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on Environmental Economics |
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Issue of 2022‒01‒31
fifty-four papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Florence Jaumotte; Weifeng Liu; Warwick J. McKibbin |
| Abstract: | The paper examines climate mitigation strategies to reach net-zero emissions by mid-century, focusing on smoothing macroeconomic costs in the short- to medium-term - the horizon relevant for policymakers. It explores a comprehensive policy package, which complements carbon pricing with an initial green fiscal stimulus, consisting of green public investment and subsidies to renewables production. Model simulations show that thanks to the green public spending, the policy package boosts global output relative to the baseline for the first 15 years of the low-carbon transition. Subsequent transitional output costs resulting from further increases in carbon prices are moderate of the order of 1 percent of baseline global GDP by 2050. The findings suggest that upfront green fiscal packages could help smooth the transition to a low-carbon economy. In the current context of the Covid-19 economic crisis, they would help support the recovery from the crisis and put the global economy on a greener, more sustainable path. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Net-Zero Emissions, Green Infrastructure, Macroeconomics, DSGE, CGE, G-Cubed |
| JEL: | C51 C53 C54 C55 C68 F41 Q51 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-75&r= |
| By: | Hirose, Kosuke; Matsumura, Toshihiro |
| Abstract: | We theoretically investigate how common ownership (or the extent of collusion in an industry) affects firms' voluntary commitment with emission restrictions and emissions abatement activities in an oligopoly. We find that common ownership reduces emissions by reducing output, and may stimulate emissions abatement activities if the degree of common ownership is small. However, significant common ownership always reduces emissions abatement activities. Additionally, common ownership may or may not improve welfare, depending on the implicit carbon cost. |
| Keywords: | corporate social responsibility, anticompetitive effect, voluntary emissions cap, emissions abatement |
| JEL: | L13 M14 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111120&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The struggle to combat climate change remains complex and challenging. Currently, two climate change approaches, namely, mitigation and adaptation, have been widely supported. These are empirical, requiring further explanation of the main drivers of carbon emissions. This research seeks to tackle this problem by providing a strategy to reduce climate change impacts. This study contributes to the existing empirical literature in several ways. It investigates whether education and information and communication technology (ICT) matter to promote environmental sustainability in the Eastern and Southern Africa. The empirical evidence is based on the third-generation panel unit root test and panel cointegration tests that account for the potential issue of structural breaks in the series. We further dissect the long and short run dynamics using the panel Granger causality approach. Our findings show the possibility of using education and clean technology investment in a complementary strategy for mitigating carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in the sampled countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Sustainability; ICT; Education; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/006&r= |
| By: | Thabelo Ramantswana; Yamkela Blou; Ntombi Mtshali; Kabelo Modise |
| Abstract: | Purpose: People spend about 80% to 90% of their time indoors, and studies have shown that a range of comfort and health-related effects are related to building's features. The idea around green buildings is to ensure that the indoor environment is favourable to the occupants. Green buildings have been increasing in the US, Australia, and Europe for several years. However, in South Africa, green building is still a relatively new concept although its direct impact on occupants' safety, well-being, and efficiency on problems of both physical and non-physical indoor environmental quality (IEQ) (thermal, acoustic, visual, and air quality, etc.) has been studied. Although there are several studies conducted focussing on different aspects of Green Buildings, there is still not enough consideration given to IEQ of green buildings on occupants’ comfort in South Africa. This paper explores the effects of IEQ in green office buildings on occupants' comfort.Design/Methodology: This study targets all (69) GBCSA certified green office buildings in South Africa. The respondents were all employees of green accredited buildings. The survey was used to gather information on the occupants' satisfaction regarding the IEQ factors of the green office building space they are usingFindings: The results show that many participants developed sicknesses from the buildings they work from, and they were not satisfied with the ability to alter the lighting in their workspace. Regardless of these factors, the overall perception of occupants in green office buildings regarding IEQ factors is that they are satisfied. The results show that occupants may not be overly satisfied with some IEQ factors in their green offices, but they are still satisfied with their workspace in general.Practical implications: This research will assist in identifying IEQ factors that have an effect on occupants’ comfort and well-being in South African certified green office buildings. The findings might help designers incorporate IEQ factors into their design plan and life cycle of the building and use the study results to improve on the IEQ areas where the occupants were dissatisfied. |
| Keywords: | Green Buildings; Indoor Environmental Quality; occupant satisfaction; Post Occupancy Evaluation; Wellbeing |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-011&r= |
| By: | Frank Jotzo; Warwick J. McKibbin |
| Abstract: | Australia has a history of fragmented and politically contested climate policy, and current climate policy is both piecemeal and limited in scope and ambition. Ample opportunities exist to reduce emissions through the more broad-based application of policy. This paper outlines six areas where climate policy in Australia could achieve emissions reductions at low cost: pricing emissions in industry through a modification and broadening of the existing Safeguards Mechanism; investment in assisting the transformation of the electricity grid to very high shares of renewables; a mixture of innovation support, and targeted incentives and regulatory standards in specific sectors and activities; an effective green infrastructure program to stimulate demand and raise productivity in the medium term; a community focussed structural adjustment fund that would enable disproportionately impacted communities to adapt reality of the global transition to net-zero emissions by 2050; and removing impediments to the emergence of new renewable energy-based export industries to take the place of coal and gas exports. |
| Keywords: | climate change policy, policy packages, Australia |
| JEL: | Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-78&r= |
| By: | Stepan Mikula; Mariola Pytlikova |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. These technologies substantially decreased air pollution levels without per se affecting economic activity. The results based on a difference-in-differences estimator imply that improvements in air quality reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24%. We find that the effect of air pollution on emigration tended to be larger in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer man-made amenities. Thus, our results imply that strengthening social capital and investing in better facilities and public services could partially mitigate depopulation responses to air pollution. Finally, we look at heterogeneous migratory responses to air pollution by education and age and find some evidence that the more educated tend to be more sensitive to air pollution in their settlement behavior. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; migration; natural experiment; |
| JEL: | Q53 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp714&r= |
| By: | Cecilia Bellora; Lionel Fontagné (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | On March 10, 2021, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the border carbon adjustment mechanism that the European Commission committed to setting up. How would this adjustment work and what would be its consequences? By reducing the incentive to displace production of high-emitting products to countries with little or no carbon tax, the carbon adjustment mechanism would reduce "carbon leakage" but increase the price of carbon in the European Union (EU). Therefore, European industries that use as inputs goods subject either to the carbon tax or to the carbon adjustment are at risk of a loss of competitiveness. However, the main challenge in addressing climate change is the participation of the major emitting countries in the effort to abate greenhouse-gas emissions. While the European mechanism could help the EU in strengthening its emissionreduction targets, it is above all the compliance of the United States with the commitments made in the Paris Agreement that will make it possible to save one year's worth of global emissions by 2035, pending a more concrete commitment from China. |
