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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒03‒14
sixty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Most Asikha Aktar (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Mukaramah Binti (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia); Md Alam (UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia) |
| Abstract: | This is a pre-publication copy. The published article is copyrighted by the publisher. Green Path Development and Green Regional Restructuring for Sustainable Development Definition The concept of green energy has come to the fore as a strategic sustainable energy formation process for the whole world since last three decades, but it has gained enormous interest during recent years. Green Energy is referred to clean sources of energy that generates lower environmental impact in relation to conventional energy technology (Bhowmik et al. 2017). In terms of reducing negative environmental impact, highlighting the importance of Green Energy on environment, sustainability researchers have increasingly utilized this lens to explain the multi-dimensions of many sustainable development issues, and explored new ways for addressing the most recent concept. In addition, for defining various aspects of sustainability, Green Energy concept is not a new concept rather it is an emerging concept. |
| Date: | 2021–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03520061&r= |
| By: | Duong, Cong Thuy; , Le Thi Thanh Diem; Dung, Doan Thu; Dương, Phan Thùy; Chi, Vu Quynh; Chi, Nguyen Hoang; Chi, Hoang Thi Linh; Chuc, Hoang Thi Hong; Duong, Nguyen Cam; Dung, Nguyen Tan |
| Abstract: | Protecting the green - clean - beautiful living environment is a matter of concern for the whole world. There are many global or regional conferences that have been held to discuss and find a way to solve that problem. In which, climate change, energy depletion and greenhouse effect are hot issues, this is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century because they are directly affecting to ecosystems, environmental resources and human life. |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:w4zec&r= |
| By: | Anderl, Thomas |
| Abstract: | The present studies focus on the land use contributions to industrial-age carbon emissions and future abatement potentials. A practicable estimation scheme is presented to transparently identify the driving terms behind past emissions and future mitigation possibilities. Regarding the major emissions sources, 10 % of total present CO2 emissions are possible in tail of primary forest clearing outside of wood consumption; 3 % are attributed to desertification and peat cultivation; on the opposite, 5 % are counteracted by sequestration from forest gain. Regarding mitigation, prudent land use has the potential to reduce more than 50 % of all present anthropogenic emissions at approximate zero costs. Prerequisite is that biomass be considered a scarce resource and therefore, carefully supported and solely used in high-efficiency applications. |
| Date: | 2022–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zg8n7&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Although the notion of a circular economy (CE) has been conceived and debated for more than half a century (Henrysson and Nuur, 2021), it has gained considerable popularity in the lexicon of economists, ecologists and other development thinkers over the past two decades. The increasing evidence of the existential threat of human-induced climate change and the related imperatives of decarbonizing the global economy, have led to greater focus on strategies for a more sustainable use of the natural and environmental resource base. |
| Keywords: | ECONOMIA VERDE, FUENTES DE ENERGIA RENOVABLES, DESARROLLO DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES, DESARROLLO DE LOS RECURSOS HIDRICOS, ADMINISTRACION DE DESPERDICIOS, TRANSPORTE INTERIOR, TRIBUTACION, ECONOMIA AMBIENTAL, ELABORACION DE POLITICAS, INVERSIONES, BONOS, FINANCIACION, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PEQUEÑOS ESTADOS INSULARES EN DESARROLLO, GREEN ECONOMY, RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, WASTE MANAGEMENT, INLAND TRANSPORT, TAXATION, ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS, POLICY-MAKING, INVESTMENTS, BONDS, FINANCING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:47604&r= |
| By: | K. M., Mahesh; Aithal, Sreeramana; Sharma, KRS |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Sustainable Finance (SF) contributes to better development and better Finance for Economic growth. Sustainable development is protecting and restoring the ecological system. SIDBI, NITI Aayog, and World Bank facilitate Sustainable Finance to encourage businesses to grow from Small Medium Enterprises to large Industries to make an enormous global impact. As per the World Bank estimate, adversely affect the standard of living of the population and climate change will reduce India’s GDP by nearly 3%. For tracking the climate protection performance of the country, the CCPI tool is used. The Key sustainable finance providers to companies and MSME’s are Banks, Corporations, International Financial Institutions, Institutional Investors, International organizations through Financial Instruments Climate Funds, Green Bonds, Impact Finance, Social bonds, Microfinance, SIDBI Sustainable Finance Scheme for funding, NABARD, and Make in India. MSMEs, and SMEs involved in the Projects Solar Power Plants, renewable energy, Green Machinery, Waste Management, Electric Vehicles (EV), Clean Energy, Recycle, Poverty alleviations, and Energy conservation, and India is committed to achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2070. During the Climate summit in Glasgow, India accepted for Five –Point climate ‘panchamrit, or pledge’ towards climate change and Climate Finance. As per the Environment ministry. India needs $280 billion for green infrastructure and the government of India proposed the creation of a Social Stock Exchange, Europe Investment Bank (EIB) with SBI. RBI has considered Green and Sustainable projects should be put under Priority Sector Lending (PSL) to support GE (Green Economy) growth and to meet the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) and ESG (Economic, Social, Environment) guidelines for fundraising. Methodology / Design /Approaches: In this article theoretical concepts are used in the analysis of various financing Mechanics for green production and Sustainable development. Findings and results: The effectiveness of sustainable finance or Climate finance required for MSME and Companies for greener production infrastructure and government of India missions on climate Change, Regular to boost the ESG to promote sustainable development and Economic growth. Originality/value: Analysed the various articles and case studies and prepared the model required for sustainable fiancé for green growth in India. |
| Keywords: | ESG, Climate Finance, Financial Institutions, Green Bonds, Green Economy, MSME’s, RBI, SIDBI, Social Stock Exchange, Sustainable Development Goals (SGS’s), ABCD analysis |
| JEL: | H3 H32 L8 L84 O1 P4 R3 |
| Date: | 2022–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:112058&r= |
| By: | Jan Priewe (HTW Berlin) |
| Abstract: | The article discusses the ongoing green transition towards climate neutrality in 2050 with a focus on the options of green growth, zero- or de-growth. First, the key facts about the greenhouse effect and the status quo are shown with special attention to the industrialisation of emerging economies as the key contributors to greenhouse gas emissions since about 1980. Second, the features and policies for facilitating the transition are analysed. The carbon price emerges as a key global price that needs public rather than market control. Third, the core debates on the feasibility of economic growth in ecological economics are used to shed more light on the present issues at stake. Finally, the quest for moderate global green growth is confirmed in order to accomplish decarbonization of the planet and terminate extractive capitalism as far as fossil energy is concerned; however, these attempts cannot evade the finiteness of natural resources, including land and renewable resources. The green transition leads likely close to global zero-growth of GDP which would eventually terminate the age of capital accumulation, the heart of capitalism. |
| Keywords: | growth theory, energy economics, decarbonisation, zero-growth, de-growth, climate change, carbon prices, capitalism |
| JEL: | O47 P18 P28 P47 Q01 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:fmmpap:73-2021&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | Declining economic growth and competitiveness, the impact of the 2007–2009 global financial crisis, and the challenge of climate change and extreme weather events have hindered the sustainable development of Caribbean economies, the generation of sustained welfare gains and the achievement of key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the subregion’s vulnerability to the vagaries of global aggregate demand and commodity prices, which have largely driven the subregion’s debt upwards and dampened economic growth before its onset, compromising its economic performance and further decelerating the subregion’s growth in 2020. |
| Keywords: | COOPERACION REGIONAL, OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, FINANCIACION, DEUDA EXTERNA, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, ADAPTACION AL CAMBIO CLIMATICO, DESASTRES NATURALES, ALIVIO DE LA DEUDA, ESTRATEGIAS DEL DESARROLLO, ECONOMIA VERDE, PAISES DE INGRESOS MEDIANOS, INVERSIONES, FONDOS PARA IMPREVISTOS, COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, LIQUIDEZ, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, COVID-19, ELABORACION DE POLITICAS, RECOMENDACIONES, ESTADOS PEQUEÑOS, PEQUEÑOS ESTADOS INSULARES EN DESARROLLO, REGIONAL COOPERATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, FINANCING, EXTERNAL DEBT, CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION, NATURAL DISASTERS, DEBT RELIEF, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, GREEN ECONOMY, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, INVESTMENTS, CONTINGENCY FUNDS, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, LIQUIDITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, COVID-19, POLICY-MAKING, RECOMMENDATIONS, SMALL STATES, SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES |
| Date: | 2021–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:47624&r= |
| By: | Baines, Joseph; Hager, Sandy Brian |
| Abstract: | This article examines the role of the Big Three asset management firms – BlackRock, Vanguard and State Street – in corporate environmental governance. Specifically, it charts the Big Three’s relationships with the publicly-owned Carbon Majors: a small group of fossil fuels, cement and mining companies responsible for the bulk of industrial greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that the Big Three much more often than not oppose rather than support shareholder resolutions aimed at improving environmental governance. Notably, this is even the case with the Big Three’s environmental, social and governance funds. A more fine-gained analysis shows that the combined voting decisions of the Big Three are more likely to lead to the failure than to the success of environmental resolutions and that, whether they succeed or fail, these resolutions tend to be narrow in scope and piecemeal in nature. Based on these findings, the article raises serious doubts about the Big Three’s credentials as environmental stewards. |
| Keywords: | climate,finance,oil,ownership and control |
| JEL: | P16 P26 P48 P28 G2 G3 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:249674&r= |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van |
| Abstract: | Environmental culture thoughts, new livelihood capital |
| Date: | 2021–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:c7958&r= |
| By: | German Puga (Centre for Global Food and Resources, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia); Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia); Firmin Doko Tchatoka (School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to estimate how climate change could affect grape yields in Australia. |
| Keywords: | impact of weather, climate change, grape production |
| JEL: | Q11 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2021-08&r= |
| By: | Yannis Dafermos (SOAS University of London); Maria Nikolaidi (University of Greenwich) |
