|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Liang Chen; Cecilia Garcia-Medina; Rui Wan |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a model of used vehicle trade between countries with different environmental regulations regarding vehicle emissions. We show that the US, given its strict environmental regulations, has incentives to export used vehicles to Mexico, which impacts air pollution emissions caused by automobile driving in Mexico. Using a unique database on vehicle registration in Mexico and imports after the NAFTA enactment, we find that Mexico's used vehicle imports reduced average pollution emissions generated by vehicles, mainly due to the "technique effect" -differences in emissions of vehicles of comparable model and age between those that operate in the US before being imported (that emit less pollutants) and those operating in Mexico. |
| JEL: | F13 L62 Q56 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2022-02&r= |
| By: | Ilenia Romani (Università degli Studi di Brescia and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Marzio Galeotti (Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Alessandro Lanza (LUISS and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | The funds allocated by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) aim to trigger a multiplier effect on GDP as they are designed to help the recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. The GDP increase is in turn expected to drive energy consumption up which will increase CO2 emissions, given that fossil fuels still account for 79% of the Italian total primary energy consumption. At the same time, as the NRRPs are part of the EU Green Deal, an important share of the Plan’s investments is aimed at facilitating the green transition, with expected favorable effects on emissions. Which one of these two effects will prevail remains to be ascertained. In this study we have used the GEM (Global Economic Model) by Oxford Economics to build a number of scenarios and generate the relevant simulations aimed at assessing the impact of the Italian NRRP’s interventions on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To validate the use of GEM we extensively considered the macroeconomic impact on GDP and unemployment rate generated by the model and compare the results to those presented by other institutions and obtained using different models. The results show that when the green investments of the NRRP display their effects, there are climatic benefits in terms of reduced emissions. Compared to the implementation of the NRRP in 2021, however, the reduction in emissions by 2030 is modest and equal to 5%. As those investments largely refer to the adoption of clean technologies, the climate benefits are likely to be more substantial only in subsequent years and over longer horizons. |
| Keywords: | National Recovery and Resilience Plan, CO2 emissions, Large-scale macroeconomic model, Post-Covid recovery |
| JEL: | E37 E61 E62 Q43 Q54 C30 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.08&r= |
| By: | Bauckloh, Michael Tobias; Klein, Christian; Pioch, Thomas; Schiemann, Frank |
| Abstract: | We examine whether mandatory climate reporting leads to changes in firms' carbon emissions. Using propensity score matching and a difference-in-differences design, we assess the effects of the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP), introduced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2010, on the carbon performance defined as carbon intensity and absolute carbon emissions of affected firms. Institutional and legitimacy theory serve as theoretical underpinnings to investigate the degree to which firms comply with their ethical obligations. We find that firms affected by the GHGRP improve their carbon performance significantly more than unaffected firms after the introduction of the GHGRP, but not their absolute carbon emissions. The results are robust to changes in the difference-in-differences design and the matching sample.Overall, our study add to research on climate-related disclosure regulation by assessing the GHGRP's suitability as a regulatory measure to limit firms' negative impacts on our climate. |
| Keywords: | carbon performance,mandatory reporting,institutional theory |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cfrwps:2201&r= |
| By: | Tudela, Fernando |
| Abstract: | La Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC), cuya creación se estableció en el IV Foro Iberoamericano de Ministros de Medio Ambiente, (Cascais, Portugal, 2004)), tiene como principal objetivo conocer mejor las prioridades, retos y experiencias de los países iberoamericanos en materia de cambio climático mediante un diálogo fluido y permanente. La gobernanza de la RIOCC cuenta con un respaldo ministerial que opera por consenso, con España en la Presidencia y una Vicepresidencia de carácter voluntario y anual que ocupa otro país de la región. La Oficina Española de Cambio Climático actúa como Secretaría Técnica Permanente. Los países de la región participan en las actividades de la RIOCC a través de los puntos focales designados. La nueva situación mundial, regional, nacional y local obliga a reexaminar iniciativas de cooperación como la de la RIOCC, para ponderar sus perspectivas, limitaciones y oportunidades en el contexto de los procesos para poner freno a la pandemia de COVID-19 y controlar sus consecuencias, y para promover una progresiva recuperación y transición hacia una “normalidad” alternativa, que contribuya a impulsar un desarrollo sostenible. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, PAISES DE LA OCDE, UNION EUROPEA, CARICOM, ADAPTACION AL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, ENERGY RESOURCES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, OECD COUNTRIES, EUROPEAN UNION, CARICOM, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION |
| Date: | 2021–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47181&r= |
| By: | Romani, Ilenia; Galeotti, Marzio; Lanza, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | The funds allocated by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) aim to trigger a multiplier effect on GDP as they are designed to help the recovery after the Covid-19 pandemic. The GDP increase is in turn expected to drive energy consumption up which will increase CO2 emissions, given that fossil fuels still account for 79% of the Italian total primary energy consumption. At the same time, as the NRRPs are part of the EU Green Deal, an important share of the Plan’s investments is aimed at facilitating the green transition, with expected favorable effects on emissions. Which one of these two effects will prevail remains to be ascertained. In this study we have used the GEM (Global Economic Model) by Oxford Economics to build a number of scenarios and generate the relevant simulations aimed at assessing the impact of the Italian NRRP’s interventions on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To validate the use of GEM we extensively considered the macroeconomic impact on GDP and unemployment rate generated by the model and compare the results to those presented by other institutions and obtained using different models. The results show that when the green investments of the NRRP display their effects, there are climatic benefits in terms of reduced emissions. Compared to the implementation of the NRRP in 2021, however, the reduction in emissions by 2030 is modest and equal to 5%. As those investments largely refer to the adoption of clean technologies, the climate benefits are likely to be more substantial only in subsequent years and over longer horizons. |
| Keywords: | Financial Economics, Political Economy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:319781&r= |
| By: | Cremer, Helmuth; Lozachmeur, Jean-Marie; Borsenberger, Claire; Joram, Denis; Malavolti, Estelle |
| Abstract: | We study how consumers’ environmental awareness (CEA) affects the design of environmental policy in the e-commerce sector. We also examine if there is a need for regulation requiring delivery operators to reveal their emissions. We consider a model with two retailers who sell a differentiated product and two parcel delivery operators. Delivery generates CO2 emissions and their total level creates a global (atmosphere) externality. We assume that it is more expensive for the delivery operator to use less polluting technologies. We consider different scenarios reflecting the type of competition and the vertical structure of the industry. We shown that CEA mitigates the inefficiency of the equilibrium by bringing the level of emissions closer to its optimal level. This is true under perfect and imperfect competition. This efficiency enhancing effect of CEA also affects the design of emissions taxes, which leads to an amended Pigouvian rule. Under perfect competition the tax is reduced by exactly the level of CEA expressed in monetary terms. Under imperfect competition the adjustment exceeds this level. |
| Keywords: | Consumers' environmental awareness; Pigouvian rule; emission taxes; e-commerce; parcel delivery operators; vertical integration |
| JEL: | H21 L42 L81 L87 |
| Date: | 2022–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:126748&r= |
| By: | Feldhaus, Christoph; Gleue, Marvin; Löschel, Andreas; Werner, Peter (RS: GSBE Theme Human Decisions and Policy Design, Microeconomics & Public Economics) |
| Abstract: | We study the role of co-benefits – positive effects of climate protection projects in addition to CO2 reduction – for the motivation to contribute to climate change mitigation. In two artefactual field experiments conducted with large population samples from Germany (n = 2,400 in total), we test if and how the existence and specific nature of co-benefits affect donations. In both experiments, we find that co-benefits have a positive impact on contributions to climate protection. Our second experiment shows that contributions also respond to the nature of co-benefits, and these responses seem to be driven by individual donor preferences for the respective type of co-benefit. Moreover, we observe that making carbon footprints and thus individual responsibility for environmental externalities more salient increases donations irrespective of the existence and nature of co-benefits. Finally, when uncertainty about co-benefits is introduced, the majority of potential donors requests information in both experiments, and those who choose to be informed about co-benefits provide higher donations relative to subjects who choose not to be informed. |
| JEL: | D64 H41 L31 Q51 |
| Date: | 2022–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:umagsb:2022004&r= |
| By: | Gabriel Porcile (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean – ECLAC) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a simple analytical framework that combines the three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic dimension (competitiveness based on technical progress and productive diversification), social (a significant fall in inequality) and environmental (decoupling growth from emissions). The point of departure is a structuralist model of BOPconstrained growth; it is discussed how structural transformation relates to the functional distribution of income; and a center-periphery environmental frontier is proposed to define the space for growth in center and periphery that is compatible with reducing CO2 emissions. Sustainable development is attained when the BOP-constrained growth lies on the environmental frontier and equals the rate of growth required for curbing inequality. In addition, it is argued that there are no endogenous market forces that could lead to this convergence, and multiple equilibria are possible. The equilibrium eventually selected depends on institutions and on (domestic and foreign) actors’ political power. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, BOP constrained growth, productive diversification, technical progress |
