widespread economic concern. The novelty of this paper lies in the adoption of a historical approach that sheds light on the deep historical roots of cross-country differences in sustainable development. The central hypothesis is that historical pathogens exert persistent impacts on present-day sustainable development. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) in cross-section with data from 122 countries between 2000 and 2021, we provide support for the underlying hypothesis. Past diseases reduce sustainable development both directly and indirectly. The strongest indirect effects occur through property rights, innovation, globalization and government effectiveness. This result is robust to many sensitivity tests. Policy makers may take these findings into account and incorporate disease pathogens into the design of international sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases; sustainable development, economic development |
| JEL: | B15 B40 I31 J24 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/007&r= |
| By: | Inderst, Roman; Sartzetakis, Eftichios S.; Xepapadeas, Anastasios |
| Abstract: | We analyze firms incentives to coordinate on the introduction of a more sustainable product variant when consumers preferences for greater sustainability depend on the perceived social norm, which in turn is shaped by average consumption behavior. Such preferences lead to multiple equilibria. If the more sustainable variant allows firms to sufficiently expand their aggregate market share, when a lenient legal regime makes this feasible they will coordinate on the more sustainable outcome. If their aggregate market share however does not expand sufficiently under the more sustainable variant, coordination can forestall a more sustainable outcome. Our analysis thus both confirms and qualifies the notion of a sustainability first-mover disadvantage as a justification for an agreement between competitors, which has gained traction in antitrust. We also provide empirical evidence for norm-based sustainability preferences. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability,Antitrust,Firm Cooperation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:259402&r= |
| By: | Jonathan T. Hawkins-Pierot; Katherine R. H. Wagner |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the implications of energy prices today for energy efficiency and climate policy in the future. If adjustment costs mediate manufacturing plants’ responses to increases in energy prices, incumbents may be limited in their ability to re-optimize energy-inefficient production technologies chosen based on past market conditions. Using U.S. Census microdata and quasi-experimental variation in energy prices, we first show that the initial electricity prices that manufacturing plants pay in their first year of operations are important determinants of long-run energy intensity. Plants that open when the prices of electricity and fossil fuel inputs into electricity are low consume more energy throughout their lifetime, regardless of current electricity prices. We then estimate that the productivity of energy inputs is persistently lower for plants that open when electricity is cheap, and these differences in relative input productivities can fully explain the effects of entry-year electricity prices on subsequent energy intensity. We discuss how this “technology lock-in” increases the emissions costs of delayed action on carbon policy. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9762&r= |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (The New School, New York, USA) |
| Abstract: | The time for defashionization has come. With the United Nations Conference of the Parties COP26 heralding the call for attention to sustainable fashion, society is ripe to question the whims of fashion’s impact on sustainability. Is the luxury moment of our time harmony with nature and practicing degrowth in recycling to cherish sustainability? Already in the historic political economy foundations of capitalism, workers are described to produce in order to consume. Classic business cycle theory and the creative entrepreneur portray a human-innate need for change and innovation as the spring feather of capitalism. In capitalist societies, there is a race for innovation of entrepreneurs and offering new products on a constant basis in order to evade the falling rate of profit. Capitalist constantly innovate in order to offer new products in markets and reap the highest rate of return and profit from consumers, who constantly want to change and have access to changing products. Producers of goods are in a competitive race for innovation and offering new products to ever-innovation-seeking consumers. The constant pressure to innovate and offer new products on the supply side and the constant production for a salary in order to consume the newest goods and services lie at the core of capitalist societies. Climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals but also the Green New Deals in the United States and Europe as well as the New Generation EU have formulated aspirational goals of sustainability. The circular economy and conscientious consumption have become the en vogue trends of our times. The novel Coronavirus crisis COVID-19 has also driven demand for rest, recovery and degrowth. COVID Long Haulers in particular appear to favor harmony with the environment in agrohoods driving trends of deurbanization but also biophilia trends that resemble nature in interior design and clean unprocessed nutrition. How is our classic understanding of business cycles’ reinvention drive and the innovative entrepreneurs’ creative destruction justified in light of sustainability pledges? Have we reached an age of luxury in the appreciation of environmentalism that forms a larger transcending Gestalt that benefits future generations? This article asks if the time is ripe for a defashionization of economic business cycles of reproduction and harmonize ecology with innovation. The paper also provides vivid examples of sustainability capitalism solutions, which prove that the Green New Deal aligns economic values with sustainability. The New Deals, degrowth, minimalism, biophilia and agrohoods are newest trends that appear to crowd out whims of ever-changing trends for rest in sustainable well-being. |
| Keywords: | Agrohoods, Biophilia, Business Cycle Theory, Capitalism, Capitalist societies, Change, Circular economy, Climate Change, Competition, COP26, Conscientious consumption, Consumption, Creative destruction, Defashionization, Degrowth, Demand, Ecology, Economics |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0178&r= |
| By: | Yamna Erraach (Innov'com, Sup'com, University of Carthage Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia); Fatma Jaafer (Université de Carthage - University of Carthage); Ivana Radić (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Product labeling is a way to inform consumers and increase their awareness about sustainability attributes of products. It guarantees the use of specific production conditions, promotes market incentives and highlights environmental, social and/or ethical product attributes. This study provides a literature review of sustainability labels on olive oil including consumer attitudes and behavior towards this product. Results show that consumers have positive attitudes towards olive oil carrying sustainability labels and are willing to pay more for olive oil carrying those labels. However, the major drivers of this behavior are far from being related to sustainability. This insight jeopardizes the main objective of those labels and suggests more clarifications about the information delivered by them. More in-depth investigations are needed about the drivers of consumer behavior towards olive oil carrying sustainability labels. |
| Keywords: | olive oil,attitudes,consumer behavior,sustainability,labels |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03476649&r= |
| By: | Misconel, Steffi; Prina, Matteo Giacomo; Hobbie, Hannes; Möst, Dominik; Sparber, Wolfram |