| Abstract: | Using an ecological macrofinancial model, we explore the potential impact of the `green supporting factor' (GSF) and the `dirty penalising factor' (DPF) on climate-related financial risks. We identify the transmission channels by which these green differentiated capital requirements (GDCRs) can affect credit provision and loan spreads, and we analyse these channels within a dynamic framework in which climate and macrofinancial feedback effects play a key role. Our main findings are as follows. First, GDCRs can reduce the pace of global warming and decrease thereby the physical financial risks. This reduction is quantitatively small, but is enhanced when the GSF and the DPF are implemented simultaneously or in combination with green fiscal policies. Second, the DPF reduces banks' credit provision and leverage, making them less fragile. Third, both the DPF and the GSF generate some transition risks: the GSF increases bank leverage because it boosts green credit and the DPF increases loan defaults since it reduces economic activity. These effects are small in quantitative terms and are attenuated when there is a simultaneous implementation of the DPF and the GSF. Fourth, fiscal policies that boost green investment amplify the transition risks of the GSF and reduce the transition risks of the DPF; the combination of green fiscal policy with the DPF is thereby a potentially effective climate policy mix from a financial stability point of view. |
| Keywords: | stock-flow consistent modelling, climate change, financial stability, green financial regulation |
| JEL: | E12 E44 G18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:fmmpap:63-2021&r= |
| By: | Xiang-li Lim (Green Templeton College, and Saïd Business School, University of Oxford); Vatcharin Sirimaneetham (Economic Affairs Officer, Macroeconomic Policy and Analysis Section, Macroeconomic Policy and Financing for Development Division, ESCAP) |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses how central banks and financial supervisory authorities (CBFSAs) can foster green development in Asia and the Pacific. It argues that while fiscal policy has received much attention, CBFSAs can certainly play a complementary role in speeding up the transition towards low-carbon, climate-resilient economies. Indeed, CBFSAs are obliged to act as inaction could compromise their mandate of maintaining economic and price stability given that climate change poses an emerging risk to the financial system. The paper first shows that around half of Asia-Pacific central banks either have sustainability-oriented mandates or began integrating climate issues into their policy conduct. It then demonstrates that while the region remains at the early stage of green monetary and financial policies, some CBFSAs are at the forefront in deploying monetary policy tools, prudential measures, and broader initiatives to support green finance. To further promote green central banking, having clear guiding principles, effective communication, and adequate technical capacity to customize the green approach is critical. Moving forward, CBFSAs should be mindful about possible unintended, adverse impacts of sustainable central banking, such as interfering with market neutrality, supporting greenwashing, and crowding out green private investments. |
| Keywords: | central banking, monetary policy, green development, green finance, climate risks |
| JEL: | E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/10&r= |
| By: | Dubrie, Artie; Crichlow, Marilyn; Cadogon, Elon; Miranda, Priscilla; Moultrie, Stacey; Parsram, Kemraj; Thomas, Herbert; Williams, Rudolph |
| Abstract: | In the Caribbean, high water demand, changes in land use, climate variabilities impacts, deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, inadequate wastewater treatment, and the overexploitation of water sources1, impact on the quantity and quality of available freshwater resources. The management of freshwater resources through an integrated approach is internationally recognised as a best practice for supporting the sustainability of this finite resource. The recent United Nations - 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development report noted the low to medium-low levels of implementation of the integrated water resources management (IWRM) indicator 6.5.1 in the Caribbean SIDS. This low implementation rate can negatively impact attaining the SDG 6 targets of Agenda 2030. This study examines the IWRM implementation in the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Among the areas assessed within the IWRM framework in each country were, an enabling environment, the institutional framework and management instruments. The study provides policy recommendations for each of the IWRM components examined including recommendations for potable water management arising from the Covid-19 pandemic. |
| Date: | 2022–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:47739&r= |
| By: | Antoine Mandel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Timothy Tiggeloven (VU - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam]); Daniel Lincke (Global Climate Forum e.V.); Elco Koks (VU - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam]); Philip Ward (VU - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam]); Jochen Hinkel (Global Climate Forum e.V.) |
| Abstract: | There is increasing concern among financial regulators that changes in the distribution and frequency of extreme weather events induced by climate change could pose a threat to global financial stability. We assess this risk, for the case of floods, by developping a simple model of the propagation of climate-induced shocks through financial networks. We show that the magnitude of global risks is determined by the interplay between the exposure of countries to climate-related natural hazards and their financial leverage. Climate change induces a shift in the distribution of impacts towards high-income countries and thus larger amplification of impacts as the financial sectors of high-income countries are more leveraged. Conversely, high-income countries are more exposed to financial shocks. In high-end climate scenarios, this could lead to the emergence of systemic risk as total impacts become commensurate with the capital of the banking sectors of countries that are hubs of the global financial network. Adaptation policy, or the lack thereof, appears to be one of the key risk drivers as it determines the future exposure of high-income coun |
| Keywords: | Financial Stability,Climate Impacts,Flood Risks |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03523343&r= |
| By: | Mohamed Boly (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Louis Combes (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascale Combes Motel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We empirically explore how elections impact climate change policy and environmental degradation, using a sample of 76 democratic countries over the period 1990‐2014. Three key results emerge from our system‐GMM estimations. First, election years are characterized by an increase in C02 emissions, even though the effect weakens over the recent years. Second, this effect is present only in established democracies, where incumbents engage in fiscal manipulation through the composition of public spending rather than its level. Third, higher freedom of the press and high environmental preferences from citizens reduce the size of this trade‐off between pork barrel spending and the public good, namely environment quality. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions,Elections,Environmental policy,Panel data |
| Date: | 2020–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cdiwps:halshs-01845067&r= |
| By: | Griffon Emose (Managing Director of Kontiki Capital Ltd (KCL)) |
| Abstract: | Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, environmental damage, and other social challenges. However, their public finances unlikely cover necessary expense for sustainable development and the gap tends to increase given the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic. This report highlights a potential for sustainability bonds in Pacific SIDS (PSIDS) to fill in the financing gap, by leveraging private sector participation to finance climate resilient investment in the PSIDS. Aside from the bonds issuance itself, the paper provides three general recommendations as follows: (1) a blended finance structure is beneficial given the underdeveloped capital market and small pool of public and private funding; (2) to achieve a desirable target in bond issuance, a private placement could be pursued by direct negotiation with targeted financial institutions, while public offering can be issued through underwritten offerings, best effort offerings, and auctions; (3) country that are willing to issue the sustainability bonds should details their bond framework, in addition to the terms sheet and conditions to binding the bond in financing sustainable projects. The paper concludes that both sovereign and corporate issuance of sustainability bonds are feasible in PSIDS, which is well supported by two case: Fiji Sovereign Green Bond and Seychelles Blue Bond. |
| Keywords: | : Climate Finance, Environmental and Social Risk, Financial Institutions |
| JEL: | F65 G20 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unt:wpmpdd:wp/21/06&r= |
| By: | Adel Ben Youssef (UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Mounir Dahmani (Université de Gafsa); Séverine Borderon-Carrez (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Date: | 2021–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03507278&r= |
| By: | Kamiar Mohaddes; Ryan N. C. Ng; M. Hashem Pesaran; Mehdi Raissi; Jui-Chung Yang |
| Abstract: | We investigate the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change across 48 U.S. states over the period 1963 2016 using a novel econometric strategy which links deviations of temperature and precipitation (weather) from their long-term moving-average historical norms (climate) to various state-specific economic performance indicators at the aggregate and sectoral levels. We show that climate change has a long-lasting adverse impact on real output in various states and economic sectors, and on labour productivity and employment in the United States. Moreover, in contrast to most cross-country results, our within U.S. estimates tend to be asymmetrical with respect to deviations of climate variables (including precipitation) from their historical norms. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, economic growth, adaptation, United States |
| JEL: | C33 O40 O44 O51 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2022-10&r= |
| By: | Gasmi, Farid; Recuero Virto, Laura; Couvet, Denis |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the determinants of economic growth in coastal economies with the purpose of highlighting the impact of human activity pressure on mangrove blue carbon (BC). We use a Bayesian Model Averaging-based estimation technique to fit alternative growth theories to 1960-2009 data on a BC sample of 23 coastal countries and a worldwide (WW) sample of 83 countries. In addition to having high mangrove blue carbon climate change mitigation potential, a representative country from the BC sample possesses features commonly associated with developing countries. Moreover, such a country’s natural capital per capita has decreased by more than 50% during the half-century span of our data and its dependence on natural capital is almost twice as high as that of its WW counterpart. We find that the neoclassical theory, through income and investment in physical capital, demography, macroeconomic policy, and natural capital theories perform well in explaining growth in BC countries. In contrast, investment in physical capital and proxies for the macroeconomic policy and natural capital theories are found not to be good predictors of growth when using the WW sample of countries. These results put the finger on the critical problem of existing and potential anthropogenic pressure that coastal areas with BC are and can be subject to due to land conversion for agriculture, aquaculture, farming and other run-offs, marine resources exploitation, uncontrolled sewage, marine resources direct exploitation, and coastal constructions and public works related to natural capital exports. This admittedly grim picture of the coasts draws attention to at least two policy questions, namely, whether central governments ought to give local policy makers and communities incentives to promote nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and the extent to which international financial institutions should provide financial support for such initiatives in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth; coastal countries; mangrove blue carbon,;developing countries. |
