|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2022‒01‒24
fifty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Hildegart Ahumada (UTDT); Magdalena Cornejo (UTDT/CONICET) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the effect of the Amazon deforestation on global climate variables: surface temperature, carbon dioxide and methane concentrations over the last fifty years. Our results show the Amazon deforestation effect on carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere since 1990. No similar effect is found for methane concentrations. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, deforestation, Amazon, gas emission |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:94&r= |
| By: | Elena V. Sautkina (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Fatikha B. Agissova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Alexandra A. Ivanova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Kingsley S. Ivande (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Veronika S. Kabanova (National Research University Higher School of Economics); Natalia A. Patrakova (National Research University Higher School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | In the context of global environmental and climate change caused by human impact, the study of pro-environmental behaviour and its determinants is important. At present, research on determinants of pro-environmental behaviour in Russia is sparse. Our study addresses this evidence gap and looks at the political, environmental and social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Adult participants (N=462, mean age = 36.73 years, SD = 11.77, 56.7% females) took part in an online survey measuring personal values, environmental motivation, environmental concern, connectedness to nature, institutional trust, political values, populism, patriotism and pro-environmental behaviour. The results show that different types of pro-environmental behaviour are predicted by different variables. Despite this, some common patterns emerge. The strongest predictor of all behaviour types was integrated regulation, the most autonomous form of environmental motivation. Hedonic values negatively predicted all pro-environmental behaviour, except resource conservation. For waste management and social behaviour, some environmental predictors had very high explanatory power, while for resource conservation, sustainable purchasing and climate relevant actions, a greater number of predictors with low explanatory power was observed |
| Keywords: | pro-environmental behaviour, values, attitudes, knowledge, motivation, patriotism, trust, Russia. |
| JEL: | Z |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:130psy2021&r= |
| By: | Bartels, Lara; Kesternich, Martin; Löschel, Andreas |
| Abstract: | With the increasing recognition of the use of reforestation measures as a complement to conventional carbon emissions avoidance technologies it is important to understand the market valuation of local forest carbon sinks for climate change mitigation. We conducted a framed-field experiment among a Germany-wide sample to provide a revealed preference study on the individual willingness to pay (WTP) for carbon sequestration through forests. Our particular focus is on the role of local co-benefits of climate protection activities. In addition, we add geo-data to our experimental data to analyze the impact of spatial variation on the individual WTP. We find that the WTP for carbon removal exceeds the WTP for mitigation efforts found in previous studies. While spatial distances does affect the likelihood to contribute to a local carbon sink, it does not affect the average amount given. Additional survey data finds that trust in forest measures is higher compared to mitigation via an emissions trading scheme, whichcould explain the comparably high WTP. |
| Keywords: | voluntary provision of environmental public goods,climate change mitigation,carbon sequestration,willingness to pay,co-benefits,revealed preferences,framed-field experiment |
| JEL: | Q51 Q54 C93 Q23 H41 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21088&r= |
| By: | Brita Bye; Kevin R. Kaushal; Orvika Rosnes; Karen Turner; Hidemichi Yonezawa (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Transportation is one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate regulations on transportation are often a mix of sector-specific regulations and economy-wide measures (such as emission pricing). In this paper we analyse the effects on economic welfare, abatement costs and emissions of such interacting and partly overlapping climate regulations for private transportation. Our focus is on Norway, a nation where high taxation of conventional fossil-fuelled cars has paved the floor for another pillar of climate policies: promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) in private transport. Our contribution to the literature is two-fold. First, we analyse the costs and impacts of the partly overlapping climate regulations in transportation – the cap on domestic non-ETS emissions and the goal of all new cars for private households being EVs – focussing on the outcome in 2030 in Norway. Second, we respond to an important gap in the literature through a methodological development in economy-wide computable general equilibrium (CGE) approaches for climate policy by introducing EV technologies as an explicit transport equipment choice for private households. We find that, for the case of Norway, combining a specific EV target with policy to cap emissions through a uniform carbon price triples the welfare costs. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; carbon pricing; green transport policies; overlapping regulations; modelling electric vehicles; CGE-model |
| JEL: | C68 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:972&r= |
| By: | Debnath, R.; Bardhan, R.; Mohaddes, K.; Shah, D. U.; Ramage, M. H.; Alvarez, R. M. |
| Abstract: | There is a growing consensus among policymakers that we need a human-centric low-carbon transition. There are few studies on how to do it effectively, especially in the context of emissions reduction in the building sector. It is critical to investigate public sentiment and attitudes towards this aspect of climate action, as the building and construction sector accounts for 40% of global carbon emissions. Our methodology involves a multi-method approach, using a data-driven exploration of public sentiment using 256,717 tweets containing #emission and #building between 2009 - 2021. Using graph theory-led metrics, a network topology-based investigation of hashtag co-occurrences was used to extract highly influential hashtags. Our results show that public sentiment is reactive to global climate policy events. Between 2009-2012, #greenbuilding, #emissions were highly influential, shaping the public discourse towards climate action. In 2013-2016, #lowcarbon, #construction and #energyefficiency had high centrality scores, which were replaced by hashtags like #climatetec, #netzero, #climateaction, #circulareconomy, and #masstimber, #climatejustice in 2017-2021. Results suggest that the current building emission reduction context emphasises the social and environmental justice dimensions, which is pivotal to an effective people-centric policymaking. |
| Keywords: | Emission, climate change, building, computational social science, people-centric transition, Twitter |
| JEL: | C63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2202&r= |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia; Seppälä, Timo; Ylhäinen, Ilkka |
| Abstract: | Abstract The environmental benefits and harms of information and communication technology (ICT) have been widely discussed in Finland since 2019. The climate impact of information and communication technology on the environment consists of three channels: procurement, the ICT sector’s own carbon footprint, and the impact on other sectors of the economy (incl. public sector). Indeed, focusing solely on one sector’s own emissions often leads to misleading conclusions about the industry’s carbon footprint. This study examines the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in the ICT sector and its supply chains in 2008–2019. In addition, the study examines the countries from which greenhouse gas emissions in the ICT sector and its supply chain originate. |
| Keywords: | Information economy sector, Supply chain, Greenhouse gas emissions, Carbon neutrality |
| JEL: | L8 L82 L86 L94 |
| Date: | 2022–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:121&r= |
| By: | Kuosmanen, Natalia; Seppälä, Timo; Ylhäinen, Ilkka |
| Abstract: | Abstract The environmental benefits and harms of information and communication technology (ICT) have been widely discussed in Finland since 2019. The climate impact of information and communication technology on the environment consists of three channels: procurement, the ICT sector’s own carbon footprint, and the impact on other sectors of the economy (incl. public sector). Indeed, focusing solely on one sector’s own emissions often leads to misleading conclusions about the industry’s carbon footprint. This study examines the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in the ICT sector and its supply chains in 2008–2019. In addition, the study examines the countries from which greenhouse gas emissions in the ICT sector and its supply chain originate. |
| Keywords: | Information economy sector, Supply chain, Greenhouse gas emissions, Carbon neutrality |
| JEL: | L8 L82 L86 L94 |
| Date: | 2022–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:122&r= |
