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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Tobias Kruse; Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Rudy Saffar; Leo Robert |
| Abstract: | As countries implement stricter environmental policies, the need for tools to compare countries’ environmental policy stringency is becoming more pressing. The OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index has become a widely used tool for policy analysis since its creation in 2014. This paper updates the EPS index over three decades from 1990 to 2020, across 40 countries and 13 policy instruments, focussing on climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. It up-grades the index structure across all years, adding a new sub-index that measures the strength of technology support policies, which complements the existing structure of market based and non-market based sub-indices. The paper shows evolving developments – across countries and time – in the stringency of environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | composite indicators, Environmental policy stringency, environmental regulation |
| JEL: | Q48 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1703-en&r= |
| By: | H. K. Edmonds, (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia); C. A. K. Lovell (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia); J. E. Lovell (School of Economics and Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) at The University of Queensland, Australia) |
| Abstract: | With global efforts to mitigate climate change lagging behind what is necessary to achieve Paris Agreement global warming targets, global mean temperatures are increasing, and weather extremes are becoming more frequent. When mitigation falters, adaptation to current and anticipated future climate conditions becomes increasingly urgent. This study provides a novel collection of adaptive capacity and adaptation readiness indicators, which it combines into a composite adaptation index to assess the relative adaptation performance of nations. Adaptation performance is assessed using two complementary techniques, a distance to frontier analysis and a dominance analysis. Developed countries perform relatively well and developing countries perform relatively poorly in both exercises. Adaptation performance is found to be closely related to both national income per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita, highlighting the inequities of global adaptation performance. These adaptation inequities are consistent with the IPCC assessment that nations most affected by climate change are those that are least able to adapt and contribute least to the problem, creating a need for assistance from developed countries. Creation-Date: 2022-02 |
| Keywords: | climate change, adaptive capacity, adaptation readiness, composite index, inequity |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uqcepa:174&r= |
| By: | Serda Selin Ozturk (Department of Business and Finance, Istanbul Bilgi University, Eyup, Istanbul 34060, Turkey); Riza Demirer (Department of Economics and Finance, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026-1102, USA); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the role of climate uncertainty over price volatility in the carbon emissions market using novel measures of uncertainty that capture transitional and physical climate risks. Applying a multivariate stochastic volatility model to daily European Union Allowance prices, we show that climate uncertainty indeed serves as a significant driver of price fluctuations in emissions prices with physical climate risks associated with uncertainty surrounding natural hazards playing a more dominant role over policy uncertainty in recent years. While our findings highlight the growing role of public concern over global warming and climate hazards than policy aspects as a driver of pricing dynamics in the emissions market, our findings present an interesting opening for hedging strategies towards attaining decarbonization goals in investment positions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risk, Carbon Prices, Stochastic Volatility |
| JEL: | C15 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202215&r= |
| By: | Dina Maher |
| Abstract: | Testimony before the New York State Senate Committees on Banks, Finance, and Environmental Conservation (delivered via videoconference). |
| Keywords: | climate-related financial risk; physical risk; transition risk; Federal Reserve; New York State; climate change; supervision |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsp:93786&r= |
| By: | Daniel Nachtigall; Jane Ellis; Sofie Errendal |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the role of carbon pricing in a sustainable recovery from COVID-19. It tracks the policy changes in carbon pricing within OECD and G20 countries between January 2020 and August 2021 of the COVID-19 pandemic. Carbon pricing as defined here includes emissions trading schemes, fossil fuel support and carbon, fuel excise or aviation taxes. The paper also highlights the need for the recovery to be sustainable and discusses the advantages, limitations and uses of carbon pricing therein. In addition, it describes additional challenges to as well as increased rationale for carbon pricing in the pandemic. It provides evidence on the effects of carbon pricing on the challenges and discusses carbon pricing design elements to help overcome those challenges. The paper concludes that there were more policy changes with an expected negative impact on climate. However, it is likely that the impact of the climate-positive changes – which are broader in coverage and scope - will outweigh the climate-negative changes. |
| Keywords: | sustainable recovery, COVID-19, carbon pricing, carbon tax, emissions trading system, ETS, Fossil fuel subsidies, revenue recycling, climate change, climate mitigation, NDC |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:191-en&r= |
| By: | Daniel Clarke (OECD); Florian Flachenecker (OECD); Emmanuelle Guidetti (OECD); Pierre-Alain Pionnier (OECD) |
| Abstract: | By moving goods and people over large distances, air transport facilitates international trade and tourism and thus contributes to economic growth and job creation. At the same time, it also comes with environmental challenges, largely related to air emissions and their impact on global warming. Air transport has been disproportionately negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic with associated reductions in air emissions. However, recent projections show that, in the absence of accelerated technological developments and more ambitious policy measures, aviation-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will grow again at a rapid pace after the pandemic. This paper describes a new OECD database providing near-real-time and global information on aviation-related CO2 emissions, with allocations across countries following either the territory or the residence principle. This database provides a public good for both statistical measurement and environmental policy analysis. On the statistical front, it will facilitate the compilation of global Air Emission Accounts according to the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA), bring granular and timely information on a significant source of CO2 emissions, and allow tracking their evolution during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The comparison with official statistics that are available with a significant delay and at lower frequency demonstrates the accuracy of the OECD estimates. On the environmental policy front, it is expected that the OECD database will help monitor the impact of technological developments and policy measures to curb aviation-related CO2 emissions in the future. |
| Keywords: | air transport, big data, climate change, CO2 emissions, covid-19, environmental-economic accounting, seea, UNFCCC inventories |
| JEL: | L93 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stdaaa:2022/04-en&r= |
| By: | Cabrera Leal, Mauricio; Ordóñez Potes, Milena |
| Abstract: | Colombia lleva poco más de una década desplegando esfuerzos a nivel nacional y subnacional para caracterizar y gestionar los Pasivos Ambientales (PAC) y los Pasivos Ambientales Mineros (PAM). En este documento se proponen diversos componentes e instrumentos de evaluación técnica, jurídica, financiera, de participación y gobernanza para una gestión integral de los PAM. Lo anterior se desarrolla desde un enfoque multisistémico que incluye componentes: mineros, ambientales, de riesgo de desastres, de ordenamiento territorial y climático. En los últimos diez años, tanto el Ministerio de Ambiente como el de Minas y Energía han avanzado en el desarrollo de un marco conceptual y metodológico para definir tanto los PAC como los PAM, utilizándose como definición general las Áreas Mineras en Estado de Abandono (AMEA). Después de evaluar la factibilidad de los diferentes instrumentos desarrollados en el documento, se elabora una propuesta para la gestión integral de los pasivos ambientales en Colombia, atendiendo las debilidades y amenazas existentes en la actualidad. Esta propuesta busca prevenir el crecimiento de los pasivos en las diferentes fases de los proyectos mineros y considerar los riesgos ambientales y los impactos negativos socioambientales. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS MINERALES, INDUSTRIA MINERA, MEDIO AMBIENTE, GESTION AMBIENTAL, PROTECCION AMBIENTAL, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DIRECTRICES, MINERAL RESOURCES, MINING INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GUIDELINES |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:47771&r= |
| By: | Gotor, E.; Nedumaran, S.; Cenacchi, N.; Tran, N.; Dunston, S.; Dermawan, A.; Wiberg, David (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Tesfaye, K.; Mausch, K.; Langan, Simon (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)) |
| Abstract: | Food, land, and water systems are facing unprecedented change. The world’s population is projected to grow to approximately 10 billion people by 2050, while aging and declining in some regions. Global average incomes are expected to keep increasing at a slow but steady pace. With increasing incomes and the ability of consumers to purchase more and better food in combination with population growth, food demand is projected to grow substantially over the next three decades. Meanwhile, demographic changes and economic development also drive urbanization, migration, and structural transformation of rural communities. At the same time changes to precipitation and temperature as well as the occurrence of extreme events driven by climate change are becoming more prevalent and impacting society and the environment. Currently, humanity is approaching or exceeding planetary boundaries in some areas, with over-use of limited productive natural resources such as water and phosphate, net emissions of greenhouse gases, and decreases in biodiversity. Much is published about food and agriculture and the supporting/underpinning land and water systems, but no single source focuses regularly and systematically on the future of agriculture and food systems, particularly on the challenges and opportunities faced by developing countries. This working paper is part of an effort by the CGIAR foresight team to help fill that gap. The effort recognizes that there is much to learn from past experience, and there are clearly many urgent and immediate challenges, but given the pace and complexity of change we are currently experiencing, there is also an increasing need to look carefully into the future of food, land, and water systems to inform decision making today. |
