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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Toby Melissa C. Monsod (School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman); Sara Jane Ahmed (School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman); Golda P. Hilario (School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman) |
| Abstract: | In its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris Agreement, the Philippines committed to a GHG emissions reduction/avoidance of 75 percent for the period 2020 to 2030, referenced against a projected business-as-usual cumulative emission for the same period. However, the numbers do not add up, critical sectors such as forestry, which is central to the country’s climate change response, are excluded, and government is unconditionally committed to just 4 percent of that target. This begs the question of how the NDC squares with the country’s high level policy clarity and urgency on climate action, including the requirement to infuse all development plans and policies with it. A resetting of the NDC may therefore be warranted so that both national imperatives for climate risk resilience and climate smart development and global mitigation requirements are better served: an NDC that is based on first principles, with programs and measures anchored on adaptation/resilience and driven by their impact sustainable development rather than by GHG emissions reductions per se. This is not the standard ‘decarbonization’ path but a path that recognizes that highly vulnerable countries with relatively small carbon footprints per capita like the Philippines are likely to do more for global efforts to reduce the extent of climate change and cope with its impacts if they build robust community ownership for climate action and leverage opportunities based on their own comparative advantages; one comparative advantage of the Philippines is the biodiversity of its marine and coastal resources. This approach also recognizes that climate change impacts will be dire even if global warming is successfully limited to 1.5 degrees. Thus adaptation and resilience are imperatives for all countries and national contributions that are organized to support these efforts will be vital. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Climate policy; Development Policy; Emissions; Philippines; ASEAN |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 O53 O21 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phs:dpaper:202105&r= |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (The New School, Department of Economics, School of Public Engagement, New York, NY 10003, USA) |
| Abstract: | The climate change crisis has gained unprecedented urgency in the most recent decade. Overall, climate change has already led to and will continuously lead to irreversible tipping points and lock-ins that will degrade the common welfare. When taking a closer look at the macroeconomic growth prospects as measured in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), climate change gains and losses will be distributed fairly unequally throughout the world. A climate change winners and losers index generated the economic prospects under climate change around the world. The index attributed economic gain and loss prospects based on the medium temperature per country in relation to the optimum temperature for economic productivity and the GDP composition per country in order to determine how far countries are deviating from their optimum productivity levels on a time scale. As economic gains and losses from a warming earth are distributed unequally around the globe, ethical imperatives lead to the pledge to redistribute gains to losing territories in the quest for climate justice. Climate justice comprises fairness between countries but also over generations in a unique and unprecedented tax-and-bonds climate change gains and losses distribution strategy. Climate change winning countries are advised to use taxation to raise revenues to offset the losses incurred by climate change. Climate change losers could raise revenues by issuing bonds that have to be paid back by taxing future generations. Regarding taxation, within the winning countries, foremost the gaining GDP sectors should be taxed. Climate justice within a country should also pay tribute to the fact that low- and high-income households share the same burden proportional to their dispensable income, for instance enabled through a progressive carbon taxation. Those who caused climate change could be regulated to bear a higher cost through carbon tax in combination with retroactive billing through inheritance tax to map benefits from past wealth accumulation that potentially contributed to global warming. A novel policy recommendation for enacting climate justice entails diversified interest rate regimes for climate bonds repayment based on the country’s initial position on the climate change gains and losses index spectrum. Diversified repayment of bonds is a new method aimed at ensuring to share the burden but also the benefits of climate change within society in an economically efficient, legally equitable and practically feasible way. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Economics of the Environment, Environmental Justice, Environmental Governance, Green New Deal, Healthcare, Monetary Policy, Multiplier, Social Justice, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:lpaper:0068&r= |
| By: | Max Franks (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Technische Universität Berlin); Matthias Kalkuhl (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, University of Potsdam); Kai Lessmann (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research) |
| Abstract: | Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best subsidies for CDR when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage, terms-of-trade and fossil resource rent dynamics. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, terms-of-trade effects exacerbate this wedge for net resource exporters, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, the optimal removal subsidy may fall below the carbon tax for resource-poor countries when marginal environmental damages are small. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, trade, unilateral climate policy, terms-of-trade effects, removal subsidies |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q37 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:43&r= |
| By: | Brigitte Roth Tran |
| Abstract: | I apply a novel machine-learning based “weather index” method to daily store- level sales data for a national apparel and sporting goods brand to examine short-run responses to weather and long-run adaptation to climate. I find that even when considering potentially offsetting shifts of sales between outdoor and indoor stores, to the firm's website, or over time, weather has significant persistent effects on sales. This suggests that weather may increase sales volatility as more severe weather shocks be- come more frequent under climate change. Consistent with adaptation to climate, I find that sensitivity of sales to weather decreases with historical experience for precipitation, snow, and cold weather events, but-surprisingly-not for extreme heat events. This suggests that adaptation may moderate some but not all of the adverse impacts of climate change on sales. Retailers can respond by adjusting their staffing, inventory, promotion events, compensation, and financial reporting. |
| Keywords: | adaptation; climate change; weather; machine learning; retail; sales |
| JEL: | Q54 L81 D12 |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:93659&r= |
| By: | Filippo Maria D’Arcangelo; Ilai Levin; Alessia Pagani; Mauro Pisu; Åsa Johansson |
| Abstract: | Global progress towards tackling climate change is lagging. This paper puts forward a framework to design comprehensive decarbonisation strategies while promoting growth and social inclusion. It first highlights the need of evaluating a country’s national climate targets and current policy mix, in conjunction with facilitating monitoring tools to assess current and future progress, as a key step to design effective decarbonisation strategies. It then provides a detailed comparison of several policy instruments across different assessment criteria, which indicates that no single instrument is clearly superior to all others. This highlights the need for developing decarbonisation strategies based on a wide policy mix consisting of three main components: 1) emission pricing policy instruments; 2) standards and regulations; 3) complementary policies to facilitate the reallocation of capital, labour and innovation towards low-carbon activities and to offset the adverse distributional effects of reducing emissions. However, there is no one-size-fits-all policy mix, as feasible policy choices depend on countries’ industrial structure, social preferences and political constraints. A robust and independent institutional framework, stakeholders engagement and credible communication campaigns are key to managing these constraints and ultimately enhancing public acceptance of climate mitigation policies. |
| Keywords: | climate change, emission pricing, green investments, green R&D and innovation, green standards and regulations, growth and inclusion, mitigation policies, political economy of climate policy |
| JEL: | H54 P48 Q42 Q52 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaab:31-en&r= |
| By: | Dzieliński, Michał (Stockholm Business School, Stockholm University); Eugster, Florian (Mistra Center for Sustainable Markets (Misum)); Sjöström, Emma (Mistra Center for Sustainable Markets (Misum)); Wagner, Alexander F. (University of Zurich, CEPR, ECGI, and Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is a major concern for many companies, but it has not historically featured much in earnings conference calls. We find a marked increase in climate talk on these calls in recent years. We also find that climate talk is negatively related to the change in CO2 emissions (especially Scope 2) in the year after the call, particularly in firms with high overall environmental and governance ratings. Conversely, investors react particularly negatively to climate talk when it comes from a firm with low levels of ESG performance or following poor earnings performance. Finally, a firm employs more climate talk when it is more material, when there is greater shareholder pressure or when it is better prepared for climate-related disclosure. Overall, these results suggest that investors and other stakeholders interested in corporate climate action should be paying attention to earnings conference calls as a source of useful information about companies’ broader stance on climate-related issues. |
| Keywords: | climate talk; earnings calls; sustainability; CO2 emissions; greenwashing |
| JEL: | D83 G14 G34 G41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:hamisu:2022_006&r= |
| By: | McCarthy, Nancy |
| Abstract: | The impacts of climate change are already occurring across the globe, from droughts to floods, damagingly high temperatures, and sea-level rise. Many smallholder farmers were already vulnerable to weather extremes, and in the absence of effective adaptation measures, this vulnerability will only increase over time. While certain weather patterns associated with climate change are happening even now, future changes remain uncertain. Policy-relevant research needs to assess the benefits of flexible responses to future climate changes, while recognizing the costs of flexibility. |