| Abstract: | Marginal CO2 abatement cost curves derived from bottom-up or top-down models are widely used by policymakers to determine the least-cost sequential order of decarbonization measures and the most effective decarbonization strategies. However, most model-based methods lack high temporal, sectoral, and techno-economic resolution. To address these limitations, this paper presents a linear optimization method with an hourly resolution for a sector-coupled power system to derive step-wise CO2 abatement cost curves. A step-wise marginal CO2 abatement cost curve is calculated based on hundreds of hourly dispatch model runs, giving a high level of detail on techno-economic, inter-temporal, and inter-sectoral interactions. Results demonstrate a dynamic relationship between technology-specific CO2 abatement costs, CO2 emission reductions, and total system cost development per installed decarbonization measure. Moreover, the results indicate how competing flexibility and decarbonization options interact and how least-cost decarbonization pathways can be reached. |
| Keywords: | decarbonization measure,flexibility option,linear optimization,marginal abatement cost curve,sector-coupling |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:260472&r= |
| By: | Joseph E. Aldy; Sarah C. Armitage |
| Abstract: | Experiences in real-world pollution markets suggest that firms make persistent errors in forecasting allowance and credit prices that inform their investment decisions. The residual uncertainty characterizing allowance and credit trading means that pollution markets may fail to deliver cost-effective abatement. This contrasts with price-based policies under which firms make investments that equate marginal abatement cost to an emission tax. We incorporate the additional cost of forecast errors under quantity-based programs into a standard Weitzman-style prices versus quantities framework. We distinguish between individual firms’ uncertainty over competitors’ private information and systemic uncertainty over future cost shocks. We show that a welfare-maximizing regulator would favor price instruments in response to the prospect of firm-specific forecast errors under quantity instruments, ceteris paribus, and the relative benefit of price instruments increases with forecast error variance. We discuss the role of policy design, such as incorporating price collars, in mitigating cost-inefficiencies from price forecast errors. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30043&r= |
| By: | Tesfahun, Birhan S.; Kasie, A.; Upton, Joanna B.; Blom, Sylvia A. |
| Abstract: | Climate shock, specifically drought causes serious adverse effects on household welfare in rural Ethiopia. As a direct response to such shocks, resilience and related activities become the country’s key development agenda. In this context, we examine the relationship between climate shock and household consumption and then assess how household resilience influences this relationship. By combining historical observations of climate extremes and Ethiopian Socioeconomic survey datasets, we find that both short-term and long-term droughts are significantly associated with reduced consumption, and this relationship is moderated by resilience. We look at the resilience indicators that possibly mediate the effects of drought on either realized or probabilistic measures of consumption to understand what is associated with the ability to withstand or recover quickly from drought. We reframe the resilience as capacity approach and resilience as a normative condition approach that reflect two distinct ways of inferring resilience. In the resilience as capacity approach, we model realized consumption as a dependent variable and interaction terms between drought and hypothesized resilience indicators as joint explanatory variables. From our hypothesized resilience indicators, we find some indicators that are associated with attenuating the adverse effects of drought shock on realized household consumption. These include wealth index, informal transfer, and formal transfer indicators. In the resilience as a normative condition approach, we model probabilistic household consumption as a dependent variable and same interaction terms and find income diversification, livestock diversification, and agricultural asset indicators. This study has important implications for both research and policy. The adverse effects of droughts on consumption inform the investment need and policy design around resilience. The resilience indicators associated with attenuating the adverse effects of drought shock on realized and probabilistic consumption has also important implications. First, the nexus between drought and consumption via specific resilience indicators associated with attenuating the adverse effect of drought on consumption informs policy design around these indicators. Second, our interest variable framing to identify the specific resilience indicators associated with attenuating the adverse effects of drought on both realized and probabilistic household consumption provides insight to bridge the resilience as capacity and resilience as a normative condition approaches classic debate with the question of whether resilience is a right-hand or left-hand side variable |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:miprrp:321060&r= |
| By: | Patrick Guillaumont (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Laurent Wagner (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | As commonly agreed, the vulnerability of a country is here considered as the risk it will be hurt by exogenous shocks. The vulnerability of countries has been recognised since the beginning of development economics as one of the main problems they face, due to shocks, either of external or natural origin. For decades, there has been a rich literature on the economic, social and political consequences of unstable export earnings. More recently, there has been a growing concern about other kinds of vulnerability, linked to shocks such as outbreaks of violence and other expressions of political fragility, epidemics, natural disasters and, above all, climate change: the vulnerability that climate change brings to developing countries in varying degrees constitutes a global challenge. |
| Abstract: | Selon l'acception courante, retenue ici, la vulnérabilité d'un pays est le risque pour lui d'être affecté par des chocs exogènes. La vulnérabilité des pays est reconnue depuis le début de l'économie du développement comme un des principaux problèmes auxquels ils ont à faire face, en raison de chocs, d'origine soit externe soit naturelle. Pendant des décennies, une abondante littérature a pu ainsi traiter des conséquences économiques, sociales et politiques de l'instabilité des recettes d'exportations. Plus récemment, une préoccupation croissante est apparue à propos d'autres sortes de vulnérabilité, liées à des chocs tels que les flambées de violence et d'autres expressions de la fragilité politique, les épidémies, les désastres naturels et surtout le changement climatique : la vulnérabilité que celui-ci entraîne à des degrés divers dans les pays en développement constitue un défi à l'échelle mondiale. |
| Keywords: | Multidimensional vulnerability index,Indice de vulnérabilité multidimensionnelle |
| Date: | 2022–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03662908&r= |
| By: | Patrick Guillaumont (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International); Laurent Wagner (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | As commonly agreed, the vulnerability of a country is here considered as the risk it will be hurt by exogenous shocks. The vulnerability of countries has been recognised since the beginning of development economics as one of the main problems they face, due to shocks, either of external or natural origin. For decades, there has been a rich literature on the economic, social and political consequences of unstable export earnings. More recently, there has been a growing concern about other kinds of vulnerability, linked to shocks such as outbreaks of violence and other expressions of political fragility, epidemics, natural disasters and, above all, climate change: the vulnerability that climate change brings to developing countries in varying degrees constitutes a global challenge. |