| JEL: | O10 O13 Q20 Q22 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:126647&r= |
| By: | Zeilinger, Julian; Niedermayr, Andreas; Quddoos, Abdul; Kantelhardt, Jochen |
| Abstract: | Adaptation to climate change in agriculture is a key goal in order to mitigate its effects. The Ricardian method has been used extensively to account for adaptation within impact assessment. Yet, it follows the relatively strict assumption of farms being fully adapted to climate. Building on upcoming evidence of potential limitations of adaptation we relax this assumption and analyse climate change adaptation at the farm-level. Our findings overall depict under-adaptation to climate change of Austrian farms and therefore contradict the concept of full adaptation. Full paper is submitted elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi21:317083&r= |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van |
| Abstract: | Environmental culture thoughts, Mindsponge, 3D, Serendipity, Thiennhienism, 3DMS |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:vx69u&r= |
| By: | Duan, Yuqi (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of China’s entry into the WTO on carbon dioxide emissions from a global standpoint. A panel of production-based CO2 emissions and consumption-based CO2 emissions of 39 countries from 1995 to 2007 is constructed by integrating country-sector level data from WIOD. Using a triple difference design, I observe additions in production and consumption emissions after this specific trade openness event. The results vary according to the country’s income level. For example, this event has a more significant effect in developed countries than developing countries. The above results are due to the growth in both production and consumption emission intensities after the event. Notably, the magnitude of the increase in the production emissions is smaller than the consumption emissions, thus inferring that the CO2 emissions embodied in domestic production used for exports or final consumption partially decrease through the growing highemission intensity intermediate goods imported from China. |
| Keywords: | trade liberalization ; China’ entry into the WTO ; production CO2 emissions ; consumption CO2 emissions ; developed and developing countries JEL Classification: F18 ; Q53 ; Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:26&r= |
| By: | Janet Currie (Princeton University); John Voorheis (U.S. Bureau of the Census); Reed Walker (University of California, Berkeley) |
| Abstract: | Racial differences in exposure to ambient air pollution have declined significantly in the United States over the past 20 years. This project links administrative Census microdata to newly available, spatially continuous high resolution measures of ambient particulate pollution (PM2.5) to examine the underlying causes and consequences of differences in Black-White pollution exposures. We begin by decomposing differences in pollution exposure into components explained by observable population characteristics (e.g., income) versus those that remain unexplained. We then use quantile regression methods to show that a significant portion of the "unexplained" convergence in Black-White pollution exposure can be attributed to differential impacts of the Clean Air Act (CAA) in African American and non-Hispanic White communities. Areas with larger Black populations saw greater CAA-related declines in PM2.5 exposure. We show that the CAA has been the single largest contributor to racial convergence in PM2.5 pollution exposure in the U.S. since 2000 accounting for over 60 percent of the reduction. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, Socioeconomic factors, Minority & ethnic groups |
| JEL: | H4 I14 J18 Q5 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:econom:2021-87&r= |
| By: | Aditya Goenka (University of Birmingham [Birmingham]); Lin Liu (University of Liverpool); Manh-Hung Nguyen (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Preliminary evidence indicates that pollution increases the severity and likelihood of COVID-19 infections similar to many other infectious diseases. This paper models the inter-action of pollution and disease preventive actions, either pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical interventions, on transmission of infectious diseases in a neoclassical growth framework. There are two externalities – households do not take into account how their actions affect disease transmission, and productive activity results in pollution which increases the likelihood of in-fections. The disease dynamics are modeled to be of SIS type. We study the difference in health and economic outcomes between the decentralized economy, where households do not internalize externalities, and socially optimal outcomes, and characterize the taxes and subsi-dies that decentralize the latter. Thus, we examine the question whether there are sufficient incentives to reduce pollution, at both private and public levels, once its effects on disease transmission is considered. In competitive outcomes, pollution increases with increased pro-ductivity. The socially efficient outcome has higher pollution than a competitive outcome, despite increase in abatement, as the effect of higher productivity and larger labor supply dom-inates. The results question the hopes of a Green Recovery. |
| Keywords: | Green Recovery,Infectious disease,Pollution: environmental policy,Covid-19,Dynamic Pigovian taxes |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03537969&r= |
| By: | Di Falco, Salvatore (University of Geneva); Kis, Anna B. (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva); Viarengo, Martina (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) |
| Abstract: | We re-examine the effects of negative weather anomalies during the growing season on the decision to migrate in rural households in five sub-Saharan African countries. To this end we combine a multi-country household panel dataset with high-resolution gridded precipitation data. We find that while the effect of recent adverse weather shocks is on average modest, the cumulative effect of a persistent exposure to droughts over several years leads to a significant increase in the probability to migrate. The results show that more frequent adverse shocks can have more significant and long-lasting consequences in challenging economic environments. |
| Keywords: | climate shocks, rural-urban migration, economic development |
| JEL: | O15 O13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15084&r= |
| By: | Nguyen, Minh-Hoang; Jones, Thomas E. |
| Abstract: | The rapidly declining biosphere integrity, representing one of the core planetary boundaries, is alarming. One of the most widely accepted measures to halt the rate of biodiversity loss is to maintain and expand protected areas that are effectively managed. However, it requires substantial finance derived from nature-based tourism, specifically visitors from urban areas. Using the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) on 535 Vietnamese urban residents, the current study examined how their biodiversity loss perceptions can affect their willingness to pay for the entrance fee and conservation in protected areas. We found that perceived environmental degradation, loss of economic growth, loss of nature-based recreation opportunity, and loss of knowledge as consequences of biodiversity loss has indirect effects on paying willingness through the mediation of the attitude towards conservation. Especially, the perceived knowledge loss also has a direct positive influence on the willingness to pay for the entrance fee and conservation. In contrast, perceived loss of health is negatively associated with the attitude towards conservation. Based on these findings, we suggest that building an eco-surplus culture among urban residents can be a promising way to generate more finance from nature-based tourism for conservation in protected areas and ease the domestic government’s and international organizations’ funding allocations problems. |
| Date: | 2022–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:txzr3&r= |
| By: | Komeda, Kenji (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the effect of air pollution, water pollution and water scarcity on internal migration in India using gravity model with 2SLS estimation. It contributes to the literature by first incorporating nationwide migrants and those three environmental factors into the analysis. The migration data is drawn from the Indian Census 2001 and 2011 and provides us with state-district pair-wise migration flows for certain time periods. With a wide range of data sources including Indian government platforms and satellite data, this study compiles a rich and comprehensive dataset. We find that the increase in air pollutant (PM2.5) at origin pushes out migrants, with larger influence on male than female. This paper also discovers, with more robust evidence, that the increase in groundwater level, a proxy for water scarcity level, at origin leads to less out-migrants and increase in groundwater at destination pulls more in-migrants for both genders. However, consistent evidence on water pollutants was not found. |
| Keywords: | Internal Migration ; Pollution ; Water Scarcity ; Gender Inequality ; Gravity Model JEL Classification: J16 ; J61 ; O15 ; Q25 ; Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:20&r= |
| By: | Aguilar Revelo, Lorena |
| Abstract: | This publication recommends actions to enable the machineries for the advancement of women to strengthen gender mainstreaming in public policy instruments and implementation actions in relation to climate change. This would enable the lead agencies and managers responsible for the implementation of public policies on behalf of gender equality and women’s autonomy to become more actively involved, and to play a transformative leadership role in the climate change response, both nationally and internationally. The objectives are to ensure that gender equality and the autonomy of all women and girls, in their diversity, are prioritized and comprehensively addressed in the climate change actions deployed both nationally and regionwide; and to enable women to participate fully as climate actors, bolstering their resilience and that of their communities to fulfil the 2030 Agenda and achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. The document is also addressed to the institutions that form the gender architecture in the different branches and levels of government, along with civil society entities, especially feminist organizations, academic sectors, and, in general, all sectors interested and involved in promoting public policies in response to climate change and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, MUJERES, ADELANTO DE LA MUJER, DERECHOS DE LA MUJER, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, PARTICIPACION POLITICA, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, RENDICION DE CUENTAS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, ORGANIZACIONES FEMENINAS, MOVILIZACION DE RECURSOS, TOMA DE DECISIONES, GENERO, CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, GENDER EQUALITY, WOMEN, WOMEN'S ADVANCEMENT, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, GENDER, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCOUNTABILITY, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS, RESOURCES MOBILIZATION, DECISION-MAKING |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col040:47358&r= |
| By: | Huston, Simon (Coventry University) |
| Abstract: | Every year the global financial system sends trillions of dollars to finance environmental destruction, but the climate crisis forces change. Notwithstanding vested interests and the unrecognised paradox of adopting environmental business strategies, the implementation of sustainability accounting and reporting (SAR) is imperative to catalyse economic transition away from fossil-fuel and plastic configurations to more sustainable ones. The research proceeded sequentially. First, it scanned the backdrop to the SAR problem and identified key associated institutions and a corpus of recent literature. An initial review to disentangle its conflicting threads generated three themes of ‘climate crisis’ and ‘conservative’ or more ‘radical’ SAR reform paradigms. Iteratively harnessing this thematic lens, the investigation re-examined the SAR literature corpus. It detected fragmented SAR responses to the climate crisis. Accordingly, the research reformulated its first theme to ‘dystopic climate crisis fragmentation’ but only refined the other two conservative or radical themes to take account of materiality and the split between Anglo-Saxon (IFRS, SSAB) or global and continental institutions (UN, EU, GRI). Conservatives defend incremental standard improvements but retain a single materiality investor-focus. Radicals seek to implement double materiality with a broader spectrum of stakeholders in mind. Both approaches have theoretical as well as pragmatic advantages and disadvantages, so the SAR contention rumbles on. Whilst the standard setting landscape is evolving, division, paradox and contention remain. Given vested interests in the destructive status quo, it would be naïve to expect a harmonious SAR Ithaca to emerge anytime soon. Yet the challenges impel urgent action. |