| Keywords: | WORLD, tenure security, land tenure, governance, land governance, landscape, climate change, climate, research, natural resources, shock, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pimfbs:1286379975&r= |
| By: | Behrang Shirizadeh (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TotalEnergies); Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In the wake of the Paris agreement, France has set a target of zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This target can only be achieved by rapidly decreasing the proportion of fossil fuels and accelerating the deployment of low-carbon technologies. We develop a detailed model of the power sector to investigate the role of different low- and negative-emission technologies in the French electricity mix and we identify the impact of the relative cost of these technologies for various values of the social cost of carbon (SCC). We show that for a wide range of SCC values (from 0 to €500/tCO2), the optimal power mix consists of roughly 75% of renewable power. For a SCC value of €100/tCO2, the power sector becomes nearly carbon neutral while for €200/tCO2 and more it provides negative emissions. The availability of negative emission technologies can decrease the system cost by up to 18% and can create up to 20MtCO2/year of negative emissions, while the availability of new nuclear power stations is much less important. This study demonstrates the importance of an effective SCC value (as a tax for positive emissions and remuneration for negative emissions) in reaching carbon neutrality at moderate cost. Negative emissions may represent an important carbon market which could attract investments if supported by public policies. |
| Keywords: | Power system modeling,Variable renewables,Negative emissions,Social cost of carbon,Nuclear energy. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03508233&r= |
| By: | Barrow, Edmund |
| Abstract: | By 2050, 95 percent of Earth’s land will be degraded. Already, 24 billion tons of soil have been eroded by unsustainable agriculture (Larbodière et al. 2020). In 2020 alone, over 4 million hectares of primary forest were cleared, up 12 percent from 2019. Global trade, consumption, population growth, and urbanization are driving transformations that, in part, drive the destruction of nature. The 2020 Global Living Planet Index shows a 68 percent drop in populations of monitored species from 1970 to 2016. Such trends are a measure of declining ecosystem health (WWF 2020), and the World Economic Forum ranks biodiversity loss as a top-five risk to the global economy. Clearly, our environment must be high on political and policy agendas – yet too often environmental governance is weak and policy implementation is neglected. |
| Keywords: | WORLD, environmental management, governance, biodiversity, landscape conservation, climate-smart agriculture, tenure, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pimfbs:1286379994&r= |
| By: | Luca Panzone (School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University; The Alan Turing Institute); Natasha Auch (The Alan Turing Institute); Daniel Zizzo (School of Economics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia) |
| Abstract: | We use an incentive-compatible experimental online supermarket to test the role of commitment and badges in reducing the carbon footprint of grocery shopping. In the experiment, some participants had the opportunity to voluntarily commit to a low carbon footprint basket before their online grocery shopping; while the commitment was forced upon other participants. We also study the impact of an online badge as a soft reward for the achievement of a low carbon footprint basket. Participants from the general population shopped over two weeks, with the experimental stimuli only in week 2; and received their shopping baskets and any unspent budget. Results indicate that requesting a commitment prior to entering the store leads to a reduction in carbon footprint of 8-9%. The online badge led to non-significant reductions in carbon footprint. Commitment mechanisms, either forced or voluntary, appear effective in motivating an environmental goal and search for low-carbon options, particularly in those accepting the commitment. |
| Keywords: | sustainable consumption, commitment, field experiment, carbon footprint, food consumption. |
| JEL: | C54 C93 D12 D91 Q18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:652&r= |
| By: | Olga Chiappinelli; Gyula Seres |
| Abstract: | We consider a Green Public Procurement setting where the procurer provides a bid discount to environment-friendly technologies to foster their use. We assume that, before the auction, firms may switch to green technology via a publicly observable costly investment. We show that investment acts as a signaling device. This mitigates the effect of incomplete information on firms’ costs, thereby triggering more competitive bidding, which results in lower prices for the procurer. Therefore, even a procurer with no preference toward green technology can find it optimal to use a discount. Our results challenge the common perception that Green Public Procurement always implies a trade-off between environmental performance and purchasing price. |
| Keywords: | Public Procurement; Environmental Policy; Auctions |
| JEL: | D44 H57 Q58 Q55 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1983&r= |
| By: | Patricia Arttachariya (Institute of International Studies, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok) |
| Abstract: | The use of plastic, in many forms, is ubiquitous. Plastic is found in many of our day-to-day products and even though plastic has several useful applications, plastic waste has a detrimental impact on the environment and is life-threatening to humans, animals, and many marine species. The main aim of this exploratory study is to investigate the influence of internal (environmental knowledge and concern), and external factors (interpersonal influence and media) on Gen Y Thai consumers’ environmental attitude and behavior relating to plastic pollution. Gen Y consumers are the focus of this study because they account for nearly a third of Thailand's population with high income and spending potential. A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed to Gen Y consumers in 7 areas in the Central Business District of Bangkok, of which 396 were considered valid and used for the analysis. Three hypotheses posited in the study were tested using Simple Regression analysis. The findings showed that both external factors (environmental knowledge and environmental concern) as well as internal factors (interpersonal influence and media) influenced environmental attitude. Environment attitude, in turn, was found to have a significant influence on behavior related to plastic pollution. The findings provide several useful suggestions for policymakers, marketers, and the general public toward inculcating better waste management practices in the Thai context. |
| Keywords: | Plastic pollution, Generation Y, Environmental Concern, Interpersonal Influence |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:lpaper:0063&r= |
| By: | William Brock; Anastasios Xepapadeas |
| Abstract: | Scientific evidence suggests that anthropogenic impacts on the environment such as land use changes and climate change promote the emergence of infectious diseases in humans. We develop a two-region epidemic-economic (epi-econ) model which unifies short-run disease containment policies with long-run policies which could control the drivers and the severity of infectious diseases. We structure our paper by linking a susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model with an economic model which includes land use choices for agriculture and climate change. In the SIS model the contact number depends on short-run containment policies (e.g., lockdown, social distancing, vaccination), and the long-run policies affecting land use and the preservation of the natural world, and climate change. Utility in each region is determined by a composite consumption good produced by labor, land devoted to agriculture, and energy. Climate change and land use changes which reduce the natural world have an additional cost in terms of infectious disease since they might increase the contact number in the long run. We provide a deterministic solution as a benchmark and we compare it with outcomes derived under ambiguity associated with important parameters of the epi-econ model and ambiguity aversion. |
| Keywords: | infectious diseases, SIS model, natural world, climate change, containment policy, Nash equilibrium |
| JEL: | I18 Q54 D81 |
| Date: | 2022–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2208&r= |
| By: | Atkinson, Giles; Ovando, Paola |
| Abstract: | Accounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how natural capital is distributed. That is, who consumes ecosystem services and who owns or manages the underlying asset(s) that give rise to ecosystem services. In this paper, we examine the significance of the ownership of land on which ecosystem assets (or ecosystem types) is located in the context of natural capital accounting. We illustrate this in an empirical application to two ecosystem services and a range of ecosystem types and land ownership in Scotland, a context in which land reform debates are longstanding. Our results indicate the relative importance of private land in ecosystem service supply, rather than land held by the public sector. We find relative concentration of ownership for land providing comparatively high amounts of carbon sequestration. For air pollution removal, however, the role of smaller to medium sized, mostly privately owned, land holdings closer to urban settlements becomes more prominent. The contributions in this paper, we argue, represent important first steps in anticipating distributional impacts of natural capital (and related) policy in natural capital accounts as well as connecting these frameworks to broader concerns about wealth disparities across and within countries. |
| Keywords: | distribution; ecosystem services; equity; natural capital accounting; landownership; Springer deal |
| JEL: | Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112171&r= |
| By: | Thilo K.G. Haverkamp (University of Kassel); Heinz Welsch (University of Oldenburg); Andreas Ziegler (University of Kassel) |
| Abstract: | Based on representative data for 1614 citizens in Germany, this paper empirically examines the relationship between different types of environmental protection activities and subjective well-being (SWB) in terms of life satisfaction by specifically considering the role of economic preferences for this relationship. With respect to pro-environmental behavior, we differentiate between stated non-climate environmental and climate protection activities as well as revealed climate protection activities, which are measured in an incentivized donation experiment and thus are more meaningful than stated climate protection activities. Our empirical analysis reveals that climate protection activities are more robustly and more strongly positively correlated with life satisfaction than non-climate environmental protection activities. Furthermore, not only stated climate protection activities, but also revealed climate protection activities are significantly positively correlated with life satisfaction. These results suggest that climate protection activities lead to stronger warm glow feelings and reputation gains than non-climate environmental protection activities. Our empirical analysis additionally shows that economic preferences play an important role since especially patience and trust, but also risk-taking preferences and (less robust) altruism are significantly positively correlated with life satisfaction. In particular, economic preferences are also relevant for the relationship between pro-environmental behavior and life satisfaction. When economic preferences are included in the econometric analysis, the estimated correlations between climate protection activities and life satisfaction become weaker and the estimated correlation between non-climate environmental protection activities and life satisfaction even becomes insignificant. These results strongly suggest omitted variable biases in cross-sectional econometric analyses of the relationship between pro-environmental behavior and SWB when economic preferences are not included as control variables. |