| Abstract: | Selon l'acception courante, retenue ici, la vulnérabilité d'un pays est le risque pour lui d'être affecté par des chocs exogènes. La vulnérabilité des pays est reconnue depuis le début de l'économie du développement comme un des principaux problèmes auxquels ils ont à faire face, en raison de chocs, d'origine soit externe soit naturelle. Pendant des décennies, une abondante littérature a pu ainsi traiter des conséquences économiques, sociales et politiques de l'instabilité des recettes d'exportations. Plus récemment, unepréoccupation croissante est apparue à propos d'autres sortes de vulnérabilité, liées à des chocs tels que les flambées de violence et d'autres expressions de la fragilité politique, les épidémies, les désastres naturels et surtout le changement climatique : la vulnérabilité que celui-ci entraîne à des degrés divers dans les pays en développement constitue un défi à l'échelle mondiale. |
| Keywords: | Multidimensional vulnerability index,Indice de vulnérabilité multidimensionnelle |
| Date: | 2022–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03662944&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Georgian Ministry of Finance (MoF) has continued to progress its analysis and reporting of fiscal risks, with its annual Fiscal Risk Statement (FRS) becoming the leading example in the region. In addition to detailed discussions of risks from SOEs and the balance sheet, amongst other, the December 2020 FRS included for the first time a qualitative discussion on the fiscal risks from climate change. Looking ahead, the government has committed to strengthening that further with the inclusion of quantitative estimates in the 2022 version of the FRS. This report provides the tools and analytical approaches to support that, as well as an update to the public sector balance (PSBS) sheet to identify the impact of the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | IMF resident representative; IMF's Fiscal Affairs Department; EU delegation; C. Intertemporal balance sheet effect; climate scenario; Climate change; Natural disasters; Financial statements; Fiscal risks; Global |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2022/150&r= |
| By: | Labó Fossa, Ricardo |
| Abstract: | En este documento se analizan los modos de gobernanza de los clústeres mineros de Australia, Chile y el Perú, incluidos sus grupos de interés y sus procesos de formación y desarrollo, así como su estado actual y potenciales oportunidades. También se analiza el impacto que tienen los clústeres sobre el desarrollo de los proveedores mineros y procesos de innovación. Se compara el rol del Estado con el del sector privado, y el papel de los instrumentos y mecanismos para potenciar el desarrollo de clústeres y proveedores mineros. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS MINEROS, INDUSTRIA MINERA, CONCENTRACION INDUSTRIAL, ESTRATEGIA EMPRESARIAL, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, COOPERACION INDUSTRIAL, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, MINING RESOURCES, MINING INDUSTRY, INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION, CORPORATE STRATEGIES, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47878&r= |
| By: | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) |
| Abstract: | PIM had a productive final year centered on synthesizing findings while continuing to respond to demand on the impacts of COVID-19 and preparing the transition to the new CGIAR portfolio. PIM findings and engagement contributed to Myanmar’s response to COVID-19, South Africa’s policies on resilience to climate change, Tunisia's policies for pastoral development, a reform of Nigeria’s national agricultural research system, Ghana’s fish seed and farm certification system, gender strategies for three agricultural value chains in Honduras, and genome editing guidelines for the agricultural sector in four African countries. PIM research informed policy documents of FAO, IFAD, One CGIAR, the UK Government, the World Bank and the World Food Programme. PIM tools enabled more equitable co-management of 76 protected areas in Peru and informed World Bank social protection projects. Books on food security in Bangladesh and Malawi, trade in Latin America, African agricultural value chains and gender were published. 42 PIM synthesis briefs and notes were issued, summarizing research results in key thematic areas. PIM contributed 181 journal articles, 8 journal issues (on demand driven seed systems, China’s response to COVID-19, agriculture and food security in China under COVID-19, food loss and waste, landscape restoration, multistakeholder fora in forestry and two issues on gender), 15 book chapters and about 500 non-peer-reviewed outputs. 16 PIM webinars were organized. PIM’s contributions to the United Nations Food Systems Summit covered agricultural extension, food system innovations and digital technologies, the future of small farms, the science-policy interface, the cost of ending hunger by 2030, food waste and loss, management of the commons and gender. Building on past PIM investments in economywide modeling tools and social accounting matrices, PIM teams continued to assess the impacts of COVID-19 and policy responses at country level. Lessons learned from PIM country-level analyses on COVID-19’s impacts on food systems, poverty and diets are summarized in a chapter of the IFPRI 2022 book “COVID19 and global food security: Two years later†. A paper in partnership with the CGIAR COVID19 Hub reviewed the literature on agri-food value chains for evidence of fractures and resilience in response to the pandemic. The results of coordinated studies on the impacts of COVID-19 on value chains in different countries were published. Several cross-CGIAR outputs initiated by PIM speak to the fulfillment of PIM’s convening role as an integrating program: the CGIAR Foresight Report and CGIAR foresight website; several outputs produced through the CGIAR Community of Excellence on Seed Systems Development, and the CGIAR book “Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research: Past, present, and future†are examples. Other examples of PIM global public goods produced in 2021 are 27 innovations at various stages of uptake, a cross-cutting effort to distill PIM lessons on migration; new or updated social accounting matrices for 25 countries; and lessons and tools on stakeholder platforms for natural resource governance. Independent reviews assessed the effectiveness of PIM’s partnerships and the use by partners of PIM’s work on economywide modelling, agricultural insurance, tenure and governance, and the Ag-Incentives database. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; Sustainable Development Goals; gender; youth; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; capacity development; climate change; governance; social inclusion |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:annrep:pim2022&r= |
| By: | Luis E. GONZALES; ITO Koichiro; Mar REGUANT |
| Abstract: | Effective and economical expansion of renewable energy is one of the most urgent and important challenges in addressing climate change. However, many countries are facing a problem because existing network infrastructures (i.e., transmission networks) were not originally built to accommodate renewables, which creates disconnected networks between demand centers and renewable supply sources. In this paper, we study the static and dynamic impacts of market integration on renewable energy expansion. Our theory highlights that statically, market integration improves allocative efficiency through gains from trade, and dynamically, it incentivizes new entry of renewable power plants. Using two recent grid expansions in the Chilean electricity market, we empirically test our theoretical predictions and show that the commonly-used event study estimation underestimates the dynamic benefits if renewable investments occur in anticipation of market integration. We build a structural model of power plant entry and show how to correct for such bias. We find that market integration resulted in price convergence across regions, increases in renewable generation, and decreases in generation cost and emission of pollutants. Furthermore, a substantial amount of renewable entry would not have occurred in the absence of market integration. We show that ignoring this dynamic effect would substantially understate the benefits of transmission investments. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22050&r= |