| By: | KERAMIDAS Kimon (European Commission - JRC); FOSSE Florian (European Commission - JRC); DIAZ VAZQUEZ Ana (European Commission - JRC); DOWLING Paul (European Commission - JRC); GARAFFA Rafael (European Commission - JRC); DESPRÉS Jacques (European Commission - JRC); RUSS Hans Peter (European Commission - JRC); SCHADE Burkhard (European Commission - JRC); SCHMITZ Andreas (European Commission - JRC); SORIA RAMIREZ Antonio (European Commission - JRC); VANDYCK Toon (European Commission - JRC); WEITZEL Matthias (European Commission - JRC); TCHUNG-MING Stephane (European Commission - JRC); DIAZ RINCON Andrea (European Commission - JRC); REY LOS SANTOS Luis (European Commission - JRC); WOJTOWICZ Krzysztof (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This edition of the Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO 2021) takes stock of recent updates in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term net zero emission targets (LTS) announced leading up to and during the Conference of the Parties (COP 26) in November 2021. GECO 2021 finds that the NDC and LTS pledges stop global emissions growth over the next decades and lead to declining emissions until 2050. While delivering on these aims results in an increase of global mean temperature of 1.8°C (current policies in excess of 3°C), substantial further actions are needed to limit global warming to the Paris Agreement targets, to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. To achieve this objective, net-zero greenhouse gas emissions has to be reached around the 2070s at the global level. Nevertheless, the announced LTS pledges could be a major step towards filling this gap, since an NDC-only scenario sees average temperature increases of 2.6°C at the end of the century.In this report, we focus on the transition of G20 countries, which accounted for nearly 75% of global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. For each of them, we assess emissions under three different scenarios: current policies, announced domestic targets (NDC-LTS) and under two 1.5°C-compatible pathways. We analyse decarbonisation drivers and transformation metrics within each scenario, highlighting the policy options to bring emissions in line with ambitious climate targets. |
| Keywords: | Global Energy system, Climate Change, Green House Gas emissions, Nationally determined contributions (NDCs), Long term strategies (LTS), G20 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126767&r= |
| By: | Pierpaolo Grippa; Mr. Dimitri G Demekas |
| Abstract: | There are demands on central banks and financial regulators to take on new responsibilities for supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy. Regulators can indeed facilitate the reorientation of financial flows necessary for the transition. But their powers should not be overestimated. Their diagnostic and policy toolkits are still in their infancy. They cannot (and should not) expand their mandate unilaterally. Taking on these new responsibilities can also have potential pitfalls and unintended consequences. Ultimately, financial regulators cannot deliver a low-carbon economy by themselves and should not risk being caught again in the role of ‘the only game in town.’ |
| Keywords: | Financial stability, financial regulation, climate change, climate mitigation policy, low-carbon economy, energy transition, carbon price, green finance |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/296&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Nicolaos Theodossiou; Charalampos Stavridis; Stathis Devves; Angelos Plataniotis |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal (EGD) was published in December 2019 with the ambition of being Europe's new growth strategy, making it climate neutral by 2050, and ensuring its citizens a sustainable, prosperous, and inclusive future. The energy sector is central to this ambition, as the European Commission's objectives are, among others, to increase the efficiency of energy production by establishing a fully integrated, interconnected, and digitalized EU energy market. The EGD was the starting point for the publication of a large number of Policy and Strategy documents for achieving Sustainability in Europe. One of the first attempts to systematically correlate the policy areas of the European Green Deal with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was made in the first report of the UN SDSN's Senior Working Group for the Joint Implementation of the SDGs and the EGD, which was published in February 2021, where the EGD framework was linked to each of the 17 SDGs using textual analysis. Building on this methodology, in this chapter we extend the manual linkage of policy texts to SDGs, by using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning techniques to automate it, focusing on Energy-related documents derived by the EGD. |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal, Policies, Sustainable Development Goals, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, Semantics. |
| Date: | 2022–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2202&r= |
| By: | Olatunji A. Shobande (University of Aberdeen, UK); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | The struggle to combat climate change remains complex and challenging. Currently, two climate change approaches, namely, mitigation and adaptation, have been widely supported. These are empirical, requiring further explanation of the main drivers of carbon emissions. This research seeks to tackle this problem by providing a strategy to reduce climate change impacts. This study contributes to the existing empirical literature in several ways. It investigates whether education and information and communication technology (ICT) matter to promote environmental sustainability in the Eastern and Southern Africa. The empirical evidence is based on the third-generation panel unit root test and panel cointegration tests that account for the potential issue of structural breaks in the series. We further dissect the long and short run dynamics using the panel Granger causality approach. Our findings show the possibility of using education and clean technology investment in a complementary strategy for mitigating carbon emissions and promoting environmental sustainability in the sampled countries. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Sustainability; ICT; Education; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa |
| JEL: | C52 O38 O40 O55 P37 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:22/006&r= |
| By: | Mikula, Stepan (Masaryk University); Pytlikova, Mariola (CERGE-EI) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the causal effects of air pollution on migration by exploiting a natural experiment in which desulfurization technologies were rapidly implemented in coal-burning power plants in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. These technologies substantially decreased air pollution levels without per se affecting economic activity. The results based on a difference-in-differences estimator imply that improvements in air quality reduced emigration from previously heavily polluted municipalities by 24%. We find that the effect of air pollution on emigration tended to be larger in municipalities with weaker social capital and fewer man-made amenities. Thus, our results imply that strengthening social capital and investing in better facilities and public services could partially mitigate depopulation responses to air pollution. Finally, we look at heterogeneous migratory responses to air pollution by education and age and find some evidence that the more educated tend to be more sensitive to air pollution in their settlement behavior. |
| Keywords: | natural experiment, migration, air pollution |
| JEL: | Q53 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14863&r= |
| By: | Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva; Hayrol Azril Mohamed Shaffril; Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah |
| Abstract: | Issues related to demand on deeper understanding on climate change adaptation ability, inadequate number of social studies, and the lack of studies on specific groups have prompted this study to assess the adaptation toward climate change among islanders small-scale fishermen (ISFM) in Malaysia. At the same time, it also intends to identify and rank order the aspect of adaptation abilities among ISFM in different areas/zones and to match the recommendation for the periodical remedial measure based on a different aspect of adaptation abilities. A set of questionnaires was developed based on the individual adaptive capacity framework on social adaptation to climate change developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Based on multi-stage simple random sampling, a total of 500 ISFM in four Malaysian islands, namely: Pangkor, Langkawi, Perhentian, and Redang, were chosen as respondents. Each island was represented by 125 small-scale fishermen. The fishermen surveyed had a high level of adaptation with regard to eight aspects. The highest mean score was recorded by “attachment to place,†followed by “attachment to occupation,†and then by “formal and informal networks.†In contrast, the fishermen showed a moderate level of adaptation with regard to eight aspects, with “business size and approach†having the lowest mean score, followed by “financial status and access to credit,†and “employability.†These results depict a strong sense of belonging and attachment to their residential area and fishing routines, and it demonstrate their strong social relationship with surrounding communities. Furthermore, results show that limited financial ability to survive, limited access to credit, and their inability to diversify their livelihood can obstruct them from responding effectively to the impacts of climate change. The study demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of the ISFM’s adaptations to climate change. Based on their strengths and weaknesses, recommendations related to skill diversification, early warning systems, environmental conservation, strengthening internal and external social relationships, climate change training and awareness, and access to credit were suggested. These recommendations were formulated to guide them in generating well-planned and systematic adaptation options to deal with the threatening impacts of climate change. |
| Keywords: | small-scale fishermen, Malaysia, climate change adaptation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2021:513&r= |