| JEL: | O1 O11 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ude:doctra:67&r= |
| By: | Katie Devenish (School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom); Sébastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Simon Willcock (School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom); Julia Jones (School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires reconciling development with biodiversity conservation. Governments and lenders increasingly call for major industrial developments to offset unavoidable biodiversity loss but there are few robust evaluations of whether offset interventions ensure no net loss of biodiversity. We focus on the biodiversity offsets associated with the high-profile Ambatovy mine in Madagascar and evaluate their effectiveness at delivering no net loss of forest. As part of their efforts to mitigate biodiversity loss, Ambatovy compensate for forest clearance at the mine site by slowing deforestation driven by small-scale agriculture elsewhere. Using a range of methods, including extensive robustness checks exploring 116 alternative model specifications, we show that the offsets are on track to avert as much deforestation as was caused by the mine. This encouraging result shows that biodiversity offsetting can contribute towards mitigating environmental damage from a major industrial development, even within a weak state, but there remain important caveats with broad application. Our approach could serve as a template to facilitate other evaluations and so build a stronger evidence-base of the effectiveness of no net loss interventions. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03599731&r= |
| By: | Núñez, Georgina; Velloso, Helvia; Da Silva, Filipe |
| Abstract: | The aim of this report is to study, from the governance perspective, the growing use of environmental, social and governance (ESG) bonds, and in particular sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs), by Latin American and Caribbean corporate issuers in international markets. Focusing on corporate sector sustainability performance, the report examines the potential of these instruments as a source of financing for investment projects and their role in strengthening companies’ governance structures. It also analyses how these instruments can contribute to sustainable recovery in the region, taking into consideration the commitments to reduce climate risks in line with the Paris Agreement and the twenty-sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26), and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, GOBERNABILIDAD CORPORATIVA, BONOS, MERCADOS, INSTRUMENTOS FINANCIEROS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, BONDS, MARKETS, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS |
| Date: | 2022–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47778&r= |
| By: | Coralie Jaunin (University of Lausanne - School of Economics and Business Administration (HEC-Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute); Tammaro Terracciano (University of Geneva, GFRI; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the relationship between green funds and firms' attention to sustainability. By using a natural language processing algorithm that extracts topics from texts, we measure the extent to which firms talk about sustainable energy during earnings conference calls. We use our measure to evaluate green funds' response to firms discussing sustainable energy. Our main result is that, when managers discuss sustainable energy topics, green funds respond by investing in the firm, while other funds divest. This corroborates the idea that green funds are essential to change firms' incentives and steer them towards the energy transition. Finally, we document that the overall attention that firms and funds pay to the environment is still very limited, although increasing in recent years. |
| Keywords: | green finance, sustainable investing |
| JEL: | G11 G23 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2219&r= |
| By: | - |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO, EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS, CEPAL, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PROJECT EVALUATION, ECLAC |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47239&r= |
| By: | Julia Anna Bingler (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zürich, Zürichbergstrasse 18, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | How climate aspects affect sovereign bonds is still a new field of research. I differentiate between transition, physical, and innovation aspects of climate risks and climate performance and estimate the pricing-in of these climate aspects in sovereign bond yields for a sample of 29 countries, for the time 2008-2021. The results show that the effects differ between countries with higher and lower credit rating, long- and short term maturities, and the periods of analysis. Financial markets seem to expect the worst with regards to physical risk exposure and impacts, which are associated with higher yields for the lower-rated countries’ bonds at longer-term maturities. In contrast, they seem to hope for the best with regards to transition risk exposure and innovation opportunities, which are associated with lower bond yields for the countries with higher credit rating, mainly for bonds at shorter-term maturity. The effects are more pronounced for the period after the Paris Agreement and might gain increasing importance as physical and transition risks aggravate in the future. |
| Keywords: | sovereign bonds yields; climate physical risks; climate transition risks; climate opportunities; LASSO dimensionality reduction |
| JEL: | G12 G14 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:22-371&r= |
| By: | Shahid Hasan; Rami Shabaneh (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Energy transition discussions, policymakers are increasingly viewing hydrogen as a preferred emissions-free substitute for oil, natural gas and coal in hard-to-abate sectors. However, hydrogen is not a primary energy source but rather is a carrier of energy. Many factors, including its source and the technology used to manufacture it, influence its production costs. Currently, hydrogen manufacturing processes themselves have significant carbon footprints. Thus, for hydrogen to be accepted as a low-carbon fuel source, its production methods must also be decarbonized. |
| Keywords: | Carbon, Carbon capture and storage, Carbon neutrality |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2021-dp24&r= |
| By: | Wildgrube, Theresa (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | To achieve the EU’s new climate target of reducing emissions by at least 55% until 2030, the European Commission proposed a reform of the EU ETS in its ’Fit for 55’ legislative package. The reform entails an increase of the linear reduction factor (LRF), an adjustment of the intake rules for the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) and the introduction of a fixed threshold for the cancellation of allowances. A numerical discrete-time optimization model of the EU ETS assesses the impact of the reform as a whole and decomposes this impact into the effects caused by the three individual reform elements. The results show a significant impact of the reform with 48% higher prices in 2021 compared to the current regulation. Among other factors, the reform proposal has thereby significantly driven the observed price increase in 2021. The impact of the increased LRF is substantial, while the adjustments of MSR and Cancellation Mechanism are less important. While the proposed reform strengthens the EU ETS, the increased LRF and the adjusted MSR rules do not fully achieve their intended goals. The increased LRF may not reach the intended emissions reduction of 61% for emissions covered under the EU ETS. The adjusted MSR regulation may increase resilience to shocks. Yet, it may also decrease MSR intake, reducing the MSR’s ability to regulate allowance supply. The fixed cancellation threshold increases the predictability of the mechanism as intended. However, the changed cancellation volume has repercussions on the achievement of the emission reduction target. |
| Keywords: | Fit for 55; EU ETS; Linear reduction factor; Market Stability Reserve; Cancellation Mechanism |
| JEL: | C61 D25 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2022_004&r= |
| By: | Antonioli, Davide; Ghisetti, Claudia; Mazzanti, Massimiliano; Nicolli, Francesco |
| Abstract: | Assessing the economic consequences of sustainable production choices aimed at reducing environmental negative externalities is crucial for policy making, in light of the increasing interest and awareness experienced in the recent EU policy packages (Circular Economy package; European Green Deal and Recovery Fund to support sustainable transition). This assessment is one of the goal of the current work, which tries to provide new empirical evidence on the economic returns of such choices, drawing on previous literature on the underlying determinants of greener production choices, which are stated to differ from standard technological innovations as they are subject to a knowledge and an environmental externality. Using an original dataset on about 3000 Italian manufacturing firms we provide evidence on the relations among innovations related to the Circular Economy concept and economic outcome in the short run. The evidence shows that in the short run it is difficult to obtain economic gains, especially for the SMEs. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2022–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:319761&r= |
| By: | Syed Hasan (School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North); Odmaa Narantungalag, (School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North); Martin Berka (School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of mining pollution on the likelihood of reporting illness by linking geocoded soil pollution information with five rounds of Mongolian Household Socio-Economic Survey data. Using perceived property rent as an instrument, our probit regression results indicate that doubling the distance between a person’s residence and nearest mine reduces their probability of feeling unwell by around 7.4 percentage points on average. Individuals also increase their medical expenditure as a result of increased illness. We observe mining pollution to disproportionately hurt younger children. Artisanal and small-scale mines have stronger effects on human health than medium and large-scale mines. Gold mines were observed to be worst, compared to the mines extracting other types of minerals. Our findings suggest that environmental regulations to control/mitigate mining pollution can reduce short- to long-term health risks of the people living near mines. |