| By: | Daniel J. Cooley; Steven M. Smith |
| Abstract: | Irrigation in the Eastern US receives little attention compared to the West, but farmers in humid states of the US, traditionally reliant on rainfall, have more than tripled irrigation since 1978. We examine this trend in Illinois where there has been a nearly threefold increase in center pivot irrigation systems (CPIS) installations since 1988. Specifically, we analyze where and when CPIS installations occur and their benefits in terms of annual crop yield, irrigated acreage, crop selection, and reduction in drought-related insurance payouts. To do so, we create a novel data set derived from a deep learning model capable of automatically identifying the location of CPIS during drought years along with annual county level crop, weather, and insurance data. The results indicate CPIS installations in Illinois are significantly more common over alluvial aquifers after droughts. Additionally, counties with a higher presence of CPIS do not have higher average crop yields, a shift to more water intensive crops, or an expansion of cropland. However, in drought years CPIS presence does have a significant positive effect on corn yield and a significant negative effect on indemnity payments for both soybeans and corn. The results provide insights into an emerging trend of irrigation in humid regions, raising potential policy considerations for crop insurance and signaling a potential need to address water rights as demand increases. |
| JEL: | Q15 Q18 Q25 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30093&r= |
| By: | Barassa, Edgar; Ferreira da Cruz, Robson; Galvão Diniz Faria, Lourenço; Marques do Prado Tanure, Tarik; Bermúdez Rodríguez, Tatiana; Rigon, Vagner |
| Abstract: | Nota-se atualmente um momento ímpar de reflexão e prospecção de alternativas e aperfeiçoamento da mobilidade urbana. Acelerado principalmente nos últimos dez anos, esse processo tem tido como palco as grandes cidades, conglomerados urbanos e as capitais globais. Entendido numa perspectiva global, este processo tem ponderado tanto a diversificação das formas que as pessoas e bens podem se mover no espaço e território urbano, como o tipo de tecnología e sistema de propulsão que pode ser empregado para tal fim. A eletrificação é uma alternativa promissora para o alcance de uma mobilidade de baixo carbono do transporte público, onde a redução de emissões, com a ponderação dos impactos no meio ambiente e na saúde pública, tem se colocado como alvos e objetivos a serem alcançados. O Brasil tem grande potencial para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva da eletromobilidade pública. |
| Keywords: | ENERGIA ELECTRICA, TRANSPORTE, VEHICULOS ELECTRICOS, AUTOBUSES, TRANSPORTE SOSTENIBLE, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, ESTRATEGIA EMPRESARIAL, ELECTRIC POWER, TRANSPORT, ELECTRIC VEHICLES, BUSES, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT, ENVIRONMENT, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, CORPORATE STRATEGIES |
| Date: | 2022–04–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47833&r= |
| By: | Poveda Bonilla, Rafael |
| Abstract: | En este documento se analiza la gobernanza de las empresas estatales en la industria minera de los países andinos y su papel en la creación de capacidades tecnológicas, la innovación, la agregación de valor y los encadenamientos productivos. Las empresas estatales deben concebirse como herramientas para cumplir la política pública y no como fines en sí mismos. Se debe tener claro el objetivo en términos de gestión sostenible, impactos económicos y socioambientales, uso y asignación de rentas, y transformación de capital agotable en perdurable. Los hallazgos muestran heterogeneidad en los resultados alcanzados por las empresas estatales y entregan pistas sobre los elementos necesarios para mejorar el diseño de los modelos de gestión, control, supervisión, transparencia y acceso a información, a fin de garantizar la eficiencia, la transparencia y la debida diligencia en la gestión. |
| Keywords: | INDUSTRIA MINERA, REGION ANDINA, EMPRESAS PUBLICAS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, GOBERNABILIDAD CORPORATIVA, ORGANIZACION INDUSTRIAL, PRESUPUESTO, GOBERNABILIDAD, VALOR, PRODUCTIVIDAD, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, MINING INDUSTRY, ANDEAN REGION, PUBLIC ENTERPRISES, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION, BUDGET, GOVERNANCE, VALUE, PRODUCTIVITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2022–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47880&r= |
| By: | Éléonore Schnebelin (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre Labarthe (AGIR - AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marc Touzard (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Two major agricultural transformations are currently being promoted worldwide: digitalisation and ecologisation, that include different practices such as organic farming and sustainable intensification. In literature and in societal debates, these two transformations are sometimes described as antagonistic and sometimes as convergent but are rarely studied together. Using an innovation system approach, this paper discusses how diverse ecologisation pathways grasp digitalisation in the French agricultural sector; and do not discriminate against organic farming. Based on interviews with key representatives of conventional agriculture, organic agriculture and organisations that promote or develop digital agriculture, we explore how these actors perceive and participate in digital development in agriculture. We show that although all the actors are interested and involved in digital development, behind this apparent convergence, organic and conventional actors perceive neither the same benefits nor the same risks and consequently do not implement the same innovation processes. We conclude that digitalisation has different meanings depending on the actors' paradigm, but that digital actors fail to perceive these differences. This difference in perception should be taken into account if digital development is to benefit all kinds of agriculture and not discriminate against organic farming and more widely, against agroecology. |
| Keywords: | Digitalisation,Agriculture,Digital technology,Agricultural innovation system,Organic farming,Institutional economics,Ecological transition |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03319092&r= |
| By: | Eric C. Edwards; Walter N. Thurman |
| Abstract: | Tile drainage was first demonstrated in the United States in 1835 as a method to adapt agriculture to excessive water in soils. Subsequently, innovations in coordinated drainage enterprises, engineering, and tile manufacture led to drainage over large portions of the U.S. Midwest and Southeast. Of the 215 million acres of wetlands estimated to have existed in the contiguous United States at colonization, 124 million have been drained, 80-87% for agricultural purposes. In this paper we argue that a key institutional innovation, the drainage management district, facilitated local investment in drainage. States in our sample adopted drainage laws between 1857 and 1932, and after adoption each state saw an increase in improved agricultural land in counties with poorly drained soils relative to well drained counties. We estimate artificial drainage increased the value of agricultural land in each of the worst-drained counties of the eastern United States by 13.5-30.3%, a total increase in these counties of $7-17B (2020 dollars). With the increasing likelihood of extreme precipitation events across the entire U.S., technical innovation in drain tile will be a key component of adaptation to climate change. Our paper points as well to the importance of institutional innovation and its associated costs. |