| Keywords: | Land management; Water systems; Water management; Resilience; Sustainability; Society; Climate change adaptation; Climate change mitigation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050899&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En este documento se analizan las características de la economía circular y se señala que su inclusión en los programas nacionales de los países de América Latina y el Caribe sentaría las bases para una recuperación tras la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). A su vez, esta estrategia estaría alineada con el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Entre los temas tratados se destacan: i) una revisión de conceptos y experiencias internacionales sobre economía circular, así como de los beneficios y las barreras asociados a su implementación; ii) la identificación de los principales retos para poner en marcha un modelo circular en América Latina y el Caribe; iii) los avances en el marco legislativo respecto de la gestión de residuos en la región y ejemplos de regulaciones efectivas; iv) un análisis comparativo de las estructuras productivas del sector de los residuos y sus potencialidades económicas en algunos países seleccionados, y v) las principales áreas de política en las que enfocarse para transitar hacia un modelo de desarrollo circular. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS AMBIENTALES, CONSUMO SOSTENIBLE, PRODUCCION SOSTENIBLE, ADMINISTRACION DE DESPERDICIOS SOLIDOS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, POLITICA AMBIENTAL, POLITICA DE DESARROLLO, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47309&r= |
| By: | Vos, Cora; Rösemann, Claus; Haenel, Hans-Dieter; Dämmgen, Ulrich; Döring, Ulrike; Wulf, Sebastian; Eurich-Menden, Brigitte; Freibauer, Annette; Döhler, Helmut; Schreiner, Carsten; Osterburg, Bernhard; Fuß, Roland |
| Abstract: | The report at hand (including a comprehensive annex of data) serves as additional document to the National In-ventory Report (NIR) on the German green house gas emissions and the Informative Inventory Report (IIR) on the German emissions of air pollutants (especially ammo-nia). The report documents the calculation methods used in the German agricultural inventory model Py-GAS-EM as well as input data, emission results and uncertainties of the emission reporting submission 2022 for the years 1990 - 2020. In this context the sector Agriculture comprises the emissions from animal husbandry, the use of agricultural soils and anaerobic digestion of energy crops. As required by the guidelines, emissions from activities preceding ag-riculture, from the use of energy and from land use change are reported elsewhere in the national invento-ries. The calculation methods are based in principle on the international guidelines for emission reporting and have been continuingly improved during the past years by the Thünen Institute working group on agricultural emission inventories, partly in cooperation with KTBL. In particular, these improvements concern the calculation of energy requirements, feeding and the N balance of the most im-portant animal categories. In addition, technical measures such as air scrubbing (mitigation of ammonia emissions) and digestion of animal manures (mitigation of emissions of methane and laughing gas) have been taken into account. For the calculation of emissions from anaerobic digestion of animal manures and energy crops (including spreading of the digestate), the aforemen-tioned working group developed, in cooperation with KTBL, a national methodology. Total GHG emissions from German agriculture de-creased from 70.6 Tg CO2eq in 1990 to 56.1 Tg CO2eq in 2020 (-20.5 %). This reduction is a consequence of the fol-lowing emission changes of partial sources (rounded fig-ures): • decrease of 9.3 Tg CO2eq (-28.0 %) as CH4 from enteric fermentation, • decrease of 2.1 Tg CO2eq (-18.1 %) as CH4 and N2O from manure management, • increase of 1.6 Tg CO2eq as CH4 and N2O from anaer-obic digestion of energy crops (digester + storage of digestate; 1990: 0 Tg), • decrease of 4.1 Tg CO2eq (18.0 %) as N2O from agri-cultural soils, • decrease of 0.56 Tg CO2eq (-20.6 %) as CO2 from lim-ing (agriculture and forest), • increase of 0.02 Tg CO2eq (+5.1 %) as CO2 from appli-cation of urea. These changes are largely the result of the decline in animal numbers following reunification (reduction of oversized livestock numbers in Eastern Germany) and from the mid-2000s due to the limiting effect of the milk quota system (albeit with a renewed increase due to abolition of the milk quota system as of 31 May 2015). Increased nitrogen fertilization (mainly due to the appli-cation of increasingly larger amounts of digestate) led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from the mid-2000s. By contrast, the increasing use of manure in biogas plants has contributed to a reduction in methane emis-sions from manure storage. The NH3 time series as well is a result of counteracting processes. Here too, one of the important governing quantities is the animal number the decrease of which after the German reunification is the main reason for the considerable decrease of the emissions from 1991 to 1992. Mitigation measures like emission-reduced stor-age and application of manure led to a reduction of emis-sions in subsequent years. However, opposite trends are caused by increase of animal performance and, for some years, animal numbers. In addition, emissions from appli-cation of synthetic fertilizer were higher than in 1990 in the years between 1998 and 2017, even though the amount of synthetic fertilizer applied decreased (in units of nitrogen). The observed increase of emissions was due to the increasing share of urea, as urea has a considerably higher emission factor than other synthetic fertilizers. Since 2020, urea fertilizers must either be incorporated within four hours or be stabilized with a urease inhibitor, which is why the emission factor has been greatly re-duced from this year onwards. A major contributor to the increase in NH3 emissions in recent years has been the increase in anaerobic diges-tion of energy crops. Including anaerobic digestion of en-ergy crops (including spreading of digestates) leads 2020 to total NH3 emissions from agriculture of 512.3 Gg, which is 25.5 % less than 1990 and 8.6% less than 2005. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Health Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2022–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:320067&r= |
| By: | Réka Soós; Andrew Whiteman; Gabriela Gavgas |
| Abstract: | This paper provides estimates of the cost of preventing land-based plastic leakage into the ocean, covering 38 OECD member countries and 10 selected major plastic waste emitters in Asia and Africa. The study estimates capital costs at EUR 54 billion in the Moderate Ambition scenario and EUR 74 billion in the High Ambition scenario. The annualised per-capita costs range between EUR 0.2 to 6.5 in the Moderate Ambition scenario and from EUR 0.8 to 6.5 in the High Ambition scenario. These cost estimates are much lower than UNEP and ISWA estimates of the cost of inaction of inadequate waste management, roughly USD 9 to 45 per capita. Differences in estimated costs are found to depend on countries’ waste policy stringency and waste management infrastructure. This paper contributes to OECD work in support of a sustainable ocean economy and the Global Plastics Outlook report. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, extended producer responsibility, leakage, marine litter, plastic, product stewardship, resource efficiency, sustainable consumption, waste management |
| JEL: | H23 Q51 Q52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:190-en&r= |
| By: | Ara Jo (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zürich, Zürichbergstrasse 18, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland); Alena Miftakhova (Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH), ETH Zürich, Zürichbergstrasse 18, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | The degree of substitutability between clean and dirty energy plays a central role in leading economic analyses of optimal environmental policy. Despite the importance, a constant and exogenous elasticity of substitution has been a dominant theoretical approach. We challenge this assumption by developing a dynamic general equilibrium model with an endogenous elasticity of substitution that interacts with the relative share of clean inputs in the economy. We find strong dynamic feedback effects arising from endogenous substitution capacity that amplifies the impact of directed technical change and accelerates the transition to a green economy |
| Keywords: | Elasticity of substitution, directed technical change, climate change |
| JEL: | Q40 Q55 Q54 O33 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eth:wpswif:22-369&r= |
| By: | Ashikin, Alias Nurul; Diana, Mohd Idris Nor; Siwar, Chamhuri; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Yasar, Muhamad |
| Abstract: | The east coast of Malaysia is frequently hit by monsoon floods every year that severely impact people, particularly those living close to the river bank, which is considered to be the most vulnerable and high-risk areas. We aim to determine the most vulnerable area and understand affected residents of this community who are living in the most sensitive areas caused by flooding events in districts of Temerloh, Pekan, and Kuantan, Pahang. This study involved collecting data for vulnerability index components. A field survey and face-to-face interviews with 602 respondents were conducted 6 months after the floods by using a questionnaire evaluation based on the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI). The findings show that residents in the Temerloh district are at higher risk of flooding damage compared to those living in Pekan and Kuantan. Meanwhile, the contribution factor of LVI-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) showed that Kuantan is more exposed to the impact of climate change, fol-lowed by Temerloh and Pekan. Among all the principal components shown, food components were considered to be the most vulnerable. Meanwhile, water components were categorised as the most invulnerable. Preventive planning involves preserving human life, minimising damage to household products, preserving crops and animals, adequate supply of clean water and food, good health and ensuring financial sustainability as an indication of changing livelihoods, sustainable food-storing systems, and other protective steps to curb damage and injury caused by annual flood strikes. Information generated on LVI assessment and adaptation procedures will help policymakers reduce people’s vulnerability in the face of floods and ensure proper plans are put in place in all relevant areas. |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:4xyaj&r= |
| By: | YI-CHUN KO; Shinsuke Uchida; AKIRA HIBIKI |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of our paper is to explore mechanisms of farmer's adaptation to climate change. Specifically, we assess the farmer's adaptation capacity to extremely low and high temperatures by quantifying the effect of farmer's age and experience on the temperature-yield relationship. We estimate their effects by conducting the panel (short-run adjustment) and long-differences (long-run adaptation) analyses following Burke and Emerick (2016) with the municipality-level rice yield data in Japan from 1993 to 2018. We find that both age and experience of extreme temperatures are significant factors that strengthen the farmer's adaptation capacity to climate. Age is more likely to help farmers adjust to annual weather fluctuations than to assist long-term adaptation to climate, whilst the past experience of extreme temperatures rather encourages farmers to adapt to the climate in the long run. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:12&r= |
| By: | Ojea-Ferreiro, Javier (European Commission); Reboredo, Juan C. (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela); Ugolini, Andrea (University of Milan-Bicocca) |
| Abstract: | Transitioning to a low-carbon economy involves risks for the value of financial assets, with potential ramifications for financial stability. We quantify the systemic impact on financial firms arising from changes in the value of financial assets under three climate transition scenarios that reflect different levels of vulnerability to the transition to a low-carbon economy, namely, orderly transition, disorderly transition, and no transition (hot house world). We describe three systemic risk metrics computed from a copula-based model of dependence between financial firm returns and financial asset market returns: climate transition expected returns, climate transition value-at-risk, and climate transition expected shortfall. Empirical evidence for European financial firms over the period 2013-2020 indicates that the climate transition risk varies across sectors and countries, with banks and real estate firms experiencing the highest and lowest systemic impacts from a disorderly transition, respectively. We find that default premium, yield slope and inflation are the main drivers of climate transition risk, and that, in terms of capital shortfall, the cost of rescuing more risk-exposed financial firms from climate transition losses is relatively manageable. Simulation of climate risks over a five-year period shows that disorderly transition can be expected to imply significant costs for banks, while financial services and real estate firms remain more sheltered. |