| Date: | 2022–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:gykxe&r= |
| By: | Eric Jondeau; Benoit Mojon; Luiz Awazu Pereira da Silva |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we build portfolios with a progressively falling carbon footprint, which passive investors could use as a new Paris-consistent (PC) benchmark while keeping their risk-adjusted returns at the same level as those of business-as-usual (BAU) benchmarks. We identify the worst polluters globally, exclude them from the portfolio, and re allocate the proceeds so as to keep sectoral and regional exposures similar to those of the business as usual (BAU) benchmark. This approach limits the divestment from corporates in emerging market economies that would result from implementing exclusions and reinvestment without the objective of preserving regional exposures. We show that reducing the carbon footprint of the portfolio by 64% in 10 years could be achieved by sequentially excluding up to 11% of the corporates, which together amount to less than 6% of the global market portfolio. While this reallocation keeps regional and sectoral exposures at a similar level to those of the BAU benchmark, it does not change the portfolio's risk-adjusted return. We define PC benchmark portfolios at the global level as well as for Emerging Countries, Europe, North America, and the Pacific. |
| Keywords: | Portfolio carbon footprint, Green and brown assets, Alignment with Paris Net Zero Emissions Agreement |
| JEL: | G11 G24 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:985&r= |
| By: | David Castells-Quintana (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, AQR-IREA); Elisa Dienesch (IEP Aix-en-Provence - Sciences Po Aix - Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence, AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Melanie Krause (University of Hamburg) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we take a global view at air pollution looking at cities and countries worldwide. We pay special attention at the spatial distribution of population and its relationship with the evolution of emissions. To do so, we build i) a unique and large dataset for more than 1200 (big) cities around the world, combining data on emissions of CO2 and PM2.5 with satellite data on built-up areas, population and light intensity at night at the grid-cell level for the last two decades, and ii) a large dataset for more than 190 countries with data from 1960 to 2010. At the city level, we find that denser cities show lower emissions per capita. We also find evidence for the importance of the spatial structure of the city, with polycentricity being associated with lower emissions in the largest urban areas, while monocentricity being more beneficial for smaller cities. In sum, our results suggest that the size and structure of urban areas matters when studying the density-emissions relationship. This is reinforced by results using our country-level data where we find that higher density in urban areas is associated with lower emissions per capita. All our main findings are robust to several controls and different specifications and estimation techniques, as well as different identification strategies. |
| Keywords: | Density,Pollution,Cities,City structure,Development |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03361637&r= |
| By: | Ma, Yuxuan (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | This study finds that individuals exposed to an additional 1 μg/m3 airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5 lead to a statistically significant 0.121 kg/m2 rising of body mass index. This positive relationship is identified by two-stage least square regression using a regression discontinuity estimator of air pollution generated by China’s coal-burning winter heating policy, which only heats for northerners but not for southerners, as the instrument variable. This identification utilizing the quasi-experimental method of regression discontinuity design based on the difference of county’s latitude from both parametric and nonparametric approaches, using different kernel types and bandwidth sizes, with 6000 observations in 2008. Further, the result shows that heating policy caused airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5 and body mass index significantly increasing in the north and south divided line. These findings not only contribute to the identification of causality between air pollution and obesity but help guide social and environmental policy as well. |
| Keywords: | Airborne particulate matter ; Body mass index ; China ; Central heating policy ; Regression discontinuity JEL Classification: C54 ; I10 ; Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:18&r= |
| By: | Sébastien Marchand (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Maimouna Barro (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Huanxiu Guo (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In the process of industrialization, relocation of manufacturing industries from urban to rural areas may have important implications for the rural environment and agricultural production. As a demonstration, the aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of wastewater from industrial firms on agricultural yields in rice farming of Jiangsu province, China. Using 2011-2015 panel data from both the China Rural Fixed Point Survey and the China Environmental Statistics Database between 2011 and 2015, we find that industrial wastewater significantly reduces rice yields. The econometric strategy implemented allows us to assume that this result reflects a causal and detrimental biological effect of wastewater on the growing process of the rice. These results highlight the need to better understand the conflicts between industry and agriculture at the local level in a context of rapid industrialization. |
| Keywords: | China,Rural environment,Rice farming,Industrial water pollution |
| Date: | 2020–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cdiwps:hal-02871257&r= |
| By: | German Puga (Centre for Global Food and Resources, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia); Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia); Firmin Doko Tchatoka (School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Cross-sectional models are useful for quantifying the impact that climate or climate change may have on grape prices due to changes in grape quality. However, these models are susceptible to omitted variable bias. The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of growing season temperature (GST) on grape prices using cross-sectional data for Australia, while controlling for growing season precipitation, regional yield, variety, and other 103 characteristics that relate to the production system of the wine regions. We estimate this model using (area) weighted least squares and variables from a principal component analysis (PCA) to control for the characteristics that relate to the production system. This estimation strategy allows us to decrease omitted variable bias while avoiding multicollinearity and over-controlling issues. We show that failing to control for characteristics that relate to the production system overestimates the impact of GST and hence, climate change. This finding is confirmed by a LASSO model that also incorporates variables from the PCA, which we estimate as a robustness check using a cross-fit partialing-out estimator (double machine learning). |
| Keywords: | omitted variable bias, climate impact, grape quality, grape price, climate change |
| JEL: | Q11 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2021-07&r= |
| By: | German Puga (Centre for Global Food and Resources, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia); Kym Anderson (Wine Economics Research Centre, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia, and Arndt-Corden Dept of Economics, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia); Gregory Jones (Abacela Vineyards and Winery, Roseburg OR, USA); Firmin Doko Tchatoka (School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia); Wendy Umberger (Centre for Global Food and Resources, School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Using a dataset with 16 climate variables for locations representing 813 wine regions that cover 99% of the world’s winegrape area, we employ principal component analysis (PCA) for data reduction and cluster analysis for grouping similar regions. The PCA resulted in three components explaining 89% of the variation in the data, with loadings that differentiate between locations that are warm/dry from cool/wet, low from high diurnal temperature ranges, low from high nighttime temperatures during ripening, and low from high vapor pressure deficits. The cluster analysis, based on these three principal components, resulted in three clusters defining wine regions globally with the results showing that premium wine regions can be found across each of the climate types. This is, to our knowledge, the first such classification of virtually all of the world’s wine regions. However, with both climate change and an increasing preference for premium relative to non-premium wines, many of the world’s winegrowers may need to change their mixes of varieties, or source more of their grapes from more-appropriate climates. |
| Keywords: | Viticultural zoning, winegrape varieties, adaptation to climate change, cluster analysis, principal component analysis |
| JEL: | Q10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:winewp:2021-06&r= |
| By: | McLain, Rebecca |
| Abstract: | Research since the 1990s highlights the importance of tenure rights for sustainable natural resource management, and for alleviating poverty and enhancing nutrition and food security for the 3.14 billion rural inhabitants of less-developed countries who rely on forests and agriculture for their livelihoods. Which rights or combination of rights an individual, household, or community has affects whether they have access to land and resources, as well as how those can be used and for how long. Equally important is the degree to which landholders perceive their tenure to be secure. Landowners are more likely to engage in land and resource conservation if they perceive that the likelihood of losing their land or resource rights is low. Between 2013 and 2021, the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) supported researchers to explore the drivers of tenure insecurity and their consequences, as well as mechanisms that can enhance tenure security. Their work focused on rights held by individuals and households as well as collectively held rights. Studies found that tenure insecurity has a variety of negative consequences for natural resource management, agricultural productivity, and poverty reduction, but the sources of tenure insecurity differ for men and women, and for individual, household, and collective lands. Statutory recognition of customary rights, multistakeholder processes such as for land use planning, and organized social alliances such as Indigenous Peoples’ groups have emerged as important mechanisms for securing rights or enhancing access to collectively held lands. Long-term partnerships, ongoing engagement, and training for multiple actors at multiple scales increases the likelihood of successful implementation of tenure reforms. Further research on tenure security can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, especially by clarifying how customary tenure can provide security and how tenure affects decision-making in multistakeholder platforms. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; gender; land tenure; tenure security; land rights; forest land use; sustainability; governance; collective tenure |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2096&r= |
| By: | Duong, Cong Thuy; Duong, Nguyen Cam; Chuc, Hoang Thi Hong; Chi, Nguyen Hoang; Chi, Vu Quynh; Chi, Hoang Thi Linh; Dương, Phan Thùy; , Le Thi Thanh Diem; Dung, Doan Thu; Dung, Nguyen Tan |
| Abstract: | Biến đổi khí hậu, cạn kiệt năng lượng và hiệu ứng nhà kính là những vấn đề về môi trường đang được quan tâm ngày nay. |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6rcps&r= |