| JEL: | N51 N52 Q1 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30081&r= |
| By: | Magali Aubert (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro); Pascale Morin (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro) |
| Abstract: | Depuis le 25 mai 2018, les chercheurs doivent se mettre en conformité avec le RGPD - Règlement Général sur la Protection des données. Dans de nombreuses disciplines, les données issues d'enquêtes de terrain sont, pour la plupart, des Données dites à Caractère Personnel. Les outils qualité offrent des grilles d'analyse pertinentes pour traiter les données de la recherche conformément à ces exigences règlementaires. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03654917&r= |
| By: | Tuan Nguyen-Anh; Chinh Hoang-Duc; Tuyen Tiet; Phu Nguyen-Van; Nguyen To-The |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the spontaneous impact of human, social and natural capital on food crop technical efficiency (TE) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Our study contributes to the literature by adopting the meta-analysis method to investigate the relationship between TE and the three groups of capitals to better shed light on the TE in SSA regions. Our results highlight that social capital is the most critical factor among the three groups of capitals in promoting farming productivity. In particular, agriculture efficiency benefits from increasing people’s trust in institutions and the frequency of extension visits. Natural capital like temperature and elevation is essential in determining the farming TE in SSA regions. Outstandingly, our results also indicate that calorie intake, a proxy of labor quality, should be improved to achieve better productivity. |
| Keywords: | Farming technical efficiency; Human capital; Meta-analysis; Natural capital; Social capital; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | D91 Q12 Q18 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2022-13&r= |
| By: | Stephen K. Dimnwobi (NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka, Nigeria); Favour C. Onuoha (Abakaliki, Nigeria); Benedict I. Uzoechina (NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka, Nigeria); Chukwunonso Ekesiobi (Igbariam, Nigeria); Ebele S. Nwokoye (NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Purpose - Given the ever-growing fiscal commitments of Nigeria and her chequered history of electricity generation and distribution, the fortunes of the energy sector in the country have been affected by the prevalence of energy poverty. Government policies such as public capital expenditure (PCE) present a crucial option for reducing energy poverty in Nigeria, providing the research impetus for this study. Design/methodology/approach -To investigate the relationship between government capital spending and five distinct energy poverty proxies, this research applies the Bayer-Hanck cointegration system and the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test. Findings -The findings indicate that public capital spending in Nigeria worsens energy poverty by reducing access to electricity, urban electrification, renewable energy consumption, and renewable electricity generation, with a positive but insignificant influence on rural electrification. Originality/value – This inquiry presents a pioneering investigation of the nexus between PCE and energy poverty in Nigeria. Also, aside from the variables of energy poverty adopted by existing studies, this study incorporates renewable energy consumption and renewable electricity output with implications for energy poverty and sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | Public Capital Expenditure, Energy Poverty, Electricity, Nigeria |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/033&r= |
| By: | Brenneis, Karina; Irawan, Bambang; Wollni, Meike |
| Abstract: | Agricultural technologies frequently have been introduced via subsidies to accelerate diffusion and spur adoption in the presence of market inefficiencies or missing information. Yet, for agricultural technologies that mainly generate positive environmental effects, it is not clear how to encourage adoption, maintenance, and additional investments most effectively. This study addresses this gap by introducing two policy interventions to foster tree planting in an oil palm hotspot in Indonesia. In the first treatment, oil palm farmers receive information about native tree planting and three different native tree seedlings for free (subsidy treatment). In the second treatment, oil palm farmers receive the same information and the opportunity to buy three different native tree seedlings through an auction (price treatment). Results from negative binomial regressions reveal that a full subsidy leads to higher tree planting at first, but the results from a double hurdle model show that conditional on being planted there is no significant difference in survival rates between the two treatments. Our results further show that conditional on tree planting farmers in the price treatment apply a higher number of maintenance practices than farmers in the subsidy treatment. Finally, the subsidy treatment has a significantly negative effect on additional planting efforts. |
| Keywords: | technology adoption,policy analysis,auction,subsidies,negative binomial estimation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:crc990:34&r= |
| By: | Tii N. Nchofoung (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the effect of tourism and ICT on inclusive development. Inclusive development is approached as human development adjusted for environmental sustainability; ICT is based on mobile phones subscription rate, internet penetration and fixed broadband subscription and a composite indicator of these, while tourism is approached as a the number of arrivals. The data are collected for 142 countries globally between the 2000-2019 period and the regression methodologies involve the POLS, the Driscoll and Kraay estimator, the Mean Group, the System GMM and the fixed effects Tobit regression. The results of the linear model show that, tourism enhances sustainable development and ICT has a negative significant effect. While the effect of tourism is robust across income groups, regional groupings and regression methodologies, the effect of ICT varies across these different specifications. When non-linearity is considered, the effects of both ICT and tourism are positive and robustly non-linear. The non-linear effect of tourism is not however feasible across income groups. Besides, while the effect of tourism is positively and non-lineally related to sustainable development in politically-stable economies, the effect is non-significant in unstable economies. From the results, countries should seize the opportunity offered by the tourism sector and ICT as effective policy tools towards sustainable development. In this regard, countries should invest in both ICT and tourism while observing the thresholds where complementary policies should be used. Also, politically-unstable economies should engage in peace talks such that they could join their politically-stable counterparts in benefiting from the positive economic effects offered by tourism and ICT. |
| Keywords: | Inclusive development; ICT; tourism |
| JEL: | B15 B40 I31 J24 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/037&r= |
| By: | HARA Keishiro; NAYA Masahiro; KITAKAJI Yoko; KURODA Masashi; NOMAGUCHI Yutaka |