| Keywords: | Mining pollution, Health, Development, Mongolia |
| JEL: | I15 O13 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mas:dpaper:2203&r= |
| By: | Witcover, Julie |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon biofuels are projected to play a critical role in the early and middle stages of a transition away from petroleum fuels, and they will likely have a longer-term role in uses like aviation and maritime transportation that require energy-dense fuels in high volumes. Policies over the last decade aimed to move low-carbon biofuels squarely into U.S. markets. While these policies encouraged the production of conventional biofuels such as crop-based ethanol, cellulosic fuels that can have a significantly lower carbon footprint per unit energy failed to materialize at commercial scale. A research team at the University of California, Davis examined the track record of the past decade for clues as to why this happened, and looked forward to 2030 to point to how current policies are likely to still fall short in delivering low-carbon biofuels that can reach scales needed for these hard-to-decarbonize sectors. The findings highlight barriers to low-carbon biofuel development that would safeguard against unintended consequences such as additional emissions from land use changes or higher food prices that can come from competition with the use of crops for fuel. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Biomass fuels, Forecasting, Market assessment |
| Date: | 2022–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1wm0q8gj&r= |
| By: | Emanuela Benincasa (Swiss Finance Institute; University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance); Gazi Kabas (University of Zurich); Steven Ongena (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute; KU Leuven; NTNU Business School; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)) |
| Abstract: | We document that lenders react to domestic climate policy stringency by increasing cross-border lending. We use granular fixed effects to control for loan demand and an instrumental variable strategy to establish causality. Consistent with regulatory arbitrage, the positive effect decreases in borrowers’ climate policy stringency and is absent if the borrower country has a higher stringency. Furthermore, climate policy stringency decreases loan supply to domestic borrowers with high carbon risk while increasing loan supply if such borrowers are abroad. Our results suggest that crossborder lending can enable lenders to exploit the lack of global coordination in climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Cross-Border Lending, Climate Policy, Regulatory Arbitrage, Syndicated Loans |
| JEL: | G21 H73 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2228&r= |
| By: | Cecchini, Simone; Soto de la Rosa, Humberto |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, IGUALDAD, CEPAL, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EQUALITY, ECLAC |
| Date: | 2021–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47677&r= |
| By: | Navarro, Erick |
| Keywords: | DEMOCRACIA, GOBIERNO ABIERTO, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DEMOCRACY, OPEN GOVERNMENT, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47614&r= |
| By: | Kabambe, Vernon H; Ngwira, Amos; Mkondiwa, Maxwell; Njira, Keston O W |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:malagr:319768&r= |
| By: | Diekert, Florian; Eymess, Tillmann; Goeschl, Timo; Gómez-Cardona, Santiago; Luomba, Joseph |
| Abstract: | Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor compliance with production input regulations that are intended to reduce overexploitation. To explore the use of input subsidies to increase compliance, we determine the subsidy level required to induce demand for legal fishing nets, thereby compensating fishermen for loss of productivity net of enforcement risk. Our study additionally tests the subsidy-enhancing effect of a norm-nudge. A new multiple price list mechanism for eliciting revealed willingness to pay for multiple units of a production input is developed, adapted to the demands of a challenging field setting, and implemented with 462 fishermen at 20 landings sites on the Tanzanian lakeshore. Consistent with the high prevalence of illegal fishing gear at our sites, we find a zero median demand for legal net panels at local market prices. The subsidy required to shift median demand to at least one legal net panel is a 21% discount. Norm-nudging generates no policy-relevant enhancement of the subsidy. |
| Keywords: | compliance; natural resource management; subsidies |
| Date: | 2022–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0711&r= |
| By: | Sandra Aguilar-Gomez; Holt Dwyer; Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Matthew J. Neidell |
| Abstract: | A robust body of evidence shows that air pollution exposure is detrimental to health outcomes, often measured as deaths and hospitalizations. This literature has focused less on subclinical channels that nonetheless impact behavior, performance, and skills. This article reviews the economic research investigating the causal effects of pollution on "non-health" endpoints, including labor productivity, cognitive performance, and multiple forms of decision making. Subclinical effects of pollution can be more challenging to observe than formal health care encounters but may be more pervasive if they affect otherwise healthy people. The wide variety of possible impacts of pollution should be informed by plausible mechanisms and require appropriate hypothesis testing to limit false discovery. Finally, any detected effects of pollution, both in the short and long run, may be dampened by costly efforts to avoid exposure ex-ante and remediate its impacts ex-post; these costs must be considered for a full welfare analysis |
| JEL: | I12 I31 J22 J24 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29848&r= |
| By: | Luiz de Mello; João Tovar Jalles |
| Abstract: | Attitudes towards the environment have evolved over the years around the world, in part due to growing awareness among the population of the challenges posed by climate change. The decentralisation of policymaking, administrative and political responsibilities to the subnational levels of administration may also have played a part to the extent that creates room for bottom-up policy experimentation and citizen participation in policy design, including in areas related to the environment, that may influence people’s preferences and attitudes. To shed light on these linkages, this paper provides both individual-level survey-based and aggregate cross-country empirical evidence. Individual-level analysis based on data from the World Values Survey shows that decentralisation contributes to more favourable attitudes to the environment, controlling for personal and household characteristics of respondents, as well as country and cohort effects. Country-level analysis based on national accounts data shows that decentralisation is associated with higher government spending on environment-related programmes, as well as higher collection of environmental taxes in the advanced economies, controlling for conventional public finance covariates. |
| Keywords: | decentralisation, environment, public finances, regional autonomy. |
| JEL: | H11 H23 H77 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp02152022&r= |
| By: | John Beirne (Asian Development Bank Institute); Yannis Dafermos (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London); Alexander Kriwoluzky (German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)); Nuobu Renzhi (Capital University of Economics and Business); Ulrich Volz (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London); Jana Wittich (German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of natural disasters on price stability in the euro area. We estimate panel and country-specific structural vector autoregression (VAR) models by combining estimated damages of disaster events with monthly data for the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for all euro area countries over the period 1996-2021. Besides estimating the effect on overall headline inflation, we examine effects on its 12 main sub-indices and further sub-categories of food price inflation. This allows us to disentangle differences in the direction and strength of price effects across consumption categories. Our results suggest significant positive effects of natural disasters on overall headline inflation, with diverging results at the sub-index level. Positive inflation effects are particularly pronounced for prices of food and beverages, while negative effects prevail for other sub-indices. Our country-specific results suggest heterogenous inflation effects of natural disasters across different countries. A key implication of our findings is that climate change is likely to make it increasingly difficult for the European Central bank to achieve its inflation target. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters; climate; inflation; monetary policy; European Central Bank |
| JEL: | E31 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soa:wpaper:244&r= |
| By: | Weshah Razzak (School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North) |
| Abstract: | Evidence-based policy re global warming is best relying on a relevant sample of data. Showing close correlation between CO2 and temperature over hundreds of thousands of years is irrelevant today. We choose a sample of annual data from 1959 to-date to provide some statistically robust stylized facts about the relationships between actual CO2 and temperature. Visually, there is a clear upward trend in both data. Time series analyses suggest that CO2 is difference-stationary and temperature is trend-stationary. Thus, the moments (mean, variance, etc.) of the data in levels are functions of time, which means that the correlation between the two variables may be spurious. However, we find no statistically robust evidence of correlation, long run co-variation, long run common trend, or common cycles between CO2 and temperature over a period of 60 years. Nonetheless, at most 40 percent of the variance of the Northern Hemisphere temperature is due to , 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, and much less of global temperature. |
| Keywords: | Econometrics of unit root, trend, cycle, VAR, temperature and global warming, CO2, greenhouse gasses, and fossil fuel consumption |
| JEL: | C01 C22 C3 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mas:dpaper:2103&r= |
| By: | Olivier Crespi Reghizzi (AFD),; Catarina Fonseca (IRC),; Goufrane Mansour (Aguaconsult),; Stef Smits (IRC). |
| Abstract: | Today, more than 2 billion people still do not have access to safe drinking water, and more than 3.6 billion people do not have access to sanitation. In many countries, climate change is increasing the risks related to the water cycle; at the same time, the quantitative and qualitative pressure on water resources threatens people and ecosystems. Lack of access to water and sanitation and failure to sustainably manage water resources have dramatic consequences in terms of health, gender equity, the economy, and the en- vironment. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2022–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en13719&r= |
| By: | Paola Brighi; Antonio Carlo Francesco Della Bina; Valeria Venturelli |