| Keywords: | Climate risks, financial stability, systemic risk, copulas |
| JEL: | C32 C58 G01 G20 G28 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202201&r= |
| By: | Bannor, Frank; Magambo, Isaiah Hubert; Mahabir, Jugal; Tshitaka, Jean-Luc Mubenga |
| Abstract: | Concerns about the human effects of climate change have contributed to forecasts of how populations in drought-prone, and flood-prone areas would respond to these events. Empirical studies have predicted that human migration has been among the critical resilient strategy in responding to the impact of climate change. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the climate–migration relationship, the impacts of climate change on international migration flows from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) nations to South Africa are investigated empirically in this paper. The study employed a fixed effects model and panel data from 35 countries in SSA, spanning 1990 to 2017. The findings are as follows: (1) the analysis show that temperature has a positive and statistically significant effect on outmigration in agriculture-dependent nations. (2) the analysis shows that agricultural-value-added as a share in GDP has a negative and statistically significant effect on outmigration in agriculture-dependent nations. (3) the results also show that geographic location, and development level of a country, in addition to dependency on agriculture are key factors in the climate change–international migration nexus. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | International migration,Sub-Saharan Africa,South Africa,Climate change,Agriculture |
| JEL: | F22 J61 Q50 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:251386&r= |
| By: | Chris Kenyon; Mourad Berrahoui; Andrea Macrina |
| Abstract: | Alignment of financial market incentives and carbon emissions disincentives is key to limiting global warming. Regulators and standards bodies have made a start by requiring some carbon-related disclosures and proposing others. Here we go further and propose a Carbon Equivalence Principle: all financial products shall contain a description of the equivalent carbon flows from greenhouse gases that the products enable, as well as their existing description in terms of cash flows. This description of the carbon flows enabled by the project shall be compatible with existing bank systems that track cashflows so that carbon flows have equal standing to cash flows. We demonstrate that this transparency alone can align incentives by applying it to project finance examples for power generation and by following through the financial analysis. The financial requirements to offset costs of carbon flows enabled in the future radically change project costs, and risk that assets become stranded, thus further increasing costs. This observation holds whichever partner in the project bears the enabled-carbon costs. Mitigating these risks requires project re-structuring to include negative emissions technologies. We also consider that sequestered carbon needs to remain sequestered permanently, e.g., for at least one hundred years. We introduce mixed financial-physical solutions to minimise this permanence cost, and price to them. This complements previous insurance-based proposals with lesser scope. For financial viability we introduce project designs that are financially net-zero, and as a consequence are carbon negative. Thus we see that adoption of the Carbon Equivalence Principle for financial products aligns incentives, requires product redesign, and is simply good financial management driving sustainability. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2202.07689&r= |
| By: | Dasgupta, Shouro; Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z. |
| Abstract: | It is generally accepted that climate change is having a negative impact on food security. However, most of the literature variously focuses on the complex and many mechanisms linking climate stressors; the links with food production or productivity rather than food security; and future rather than current effects. In contrast, we investigate the extent to which current changes in food insecurity can be plausibly attributed to climate change. We combine food insecurity data for 83 countries from the FAO food insecurity experience scale (FIES) with reanalysed climate data from ERA5-Land, and use a panel data regression with time-varying coefficients. This framework allows us to estimate whether the relationship between food insecurity and temperature anomaly is changing over time. We also control for Human Development Index, and drought measured by six-month Standardized Precipitation Index. Our empirical findings suggest that for every 1 ∘C of temperature anomaly, severe global food insecurity has increased by 1.4% (95% CI 1.3–1.47) in 2014 but by 1.64% (95% CI 1.6–1.65) in 2019. This impact is higher in the case of moderate to severe food insecurity, with a 1 ∘C increase in temperature anomaly resulting in a 1.58% (95% CI 1.48–1.68) increase in 2014 but a 2.14% (95% CI 2.08–2.20) increase in 2019. Thus, the results show that the temperature anomaly has not only increased the probability of food insecurity, but the magnitude of this impact has increased over time. Our counterfactual analysis suggests that climate change has been responsible for reversing some of the improvements in food security that would otherwise have been realised, with the highest impact in Africa. Our analysis both provides more evidence of the costs of climate change, and as such the benefits of mitigation, and also highlights the importance of targeted and efficient policies to reduce food insecurity. These policies are likely to need to take into account local contexts, and might include efforts to increase crop yields, targeted safety nets, and behavioural programs to promote household resilience. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114408&r= |
| By: | Victoire Girard; Teresa Molina-Millán; Guillaume Vic |
| Abstract: | The livelihoods of 130 to 270 million people depend on artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), a labor-intensive method of mineral extraction. Based on geological mapping and gold price variations in a yearly panel of 10,628 fine-grained cells, we provide the first estimation of the environmental and wealth impacts of the main form of ASM, gold ASM, throughout the African continent. We first demonstrate that artisanal mining leads to tropical deforestation and vegetation degradation. We find that the historical increase in the gold price accounts for 20 percent of the total deforestation in the gold-prone tropical regions in Africa. Second, we contrast these negative environmental impacts with the positive economic effects of ASM, which increases nighttime light emissions and households wealth. Last, we show how droughts magnify the effects of ASM, suggesting that mining may be a way for households to diversify their livelihoods when agricultural incomes fall short. These results are policy relevant: a one standard deviation increase in artisanal gold mining revenues increases wealth by 2% of a standard deviation, an effect larger than the effect of drought alone on wealth. |
| Keywords: | Artisanal mining, drought, gold, natural resources |
| JEL: | O13 O55 Q32 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:novafr:wp2201&r= |
| By: | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) |
| Abstract: | This report explores three different scenarios for the future of food and agriculture, based on alternative trends for key drivers, including income growth and distribution, population growth, technical progress and climate change. Building on the report The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges, this publication forms part of FAO’s efforts to support evidence-based decision-making processes. It provides solid qualitative and quantitative analysis and sheds light on possible strategic options to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of eradicating hunger, improving nutrition and ensuring economic, social and environmental sustainability of food and agricultural systems. Report and all related material are available at http://www.fao.org/publications/fofa |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:faoeff:319842&r= |
| By: | Vital, Filipe; Ioannou, Petros |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector is responsible for 28% of US greenhouse emissions, with a considerable amount being generated by medium- and heavy-duty trucks. Multiple strategies will be needed to improve efficiency and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the trucking industry. Researchers at the University of Southern California developed a truck routing model that minimizes fuel consumption and reduces emissions while explicitly accounting for parking availability and hours-of-service constraints. The researchers used the model to test various scenarios that reflect the practical constraints faced by drivers. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Hours of Service Regulations, Truck Driver Scheduling, Fuel Consumption Optimization, Parking-aware Planning |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4xj5w07g&r= |
| By: | Aguilar Revelo, Lorena |
| Abstract: | En el presente documento se identifican prácticas promisorias desarrolladas por los mecanismos para el adelanto de las mujeres y otros socios estratégicos de América Latina y el Caribe, o con participación de ellos, relacionadas con la integración de la perspectiva de género en los instrumentos de política pública, proyectos e iniciativas de adaptación y mitigación frente al cambio climático. El documento tiene por objetivo ampliar el conocimiento sobre el vínculo entre la igualdad de género y la autonomía de las mujeres en el contexto del cambio climático, con el propósito de que la igualdad de género sea priorizada y abordada de forma integral en las acciones sobre cambio climático a nivel local, nacional y regional, y se asegure la plena participación de las mujeres como actoras en materia climática, para alcanzar el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible y los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Asimismo, busca ser un apoyo para que los Gobiernos puedan avanzar en la implementación de los acuerdos expresados en el Compromiso de Santiago, que se alcanzó como resultado de la XIV Conferencia Regional sobre la Mujer de América Latina y el Caribe. |
| Keywords: | MUJERES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, ADELANTO DE LA MUJER, POLITICA SOCIAL, WOMEN, CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, GENDER EQUALITY, WOMEN'S ADVANCEMENT, SOCIAL POLICY |
| Date: | 2021–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47270&r= |
| By: | Alexander Leodolter; Savina Princen; Aleksander Rutkowski |
| Abstract: | A well-designed recurrent tax on residential property (RRPT) can be an important element of the tax mix being able to foster growth, address policy issues related to inequality and contribute to the green transition. Nevertheless, tax revenues from recurrent property taxes are low in EU Member States. The paper first examines the design of efficient property taxation, which also includes removing the homeownership bias in taxation. Subsequently, it provides an overview of RRPT policies in EU Member States and discusses the political economy of property tax reforms. Finally, potential RRPT reforms to reduce inequality and support environmental goals are explored. An RRPT with a progressive rate schedule and a regularly updated tax base factoring in the energy performance of the building is able to support growth, reduce income inequality and contribute to a sustainable environment. |
| JEL: | D1 D3 D31 H2 H21 H22 H22 H24 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:156&r= |