| By: | Éloi Laurent (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I attempt to give empirical meaning to climate justice by defining simple criteria of allocation of the remaining global carbon budget based on biophysics constraints and recognized justice principles. The originality of the paper, beyond the choice of indicators meeting justice criteria and their empirical incarnation, is to connect global climate justice to national climate justice, showing how a given country (France in this case) can opt for a national strategy of emissions reduction criteria to allocate its national globally determined carbon budget. In this sense, the paper descends from biophysical constraint down to individual allocation. The first section of the paper deals with global climate justice while the second section relates to national climate justice in France. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, je tente de donner un sens empirique à la notion de justice climatique en définissant des critères simples d'allocation du bilan carbone global restant à émettre d'ici à 2050 sur la base de contraintes biophysiques et de principes de justice reconnus dans la littérature académique. L'originalité de l'article, au-delà du choix des indicateurs correspondant à ces critères et de leur incarnation empirique, est de relier la justice climatique mondiale à la justice climatique nationale, en montrant comment un pays donné (la France en l'occurrence) peut opter pour une stratégie nationale de réduction de ses émissions pour allouer son budget carbone national globalement déterminé. En ce sens, l'article permet de descendre de la contrainte biophysique jusqu'à l'allocation individuelle. La première section de l'article traite de la justice climatique mondiale tandis que la deuxième section porte sur les modalités de la justice climatique nationale en France. |
| Keywords: | climate justice,carbon budget,COP 26,France |
| Date: | 2021–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03474907&r= |
| By: | Matthew Agarwala; Matt Burke; Patrycja Klusak; Kamiar Mohaddes; Ulrich Volz; Dimitri Zenghelis |
| Abstract: | Both the physical and transition-related impacts of climate change pose substantial macroeconomic risks. Yet, markets still lack credible estimates of how climate change will affect debt sustainability, sovereign creditworthiness, and the public finances of major economies. We present a taxonomy for tracing the physical and transition impacts of climate change through to impacts on sovereign risk. We then apply the taxonomy to the UK’s potential transition to net zero. Meeting internationally agreed climate targets will require an unprecedented structural transformation of the global economy over the next two or three decades. The changing landscape of risks warrants new risk management and hedging strategies to contain climate risk and minimise the impact of asset stranding and asset devaluation. Yet, conditional on action being taken early, the opportunities from managing a net zero transition would substantially outweigh the costs. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign debt, climate change, net zero, transition risk, productivity |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-80&r= |
| By: | Gough, Ian |
| Abstract: | More nation states are now committing to zero net carbon by 2050 at the latest, which is encouraging, but none have faced up to the transformation of economies, societies and lives that this will entail. This article considers two scenarios for a fair transition to net zero, concentrating only on climate change, and discusses the implications for contemporary ‘welfare states’. The first is the Green New Deal framework coupled with a ‘social guarantee’. I argue that expanded public provision of essential goods and services would be a necessary component of this strategy. The second scenario goes further to counteract runaway private consumption by building a sufficiency economy with ceilings to income, wealth and consumption. This would require a further extension of state capacities and welfare state interventions. The article provides a framework for comparing and developing these two very different approaches. |
| Keywords: | Green New Deal; Universal Basic Services; sufficiency; floors; ceilings; CUP deal |
| JEL: | J1 N0 |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:111950&r= |
| By: | Hammer, Thomas; Siegfried, Patrick |
| Abstract: | This text will explain which role “Green Bonds” play in financing projects and how the green factor is weighted. It will be discussed on how the term “green” can change the price of the bond, if there is a “green premium” and for which group of investors this type of bond is interesting. We will discuss ways to reduce their cost of capital, also considering the risks and on ways on how to improve their conditions. The sustainable and eco-friendly aspects are also highlighted in this text and they might become crucial in future investing, which gives the bond an interesting role. |
| Keywords: | Green Bonds, ESG, Sustainability, COP21 |
| JEL: | G11 G12 |
| Date: | 2021–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111394&r= |
| By: | Felix Bracht; Dennis Verhoeven |
| Abstract: | Existing estimates of the economic costs of air pollution do not account for its effect on inventive output. Using two weather phenomena as instruments, we estimate this effect in a sample of 1,288 European regions. A decrease in exposure to small particulate matter of 0:17 g=m3 – the average yearly reduction in Europe – leads to 1.7% more patented inventions. After ruling out reallocation of human capital, inventor mortality and R&D expenditures as drivers of the effect, we conclude that air pollution’s harm to economic output increases by at least 10% when accounting for innovation. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution, Air Quality, Innovation, Patent, Productivity |
| Date: | 2021–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ete:msiper:685945&r= |
| By: | Henning Tarp Jensen; Marcus Keogh-Brown; Finn Tarp |
| Abstract: | Myanmar is facing climate change (CC) induced changes to the productivity of their critically important rice sector over the coming century. Moreover, the recent five-year Myanmarese Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) sets out a vision of achieving an '…inclusive, competitive, food and nutrition secure, climate change resilient, and sustainable agricultural system…' by 2030. In this paper, we investigate the productivity pillar of the ADS strategy. |
| Keywords: | Myanmar, Agricultural technology, Climate change, Agricultural productivity, Computable general equilibrium, Rice |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-181&r= |
| By: | Tim T. Pedersen; Mikael Skou Andersen; Marta Victoria; Gorm B. Andresen |
| Abstract: | The transition of Europe's energy supply towards carbon neutrality should be efficient, fair, and fast. In principle, the efficiency of the transition is ensured by the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), creating a common emissions market. Fairness is aimed for with the Effort Sharing Regulation, calibrated for the economic capacity of member states. These two pieces of legislation are aiming for a trade-off between efficiency and fairness. A Monte Carlo simulation with 30.000 samples of national reduction target configurations has been performed using an advanced energy system optimization model of electricity supply as of 2030. Results reveal a group of countries where emissions reductions beyond the national targets, in most scenarios, are economically favorable. Contrarily, for some countries large abatement costs are unavoidable. Compared to the most cost-effective CO2 allocation, accepting a moderate increase in cost enables alternative CO2 emissions allocations that incorporate alternative justice-based distribution criteria. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.07247&r= |
| By: | Sponagel, Christian; Back, Hans; Angenendt, Elisabeth; Bahrs, Enno |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305578&r= |
| By: | Rim Berahab; Uri Dadush |
| Abstract: | As COP 26 unfolds, more attention is likely to be paid to big emitters such as China and the United States than to the situation of small developing countries, even though they are more exposed to the consequences of climate change. Morocco falls into this category. This Policy Brief examines Morocco's mitigation objectives under its NDCs and its performance to date before exploring the needed measures to achieve the 2030 mid- term goal. Although Morocco has made significant progress in terms of decarbonization, overall performance is below what was expected. Meeting its NDC targets, thus, requires a considerable deceleration of Morocco's emissions, which can constitute a significant challenge given the financial and social implications of the energy transition. This is a challenge that can be met with appropriate policies. Meanwhile, recent initiatives by the EU and the US to link trade policies with carbon emissions send an important message to the rest of the world that the cost of inaction on climate policy in terms of lost business opportunities may come sooner than expected. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb43-21&r= |
| By: | Simplice A. Asongu (Yaounde, Cameroon); Raufhon Salahodjaev (Tashkent, Uzbekistan) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the empowerment of women in politics on the environmental sustainability. Using data for the period 2015-2019 from 179 countries, we investigate the link between representation of women in parliament and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). To explore the causal effect, we rely on gender quotas, language intensity and land suitability for agriculture as instruments for the share of women in parliament. Our results suggest that 10 percentage points increase in instrumented proportion of women in parliament leads to 7.1 points increase in the EPI. The results remain robust to a number of robustness checks. |
| Keywords: | environmental performance, women in parliament |
| JEL: | Q50 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:22/001&r= |