| Abstract: | Using an extensive international dataset based on Thomson Reuters environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) scores and controversies for an average of 7,175 companies in the period 2002–2018, this paper contributes to investigate how controversies may negatively affect market firm value and risk. This result can, however, be reversed in the case firms take advantage of high ESG scoring. In terms of policy implications findings suggest that controlling for ESG is important not only from a macro sustainability point of view but also from the individual firm perspective. Results are confirmed in the case of each single E, S and G pillars even though the social and governance dimension are statistically more significant in terms of controversies mitigation effects. |
| Keywords: | ESG scoring; Controversy; Risk; Performance; Moderating effect. |
| JEL: | G30 M14 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mod:wcefin:0084&r= |
| By: | François Libois (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Marie Baland (CRED - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Droit - UP2 - Université Panthéon-Assas, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR, University of Namur); Nicolas Delbart (LIED (UMR_8236) - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris); Subhrendu Pattanayak (Duke University [Durham]) |
| Abstract: | Since 1993, Nepal has implemented one of the most ambitious and comprehensive program of decentralization of forest management in the world, which is widely considered a success story in terms of participatory management of natural resources. Using quasi-experimental methods, we first quantify the net gains in tree cover related to the program in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal, and describe their temporal evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms driving forest restoration, highlighting that, while community forestry played a role in increasing forest biomass and forest size, it also reduced demand pressures by altering energy choices. |
| Keywords: | Forest management,Community forestry,Nepal,Energy,Participatory development Forest management,Participatory development |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:hal-03597659&r= |
| By: | Jui Kamat (School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich); Rose Meleady (School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich); Theodore Turocy (School of Economics and Centre for Behavioural and Experimental Social Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich); Vittoria Danino (Anglian Centre for Water Studies, Anglian Water) |
| Abstract: | The water sector is increasingly making use of behaviour change interventions across a wide range of applications. These interventions can be alternatives to traditional infrastructure or end of pipe solutions by mitigating problems created by human behaviours. This article reviews 60 behaviour change interventions carried out during AMP6, addressing behaviours related to water use, water recycling and those focusing on maintaining broader environmental sustainability. Based on this review, we identify opportunities for strengthening the development processes in the sector for behaviour change interventions. |
| Keywords: | Behaviour, behaviour change, water consumption, water recycling, sewerage, sustainability, non-household behaviours, intervention design, intervention implementation, intervention evaluation |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uea:wcbess:22-01&r= |
| By: | Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Beveridge, Malcolm C. M.; Sulser, Timothy B.; Marwaha, Nisha; Stanley, Michele; Grisenthwaite, Robert; Phillips, Michael J. |
| Abstract: | This study is a first attempt to estimate the impact of a red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) feed additive on total emissions from cattle and the feasibility of scaling up farmed seaweed production to meet projected demand from the livestock sector. The approach used for the analysis combines projections of supply and demand of beef and milk production to 2050 with a cattle herd model that allows calculation of animal categories by age and sex, animal weight and production, and feed intake and methane emissions from cattle. At the time of this study, the seaweed additive showed limited applicability in grazing systems as it has been used experimentally, mostly incorporated in mix rations for each treatment animal, with not enough evidence available at present to determine the time of decay of the active component in seaweed after consumption by animals with limited access to the additive. Given these limitations, this study assumes that the applicability of the seaweed additive could be extended in the future to most dairy systems via slow-release formulations that have already been developed for other CH4 inhibitors and that can be fed daily during milking time. Based on this assumption, the maximum potential reduction of enteric methane emissions of the new technology is analyzed by projecting a scenario where the seaweed additive is supplied globally to dairy cows. Results show that the seaweed additive could result in a reduction of up to 10 percent in total methane emissions from cattle compared to a No-Seaweed scenario. Most of this reduction was driven by decreased emissions in Latin America, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The estimated reduction in feed intake associated with the seaweed additive was equivalent to an annual reduction in grain consumption of approximately 50 kgs per cow, or US$5 billion in global cost savings per year. The total amount of dry seaweed needed to supply dairy cows in 2050 was estimated at 5 million metric tons per year, representing 18 percent of the world’s seaweed-farmed area. Simply assuming the sector’s long-term historical average growth rates, this production level might be reached in approximately 20 years, although there are still several open questions about production and technologies and high variability in production costs and producer prices, as A. taxiformis is not extensively produced at present. Available knowledge on seaweed production seems to suggest that, at least at the start, production of A. taxiformis will be by nearshore culture. Expansion of nearshore culture could result in site competition with established seaweed production, access to operational license and government approvals in several countries, licenses to use livestock feeds incorporating seaweed as a feed additive, and more research to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the additive in accordance with country’s regulations. The best possibilities for the development of production A. taxiformis seem to be in South Asia, for its growing demand and production of dairy products, its importance in terms of global emissions, and its location near the best- and well-established seaweed production areas in Southeast Asia. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; beef; cattle; seaweeds; greenhouse gas emissions; greenhouse gases; milk; livestock production; climate change; livestock; methane |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2111&r= |
| By: | Shaghayegh Vosough; André de Palma; Robin Lindsey (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Road traffic is a major contributor to air pollution which is a serious problem in many large cities. Experience in London, Milan, and Stockholm indicates that road pricing can be useful in reducing vehicle emissions as well as congestion. This study uses a dynamic traffic network simulator that models choices of mode, departure time, and route to investigate the effectiveness of tolls to target emissions and congestion externalities on a stylized urban road network during a morning commuting period. The spatial distribution of four pollutants is calculated using a Gaussian dispersion model that accounts for wind speed and direction. Single and double cordon tolls are evaluated, as well as flat tolls that do not change during the simulation period and step tolls that change at half-hourly intervals. The presence of emissions externalities raises optimal toll levels, and substantially increases the welfare gains from tolling, although the proportional advantage of step tolls over flat tolls is lower than if congestion is the only externality. The individual welfare-distributional effects of tolling vary strongly with residential and workplace locations relative to the cordon, and also differ for the upwind and downwind sides of the city. |
| Keywords: | congestion, dynamic traffic simulation, emissions, pollution dispersion, tolls |
| JEL: | R4 K32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2022-02&r= |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | Energy markets have experienced significant disruptions since the outbreak of COVID-19. In late 2021, soaring natural gas prices triggered a new crisis, leading to risks of energy supply shortages worldwide and propelling the issue of energy security to the forefront. Africa will not be spared the repercussions of this crisis, which could further increase energy inequality, which is in turn linked to other forms of inequality. Indeed, in a context of persistent inflation, the lack of reliable and affordable energy supplies tends to limit production possibilities and industrial growth, with negative impacts on employment, social protection, and health services, among others. While developed countries have achieved energy security and are now focusing on the energy transition, Africa strives to attain both. This makes the road ahead all the more challenging, as trade-offs between fossil fuels and renewables must be made in the short term to maintain a sustainable and secure energy supply. This implies the coexistence of fossil fuels and renewables for quite some time, which seems to go against the general consensus in favor of eliminating fossil fuels as soon as possible. It also raises the question of accountability for climate change action. While the energy transition is inevitable, it must be tailored to the socio- economic, political, and security contexts of each region, and in its implementation must take into account regions’ different responsibilities for climate change. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb06-22&r= |
| By: | Rathod, Roshan (International Water Management Institute); Kumar, Manish (International Water Management Institute); Mukherji, Aditi (International Water Management Institute); Sikka, Alok (International Water Management Institute); Satapathy, K. K.; Mishra, A.; Goel, S.; Khan, M. |
| Keywords: | Water springs; Water management; Guidelines; Best practices; Policies; Technology; Financial analysis; Funding; Water security; Aquifers; Water budget; Groundwater recharge; Monitoring; Remote sensing; Geographical information systems; Impact assessment; Scaling; Data management; Databases; Hydrogeology; Discharges; Payments for ecosystem services; Water user groups; Civil society organizations; Government agencies; Stakeholders; Participatory approaches; Community involvement; Citizen science; Capacity development; Awareness-raising; Gender equality; Social inclusion; Livelihoods; Villages; Isotope analysis |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050807&r= |