| By: | J.M.D. Sandamali Wijayarathne (University of Waikato); Gazi M. Hassan (University of Waikato); Mark J. Holmes (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 ensures universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services by 2030. However, one-third of the world's population still lacks access to clean cooking fuel, and it will account for 2.3 billion by 2030. The transition from solid to clean, modern fuel is challenging because it is influenced by various factors, with household income being one of the most influential. Nowadays, the overwhelming majority of people in low and middle-income countries heavily rely on migrant remittances as a source of income, and this will have a favourable impact on clean cooking fuel choice. To explore this, we use three waves of Sri Lankan Households' Income and Expenditure Survey data (2009, 2012, and 2016). The results of propensity score matching analysis reveal that migrants use about 5% more clean fuel for cooking than non-migrants. Furthermore, we use the instrumental variable approach and the log of the distance to the nearest bank as the instrument to address the endogeneity of remittances. Accordingly, the control function estimates show that a 10% increase in migrant remittances increases clean cooking fuel use by 3.2%. The instrumental variable mediation analysis results find that household wealth significantly mediates this relationship. The findings suggest that policies encouraging migrant remittances can assist in developing and implementing energy policies to achieve SDG 7 by 2030. |
| Keywords: | clean fuels; solid fuels; remittances; migration; household wealth; sustainable development goals |
| JEL: | F22 F24 Q40 R20 |
| Date: | 2022–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:22/09&r= |
| By: | Libois, François; Baland, Jean-Marie; Delbart, Nicolas; Pattanayak, Subhrendu |
| Abstract: | Since 1993, Nepal has implemented one of the most ambitious and comprehensive program of decentralization of forest management in the world, which is widely considered a success story in terms of participatory management of natural resources. Using quasi-experimental methods, we first quantify the net gains in tree cover related to the program in the Hills and Mountains of Nepal, and describe their temporal evolution. We then discuss the mechanisms driving forest restoration, highlighting that, while community forestry played a role in increasing forest biomass and forest size, it also reduced demand pressures by altering energy choices. |
| Keywords: | Forest management ; Community forestry ; Nepal ; Energy ; Participatory development |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:docweb:2204&r= |
| By: | Cecchini, Simone; Holz, Raúl; Soto de la Rosa, Humberto |
| Keywords: | POLITICA SOCIAL, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, COVID-19, SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, SOCIAL POLICY, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, COVID-19, SOCIAL SECURITY |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47504&r= |
| By: | Ellie Benton; LSE Housing and Communities; Anne Power |
| Keywords: | energy saving. retrofit, social housing, fire safety, case studies, grenfell, |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:sticar:casereport139&r= |
| By: | Mario Iparraguirre; Adriana Haring |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how Argentina\'s productive sectors have been affected by the COVID-19 crisis and how they will evolve towards 2030 in the face of the long-term challenges set at the local and global levels. This paper analyzes how Argentina\'s productive sectors have been affected by the COVID-19 crisis and how they will evolve towards 2030 in the face of the long-term challenges set at the local and global levels. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Covid-19, COVID-19 crisis, Crisis COVID-19, digital transformation, transformación digital, Population, Población, Climate change, Cambio climático, Argentina, Argentina, Digital Trends, Tendencias Digitales, Sustainable Development, Desarrollo Sostenible, Working Papers, Documento de Trabajo |
| JEL: | O1 J2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bbv:wpaper:2202&r= |
| By: | Achtelik, Timo; Herstatt, Cornelius; Tiwari, Rajnish |
| Abstract: | Frugal innovations are increasingly considered in the context of sustainability and are seen to have promising potential for the realization of global sustainability goals. So far, the discourse has focused on the question of whether and how frugal innovations contribute to sustainable development without presenting concrete guidelines and principles. Through a systematic literature review guiding principles are therefore derived, conceptualized in the motivational context of emerging and industrialized economies and empirically illustrated using the example of Western automotive companies. The principles can be used to further substantiate the link between frugal innovations and corporate sustainability as well as to use them for the development of green(er) innovation. |
| Keywords: | Frugal Innovation,Frugal Sustainability,Corporate Sustainability,Automotive |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tuhtim:112&r= |
| By: | Marion Davin (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mouez Fodha (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thomas Seegmuller (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | We study whether fiscal policies, especially public debt, can help to curb the macroeconomic and health consequences of epidemics. Our approach is based on three main features: we introduce the dynamics of epidemics in an overlapping generations model to take into account that old people are more vulnerable; people are more easily infected when pollution is high; public spending in health care and public debt can be used to tackle the effects of epidemics. We show that fiscal policies can promote convergence to a stable disease-free steady state. When public policies are not able to permanently eradicate the epidemic, public debt, and income transfers could reduce the number of infected people and increase capital and GDP per capita. As a prerequisite, pollution intensity should not be too high. Finally, we define a household subsidy policy that eliminates income and welfare inequalities between healthy and infected individuals. |
| Keywords: | public debt,overlapping generations,pollution,Epidemics |
| Date: | 2021–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03555726&r= |
| By: | Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr (Accounting and Finance Department, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates; South Ural State University, Russian Federation); Karim, Sitara (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, ILMA University, Karachi, Pakistan); Jamasb, Tooraj (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Nepal, Rabindra (School of Business, Faculty of Business and Law, University of Wollongong, Australia) |
| Abstract: | The current study examines the risk transmission between green markets and commodities spanning 3 January 2011 to 20 June 2021. We use two novel methodologies of volatility transmission using dynamic conditional correlation (DCC-GARCH) and the other time-varying parameters vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) technique of connectedness. We found parallel results of risk transmission between green markets and commodities using these measures of connectedness. Results demonstrate that green markets and commodities form a weakly knitted sphere of connectedness where intra-group clustering dominates the inter-group connectedness. Clean energy markets and precious metals form two distinct groups of connectedness for respective markets. However, crude oil, natural gas and wheat remained indifferent to the shocks highlighting their potential to serve as diversifiers due to their low risk bearing features. Further, time-varying dynamics emphasize the occurrence of sizable events that disrupted the operations of green and commodity markets, accentuating the attention of investors, portfolio managers, and financial market participants. Intense spillovers shaped the overall connectedness of the network where green markets (commodities) are fashioned in positive (negative) risk spillovers. Finally, we propose recommendations for policymakers, regulators, investors, portfolio managers, and market participants to devise policies and investment goals to shield their investments from unexpected circumstances. |
| Keywords: | Green markets; Commodities; DCC-GARCH; TVP-VAR; Volatility transmission |
| JEL: | G10 G11 G19 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2022_002&r= |
| By: | Diana, Mohd Idris Nor; Muhamad, Nurfashareena; Taha, Mohd Raihan; Bari, Azizul; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | Landslides represent one of the world’s most dangerous and widespread risks, annually causing thousands of deaths and billions of dollars worth of damage. Building on and around hilly areas in many regions has increased, and it poses a severe threat to the physical infrastructure and people living within such zones. Quantitative assessment of social vulnerability in Malaysia is worrying because it has been given less attention than hazard-related studies. Therefore, this study’s objective is to find out the indicators used for social vulnerability assessment in the context of a landslide in Malaysia. The analysis is critical for understanding the measures of social vulnerability, given that the incorporation of climate change and disaster risk mitigation issues in urban planning and management are considered priorities in ensuring a stable popula-tion growth and avoiding economic disruption. A systematic study on the Scopus and Web of Science repositories was conducted based on the PRISMA Report analysis method. This article concluded that there are six important indicators of social vulnerability in the context of land-slide in Malaysia. |
| Date: | 2020–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:j2k3w&r= |
| By: | Eva Barteková (OECD); Peter Börkey (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Digital transformation is increasingly recognised as a means to help unlocking the benefits of more inclusive and sustainable growth and enhanced social well-being. In the environmental context, digitalisation can contribute to decoupling economic activity from natural resource use and their environmental impacts. This paper takes stock of the implications of digitalisation for the transition to a resource efficient and circular economy. Particularly, the paper provides insights into how digitalisation may fuel circular business models in the private sector, and discusses the role of digital technologies in addressing some important market failures that stand in the way to scaling up circular activities. It also offers a public sector perspective, by exploring how digital technologies support effective delivery of circular economy policies, enabling better policy design, reshaping government-citizen interaction and improving implementation of policies. Additionally, the paper maps potential unintended consequences of the digital circular transition, including general risks related to data, security, privacy and transparency, as well as rebound effects and unexpected regulatory interventions. |
| Keywords: | circular business models, circular economy, digital technologies, market failures, rebound effects, resource efficiency |
| JEL: | L22 L23 O14 Q53 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:192-en&r= |
| By: | Surminski, Swenja; Barnes, Jonathan; Vincent, Katharine |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how climate risk information produced in the context of insurancerelated activities can support public climate adaptation planning. The central contribution is to outline how relevant climate risk information can translate into behaviour change, and the drivers and barriers that influence this in Sub-Saharan Africa. The insurance industry has the potential to catalyse greater use of climate information, either through existing insurance transactions or through capacity building and investment in data sharing and collaboration. We investigate the interplay of climate risk information and insurance processes from two angles: the use of climate risk data by those who provide insurance – with information as an input to the underwriting process; and the catalyst role of insurance for governments to move towards anticipatory climate risk management. We apply a multi-method approach, combining insights from a survey of 40 insurance experts with key informant interviews and document analysis from three complementary case studies: indemnity-based insurance of private assets in South Africa; parametric sovereign risk pool in Malawi; and collaboration on risk analytics and risk management advice (no insurance) in Tanzania. The analysis offers a new perspective on the catalyst role of insurance by focusing on the ways in which political economy factors, particularly incentives and relationships, influence this process. Overall, there appears to be clear scope for a dynamic interaction between insurers and governments where symbiotic use and generation of climate risk information can advance mutual goals. However, that ambition faces many challenges that go beyond availability and suitability of data. Limited trust, unclear risk ownership and/or lack of incentives are key barriers, even if there is risk awareness and overall motivation to manage climate risks. The three cases show the importance of sustained cross-sectoral collaboration and capacity building to increase awareness and utilization of insurance-related climate risk information. |