| By: | Bell, Brooke Marie; Nyhan, Kate; Dubrow, Robert; Bell, Michelle; Irwin, Melinda L.; Ferrucci, Leah M. |
| Abstract: | The objective of this scoping review is to examine food taxes and subsidies and their environmental outcomes by incorporating evidence from the peer-reviewed literature and evidence from the non-peer-reviewed or ‘grey’ literature, including policy documents/briefs, research reports, and white papers. The scoping review questions are: 1. What food taxes and subsidies have been studied in the context of environmentally sustainable food production or consumption? 2. What types of environmental outcomes were reported? 3. At what various levels (e.g., food production-, food outlet-, consumer-level) were the policies implemented? This is the final version of the scoping review protocol, published as a preprint to create full transparency about the scoping review process. |
| Date: | 2021–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:krv3t&r= |
| By: | David DESMARCHELIER |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a very simple model of endogenous growth à la Lucas (1988) in which a representative household has to choose between environmental preservation and human capital accumulation. After computing analytically all possible trajectories, we point out that one of them depicts an inverted U-shape relationship between human capital (production) and pollution (i.e. an Environmental Kuznets Curve). If the economy follows the EKC trajectory, then a steady state is reached in the long run, indicating the incompatibility between endogenous growth and the EKC. Moreover, this simple framework allows to compute explicitly the initial value of the control variable. It is then proved that the optimal trajectory is the balanced growth path, not the EKC. Finally, we show that endogenous growth is possible, whatever the effect of pollution on the marginal utility of consumption. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, environmental Kuznets curve, human capital. |
| JEL: | C61 O44 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2022-03&r= |
| By: | Rabiaa Romdhane (ISG BIZERTE); Islem Khefacha (LAREMFIQ - Laboratory Research for Economy, Management and Quantitative Finance - Institut des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (Université de Sousse), FSEG Mahdia - Faculté des Sciences Économiques et de Gestion de Mahdia [Univ Monastir] - UM - Université de Monastir - University of Monastir); Haykel Haj (IHEC Sousse - IHEC) |
| Keywords: | OECD countries,GMM,SDGs,Sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03502437&r= |
| By: | VANCAUWENBERGHE Glenn |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how different user communities in Europe are accessing and using spatial data, the problems they are facing and how they see the impact of various policy initiatives on improving the accessibility and usability of data. The study looks at the past, present, and future of accessing and using spatial data in Europe from a user-centric perspective by collecting information on different user groups' experiences, views, and opinions. The study is based on a survey of spatial data users and practitioners in the spatial data community in Europe. This survey was primarily targeted at persons and organisations using spatial data for environmental purposes and particularly at practitioners involved in preparing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) reports. However, also other stakeholders in the geospatial domain participated in the survey. The results and findings of the survey enhance our understanding of how Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) and INSPIRE, in particular, should evolve towards data ecosystems and contribute to establishing data spaces.The study shows that while past and ongoing European policy initiatives clearly contributed to improving the accessibility, usability, and sharing of spatial data in Europe, certain barriers and problems remain and hinder the access and use of spatial data. The establishment of data spaces should ensure that particular user communities have access to all the data needed to support their core processes. |
| Keywords: | Spatial data, environmental assessment, Spatial Data Infrastructures, user perspective, data spaces, policies, data availability, data accessibility, data usability, interoperability |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126750&r= |
| By: | Nikolai Bobylev (SPBU - Saint Petersburg State University); Sébastien Gadal (North-Eastern Federal University, ESPACE - Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - AU - Avignon Université - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Alexander Sergunin (SPBU - Saint Petersburg State University, MGIMO - Moscow State Institute of International Relations); Veli-Pekka Tynkkynen (University of Helsinki) |
| Abstract: | The main research objective of this study is to examine various theoretical approaches to understanding the nature of corporate social and environmental responsibility in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF), as well as the motivation of businesses to make commitments in this area. Methodologically, the study is based on the structural-functional and discursive approaches that allow us to reveal the internal features of the Russian and foreign discourses on the social and environmental responsibility of business in the Russian Arctic. The scientific contribution of this study is that as a result of the work carried out, it reveals the specificity of theories that treat corporate social and environmental responsibility as a form of social partnership or a way of sharing benefits (economic sociology); the behaviour of corporations as "good citizens" of society (sociology and political science); part of the strategy of corporate risk management and competitiveness (corporate management) and/or sustainable development (economic planning, ecology, state and municipal management, social work). Another scientific contribution of this study is that identifies three groups of motives that drive big business in the case of taking on social and environmental obligations in the AZRF: the desire of companies to increase their attractiveness as business partners, to justify the legitimacy of their economic activities in the region and to take into account the so-called political costs in order to reduce the likelihood of the state introducing uncomfortable rules and regulations for companies. The results obtained can be used in the activities of business units responsible for the social and environmental policy of companies in the Russian Arctic, as well as regional and municipal authorities regulating the activities of large industrial and extractive companies in the Far North. |
| Abstract: | Основная исследовательская задача данного исследования заключается в изучении различных теоретических подходов к пониманию природы корпоративной социальной и экологической ответственности в Арктической зоне Российской Федерации (АЗРФ), а также мотивации бизнеса к принятию обязательств в этой сфере. Методологически исследование базируется на структурно-функциональном и дискурсивном подходах, позволяющих выявить внутренние особенности российского и зарубежного дискурсов о социальной и экологической ответственности бизнеса в российской Арктике. Научный вклад данного исследования состоит в том, что в результате проведенной работы выявлена специфика теорий, рассматривающих корпоративную социальную и экологическую ответственность как форму социального партнерства или способ распределения благ (экономическая социология); поведение корпораций как "хороших граждан" общества (социология и политология); часть стратегии управления корпоративными рисками и конкурентоспособностью (корпоративный менеджмент) и/или устойчивого развития (экономическое планирование, экология, государственное и муниципальное управление, социальная работа). Другой научный вклад данного исследования заключается в том, что выявлены три группы мотивов, которые движут крупным бизнесом в случае принятия на себя социальных и экологических обязательств в АЗРФ: желание компаний повысить свою привлекательность как деловых партнеров, обосновать легитимность своей экономической деятельности в регионе и учесть так называемые политические издержки, чтобы снизить вероятность введения государством неудобных для компаний правил и норм. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в деятельности бизнес-подразделений, отвечающих за социальную и экологическую политику компаний в российской Арктике, а также региональных и муниципальных органов власти, регулирующих деятельность крупных промышленных и добывающих компаний на Крайнем Севере. |
| Keywords: | Corporate social and environmental responsibility,Arctic zone,Sustainable development,Theory of development,Russian Federation,Corporate social and environmental responsibility |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03480714&r= |
| By: | Johanna Choumert-Nkolo (EDI - Economic Development Initiatives Limited); Anaïs Lamour (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascale Phélinas (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CESSMA UMRD 245 - Centre d'études en sciences sociales sur les mondes africains, américains et asiatiques - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Inalco - Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales - UP - Université de Paris) |
| Abstract: | Volcanic hazards pose a potential threat to 8% of the world's population, yet the economic literature on their short- and long-term consequences on household behavior and economic development is still in its infancy. In this article, we present the state of the literature and highlight knowledge gaps and methodological challenges inherent to the economic analysis of volcanic hazards and disasters. We first present the physical aspects of volcanic activity and describe available physical data. We then examine the concepts related to cost assessment of volcanic disasters. Finally, we discuss key micro and macroeconomic research questions economists should investigate and identify relevant methodological and data challenges. By highlighting research gaps in the "economics of volcanoes", we provide future avenues of research that will address policy-relevant debates in the context of greater focus on risk mitigation, adaptation, and resilience policies aimed at mitigating natural hazards and disasters. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disaster,Adaptation,Risk,Hazard,Resilience,Economics |
| Date: | 2020–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cdiwps:hal-02556468&r= |
| By: | Franke, Andrea; Peters, Kimberley; Hinkel, Jochen; Hornige, Anna-Katharina; Schlüter, Achim; Zielinski, Oliver; Wiltshire, Karen H.; Jacob, Ute; Krause, Gesche; Hillebrand, Helmut |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a critical contribution to the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021-2030, outlining some of the core challenges of sustainable ocean governance and management by reflecting on modes and logics of interactions between ocean-related sciences, policy-makers and practitioners. In this regard, we give an overview of the potential for, and challenges of, transdisciplinary research which is essential to understanding the linkages between oceans and societies and thereby for attending to contemporary ocean concerns. The paper contributes both a review of transdisciplinary research and a particular format of transdisciplinary experimentation: Real-world Laboratories (RwLs). These are currently gaining traction as a method and approach for the co-creation of knowledge between the natural and social sciences and society to foster sustainability transformations. Altogether, we offer a first major contribution to synthesising knowledge on the potentials of marine RwLs, considering how they act as a way of exploring options for sustainable ocean futures through experimentation. Indeed, in the marine context, RwLs are under-explored but are a vital way for addressing the societal challenges of working towards transformations over the coming UN Ocean Decade. |
| Date: | 2021–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6sfe8&r= |
| By: | Kristjanson, Patricia; Larson, Anne; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela |
| Abstract: | This brief synthesizes approaches and findings from gender research conducted by the CGIAR Program on Policy, Institutions, and Markets (PIM). The focus of this work is the governance of natural resources and policy and institutions for improved natural resources management. This body of research analyzes how tenure security affects sustainable management and how individuals, groups, and communities govern land, water, fish stocks, and forests. An important focus of this work involves the following questions: (1) who has what rights with respect to these resources (particularly for women and members of marginalized groups), (2) what are their roles in managing natural resources, and (3) what livelihood benefits do they receive? Without a contextualized understanding of these questions, policies and practices can inadvertently exclude women, reinforce historical practices of gender injustice, or introduce new inequalities that worsen natural resource management and poverty. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; gender; tenure; tenure security; landscape conservation; landscape; governance; research; women; role of women; natural resources management; livelihoods; policies; poverty; landscape governance |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:othbrf:1293757325&r= |
| By: | Marion Davin (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Mouez Fodha (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thomas Seegmuller (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We study whether fiscal policies, especially public debt, can help to curb the macroeconomic and health consequences of epidemics. Our approach is based on three main features: we introduce the dynamics of epidemics in an overlapping generations model to take into account that old people are more vulnerable; people are more easily infected when pollution is high; public spending in health care and public debt can be used to tackle the effects of epidemics. We show that fiscal policies can promote convergence to a stable disease-free steady state. When public policies are not able to permanently eradicate the epidemic, public debt, and income transfers could reduce the number of infected people and increase capital and GDP per capita. As a prerequisite, pollution intensity should not be too high. Finally, we define a household subsidy policy that eliminates income and welfare inequalities between healthy and infected individuals. |
| Keywords: | public debt,overlapping generations,pollution,Epidemics |
| Date: | 2021–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03555726&r= |
| By: | 子, 鬼谷 |
| Abstract: | Expeditious increase in population and industrialization has led to alarming rates of air pollution in all countries. However, developing economies have had to face a more adverse and severe impact. This had led to many changes in the day to day living of citizens. In this paper we have focused on the psychological process and predictors of migration intention of the people living in Hanoi, Vietnam. Two stratified random datasets of 475 people were used, and Bayesian analysis was performed on this dataset. We found out that the intent to move was negatively associated to the individual’s satisfaction with air quality. We also found that people who have family members that have fallen victim to a disease caused by air pollution are more likely to migrate. This paper discusses an important topic: immigration of the younger demographic, i.e. the Hanoi workforce, which may cause restrictions and hurdles in the city's urbanisation and development. The findings suggest that, if measures against air pollution are not taken, economic forces may be disrupted, posing a threat to urban growth. As a result, collaborative activities and steps need to be taken by the government to curb this unfortunate consequence. |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wjya3&r= |
| By: | Natacha Bourova (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Jacques Fontanel (CESICE - Centre d'études sur la sécurité internationale et les coopérations européennes - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble) |
| Abstract: | GDP is the most widely used economic aggregate to compare, over time and space, the development of the national economy. International experts usually refer to this indicator to comment on the national economy. Its weight is important in determining the classification of countries according to their degree of development among developed countries. However, the limitations of GDP are both technical and conceptual. Real GDP (removing the effects of inflation) per capita does not refer to the productive and redistributive inequalities of economic actors. It does not include bad goods, pollution and it does not account for many free activities. The unique or dominant reference to GDP is dangerous. Economic actors should no longer be encouraged to go in the direction of an unsustainable form of growth. It is necessary to have indicators on democratic freedoms, citizen solidarity, cultural influence, the rise of the digital economy and artificial intelligence. It is also essential to count the negative effects of growth and their discounted costs, such as the definitive disappearance of certain raw materials, the influence of pollution on the people concerned and, in international relations, its effects on neighboring countries. |
| Abstract: | Le PIB est l'agrégat économique le plus largement utilisé pour comparer, dans le temps et dans l'espace, le développement de l'économie nationale. Les experts internationaux se réfèrent généralement à cet indicateur pour commenter l'économie nationale. Son poids est important pour déterminer la classification des pays en fonction de leur degré de développement entre pays développés. Cependant, les limites du PIB sont à la fois techniques et conceptuelles. Le PIB réel (en éliminant les effets de l'inflation) par habitant ne fait pas référence aux inégalités productives et redistributives des acteurs économiques. Il n'inclut pas les mauvais biens, la pollution et il ne comptabilise pas beaucoup d'activités gratuites. La référence unique ou dominante au PIB est dangereuse. Les acteurs économiques ne doivent plus être encouragés à aller dans le sens d'une forme de croissance non durable. Il est nécessaire d'avoir des indicateurs sur les libertés démocratiques, la solidarité citoyenne, le rayonnement culturel, l'essor de l'économie numérique et de l'intelligence artificielle. Il est également primordial de compter les effets négatifs de la croissance et leurs coûts actualisés, comme la disparition définitive de certaines matières premières, l'influence des pollutions sur les personnes concernées et, dans les relations internationales, leurs effets sur les pays voisins. |
| Keywords: | GDP,Sustainable development,public goods.,PIB,Développement durable,biens publics |
| Date: | 2021–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03501925&r= |
| By: | Oyosoro, Felix Idongesit |
| Abstract: | It is common to describe some parts (especially the satellite zones) in the metropolitan areas of Nigeria as hot spots for crimes or high-risk zones: Ikorodu in Lagos, Ikwere in Rivers State, Warri in Delta State, etc. From this context, it is obvious that some areas possess characteristics that encourage or entrench crime and violence. This paper focuses on one of such contemporary high-risk zones in Cross River State, Nigeria: the Calabar South. We argue that the accelerated growth of urbanization has amplified the demand for key services in Calabar metropolis and that the provision of shelter and basic services such as water and sanitation, education, public health, employment, and transport has not kept pace with this increasing demand. Therefore, accelerated and poorly managed urbanization has resulted in various types of atmospheric, land and water pollution, and violent crimes which in turn jeopardize human security in the area and creates hate-sentiments between the dwellers of Calabar South and the administrative authorities. We utilize qualitative research methodology. Oral interviews and questionnaires serve as primary sources utilized while an extensive literature represents the secondary sources utilized here-in. We arrived at the conclusion that the increased environmental, social and economic problems associated with rapid urbanization are the causes of high-risk zones. |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pyhju&r= |
| By: | Kasim, Eley Suzana; Daud, Dalila; Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Omar, Normah; Kusrini, Elisa |
| Abstract: | The study aimed to provide additional insights on how supply chain management practices are used to promote sustainable development in line with Maqasid Al-Shariah principles of Islam. A multiple case study approach involving two major automotive firms in Malaysia was used to address key research issues. The results show that these SCM practices, viz. resources, information, integration, and relationship practices support the promotion of Maslahah for all human beings which is consistent with the aims of Maqasid Al-Shariah principles for sustainable development. The findings provide some guidance to facilitate the achievement of SDGs especially among Muslim countries through their SCM practices. Studies which examined SCM practices for sustainable development from an Islamic perspective are limited. Therefore, the present study aims to provide additional insights on how SCM practices are used to promote sustainable development in line with Maqasid Al-Shariah principles. Some SCM practices are congruent with Maqasid al-Shariah particularly when the practices are examined through the Islamic lens that focuses on the goal of creating value to mankind. |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:789vz&r= |
| By: | Küchler, Rebekka; Herzig, Christian |
| Abstract: | Sustainability assessment of the food supply chain and its members is instrumental in achieving a sustainable food future. Despite being influential members of the food supply chain, no comparison of sustainability frameworks from the supply chain perspective of food manufacturers has been conducted so far. This research investigates the suitability of seven sustainability frameworks for food manufacturing companies by evaluating their connectivity to the up- and downstream food supply chain as well as their food sector specificity. The findings show that none of the frameworks fulfils both food sector specificity and full integration into the up- and downstream supply chain, calling for further research on more harmonized and integrated sustainability assessment throughout the food supply chain. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Food Consumption / Nutrition / Food Safety, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi21:317087&r= |
| By: | Alam, Md. Mahmudul (Universiti Utara Malaysia); Hossain, Mohammad Saeed; Islam, Nurul; Murad, Wahid; Khan, Niaz Ahmed |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the health impacts and access to health services by children who are engaged in waste collection in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. The relevant qualitative data were collected through expert interviews and personal observations, while quantitative data were gathered through a face-to-face questionnaire survey given to 50 street children who collected waste at the landfill site located in Dhaka city’s Matuail area. The results indicate that 94% of these children have suffered from many health problems, such as fever and fatigue due to tiredness, dizziness, and vomiting. Consequently, a significant portion of their daily income is spent on medical treatment. This study suggests that the waste collection system must integrate modern technological, health and environmental resources so that: firstly, they do not harm waste collectors; and secondly, rehabilitate the street children and give them better access to acceptable basic amenities. This is a priority the city authorities. |
| Date: | 2021–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:e269a&r= |
| By: | Giang, Hoàng Trường; Hanh, Ha Thi Hong |
| Abstract: | Môi trường đa dạng sinh học Việt Nam đang bị suy thoái nghiêm trọng |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uhj3a&r= |
| By: | Pérez, Gabriel |
| Abstract: | La conectividad que proveen los servicios de transporte es uno de los factores esenciales para un crecimiento sostenible. En este contexto, los caminos rurales son parte de las condiciones necesarias para un acceso igualitario a los servicios de salud, educación y justicia, así como a otros servicios sociales y administrativos necesarios para un desarrollo con igualdad. Su existencia y adecuado mantenimiento, facilita además la provisión de otros servicios de infraestructura esenciales como la electricidad, agua y saneamiento. La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas, contiene metas específicas destinadas a brindar un entorno de igualdad en la provisión y calidad de los servicios de infraestructuras con una particular atención a lo que sucede en el ámbito rural e indígena, buscando con ello, romper con los estigmas de pobreza y aislamiento que comúnmente caracterizan estos territorios. De cara a la nueva normalidad y la conectividad necesaria para dar respuesta a los impactos impuestos por la epidemia del COVID-19 y la recuperación económica, la provisión de servicios básicos y proyectos de infraestructura resilientes, eficientes y sostenibles que promuevan y posibiliten el cierre de brechas entre los ámbitos urbanos y rurales, constituyen un elemento central para una recuperación económica transformadora. |