| By: | Claudia Kettner; Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | Emission trading has been the key instrument in the EU's climate policy since its introduction in 2005. According to economic literature, emissions trading should ensure the achievement of a given reduction target at the lowest possible costs, by equalising marginal abatement costs of the installations covered. According to previous studies, however, only a limited number of companies have engaged in trading pointing at a limited economic efficiency of the scheme. This paper contributes to the growing body of empirical literature on allowance transactions by providing an analysis for Austria. For this purpose, two approaches are combined – a quantitative analysis of data on allowance transactions from the EUTL and a survey among Austrian firms in the EU ETS on their trading behaviour, motivations, and strategies. Our results show that allowance transactions have increased over time and that Austrian companies in the EU ETS tend to mainly acquire allowances in the market. The majority of Austrian companies reported compliance as the main motive for purchasing allowances. However, they stated that the time horizon of buying allowances for compliance purposes has been rather short so far, but some Austrian ETS participants intend to emphasise earlier purchases and consider a longer period in their purchasing strategy. Moreover, our analysis shows that it is a limited number of large companies (trading companies and large energy suppliers) that is very active in the market. Market actors have gotten accustomed to this new market for emissions over the past 16 years which is illustrated by increasing quantities and volumes traded. Nevertheless, for Austrian companies there is some potential for adapting their trading strategies in order to incorporate the future challenges, primarily for those companies not used to trading on international energy or resource markets. |
| Keywords: | EU Emission Trading Scheme, Data analysis, Survey, Austria, Trading behaviour |
| Date: | 2022–01–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2022:i:641&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Salvatore Federico (UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena); Fausto Gozzi (LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]) |
| Abstract: | We study the joint determination of optimal investment and optimal depollution in a spatiotemporal framework where pollution is transboundary. Pollution is controlled at a global level. The regulator internalizes that: (i) production generates pollution, which is bad for the wellbeing of population, and that (ii) pollution flows across space driven by a diffusion process. We solve analytically for the optimal investment and depollution spatiotemporal paths and characterize the optimal long-term spatial distribution when relevant. We finally explore numerically the variety of optimal spatial distributions obtained using a core/periphery model where the core differs from the periphery either in terms of input productivity, depollution efficiency, environmental awareness or self-cleaning capacity of nature. We also compare the distributions with and without diffusion. Key aspects in the optimal policy of the regulator are the role of aversion to inequality, notably leading to smoothing consumption across locations, and the control of diffusive pollution adding another smoothing engine. |
| Keywords: | Infinite dimensional optimal control problems,Decision analysis,Transboundary pollution,Pollution control,Geography |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03467909&r= |
| By: | Xueting Jiang; David I. Stern |
| Abstract: | The 2020 COVID-19 driven recession saw a sharp drop in carbon dioxide emissions as transportation and some other energy uses were curtailed. This was an unusual recession as it was driven by a pandemic. Previous research shows that when GDP declines carbon emissions fall faster relative to GDP than they rise in economic booms. Using monthly US data, we examine each individual recession in the US since 1973 finding that there is an asymmetric response in the 1973-5, 1980, 1990, and 2020 recessions but not in the 1981-2, 2001, or 2008-9 recessions. The former four recessions are associated with negative oil market shocks. In the first three there was a supply shock and in 2020 a demand shock. Changes in oil consumption that are not explained by changes in GDP explain these asymmetries. Furthermore, the asymmetries are due to emissions in the transport and industrial sectors, which are the main consumers of oil. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, climate change, business cycle |
| JEL: | Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2021-92&r= |
| By: | Joshua Aizenman; Yothin Jinjarak; Hien Nguyen; Donghyun Park |
| Abstract: | We trace the linkages between the episodes of fiscal expansion and consolidation in 72 advanced and emerging and developing economies. The findings suggest that fiscal expansions are positively associated with economic growth, which in turn is positively linked with better sustainable development outcomes. The association between fiscal consolidation and growth as well as the sustainable development indicators, however, is not clear-cut. Jointly, more tax revenues and expenditures, together with better governance help explain the association between economic growth and inclusive development. High-income, high-tax-revenue, and manufacture-exporting economies have made significant progress on reducing disease-linked mortality and improving environment protection along with economic growth. Meanwhile, emerging and developing, low-tax-revenue, and commodity-exporting economies have gained notable improvement in poverty reduction, pre-primary enrolment and access to basic sanitation services and clean cooking fuels and technologies, and lowering bribery incidence. On average, the sampled economies have persistently achieved better primary goals such as sanitation, clean fuels and technologies. Achievements in mortality reduction, and environmental protection goals are shown more recently. |
| JEL: | E62 F15 F34 O11 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29594&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, IMéRA - Institute for Advanced Studies - Aix-Marseille University); Giorgio Fabbri (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Salvatore Federico (DEPS - Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Statistica - UNISI - Università degli Studi di Siena = University of Siena); Fausto Gozzi (LUISS - Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli [Roma]) |
| Abstract: | We study the joint determination of optimal investment and optimal depollution in a spatiotemporal framework where pollution is transboundary. Pollution is controlled at a global level. The regulator internalizes that: (i) production generates pollution, which is bad for the wellbeing of population, and that (ii) pollution flows across space driven by a diffusion process. We solve analytically for the optimal investment and depollution spatiotemporal paths and characterize the optimal long-term spatial distribution when relevant. We finally explore numerically the variety of optimal spatial distributions obtained using a core/periphery model where the core differs from the periphery either in terms of input productivity, depollution efficiency, environmental awareness or self-cleaning capacity of nature. We also compare the distributions with and without diffusion. Key aspects in the optimal policy of the regulator are the role of aversion to inequality, notably leading to smoothing consumption across locations, and the control of diffusive pollution adding another smoothing engine. |
| Keywords: | Transboundary pollution,Geography,Pollution control,Decision analysis,Infinite dimensional optimal control problems |
| Date: | 2021–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02949275&r= |
| By: | Feindt, Peter H.; Dietze, Victoria; Krämer, Christine; Thomas, Fabian; Lukat, Evelyn; Häger, Astrid |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305584&r= |
| By: | Althouse, Jeff; Carballa Smichowski, Bruno; Cahen-Fourot, Louison; Durand, Cédric; Knauss, Steven |
| Abstract: | The ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) literature has provided ample empirical evidence for asymmetric transfer of material and energy resources from low-income to high-income countries. However, research has not been able to clearly specify the causal mechanisms driving these processes. This paper relates participation in global value chains (GVCs) to development patterns and ecologically unequal exchange. We conduct a principal components analysis and a clustering analysis along six dimensions (GVC participation, GVC value capture, investment, socioeconomic development, domestic environmental impact and international environmental balance) for 133 countries between 1995 and 2015. We find three social, ecological, productive development and GVC insertion patterns: “curse of GVC marginalization”, “ecologically perverse upgrading” and “reproduction of the core”. While our results confirm the asymmetry in ecological degradation between high-income and low-income economies shown by EUE, they support the existence of alternative mechanisms to account for it. We argue that environmental asymmetries are driven in large part by differences in how countries articulate within GVCs, and therefore cannot be ascribed to relations of ecologically unequal exchange, alone. Countries with a higher capacity to capture value from GVC participation (“reproduction of the core”) are able to displace environmental impacts to countries facing a trade-off between the positive socio-economic impacts of rapid GVC integration and ecological degradation (“ecologically perverse upgrading”). GVC marginalization, in turn, constitutes a barrier to socio-economic benefits and to imported ecological degradation. However, the lack of diffusion of more ecologically-efficient processes through GVCs has a negative impact on domestic ecological degradation for countries of the “curse of GVC marginalization” group. |
| Keywords: | Global Value Chains; Ecologically unequal exchange; Development patterns |
| Date: | 2022–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:8529&r= |
| By: | Pamela E. Ofori (University of Insubria, Varese, Italy); Daryna Grechyna (University of Granada, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Despite the established link between oil rent fluctuations and remittances received, its plausible joint effect on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains unexplored. To fill this gap, first, we determine whether natural resource rent (composed of oil rent, forest rent and natural gas rent) reduces economic growth in SSA. Second, we examine whether positive macroeconomic signals such as remittances mitigate the negative effect of oil rents on economic growth in a sample of 43 SSA countries spanning 1990-2017. We employ the pooled ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects, and generalized method of moments. The resulting empirical evidence established are; (1) there is a positive impact of forest rent on economic growth whilst oil rent and natural gas rent have a negative impact on economic growth (2) there is a positive marginal and net effect on economic growth from the interaction between remittances and oil rent. Also, the unconditional effect of remittances on growth is positive. We further perform a threshold analysis to establish a critical ground that could also influence economic growth positively. This threshold is crucial because below these critical mass remittance inflows mitigate the negative incidence of oil rent on economic growth and above the threshold, negative oil rent on growth is completely nullified. This is relevant for policy implications because policymakers are provided with actionable levels of remittances which are easily attainable in sampled countries |