| Keywords: | NE/M020010/1 (Kulima) and NE/M020134/1 (UKZN); Grantham Institute |
| JEL: | L81 |
| Date: | 2022–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113564&r= |
| By: | Kvam, Emilie (NTNU); Molnar, Peter (University of Stavanger); Wankel, Ingvild (NTNU); Odegaard, Bernt Arne (University of Stavanger) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the link between stock returns and ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) concerns. The ESG concerns are measured by ESG-related sentiment extracted from Google Trends and Twitter, and also by the VIX index. We find that higher ESG scores are associated with lower stock returns on average. However, companies with high ESG scores deliver high returns in times of ESG concerns. Our results are consistent with the implications of equilibrium models of Pastor et al. (2021) and Pedersen et al. (2021) about the ESG score and changes in ESG concerns (preferences or news). |
| Keywords: | ESG investing; Social Media; Exclusion |
| JEL: | G10 G20 |
| Date: | 2022–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:stavef:2022_001&r= |
| By: | Camarinhas, Catarina; Trumbic, Ivica |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda underscores the importance of a strengthened institutional framework at the national and regional levels that integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development. This study provides an overview of integrated decision-making processes in Caribbean countries and the role that national institutions play in supporting systematizing integrated decision-making for sustainable development, including in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with focus on eight Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS): Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. The study identified some innovative good practices, scalable at the subregional level, designed to support integrated decision-making and coordinated implementation and follow-up of national and international development frameworks at all levels, as well as the mainstreaming of SDGs into national and subnational policies that are integrated across sectors. These practices may also help in improving the clarity of institutional roles and responsibilities among government agencies involved in the implementation of 2030 Agenda. All eight countries covered in this study have established or are in the process of establishing sustainable development frameworks, adopting the principles of multi-sector and inter-ministerial collaboration. Key elements of strategic integration at national level adopted by Caribbean countries include: Integrated development plans and strategies; Coordination mechanisms (Horizontal and Vertical); Participatory processes; Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Access to information; Monitoring and Evaluation. |
| Keywords: | OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PLANIFICACION DEL DESARROLLO, TOMA DE DECISIONES, COOPERACION REGIONAL, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, DECISION-MAKING, REGIONAL COOPERATION, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:47772&r= |
| By: | Brian Buh; Stefanie Peer |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates which factors determine the intention to take a night train, emphasizing the role of environmental concern. We employ a Theory of Planned Behavior framework. We built a survey based on elicitation study, which resulted in an online survey being conducted on a convenience sample in Vienna (Austria). Our results show that in particular environmental concern and familiarity with night train services play a significant role in the formation of the intention to take a night train. Among the significant factors that are associated with a high intention to take a night train are the belief that night trains are comfortable, that one can save the cost of a night in a hotel, and that night trains tend to arrive at and depart from the city center. Factors that deter travelers from taking a night train include a high price, the sharing of cabins, and long travel times. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Concern, Mode Choice, Night Trains, Theory of Planned Behavior, Long-distance travel |
| JEL: | N74 R40 L92 Q57 D01 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2022_02&r= |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van |
| Abstract: | Rural waste management in Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n6ws8&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En un mundo cada vez más incierto, la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible es un punto de referencia y una hoja de ruta, y la cooperación Sur-Sur y triangular se ha vuelto cada vez más relevante para movilizar recursos adicionales para su implementación, incrementar las capacidades de cooperación y brindar soluciones flexibles a los retos del desarrollo. En el documento final de la Segunda Conferencia de Alto Nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Cooperación Sur-Sur se invitó a los países en desarrollo interesados a que participaran en las consultas que se celebrasen en el marco de las comisiones regionales, los foros intergubernamentales pertinentes sobre la cooperación Sur-Sur y la cooperación triangular o las organizaciones regionales, acerca de metodologías voluntarias no vinculantes para contabilizar y evaluar la cooperación, sobre la base de las experiencias existentes, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades y las diferentes modalidades de la cooperación Sur-Sur y respetando la diversidad de este tipo de cooperación y de los enfoques nacionales. En esta publicación se ofrecen claves para entender el valor de la cooperación Sur-Sur y triangular en la región, a la vez que se proporcionan datos acerca de las experiencias de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, insumos necesarios para avanzar en el proceso de compartir y homologar metodologías de medición de la cooperación a escala regional. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, COOPERACION ECONOMICA ENTRE PAISES EN DESARROLLO, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, MULTILATERALISMO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, MULTILATERALISM, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2021–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47445&r= |
| By: | Cecchini, Simone; Holz, Raúl; Robles, Claudia |
| Keywords: | SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, DESASTRES NATURALES, EPIDEMIAS, DESASTRES CAUSADOS POR EL SER HUMANO, COVID-19, POLITICA SOCIAL, PREPARACION PARA CASOS DE DESASTRES, SOCIAL SECURITY, NATURAL DISASTERS, EPIDEMICS, HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS, COVID-19, SOCIAL POLICY, DISASTER PREPAREDNESS |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47501&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En el contexto de la crisis desatada por la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), los países de América Latina y el Caribe deben hacer frente a viejos y nuevos desafíos estructurales, tanto en lo económico, como en lo social y lo ambiental. Estos desafíos pueden convertirse en un estímulo para desarrollar nuevos modelos de consumo y producción y facilitar un nuevo tipo de desarrollo. En este sentido, la medición estadística es un factor clave y cada vez más relevante para el diseño, el monitoreo y la evaluación de políticas públicas que permitan avanzar hacia el desarrollo sostenible en la región. El presente documento constituye un esfuerzo conjunto de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE) para medir las capacidades de producción verde de las empresas brasileñas, y se espera que sirva de guía para que otros países de la región avancen en la misma dirección. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PRODUCCION INDUSTRIAL, PRODUCCION SOSTENIBLE, EMPRESAS MANUFACTURERAS, MEDICION, ENCUESTAS INDUSTRIALES, INNOVACIONES, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES, MEASUREMENT, INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS, INNOVATIONS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47357&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Este documento es una contribución para que los países de América Latina y el Caribe avancen hacia la electromovilidad. La movilidad urbana en las ciudades de la región es cada vez más ineficiente, con pérdidas de productividad por problemas de salud causados por la contaminación, pérdidas económicas por la congestión del tránsito, la degradación de espacios y las elevadas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Electrificar la movilidad, especialmente la pública, constituye un impulso para el desarrollo productivo y sostenible de la región. El primer paso para avanzar en esta estrategia de transformación de vehículos para acelerar la inversión en electromovilidad es contar con un marco regulatorio que establezca los requisitos necesarios para resguardar la seguridad. En este documento se plantea la posibilidad de una regulación de carácter general para que los países interesados puedan hacer el uso que estimen conveniente de la propuesta. |
| Keywords: | ENERGIA ELECTRICA, DESARROLLO INDUSTRIAL, AUTOMOVILES, COMBUSTIBLES FOSILES, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, VEHICULOS ELECTRICOS, CIUDADES, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, ELECTRIC POWER, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, AUTOMOBILES, FOSSIL FUELS, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, ELECTRIC VEHICLES, CITIES, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, LAWS AND REGULATIONS |
| Date: | 2021–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47369&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | In an increasingly uncertain world, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a point of reference and a road map, and South-South and triangular cooperation have become ever more important for mobilizing additional resources for implementation of the Agenda, for increasing cooperation capacities and for providing flexible solutions to development challenges. The outcome of the second High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation invited interested developing countries to engage in consultations within the framework of the regional commissions, relevant intergovernmental forums on South-South and triangular cooperation or regional organizations, on non-binding voluntary methodologies for measuring and evaluating cooperation, building on existing experiences, taking into account the specificities and different modalities of South-South cooperation and respecting the diversity within South-South cooperation and within national approaches. This publication offers keys to understanding the value of South-South and triangular cooperation in the region, while providing data on the experiences of Latin American and Caribbean countries, as necessary inputs for advancing in the process of sharing and standardizing methodologies for measuring cooperation at the regional level. |
| Keywords: | AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, COOPERACION ECONOMICA ENTRE PAISES EN DESARROLLO, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, MULTILATERALISMO, ESTUDIOS DE CASOS, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, MULTILATERALISM, CASE STUDIES |