| By: | Massimiliano Mazzanti (University of Ferrara); Francesco Nicolli (University of Ferrara); Stefano Pareglio (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Marco Quatrosi (University of Ferrara) |
| Abstract: | Applying clustering techniques, this paper identifies homogeneous groups of enterprises within the heterogeneous landscape of the italian manufacturing tissue. The algorithm will be fed with data from a survey on a cross-section of SMEs in 2019. The set of questions span from economic and financial performances to innovation adoption (product, process, organization), to circular economy implementation and environmental protection. Clustering has been chosen to identify groups of firms with respect to multiple and diverse characteristics without any preexisting hypothesis on a possible relationship among the variables. Results will group profiles of enterprises considering the information on multi-dimensional aspects of a firm. Indeed, the overarching aim of this work is to single out common characteristics among the diverse landscape of enterprises within the manufacturing sector. This will in turn support (local and national) policy makers in better designing and targeting an appropriate set of policy instruments with respect to the relevant areas (i.e., circular economy, environmental protection, eco-innovation) of the ecological/sustainability transition. If the one-size-fits-all has not been proved a viable approach in policy making, a more targeted intervention at policy level tackling the consistent heterogeneity of the manufacturing tissue might improve the effectiveness of (sectorial) policies. |
| Keywords: | Circular Economy, Sustainable production, Environmental Innovation, Cluster analysis, Firm profile |
| JEL: | O30 O44 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.06&r= |
| By: | Ignaciuk, Ada; Kwon, Jihae; Maggio, Giuseppe; Mastrorillo, Marina; Sitko, Nicholas J. |
| Abstract: | This working paper merges socio-economic data with data on deforestation to explore the interrelationship between rural migration, the development of the commercial agricultural sector, and forest cover loss. Specifically, we test the role of cash crop producers and inter-district migrants on the tree loss in the parish of residence, while controlling for several other household-level and parish-level contributing factors of deforestation, including population density, proximity to markets and protected areas. Also, we investigate the agricultural channel, specifically producing cash crops, as one major channel through which inter-district migration affects deforestation. Our analysis aims to support the identification of policy strategies to reduce the adverse impacts of agricultural commercialization initiatives on Uganda’s critical natural resources; and identify policy options that maximize migrant’s benefits on recipient areas while minimizing downside risks of migration related to over-exploitation of resources and deforestation. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoaes:319838&r= |
| By: | Stephanie von Hinke; Emil Sorensen |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a large UK cohort to investigate the impact of early-life pollution exposure on individuals' human capital and health outcomes in older age. We compare individuals who were exposed to the London smog in December 1952 whilst in utero or in infancy to those born after the smog and those born at the same time but in unaffected areas. We found that those exposed to the smog have substantially lower fluid intelligence and worse respiratory health, with some evidence of a reduction in years of schooling. |
| Date: | 2022–02–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bri:uobdis:22/757&r= |
| By: | Gómez-Cardona, Santiago |
| Abstract: | Lake Victoria, globally the second-largest freshwater Lake by surface area, houses an artisanal Nile Perch Fishery that directly involves around 200K people. While the whole Lake surface is potentially available to fishing activities, the fishing vessels' operational and technical characteristics, in conjunction with fuel costs, create stark differences in the access costs between areas close to the shore and those farther away (up to 70Km from the nearest dry land). Evidence indicates that most fishing effort is made very close to the shore. There is an imbalance between the fish stock distribution and the fishing fleet's ability to access and profit from it. Nonetheless, this aspect has not been considered in the literature, not in its consequences nor in the way it can be leveraged for management purposes. This paper employs a model replicating Nile Perch Fishery's most critical spatial aspects. It explores the potential of a Policy declaring the central areas of the Lake as Reserve areas. While not a first-best Policy, it reduces the costs in patrolling activities, benefiting and levering the higher costs of reaching reserved areas. It reduces the variance in the system as it is perturbed by external factors, e.g., prices, and hence, it increases it resilience to external shocks. |
| Keywords: | spatial effort distribution; natural resource management; management strategies; reserve areas; fisheries |
| Date: | 2022–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0713&r= |
| By: | Moncef Krati; Mohammad Aldubyan (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | This paper describes an optimization-based approach to evaluate measures providing peak electricity demand reduction cost benefits for Saudi residential buildings. These measures can be categorized as energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) measures. Specifically, this paper models the existing Saudi building stock using 56 housing prototypes based on types, vintages and locations. |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency, Residential Buildings, Electricity demand |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2021-dp20&r= |
| By: | Burger, Eric; Grba, Fabian; Heidorn, Thomas |
| Abstract: | The economic and political developments of the past years show an increasing importance of a possible risk-reducing of the company due to good ESG performance. Our work contributes by examining the impact of relatively better ESG performance of companies on their implied and historical share volatility. Our regressions show a clear relationship between the volatilities and the ESG ratings of the market-leading agencies (Bloomberg, Refinitiv, Sustainalytics and MSCI) and our combined score. A better ESG performance measured by the company's ESG rating(s) has a risk-reducing effect in the form of lower stock volatility. However, our combined rating has the strongest impact. |
| Keywords: | Environmental,Social and Governance (ESG),ESG Ratings,ESG Rating Filter,Equity Volatility,Historical Volatility,Implied Volatility,Company Risk Performance |
| JEL: | G11 G24 G32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fsfmwp:230&r= |
| By: | Kristjanson, Patricia; Larson, Anne; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela |
| Abstract: | El presente informe sintetiza los enfoques y las conclusiones de las investigaciones sobre género reali-zadas por el Programa de Políticas, Instituciones y Mercados (PIM) del CGIAR. El trabajo se centra en la gobernanza de los recursos naturales y en las políticas e instituciones que permiten mejorar la ges-tión de los recursos naturales. Este conjunto de investigaciones analiza cómo la seguridad de la tenen-cia afecta la gestión sostenible, y cómo los individuos, los grupos y las comunidades gobiernan la tie-rra, el agua, las reservas pesqueras y los bosques. Este trabajo se centra fundamentalmente en las siguientes preguntas: (1) quién tiene qué derechos con respecto a estos recursos (en particular, en el caso de las mujeres y los miembros de grupos marginados), (2) cuáles son sus funciones en la gestión de los recursos naturales, y (3) qué beneficios de medios de subsistencia reciben. Sin una compren-sión contextualizada de estas cuestiones, las políticas y las prácticas pueden excluir inadvertidamente a las mujeres, reafirmar prácticas históricas de injusticia de género o introducir nuevas desigualdades que empeoren la gestión de los recursos naturales y la pobreza. Los equipos de investigación que tra-bajan en este complejo conjunto de cuestiones interrelacionadas se han asociado con Gobiernos, uni-versidades y sectores de la sociedad civil para identificar las acciones que pueden fortalecer los dere-chos de tenencia de las personas pobres y marginadas (especialmente las mujeres). Con ello, estas acciones también pretenden mejorar la gobernanza de los recursos naturales y los acuerdos institucio-nales que permiten un uso sostenible de los recursos naturales dentro de entornos compartidos. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; gender; tenure; tenure security; landscape conservation; landscape; governance; research; women; role of women; natural resources management; livelihoods; policies; poverty; landscape governance |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:135050&r= |
| By: | Torsten Ehlers (International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Monetary and Capital Markets Department; Bank for International Settlements (BIS)); Ulrike Elsenhuber (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)); Kumar Jegarasasingam (Bank for International Settlements (BIS)); Eric Jondeau (University of Lausanne - Faculty of Business and Economics (HEC Lausanne); Swiss Finance Institute; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores are the main tool for asset managers in designing and implementing ESG investment strategies. They amalgamate a broad range of fundamentally different factors, creating ambiguity for investors as to the signals of higher or lower ESG scores. We explore the feasibility and performance of more targeted investment strategies based on specific categories by deconstructing ESG scores into their granular components. First, we investigate the characteristics of the various categories underlying ESG scores. Not all types of ESG categories lend themselves to more targeted strategies, which is related to both limits to ESG data disclosure and the fundamental challenge of translating qualitative characteristics into quantitative measures. Second, we consider an investment scheme based on the exclusion of firms with the lowest scores in each category of interest. In most cases, this targeted strategy still allows investors to substantially improve the portfolio headline ESG score, with only a marginal impact on financial performance relative to a broad stock market benchmark. The exclusion results in regional and sectoral biases relative to the benchmark, which may be undesirable for some investors. We then implement a “best-in-class” strategy, based on excluding firms with the lowest category scores and reinvesting the proceeds in firms with the highest scores maintaining the same regional and sectoral composition. This approach reduces the tracking error of the portfolio and slightly improves its risk-adjusted performance while still yielding a large gain in the headline ESG score. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable investment, ESG ratings, ESG investing, Negative screening, Best-in-class screening |
| JEL: | G11 G24 M14 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2223&r= |