| Keywords: | Subjective well-being; life satisfaction; pro-environmental behavior; incentivized donation experiment; economic preferences |
| JEL: | I31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:202204&r= |
| By: | William Wills (UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro); Emilio Lebre La Rovere (UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro); Carolina Grottera (UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro); Giovanna Ferrazzo Naspolini (UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro); Gaëlle Le Treut (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); F. Ghersi (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Julien Lefèvre (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Carolina Burle Schmidt Dubeux (UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) |
| Abstract: | Curbing GHG emissions while preserving economic growth is one of the main challenges that developing countries are facing to meet the Paris Agreement commitments. Brazil's NDC target aims to reduce economy-wide absolute levels of GHG emissions by 37% in 2025 and 43% in 2030, compared to 2005 emissions. In this paper, we compare command-and-control and carbon pricing policies to induce the Brazilian economy to meet its NDC targets. We focus on analysing synergies and trade-offs in macroeconomic and social development, captured by economic growth and income distribution while reducing GHG emissions. By integrating a series of sectoral models and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, we develop and run different policy scenarios that simulate a set of carbon pricing schemes in Brazil. Our analysis shows that NDC implementation in Brazil under carbon pricing policies allows the country to meet its targets and improve economic and social indicators compared to a command-and-control policy. With about the same GHG emissions up to 2030, important macroeconomic and social co-benefits can be achieved under a carbon pricing policy in Brazil, allowing for reduced welfare losses against business-as-usual trends. Key policy insights Carbon pricing policies are more cost-effective to meet NDC targets in Brazil up to 2030, resulting in higher GDP and household income, in comparison to other individual policy instruments, including command-and-control and subsidies to investments. A carbon price of about 10 USD/tCO2e, combined importantly with deforestation rates under control, would allow Brazil to meet its NDC targets. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03500923&r= |
| By: | Lukas Boer; Andrea Pescatori; Martin Stuermer |
| Abstract: | The energy transition requires substantial amounts of metals such as copper, nickel, cobalt and lithium. Are these metals a key bottleneck? We identify metal-specific demand shocks, estimate supply elasticities and pin down the price impact of the energy transition in a structural scenario analysis. Metal prices would reach historical peaks for an unprecedented, sustained period in a net-zero emissions scenario. The total value of metals production would rise more than four-fold for the period 2021 to 2040, rivaling the total value of crude oil production. Metals are a potentially important input into integrated assessments models of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Conditional forecasts, structural vector autoregression, structural scenario analysis, energy transition, metals, fossil fuels, prices, climate change |
| JEL: | C32 C53 Q3 Q4 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1976&r= |
| By: | Maria Nieto |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the most recent NDCs as well as public political commitments of the US, China, the EU and Japan (56% of the world GHG emissions) to meet the goal of reaching the 2050 net zero emissions target necessary to limit global warming to the 1.5C. This analysis is made against the background of the transition pathways defined by the REMIND-MAgPIE 2.1-4.2 integrated assessment model for an orderly transition to reach that target. The commitments of US, China, the EU and Japan are not in line with the requirements to limit global warming. Only the EU seems to have an adequate, sufficiently detailed and legally binding strategy to fulfill that pledge. This finding is in line with the recent United Nations Report concluding that even with enhanced 2030 targets and the additional public statements, the world is on track for a temperature increase between 1.8-2.4C this century even assuming that every country puts in place effective policies that will fully achieve its set targets. In all four regions of the world and particularly in 2025-2030, the orderly transition to net zero around 2050 demands the highest investments in renewable energies for electricity, CCUS and energy efficiency. China, the most critical to reach global carbon neutrality, is by far the most highly dependent on CCUS and, more generally, on CDR technologies to reach the 2050 net zero target due to an energy mix dominated by fossil fuels. |
| Keywords: | Environment, international public goods, environmental economics-technological innovation |
| JEL: | F64 L38 O44 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:baf:cbafwp:cbafwp22170&r= |
| By: | D'Angeli, Mariagrazia; Marin, Giovanni; Paglialunga, Elena |
| Abstract: | n recent years, there has been rapid development of the literature linking climate change and armed conflicts. Although no conclusionary evidence has been found of a direct link between climate change and armed conflicts, still climate change has been addressed as an important trigger, exacerbating underlying social, economic and institutional conditions and thus resulting in higher risk and magnitude of violent activities. In this context, while more research is needed to further disentangle how climatic changes combine with socio-economic and institutional elements to induce conflicts, an important pathway to be explored is the role that building resilience can play in preventing and/or breaking the negative relationship between climate change and violent activity. In this context, resilience refers to the capacity of a system to come back to its original conditions after a shock and relies on the combination of socioeconomic, institutional and technological dimensions. In our paper we provide empirical evidence on the role played by resilience-building investments in attenuating the emergence of armed conflicts as a consequence of climate-related anomalies and natural disasters. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:317885&r= |
| By: | Lea, Jon; Harvey, John; Saboori, Arash; Butt, Ali A. |
| Abstract: | The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has a growing need to be able to quantify its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the other environmental impacts of pavement operations, and to consider GHG and those other impacts in pavement management, conceptual design, design, materials selection, and construction project delivery decisions. Caltrans also needs to be able to evaluate the life cycle environmental impacts as part of policy and standards development. All these tasks can be performed using life cycle assessment (LCA), although there are different constraints and requirements with respect to the scope of the LCA and the data available for each of these different applications. The web-based software environmental Life Cycle Assessment for Pavements (eLCAP) is a project-level LCA tool that uses California- and Caltrans-specific life cycle inventories (LCIs) and processes. The LCI database has been critically reviewed by outside experts following ISO standards. eLCAP models the life cycle history of a pavement project by allowing a user to specify any number of construction-type events, occurring at a user-specified date, followed by an automatically generated Use Stage event that begins immediately afterward and lasts until the next construction-type event or the end-of-life date. The Use Stage models currently consider the effects of roughness in terms of International Roughness Index and use the same performance models that are used in the Caltrans pavement asset management system software, PaveM. eLCAP performs a formal mass-balancing procedure on a pavement LCA project model and then computes 18 different impact category values—including Global Warming Potential, Human Health Particulate Air, Acidification, and different forms of Primary Energy—and generates a detailed Excel report file to display graphs and tables of results. The results can be presented in terms of life cycle stage, material types, and other details. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, life cycle assessment, environmental life cycle assessment, life cycle inventory, greenhouse gas, use stage, web application, cradle-to-gate |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9f5181j1&r= |
| By: | Eftichios S. Sartzetakis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); Anastasios Xepapadeas (Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Busines); Athanasios Yannacopoulos (Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | Continuously increasing consumption of material goods drives current resource and environmental crises, including climate change and loss of biodiversity. Technology o¤ers solutions, the development and the adoption of which though is not at the speed required to address the crises. Therefore, demand side responses have to be triggered using policies with economists suggesting the use of price signals. Increases in fuel prices during the last decade in both Europe and North America though, have not yielded the expected reductions in the fuel economy. Furthermore, ambitious increases in fuel prices have resulted in considerable opposition, especially by low-income people. The present paper o¤ers an explanation for the reduced e¤ectiveness of environmental taxation by focusing on relatively high-income individuals whose consumption of highly polluting material goods is driven by motivations to improve their social status. Furthermore, the paper shows that complementing the tax with information provision aiming at moderating status seeking overconsumption improves social welfare. Decoupling consumption of highly polluting material goods from social status in individuals?well-being, through information campaigns and/or adver-tisement, could have a substantial environmental e¤ect directly and also indirectly by improving the e¤ectiveness of taxation. |
| Keywords: | status-seaking, replicator dynamics, information provision, environmental taxation |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 D62 D82 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2022_01&r= |
| By: | Eftichios Sartzetakis; Anastasios Xepapadeas; Athanasios Yannacopoulos |