| Date: | 2021–11–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47446&r= |
| By: | Barragán, Daniel; Torres, Valeria; De Miguel, Carlos J. |
| Abstract: | El día 16 de septiembre de 2020 se realizó el seminario “Desafíos regionales en el marco del Acuerdo de Escazú: gestión de la información sobre biodiversidad en países megadiversos”, organizado conjuntamente por las siguientes instituciones: el Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), el Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica, la Defensoría del Pueblo, el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones sobre Ambiente y Territorio (CIIAT) de la Universidad de Los Hemisferios, todas ellas del Ecuador; la Comisión Nacional para la Gestión de la Biodiversidad (CONAGEBIO) de Costa Rica y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). El seminario tuvo como objetivo el fomentar el aprendizaje y la colaboración en torno a los retos que plantea la generación, divulgación y acceso a la información sobre la biodiversidad en el marco del Acuerdo de Escazú y los estándares internacionales de transparencia. En la primera sesión se abordaron las generalidades del Acuerdo de Escazú, con énfasis en su pilar de información, así como el derecho a la información y la importancia de información sobre biodiversidad. En la segunda sesión se introdujo la importancia del fortalecimiento de capacidades y la cooperación Sur-Sur como base para el abordaje de las experiencias de gestión de información sobre biodiversidad de Costa Rica, México y Ecuador. En el marco de cada una de las sesiones se propició un espacio de diálogo entre distintos actores gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil en torno a los desafías que plantea el Acuerdo de Escazú para garantizar adecuadamente el acceso a la información, pero también la generación, gestión y difusión de información sobre biodiversidad, como un factor estratégico para la región. |
| Keywords: | MEDIO AMBIENTE, INFORMACION AMBIENTAL, DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, GESTION DEL CONOCIMIENTO, COOPERACION REGIONAL, INSTITUCIONES PUBLICAS, INSTRUMENTOS INTERNACIONALES, ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, REGIONAL COOPERATION, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS |
| Date: | 2022–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:47769&r= |
| By: | van Koppen, Barbara (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Raut, Manita (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Rajouria, Alok (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Khadka, Manohara (International Water Management Institute (IWMI)); Pradhan, P.; GC, R. K.; Colavito, L.; O’Hara, C.; Rautanen, S.-L.; Nepal, P. R.; Shrestha, P. K. |
| Abstract: | The Constitution of Nepal 2015 enshrines everyone’s right of access to clean water for drinking and the right to food. The common operationalization of the right to water for drinking is providing access to infrastructure that brings water for drinking and other basic domestic uses near and at homesteads. Challenges to achieving this goal in rural areas include: low functionality of water systems; expansion of informal self supply for multiple uses; widespread de facto productive uses of water systems designed for domestic uses; growing competition for finite water resources; and male elite capture in polycentric decision-making. This paper traces how the Nepali government and nongovernmental organizations in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), irrigation and other sectors have joined forces since the early 2000s to address these challenges by innovating community-led multiple use water services (MUS). The present literature review of these processes complemented by field research supported by the Water for Women Fund focuses on women in vulnerable households. Overcoming sectoral silos, these organizations support what is often seen as the sole responsibility of the WASH sector: targeting infrastructure development to bring sufficient water near and at homesteads of those left behind. Women’s priorities for using this water are respected and supported, which often includes productive uses, also at basic volumes. In line with decentralized federalism, inclusive community-led MUS planning processes build on vulnerable households’ self supply, commonly for multiple uses, and follow their priorities for local incremental infrastructure improvements. Further, community-led MUS builds on community-based arrangements for ‘sharing in’ and ‘sharing out’ the finite water resources in and under communities’ social territories. This realizes the constitutional right to food in line with the Nepal Water Resources Act, 1992, which prioritizes core minimum volumes of water for everyone’s domestic uses and many households’ irrigation. Evidence shows how the alleviation of domestic chores, women’s stronger control over food production for nutrition and income, and more sustainable infrastructure mutually reinforce each other in virtuous circles out of gendered poverty. However, the main challenge remains the inclusion of women and vulnerable households in participatory processes. |
| Keywords: | Multiple use water services; Gender equality; Social inclusion; Community involvement; Water resources; Water supply; Supply chains; Right to water; Water availability; Drinking water; Domestic water; Water, sanitation and hygiene; Participatory approaches; Decision making; Governmental organizations; Non-governmental organizations; Households; Women; Livelihoods; Vulnerability; Water sharing; Solar energy; Food security; Nexus; Rural areas; Water systems; Infrastructure; Irrigation; Small scale systems; Sustainability; Benefit-cost ratio; Financing; Income; Competition |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:worppr:h050908&r= |
| By: | Williams, Geoffrey; Ginzel, Matthew D.; Ma, Zhao; Adams, Damian C.; Campbell, Faith; Lovett, Gary M.; Pildain, María Belén; Raffa, Kenneth F.; Gandhi, Kamal J. K.; Santini, Alberto |
| Abstract: | Society is confronted by interconnected threats to ecological sustainability. Among these is the devastation of forests by destructive non-native pathogens and insects introduced through global trade, leading to the loss of critical ecosystem services and a global forest health crisis. We argue that the forest health crisis is a public good social dilemma and propose a response framework that incorporates principles of collective action. This framework will enable scientists to better engage policymakers and empower the public to advocate for proactive biosecurity and forest health management. Collective action in forest health will feature broadly inclusive stakeholder engagement to build trust and set goals; accountability for destructive pest introductions; pooled support for weakest-link partners; and inclusion of intrinsic and non-market values of forest ecosystems in risk assessment. We provide short-term and longer-term measures that incorporate the above principles to shift the societal and ecological forest health paradigm to a more resilient state. |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:k9jdy&r= |
| By: | Rodulfo, María Beatriz; Giordano, Diego; Pochat, Santiago |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO RURAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CARRETERAS, ZONAS RURALES, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, GOBIERNO ABIERTO, PROGRAMAS DE ACCION, TRANSPORTE, PLANIFICACION DEL TRANSPORTE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ROADS, RURAL AREAS, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, OPEN GOVERNMENT, PROGRAMMES OF ACTION, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT PLANNING |
| Date: | 2021–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47616&r= |
| By: | Dipak Raj Pant; Stéphane Jedrzejczak |
| Abstract: | The issues related to the resilience of small and medium enterprises are key to understanding how disruptions and contextual constraints provoked by the Covid-19 pandemic’s have impacted the lives and livelihoods of small entrepreneurs and their partners along local supply chains and markets. The capacity of SMEs to resist, adapt and take advantage of external environmental changes is key to the sustainability of local economic processes. This report provides an overview about the resilience and vulnerabilities of SMEs engaged in the production and trade of wine of a specific area in north-western Italy during the coronavirus pandemic of 2020-2021 in the villages and small towns of the Alpine foothills and pre-Alpine lowlands in northern Piedmont. The research combined field survey, documentary analysis, and stakeholder consultations to shed light on present uncertainties for the wine business community and context. The perspectives gained in the field lead to a critical re-thinking on existing business and development models useful to elaborate new plausible and sustainable scenarios (alternative images of future) about the Nebbiolo business community. For policy makers, this understanding is useful to steer the local development process towards sustainability, to broader issues surrounding business continuity, resilience, and sustainable local development. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:liu:liucec:2022-12&r= |
| By: | Poveda Bonilla, Rafael |
| Abstract: | En este documento se comparan las políticas públicas de encadenamientos productivos y agregación de valor del cobre en Chile, el Ecuador y el Perú. El principal propósito es estudiar el proceso de gobernanza de la implementación de políticas públicas dirigidas a avanzar en los eslabones posteriores del procesamiento de recursos minerales, en particular en el caso del cobre. La investigación tiene cuatro objetivos: analizar el contexto en que opera la industria del cobre y los encadenamientos de su cadena de valor; examinar el marco normativo e institucional y las políticas de agregación de valor al cobre; especificar a los actores, los recursos que movilizan para influir en el proceso de decisión y las interacciones que se producen, y, por último, identificar los desafíos de gobernanza y política pública. Se espera que los resultados del estudio contribuyan a que los países promuevan enlaces positivos entre la actividad extractiva primario-exportadora y la innovación, el conocimiento y los encadenamientos productivos, en concordancia con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. |
| Keywords: | COBRE, INDUSTRIA DEL COBRE, RECURSOS MINEROS, VALOR, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, RECURSOS NATURALES, ORGANIZACION INDUSTRIAL, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, COPPER, COPPER INDUSTRY, MINING RESOURCES, VALUE, INDUSTRIAL POLICY, NATURAL RESOURCES, INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION, LAWS AND REGULATIONS |
| Date: | 2021–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47363&r= |
| By: | Vasily Astrov (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Robert Stehrer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Zuzana Zavarská (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | To benefit from the newly established EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the Visegrád countries – Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland – have submitted their national recovery plans. All plans mostly rely on EU grants, with only Poland requesting a small amount of EU loans. Although all plans meet the requirements of at least 37% to be spent on green transition and at least 20% on the digital economy, individual spending priorities vary by country. Czechia and Poland, which are strongly dependent on coal power generation, put a great emphasis on renewables and clean technologies, Hungary on health care and green transportation, and Slovakia on digital skills and health care. The annual growth effect of total EU RRF spending is estimated to range, on average, between 0.6 pp in Czechia and 1.4 pp in Slovakia over the next five years. For Austria, the effect will be less pronounced only 0.3 pp. However, the Austrian economy will benefit from the positive demand spill-overs of RRF in the Visegrád countries due to its extensive production and trade links with the region. The policy implications for Austria include the encouragement of cross-border cooperation on projects (especially in the areas of green transition and health care), an active role in regional stakeholder engagement, and reinforcement of alignment with core EU goals and values. |