| Abstract: | In this study, we conducted a Future Design deliberation workshop on the theme of the “3rd Environmental Master Plan†of Suita City, Osaka Prefecture, over four sessions in 2019, with the participation of both city residents and officials of the city government. To condition the deliberations of participants, we adopted the method of Imaginary Future Generations (IFGs) and analyzed its impact on their future vision of the city in 2050, policy options needed to shape that future, and changes in their perceptions. We also investigated how the adoption of IFGs affects the relationships between personal attributes and the changes in their perception. The results of variance analysis and multiple linear regression analysis based on data from the deliberations and questionnaire surveys of participants conducted after each session revealed the following: 1) The content and quality of the 2050 vision of society and policy options conceived from the perspective of the IFG differed from those conceived from the perspective of the current generation; 2) IFG heightened certain perceptions, such as “a sense of crisis about the future†and “a shared recognition of goals that are desirable for society as a whole†; and 3) Although the degree of “critical thinking†, as a disposition of individuals, influences the heightening of perceptions in decision-making from the perspective of the current generation, when IFG is adopted, it seems that the degree of “critical thinking†is no longer a factor in heightening these perceptions. These findings could be useful for designing mechanisms to facilitate sustainable decision-making that considers the interests of future generations. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:22045&r= |
| By: | Elshof, Gero; Luckmann, Jonas; Siddig, Khalid |
| Abstract: | The 2018 SAM for Germany comprises of 160 accounts including 63 activities, 85 commodities, margins, labor, capital, household, government, social contributions, taxes on products, activity tax, direct tax, stock change, savings and investment and the rest of the world. It is entirely based on data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis), which guarantees the highest possible degree of data-consistency. Because the initial version of the SAM (Proto-SAM) has imbalances in the government, savings and investment and the rest of the world accounts, a balanced SAM is estimated using the cross-entropy method. To ensure the consistency of the data through the estimation process, macro totals are enforced as controls for total imports, total value-added, total private consumption, total government consumption and total exports. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huiawp:320879&r= |
| By: | Becker, Stefan; Grajewski, Regina; Rehburg, Pia |
| Abstract: | The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027 is implemented through national strategic plans. This paper examines the strategic plans submitted for approval, analysing their financial prioritiesto identify commonalities, differences and overarching patterns of national CAP implementation. It aims to provide general orientation on the new funding period as well as starting points for further studies. The paper shows that the member states use the discretion granted in the Strategic Plan Regulation in various ways. Despite common goals and funding guidelines, the plans show great heterogeneity. Regarding the general design, the plans differ quite vastly mainly in the reallocation of funds between the First and the Second Pillar or the level of contribution rates. In the First Pillar, the plans not only vary in their shares of decoupled and coupled direct payments as well as the newly introduced eco-schemes; they also differ considerably in how these interventions are designed. Overall, the funds planned for eco-schemes are slightly above the prescribed minimum, while some member states are close to the maximum share of coupled direct payments. Interventions in specific sectors also vary. Some offerings are highly differentiated; however, most funds will flow into the fruit and vegetable and wine sectors. The Second Pillar is marked by overall continuity. Despite the eco-schemes in the First Pillar, agri-environmentclimate measures also remain important in the Second Pillar. Support for organic farming and animal welfare measures even increase slightly in relative terms. The same is true for risk management, where Italy and France make substantial use of CAP funds. Support for investments remains high, but becomes less important. More significant than the changes compared to the current funding period are national differences: The strategic plans attribute quite different importance to each of these interventions. Despite the heterogeneity, the strategic plans heavily focus on the agricultural sector; services of general interest and business development in rural areas as well as the forestry sector are only secondary. The goals primarily pertain to income, competitiveness and the environment. This pattern is also evident, albeit in a weakened form, if only the Second Pillar is considered. Nevertheless, the overall diversity of strategic plans is further evidence of the subsidiarity in the Common Agricultural Policy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Environmental Economics and Policy, Financial Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:321194&r= |
| By: | Mathias Mier; Kais Siala; Kristina Govorukha; Philip Mayer |
| Abstract: | We conduct a hybrid scenario exercise to analyze decarbonization pathways of the European power market and related distributional effects across countries as well as between consumers and producers. Our CIB analysis reveals qualitative scenarios that differ in the level of political (stringency of climate policy) and physical collaboration (transmission grid expansion). We use a CGE model to quantify those scenarios for further usage in a power market model. Consumers generally experience considerably higher electricity prices, whereas producers observe higher rents. Electricity prices are lowest in the least collaborative future. Producer rents in turn are highest in the most collaborative one. Patterns hugely differ by country, making 13 countries to profiteers of the least collaborative future and 12 countries to profiteers of the most collaborative one. Only 3 countries profit from medium collaboration. Countries that profit from the most collaborative future experience substantially higher producer rents. Countries that profit from the least collaborative one in turn experience lowest electricity prices. |
| Keywords: | Hybrid scenario analysis, CIB method, CGE modeling, energy system modeling, power market modeling, collaboration, decarbonization, energy transition, distributional effects |
| JEL: | C61 Q40 Q41 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_368&r= |
| By: | Rafael Ravina-Ripoll; Estela Núñez-Barriopedro; David Almorza-Gomar; Luis Bayardo Tobar-Pesantez |
| Abstract: | Actualmente, las entidades trabajan en mercados altamente competitivos y con continuos cambios económicos, sociales, medioambientales que hacen que los modelos de gestión deban estar alineados con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Concretamente, este trabajo se encuentra alineado con el ODS 12 “producción y consumo responsable”. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es diseñar un modelo productivo enfocado a una orientación a la marca que apuesta por el desarrollo sostenible en cada una de sus dimensiones y en relación con el happiness management. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un estudio correlacional transversal con datos primarios mediante encuesta con una muestra de 216 directores de pymes de Andalucía en los sectores de la construcción, industria y servicios. El análisis se ha llevado a cabo mediante el diseño de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), que ha permitido analizar las principales dimensiones de la orientación de la marca, y, en consecuencia, estudiar su efecto en el happiness management de las pymes. Los resultados alcanzados ponen de manifiesto que la dimensión orientación a la marca influye directamente en la cultura empresarial del happiness management. |
| Keywords: | Orientación a la Marca, Happiness Management, sostenibilidad, Responsabilidad Social. |
| JEL: | L84 M15 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ovr:docfra:2202&r= |