| Abstract: | Le Parlement européen vient d'adopter une résolution concernant le mécanisme d'ajustement carbone à la frontière que la Commission européenne s'est engagée à mettre en place. Quel pourrait être son fonctionnement et quelles en seraient les conséquences ? En réduisant l'incitation à déplacer la production des produits fortement émissifs vers des pays ne taxant pas, ou peu, le carbone, le mécanisme d'ajustement carbone devrait diminuer les « fuites de carbone », mais augmenter le prix du carbone dans l'Union européenne (UE). Une perte de compétitivité pour les industries européennes utilisant comme intrants les biens soumis à la taxe carbone ou au mécanisme d'ajustement n'est donc pas à exclure. Mais l'enjeu principal pour la préservation du climat est la participation des grands pays émetteurs à l'effort de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Si le mécanisme européen est de nature à permettre à l'UE de renforcer ses objectifs de réduction d'émissions, c'est surtout le respect des engagements pris dans l'accord de Paris par les États-Unis qui permettra d'économiser une année d'émissions mondiales d'ici à 2035, dans l'attente d'un engagement plus concret de la Chine |
| Keywords: | International Trade,Climate Change,Commerce international,changement climatique |
| Date: | 2021–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03436004&r= |
| By: | Georg Zachmann; Franziska Holz; Claudia Kemfert; Ben McWilliams; Frank Meissner; Alexander Roth; Robin Sogalla |
| Abstract: | This Policy Contribution was written building upon a study prepared for the European Parliament’s Committee on Economic and Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), available here. Three quarters of the European Union’s greenhouse gas emissions stem from burning coal, oil and natural gas to produce energy services, including heating for buildings, transportation and operation of machinery. The transition to climate neutrality means these services must be provided without associated emissions. It... |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bre:polcon:46668&r= |
| By: | Pestel, Nico (ROA, Maastricht University); Oswald, Andrew J. (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Climate change is sometimes viewed as the most serious problem facing modern society. The science behind anthropogenic global warming has been understood for more than half a century. Yet relatively few economists work on topics related to climate change. What explains this (apparent) lack of interest from economists? Here we report the results of a survey to try to understand economists' views and actions. More than 90% of respondents state that they are concerned about climate change. Our survey then asks the respondents why they have not done research on the topic. The most frequent response (given by approximately 80% of economists) is that they do not feel they have enough time and resources to be able to work on climate change. We discuss possible explanations and concerns. |
| Keywords: | climate change, economics |
| JEL: | A11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14885&r= |
| By: | Pardillo, Marvin (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | As global temperatures continue to rise, strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of weather shock events become crucial. While previous studies have analysed the effect of climatic variation on economic activity at the national level, there is a lack of understanding of the developmental effects of weather shocks at the subnational level. This study uses monthly night light data captured by Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and weather data to examine the effect of weather shock events at the municipal level in the Philippines. We find that excesses and shortages in monthly rainfall are associated with a decrease in the level of economic activity. We also find that lower temperatures are associated with an increase in the level of economic activity whereas higher temperatures are associated with a decrease in economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Philippines ; rainfall shocks ; temperature Shocks and night lights JEL Classification: Q54 ; Q58 ; R12 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:04&r= |
| By: | Hrozencik, Aaron; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Irrigation contributes significantly to U.S. agricultural output and production value. In 2017, irrigated farms accounted for more than 54 percent of the total value of crop sales. Irrigation allows for agricultural production in arid regions where precipitation is insufficient to meet crop water requirements. In more humid regions with variable rainfall, irrigation supplements available soil moisture and provides a critical buffer against periodic drought during the crop growing season. However, surface water supply shortfalls during prolonged drought are increasingly taxing the ability of regional water systems to meet the demands of the irrigation sector—as well as industry, municipal use, recreation, and environ-mental needs. The irrigation sector responded by increasing its reliance on groundwater. This response raises sustainability concerns, as groundwater levels in many major aquifers supporting irrigated agriculture are in decline across the United States. The resiliency of irrigated agriculture under projected climate change will depend on how the sector—and the institutions that influence water supply and use—adapts to increasing water scarcity. Regional adaptation to increasingly limited water supplies may involve a combination of measures. These measures include: continued shifts in area irrigated, increased irrigation efficiency through system upgrades, enhanced water management practices, changes in regional cropping patterns, and shifts in water supply sources, including potentially novel sources of irrigation water such as recycled or reclaimed water. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:316792&r= |
| By: | Agbloyor, Elikplimi Kolma; Dwumfour, Richard Adjei; Pan, Lei; Yawson, Alfred |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of per capita CO2 emissions on banking stability. To identify the causal effect of carbon emissions on the stability of banking system, we use plausibly exogenous source of variations in energy use as an instrumental variable (IV) for CO2 emissions. Using data for a panel of 122 countries over the period 2000-2013, our IV regression results indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita CO2 emissions and banking stability. Our findings reveal that CO2 emissions have a positive effect on banking stability at a low level of emissions and an adverse effect at a higher emissions level. We also find that industrialization as proxied by the ratio of manufacturing value added to GDP can be a potential channel through which per capita CO2 emissions affect banking stability. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and have important implications for policy on banking stability. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions; Banking stability; Energy use; Nonlinearity |
| JEL: | G21 Q50 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111092&r= |
| By: | BIANCHI Guia (European Commission - JRC); PISIOTIS Ulrike; CABRERA GIRALDEZ Marcelino (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The development of a European sustainability competence framework is one of the policy actions set out in the European Green Deal as a catalyst to promote learning on environmental sustainability in the European Union. GreenComp identifies a set of sustainability competences to feed into education programmes to help learners develop knowledge, skills and attitudes that promote ways to think, plan and act with empathy, responsibility, and care for our planet and for public health. This work began with a literature review and drew on several consultations with experts and stakeholders working in the field of sustainability education and lifelong learning. The results presented in this report form a framework for learning for environmental sustainability that can be applied in any learning context. The report shares working definitions of sustainability and learning for environmental sustainability that forms the basis for the framework to build consensus and bridge the gap between experts and other stakeholders. GreenComp comprises four interrelated competence areas: ‘embodying sustainability values’, ‘embracing complexity in sustainability’, ‘envisioning sustainable futures’ and ‘acting for sustainability’. Each area comprises three competences that are interlinked and equally important. GreenComp is designed to be a non-prescriptive reference for learning schemes fostering sustainability as a competence. |
| Keywords: | Green skills, Key Competences, Sustainability Competences, Education for sustainability, GreenComp |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc128040&r= |
| By: | Andrea Giacomelli (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari) |