| Keywords: | Recovery and Resilience Facility, Visegrád countries, fiscal multiplier, input-output tables |
| JEL: | F0 H30 H50 H77 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:56&r= |
| By: | Almatrudi, Sulaiman; Parvate, Kanaad; Rothchild, Daniel; Vijay, Upadhi; Jang, Kathy; Bayen, Alexandre |
| Abstract: | In an ideal world, all cars along a congested roadway would travel at the same constant average speed; however, this is hardly the case. As soon as one driver brakes, trailing cars must also brake to compensate, leading to “stop and go” traffic waves. This unnecessary braking and accelerating increases fuel consumption (and greenhouse gas emissions) by as much as 67 percent.1 Fortunately, automated vehicles (AVs) — even Level 2 AVs2 which are commercially available today — have the potential to mitigate this problem. By accelerating less than a human would, an AV with flow smoothing technology is able to smooth out a traffic wave, eventually leading to free-flowing traffic (See Figure 1). To demonstrate the potential of flow smoothing on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, researchers at UC Berkeley used a calibrated model of the I-210 freeway in Los Angeles to simulate and measure the effect of deploying different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of flow-smoothing AVs on the average miles per gallon (MPG) of non-AVs in the traffic system. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt3ss034fw&r= |
| By: | Halse, Askill H. (Institute of Transport Economics); Hauge, Karen E. (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Isaksen, Elisabeth T. (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Johansen, Bjørn G. (Institute of Transport Economics); Rauum, Oddbjørn (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | We study how the adoption of battery electric vehicles – a key technology for decarbonizing transportation – responds to two local privileges: road toll exemption and bus lane access. Combining rich Norwegian microdata with a quasi-experimental research design where we exploit household-level variations in incentives on work commutes, we find sizable and positive effects on electric vehicle ownership. The increase in electric vehicles from having road tolls and bus lanes on work commutes is offset by a similar decline in conventional vehicles. Road tolls also reduce brown driving, but lower CO2 emissions are largely explained by the existence of fewer conventional vehicles. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles; local incentives; road tolls; bus lanes |
| JEL: | H23 Q55 Q58 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:osloec:2022_001&r= |
| By: | Vargas-Hernández, José G. |
| Keywords: | CIUDADES, ZONAS URBANAS, GOBERNABILIDAD, DESCENTRALIZACION GUBERNAMENTAL, RENDICION DE CUENTAS, GOBIERNO ABIERTO, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, CITIES, URBAN AREAS, GOVERNANCE, DECENTRALIZATION IN GOVERNMENT, ACCOUNTABILITY, OPEN GOVERNMENT, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2021–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:47620&r= |
| By: | Zarepour, Z.; Wagner, N. |
| Abstract: | Energy prices increased several folds due to the 2010 Iranian Energy Subsidy Reform. This study assesses the impact of the reform on the performance of manufacturing firms using a detailed micro-panel dataset at the 4-digit ISIC level for the period 2009 to 2013. Since the reform universally affected all firms, the analysis relies on a quasi-experimental framework implementing first an explorative before-after design with structural fixed-effects and second a difference-in-difference analysis exploiting energy-sensitivity. The subsidy removal caused a shrinkage in output and manufacturing value-added of at least 3 and 7%, respectively. This results in a deterioration of profits by nearly 9%. Manufacturing firms have been affected through three channels: increasing costs of direct energy inputs, pass-through costs for inputs from upstream firms and an energy-price-induced demand contraction. To successfully implement an energy subsidy reform while maintaining growth in the manufacturing sector, not only the direct but also the indirect, pass-through effects have to be considered since capital or technology-led responses to mitigate negative repercussions in the short-run are unlikely at large scale. The results can inform price reforms that aim to mitigate climate change. |
| Keywords: | Manufacturing firms, Iran, energy subsidy reform, energy price, performance loss |
| JEL: | L60 O12 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:euriss:137105&r= |
| By: | Muguruel Ionel Jitea; Dimitra Gaki; George Vlahos; Serafeim Felekis; Irina Herzon; James Moran; Maite Puig de Morales; Tristan Berchoux; Yanka Kazakova-Mateva; Marija Roglić (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier, Labex Entreprendre - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Date: | 2021–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03538830&r= |
| By: | Nuria Bermejo; José María Fernández Seijo; Álvaro Martín Martín; Benito Arruñada; Angel De La Fuente |
| Abstract: | En este trabajo se propone una metodología para evaluar una cartera óptima de instrumentos que permitan minimizar los costes sociales de la descarbonización de la actividad económica al mismo tiempo que se mejoran los objetivos medioambientales propuestos en la normativa europea. Esos objetivos se refieren a la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, el aumento de la generación de origen renovable y el ahorro energético. La aplicación de esta metodología a una cartera de instrumentos propuesta en el Plan Nacional Integrado de Energía y Clima para el año 2030 permite concluir que es claramente posible reducir el coste social al mismo tiempo que mejorar los resultados medioambientales mediante una reorientación de los instrumentos de inversión, que en este caso se fundamentaría en una minimización de los esfuerzos en aislamiento térmico de las viviendas y una maximización de las medidas dirigidas a la instalación de bombas de calor. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdapop:2022-02&r= |
| By: | An, Hoang Tai |
| Abstract: | Land degradation in Vietnam and solutions |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m948y&r= |
| By: | An, Hoang Tai |
| Abstract: | Land degradation in Vietnam and solutions |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:36bs8&r= |
| By: | Maria Isabel Cambón, Anna Ispierto |
| Abstract: | This paper is an initial attempt to understand the sustainable Spanish CISs registered with the CNMV at the end od 2020 in more depth. At that time, there were very few of these, just 59, divided between investment funds and open-ended collective investment companies (SICAVs), with assets of around 9.5 billion euros. These CISs voluntarily refer to their activity as SRI (socially responsible investment), in accordance with Inverco´s 2014 SRI Circular. The first part of this study shows that sustainable CIS average returns at the end of 2020 exceeded those of the investments funds (IFs) ans SICAVs registered with the CNMV (1.8% compared to 0.8%). At the same time, the ratio of expenses was higher for CISs with ESG objectives than for other CISs (1.22% compares to 1.05%). In relation to ESG evaluations of the issuers of the assets belonging to sustainable CIS portfolios, we show that they are invested issuers with an excellent of good ESG rating and a degree of publicly reported ESG data transparency that is high or above average (ratings A and B). |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Investment funds, collective investment schemes, socially responsible investment |
| JEL: | G18 G23 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnv:wpaper:dt_77en&r= |
| By: | Roberto Esposti (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali - Universita' Politecnica delle Marche) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the coevolution of the CAP expenditure and of the farms' performance and choices to assess whether and to what extent CAP itself satisfies the fundamental requisites of Causal Inference. In order to identify some regularities in this coevolution, the analysis is performed on a constant group of professional and representative farms over a long enough time period. The Italian 2008-2019 FADN balanced sample is here considered. Results question whether CAP expenditure is actually accompanied by any significant farmers' response. An exception may actually concern the support specifically focused on environmental standards. Methodological implications about the applicability of Program Evaluation Methods to CAP assessment are drawn. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, Farmers' Behaviour, Program Evaluation, Panel Data. |
| JEL: | Q18 D04 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wpaper:464&r= |
| By: | Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio |
| Abstract: | Haiti has been suffering for many decades a damaging combination of climate and natural disasters and political, economic, social, and health crises. Just in the last months there was the terrible assassination of a sitting president on July 2021; an extremely damaging earthquake of 7.2 magnitude on August 2021; the heart-wrenching images of Haitians at the US-Mexican border in September 2021; the expansion of gang activity with the kidnapping of US missionaries in October 2021; the more recent alarming episode of the shooting at the current interim Prime Minister in January 2022; and another earthquake of 5.3 magnitude in late January, to name only the more recent sequence of very bad events affecting the country. |
| Keywords: | HAITI, CARIBBEAN, natural disasters, crises, health hazards, governance, corruption, social safety nets, social protection, development programmes |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:lacwps:26&r= |
| By: | Zimmermann, Florian; Keles, Dogan |
| Abstract: | France wants to become carbon-neutral by 2050. Renewable energies and nuclear power are expected to make the main contribution to this goal. However, the average age of nuclear power plants is approaching 37 years of operation in 2022, which is likely to lead to increased outages and expensive maintenance. In addition, newer nuclear power plants are flexible to operate and thus compatible with high volatile feed-in from renewables. Nevertheless, it is controversially discussed whether nuclear power plants can still be operated competitively and whether new investments will be made in this technology. Using an agent-based simulation model of the European electricity market, the market impacts of possible nuclear investments are investigated based on two scenarios: a scenario with state-based investments and a scenario with market-based investments. The results of this investigation show that under our assumptions, even with state-based investments, carbon neutrality would not be achieved with the estimated nuclear power plant capacity. Under purely market-based assumptions, large amounts of gas-fired power plants would be installed, which would lead to an increase in France's carbon emissions. State-based investments in nuclear power plants, however, would have a dampening effect on neighboring spot market prices of up to 4.5 % on average. |
| Keywords: | France,nuclear,electricity market,capacity remuneration mechanism,cross-border effect,investment |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:64&r= |