| Keywords: | Remittances, Natural resource rent, oil rent, Economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:21/056&r= |
| By: | M Goujon (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-François Hoarau (CEMOI - Centre d'Économie et de Management de l'Océan Indien - UR - Université de La Réunion); Olivier Santoni (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International) |
| Abstract: | L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer de manière synthétique la vulnérabilité des petites économies insulaires (PEI) aux conséquences du changement climatique. Nous utilisons un indicateur composite de vulnérabilité physique au changement climatique (PVCCI pour Physical vulnerability to climate change index), développé à la Ferdi, que nous appliquons à un échantillon large de 250 économies dont 100 PEI souveraines ou affiliées. Nos résultats reflètent bien que les PEI sont structurellement exposées aux conséquences du changement climatique mais de manière hétérogène. Une illustration des résultats est donnée sur les PEI du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien. |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique,Indicateur composite,Petites économies insulaires |
| Date: | 2021–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03471461&r= |
| By: | Ding, Qianrong; Hubbard, Hayden; Larkin, Emily; Shonibare, Dawalola |
| Abstract: | This policy brief is an output of the CARI-funded SAIS-IDEV student practicum for the 2020-2021 academic year, based on the two cases provided by the Transnational Environmental Accountability Project (TEA Project). Read on as the authors conclude that although resource-backed infrastructure agreements provide needed investment into Ghana and Guinea, the lack of transparency in these agreements has created serious environmental, social, and governance concerns. These concerns are in part due to a history of poor regulatory compliance by Chinese firms in both countries, and in part due to the lack of government transparency and regulatory enforcement in mining sectors of Ghana and Guinea. Improving transparency, regulatory enforcement, and feedback mechanisms between local communities, firms, and government can ensure that mining investments through RFI agreements are socially, economically and environmentally sound. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:caripb:592021&r= |
| By: | Mauricio Soto; Ms. Tewodaj Mogues; Mercedes García-Escribano; Mariano Moszoro |
| Abstract: | South Asia has experienced significant progress in improving human and physical capital over the past few decades. Within the region, India has become a global economic powerhouse with enormous development potential ahead. To foster human and economic development, India has shown a strong commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Agenda. This paper focuses on the medium-term development challenges that South Asia, and in particular India, faces to ensure substantial progress along the SDGs by 2030. We estimate the additional spending needed in critical areas of human capital (health and education) and physical capital (water and sanitation, electricity, and roads). We document progress on these five sectors for India relative to other South Asian countries and discuss implications for policy and reform. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Human Capital, Infrastructure, India |
| Date: | 2021–12–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/294&r= |
| By: | Edmond Noubissi (University of Dschang, Cameroon); Loudi Njoya (University of Dschang, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between gender and the environment. There are indeed very few studies on this topic, and existing studies have not yet investigated the channels through which women's presence in parliaments affects the environment. We use a stochastic impact model extended to the population, wealth and technology regression model to estimate both the effect and transmission of women parliamentarians on the environment in 25 African countries from 2000 to 2016. The empirical results show that the presence of women in parliament contributes to the improvement of environmental quality in Africa. In addition, the mediation analysis reveals that women parliamentarians not only have a direct positive effect on the environment but also a positive indirect effect through their impact on per capita income, corruption and development assistance. To enhance the positive effects of women parliamentarians on the environment, governments should design policies to encourage women to participate in economic activities, integrate anti-corruption programmes and participate in the management of development assistance. |
| Keywords: | Women's parliamentary, environmental quality, African countries |
| JEL: | F63 F64 J16 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aak:wpaper:21/010&r= |
| By: | Simpson, Fergus; Vuola, Marketta |
| Abstract: | This article contributes to the literature on commodity frontiers by providing evidence from locales where two different frontiers overlap. We focus on intersecting commodity frontiers produced through biodiversity conservation and mineral extraction that increasingly compete for control over land and resources. We frame commodity frontiers as organised through the territorialisation of rural landscapes via different types of protected areas (strict, flexible) and various scales of mining activity (artisanal, semi-industrial, industrial). With reference to case studies from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Madagascar, we disaggregate the processes of territorialisation both at and between conservation and mining frontiers. It is argued that flexible approaches to protected area management and artisanal and semi-industrial modes of mining can be viewed as territorial adaptations to enable frontiers to co-exist where strict conservation and large-scale mining would otherwise exclude one-another. We conclude that contexts where state power is limited, and the boundaries between legal and illegal become blurred, are likely to be especially conducive to the emergence of double frontiers. |
| Keywords: | commodity frontiers; territorialisation; mining; conservation; Madagascar; DR Congo |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:dpaper:202107&r= |
| By: | Emily Schulte; Fabian Scheller; Wilmer Pasut; Thomas Bruckner |
| Abstract: | Although single empirical studies provide important insights into who adopts a specific LCT for what reason, fundamental questions concerning the relations between decision subject (= who decides), decision object (= what is decided upon) and context (= when and where it is decided) remain unanswered. In this paper, this research gap is addressed by deriving a decision framework for residential decision-making, suggesting that traits of decision subject and object are determinants of financial, environmental, symbolic, normative, effort and technical considerations preceding adoption. Thereafter, the decision framework is initially verified by employing literature on the adoption of photovoltaic systems, energy-efficient appliances and green tariffs. Of the six proposed relations, two could be confirmed (financial and environmental), one could be rejected (effort), and three could neither be confirmed nor rejected due to lacking evidence. Future research on LCT adoption could use the decision framework as a guidepost to establish a more coordinated and integrated approach, ultimately allowing to address fundamental questions. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.11867&r= |
| By: | Kirmer, Anita; Förster, Jenny; Pfau, Mark; Schubert, Lea; Schmidt, Annika; Schmid-Egger, Christian; Tischew, Sabine |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305627&r= |
| By: | Riedler, Jesper; Koziol, Tina |
| Abstract: | We develop a portfolio balance model to analyze the impact of euro area quantitative easing (QE) on asset yields. Our model features two countries each populated by two agents representing their respective banking and mututal fund sectors. Agents, which differ in their preferences for assets, can trade currencies, bonds and equities. In simulations of the calibrated model we find that 10-year euro area bond returns decline by 31 basis points in response to €1 trillion in central bank bond purchases, which is in line with the empirical literature. QE leads to a substantial flattening of the yield curve and increasing the maturity of purchased bonds increases the average yield impact. When QE is unwound, yields increase quicker than the central bank balance sheet shrinks. This is because the yield impact scales non-linearly with increasing asset purchases. When assessing the potential impact of green QE, we find that it is slightly less effective in reducing bond yields than conventional QE. However, the spread between green and brown bond yields decreases with conventional QE while it increases with green QE. |
| Keywords: | euro area QE,portfolio balancing channel,yield curve,green QE |
| JEL: | C63 G11 E52 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:21086&r= |
| By: | Mihaela Simionescu (Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Romanian Academy); Mihaela-Daniela Vornicescu (Niculescu) (Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Romanian Academy) |