| By: | Holz, Raúl; Tromben, Varinia |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO REGIONAL, DESARROLLO LOCAL, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, ZONAS RURALES, ZONAS URBANAS, POBREZA, DESASTRES NATURALES, POLITICA SOCIAL, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, RURAL AREAS, URBAN AREAS, POVERTY, NATURAL DISASTERS, SOCIAL POLICY |
| Date: | 2021–07–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47689&r= |
| By: | Davide Antonioli (University of Ferrara); Claudia Ghisetti (Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca); Stefano Pareglio (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Marco Quatrosi (University of Ferrara) |
| Abstract: | This paper builds on the available knowledge on what drives firms’ production choices towards circular economy practices to shed new light on a so far quite neglected dimension: the role of organizational settings. Being the transition to a more circular economy systemic in nature, itdraws not only on technological but also on organizational changes and new set-ups. Coherently, the paper investigates how certain organizational settings (such as practices of communication to employees on critical aspects of the life of the company, the implementation of new performance evaluation mechanisms and incentive-based payment methods and the implementation of changes in recruitment and training of (new) employees affect the adoption of circular economy innovation. The work is empirical, and it draws on a newly collected dataset representative for Italian manufacturing firms in 2017-2018. Results show new light on the role of such organizational set-ups, which are found to be making the transition towards a circular economy more effective. |
| Keywords: | Circular Economy, Sustainable Production, Environmental Innovation, Organisational Change |
| JEL: | O30 O44 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.07&r= |
| By: | Kamoyo, Kefasi; Kambauwa, Gertrude; Kabambe, V.H. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:malagr:319766&r= |
| By: | Jerome H. Powell |
| Date: | 2022–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgsq:93861&r= |
| By: | Odmaa Narantungalag, (School of Economics and Finance, Massey University, Palmerston North) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the economic impacts of the mining sector on household expenditures. Employing the difference-in-differences model and the Mongolia Household Socio-Economic Survey data from 2008 to 2016, I find that the mining activities benefited local residents. Specifically, mining activities increase household expenditures on food, health, and electricity, respectively, while households reduce their expenditures on education and other non-food items. Interestingly, illness did not increase in the resource-producing region, while educational attainment improved. The findings highlight that the positive impacts of the mining sector are likely to be higher than what is determined by traditional welfare measurements of income and consumption. I provide some anecdotal evidence that the changes in household expenditure patterns can be due to increased availability of health care services and educational facilities in the mining region. |
| Keywords: | Mining, Natural Resources, Regional Economy, and Economic Development |
| JEL: | L72 O12 O13 Q32 R11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mas:dpaper:2204&r= |
| By: | Shixian Gao (Energy Research Institute, National Development and Reform Commission, China) |
| Abstract: | Northeast Asia is one of the most dynamic regions in the world. With the rapid economic growth in the region, energy demand has maintained a certain growth rate. For every country, energy is related to economic security and sustainable development. Energy security has been paid more and more attention by the international community. At present, regional conflicts in Northeast Asia have moderated, thus, it is of great significance to strengthen regional energy cooperation to promote the sustainable development, regional peace and stability of Northeast Asia. The resource conditions and the level of economic and social development in Northeast Asia determine that regional energy cooperation has great potential. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eri:dpaper:2105&r= |
| By: | Mazzanti, Massimiliano; Nicolli, Francesco; Pareglio, Stefano; Quatrosi, Marco |
| Abstract: | Applying clustering techniques, this paper identifies homogeneous groups of enterprises within the heterogeneous landscape of the italian manufacturing tissue. The algorithm will be fed with data from a survey on a cross-section of SMEs in 2019. The set of questions span from economic and financial performances to innovation adoption (product, process, organization), to circular economy implementation and environmental protection. Clustering has been chosen to identify groups of firms with respect to multiple and diverse characteristics without any preexisting hypothesis on a possible relationship among the variables. Results will group profiles of enterprises considering the information on multi-dimensional aspects of a firm. Indeed, the overarching aim of this work is to single out common characteristics among the diverse landscape of enterprises within the manufacturing sector. This will in turn support (local and national) policy makers in better designing and targeting an appropriate set of policy instruments with respect to the relevant areas (i.e., circular economy, environmental protection, eco-innovation) of the ecological/sustainability transition. If the one-size-fits-all has not been proved a viable approach in policy making, a more targeted intervention at policy level tackling the consistent heterogeneity of the manufacturing tissue might improve the effectiveness of (sectorial) policies. |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2022–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:319762&r= |
| By: | Robin Lindsey; André de Palma; Pouya Rezaeini (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Congestion pricing has long been considered an efficient tool for tackling road traffic congestion, but tolls are generally unpopular. Interest is growing in tradable permits as an alternative. Tolls and tradable permits are interchangeable if travel conditions are unchanging, but not if conditions vary, and tolls and permit quantities are inflexible. We compare the allocative efficiency of tolls and tradable permits under uncertainty on a bimodal network. Road links and public transit service are both congestion prone. Road traffic entering a cordon area around the downtown is controlled using either a toll or a tradable permit. Two groups of travelers can drive or take transit. Group 1 travels downtown, and must either pay the toll or use a permit if driving. Group 2 travels to a suburb, and can avoid the cordon by taking a bypass. All demand and cost parameters of the model can vary, either systematically or irregularly. Travelers learn daily travel conditions in advance, and adapt their mode and route choices accordingly. A planner minimizes expected total travel costs by either setting the level of the toll or choosing the quota of permits to distribute. Two cases are considered. In the first, the toll and quota are flexible and can be adjusted to daily travel conditions. In the second, which is of central interest, the instruments are inflexible. If travelers have identical preferences, the optimal flexible toll is invariant to the numbers of travelers in each group and the capacity of the link entering the cordon. The toll is robust in the sense that inflexibility causes no welfare loss if these parameters vary. By contrast, the quota is not robust. We derive a general rule for ranking the efficiency of a fixed toll and fixed quota. We then explore a numerical example. In most instances, the fixed toll outperforms the fixed quota by a significant margin although the quota can do better for some realizations of parameter values. The relative performance of the quota improves if an environmental externality from driving also exists. Finally, we compare the welfare-distributional effects of tolls and permits, and find that suburban travelers fare better than downtown travelers from both forms of regulation. |
| Keywords: | traffic congestion; cordon toll; tradable permits; mode choice; route choice; uncertainty |
| JEL: | D62 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2022-06&r= |
| By: | Sengupta, Sreerupa; Sinha, Avik |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present a new and coherent way of thinking about diverse facets of development. Implicit in the framework of the SDGs is that the goals are interconnected and interdependent. To translate such critical ideas into reality, countries need new skills, perspectives and approaches to the implementation of policies and programmes. Capacity-building, in particular for the public sector, is therefore at the core of achieving the 2030 Agenda. Although all countries have designed their respective capacity-building strategies and undertaken various interventions for knowledge dissemination among government officials and other stakeholders on the SDGs, there are wide variations between countries regarding the progress on capacity-building initiatives. In many developing countries, the heterogeneity of the political, societal and economic structures poses one of the biggest challenges to capacity-building for the localisation of the SDGs. [...] |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:12022&r= |
| By: | McLain, Rebecca |
| Abstract: | En los países menos desarrollados, un total de 3140 millones de personas dependen de los bosques y la agricultura para su subsistencia (Tseng et al., 2020). Desde la década de 1990, las investigaciones han puesto de relieve la importancia de los derechos de tenencia para este sector de la población, tanto para la gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales como para la mitigación de la pobreza y la mejora de la nutrición y la seguridad alimentaria. Los derechos específicos, o la combinación de derechos, de un individuo, un hogar o una comunidad afectan al acceso a la tierra y a los recursos, así como al modo en que se pueden utilizar esa tierra y esos recursos y durante cuánto tiempo (Larson y Springer, 2016). Igualmente importante es el grado en que los propietarios de tierras perciben que su tenencia es segura. Es más probable que los propietarios se comprometan con la conservación de la tierra y los recursos si perciben que hay pocas probabilidades de perder sus derechos sobre la tierra o los recursos (Robinson et al., 2018). Entre 2013 y 2021, los investigadores apoyados por el Programa de Investigación del GCIAR sobre Políticas, Instituciones y Mercados (PIM) exploraron los factores que impulsan la inseguridad de la tenencia y sus consecuencias, así como los mecanismos para mejorar la seguridad de la tenencia. Su trabajo se centró en los derechos de las personas y los hogares, y en los derechos colectivos. Este informe sobre políticas describe los principales resultados de la investigación sobre la seguridad de la tenencia y las reformas normativas destinadas a reforzar los derechos de los pequeños agricultores y las comunidades. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; tenure; research; tenure security; policies; reforms; Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:135053&r= |