| By: | Vital, Filipe; Ioannou, Petros |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector is responsible for a significant part of the U.S.’s greenhouse emissions, with a considerable amount being generated by medium-and heavy-duty trucks. However, when it comes to the trucking industry, ‘green’ routing studies do not consider other critical practical factors, like working hours regulations and parking availability. Due to parking shortages, routes and schedules that do not account for parking availability may lead to last-minute changes that make them more polluting than expected. Similarly, working hours regulations influence the timing of required rest stops, which may force drivers to deviate from initially selected routes and schedules with negative consequences to fuel consumption and emissions. This study addresses a variant of the shortest path and truck driver scheduling problem under parking availability constraints which focuses on optimizing fuel consumption and emissions by controlling the truck's travel speed and accounting for time-dependent traffic conditions. As it is impossible to be absolutely certain about the future parking availability of any location during planning, the case of stochastic parking availability was also studied. When studying the trade-offs between prioritizing emissions reduction or trip duration, it was found that although focusing on emissions reduction can increase trip duration significantly, this impact is greatly reduced when considering scenarios with limited parking availability. The problem formulation was further extended to model drivers’ possible recourse actions when unable to find parking and the ensuing costs. This formulation was used to study how the solutions are affected by the level of information provided to drivers. It was found that ignoring uncertainty in parking availability results in inconsistent performance even when restricting parking to periods when probability of finding parking is high. Furthermore, results might not reflect the intent of the cost function used, e.g., minimizing illegal parking events and/or the priority assigned to emissions reduction. Giving drivers full information about the probability of finding parking at any time/location significantly improves performance and reduces illegal parking-related risks, but also substantially increase problem complexity and computation time. Using full information regarding parking availability but restricting the parking times to high availability time-windows can reduce complexity while maintaining consistent, although reduced, performance. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Hours of Service Regulations, Truck Driver Scheduling, Fuel Consumption Optimization, Parking-aware Planning |
| Date: | 2022–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8rw99523&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Asegurar que la gestión pública esté orientada por un enfoque de derechos y superar la fragmentación de la institucionalidad social —que se expresa en políticas y programas dispersos y segmentados por dinámicas sectoriales o entre diferentes niveles de gobierno— son desafíos clave para la implementación de políticas sociales para la igualdad en América Latina y el Caribe. Este documento proporciona herramientas y orientaciones sobre la gestión y la institucionalidad de las políticas sociales para enfrentar estos desafíos. A partir de un marco conceptual integral sobre la institucionalidad social y de experiencias desarrolladas en los países de la región con las que se ha logrado contribuir a la inclusión y a la reducción de las desigualdades, la pobreza y la vulnerabilidad, se espera favorecer el conocimiento sobre la gestión y la coordinación de políticas sociales de alta calidad que contribuyan a la realización de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales y a una mayor igualdad social. |
| Keywords: | POLITICA SOCIAL, IGUALDAD, DESARROLLO SOCIAL, DERECHOS ECONOMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES, PARTICIPACION POPULAR, INTEGRACION SOCIAL, SEGURIDAD SOCIAL, MITIGACION DE LA POBREZA, DESASTRES NATURALES, GOBERNABILIDAD, SOCIAL POLICY, EQUALITY, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, POPULAR PARTICIPATION, SOCIAL INTEGRATION, SOCIAL SECURITY, POVERTY MITIGATION, NATURAL DISASTERS, GOVERNANCE |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col093:47456&r= |
| By: | Torsten Ehlers; Ulrike Elsenhuber; Anandakumar Jegarasasingam; Eric Jondeau |
| Abstract: | Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores are becoming an increasingly important tool for asset managers to design and implement ESG investment strategies. They amalgamate a broad range of fundamentally different factors, creating ambiguity for investors as to the signals of higher or lower ESG scores. We explore the feasibility and performance of more targeted investment strategies based on specific categories by deconstructing ESG scores into their granular components. First, we investigate the characteristics of the various categories underlying ESG scores. Not all types of ESG categories lend themselves to more targeted strategies, which is related to both limits to ESG data disclosure and the fundamental challenge of translating qualita-tive characteristics into quantitative measures. Second, we consider an investment scheme based on the exclusion of firms with the lowest scores in each category of interest. In most cases, this targeted strategy still allows investors to substantially improve the portfolio headline ESG score, with only a marginal impact on financial performance relative to a broad stock market benchmark. The exclusion results in regional and sectoral biases relative to the benchmark, which may be undesirable for some investors. We then implement a “best-in-class” strategy, based on exclud-ing firms with the lowest category scores and reinvesting the proceeds in firms with the highest scores maintaining the same regional and sectoral composition. This approach reduces the tracking error of the portfolio and slightly improves its risk-adjusted performance while still yielding a large gain in the headline ESG score. |
| Keywords: | sustainable investment, ESG ratings, ESG investing, negative screening, best-in-class screening. |
| JEL: | G11 G24 M14 Q01 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1008&r= |
| By: | Zhou, Xia Vivian; Larson, James A.; Jensen, Kimberly L.; English, Burton C. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:utaerr:319764&r= |
| By: | Einig, Klaus; Knieling, Jörg; Mattern, Stefanie; Panebianco, Stefano; Schmidt-Kaden, Petra Ilona; Trinemeier, Christoph; Wernig, Roland; Zeck, Hildegard |
| Abstract: | Mit der Energiewende wird Energieerzeugung auf Grundlage erneuerbarer Energien dezentral und flächenintensiv. Bei der Solarenergie sind vorrangig Innenbereichspotenziale zu erschließen. Gleichwohl drängen Freiflächen-Photovoltaikanlagen zur solartechnischen Stromerzeugung zunehmend als neue Nutzung in den Außenbereich. Aufgrund dort vielfach auftretender Flächennutzungskonkurrenzen und Konflikte bedarf es einer aktiven raumplanerischen Steuerung. Dafür ist die regionale Planungsebene mit ihrem querschnittsorientierten, überörtlichen Betrachtungsansatz bei noch hinreichend gebietsscharfer Maßstäblichkeit besonders gut geeignet. Ihre planerischen Werkzeuge können je nach Steuerungsintention und der jeweiligen regionsspezifischen Handlungserfordernisse gezielt eingesetzt werden, wenn auch die Rechtsgrundlagen in Teilen dafür noch geschärft werden müssen. Neben förmlich-verbindlichen Steuerungsansätzen können auch informelle Ansätze einen Beitrag zur geordneten Entwicklung von FPV liefern. |
| Keywords: | Energiewende,erneuerbare Energien,Photovoltaik,Freiflächen-Photovoltaikanlagen,Innenbereich,Bauleitplanung,Außenbereich,Freiraum,Regionalplanung,Flächenvorsorge,Vorranggebiete,Vorbehaltsgebiete,förmlich-verbindliche Steuerungsansätze,informelle Steuerungsansätze,Energy transition,renewable energies,photovoltaic,open space-photovoltaic power plants,interior area,urban land-use planning,exterior area,open space,regional spatial planning,provision of areas,priority areas,reserve areas,obligatory planning approach,informal planning approach |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arlpos:134&r= |
| By: | An, Hoang Tai; Anh, Le Do Mai; Anh, Kieu; Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Minh; , Le Thi Tuyet Anh; Hiệp, Nguyễn Trần; Anh, Phạm Vân; Anh, Phan Thi Mai; Khánh, Lê Vinh; Anh, Kieu Thi Ngoc |
| Abstract: | Land degradation in Vietnam and solutions |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pbqda&r= |
| By: | Keil, Petr; Chase, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | 1. Estimates of temporal change of biodiversity, and its components loss and gain, are needed at local and geographical scales. However, we lack them because of data in-completeness, heterogeneity, and lack of temporal replication. Hence, we need a tool to integrate heterogeneous data and to account for their incompleteness. 2. We introduce spatiotemporal machine learning interpolation that can estimate cross-scale biodiversity change and its components. The approach naturally captures the expected and complex interactions between scale (grain), geography, data types, and drivers of change. As such it can integrate inventory data from reserves or countries with data from atlases and local survey plots. We present two flavors, both blending tree-based machine learning (random forests, boosted trees) with advances in ecolog-ical scaling: The first combines machine learning with species-area relationships (SAR method), the second with occupancy-area relationships (OAR method). 3. Using simulated data and an empirical example of global mammals and European plants, we show that tree-based machine learning effectively captures temporal biodi-versity change, loss, and gain across a continuum of spatial grains. This can be done despite the lack of time series data (i.e., it does not require temporal replication at sites), temporal biases in the amount of data, and highly uneven sampling area. These estimates can be mapped at any desired spatial resolution. 4. In all, this is a user-friendly and computationally fast approach with minimal require-ments on data format. It can integrate heterogeneous biodiversity data to obtain esti-mates of temporal biodiversity change, loss, and gain, that would otherwise be invisi-ble in the raw data alone. |
| Date: | 2022–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:ecoevo:rky7b&r= |
| By: | Barbera, Alessandro; Gereben, Aron; Wolski, Marcin |
| Abstract: | We estimate heterogeneous treatment effects of the EIB financial support on European firms between 2008 and 2015. The relevant control groups are created with propensity score matching and the effects are estimated in a difference-in-differences framework, controlling for firm-level and country-sector-year fixed effects. We find that the positive effects of EIBsupported lending on job creation and investments were larger for smaller and younger firms. Moreover, we find evidence that longer maturities and more advantageous loan pricing are associated with larger employment and investment effects, while no larger impact is observed for larger loan volumes. Overall, the results suggest that benefits of the EIB support are rather observed on an intensive, rather than on an extensive, margin. |
| Keywords: | climate action and environment,economics |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:eibwps:202203&r= |
| By: | Rasmus Noss, Bang (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Trellevik, Lars-Kristian Lunde (Dept. of Geography and Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen) |
| Abstract: | This study explores possible futures of the mining industry through numerical analysis of a conceptual mineral extraction problem with two resource stocks - terrestrial and marine. The model is inspired by the manganese mining industry. We consider four model scenarios. The first two consider a principal representing a cartel that invests and extracts to maximize the net present value of extraction from the onshore and offshore reserves. The second two consider two principals, each representing one cartel, that invests and extracts to maximize the net present value of extraction from their respective reserves subject to the decisions of the other cartel. The scenarios include several realistic features such as convex demand, operating costs, capital dynamics including irreversible investments, reserve-dependent capital efficiency, and capacity constraints. We present associated extraction paths and industry transformations. The results indicate that reserve-dependent capital efficiency and cross-sector competition can drive transition. Moreover, our results and discussion indicate that a transition to an industry with both onshore and offshore mining may be near, and that once the transition sparks, it may happen quickly. |
| Keywords: | Terrestrial minerals; marine minerals; industry transition; monopoly; duopoly |
| JEL: | C61 D24 D25 Q30 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q37 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2022–03–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2022_009&r= |
| By: | Benjamin Raimbault (LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03559527&r= |
| By: | Isabelle Doussan (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03550886&r= |