| Abstract: | The European Taxonomy defines in a technically robust way the system of sustainability objectives at the level of the European Union and the technical criteria for verifying which economic activities contribute to achieve the system of objectives. Compared to the current practices on sustainability, the EU Taxonomy introduces new and articulated principles for assessing the environmental sustainability of undertakings and new operational challenges, which are complex to implement. Indeed, the contents of the Taxonomy have a strong impact and therefore require in-depth analysis on many fronts. The paper aims to contribute to shed light on the above issues, focusing on non-financial undertakings and pursuing 3 main objectives. The first objective of the paper is to disseminate the main contents of the Taxonomy. The second objective is to introduce general criteria to satisfy in order to represent the articulated contents required by the Taxonomy in an exhaustive and easy-to consult summary reporting. The third objective concerns some preliminary reflections on possible ways of extending the Taxonomy to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), which play a very significant role in the European economic system. |
| Keywords: | EU sustainability taxonomy, environmental sustainability, sustainability plan, sustainable investment, ESG risk, climate change risk, transition risk, ESG sustainability report |
| JEL: | D81 K32 O21 Q50 Q51 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:29&r= |
| By: | Yu, Bo (Deakin University); Tran, Trang (University of Maryland at College Park); Lee, Wang-Sheng (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Following market liberalisation, the vehicle population in China has increased dramatically over the past few decades. This paper examines the causal impact of the opening of a heavily used high speed rail line connecting two megacities in China in 2015, Chengdu and Chongqing, on air pollution. We use high-frequency and high spatial resolution data to track pollution along major highways linking the two cities. Our approach involves the use of an augmented regression discontinuity in time approach applied on data that have been through a meteorological normalisation process. This deweathering process involves applying machine learning techniques to account for change in meteorology in air quality time series data. Our estimates show that air pollution is reduced by 7.6% along the main affected highway. We simultaneously find increased levels of ozone pollution which is likely due to the reduction in nitrogen dioxide levels that occurred. These findings are supported using a difference-in-difference approach. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, China, green infrastructure, high-speed railway, regression discontinuity, machine learning |
| JEL: | L92 O18 Q53 Q54 R41 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14900&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Rutgers School of Public Health); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (University of California [Berkeley] - University of California, Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, TU - Technische Universität Berlin); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health - Department of Global Health and Population [Boston, MA, USA] - Harvard University [Cambridge]); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Existing estimates of optimal climate policy ignore the possibility that carbon tax revenues could be used in a progressive way; model results therefore typically imply that near-term climate action comes at some cost to the poor. Using the Nested Inequalities Climate Economy (NICE) model, we show that an equal per capita refund of carbon tax revenues implies that achieving a 2 °C target can pay large and immediate dividends for improving well-being, reducing inequality and alleviating poverty. In an optimal policy calculation that weighs the benefits against the costs of mitigation, the recommended policy is characterized by aggressive near-term climate action followed by a slower climb towards full decarbonization; this pattern—which is driven by a carbon revenue Laffer curve—prevents runaway warming while also preserving tax revenues for redistribution. Accounting for these dynamics corrects a long-standing bias against strong immediate climate action in the optimal policy literature |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-03483584&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Rutgers School of Public Health); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (University of California [Berkeley] - University of California, Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, TU - Technische Universität Berlin); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health - Department of Global Health and Population [Boston, MA, USA] - Harvard University [Cambridge]); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Existing estimates of optimal climate policy ignore the possibility that carbon tax revenues could be used in a progressive way; model results therefore typically imply that near-term climate action comes at some cost to the poor. Using the Nested Inequalities Climate Economy (NICE) model, we show that an equal per capita refund of carbon tax revenues implies that achieving a 2 °C target can pay large and immediate dividends for improving well-being, reducing inequality and alleviating poverty. In an optimal policy calculation that weighs the benefits against the costs of mitigation, the recommended policy is characterized by aggressive near-term climate action followed by a slower climb towards full decarbonization; this pattern—which is driven by a carbon revenue Laffer curve—prevents runaway warming while also preserving tax revenues for redistribution. Accounting for these dynamics corrects a long-standing bias against strong immediate climate action in the optimal policy literature |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03483584&r= |
| By: | Yahyaoui, Ismahen |
| Abstract: | The study tries to evaluate empirically, the impact of ICT and economic growth on CO2 emissions of Tunisia and Morocco for the period 1980-2018, based on the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) analysis. Findings demonstrate that ICT and economic growth affect positively and significantly the CO2 emissions in the short and long term both in Tunisia and Morocco. However, these direct and negative effects of economic growth and ICT on environmental quality may be decreased by introducing the interaction between ICT and economic growth. So, policy makers should adopt such policies that help to reduce CO2emissions by enhancing the use of ICT for economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, ICT, CO2 emissions, Tunisia, Morocco, ARDL. |
| JEL: | A1 |
| Date: | 2021–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111177&r= |
| By: | Mohajan, Haradhan |
| Abstract: | This paper is about the cradle to cradle (C2C) concept that is correlated with circular economy (CE). The C2C notion means; products should be without producing any waste. It is considered as a biometric procedure to design the products and materials in healthy ways. The C2C model is sustainable for present and future generations. In the past few years, C2C concept has grown wide interest among the nations of the world and the demand for environment friendly products has been increasing day by day globally. The C2C notion is based on the idea of non-waste production systems that do not harm the environment. Within the C2C framework, two distinct metabolisms: the biological metabolism and the technical metabolism are identified. In the study the development of C2C approach around the world is discussed. As the global natural resources are decreasing; C2C becomes new efficient strategy in production arena. Sustainable products, healthy materials, responsible consumption, and environmental responsibility are essential issues for the 21st century. The objective of C2C is the production without waste and elimination of the harmfulness from the products. C2C inspires that all products to be manufactured with alternative materials. This article tries for the successful implementation of C2C in the society. |
| Keywords: | Cradle to Cradle, Biological Nutrient, Recycling, Clean Environment, Upcycling |
| JEL: | D6 D61 F6 F63 F64 |
| Date: | 2021–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111334&r= |
| By: | Ogechi Wechie |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Currently, climate change effects, in the form of incessant flooding is experienced within the inner cities mostly as a result of the destruction of wetland for developments thereby capable of hampering property investment. This environmental injustice could be attributed to uninformed real estate practice which seeks to secure the optimal use of land and its associated resources in order to meet social and economic needs without considering environmental consequences. This phenomenon indicates the possibility that land management, which addresses the tripartite needs (economic, social and environmental) was not factored in decision making for property development in flood prone areas. The purpose of this study is to describe how Land Management and sustainability indicators can be mainstreamed into the Real Estate Education.Design/methodology: Ethnographic research design was adopted since the researcher was an active participant observer. Data collection was by observation, interviews, and documents from university and departmental academic curricular sampled purposefully and theoretically using triangulation analysis by describing, examining relationships, factors and linkages. Limitations/implications: Although the research design is highly recommended by educational researchers, it requires a lot of time since it takes time to build trust for honest discourse. Since data is limited to the researcher’s workplace, there is every likelihood that it may lead to false assumptions about behaviour patterns.Practical implications: This study will influence the practice of real estate profession capable of reducing climate change effect on property investment by introducing sustainability thinking into decision making.Originality: The research is original birthed by the researcher in the test professional competence and adopted for the purpose of this research. |