| By: | Kimitaka Nishitani (Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN); Akira Kawaguchi (Faculty of Policy Studies, Doshisha University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to clarify why gender inequality in the workplace has remained intractable, and how it may be mitigated in Japanese firms. To this end, we analyze gender inequality in the workplace and mitigation in terms of institutional characteristics (i.e., the Japanese employment system and its institutional complementarity with corporate governance, as well as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)), using data on Japanese firms listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 2019. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, gender inequality in the workplace is more severe where institutional complementarity between Japanese-style corporate governance and the employment system is strong. Second, a change to the Anglo-American style of corporate governance mitigates this inequality by encouraging firm efforts to reduce it, even where Japanese-style corporate governance remains strong. Third, the SDGs encourage firms to mitigate gender inequality in the workplace further. Accordingly, it is proved that a firm’s decisions on managing gender workplace inequality strongly align with those of the institutional characteristics of the firm. These institutional factors influence gender (in)equality in the workplace by optimizing the balance between the interdependent social and economic values of firms, so that their overall value is maximized. |
| Keywords: | Gender inequality in the workplace; Institution and institutional changes; Japanese employment system; Corporate governance; Sustainable development goals |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2022-07&r= |
| By: | Gómez-Cardona, Santiago; Kammerer, Johannes; Mrosso, Hillary |
| Abstract: | Current regulations regarding the Nile Perch Fishery in Lake Victoria provide gear specifications for the two main gears employed, Gillnets and Longlines, by defining the minimum size available. Additionally, the legal range of catchable fish is regulated: between 50 and 84 cm. Gillnets are legal over 5 inches, and the Hooks, required for Longlining, are legal from number 10 and below (lower numbers refer to higher sizes). Using data from the Catch Assessment Survey, CAS, we identify gear selectivity for Gillnets and Longlines. We use a novel methodology, that is validated using previous results for Gillnets for Lake Victoria. This is particular relevant as there is no much data for selectivity using Longlines. The information on selectivity is used to derive the overall fishing selectivity of the fleet. We find evidence of shift towards higher fish sizes in the Gillnet fleet, but a stagnation on fish sizes for the Longline fleet, even though there has been a compositional change in the hook sizes employed for this activity. The results signal towards a regulatory success among Gillnet users, but challenges in the regulation of Longliners. |
| Keywords: | Gear Selectivity; Gillnets; Hooks; Nile Perch Fishery; Lake Victoria |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0712&r= |
| By: | McLain, Rebecca |
| Abstract: | Dans les pays les moins développés, 3,14 milliards de personnes dépendent de l’agriculture et des fo-rêts pour leur subsistance (Tseng et coll., 2020). Depuis les années 1990, la recherche a souligné l’im-portance des droits fonciers pour ces fragments de la population, tant pour la gestion durable des res-sources naturelles et l’allègement de la pauvreté que pour l’amélioration de l’alimentation et de la sécu-rité alimentaire. Les droits particuliers, ou la combinaison des droits, d’un individu, d’un ménage ou d’une communauté affectent leur capacité à accéder à la terre et aux ressources et la manière dont ces terres et ressources peuvent être utilisées et sur quelle durée (Larson et Springer, 2016). Tout aussi important est le sentiment de sécurité des droits fonciers comme perçu par les propriétaires. Ceux-ci sont en effet plus susceptibles de s’engager dans la conservation des terres et des ressources s’ils ju-gent peu probable de perdre leurs droits sur les terres ou les ressources (Robinson et coll., 2018). Entre 2013 et 2021, des chercheurs soutenus par le Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les poli-tiques, institutions et marchés (PIM) ont exploré les moteurs et les conséquences de l’insécurité fon-cière ainsi que les mécanismes permettant d’améliorer la sécurité foncière. Leurs travaux ont porté sur les droits détenus par les individus, les ménages et les collectivités. Cette note d’orientation présente les principaux résultats de ces recherches sur la sécurité foncière et les réformes politiques visant à renforcer les droits des petits propriétaires et des communautés. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; tenure; research; tenure security; policies; reforms; Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:135052&r= |
| By: | Mkondiwa, Maxwell; Kabambe, Vernon H; Ngwira, Amos R |
| Abstract: | This brief reflects on the cases of two villages in Lingoni section, Domasi EPA in Machinga district, combined with literature review and key informant interviews, to highlight the significant contribution of village-level responsible governance in enhancing agroecological intensification amongst small holders. The study reveals that through using village by-laws as tools, successful control of free grazing of livestock and uncontrolled fires has been prevented for many years, allowing local cropping systems to embrace long season crops such as cassava and pigeon peas, and winter cropping including multiple cropping with irrigation. The full range of resulting agroecological benefits are presented and discussed including the trade-offs from all sides of the systems. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:malagr:319767&r= |
| By: | Pietro Biroli (University of Zurich); Titus Galama (University of Southern California); Stephanie von Hinke (University of Bristol, Erasmus University, and Institute for Fiscal Studies); Hans van Kippersluis (Erasmus University); Cornelius Rietveld (Erasmus University); Kevin Thom (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) |
| Abstract: | Economists and social scientists have debated the relative importance of nature (one's genes) and nurture (one's environment) for decades, if not centuries. This debate can now be informed by the ready availability of genetic data in a growing number of social science datasets. This paper explores the potential uses of genetic data in economics, with a focus on estimating the interplay between nature (genes) and nurture (environment). We discuss how economists can benefit from incorporating genetic data into their analyses even when they do not have a direct interest in estimating genetic effects. We argue that gene-environment (GxE) studies can be instrumental for (i) testing economic theory, (ii) uncovering economic or behavioral mechanisms, and (iii) analyzing treatment effect heterogeneity, thereby improving the understanding of how (policy) interventions affect population subgroups. We introduce the reader to essential genetic terminology, develop a conceptual economic model to interpret gene-environment interplay, and provide practical guidance to empirical researchers. |
| Keywords: | gene-by-environment interplay, polygenic indices, social science genetics, ALSPAC |
| JEL: | D10 D30 I10 I20 J10 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2022-005&r= |
| By: | Florence Jacquet (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marie-Helene Jeuffroy (AgroEcoSystem - Département agronomie et sciences de l'environnement pour les agroécosystèmes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julia Jouan (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Edith Le Cadre-Barthélemy (SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thibaut Malausa (ISA - Institut Sophia Agrobiotech - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Xavier Reboud (Agroécologie [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christian Huyghe (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | L'usage des pesticides chimiques est une préoccupation sociétale majeure en raison de leurs impacts négatifs sur l'environnement et la santé. Le Programme prioritaire de recherche (PPR) « Cultiver et Protéger Autrement », piloté par INRAE, joue un rôle structurant dans l'évolution des communautés scientifiques et dans l'émergence de fronts de science permettant une protection des cultures sans pesticides. L'objectif de l'ouvrage est d'expliquer les bases de cette stratégie et les principes d'actions. En se fixant un cap zéro pesticide, la recherche tente de dépasser les verrous actuels et de produire des innovations de rupture dans les champs biotechniques et socio-économiques. Au-delà de la recherche, de l'enseignement et du secteur agricole, cet ouvrage vise également les acteurs de l'innovation, du développement et du conseil. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03587361&r= |
| By: | Kristjanson, Patricia; Larson, Anne; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela |
| Abstract: | Cette synthèse résume les différentes approches et les résultats d’une recherche réalisée sur le genre et conduite par le programme du CGIAR sur les politiques, les institutions et les marchés (PIM). Ce travail est consacré principalement à la gestion des ressources naturelles, ainsi qu’aux institutions et aux politiques destinées à les améliorer. Le contenu de cette recherche analyse la manière dont la pro-priété foncière affecte durablement la gestion des terres, de l'eau, des ressources marines et des espaces forestiers par les individus, les groupes ou les communautés locales. Nous avons accordé une place essentielle aux questions que soulève cette problématique : (1) quels sont les droits dont dispo-sent les populations sur ces ressources (en particulier pour les femmes et les membres des groupes marginalisés), (2) quel rôle jouent ces populations dans la gestion des ressources naturelles, et (3) quels avantages en retirent-elles dans leurs moyens de subsistance? Une mise en perspective de ces questions permet de mieux comprendre comment les politiques et les pratiques locales peuvent con-duire à exclure involontairement les femmes, ou à renforcer des pratiques historiquement ancrées et sources d’injustices fondées sur le genre, ou à introduire de nouvelles inégalités qui aggravent da-vantage la gestion des ressources naturelles et la pauvreté. Les membres du groupe de recherche qui se sont penchés sur ces questions, souvent dépendantes les unes des autres, ont travaillé en partenar-iat avec les gouvernements, les universités, et les acteurs de la société civile afin d'identifier les actions susceptibles de renforcer les droits de propriété foncière des personnes défavorisées et marginalisées, en particulier les femmes. Ce faisant, ces actions visent également à améliorer la gestion des ressources naturelles ainsi que les dispositifs institutionnels destinés à garantir aux populations une utilisation durable de ces ressources dans les paysages qu’elles partagent. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; gender; tenure; tenure security; landscape conservation; landscape; governance; research; women; role of women; natural resources management; livelihoods; policies; poverty; landscape governance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:135049&r= |