| Abstract: | Continuously increasing consumption of material goods drives current resource and environmental crises, including climate change and loss of biodiversity. Technology offers solutions the development and the adoption of which though is not at the speed required to address the crises. Therefore, demand side responses have to be triggered and the most common economic suggestion is to use price signals. Increases in fuel prices during the last decade in both Europe and North America though, have not yielded the expected reductions in the fuel economy. Furthermore, ambitious increases in fuel prices have resulted in considerable opposition, especially by low-income people. The present paper offers an explanation for the reduced effectiveness of environmental taxation by focusing on relatively high-income individuals whose consumption of highly polluting material goods is driven by motivations to improve their social status. Furthermore, the paper shows that complementing the tax with information provision aiming at moderating status seeking overconsumption improves social welfare. Convincing people, through information campaigns and/or advertisement that consuming highly polluting material goods does not improve their social status could have a substantial effect which perfectly complements taxation, improving actually its effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | status-seaking, replicator dynamics, information provision, environmental taxation |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 D62 D82 |
| Date: | 2022–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2207&r= |
| By: | Schlund, David (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Theile, Philipp (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen is viewed as a promising supplement in future energy systems with high penetration rates of renewable energy (RE) generation. As conversion technology between the two secondary energy carriers, hydrogen and electricity, particularly grid-connected electrolysers, have a role to play. During the market ramp-up, grid-connected electrolysers could cause unwanted side-effects through inducing additional CO2 emissions from the power sector. Since the reduction of CO2 remains the overall goal, a simultaneity obligation between RE generation and hydrogen production for the dispatch are being discussed to limit associated emissions from an electrolyser’s energy consumption. The paper presents a model framework including a mixed-integer linear program and a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation for stochastic electricity market prices to assess a grid-connected electrolyser’s dispatch. Within a case study representing the current state of the German electricity market, the effect of simultaneity on the electrolyser’s dispatch is assessed. The results show that the simultaneity reduces the CO2 emission intensity of hydrogen while constraining the profits from cost-optimal dispatch. The simultaneity represents implicit storage of the RE generation’s green characteristic, which allows the electrolyser to shift RE production to low price periods. Depending on the simultaneity interval, this affects both the average contribution margin and the risk of the electrolyser dispatch. Regulations aiming at the interface between hydrogen and electricity must consider the trade-off between the economic viability of electrolysers, full load hours, and the associated emissions of electricity-basedhydrogen. |
| Keywords: | Hydrogen; Power-to-Gas; Renewable Energy Support; Optimisation |
| JEL: | C61 L51 M20 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2021_010&r= |
| By: | Lea, Jon; Harvey, John; Saboori, Arash; Butt, Ali Azhar |
| Abstract: | The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has a growing need to be able to quantify its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the other environmental impacts of pavement operations, and to consider GHG and those other impacts in pavement management, conceptual design, design, materials selection, and construction project delivery decisions. Caltrans also needs to be able to evaluate the life cycle environmental impacts as part of policy and standards development. All these tasks can be performed using life cycle assessment (LCA), although there are different constraints and requirements with respect to the scope of the LCA and the data available for each of these different applications. The web-based software environmental Life Cycle Assessment for Pavements (eLCAP) is a project-level LCA tool that uses California- and Caltrans-specific life cycle inventories (LCIs) and processes. The LCI database has been critically reviewed by outside experts following ISO standards. eLCAP models the life cycle history of a pavement project by allowing a user to specify any number of construction-type events, occurring at a user-specified date, followed by an automatically generated Use Stage event that begins immediately afterward and lasts until the next construction-type event or the end-of-life date. The Use Stage models currently consider the effects of roughness in terms of International Roughness Index and use the same performance models that are used in the Caltrans pavement asset management system software, PaveM. eLCAP performs a formal mass-balancing procedure on a pavement LCA project model and then computes 18 different impact category values—including Global Warming Potential, Human Health Particulate Air, Acidification, and different forms of Primary Energy—and generates a detailed Excel report file to display graphs and tables of results. The results can be presented in terms of life cycle stage, material types, and other details. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0b9635gm&r= |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (The New School, Department of Economics, School of Public Engagement, New York) |
| Abstract: | The Green New Deal (GND) is a governmental strategy to strengthen the United States economy and foster inclusive growth. The GND is targeted at sharing economic growth benefits more equally within society. How to align economic interest with justice and fairness notions is the question of our times when considering the massive challenges faced in terms of environmental challenges, healthcare demands and social justice pledges. First, this paper will outline what the GND is, how the GND is implemented and why it matters in its multiple implementation facets and international angles. Second, the Green New Deal will be presented as a possibility to make the world and society more equitable in the domains of environmental justice, access to affordable healthcare and social justice excellence. Ethical imperatives and equity mandates lead the economic rational behind redistribution in the GND as social peace, health and favorable environmental conditions are prerequisites for productivity. The GND offers hope in making the world and society but also overlapping generations more equitable and thus to bestow peace within society, around the world and over time. In answering the question if the GND is equitable, one has to acknowledge that the GND is a fairly novel phenomenon with international variations and diverse implementation strategies. |
| Keywords: | Access to Affordable Healthcare, Climate Change, Economics of the Environment, Environmental Justice, Environmental Governance, Green New Deal, Healthcare, Monetary Policy, Multiplier, Social Justice, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:lpaper:0051&r= |
| By: | John Beirne; Yannis Dafermos; Alexander Kriwoluzky; Nuobu Renzhi; Ulrich Volz; Jana Wittich |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of natural disasters on price stability in the euro area. We estimate panel and country-specific structural vector autoregression (VAR) models by combining estimated damages of disaster events with monthly data for the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for all euro area countries over the period 1996-2021. Besides estimating the effect on overall headline inflation, we examine effects on its 12 main sub-indices and further sub-categories of food price inflation. This allows us to disentangle differences in the direction and strength of price effects across consumption categories. Our results suggest significant positive effects of natural disasters on overall headline inflation, with diverging results at the sub-index level. Positive inflation effects are particularly pronounced for prices of food and beverages, while negative effects prevail for other sub-indices. Our country-specific results suggest heterogenous inflation effects of natural disasters across different countries. A key implication of our findings is that climate change is likely to make it increasingly difficult for the European Central bank to achieve its inflation target. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters, climate, inflation, monetary policy, European Central Bank |
| JEL: | E31 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1981&r= |
| By: | Anders Dugstad; Kristine Grimsrud (Statistics Norway); Gorm Kipperberg; Henrik Lindhjem; Ståle Navrud |
| Abstract: | Economists have neglected place attachment as a potential explanation for people’s preferences for environmental goods. We conducted the first discrete choice experiment to assess the place attachment concept in the valuation of and response to the place-specific environmental impact from a proposed wind farm in Norway. Place attachment increases required compensation for accepting the wind farm, strengthens resistance, and leads to a higher propensity to systematically choose the status quo option of no wind farm in the discrete choice experiment. This finding suggests that the so-called “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) effect should be recognized as a rational response when people place a high value on local environmental amenities, including place identity and a sense of place. |
| Keywords: | Place attachment; sense of place; NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard); discrete choice experiment; cultural ecosystem services; wind energy |
| JEL: | Q40 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:974&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Nikitas Pittis (University of Piraeus, Greece); Angelos Plataniotis |
| Abstract: | Achieving climate neutrality dictated by international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Agenda 2030 and the European Green Deal, requires the conscription of all parts of society. The business world and especially large enterprises have a leading role in this effort. Businesses can contribute to this effort, by establishing a reporting and operating framework according to specific Environmental, Societal, Goovernance (ESG) criteria. The interest of companies in the ESG framework has become more intense in the recent years, as they recognize that appart from an improved reputation, ESG criteria can add value to them and help to become more effective in their functioning. However, especially large European companies, are legally obligated by the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD - Directive 2014/95/EU), to disclose non-financial information on how they deal with social and environmental issues. In the literature, there are discussions on what extent a good ESG-performance affects a company's profitability, valuation, capital efficiency and risk. The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically whether a relationship between good ESG performance and the good financial condition of companies can be documented. For a sample of the top-50 European companies in terms of ESG performance (STOXX 28 Europe ESG Leaders 50 Index), covering a wide range of sectors, namely Automobile, Consumer Products, Energy, Financial Services, Manufacturing etc., first, we reviewed their reportings to see which ESG framework they use to monitor their performance. Next, we examined whether there is a pattern of better financial performance if compared to other large European corporations. Our results show that such a connection seem to exist at least for some specific parameters, while for others such a claim cannot be supported. |