| Keywords: | land management, sustainability, real estate profession, estate surveying and valuation education |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-009&r= |
| By: | Patrick W. Baylis; Judson Boomhower |
| Abstract: | Despite escalating disaster losses and predicted increases in weather-related catastrophes, takeup of protective technologies and behaviors appears limited by myopia, externalities, and other factors. One response to such frictions is to mandate adaptive investment. We measure the effect of California's wildfire building codes on own- and neighboring structure survival using administrative damage and assessment data for most US homes experiencing wildfires since 2000. Differences across jurisdictions and vintages reveal remarkable resilience effects of building codes initially prompted by the deadly 1991 Oakland Firestorm. Codes also benefit neighbors. We use the results to estimate net social benefits of wildfire building standards. |
| JEL: | H12 H23 K32 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29621&r= |
| By: | Hossein Hosseini; Craig Johnston; Craig Logan; Miguel Molico; Xiangjin Shen; Marie-Christine Tremblay |
| Abstract: | The Bank of Canada and the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions completed a climate scenario analysis pilot project with the collaboration of six Canadian financial institutions. The project aimed to increase understanding of the financial sector’s potential exposure to risks in transitioning to a low-carbon economy and to help build the capabilities of authorities and financial institutions in assessing climate-related risks. To support the broader financial-sector community in building these capabilities, this report provides detail on the methodologies the pilot used to assess credit and market risks, which were informed by the financial impacts generated by the climate transition scenarios. The method to assess credit risk combined top-down and bottom-up approaches. Variables from the climate transition scenarios were first translated into sector-level financial impacts. The financial institutions then used these impacts to estimate the implications on credit outcomes through borrower-level assessments. Using the transition scenarios’ financial impacts, and the stressed credit outcomes, the project estimated a relationship between climate transition information and credit risk. This was used to calculate expected credit losses at the portfolio level. The method to assess market risk was solely top-down. Using the scenario analysis, the project used a dividend discount model to estimate sectoral equity revaluations, which it then applied to equity portfolio holdings. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Financial stability; Econometric and statistical methods; Credit and credit aggregates |
| JEL: | C C5 C53 C83 G G1 G32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocatr:120&r= |
| By: | Sandi, Eleni (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to estimate the impact of natural disasters on exports in the Caribbean countries using a panel fixed effects regression. The paper’s main contribution lies in identifying the manufacturing industries that are disproportionately affected by natural disasters in the given region. It finds that an additional natural disaster in the Caribbean leads to a significant short-run decrease in total exports, whilst mineral, chemical, paper, textile and metal industries suffer the most. Using alternative disaster measures reveals that deaths have the largest impact on exports, emphasising the Caribbean’s high vulnerability to natural shocks. Interestingly, a dynamic model reveals a long-term negative effect on exports that strengthens over time. The main results remain robust to a variety of alternative model specifications. Total disaster effects seem to be driven by disasters in Haiti, although further research on country heterogeneity is recommended. Taken together, these findings are especially alarming in the context of climate change and global warming, as natural disasters are expected to increase in intensity and frequency. Drawing on these results, the policy implication is decreasing the Caribbean’s vulnerability by tackling the moral hazard problem of unconditional donor aid. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disaster ; Climate Change ; Exports ; Industry-level JEL Classification: Q54 ; F14 ; O10 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wrkesp:03&r= |
| By: | Phu Nguyen-Van (EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TIMAS, Thang Long University); Anne Stenger (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Tuyen Tiet (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, University of Management and Technology [Hanoi]) |
| Abstract: | Based on a meta-analysis, this paper highlights the strength and relevance of several social incentive factors concerning pro-environmental behaviors, including social influence, network factors (like network size, network connection and leadership), trust in others, and trust in institutions. Firstly, our results suggest that social influence is necessary for the emergence of pro-environmental behaviors. More specifically, an internal social influence (i.e., motivating people to change their perceptions and attitudes) is essential to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Secondly, network connection encourages pro-environmental behaviors, meaning that the effectiveness of a conservation policy can be improved if connections among individuals are increased. Finally, trust in institutions can dictate individual behaviors to shape policy design and generate desired policy outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Trust, Social incentive, Social influence, Pro-environmental behavior, Network, Meta-analysis |
| Date: | 2021–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03472060&r= |
| By: | Ouahiba Ouldbrahim (Universite m’hamed bougera boumerdes (Algerie)) |
| Abstract: | Cet article vise à établir comment marketing vert et responsabilité sociale des entreprises peuvent fonctionner ensemble, en montrant l'importance pour l'entreprise d'adopter une démarche de marketing vert, en intégrant les pratiques RSE dans la stratégie de ce marketing et cela dans le cadre de répondre aux besoins des consommateurs après avoir eu un impact positif sur leurs préférences et commander des produits respectueux de l'environnement, et réduire au minimum les risques environnementaux en respectant et en préservant les lois relatives à la protection de l'environnement. |
| Keywords: | green product,sustainable development,social responsibility,green marketing,stakeholders,parties prenantes,produit vert,développement durable,responsabilité sociale,marketing vert |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03453928&r= |
| By: | Artner-Nehls, Astrid; Uthes, Sandra; Zscheischler, Jana |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305621&r= |
| By: | Elvis Dze Achuo (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of women’s socioeconomic empowerment on environmental sustainability in Africa over the 1996-2019 period. Results of the system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimator reveal that women’s socioeconomic empowerment is environment enhancing. Moreover, the findings reveal that the environmental impact of women’s socioeconomic empowerment is modulated through GDP per capita and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), leading to respective net effects of 0.002055 and 0.003478. These positive net effects are offset beyond respective threshold values of 9.513889 and 9.611398. These thresholds of GDP and FDI are critical for complementary policies relating to the link between women empowerment and environmental sustainability. Consequently, for women empowerment to effectively contribute to environmental sustainability in Africa, various governments, either through individual or concerted efforts should endeavour to create enabling business environments capable of attracting substantial FDI necessary to propel sustainable growth. Moreover, the nexus is not linear and hence, governments should also be aware of critical levels of FDI and GDP per capita at which, complementary policies are needed for women’s socioeconomic empowerment to maintain a positive influence on environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Women empowerment, Environmental sustainability, Ecofeminism, Africa |
| JEL: | B54 J16 O55 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:22/004&r= |
| By: | Nur Hannani Bi Rahman; Shazmin Shareena A. Azis; Ibrahim Sipan |