| By: | Abbasi, Ali (Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco); Gazze, Ludovica (Department of Economics, University of Warwick); Pals, Bridget (School of Law, New York University) |
| Abstract: | Lead exposure remains a significant threat to children’s health despite decades of policies aimed at getting the lead out of homes and neighborhoods. Generally, lead hazards are identified through inspections triggered by high blood lead levels (BLLs) in children. Yet, it is unclear how best to screen children for lead exposure to balance the costs of screening and the potential benefits of early detection, treatment, and lead hazard removal. While some states require universal screening, others employ a targeted approach, but no regime achieves 100% compliance. We estimate the extent and geographic distribution of undetected lead poisoning in Illinois. We then compare the estimated detection rate of a universal screening program to the current targeted screening policy under different compliance levels. To do so, we link 2010-2016 Illinois lead test records to 2010-2014 birth records, demographics, and housing data. We train a random forest classifier that predicts the likelihood a child has a BLL above 5µg/dL. We estimate that 10,613 untested children had a BLL≥5µg/dL in addition to the 18,115 detected cases. Due to the unequal spatial distribution of lead hazards, 60% of these undetected cases should have been screened under the current policy, suggesting limited benefits from universal screening. |
| Keywords: | Lead Poisoning ; Environmental Health ; Screening |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1398&r= |
| By: | Maria Isabel Cambón, Anna Ispierto |
| Abstract: | : Este trabajo constituye un primer ejercicio para conocer con mayor profundidad las características de las IIC sostenibles españolas que estaban registradas a finales de 2020 en la CNMV, un total de 59 instituciones entre fondos de inversión y SICAV y un patrimonio cercano a los 9.500 millones de euros y que emplean de forma voluntaria la demoninación ISR (inversión socialmente responsable) de acuerdo con la "Circular ISR" de Inverco publicada en 2014. El primer bloque del informe muestra que a finales de 2020 la rentabilidad media anual de las IIC sostenibles era superior a la del conjunto de FI y SICAV registrados en la CNMV (1,8% frente al 0,8%). La ratio de gastos soportados por otra parte fue superior para las IIC con objetivos ASG que para el resto (1,22% frente al 1,05%). En lo que respecta a la valoración ASG de los emisores de los activos en cartera de estas instituciones está invertido en emisores que muestran una evaluación relativa ASG excelente o buena y un grado de transparencia de datos ASG reportados públicamente alto o por enciama de la media (es decir calificaciones A y B1). |
| Keywords: | Instituciones de Inversión Colectiva, inversores institucionales, sostenibilidad, inversión socialmente responsable. |
| JEL: | G18 G23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnv:docutr:dt_77es&r= |
| By: | Jonathan Chapman (NYUAD); Mark Dean (Columbia University); Pietro Ortoleva (Princeton University); Erik Snowberg (UBC, CESifo, NBER); Colin Camerer (Caltech) |
| Abstract: | A vast literature documents that willingness to pay (WTP) is less than willingness to accept (WTA) a monetary amount for an object, a phenomenon called the endowment effect. Using data from three incentivized studies with a total representative sample of 4,000 U.S. adults, we add one additional finding: WTA and WTP for a lottery are (essentially) uncorrelated. In contrast, independent measures of WTA (or WTP) are highly correlated, and relatively stable across time. Leading models of reference dependent preferences are compatible with a zero correlation between WTA and WTP, but only for specific parameterizations and ruling out popular special cases. These models also predict a relationship between the endowment effect and loss aversion, which we do not find. |
| Keywords: | Willingness To Pay, Willingness To Accept, Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion |
| JEL: | C90 D81 D91 |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:econom:2021-90&r= |
| By: | David Newton (University of Bath - School of Management); Steven Ongena (University of Zurich - Department of Banking and Finance; Swiss Finance Institute; KU Leuven; NTNU Business School; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)); Ru Xie (University of Bath, School of management); Binru Zhao (University of Bath - School of Management) |
| Abstract: | Is bank- versus market-based financing different in its attitudes towards Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) risk? Using a novel sample covering 3,783 U.S. public firms from 2007 to 2020, we study how firm-level ESG risk affects its financing outcomes. We find that companies with higher ESG risk borrow less from banks than from markets, potentially to avoid bank monitoring and scrutiny. The Social and Governance components, in particular, matter. Furthermore, firms suffering higher numbers of negative ESG reputation shocks are less likely to continue to rely on bank credit in response to lenders' threats to end the lending arrangements. Finally, our results indicate that firms' ESG risk reduces after borrowing from banks but increases after bond issuance, suggesting that banks are more effective than public bond markets in shaping borrowers' ESG performance. |
| Keywords: | ESG Risk, Debt Structure, Capital Structure; Debt Choices, Bank Monitoring |
| JEL: | G20 G21 G30 G32 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2222&r= |
| By: | Muhammad, Andrew; Hellwinckel, Chad M.; Anosike, Ejimofor; Taylor, Adam |
| Abstract: | In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the globe and had severe impacts on the global economy. As the pandemic began to spread across the U.S., businesses closed and individuals were asked to comply with shelter-in- place and stay-at-home orders (Baker et al., 2020). Countries around the globe imposed similar measures, which negatively affected the global economy beyond anything experienced in nearly a century (Jackson et al., 2020; Sarkodie and Owusu, 2021). Consequently, the pandemic had a negative impact on U.S. forestry exports at the national and state level. Lower global economic activity and disruptions to transportation networks decreased international timber trade. Early in the pandemic, foreign ports were closed, which curtailed timber shipments, and worldwide shutdowns in construction and manufacturing weakened international demand for logs, lumber and other forest products (Riddle, 2020). In this report, we assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Tennessee forest product exports. We examine export losses in 2020 by destination countries and forest product category and further assess the full economic impact of decreased export sales on income and jobs at the state and county level. According to Muhammad and Taylor (2020), the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on Tennessee’s forest product exports in 2020 due to supply and demand disruptions in the global market for finished wood products markets (e.g., furniture) and the interrelated market for raw materials and inputs (e.g., logs and lumber). In 2020, U.S. forest-product exports were down by more than $670 million when compared to the previous year. Geographically, the decline in export sales was mostly in southern states ($240 million), followed by western states ($217 million). Losses in 2020 were in addition to losses in 2019, due to the trade war between the U.S. and China. In 2020, the decrease in export sales for Tennessee was $38 million. Given the state’s dependence on foreign export sales of hardwoods, losses for Tennessee in percentage terms (22 percent in 2020 and 46 percent since 2018) exceeded national and regional averages (see Table 1) (USDA-FAS, 2021). The impacts of the trade war on U.S. and Tennessee forest product exports have been discussed in previous UT Extension reports (Muhammad and Taylor, 2020; Muhammad and Smith, 2020). The analysis in this report is based on the decrease in export sales in 2020, which has been mostly attributed to the pandemic (Riddle, 2020). |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Relations/Trade, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaeer:319769&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Nicholas M. Odhiambo (Pretoria, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | In this study, nexuses between governance and natural resource rents are assessed in 44 sub-Saharan African countries using data for the period 1996-2016. The empirical evidence is based on Tobit regressions. The findings show that political governance (entailing “voice & accountability†and political stability) and institutional governance (consisting of the rule of law and corruption control) have a negative effect on resource rents. However, if the conception and definition of attendant governance variables are understood within the framework that such variables are negatively skewed, it becomes apparent that bad governance reduces resource rents. This conclusion clarifies the paradox because negatively skewed governance variables are understood to be representing poor governance. By extension, the negative effect of the rule of law or corruption control on natural resource rents should be the negative effect of the absence of the rule of law or lack of corruption control on natural resource rents. The paradox is further clarified in the light of specific components of the governance dynamics. While the clarification of the paradox is relative, especially if the sample is compared with countries for which governance indicators are largely skewed in the positive direction, from an absolute perspective (i.e. exclusively from the sampled countries), the indicators of the World Bank are standardized such that negative skewness does not affect the estimated results. Another worthwhile argument with which to explain the paradox is that governance has more impact on the nonresource component of GDP. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources; Economic Growth; Governance; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | H10 Q20 Q30 O11 O55 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/020&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar oportunidades de transformación productiva para la provincia de La Rioja (Argentina) sobre la base de sus capacidades tecnológicas, productivas e institucionales. La Rioja es una provincia que a lo largo de su historia ha logrado consolidar políticas de densificación empresarial a partir de mecanismos de promoción industrial y creación de empresas públicas. La provincia también cuenta con una serie de atributos relacionados con sus recursos naturales, su historia productiva y social en sectores como la vitivinicultura, la olivicultura y el cultivo del nogal, con su carácter pionero a nivel nacional en el desarrollo de las energías renovables y la industria del cannabis con fines medicinales, y con su diversidad empresarial, que incluye cooperativas, empresas nacionales de larga data, laboratorios de primer nivel mundial y un conjunto diverso de empresas públicas provinciales. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO REGIONAL, PRODUCTIVIDAD, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY |
| Date: | 2022–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47561&r= |