| Keywords: | ESG, STOXX Europe, Financial Performance, Capital Structure, Profitability, Valuation |
| Date: | 2022–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2209&r= |
| By: | Swallow, Brent M. |
| Abstract: | Collaborative international research on tenure dates back at least to the early 1960s when the Land Tenure Centre was established at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and conducted some studies in collaboration with CGIAR social scientists. CGIAR interest in tenure increased in the early 1990s when natural resource management was strengthened as a component of the CGIAR agenda and the Centers on forests, agroforestry, and water (CIFOR, ICRAF, and IWMI) entered the system. CAPRi began to operate as a systemwide research program on tenure and collective action in the mid-1990s, and became PIM Flagship 5 on governance of natural resources in 2011. From 2021, a renewed research agenda on tenure is essential for advancing the One CGIAR mission of “science and innovation that advance transformation of food, land and water systems in a climate crisis.†|
| Keywords: | WORLD, tenure security, land tenure, sustainable development, investment, research, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pimfbs:1286379954&r= |
| By: | Clulow, Z.; Reiner, D. M. |
| Abstract: | Distrust in science has been linked to scepticism over both vaccines and climate change. We analyse the results of nationally representative online surveys administered in eight key countries critical to global efforts to mitigate climate change and COVID-19 (Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan, South Africa, the UK and US). Consistent with previous studies, we find distrust in science is an important explanatory variable for the larger majority of sceptics, those who are sceptical of one or the other issue but not both, across the countries examined. However, the association is significantly weaker among the segment of hardcore persistent sceptics who are both climate sceptics and antivaxxers, instead we find that these individuals, who fit with the typical sceptic profile, are driven by an underlying distrust of elite institutions rather than a specific distrust of scientists. Our results imply that different communications strategies are needed for different types of sceptics. |
| Keywords: | climate scepticism, anti-vaccine, public perceptions, trust, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | I12 I18 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2209&r= |
| By: | Noam Bergman (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School, University of Sussex); Tim Foxon (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex Business School, University of Sussex) |
| Abstract: | The world is currently facing two socio-technical transitions: shifting to a low-carbon society, and a digital revolution. Despite some claims to the contrary, evidence suggests that spread and adoption of ICT does not automatically lead to reduction in energy demand, if this stimulates new energy-using practices or wider economic growth. Despite this policy challenge, the two transitions are often considered separately. This study examines potential drivers of reductions or increases in energy demand due to digitalisation identified in recent leading global and UK net zero transitions scenarios. These include direct effects, indirect and rebound effects relating to home energy use and transport, and effects on economic growth. The scenarios are first analysed in relation to how they are situated in relation to different framing assumptions: (1) the relative focus on decarbonising energy supply or managing energy demand; (2) a focus on green growth or shifting to a focus on wellbeing (or even degrowth); (3) the extent to which they assume dominant business models led by large ICT firms, or alternative business models which empower communities and users; and (4) the extent to which they envisage key roles for ICT in relation to automation for optimising energy supply and demand or for empowering agency of users. Specific direct, indirect and economic growth effects of digitalisation on energy demand are then identified, which reflect these and other projections in the scenarios. These imply that the future pathways adopted for digitalisation will have a significant impact on future energy demand and hence on the feasibility and acceptability of achieving net zero goals. This suggests opportunities for further research and improving policy interactions between these two transitions, and stimulating greater public debate on the different framings for an ICT-driven low carbon transition. |
| Keywords: | digital, energy demand, low carbon targets, long-term scenarios |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2021-09&r= |
| By: | Xin Sheng (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark; Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Haci Bayram Mah. Istiklal Cad. No:10 06050, Ankara, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | Recent theoretical developments tend to suggest that rare disaster risks enhance the persistence of uncertainty. Given this, we analyse the impact of climate risks (temperature growth or its volatility), as proxies for such unusual events, on the persistence of economic and policy-related uncertainty of the 50 US states in a panel data set-up, over the monthly period of 1984:03 to 2019:12. Using impulse response functions (IRFs) from a regime-based local projections (LPs) model, we show that the impact of an uncertainty shock on uncertainty itself is not only bigger in magnitude when the economy is in the upper-regime of temperature growth or its volatility, but is also, in line with theory, is more persistent. Our results have important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty, Climate Risks, US States, Nonlinear Local Projections, Impulse Response Functions |
| JEL: | C23 D80 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202208&r= |
| By: | Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tiruneh, Solomon; Ringler, Claudia |
| Abstract: | Land degradation is a pressing global challenge, with three billion people residing in degraded landscapes. The global cost of land degradation is estimated to be about $300 billion per year, with Africa south of the Sahara accounting for 26 percent of the total global costs due to land-use and land-cover changes. In Ethiopia, it is estimated that more than 85 percent of land is moderately to severely degraded due to changes in land use and cover, costing the country an estimated US$4.3 billion annually. In order to halt further degradation and support essential restoration through sustainable land management (SLM) and related investments, the Water and Land Resource Center (WLRC) and its consortium of development partners established six learning watersheds in Central and North-Western Ethiopia with the ultimate goal of improving water security and crop and livestock productivity. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, sustainability, sustainable land management, land management, gender, agricultural productivity, watersheds, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprea:november2021&r= |
| By: | Matteo Bonato (Department of Economics and Econometrics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa; IPAG Business School, 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Christian Pierdzioch (Department of Economics, Helmut Schmidt University, Holstenhofweg 85, P.O.B. 700822, 22008 Hamburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | We find that climate-related risks forecast the intraday-data-based realized volatility of exchange-rate returns of eight major fossil fuel-exporters (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, Russia, and South Africa). We study a wide array of metrics capturing risks associated with climate change, derived from data directly on variables such as, for example, abnormal patterns of temperature. We control for various other moments (realized skewness, realized kurtosis, realized good and variance, upside and downside tail risk, and jumps) and estimate our forecasting models using random forests, a machine-learning technique tailored to analyze models with many predictors. |
| Keywords: | Climate Risks, Commodity Currencies, Realized Variance, Forecasting |
| JEL: | C22 C53 F31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202210&r= |
| By: | Giovanni Mandras (European Commission - JRC); Simone Salotti (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Commission is working in order to ensure a smooth transition to cleaner forms of energy production away from fossil fuels in order to meet the EU objective of reaching climate neutrality by 2050. The Just Transition Mechanism was launched to manage this transition, under the European Green Deal. A key information needed to do that is the number of workers who will be impacted by the ongoing decarbonisation process. This technical report contains the RHOMOLO-IO estimates of the number of jobs indirectly related to the energy production industry of coal, peat, and oil shale. These activities directly employ more than 200,000 workers in the EU, and our results suggest that about 140,000 additional jobs are indirectly related to those. This is a significant number that should be considered by the policy makers dealing with the shift away from energy production with fossil fuels. |
| Keywords: | region, growth, Rhomolo, indirect jobs, coal, input-output analysis. |
| JEL: | C68 R13 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202111&r= |
| By: | Johnson, Nancy L. |
| Abstract: | Rapid transformations are occurring in food systems around the world with significant economic, health, and environmental implications. As part of this change, the focus of agricultural production needs to transition from quantity of food production to quality of diets. This brief begins by summarizing evidence from nutrition-sensitive agriculture and explaining how resource tenure and governance issues relate to the production of nutrient-rich foods. The brief then explores the importance of resource tenure and governance issues for diets and health in the context of food system transformation: this section focuses on supporting healthy diets in traditional food systems, meeting the global demand for nutrient-rich foods, and managing and mitigating disease risks in intensifying agricultural landscapes. |
| Keywords: | WORLD, natural resources, tenure, governance, nutrition, health, agricultural research, development, food systems, sustainability, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:pimfbs:1286379953&r= |
| By: | Jean-Louis Rastoin (Auteur indépendant) |
| Abstract: | Foresight considers possible futures. For food systems 2 scenarios, displaying a now-common objective of carbon neutrality, are the subject of controversy. One, advocates chemical and biotechnological intensification, the other ecological intensification. To overcome the conflicting influences introducing knowledge and political recommendation biases, a structural, spatial and temporal contextualization is necessary. The 5th current food transition should favor the socio-ecological scenario. |