| Abstract: | World health Organization (WHO) acknowledge that the coronavirus airborne transmission could be potentially indoors with crowded and poorly ventilated rooms. Thus, COVID-19 guideline is expected to be part of the 'new norms' in workplace. However, regarding the COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) issued by Ministry of Health Malaysia, there is lack of concentration on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) attributes even it has been proven in many research that the transmission of COVID-19 actively occurs indoor environment and IEQ could mitigate the virus transmission. Therefore, this study aims to discover sustainable COVID-19 framework for office building which not only resilient to COVID-19 threat, but also resilient towards sustainability. There are three objectives outlined in this study: 1) To identify IEQ attributes for office building, 2) To analyse the important IEQ attributes that relate to the existing COVID-19 management guideline for office building, and 3) To develop a sustainable COVID-19 framework for office building. A total of 93 questionnaires is distributed among employees at Menara Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru, Malaysia and analysed using Mean Analysis and Cross Tabulation to achieve the research objectives. Overall, result shows that EQ7 Air Change Effectiveness is the most important IEQ attributes that can be selected to improve COVID-19 SOP, while wearing face mask/face shield, frequent hand washing/hand sanitizer, practice personal hygiene and respiratory etiquette, avoid handshaking, practice social/physical distancing, avoid public spaces, gatherings and crowds, avoid contact with people who could be high-risk, avoid meeting in largescale size, relieve/stay home if feel unwell, avoid travelling who are in high-risk, and self-isolate who recently visited latest COVID-19 hotspots are the most important COVID-19 SOP for workplace. This study is significant for building manager or COVID-19 management in workplace to enhance their current SOP by integrating with IEQ to reduce COVID-19 spread in workplace. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Green Office Building; Indoor Environmental Quality; Standard Operating Procedure |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lre:wpaper:lares-2021-4dqg&r= |
| By: | Gerullis, Maria; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305589&r= |
| By: | Roggendorf, Wolfgang; Schwarze, Stefan |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305604&r= |
| By: | Richard Harding (Carbon to Zero Consulting SRL,Romania); Claire Nauwelaers; Caroline Cohen (European Commission - JRC); Isabelle Seigneur (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to illustrate the role played by Smart Specialisation Strategies (S3) to foster environmentally oriented activities through the examination of inspiring examples from different European Member States. The report presents ten inspiring examples and highlights how stakeholders from various territorial levels across Europe are using the Smart Specialisation concept to deliver their own innovation-driven green transition agendas, detailing specific policy tools and incentives developed in this context. The selected cases provide insights into the role played by multi-level governance and enhanced stakeholder involvement in the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP), and/or Smart Specialisation Monitoring and Evaluation mechanisms in fostering the implementation of experimental ‘green’ interventions. They demonstrate that even though the S3 concept was not initially designed with a strong environmental focus, different types of territories have successfully used the S3 approach to promote environment-related priorities. In particular, the circular economy appears as a recurring transversal driver and a source of economic gains in many territories. |
| Keywords: | Smart Specialisation, environmental policies, territorial development |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc123169&r= |
| By: | Mark Budolfson (Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University); Francis Dennig (Yale-NUS College); Frank Errickson (Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs - Princeton University); Simon Feindt (MCC - Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change - PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Maddalena Ferranna (Harvard School of Public Health); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); David Klenert (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Seville]); Ulrike Kornek (Kiel University); Kevin Kuruc (OU - University of Oklahoma); Aurélie Méjean (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Wei Peng (Penn State - Pennsylvania State University - Penn State System); Noah Scovronick (Emory University [Atlanta, GA]); Dean Spears (University of Texas at Austin [Austin]); Fabian Wagner (IIASA - International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg]); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Date: | 2021–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03462773&r= |
| By: | Wallander, Steven; Hrozencik, Aaron; Aillery, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Using data from USDA’s 2019 Survey of Irrigation Organizations (SIO), this report provides an over-view of drought planning and response by irrigation districts, ditch companies, groundwater districts, and other similar irrigation organizations. While drought planning is common among State and local governments, only one-fifth of irrigation organizations have a formal drought plan. The majority of those plans include strategies for curtailing water deliveries or groundwater pumping in the event of drought. Irrigation organizations depend upon a wide range of meteorological and hydrologic data sources to plan for and respond to drought. These data allow organizations to choose which short- (e.g., land fallowing, leasing supplemental water supplies) and long-run (e.g., managed aquifer recharge) water management strategies best enhance their resiliency to drought. Conservation investments (e.g., flow rate metering and canal lining or piping) are another tool to improve long-run drought resilience. The most common reason that irrigation organizations cite for making these investments is “water supply variability and production risk,” which illustrates the important role that these organizations play in determining the resilience of the irrigated agricultural sector to drought and water scarcity. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:316790&r= |
| By: | Laura Recuero Virto (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hervé Dumez (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Carlos Romero (UPM - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid); Denis Bailly (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to find mechanisms to align commercial interests with underwater noise reductions from commercial shipping. Through a survey and a series of interviews with representative stakeholders, we find that, while recognizing the large variations in the specificities of ports, port measures could promote the reduction of underwater noise emissions from commercial navigation by changes in hull, propeller and engine design; and through operational measures associated with speed reduction, rerouting and convoy transport. Although the impact of underwater noise emissions on marine fauna is increasingly severe and widespread, there is uncertainty as to the mechanisms, contexts and levels that should lead to actions, requiring preventive management. Ship owners already face significant investment and operating costs to comply with fuel, ballast water, NOx and CO2 requirements. To be successful, underwater noise programs must align with these factors. Based on a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, we find a set of compromise solutions for a wide range of stakeholders. Ports could come up with measures such as reduced port fees and reduced waiting times for ships in ports, both depending on underwater noise performance. Cooperation between ports to step up actions through environmental indices and classification society ratings, and integration with actions of other ports could help support this. However, few ships know their baseline for underwater noise, as there are very few hydrophonic stations and measurement methods are not standardized. Costs increase and availability drops dramatically if the purchaser of the vessel wishes to improve the sound profile. With local demands for airborne noise near airports, global pressure on the aviation industry has been stimulated to adopt existing calming technology. This experience with aviation noise control may shed light on the underwater noise process. |
| Abstract: | Ce document vise à trouver des mécanismes pour aligner les intérêts commerciaux sur les réductions du bruit sous-marin de la navigation commerciale. Grâce à une enquête et à une série d'entrevues avec des intervenants représentatifs, nous constatons que, tout en reconnaissant les grandes variations dans les spécificités des ports, les mesures portuaires pourraient favoriser la réduction des émissions sonores sous-marines de la navigation commerciale par des changements dans la conception de la coque, de l'hélice et du moteur, et par des mesures opérationnelles associées à la réduction de la vitesse, au changement d'itinéraire et au transport en convoi. Bien que l'impact des émissions sonores sous-marines sur la faune marine soit de plus en plus grave et répandu, il existe une incertitude quant aux mécanismes, aux contextes et aux niveaux qui devraient conduire à des mesures, nécessitant une gestion préventive. Les propriétaires de navires doivent déjà faire face à des coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation importants pour se conformer au carburant, eau de ballast, les exigences en matière de NOx et de CO2. Pour réussir, les programmes de bruit sous-marin doivent s'aligner sur ces facteurs. Sur la base d'une approche de prise de décision à critères multiples (MCDM), nous trouvons un ensemble de solutions de compromis pour un large éventail de parties prenantes. Les ports pourraient proposer des mesures telles que des frais portuaires réduits et des temps d'attente réduits pour les navires dans les ports, tous deux en fonction des performances en matière de bruit sous-marin. La coopération entre les ports pour intensifier les actions par le biais d'indices environnementaux et de notations des sociétés de classification, et l'intégration avec les actions d'autres ports pourraient contribuer à soutenir cela. Cependant, peu de navires connaissent leur base de référence en matière de bruit sous-marin, car il y a très peu de stations hydrophoniques et les méthodes de mesure ne sont pas normalisées. Les coûts augmentent et la disponibilité diminue considérablement si l'acheteur du navire souhaite améliorer le profil sonore. Demandes locales concernant bruit aérien à proximité des aéroports, la pression mondiale sur l'industrie de l'aviation a été stimulée pour qu'elle adopte la technologie d'apaisement existante. Cette expérience du contrôle du bruit de l'aviation pourrait éclairer le processus de bruit sous-marin. |