| Abstract: | In the context of a Sustainable Europe by 2030, this paper evaluates the impact of EU membership of new member states on indicators related to sustainable development (GDP growth and unemployment rate). The analysis for the period 1995-2020 Ð based on the 13 most recent member states of the EU and Ð suggests that EU membership did not contribute to GDP growth, but reduced unemployment due to labor migration to early member states and other developed countries. Some policy recommendations are made to achieve a sustainable growth in the EU new member states as EuropeÕs 2030 strategy requires. |
| Keywords: | GDP; unemployment; migration; sustainable development; panel data models |
| JEL: | C51 C53 J64 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sko:wpaper:bep-2022-02&r= |
| By: | Brown, David P. (University of Alberta, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | There is growing interest in the adoption of residential battery storage because of its ability to provide bill savings, capture excess solar energy, and provide resiliency value. The resiliency benefits have become increasingly salient in light of recent large-scale power outages. However, these benefits may not accrue to all communities. We explore the presence of disparities in residential battery adoption and the allocation of subsidies under California's Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) by measures of income, race and ethnicity, and a vulnerability index that captures environmental justice (EJ) concerns. We present evidence that battery adoption and subsidy allocations are concentrated in communities that have higher household income and lower EJ concerns. Regression analyses demonstrate that there are disparities in battery adoption rates by household income and race/ethnicity demographic variables, after controlling for important time-varying and regional factors. These findings persist despite the fact that the SGIP has specific funds targeting lower income households and communities, as well as funding targeting wildfi re- and outage-vulnerable households. We demonstrate that these findings are partially, but not fully, driven by SGIP funding eligibility criteria that correlate with communities that have higher income, lower EJ concerns, and a lower percentage of residents of color. |
| Keywords: | Battery Storage; Resiliency; Distributed Energy Resources; Environmental and Energy Justice |
| JEL: | H23 I30 L94 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:albaec:2021_013&r= |
| By: | Pejman Bahramian (Department of Economics, Queen's University) |
| Abstract: | The Province of Ontario has had a very aggressive program of introducing wind electricity generation technologies into its generation supply mix. This program, combined with the rigid baseload production by nuclear and hydro plants, has created a surplus baseload electricity supply for 20 years. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) has been suggested as an economically viable technology for storing energy produced by non-dispatchable wind energy sources. In this vein, an analytical framework has been developed to explore the feasibility of the PHS facility to manage the surplus supply of electricity and compare its cost performance with the alternative gas power plants. The analysis is undertaken for a situation where the PHS plant uses surplus energy for the first 20 years of its operation, and additional wind energy would be provided for the second 20 years of the project’s life. It is found that given the level of capital costs of building PHS in Ontario, the PHS expansion is not economically cost-effective to utilize the projected off-peak surpluses. The economic analysis also illustrates that in the context of Ontario, the integration of PHS with wind power generation will have a negative impact on the Canadian economy in all circumstances. This loss is borne mainly by the electricity consumers of Ontario. Even considering the cost of CO2 emissions from a world perspective, this investment is not worthwhile. It would be much better socially from the perspective of the world and economically from Canada’s perspective if the surplus baseload electricity from Ontario were given away to the US free of charge. It could then be used to reduce generation by natural gas plants in the USA, hence reducing CO2 emissions globally, without any incremental cost to Canada. |
| Keywords: | economic analysis, pumped hydro storage, wind power, electricity, Ontario |
| JEL: | O55 D61 Q42 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:wpaper:1479&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures have severely impacted the economy. Border closure and the suspension of commercial flights curtailed tourist arrivals. Real GDP contracted by 9.7 percent in FY2020, notwithstanding policy support. The economic contraction is estimated to have deepened in FY2021, and a gradual recovery is expected in FY2022 as tourism activities resume. While Palau’s public debt remains sustainable, the economic fallout of the pandemic and the cost of the fiscal response have led to a sharp deterioration of the fiscal position and a rapid increase in public debt. The high share of concessional loans from multilateral creditors in Palau’s external debt is an important risk mitigating factor. Palau is vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2021/263&r= |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline; Kaddoura, Ihab; Chai, Huajun |
| Abstract: | The research team used the Los Angeles MATSim model to evaluate the travel, greenhouse gas(GHGs), and equity impacts of single-and multiple-passenger automated taxi scenarios, including free transit fares and a VMT tax. The results indicate that automated taxis increase VMT by about 20 percent across scenarios, and automated taxis mode shares more than offset reductions in personal vehicle travel. The automated taxi-only scenario also reduces transit travel by about 50 percent, but the addition of free transit fares reversed this decline and increased transit use somewhat. New empty passenger automated taxi travel compounds the impact of mode shifts in these scenarios and further increases vehicle travel. There is a slight change in mean vehicles speeds across all scenarios. When automated taxis are not battery electric vehicles (BEVs), GHG emissions increase from 16 to 18 percent across scenarios. However, GHGs decline by 23 to 26 percent when automated taxis are BEVs. The equity analysis shows that the automated taxis scenarios provide more accessibility benefits for travelers in three low-income classes than total benefits and benefits for the middle-and high-income travelers. The addition of free transit to the shared automated taxis-only scenario dramatically increases low-income benefits. The VMT tax eliminates almost all of the benefits from the automated taxi and free transit scenarios and creates losses for all three low-income groups. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Automated vehicles, ridehailing, pooled ridehailing, free transit, distance-based road charges, travel and equity impact |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt01g0w1gj&r= |
| By: | Emily Schulte; Fabian Scheller; Daniel Sloot; Thomas Bruckner |
| Abstract: | The adoption of residential photovoltaic systems (PV) is seen as an important part of the sustainable energy transition. To facilitate this process, it is crucial to identify the determinants of solar adoption. This paper follows a meta-analytical structural equation modeling approach, presenting a meta-analysis of studies on residential PV adoption intention, and assessing four behavioral models based on the theory of planned behavior to advance theory development. Of 653 initially identified studies, 110 remained for full-text screening. Only eight studies were sufficiently homogeneous, provided bivariate correlations, and could thus be integrated into the meta-analysis.The pooled correlations across primary studies revealed medium to large correlations between environmental concern, novelty seeking, perceived benefits, subjective norm and intention to adopt a residential PV system, whereas socio-demographic variables were uncorrelated with intention. Meta-analytical structural equation modeling revealed a model (N = 1,714) in which adoption intention was predicted by benefits and perceived behavioral control, and benefits in turn could be explained by environmental concern, novelty seeking, and subjective norm. Our results imply that measures should primarily focus on enhancing the perception of benefits. Based on obstacles we encountered within the analysis, we suggest guidelines to facilitate the future aggregation of scientific evidence, such as the systematic inclusion of key variables and reporting of bivariate correlations. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.12464&r= |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine; Giorgio Fabbri; Salvatore Federico; Fausto Gozzi |
| Abstract: | We characterize the shape of spatial externalities in a continuous time and space differential game with transboundary pollution. We posit a realistic spatiotemporal law of motion for pollution (diffusion and advection), and tackle spatiotemporal non-cooperative (and cooperative) differential games. Precisely, we consider a circle partitioned into several states where a local authority decides autonomously about its investment, production and depollution strategies over time knowing that investment/production generates pollution, and pollution is transboundary. The time horizon is infinite. We allow for a rich set of geographic heterogeneities across states. We solve analytically the induced non-cooperative differential game and characterize its long-term spatial distributions. In particular, we prove that there exist a Perfect Markov Equilibrium, unique among the class of the affine feedbacks. We further provide with a full exploration of the free riding problem and the associated border effect. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2112.10584&r= |
| By: | Pascal Raux (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); José Perez Agundez (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean Emmanuel Rougier (LISODE); Loeiza Lancelot (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Audrey Barbe (LISODE) |