| By: | Dusingizimana, Petronille; Kazungu, Jules; Lalui, Armin; Milani, Peiman; Munanura, James; Nsabimana, Aimable; Sindi, Julius Kirimi; Spielman, David J.; Umugwaneza, Maryse |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a diagnostic of Rwanda’s food systems and the policy landscape that shapes it. It aims to inform national and local conversations on Rwanda’s food systems transformation—an idea that has attracted considerable attention in national consultations conducted in the run-up to the United Nations Food Systems Summit in September 2021, at the summit itself, and in the post-summit actions that Rwanda is now pursuing. A food system comprises the full range of actors and activities originating from agriculture, livestock, forestry, or fisheries, as well as the broader economic, societal, and natural environments in which they operate. An inclusive and sustainable food systems transformation is a process of growth and development that is profitable for the full range of individual actors engaged in the system, beneficial for society including marginalized and vulnerable groups, and advantageous for the natural environment. Rwanda’s journey towards a food systems transformation is well captured in Vision 2050, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST 1), and strategic plans for sectors such as agriculture, health, nutrition, commerce, and the environment. Their priorities are echoed in ongoing programs and investments of the government, its development partners, the private sector, and civil society. Nonetheless, there are still challenges facing Rwanda’s efforts to sustain and accelerate progress along this journey. Efforts to overcome these challenges call for a deeper and more significant shift in thinking—informed by the food systems perspective—that is highlighted by stronger multi-sectoral approaches to problem-solving. Overall findings suggest an opportunity for a tangible shift in how public policy in Rwanda approaches its food systems and how the systems contribute to the broader national transformation process. This means addressing how balances are struck—and tradeoffs are managed—between and among agriculture, nutrition, health, and the environment in the face of a climate crisis. It also means giving greater attention to the demand-side drivers in Rwanda’s food system, recognizing that singularly focused supply-side strategies rarely succeed in isolation. Finally, it means deepening the integration of policies and policy actors in the design and implementation phases of interventions that shape the food system. We offer several recommendations to translate abstract ideas into a coherent and focused set of actions in the policy space. 1. Strengthen existing entities and mechanisms rather than create new ones. 2. Develop a national food systems transformation strategy that is integrative, multi-sectoral, and action-oriented. 3. Innovate on existing programs. 4. Allow for learning through both success and failure. 5. Invest in rigorous impact evaluation. These actions aim to strengthen the policy environment that enables a truly broad-based food systems transformation. This enabling environment is itself an outcome of broad-based national conversations, integration across sectors, domains, and levels; and the encouragement of policy and program innovation. |
| Keywords: | RWANDA, CENTRAL AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, food systems, public policies, policies, commercialization, demand, agricultural production, nutrition, poverty, climate change |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:rsspwp:4&r= |
| By: | Lykke E. Andersen (SDSN Bolivia); Agnes Medinaceli (SDSN Bolivia); Edgar Pacheco (SDSN Bolivia) |
| Abstract: | Antes de la pandemia de COVID-19, el turismo era uno de los sectores más dinámicos de Bolivia, con una tasa de crecimiento de más del doble de la tasa de crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) del país. En 2019, el turismo internacional se había convertido en el cuarto producto de exportación más importante del país, y estaba generando más empleo que las industrias de la minería y el gas natural juntas. Además, la gran mayoría de estos empleos eran ocupados por mujeres. Este boletín explora el potencial del turismo como motor del desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo en Bolivia. |
| Keywords: | Turismo, desarrollo sostenible, género, Bolivia |
| JEL: | J30 J50 J80 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:obitwp:2201&r= |
| By: | Maya Velmuradova (IMSIC - Institut mediterranéen des sciences de l'information et de la communication - UTLN - Université de Toulon - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Thierry Lévy-Tadjine (LED - Laboratoire d'Economie Dionysien - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis); Sibel Tokatlioglu (Kirklareli University) |
| Abstract: | The dominant model of development equated with GDP, economic growth and consumption is no longer sustainable. Is the post-COVID society ready to go beyond it, given this time of rupture? Not so sure, judging by the government measures stimulating this same consumption, the actual unprecedented utilization of single-use plastic goods (masks, tests...), the delay in ecological imperatives. The question of integrating "social" AND "ecological" sustainability in companies remains unsettled, both in practices and in scientific work (Ballereau & al, 2020). We will approach this issue from an interdisciplinary angle, confronting the concept of Alter-entrepreneurship (Marchesnay, 2020) or sustainable and responsible Entrepreneurship (Ballereau & al, 2020; Persais, 2020) with those of 'organizing' and 'instituting' communication' (Bouillon & Loneux, 2021, Bernard, 2016a). How to articulate the different communication approaches that "in-form organizations" (Le Moënne, 2021), in the context of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and its support? What communicational action(s) in or for a multiple and complex phenomenon of Alter-entrepreneurship(s)? |
| Abstract: | Le modèle dominant du développement assimilé au PIB, la croissance économique et la consommation, n'est plus soutenable. La société post-COVID est-elle prête à le dépasser, de par ce temps de rupture ? Pas si sûr, à en juger par des mesures de relance stimulant cette même consommation, l'usage sans précédent de biens plastiques uni-usage (masques, tests…), le retard sur les impératifs écologiques. La question d'intégrer la durabilité "sociale" ET "écologique" dans les entreprises reste entière, tant dans les pratiques que dans les travaux scientifiques (Ballereau & al, 2020). Nous aborderons cette problématique d'un angle de vue interdisciplinaire, confrontant le concept de l'Alter-entrepreneuriat (Marchesnay, 2020) ou de l'Entrepreneuriat durable et responsable (Ballereau & al, 2020 ; Persais, 2020) à la Communication ‘organisante' (Bouillon & Loneux, 2021) et ‘instituante' (Bernard, 2016a). Comment articuler les différentes approches de communication qui « in-forme les organisations » (Le Moënne, 2021), dans le contexte d'Entrepreneuriat durable et de son accompagnement ? Quel(s) agir(s) communicationnel(s) dans ou pour l(es) Alter-entrepreneuriat(s), en tant que phénomène multiple et complexe ? |
| Keywords: | Alter-entrepreneurship,organizing communication,communicative actions,communication constitutive of organisation,complexity,instituting communication,Alter-entrepreneuriat,agirs communicationnels,complexité,communication instituante,communication organisante,approches communicationnelles à l'organisation |
| Date: | 2022–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03669025&r= |