| Keywords: | Shipping,Pollution,Ocean,Noise,Navigation,Océan,Bruit |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03501122&r= |
| By: | Anne-Charlotte Vaissière (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabien Quétier (Biotope [Mèze]); Adeline Bierry (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Clémence Vannier (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Florence Baptist (Biotope [Mèze]); Sandra Lavorel (LECA - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | It is increasingly common for developers to be asked to manage the impacts of their projects on biodiversity by restoring other degraded habitats that are ecologically equivalent to those that are impacted. These measures, called biodiversity offsets, generally aim to achieve ‘no net loss' (NNL) of biodiversity. Using spatially-explicit modeling, different options were compared in terms of their performance in offsetting the impacts on wetlands of the planned urban expansion around Grenoble (France). Two implementation models for offsetting were tested: (a) the widespread bespoke permittee-led restoration project model, resulting in a patchwork of restored wetlands, and (b) recently-established aggregated and anticipated "banking" approaches whereby larger sets of adjacent parcels offset the impacts of several projects. Two ecological equivalence methods for sizing offsets were simulated: (a) the historically-prevalent area-based approach and (b) recently introduced approaches whereby offsets are sized to ensure NNL of wetland functions. Simulations showed that a mix of functional methods with minimum area requirements was more likely to achieve NNL of wetland area and function across the study area and within each subwatershed. Our methodology can be used to test the carrying capacity of a landscape to support urban expansion and its associated offsetting in order to formulate more sustainable development plans. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03467498&r= |
| By: | David Collste (Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Sarah Cornell (Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden); Jorgen Randers (BI Norwegian Business School [Oslo]); Johan Rockström (PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research); Per Espen Stoknes (BI Norwegian Business School [Oslo]) |
| Abstract: | Transforming the world towards sustainability in line with the 2030 Agenda requires progress on multiple dimensions of human well-being. We track development of relevant indicators for SDGs 1-7 against GDP per person in seven world regions and the world as a whole. Across the regions, we find uniform development patterns where SDGs 1-7-and therefore main human needs-are reached at around US$15 000 measured in 2011 US$ purchasing power parity (PPP). Technical summary: How does GDP per person relate to the achievement of well-being as targeted by the 2030 Agenda? The 2030 Agenda includes global ambitions to meet human needs and aspirations. However, these need to be met within planetary boundaries. In nascent World-Earth modelling, human well-being as well as global environmental impacts are linked through economic production, which is tracked by GDP. We examined historic developments on five-year intervals, 1980-2015, between average income and the advancement on indicators of SDGs 1 to 7. This was done both for seven world regions and the world as a whole. We find uniform patterns of saturation for all regions above an income threshold somewhere around US$15 000 measured in 2011 US$ purchasing power parity (PPP). At this level, main human needs and capabilities are met. The level is also consistent with studies of life satisfaction and the Easterlin paradox. We observe stark differences with respect to scale: the patterns of the world as an aggregated whole develop differently from all its seven regions, with implications for World-Earth model construction-and sustainability transformations. Social media summary: Across world regions, reaching human well-being #SDGs takes GDP levels of $15 000 per person (2011US$PPP). This insight may help shape transformation to a world that respects #PlanetaryBoundaries. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals,2030 Agenda,Planetary Boundaries,Safe Operating Space,Human Needs,Capabilities approach,Easterlin paradox,Sustainability,Integrated Assessment Models,IAMs |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03481110&r= |
| By: | Kato, Hayato; Okubo, Toshihiro |
| Abstract: | When do multinationals show resilience during natural disasters? To answer this, we develop a simple model in which foreign multinationals and local firms in the host country are interacted through input-output linkages. When natural disasters seriously hit local firms and thus increase the cost of sourcing local intermediate inputs, most multinationals may leave the host country. However, they are likely to stay if they are tightly linked with local suppliers and face low trade costs of importing foreign intermediates. We further provide a number of extensions of the basic model to incorporate, for example, multinationals with heterogeneous productivity and disaster reconstruction. |
| Keywords: | Foreign direct investment (FDI); Multinational enterprises (MNEs); Input-output linkages; Supply chain disruptions; Multiple equilibria |
| JEL: | F12 F23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111187&r= |
| By: | Massimo Filippini (ETH Zürich; University of Lugano - Faculty of Economics); Markus Leippold (University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute - University of Zurich); Tobias Wekhof (ETH Zürich - CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the concept of sustainable finance literacy, which refers to retail investors' knowledge of regulations, norms, and standards for financial products with sustainable characteristics. We survey a large sample of Swiss households and measure different literacy concepts using two complementary approaches. First, we use traditional multiple-choice questions, and second, a novel approach based on open-ended questions that ask respondents to write a text response. We find that Swiss households, which typically show high financial literacy by international standards, exhibit a low level of sustainable finance literacy. Interestingly, multiple-choice questions lead to a gender gap, with women performing worse than men. However, this difference disappears when open-ended questions are used. Moreover, despite its low level, sustainable finance literacy is a highly significant factor for sustainable product ownership. Therefore, our results reveal an urgent need to establish transparent regulatory standards and strengthen information campaigns on sustainable financial products. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance literacy, sustainable finance products, ESG, household finance, open-ended questions, gender gap |
| JEL: | G02 G11 G18 C83 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2202&r= |
| By: | BERTOZZI Cecilia (European Commission - JRC); SIRAGUSA Alice (European Commission - JRC); STAMOS Iraklis (European Commission - JRC); PROIETTI Paola (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report summarises the contents and main conclusions of the Workshop “European cities localising the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): experiences and lessons learned“, organised in the frame of the European Week of Regions and Cities (EWRC) 2021. The session launched the report “Building urban datasets for the SDGs. Six European cities monitoring the 2030 Agenda” , that relates the experience of six European cities (Bratislava, Oulu, Porto, Reggio Emilia, Seville, Valencia), in applying the methodology developed by the JRC to localise SDG Voluntary Local Reviews (VLRs). These cities have participated in the URBAN2030 project of the Joint Research Centre since October 2020, working on an evidence-based approach to SDGs and on supporting their policy decisions through meaningful data-based analysis.The URBAN2030 Project aims at fostering the achievement of SDGs in European cities and regions by offering a global reference and inspiration for the design and implementation of SDG Voluntary Local Reviews. These reviews allow cities and regions to make the best use of knowledge and practical activities that are part of the process of the localisation of the 2030 Agenda. |
| Keywords: | SDGs localization, European cities, urban data, local policies, sustainability strategies |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc127341&r= |