| Abstract: | Within the Blue Growth Strategy, aquaculture is perceived and quoted as a sector that has a high potential for sustainable jobs and growth and that has to be developed. Despite a strong initial growth at the beginning of the Blue Revolution, European aquaculture, and in particular marine fish farming, began to stall and stagnate. The new drivers initiated by the Blue Growth seem to have great difficulty in reversing that trend and progressing towards the stated objectives in terms of production volumes, in the light of the production statistics over the last decade. Marine socio-ecosystems are complex systems, they demonstrate non-matching scales, surprises (non-linearities), interconnection with other systems, memory effects, choke points and so on. This complexity calls for more integrated assessment through integration of existing knowledge: integration of sciences (among disciplines), integration of sciences and society, integration of sciences and policy and integration of uses. If some integrated assessment framework were developed such as the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, and its counterpart for aquaculture the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture, in practice they never really reach the required level of integration. In particular, by focusing on the ecological carrying capacity and leaving aside the social and institutional dimensions and especially the governance issues of these socio-ecosystems. While much effort has been put into technological innovations and the measure of their impact on farms, relatively little has been put into institutional innovations. But beyond of technical and profitability issues, social acceptability is now considered as one of the main bottlenecks to aquaculture development. As already underlined, existing assessment frameworks are not able to catch that key dimension of aquaculture development. There is then a need to propose and develop such an assessment framework of Social Acceptability (SA) of aquaculture development. In addition to the reviewing of existing frameworks and experiences in other industries, taking into account the complexity of marine socio-ecosystems, main drivers and bottlenecks to aquaculture development were identified to better understand the factors contributing to SA. Main bottlenecks are attached to the way aquaculture development was thought and implemented: forgetting the way of production to solely focus on the volume to produce; basing aquaculture development on scientific and technical expertise and imposing top-down projects developed «ex nihilo» without insights on local integration; implementing such projects based on communication approach by solely providing information without participatory processes and stakehoders engagement; misperceiving SA through the solely acceptability of the product and not the acceptability of the activity. All this leads to a series of adverse effects such as markets disconnection, vicious circle of unprofitability, lack of trust and confidence in aquaculture, fuzzy developments, contributing to aggravating factors of social unacceptability. The MedAID research project (www.medaid-h2020.eu, Mediterranean Integrated Aquaculture Development, financed by the H2020 EU program) worked in an attempt to integrate all these dimensions to support sustainable marine aquaculture development in the Mediterranean. It proposes an integrated framework to rethink the development of marine aquaculture in Europe and beyond, through the SA dimension as an integrating dimension. An assessment framework for SA of aquaculture development was developed and implemented over several case studies in the Mediterranean through the proposal of a 3 steps approach experimentation. Participatory approaches are at the core of the assessment framework and introduction and recommendations to these approaches are produced too, with references to existing tools. The implementation of the 3 steps approach to assess SA of aquaculture development underlined four main recommendations: 1) Support concertation, 2) Give importance to the adequacy between the territory and the project, 3) Value the benefits of the project and promote transparency and 4) Establish a framework that support aquaculture development and compliance to the development process. These recommendations finally appear as an essential prerequisite for a more peaceful, more virtuous and acceptable development that will drive back marine aquaculture to sustainability. A maybe not sufficient condition to sustainable aquaculture development but, a necessary one. |
| Keywords: | Aquaculture,Aquaculture development,Soacial Acceptability,Participatory Approach,Stakeholders Engagement,Drivers and Bottlenecks,Assessment,Social Ecological System,Governance |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03475250&r= |
| By: | Jung, Heejung; Johnson, Kent C; Lopez, Brenda |
| Abstract: | Contribution of brake particle emissions to ambient PM2.5 is increasing. Previous studies focused on determination of brake emission rate from lab testing and so it lacks brake activity of real world conditions. The study aimed to establish a test method to determine brake activity of a heavy-duty vehicle. Brake parameters and vehicle parameters were measured during two chassis cycles and two on-road test tests. Brake activity was quantified with brake pressure signal as the first indicator and vehicle speed as the second indicator. Temperature increase was related to the kinetic loss of the vehicle and cooling and heating of brake pad was repeated during on road test. Resulting brake activity was presented in the form of histogram. Future test should use shorter copper cap for thermocouple to better sense friction surface temperature. It is recommended to measure both activity and emissions during on-road test so that a better relationship can be established between brake activity and brake particle emissions. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Heavy-duty vehicle, brake activity |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4k35g4c0&r= |
| By: | Heinrichs, Julia; Kuhn, Till; Pahmeyer, Christoph; Britz, Wolfgang |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2020–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:gewi20:305628&r= |
| By: | Rim Berahab; Chami Abdelilah; Derj Atar; Hammi Ibtissem; Morazzo Mariano; Naciri Yassine; Zarkik Afaf |
| Abstract: | LAs decarbonization is a long-term process and requires significant investments, specific financial and non- financial measures will need to be implemented, both in the short and long term, to facilitate this transition. In Part II of Morocco’s decarbonization pathway Policy Brief series, an update of the decarbonization scenarios was presented. It revealed that the Increased Ambition and Green Development scenarios achieve higher decarbonization targets than current policy. It showed that decarbonization targets will be achieved mainly through extensive electrification of end sectors and increasing renewable energy sources in the generation mix. Specifically, transportation, power generation, and the residential sector will be key sectors for decarbonizing Morocco’s energy consumption. In Part III of the aforementioned Policy Brief series, a cost-benefit analysis of this transition was conducted. This brief argues that this shift will generate full economic benefits in the hundreds of billions of dollars, even with the additional capital expenditures needed to modernize the sectors covered, namely the transport, residential, industry and services, agriculture, and power sectors. Achieving this vision and reducing decarbonization costs will therefore require some incentives for the five sectors covered. In this sense, Part IV will address the remaining barriers to energy transition in each sector and propose short and long-term recommendations to support decarbonization, including financial and non-financial policy measures while considering distributional concerns and impacts. |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb26-21&r= |
| By: | Nicolas Koch (Mercator Research Center for Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), EUREF Campus 19, 10829 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9, 53113 Bonn, Germany); Nolan Ritter (Mercator Research Center for Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), EUREF Campus 19, 10829 Berlin, Germany); Alexander Rohlf (Mercator Research Center for Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), EUREF Campus 19, 10829 Berlin, Germany); Francesco Scarazzato (Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether the world’s most mature electric vehicle (EV) market in Norway has overcome critical mass constraints and can achieve sustainable long-term equilibria without subsidies. We estimate a structural model that allows for multiple equilibria emerging from the interdependence between EV demand and charging station supply. We first estimate the resulting indirect network effects using an instrumental variable approach. Then, we simulate long-term market outcomes for each of the 422 Norwegian municipalities. We find that almost 20% of all municipalities faced critical mass constraints in the earliest stage of the market. Half of them are effectively trapped in a zero-adoption equilibrium. However, in the maturing market, all municipalities have passed critical mass. Overall, about 60% of the Norwegian population now lives in municipalities with a high-adoption equilibrium, even if subsidies were removed. This suggests that critical mass constraints do no longer justify the provision of subsidies. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, network externalities, critical mass, subsidies |
| JEL: | H23 L62 Q48 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwwuw:wuwp317&r= |
| By: | Andrew Mwaba; Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa |
| Abstract: | Zambia has changed its mineral tax regime repeatedly during the past decades in a bid to raise mineral revenue, but with only modest success. This paper looks at what the country needs to do to create a mining fiscal regime that could sustain operations, boost output, and raise revenues without eroding investment and profitability in the mines. The paper argues that enhancing local ownership of the mines will help assuage resource nationalism while stabilizing the business environment overall. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal regime, Investment, Mineral tax, Transfer pricing, low-carbon future, Mining taxation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-178&r= |