| Keywords: | CARRETERAS, ZONAS RURALES, DESARROLLO RURAL, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, INTEGRACION ECONOMICA, COVID-19, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, FINANCIACION DEL DESARROLLO, ROADS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, COVID-19, SOCIAL ASPECTS, DEVELOPMENT FINANCE |
| Date: | 2021–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col025:47566&r= |
| By: | Laurent Guihéry (CY - CY Cergy Paris Université) |
| Abstract: | The Léman Express is the achievement of an old project of connecting Geneva with the French hinterland of Annemasse and the North East part of the Region Auvergne Rhône-Alpes. 16 km of new tracks have been build (2 km in France and 14 km in Geneva with 5 new underground stations). This Swiss-French rail service is opened to cross-border commuters mainly since Mid-December 2019 on 230 km of tracks from Coppet to Annecy, Thonon, Bellegarde and Evian. 50 000 passengers are targeted for this service: now around 40 000 passengers are travelling every day in March 2021. 500 000 commuters cross the French-Swiss boundaries every day, which means a huge impact in terms of congestion and greenhouse effects and this new service will speed up modal transfer towards rail. Mid-2021, reliability of the system and quality passenger information have to be improved. The key issue is to improve the French-Swiss interoperability of rail system. |
| Keywords: | France,Switzerland,Geneva,Rail Passenger Transport,Léman Express |
| Date: | 2021–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03505574&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | United States trade is showing a healthy recovery in 2021 in both imports and exports of goods and services, although some categories of services are still suffering the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Travel, transport, and tourism have not returned to pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, trade in goods has recovered in all major categories. United States-Latin America and the Caribbean Trade Developments 2021 provides an overview of developments in United States trade relations with Latin America and the Caribbean. Following the global focus on the climate crisis and the specific emphasis on President Biden’s trade policy on advancing a sustainable environment and climate path, this year’s report includes a section on United States trade in circular economy goods. |
| Keywords: | COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, POLITICA COMERCIAL, RELACIONES ECONOMICAS INTERNACIONALES, FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO, ACUERDOS ECONOMICOS, COMERCIO DE SERVICIOS, BIENES DE CONSUMO, CONSUMO SOSTENIBLE, PRODUCCION SOSTENIBLE, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, COVID-19, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TRADE POLICY, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS, TRADE FACILITATION, ECONOMIC AGREEMENTS, TRADE IN SERVICES, CONSUMER GOODS, SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION, SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION, GENDER EQUALITY, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2021–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col896:47530&r= |
| By: | Parker, Malaka; Alfaro, Pablo |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognises the key role that education plays in empowering people with the knowledge and skills to work together towards sustainable economic and social development, the highest attainable standards of health and well-being, equality, human rights and global peace. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 is dedicated to the achievement of quality education, aiming to ensure inclusive and equitable education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all. COVID-19, however, threatens to reverse the progress made so far on SDG4 and other SDGs and risks harm to a generation of children. The pandemic has had a major impact on the education of Caribbean students, with the closure of education facilities from March 2020 onwards impacting nearly 12 million learners in 29 Caribbean countries. Children from low income or unstable households are more likely to be affected by this separation from their peers and the supportive environment that school provides, further exacerbating educational disparities. There is a critical need to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on students, both on their academic learning and the psychosocial effects. In particular, this must include students from the most vulnerable and marginalised groups, such as students with disabilities, migrant and refugee students, students from indigenous communities and other groups that already experienced difficulties in accessing education services appropriate to their needs prior to COVID-19. It is equally vital to address the impact of the pandemic on education professionals and to mitigate the risks to health and mental well-being that they face. Assessing these impacts and learning from the many innovations which have been employed in response to the pandemic are important steps towards implementing evidence based strategies for post-COVID-19 recovery and resilience. |
| Date: | 2022–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:47741&r= |
| By: | Zhang, Wei; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Valappanandi, Sanoop; Balakrishna, Raksha; Reddy, Hemalatha; Janssen, Marco A.; Thomas, Liya; Priyadarshini, Pratiti; Kandikuppa, Sandeep; Chaturvedi, Rahul; Ghate, Rucha |
| Abstract: | This paper presents results from a framed field experiment in which participants make decisions about extraction of a common-pool resource, a community forest. The experiment was designed and piloted as both a research activity and an experiential learning intervention during 2017-2018 with 120 groups of resource users (split by gender) from 60 habitations in two Indian states, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. We examine whether local beliefs and norms about community forest, gender of participants, within-experiment treatments (non-communication, communication, and optional election of institutional arrangements (rules)) and remuneration methods affect harvest behaviour and groups’ tendency to cooperate. Furthermore, we explore whether the experiment and subsequent community debriefing had learning effects. Results reveal a “weak†Nash Equilibrium in which participants harvested substantially less than the Nash prediction even in the absence of communication, a phenomenon stronger for male than female participants in both states. For male groups in both states, both communication and optional rule election are associated with lower group harvest per round, as compared to the reference non-communication game. For female groups in both states, however, communication itself did not significantly slow down resource depletion; but the introduction of optional rule election did reduce harvest amounts. For both men and women in Andhra Pradesh and men in Rajasthan, incentivized payments to individual participants significantly lowered group harvest, relative to community flat payment, suggesting a possible “crowding-in†effect on pro-social norms. Despite the generally positive memory of the activity, reported actual changes are limited. This may be due to the lack of follow-up with the communities between the experiment and the revisit. The fact that many of the communities already have a good understanding of the importance of the relationships between (not) cutting trees and the ecosystem services from forests, with rules and strong internal norms against cutting that go beyond the felling of trees in the game, may have also meant that the game did not have as much to add. Findings have methodological and practical implications for designing behavioral intervention programs to improve common-pool resource governance. |
| Keywords: | INDIA; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; gender; extraction; community forestry; collective ownership; field experimentation; forests; game; experiential learning; payment methods; common-pool resource; framed field experiments; |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2091&r= |
| By: | Liang, Yanlong; Jones, David; Buscheck, Jeffrey; Harvey, John; Wu, Rongzong; Jiao, Liya |
| Abstract: | In 2015, Caltrans expressed interest in studying the addition of small amounts of crumb rubber (CRM) in dense-graded asphalt mixes toincrease the total amount of recycled tire rubber used. Small amounts were defined as 5% to 10% CRM by weight of the binder orapproximately 0.25% to 0.5% CRM by weight of the aggregate. In this report, the terms “CRM binder” and “CRM mix” are used todenote the modified mixes. Four approaches for adding the rubber were proposed: 1) Addition of 5% to 10% CRM particles smaller than250 μm to the asphalt binder, not resulting in a change to the PG of the base binder, achieved by blending softer base binders and/orpolymers with the rubber at the refinery/terminal; 2) Addition of 5% to 10% CRM particles smaller than 2.36 mm to the asphalt binder,with allowable changes to the PG of the base binder, and produced using a field-blending process similar to that used for producingasphalt rubber binders with between 18% and 22% CRM; 3) Adding 0.25% to 0.5% CRM by weight of the aggregate directly into the mixusing a dry-process; and 4) Addition of 5% to 10% CRM with particles smaller than 250 μm to the asphalt binder, with allowable changesto the PG of the base binder, and produced using a field-blending process. Laboratory test results and mechanistic-empirical performance simulations both indicate that dense-graded mixes produced withbinders containing between 5% and 10% crumb rubber modifier (CRM) by weight of the binder will generally have equal or betterperformance to dense-graded mixes produced with unmodified binders. Finer CRM gradations (i.e., smaller than 250 μm) in wet processapproaches allow binder testing with standard Superpave performance grading tests and appear to provide more consistent results.Based on literature reviews, adding between 0.25% and 0.5% CRM with particles sizes smaller than 500 μm in dry process mixes willalso provide equal or better performance to mixes that contain no CRM. If any of the approaches are adopted, more scrap tires wouldbe recycled into pavement applications. The following recommendations are proposed based on the findings from this study: • Additional mechanistic-empirical performance simulations followed by pilot studies should be carried out to confirm the findingsdiscussed in this report, to better quantify the benefits, to expand the CalME materials library, and to identify the mostappropriate applications in pavement structures in the different California climate zones. • Some relaxation of the solubility requirements in the PG-M specification should be considered to allow more use of Approach-4binders. Laboratory test results and performance simulations did not indicate that a relaxation in solubility requirements wouldhave a detrimental effect on performance. • Given that dry process approaches are the simplest and cheapest method of incorporating CRM into mixes, limited additionaltesting with finer CRM particles, along with performance simulations, should be conducted to confirm that findings from researchconducted in other states and countries are applicable to California applications. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0bx8b68t&r= |
| By: | Hughes, Karl; Kulomo, Decolius; Nyoka, Bestari |