| Abstract: | La prospective envisage les futurs possibles. Pour les systèmes alimentaires 2 scénarios, affichant un objectif désormais commun de neutralité carbone, font l'objet de controverses. L'un, tendanciel, prône l'intensification chimique et biotechnologique, l'autre l'intensification écologique. Pour dépasser les influences conflictuelles introduisant des biais de connaissance et de préconisation politique, une contextualisation structurelle, spatiale et temporelle s'avère nécessaire. La 5e transition alimentaire en cours devrait favoriser le scénario socio-écologique. |
| Keywords: | foresight,food system,stakeholder strategy,controversia,transition,prospective,système alimentaire,stratégie d’acteur,controverse |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03514312&r= |
| By: | Donatella Gatti (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - LABEX ICCA - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP - Université de Paris - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Sorbonne Paris Nord) |
| Date: | 2022–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cepnwp:hal-03534136&r= |
| By: | Franck Lecocq (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Alain Nadaï (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); C. Cassen (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03504158&r= |
| By: | Marc Deschamps (CRESE - Centre de REcherches sur les Stratégies Economiques (EA 3190) - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Bruno Jeandidier (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julie Mansuy (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | While there is a fairly extensive literature on the relationship between weather and productivity, little research has focused on the impact of weather on judicial activity. The findings from the few investigations conducted arrive at different conclusions depending on the country. We contribute to this area of research by conducting the first analysis using French data. We propose an empirical analysis of the impact of outdoor temperature and rainfall levels on court decisions made in French courts of appeal during divorce proceedings, based on a sample of approximately 4,000 court decisions correlated with daily and geo-localized meteorological data. The analysis focuses on decisions regarding the amount of child support to be paid. We show that, all other things being equal, when it is very hot at night preceding the judgment, the panels of judges tend to set lower amounts of child support. |
| Keywords: | Appeal judge's decisions,Weather,Child support,Divorce,France,Law and economics |
| Date: | 2021–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03437628&r= |
| By: | Pejman Bahramian (Department of Economics, Queen's University) |
| Abstract: | The Province of Ontario has had an aggressive program of introducing wind electricity generation technologies into its generation supply mix. This, combined with the rigid baseload production by nuclear and hydro plants, has for 20 years created a surplus baseload electricity supply. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) is suggested as an economically viable technology for storing energy from non-dispatchable wind energy sources. An analytical framework has been developed to explore the feasibility of the PHS facility to manage the surplus supply of electricity and compare its cost performance with the alternative gas power plants. Two situations are analyzed. First, the PHS plant uses only surplus energy for the first 20 years of operation. Second, an additional 20 years of PHS usefulness is added by making investments in wind electricity generation to provide energy for pumping. Given the capital costs of building PHS in Ontario, the PHS expansion is not economically cost-effective for utilizing the projected off-peak surpluses. The economic analysis also illustrates that in the context of Ontario, the integration of PHS with wind power generation will have a negative impact on the Canadian economy in all circumstances. This loss is borne mainly by the electricity consumers of Ontario. Even considering the cost of CO2 emissions from a world perspective, this investment is not cost-effective. It would be much better socially from a world perspective and economically from Canada’s perspective if the surplus baseload electricity from Ontario were given away free to the USA. It could then be used to reduce generation by natural gas plants in the USA, hence reducing CO2 emissions globally, without any incremental economic cost to Canada. |
| Keywords: | Economic analysis, Electricity, Ontario, Pumped hydro storage, Wind power |
| JEL: | O55 D61 Q42 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:wpaper:1480&r= |
| By: | Philippe Faverdin (PEGASE - Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hervé Guyomard (INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laurence Puillet (MoSAR - Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Agneta Forslund (SMART-LERECO - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Cattle are the world's largest consumers of plant biomass. Digestion of this biomass by ruminants generates high methane emissions that affect global warming. In the last decades, the specialisation of cattle breeds and livestock systems towards either milk or meat has increased the milk production of dairy cows and the carcass weight of slaughtered cattle. At the animal level and farm level, improved animal performance decreases feed use and greenhouse gas emissions per kg of milk or carcass weight, mainly through a dilution of maintenance requirements per unit of product. However, increasing milk production per dairy cow reduces meat production from the dairy sector, as there are fewer dairy cows. More beef cows are then required if one wants to maintain the same meat production level at country scale. Meat produced from the dairy herd has a better feed efficiency (less feed required per kg of carcass weight) and emits less methane than the meat produced by the cow-calf systems, because the intake of lactating cows is largely for milk production and marginally for meat, whereas the intake of beef cows is entirely for meat. Consequently, the benefits of breed specialisation assessed at the animal level and farm level may not hold when milk and meat productions are considered together. Any change in the milk-to-meat production ratio at the country level affects the numbers of beef cows required to produce meat. At the world scale, a broad diversity in feed efficiencies of cattle products is observed. Where both productions of milk per dairy cow and meat per head of cattle are low, the relationship between milk and meat efficiencies is positive. Improved management practices (feed, reproduction, health) increase the feed efficiency of both products. Where milk and meat productivities are high, a trade-off between feed efficiencies of milk and meat can be observed in relation to the share of meat produced in either the dairy sector or the beef sector. As a result, in developing countries, increasing productivities of both dairy and beef cattle herds will increase milk and meat efficiencies, reduce land use and decrease methane emissions. In other regions of the world, increasing meat production from young animals produced by dairy cows is probably a better option to reduce feed use for an unchanged milk-to-meat production ratio. |
| Keywords: | Beef,Dairy,Feed conversion ratio,Methane,Upscaling |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03513868&r= |
| By: | Eskander, Shaikh M.S.U.; Fankhauser, Sam |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate the economic response of rural households to the 2013 floods in Pakistan. The case study illustrates the important roles of labor supply adjustments and income diversification in coping with climate-related risks. Using detailed household panel data that were collected before and after the 2013 floods, we find that the exposure to flood results in lower participation in farm activities. The overall effects are decreased diversification in the sources of income and ambiguous reduction in inequality which is associated with overall declines in incomes. These changes could be locked in if affected households do not have sufficient assets to resume farming. The results suggest intervention points for public policy, related to labor mobility and access to capital. |
| Keywords: | employment; floods; income diversification; income inequality; Pakistan |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113415&r= |
| By: | Dumitrescu, Raluca (MicroEnergy Systems Research Group, Technische Universität Berlin); Lüth, Alexandra (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Weibezahn, Jens (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Groh, Sebastian (BRAC Business School (BBS), BRAC University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we are proposing a policy innovation for both a more sustainable and a more inclusive electrification strategy, particularly for improved energy access in the Global South: combining the extension of national grids whilst taking advantage of existing decentralized renewable energy infrastructure allowing their collective feed-in to the national grid. We are introducing community power purchase agreements as a regulatory instrument for compensating and incentivizing the actors active at the intersection of the two infrastructures (prosumer, grid operator, state utility).We use both a mixed complementarity and a linear model for analyzing the concept in a case study of Pirgacha village, Bangladesh, in which a cluster of solar home system prosumers are interconnected into a renewable energy swarm grid. We determine the energy infrastructure cost components and their split among the actors. The results demonstrate a series of co-benefits: (a) the prosumer is monetarily rewarded for the utilization of her assets and for electricity trading with no additional infrastructure investment; (b) if the state utility takes over the investment costs with the interconnection infrastructure and outsources the integrated grid operations and maintenance to the private sector, the otherwise high grid expansion costs can be saved and repurposed in other infrastructure investments; (c) the operations of the decentralized renewable energy company are no longer threatened by the grid expansion and it can become an Integrated Grid Operator. |
| Keywords: | Decentralized renewable energy; Swarm grids; Grid integration; Power purchase agreements; Integrated grid operator |
| JEL: | C61 C63 D47 L94 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2021_019&r= |
| By: | Grubb, Michael; Drummond, Paul; Poncia, Alexandra; McDowall, Will; Popp, David; Samadi, Sascha; Penasco, Cristina; Gillingham, Kenneth T.; Smulders, Sjak; Glachant, Matthieu; Hassall, Gavin; Mizuno, Emi; Rubin, Edward S.; Dechezleprêtre, Antoine; Pavan, Giulia |