| By: | Samba Diop (Alioune Diop University, Bambey, Senegal); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon); Vanessa S. Tchamyou (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the economic impact of severe natural disasters in Africa using the generalized synthetic control method. In other words, it assesses how gross domestic product (GDP) would have been affected if severe natural disasters did not occur. Moreover, it explores the determinants of the destructiveness of the impact, focusing on the role played by capital. We find that severe natural disasters induce a significant and continuous reduction of GDP many years after the event. Indeed, economic losses caused by disasters depend on the level of capital (human capital, employment and capital stock) and aspects of governance quality (political stability and absence of violence). In other words, negative synergies are apparent because while capital stock, employment and human capital unconditionally reduce the macroeconomic impact of natural disasters, the corresponding conditional or interactive effects with political stability are also negative. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters; economic growth; Africa |
| JEL: | Q54 O17 O55 P1 |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:21/094&r= |
| By: | Heinz, Nicolai; Koessler, Ann Kathrin |
| Abstract: | Pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) is often promoted by reinforcing or highlighting own benefits. However, considering that actors also care about the outcomes for others (i.e. they hold other-regarding preferences), PEB may also be encouraged by addressing these other-regarding preferences. In this paper, we review the results from social science experiments where interventions addressing other-regarding preferences were used to promote PEB. Based on our synthesis, we conclude that addressing other-regarding preferences can be effective in promoting (various types of) PEB in some, but not in all instances. Whether an intervention was effective depended inter alia on the pre-established preferences, cost structures and the perceived cooperation of others. Effective interventions included the provision of information on behavioural consequences, perspective-taking, direct appeals, framing and re-categorization. The interventions worked by activating other-regarding preferences, raising awareness about adverse consequences, evoking empathic concern and expanding the moral circle. We propose to take these findings as an impulse to examine policy instruments and institutions in terms of whether they activate and strengthen other-regarding preferences, thereby enabling collective engagement in PEB. |
| Keywords: | empathic concern; experiments; other-regarding preferences; preference activation; pro-environmental behaviour; review |
| JEL: | D90 Q56 Y80 |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112984&r= |
| By: | Tatsuyoshi Saijo (Research Institute for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Let us create a society for future generations, but how can we do that? Future Design (FD), introduced in 2015 in Japan, is a new approach to addressing this question by formulation of new theories, verifying them through experiments, and then practicing them in real communities, municipalities, and private companies. FD is "the design and implementation of social systems that activate participants’ futurability. Futurability refers to “the possibility that the present generation will put the interests of the future generations ahead of its own.†However, the society in which we live today based upon markets and democracy is one that suppresses our futurability. For this reason, FD concerns with designing a society where people can change their behavior by activating their own futurability. It seems that we have focused only on making our generation better that we have been making future failures that likely cause excessive burden for future generations. Such examples are disruption of carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, and so on, and then the concept of Imaginary Future Person (IFP) is introduced to cope with myopia and optimism of human beings. Think about flying to the future, becoming an IFP, imagining the future society, and giving advice to the present from the future. This system works quite well in laboratory and field experiments. It also works well in real cities and towns and several examples are introduced. |
| Keywords: | Future Design, Futurability, Sustainability, Deliberation |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2022-1&r= |
| By: | Davide Furceri; Mr. Pragyan Deb; Nour Tawk; Mr. Jonathan David Ostry |
| Abstract: | Lockdowns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced overall energy demand but electricity generation from renewable sources has been resilient. While this partly reflects the trend increase in renewables, the empirical analysis presented in this paper highlights that recessions result in a permanent, albeit small, increase in energy efficiency and in the share of renewables in total electricity. These effects are stronger in the case of advanced economies and when complemented with environment and energy policies—both market-based measures such as taxes on pollutants, trading schemes and feed-in-tariffs, as well as non-market measures such as emission and fuel standards and R&D investment and subsidies—to incentivize and hasten the transition towards renewable sources of energy. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19 lockdowns; recession; energy use; energy mix; renewables. |
| Date: | 2021–12–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/284&r= |
| By: | Pham Tran Lan Phuong; Nguyen Van Thai |
| Abstract: | O Lam Commune in Tri Ton District, An Giang Province in Vietnam experiences serious water shortages all year round, especially in the dry season. Moreover, owing to its mountainous topography, the local people, especially women, face numerous challenges in accessing water for domestic use. Unfortunately, although women are globally considered the main actors in water management, they are often excluded from planning, formulating, and implementing management policies. This study, therefore, examined gender issues in relation to water use and management of Khmer men and women in four villages of O Lam Commune. Interviews, focus group discussions, and Participatory Rural Appraisal tools were conducted in Phuoc Loc, Phuoc Loi, Phuoc Tho, and Phuoc Long villages. The results reveal the relationship between gender roles and the physical environment, particularly upland rice farming systems. Women primarily manage water in the household; consequently, lack of access to water affects them more significantly than men. Furthermore, since they travel longer distances and carry heavy loads of water, they spend more time collecting water. This reduces the time they have to fulfill their reproductive roles and partake in income-generating activities. In addition, women face several barriers that limit their participation in decision-making in water management projects. These barriers include traditional norms that assign and expect men to be the dominant decision makers; high illiteracy levels among women; and women’s lack of time to participate in water-related project activities due to their reproductive and productive roles, such as labor inputs in agriculture. This study recommends that water-related policies and projects should ensure gender equality in increasing access to water resources and building capacity training programs. Women’s participation in water-related activities will enhance their knowledge and provide them with various platforms to share their perspectives on water use and management. |
| Keywords: | Khmer ethnic minority women, women’s participation and decision-making, gender relations to water, reproductive and productive gendered roles, water management, gender equality, Vietnam |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2021:511&r= |
| By: | Raja R Timilsina (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Yutaka Kobayashi (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Koji Kotani (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Rural societies with unique resources, such as indigenous culture and natural capitals, have suffered from aging residents and lack of successors due to youth outmigration by industrialization, urbanization and globalization. Little literature has studied resource transfers when successors are present or absent in such an aging society. This paper experimentally examines resource dynamics and sustainability when resource users may die with and without successors. We design a dynamic common pool resource (CPR) game and implement the field experiments in Nepalese rural areas where an aging factor of resource users with presence or absence of successors is incorporated by probabilistic exit and entry of members in a group. In the experiments, three treatments are prepared: (i) fixed group member (FGM) treatment where group members are fixed without exit, (ii) probabilistic replacement member (PRM) treatment where each group member shall stochastically exit, but a successor exists to fill the spot as a replacement and (iii) probabilistic exit member (PEM) treatment where each group member shall stochastically exit in each period. The results show that groups in FGM and PRM treatments sustain resources 3.13 and 2.52 times longer than do groups in PEM (baseline), demonstrating that resource users tend to maintain resources and cooperate for sustainability when they have successors or live long together in one place. The results also suggest that an existence of non-kinship successors can be key to trigger people’s altruistic motives for outliving themselves or leaving something behind even in an aging society, affecting how resource users behave for not only intragenerational peers but also intergenerational resource sustainability. |
| Keywords: | resource sustainability, successor, field experiment |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2022-2&r= |
| By: | Delphine Billouard-Fuentes (emlyon business school) |
| Abstract: | En 2019, l'ADEME soulignait que 88 % des Français changent de téléphone alors que le précédent est encore en état de marche et que seuls 15 % des téléphones sont collectés pour être recyclés. |
| Keywords: | consommation durable,cycle de vie,déchets électroniques,obsolescence |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03401365&r= |