| By: | Julia Anna Bingler (ETH Zürich - CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research at ETH Zurich); Mathias Kraus (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg-Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg); Markus Leippold (University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute - University of Zurich); Nicolas Webersinke (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) |
| Abstract: | Corporate climate disclosures based on the TCFD recommendations are considered an important prerequisite to managing climate-related financial risks. At the same time, current disclosures are imprecise, inaccurate, and greenwashing-prone. Yet, existing research on this matter suffers from small samples or inaccuracies. Therefore, we introduce a scalable deep learning approach to enable comprehensive climate disclosure analyses of large samples by fine-tuning the ClimateBert model. Our model significantly outperforms previous approaches. We then extract the amount of cheap talk, defined as the share of precise versus imprecise climate commitments, of 14,584 annual reports of the MSCI World index firms from 2010 to 2020. Finally, we use this data to test various hypotheses on the drivers of cheap talk. We find that institutional ownership, targeted institutional investor engagement, materiality and downside risk disclosures are associated with less cheap talk. Signaling by publicly supporting the TCFD is associated with more cheap talk. |
| Keywords: | Corporate climate disclosures, voluntary reporting, commitments, TCFD recommendations, textual analysis, natural language processing. |
| JEL: | G2 G38 C8 M48 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2201&r= |
| By: | NES Kjersti (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this report is to provide an overview of economic literature on marketing standards in the food supply chain by (i) providing analyses on economic concepts and impact of marking standards and (ii) by narrowing the focus on their impact on sustainability. The first part of the literature review focuses on the harmonisation, minimum quality standards and transparent consumer information and trust (protected terms, consumer information and labels). The second part of the literature review aims to identify avenues of standard improvements that may promote sustainability by focusing in more details on standard alterations that may contribute to (i) food loss and waste reduction, (ii) accommodate food chain innovation, and (iii) address climate change. |
| Keywords: | marketing standards, food supply chain |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126936&r= |
| By: | FUSTER MARTÍ Enric; MASSUCCI Francesco; MATUSIAK Monika (European Commission - JRC); QUINQUILLA Arnau; BOSCH Josep; DURAN SILVA Nicolau; AMADOR Raziel; MULTARI Francesco; IRIARTE HERMIDA Mauricio |
| Abstract: | This report has been developed as a part of the Joint Research Centre’s contribution to the United Nation’s Global Pilot Programme on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Roadmaps. It develops and tests a novel methodology to analyse the challenges resulting from the commitment to SDGs and the STI potential available to respond to them as part of the mapping (diagnostic) exercise within Smart Specialisation Strategies. The report combines the analysis of policy mandates, statistical indicators and scientometrics to propose a new approach for the inclusion of the sustainability dimension in the design phase of Smart Specialisation Strategies. This approach has been piloted and validated by Serbian stakeholders as a part of Serbia’s participation in the Global Pilot Programme on STI for SDGs Roadmaps. The wider ambition of this paper is however to propose a tested methodological approach that will be universal and applicable in other territories both in Europe and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, Science, Technology and Innovation, STI |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126846&r= |
| By: | Simon Accorsi; Ramon E. Lopez; Maite Azua; Valentina Vergara |
| Abstract: | This article presents a calculation of the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) for the Chilean case (2000-2018). Because of their solid theoretical foundations, we argue that the ISEW is a much more correct and accurate measure of development than Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the Chilean case, the key explanatory variable in well-being is the economic rent associated with the depletion of its non-renewable natural resources, but we also highlight the need to make visible the Unpaid Domestic and Care Work (UDCW), which represents the biggest sector of the Chilean economy, when its properly measure. We emphasize the need for a more comprehensive and broader view of the development process and its meaning, according to the guidelines that the ISEW can deliver and its foundations. We finally pointed out to the need to systematize and institutionalize the construction of this indicator in order to make it understandable and legitimate for citizens. In this way, the ISEW can serve as input for the discussion about the direction of our development process. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp528&r= |
| By: | Fabrizio Durante; Angelica Gianfreda; Francesco Ravazzolo; Luca Rossini |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the dependence between electricity prices, demand, and renewable energy sources by means of a multivariate copula model {while studying Germany, the widest studied market in Europe}. The inter-dependencies are investigated in-depth and monitored over time, with particular emphasis on the tail behavior. To this end, suitable tail dependence measures are introduced to take into account a multivariate extreme scenario appropriately identified {through the} Kendall's distribution function. The empirical evidence demonstrates a strong association between electricity prices, renewable energy sources, and demand within a day and over the studied years. Hence, this analysis provides guidance for further and different incentives for promoting green energy generation while considering the time-varying dependencies of the involved variables |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2201.01132&r= |
| By: | Sambo Zulu; Ephraim Zulu |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Like many countries, Zambia is challenged to adopt clean energy solutions to meet its ever-increasing energy demand. The perceived cost of adoption is argued to be a potential hindrance to residential solar energy uptake. A review of the literature suggests that, while there is an increase in research on solar energy transitioning in sub-Sahara Africa, no such studies have been undertaken in Zambia. It is argued that solutions to promote the use of solar energy in the owner-built residential sector in Zambia are crucial to solve this energy dilemma, as over 50% of residences in urban areas are self-build housing. Considering that a significant proportion of houses are owner-built, households must clearly understand their financial commitments when considering solar energy solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the extent to which the perception of the cost of adopting solar energy solutions was an influencing factor in the uptake of solar energy in the residential sector in Zambia.Design/Methodology: Data was collected through a questionnaire survey from 83 households in the Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia.Findings: While the findings did not show a significant correlation between cost perception and adoption of solar energy solutions, the households who had adopted solar energy solutions had a relatively higher income than those who had not adopted solar energy.Limitations: The study focused on a small number of potential explanatory variables for solar energy adoption. Future studies should explore the inter and intra relationships between the variables and solar energy adoption.Practical implications: The findings have practical and policy implications as they help understand factors that can increase the uptake of solar energy solutions in the housing sector. Originality: The study contributes to the understanding of factors impacting on solar energy adoption in the Zambian housing sector |
| Keywords: | Solar Energy; sustainable development, renewable energy, the housing sector |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2021-005&r= |
| By: | Olivier Boissin (CREG - Centre de recherche en économie de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Sur la base d'un dialogue imaginaire, cet ouvrage est un écrit léger sur des questions qui ne le sont pas. Entre chiffres et étoiles, un écrit « off » sous le signe d'un Vintage 1950-1970, ces années fondatrices de nos sociétés de consommation, de destruction, de création, et de couleurs aussi. Vol 1 : Les chiffres Chapitre 1- Mesurer Chapitre 2- Voitures et caddies Chapitre 3- Green Deal ou suicide collectif ? Les outils de l'intervention publique Vol 2 : Noire Magie Chapitre 4- Noir charbon, partons en Chine Chapitre 5- L'environnement en grand angle : la nouvelle Triade Chapitre 6- Des sociétés en effondrement ? Vol 3 : Les étoiles Chapitre 7- Place aux étoiles Chapitre 8- Et la France dans tout cela ? Chapitre 9- Le développement durable pour les nuls |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03459404&r= |
| By: | Bridger J. Ruyle; Heidi M. Pickard; Denis R. LeBlanc; Andrea K. Tokranov; Colin P. Thackray; Cindy Hu; Chad D. Vecitis; Elsie M. Sunderland |