| Abstract: | We conduct a systematic and interdisciplinary review of empirical literature assessing evidence on induced innovation in energy and related technologies. We explore links between demand-drivers (both market-wide and targeted); indicators of innovation (principally, patents); and outcomes (cost reduction, efficiency, and multi-sector/macro consequences). We build on existing reviews in different fields and assess over 200 papers containing original data analysis. Papers linking drivers to patents, and indicators of cumulative capacity to cost reductions (experience curves), dominate the literature. The former does not directly link patents to outcomes; the latter does not directly test for the causal impact of on cost reductions. Diverse other literatures provide additional evidence concerning the links between deployment, innovation activities, and outcomes. We derive three main conclusions. (a) Demand-pull forces enhance patenting; econometric studies find positive impacts in industry, electricity and transport sectors in all but a few specific cases. This applies to all drivers-general energy prices, carbon prices, and targeted interventions that build markets. (b) Technology costs decline with cumulative investment for almost every technology studied across all time periods, when controlled for other factors. Numerous lines of evidence point to dominant causality from at-scale deployment (prior to self-sustaining diffusion) to cost reduction in this relationship. (c) Overall innovation is cumulative, multi-faceted, and self-reinforcing in its direction (path-dependent). We conclude with brief observations on implications for modelling and policy. In interpreting these results, we suggest distinguishing the economics of active deployment, from more passive diffusion processes, and draw the following implications. There is a role for policy diversity and experimentation, with evaluation of potential gains from innovation in the broadest sense. Consequently, endogenising innovation in large-scale models is important for deriving policy-relevant conclusions. Finally, seeking to relate quantitative economic evaluation to the qualitative socio-technical transitions literatures could be a fruitful area for future research. |
| Keywords: | comitigation costs; directed technological change; endogenous technological change; energy innovation; induced innovation; innovation policy; learning by doing |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2021–03–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113439&r= |
| By: | Nicolas Berghmans (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Lola Vallejo (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Benoît Leguet (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Erwann Kerrand (I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics); Andreas Eisl (CEE - Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, MaxPo - Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies - Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies - Max-Planck-Gesellschaft - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, Institut Jacques Delors); Phuc-Vinh Nguyen (Institut Jacques Delors); Thomas Pellerin-Carlin (Institut Jacques Delors); Xavier Timbeau (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Il reste moins de 30 ans pour atteindre la neutralité carbone. Cette transformation des économies française et européenne, à peine entamée, est historique. Essentielle pour éviter le chaos climatique, elle doit aussi intégrer d'autres enjeux environnementaux, dont la biodiversité et la pollution de l'air. Elle constitue aussi une opportunité pour moderniser nos industries, créer des emplois de qualité, lutter contre la pauvreté, renforcer la prospérité économique et affirmer notre indépendance politique et énergétique. Si de nombreux pays ont annoncé des objectifs de neutralité carbone en amont de la dernière Conférence internationale sur le climat (COP 26), il manque encore des actes concrets, en France comme ailleurs. Beaucoup de chemins sont possibles pour atteindre la neutralité, il faut les préciser, les clarifier et les proposer au débat public. On ne peut traiter les différentes facettes de la transition écologique séparément les unes des autres. Investissements publics comme privés, changements de modes de vie, reconfiguration des espaces urbains, nouveau pacte social, formation des travailleurs, innovations, modification des incitations économiques et production d'énergies nouvelles devront ainsi être appréhendés conjointement pour apporter une réponse systémique et relever le défi climatique. Certains chantiers sont déjà ouverts : 2 % du PIB Français sont déjà consacrés à des investissements favorables au climat, l'Union européenne déploie un Pacte vert, les rénovations des bâtiments, productions d'énergies renouvelables et de véhicules électriques se développent. La Convention citoyenne pour le climat a démontré que ce mode de démocratie participative permet d'aboutir à des propositions concrètes, partiellement reprises dans la loi Climat et Résilience promulguée en 2021. Le plan France Relance permet d'apporter 30 milliards d'euros pour la transition écologique, mais sur une période limitée à deux ans. France 2030 donne de la prévisibilité aux financements de certaines filières innovantes. Dans ce Policy Brief, nous recensons les éléments structurants pour lesquels nous attendons des propositions concrètes de chaque candidat et de chaque famille politique. Sur le climat, tout projet politique peut être proposé aux Français, mais chaque projet politique doit être concrétisé dans une programmation pluriannuelle des investissements publics. Car si l'investissement ne fait pas tout, il est le point nodal d'expression des choix politiques et permet de mieux juger, au-delà des discours, du contenu réel des propositions. |
| Date: | 2021–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03483383&r= |
| By: | Michael Kilumelume; Bruno Morando; Carol Newman; John Rand |
| Abstract: | Extractive industries form an important part of the economy for many developing countries, but their impact on growth and welfare remains understudied. With global efforts to transition to net-zero carbon emissions in the coming decades, understanding the local impacts of the extractives sector is crucially important for regional economic development policy in the management of this transition. In this paper we use tax administrative data from South Africa to examine the local spillovers from mining activities, focusing on wages, firm profitability, and job creation. |
| Keywords: | Mining, South Africa, Spillovers, Firms, Profitability |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-10&r= |
| By: | Marica Valente |
| Abstract: | Using machine learning methods in a quasi-experimental setting, I study the heterogeneous effects of introducing waste prices - unit prices on household unsorted waste disposal - on waste demands and social welfare. First, using a unique panel of Italian municipalities with large variation in prices and observables, I show that waste demands are nonlinear. - find evidence of constant elasticities at low prices, and increasing elasticities at high prices driven by income effects and waste habits before policy. Second, I estimate policy impacts on pollution and municipal management costs, and compute the overall social cost savings for each municipality. Social welfare effects are positive for all municipalities after three years of adoption, when waste prices cause significant waste avoidance. |
| Keywords: | Waste pricing, causal effect heterogeneity, machine learning, welfare |
| JEL: | C14 C21 C52 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1980&r= |
| By: | Natalie Pierson (The New School, United States) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines private exploration and colonization of space, inspired by the growing interest and advancements in developing space by private industries, notably SpaceX. Marx’s theory of primitive accumulation and David Harvey’s theory of “spatial fix†provide a framework from which to understand why billionaires are attracted to the business of space. Matters of legality are considered in the regulation of space including treaties, their applications, and the unforeseen gaps in the law left by unanticipated private sector growth. Economic feasibility is discussed through cost and revenue estimates of possible marketable products. Environmental impacts, both on Mars and Earth, are reviewed regarding physical landscape and biological contamination. Finally, it explores the ethics of a developing colony in a stressful environment and seeks to unpack the term colonization in a celestial setting. This paper concludes that bringing capitalist ideals and methods into space is not a solution for problems created by capitalism on Earth. Given the concerns identified, it may well exacerbate them. |
| Keywords: | Mars, space, colonization, primitive accumulation, private industry |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:lpaper:0091&r= |
| By: | Charitopoulos, V.; Fajardy, M.; Chyong, C. K.; Reiner, D. |
| Abstract: | Unlike power sector decarbonisation, there has been little progress made on heat, which is currently the biggest energy consumer in the UK, accounting for 45% of total energy consumption in 2019, and almost 40% of UK GHG emissions. Given the UK’s legally binding commitment to "Net-Zero" by 2050, decarbonising heat is becoming urgent and currently one of the main pathways involves its electrification. Here, we present a spatially-explicit optimisation model that investigates the implications of electrifying heat on the operation of the power sector. Using hourly historical gas demand data, we conclude that the domestic peak heat demand is almost 50% lower than widely-cited values. A 100% electrification pathway can be achieved with only a 1.3-fold increase in generation capacity compared to a power-only decarbonisation scenario, but only, by leveraging the role of thermal energy storage technologies without which a further 40% increase would be needed. |
| Keywords: | heat electrification, energy systems optimisation, carbon capture and storage, heat pumps, unit commitment, investment planning |
| JEL: | C31 C61 C63 L94 L95 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2022–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2210&r= |
| By: | Roman Inderst (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Goethe University Frankfurt); Eftichios S. Sartzetakis (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); Anastasios Xepapadeas (Department of International and European Economic Studies, Athens University of Economics and Busines) |
| Abstract: | We posit that consumers?preferences for more sustainable products depend on the perceived social norm, which in turn is shaped by average consumption behavior. We explore the implications of such preferences for ?rms?incentives to introduce more sustainable products and to co-operate in order to either foster or forestall their introduction. Our main motivation lies in the increasing pressure put on antitrust authorities to exert more leniency towards horizontal agreements that are motivated by sustainability considerations. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability; Antitrust; Firm Cooperation. |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2022_02&r= |
| By: | Miwa Nakai; Majah-Leah V. Ravago; Yoichi Miyaoka; Kiyoshi Saito; Toshi. H Arimura |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we aim to examine consumer behaviour concerning energy-efficient appliances in the context of a developing country. As a case study, we use the Philippines, one of the earliest countries in Southeast Asia to introduce appliance test standards. We conducted face-to-face surveys of potential purchasers of air conditioners (ACs) in Metropolitan Manila, where the percentage of AC owners has increased as a result of economic growth. The survey includes choice experiment questions to estimate preferences for AC attributes, including purchase price, additional functions, country of manufacturer and energy efficiency information. In addition, we examine the types of information on eco labels that encourage consumers to choose an energy-efficient AC, including the default option of an energy efficiency ratio, estimated cost per hour or an energy star rating. Our choice experiment analysis reveals that energy-efficient ACs made by domestic manufacturers with smart functions are more likely to be chosen by consumers. We find that the probability of an energy-efficient AC being chosen can be increased by approximately 15% if the eco label uses an energy star rating rather than an energy efficiency ratio. |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcr:wpaper:e166&r= |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Smart, Jenny; Diao, Xinshen |