| Abstract: | While dairy production has the potential to diversify smallholder agriculture and increase incomes, there are multiple constraints. One is the consistent provision of quality feed. High protein, leguminous fodder shrubs—also referred to as Fodder Tree Technology (FTT)—can help address this constraint, yet adoption levels are generally low. Implemented in Kenya and Malawi, the Shrubs for Change (S4C) project is employing several approaches to address this situation, including those informed by behavioural science. Given that approximately 500 shrubs per cow are needed to generate enough leaf matter to bolster milk production, promoting FTT at scale necessitates the production, distribution, and successful planting of large numbers of shrub seedlings. We implemented a field experiment in Malawi’s Southern Region in late 2021 to test the effectiveness of a social learning intervention intended to motivate dairy farmers to significantly scale up the production of FTT seedlings. This intervention involved meeting with dairy farmers in 39 randomly selected milk production zones to review the numbers of seedlings being produced vis-à-vis local demand, coupled with the development of action plans to address identified production gaps. While we find that this intervention increased the setting up of private nurseries by 10% (p<0.05), it only increased overall seedling production by an average of 20 additional seedlings per dairy farmer (p>0.1). We offer several explanations for this lower than expected and statistically insignificant result, which point to the need for iterative rounds of engagement with farmers when supporting them to take up FTT and other complex agronomic and sustainable land management innovations. |
| Date: | 2021–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:kdyf7&r= |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline; Garcia Sanchez, Juan Carlos; Harrison, Makenna; Francisco, Jerel; Tovar, Angelly; Randall, Creighton |
| Abstract: | Carsharing, in which members have access to a network of shared vehicles for short-term rentals, has existed in the US for more than two decades. Within the last six years though, carsharing services have proliferated under a wider variety of business models. These programs are increasingly seen as a means of increasing transportation access in underserved communities—particularly in those with limited public transit service. The recent incorporation of electric vehicles in carsharing programs is also seen as a promising public policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Government support for carsharing has accelerated, with state and federal agencies investing millions of dollars in support of equity and sustainability goals. As funding grows, it becomes increasingly important to learn from carsharing services that have already been implemented. Researchers at the University of California, Davis and the non-profit organization Mobility Development reviewed evaluations of the travel, emissions, and equity effects of past US carsharing programs and analyzed the evolution of carsharing and its various business models. The aim of the research is to inform the design of and improve the value of investments in future electric carsharing programs, and this policy brief summarizes these findings and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Carsharing, electric vehicles, pilot, evaluation, equity |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8cx2q5vj&r= |
| By: | Franck Aggeri (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | Contrary to a commonly held belief, the circular economy was the dominant economic model for a long period. Nothing was lost or discarded, everything was systematically recovered and reused. At the end of the 19th century, it was superseded by the linear economic model, based on extracting new raw materials and disposing of waste in landfills, that accompanied the industrial revolution and rise of the hygienist movement followed by the growth of the consumer society. The present-day challenge is to develop a new approach to the circular economy that meets expectations in terms of quality and traceability as well as exploring new economic models that are less resource-intensive. But while innovations are certainly needed, in recycling, for example, as a strategy it is not a magic bullet. This is because recycling corresponds to a weak circularity model that fails to challenge how we produce and consume. For a strong and less resource-intensive circularity model to emerge, we need to explore services-based strategies that seek to extend product lives via repair, reuse or rental, all of which require upstream efforts in terms of eco-designing products to improve their repairability and durability. |
| Keywords: | circular economy,urban mines,waste |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03503289&r= |
| By: | Thanh, Nguyen Duc; Thao, Nguyen Thi Phuong; Tâm, Ngô Mỹ; Quyen, Luu Thi Truc; Thao, Nguyen Thu; Thư, Nguyễn Phúc; Thu, Phạm Minh; Thương, Nguyễn Thị; Thúy, Trịnh Minh; Thuy, Hoang Bich |
| Abstract: | Big cities have always been likened to "global leaders" and always have innovative policies that are increasingly transcending national boundaries and shaping domestic trends. and international. More than half of the world's population now lives in urban areas and by 2050, this number could increase to more than six billion people. From there, we can see that the process of urbanization is taking place more and more rapidly, and then leading to disorganized urbanization. |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:tz9w5&r= |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Keywords: | Compétitivité,Agriculture française,Echanges,Production agricole,Productions animales |
| Date: | 2021–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03522397&r= |
| By: | Janda, Karel; Benes, Ondrej |
| Abstract: | This paper deals with technological and legislation features of biofuels development. We look at all 2nd generation (2G) end products, the three major conversion pathways and especially the feedstock, with differentiates 2G biofuels from the conventional, 1G fuels. In the legislation and policies review we provide a timeline pointing out the major changes and policies, as well as brief comments on their applications. We look at biofuels policies for the three top player in biofuels production, the U.S., Brazil and the European Union. Because the 1st generation is strongly associated with the food-fuel debate we then focus on its link to the 2G as well, showing how these links are weaker and manageable, although with some challenges still present. |
| Keywords: | Ethanol,Biodiesel,policies,technologies |
| JEL: | Q42 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:249711&r= |
| By: | Arens, Stephanie; Bradtke, Alexandra; Claßen, Thomas; Danielzyk, Rainer; Droste, Bernd; Harteisen, Ulrich; Jaehrling, Heike; Jochimsen, Kerstin; Grabski-Kieron, Ulrike; Lippert, Pia; Schröteler-von Brandt, Hildegard; Simone Thiesing, Simone; Weidmann, Ralf; Wolf, André |
| Abstract: | Dieses Teil-Positionspapier fokussiert das Themenfeld "Wirtschaft und Arbeit". Es steht im Zusammenhang mit den parallel erarbeiteten Positionspapieren der Arbeitsgruppe der ARL-Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft NRW und trägt mit diesen zusammen dazu bei, Zukunftsperspektiven ländlicher Räume in Nordrhein-Westfalen vorzustellen. In Nordrhein-Westfalen tragen die ländlichen Räume - ungeachtet großer regionaler Differenziertheit - maßgeblich zur wirtschaftlichen Leistungskraft des Landes bei. Im regionalen Wettbewerb positionieren sie sich zunehmend mit eigenen regional-ökonomischen Profilen, regionalspezifischen Stärken und Potenzialen. Maßgebliche Herausforderungen für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und für den Wandel der ländlichen Arbeitswelten ergeben sich neben dem Klimawandel aus dem demographischen Wandel, der Zunahme von Nutzungskonkurrenzen, der Digitalisierung sowie aus dem Agrarstrukturwandel. Die Corona-Pandemie setzt aktuell zusätzliche Akzente, deren Folgewirkungen noch nicht vollständig absehbar sind. Als Ergebnis kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit den Herausforderungen sehen die Autorinnen und Autoren Zukunftsperspektiven ländlicher Räume als Wirtschaftsräume in NRW maßgeblich begründet in fünf Themenfeldern. Sie beziehen sich auf ein verändertes Verständnis von Wachstum, die Fachkräftesicherung und -bindung als zentraler Faktor wirtschaftlicher Stabilität und Entwicklungsfähigkeit, auf Handlungsoptionen zur Entschärfung des Problems von Flächenverfügbarkeiten und -konkurrenzen, auf veränderte, regional angepasste Konzeptionen von Wirtschaftsförderung und nicht zuletzt auf einen zukunftsweisenden Umgang mit einem sich weiter ausdifferenzierenden Agrarsektor und einer sich verändernden Rolle von Landwirtschaft in der Gesellschaft. Die genannten Themenfelder werden in fünf Kernforderungen vorgestellt und erläutert. Empfehlungen zu jeweils daran geknüpften Handlungsfeldern runden die Abhandlung ab. |
| Keywords: | Wirtschaftsraum,Wirtschaftsförderung,nachhaltige Wirtschaftsentwicklung,Regional- und Kommunalplanung,Regionalentwicklung,Flächenkonkurrenz,Flächenqualität,Standortentwicklung,Fachkräftesicherung und -bindung,Aus- und Weiterbildung,Akzeptanz,regionale Landwirtschaft,regionales Ernährungssystem,Economic region,economic development,sustainable economic development,regional and municipal planning,regional development,competition for land,land quality,regional development,securing and retaining skilled workers,education and training,acceptance,regional agriculture,regional food system |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arlpos:129&r= |
| By: | Morales Olmos, Virginia |
| Abstract: | Uruguay es el tercer productor en Sudamérica de celulosa blanqueada de madera dura, en tanto, en el caso de la madera sólida, participa en el mercado de coníferas que es el principal a nivel mundial y tiene un rol destacado en un nicho en el mercado de no coníferas (de maderas duras). Este trabajo se realizó en el marco del análisis de la Cadena de Valor Forestal de Uruguay llevada adelante por ONUDI, CEPAL y la Oficina del Coordinador Residente (OCR). El objetivo fue identificar el potencial de actividades productivas de Uruguay en dos aspectos: generación de valor agregado y generación de empleo. Como aporte original se resalta el análisis del sector forestal uruguayo en el marco de la cadena global de valor. El sector se encuentra inserto en dos cadenas forestales de valor a nivel global: la cadena celulósica y la de madera sólida, pero con participaciones diferentes. |
| Keywords: | RECURSOS FORESTALES, INDUSTRIA FORESTAL, INDUSTRIA DE LA MADERA, VALOR, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, EXPORTACIONES, POLITICA INDUSTRIAL, FOREST RESOURCES, FORESTRY INDUSTRY, WOOD-USING INDUSTRY, VALUE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, EXPORTS, INDUSTRIAL POLICY |
| Date: | 2021–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col032:47263&r= |
| By: | Thu, Phạm Minh; Thuy, Hoang Bich; Thương, Nguyễn Thị; Thúy, Trịnh Minh; Thao, Nguyen Thi Phuong; Quyen, Luu Thi Truc; Tâm, Ngô Mỹ; Thao, Nguyen Thu; Thanh, Nguyen Duc; Thư, Nguyễn Phúc |
| Abstract: | Đô thị hóa vô tổ chức là vấn đề nóng hổi hiện nay |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wbtgy&r= |
| By: | Emmanuel Leger Léger; Faycal Rejiba (UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Agnès Rivière (GEOSCIENCES - Centre de Géosciences - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); C Fauchard (Cerema Equipe-projet ENDSUM - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet ENDSUM - Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement); N Flipo (GEOSCIENCES - Centre de Géosciences - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); C Finco (M2C - Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C Schamper (METIS - Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); R Antoine (LASIM - Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); R Levaillant |
| Abstract: | La caractérisation des propriétés thermiques des plaines alluviales à l'échelle régionale requiert une approche par étape. L'utilisation de données radiométriques infrarouge à l'aide d'un drone a permis d'établir un protocole de changement d'échelle pour l'inférence des propriétés thermiques du sol depuis l'échelle locale à celle de la parcelle. Ce protocole, dont la validation opérationnelle est toujours en cours, consiste d'une part à établir un processus d'interpolation à l'échelle de la parcelle (quelques hectares) de mesures de températures multi-profondeurs contraintes par les données radiométriques par drone, et d'autre part à aborder le problème inverse permettant d'estimer les propriétés thermiques du sol à partir des séries de températures multi-profondeurs. Les premiers résultats permettent d'une part d'illustrer l'intérêt du formalisme géostatistique pour l'interpolation sous contrainte et d'autre part d'évaluer dans quelle mesure la résolution du problème inverse pour les propriétés thermiques du sous-sol sont bien posées. Points clefs ✓ Traitement d'image de données radiométriques ✓ Co-krigeage et spatialisation de l'information thermique ✓ Analyse de sensibilité des propriétés thermiques |
| Date: | 2021–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03533487&r= |