| Abstract: | Water supplies for millions of U.S. individuals exceed maximum contaminant levels for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Contemporary and legacy use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) is a major contamination source. |
| Keywords: | water supplies, contaminant levels, PFAS, AFFF |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:18e573df4bd34478b9aa65a8a16b928b&r= |
| By: | Aizenman , Joshua (University of Southern California); Jinjarak, Yothin (Asian Development Bank); Nguyen, Hien (New Zealand Treasury); Park, Donghyun (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the association between episodes of large fiscal impulses (expansions and adjustments) and sustainable development indicators (prosperity, resilience, and inclusivity). We provide country studies of Chile, Poland, South Africa, and Thailand, examining the components of government expenses and tax revenues, and reporting four stylized patterns from the analysis as follows: (i) Fiscal expansions led to higher growth rates and reduced negative trade-offs, e.g., pollution and poor-health mortalities associated with economic growth. (ii) Fiscal adjustments led to a more inclusive economy, lowered poverty headcounts, improved sanitation, and increased cleaner technology access. (iii) Fiscal expansions followed an increase in direct taxes (especially corporate taxes) and a decline in social contributions, and preceded a decline in other direct taxes and an increase in wage bills. (iv) Fiscal adjustments followed a decline in other direct taxes and social contributions, an increase in wage bills, and preceded a decline in government consumption expenditure and transfers. In light of these findings, domestic resource mobilization should consider the time paths of the taxes and expenditure components to understand their empirical linkages with sustainable development outcomes in the respective countries. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development; tax base; government expenses; large fiscal changes |
| JEL: | E62 H11 O11 |
| Date: | 2021–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0644&r= |
| By: | Luis Guillermo Becerra-Valbuena (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Millock (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Migration is a common means of adaptation to weather shocks. Previous research has identified heterogeneous effects according to age, sex, and wealth, but little is still known about how marriage-related institutions affect such migration. Relying on a quasi-experimental identification strategy, we analyze marriage- and work-related migration in Malawi following large droughts, separating the effects for female and male migrants according to different age groups. The analysis based on stated motives of migration reveals marginal decreases in marriage-related migration among girls, but increases in marriage-related migration within districts for women in older age groups. We also find large increases in work-related between-district migration for boys, and to a smaller extent also for girls following severe drought. The results add to the evidence of the potentially adverse effects of migration as a coping mechanism following drought when other means of insurance do not exist. |
| Keywords: | Child marriage,Climate change,Droughts,Internal migration,Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2021–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03325853&r= |
| By: | Luis Guillermo Becerra-Valbuena (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Katrin Millock (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Migration is a common means of adaptation to weather shocks. Previous research has identified heterogeneous effects according to age, sex, and wealth, but little is still known about how marriage-related institutions affect such migration. Relying on a quasi-experimental identification strategy, we analyze marriage- and work-related migration in Malawi following large droughts, separating the effects for female and male migrants according to different age groups. The analysis based on stated motives of migration reveals marginal decreases in marriage-related migration among girls, but increases in marriage-related migration within districts for women in older age groups. We also find large increases in work-related between-district migration for boys, and to a smaller extent also for girls following severe drought. The results add to the evidence of the potentially adverse effects of migration as a coping mechanism following drought when other means of insurance do not exist. |
| Keywords: | Child marriage,Climate change,Droughts,Internal migration,Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2021–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03325853&r= |
| By: | Fabrice Ochou; Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03499241&r= |
| By: | KREMMYDAS Dimitrios (European Commission - JRC); PETSAKOS Athanasios (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); BALDONI Edoardo (European Commission - JRC); TILLIE Pascal (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the second version of the EU-wide individual farm level model (IFM-CAP) which aims to assess the impacts of the CAP post-2020 reform on farm economics and environmental effects. The rationale for such a farm-level model is based on the increasing demand for a micro simulation tool capable to model farm-specific policies and to capture farm heterogeneity across the EU in terms of policy representation and impacts. Based on Positive Mathematical Programming, IFM-CAP seeks to improve the quality of policy assessment upon existing aggregate and aggregated farm-group models and to provide assessment of distributional effects over the EU farm population. To guarantee the highest representativeness of the EU agricultural sector, the model is applied to every EU-FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network) individual farm (83292 farms).The report provides a detailed description the IFM-CAP model (IFM-CAP V.2) in terms of design, mathematical structure, data preparation, modelling livestock activities, allocation of input costs, modelling of the current CAP setting (2013-2020) and calibration process. The theoretical background, the technical specification and the outputs that can be generated from this model are also briefly presented and discussed. |
| Keywords: | Common agricultural policy, Mathematical programming, Modelling |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc127014&r= |
| By: | Simone Bertoli (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Frédéric Docquier (LISER - Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research); Hillel Rapoport (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ilse Ruyssen |
| Abstract: | Empirical analyses around the relationship between extreme weather events and migration typically face the choice between an in-depth focus on a specific setting with micro data, and a focus on a large set of countries and time periods. The former produce evidence that can be of limited external validity, while the latter is limited to data that are very coarse (across both time and space). We use individual-level data on migration intentions from various waves of the Gallup World Polls, for which we have precise information on the place and date of the interview, to combine the advantages of these two approaches. |
| Abstract: | Les analyses empiriques de la relation entre les événements météorologiques extrêmes et la migration sont généralement confrontées au choix entre une analyse approfondie, focalisée sur un espace géographique restreint, à partir de données micro, et une focalisation plus large sur un ensemble de pays et de périodes. La première option produit des résultats dont la validité externe est limitée, tandis que la seconde se limite souvent à une analyse de données très grossières (à la fois dans le temps et dans l'espace). Dans cet article, nous utilisons des données individuelles sur les intentions migratoires issues de différentes vagues des Gallup World Polls, pour lesquelles nous disposons d'informations précises sur le lieu et la date de l'entretien, afin de combiner les avantages de ces deux approches. |
| Keywords: | Weather shocks,Individual-level data,Migration intentions,International migration,Western africa |
| Date: | 2021–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03469991&r= |
| By: | Sonia Boukattaya (ISG - Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis); Zyed Achour; Zeineb Hlioui |
| Abstract: | This study aims to present a literature review of recent studies on the relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) and to provide a path for future researches. Using content analysis method, a total of 88 papers published in renowned journals, over the period 2015-2021, were selected in the review. Several findings have been made: first, the majority of researches have focused on the CSR's "social impact" hypothesis on CFP; the reverse relationship seems to have been overlooked. Second, the contested results are likely to be attributable both to differences in research contexts and CSR' laws but also to biases relating to the operationalization of CSR concept and CFP proxies retained. Finally, several arguments are advanced arguing for an indirect link between CSR and CFP. Future research should, therefore, pay attention to the different contingent variables that are likely to affect the studied relationship. |
| Keywords: | Literature review,Corporate social responsibility,ESG performance,Firm performance,Firm value |
| Date: | 2021–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03472433&r= |