| Abstract: | Public expenditures (PE), their sizes, and allocations across sectors, are some of the important instruments for the public sector to contribute toward sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, knowledge gaps remain as to how PEs have actually contributed to key SDG outcomes in the past, including the eradication of poverty and hunger, and the improvement in food and nutrition security in sustainable manners (SDGs 1 and 2). This study aims to partly fill this knowledge gap using the Statistics on Public Expenditures for Economic Development (SPEED data) and various country-level panel data. We find that PEs in different sectors have been significantly associated with key indicators under SDGs 1 and 2. Specifically, greater PEs for agriculture and health sectors have had relatively positive effects on total factor productivity growth in agriculture, reduced consumer food price indices, reduced poverty, reduced stunting, underweight or overweight among children under 5. A greater PE for agriculture has also been weakly associated with enhanced biodiversity. These relationships are observed for a broad class of countries, but somewhat stronger for countries that had been classified as low- or lower-middle-income in 2000. Greater PEs for education and social protection, which have been generally higher than PEs for agriculture and health, have had more mixed effects on these outcomes. While continued analyses are required to better understand the complex linkages between PE and these outcomes, the current study offers useful preliminary insights. |
| Keywords: | WORLD; public expenditure; poverty; data; food security; nutrition security; Sustainable Development Goals; Goal 1 No poverty; Goal 2 Zero hunger; cross-country evidence; panel data; SPEED data |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2051&r= |
| By: | Bossoma Doriane N’DOUA |
| Abstract: | Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBTs) govern trade in several sectors, including the forest-wood-paper sector. Using a gravity model, we analyze the impact of SPS and TBT measures on trade flows in the forest-wood-paper sector by distinguishing between technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures. Our results show that SPS and TBT conformity assessment procedures and TBT technical regulations increase trade flows. We also find that the impact of these measures differs depending on the level of development of imposing countries when imports come from developing countries. In particular, SPS and TBT conformity assessment procedures and SPS technical regulations imposed by developed countries tend to restrict trade with developing country exporters, while TBT technical regulations tend to increase it. In contrast, SPS and TBT conformity assessment procedures imposed by developing countries contribute to increasing such trade. In analyzing the differences or similarities in regulatory patterns between these countries, we find that, on average, developing countries exhibit less regulatory intensity than developed countries. This result suggests that it will require more technical and financial resources for developing countries to comply with measures imposed by developed countries that adopt more stringent technical measures than they do. |
| Keywords: | STEM migrants; High-skilled migrants; Inventors; Gender |
| JEL: | F13 F14 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2022-01&r= |
| By: | David Milesi-Gaches (DEPARTMENT OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY FERN BARROW POOLE DORSET GBR - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture) |
| Abstract: | Public transports were strongly impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic through, for example, networks shut down, or lockdown and distancing measures. Transport scenarios are helpful tools on which policies, development and management strategies are built. To see if we can still rely on pre-2020 scenarios in a post-pandemic world, it is important to explore if the epidemic, pandemic or infectious (EPI) risk was addressed or discussed. Hence, this paper proposes a systematic review to explore how the EPI risk and health are discussed in transport scenarios and transport scenario guidance documents. Both scientific and grey literatures were reviewed, through 17 search engines, with French and English keywords. Data were then processed through a Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD). The sample of 110 documents underlines a poor consideration for the EPI risk, with only 4 papers addressing, 7 mentioning and 37 indirectly mentioning the EPI risk, despite an important consideration for health (101 documents discussed health, with an average number of 3.45 health topics addressed). When discussed, the EPI risk is always addressed through the prism of health although it is recognized as a global disruptor for the whole society. Indeed, the more health topics are addressed, the more it is likely to find the EPI risk addressed in public transport scenarios or guidance documents. |
| Abstract: | Les transports publics ont été fortement impactés par la pandémie de Covid-19 à travers, par exemple, des fermetures de réseaux, ou des mesures de confinement et de distanciation. Les scénarios de transport sont des outils utiles sur lesquels reposent les politiques, les stratégies de développement et de gestion. Pour voir si nous pouvons toujours nous appuyer sur des scénarios pré-2020 dans un monde post-pandémique, il est important d'explorer si le risque épidémique, pandémique ou infectieux a été abordé ou discuté. Par conséquent, cet article propose une revue systématique pour explorer comment le risque épidémique et la santé sont discutés dans les scénarios de transport et les documents de guidance sur les scénarios de transport. La littérature scientifique et la littérature grise ont été passées en revue, via 17 moteurs de recherche, avec des mots-clés en français et en anglais. Les données ont ensuite été traitées par une analyse factorielle de données mixtes (AFDM). L'échantillon de 110 documents souligne une mauvaise prise en compte du risque épidémique, avec seulement 4 articles l'abordant, 7 le mentionnant et 37 le mentionnant indirectement, malgré une prise en compte importante de la santé (101 documents traitent de la santé, avec un nombre moyen de 3,45 sujets de santé abordés). Lorsqu'il est discuté, le risque épidémique est toujours abordé à travers le prisme de la santé bien qu'il soit reconnu comme un perturbateur global pour l'ensemble de la société. En effet, plus les sujets de santé sont abordés, plus il est probable de retrouver le risque épidémique abordé dans les scénarios de transport public ou les documents de guidance sur l'élaboration de scénarios. |
| Keywords: | public transport,scenario,infectious risk,pandemic,environment,Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2021–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03494239&r= |
| By: | Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Le lexique économique employé pour désigner des composantes de la nature est souvent accusé de biaiser nos représentations et nos modes de gestion de l'environnement. Contribuant au processus de commodification de la nature, il aurait même sa part dans la dégradation des écosystèmes. Cet article revient sur l'histoire des concepts de services écosystémiques et de capital naturel pour mieux comprendre comment s'est forgée, il y a parfois longtemps, l'articulation lexicale entre économie et écologie. Il en ressort une lecture plus nuancée que celle d'un simple impérialisme scientifique opéré par l'économie sur nos représentations du monde naturel. Forcée au dialogue, la discipline économique n'apparaît pas si imperméable que cela à la réalité des dynamiques biophysiques et écosystémiques, à condition de connaître la portée véritable des mots que l'on emploie. |
| Keywords: | capital naturel,services écosystémiques,commodification,performativité,impérialisme scientifique,histoire de la pensée économique |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03502292&r= |
| By: | Giuseppe Danese; Luigi Mittone |
| Abstract: | The phenomenon of household products disappearing from supermarket shelves after the COVID-19 outbreak has received strong attention in the media. After a negative shock, household products can be viewed as a common-pool resource subject to a rule of capture by the first appropriator. Using a sample of US participants, we show that when the participants are informed that a fixed supply of facial masks exists, they often coordinate on an egalitarian allocation of masks. In another study in which it is brought to the participants’ attention that COVID-19 disproportionately affects the elderly population, participants 24 or younger spontaneously demand fewer masks than 65 or older participants. A group of incentivized external observers identifies a prudentially-low demand for masks as appropriate in this environment. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, common-pool resource, stockpiling, identified victim |
| JEL: | I12 C92 H41 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpce:2201&r= |
| By: | D'Onofrio, Paula; Gorosito, Silvina Marcela; Iacono, Cristian; Rodríguez, Julieta A.; Heit, Malena |
| Abstract: | El presente trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata "Responsabilidad Social. Una propuesta desde la Contabilidad Social y Ambiental para empresas clave de la región", siendo el primero acreditado en materia contable. El objetivo principal del proyecto ha sido definido de la siguiente manera: "Contribuir con las acciones de Responsabilidad Social Empresaria realizadas en el ámbito del Partido de General Pueyrredon desde la perspectiva de sus grupos de interés". Con este fin, se contactó a la asociación empresaria "FortaleceRSE", la cual es la principal Cámara de Empresas de Mar del Plata dedicada al fomento del desarrollo sostenible de la región por medio de la difusión e implementación de acciones de Responsabilidad Social Empresaria, quien ha operado como nexo con los líderes de las empresas entrevistadas. En esta etapa presentamos el análisis inicial del relevamiento de acciones de Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE) de las organizaciones objeto de estudio, que se desprende de las entrevistas virtuales mediante plataformas y presenciales realizadas hasta el momento. En esta primera etapa de investigación, surgen las siguientes preguntas: - ¿Las empresas brindan información sobre las acciones de RSE que llevan adelante? Si brindan información, ¿de qué forma lo hacen y para que usuarios/destinatarios? Si no lo hacen, ¿cuáles son los motivos? - ¿Las empresas se vinculan entre ellas para desarrollar acciones de RSE? ¿De qué forma lo hacen? ¿Se vinculan con otras organizaciones? Entre los resultados hallados, se puede destacar que algunas empresas comunican a sus grupos de interés las acciones realizadas a través de informes con una periodicidad anual. Asimismo, se relevaron empresas que no realizan ningún tipo de reporte de sus acciones de RSE. De las entidades entrevistadas a la fecha, no se identificó ninguna que confeccione Balance Social en los téminos de la Resolución Técnica 36 de la FACPCE. Para desarrollar acciones de RSE, las empresas se vinculan con ONG, organismos estatales y otras empresas -algunas asociadas a FortaleceRSE y otras no-. |
| Keywords: | Responsabilidad Social; Empresas; Contabilidad Social; |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3592&r= |