| By: | Festus F. Adedoyin (Bournemouth University, United Kingdom); Olawumi A. Osundina (Ogun State, Nigeria); Festus V. Bekun (Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Over the years, agriculture has been considered as a panacea for long-term economic growth as believed by the physiocracy school of thought. Aligning this with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (specifically UN-SDG-2 which highlights zero hunger), the present study empirically complements existing studies by exploring the interactions between agriculture, trade openness and oil rents using annual time frequency series data from 1981-2017. A series of analysis is conducted. First, a battery of non-stationarity and stationarity unit root tests are performed; these range from the traditional Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) techniques to the relatively recent Zivot Andrews (ZA) unit root test which accounts for a single structural break to ascertain stationarity properties in the variables under review. Subsequently, the recent Bayer and Hanck (2013) test in conjunction with the Johansen co-integration test were used for the co-integration analysis. Furthermore, to detect the direction of causality, the Toda-Yamamoto Granger Causality test alongside the impulse response function technique shows insightful outcomes. From the empirical results, co-integration is apparent and a long-run equilibrium relationship is traced between the outlined variables over the investigated period. The causality results and impulse response analysis highlight the existence of one-way causality links running from agriculture to trade and from trade to oil rents. These are revealing given the dwindling oil market prices. More insights are elucidated in the conclusion section accordingly. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, sustainability; Bayer-Hanck cointegration; Nigeria |
| JEL: | Q10 O13 C32 C33 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/031&r= |
| By: | International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) |
| Abstract: | IFPRI’s 2021 Annual Report presents highlights from our research work around the world. Cutting-edge research on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and related policies, and on our strategic research areas—climate resilience and sustainability, healthy diets and nutrition, inclusive and efficient food systems, institutions and governance, and rural transformation, as well as cross-cutting work on gender—is helping to inform policies and programs to end hunger and malnutrition. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; agricultural research; agricultural policies; food security; gender; poverty; developing countries; resilience; food systems; Coronavirus; coronavirus disease; Coronavirinae; COVID-19; climate change; sustainability; trade; diet; governance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:annrep:2021&r= |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (The New School, New York, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses COVID-19 and its widespread and lasting inequality impacts around the globe. The paper also introduces the idea of the post-COVID-19 era heralding a new Renaissance that breeds a climate of ethics of inclusion. The economic, ethical and behavioral insights foundations of a vision for ethics of inclusivity advancements are provided in this article and concrete examples how to enact ethical inclusive leadership in the 21st century. Inequality alleviation will become necessary in inclusive leadership domains of the healthcare sector and providing access to affordable medicine. The currently rising gap between finance performance and real-world economic constraints exacerbated inequality and therefore ethics of inclusive leadership may bridge the gap between financial wealth accumulation and real-world liquidity constraints. Education is a driver of positive change that can transform globally in a digitalized learning space and social justice attentive education, which informs tomorrow’s inclusive leadership. Digitalization in the 21st century holds enormous implicit inclusive leadership potential to diminishes unnoticed inequality constraints that demand for attention to be overcome. The most pressing concerns over climate change are emphasized in order to then introduce a novel strategy to distribute the prospective economic gains from a warming globe equally within society, around the world and over time. The rest of the paper then discusses innovative methods to address inequality, for instance, through the combined strengths of law and economics. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Climate Stabilization, Comparative Law and Economics |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0156&r= |
| By: | Kinkpe, A. Thierry; Luckmann, Jonas; Grethe, Harald; Siddig, Khalid |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a detailed 2019 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Benin as a basis for policy analysis with a focus on agriculture, food processing and energy generation from by-products. It is based on official statistics collected from national and international institutions (national statistical office, ministry of agriculture and related research institutions, central bank, World Bank, United Nations) and complemented with data collected from stakeholders within the domestic processing sector and NGOs supporting agriculture and food processing. A top-down approach was followed starting with national accounts data to build a consistent macro-SAM. The values in the macro-SAM were used as macro-totals while disaggregating a prior micro-SAM (with minor imbalances), which is estimated using the Cross-Entropy method. The micro-SAM contains 127 accounts: 47 activities (19 agricultural, 12 food processing, 9 non-food industries, construction and 6 service sectors); 51 commodities (21 agricultural, 13 food processing, 10 non-food industries, construction and 6 service commodities); 3 margins; 4 production factors; 10 household groups (rural and urban income quintiles), the government as well as 6 tax accounts; enterprises, 2 savings/investment accounts (private and public) and 2 foreign accounts (Nigeria and the rest of the world). The estimated SAM reflects total GDP at factor cost at FCFA 7.7 trillion (about US$ 13.1 billions). Services, agriculture, construction, non-food industry and food industry contribute 60.3%, 29.1%, 5.2%, 2.7% and 2.6% respectively to GDP. Labour and land are the most important income sources for low income households while capital and labour provide most of the income of high-income households. Cet article présente une Matrice de Comptabilité Sociale (MCS) détaillée de 2019 pour le Bénin, qui servira de base à l'analyse des politiques focalisées sur l'agriculture, la transformation agro-alimentaire et la production d'énergie à partir des sous-produits de transformation. Elle est basée sur des statistiques officielles collectées auprès d'institutions nationales et internationales (institut national de la statistique, ministère de l'agriculture et institutions de recherche connexes, banque centrale, banque mondiale, nations unies) et complétée par des données collectées auprès des parties prenantes du secteur de la transformation agro-alimentaire et des ONG soutenant l'agriculture et la transformation agro-alimentaire. Une approche “top-down” a été suivie en commençant par les données des comptes nationaux pour construire une macro-MCS cohérente. Les valeurs de la macro-MCS ont été utilisées comme macro-totaux pour construire une micro-MCS primaire (avec des déséquilibres mineurs), qui a été estimée en utilisant la méthode de l'entropie croisée. La micro-MCS contient 127 comptes : 47 activités (19 agricoles, 12 de transformation agro-alimentaire, 9 des industries non alimentaires, 1 de construction et 6 de services) ; 51 produits (21 agricoles, 13 de transformation agro-alimentaire, 10 des industries non alimentaires, 1 de construction et 6 de services) ; 3 marges ; 4 facteurs de production ; 10 groupes de ménages (quintiles de revenus ruraux et urbains), le gouvernement ainsi que 6 comptes de taxes ; des entreprises, 2 comptes d'épargne/investissement (privés et publics) et 2 comptes étrangers (Nigeria et reste du monde). La MCS estimée révèle, conformément aux comptes nationaux, un Produit Intérieur Brut (PIB) total au coût des facteurs d’environ 7,7 mille milliards de FCFA (environ 13,1 milliards de dollar). Les services, l'agriculture, la construction, l'industrie non alimentaire et l'industrie agro-alimentaire contribuent respectivement à 60,3%, 29,1%, 5,2%, 2,7% et 2,6% du PIB. Le travail (la main d’oeuvre) et la terre sont les sources de revenus les plus importantes pour les ménages à faibles revenus, tandis que le capital et la main d’oeuvre fournissent la plupart des revenus des ménages à hauts revenus. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Production Economics, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2022–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:huiawp:320878&r= |