|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2021‒12‒20
fifty-five papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Joseph S. Shapiro |
| Abstract: | This article proposes and evaluates four hypotheses about US pollution and environmental policy over the last half century. First, air and water pollution have declined substantially, although greenhouse gas emissions have not. Second, environmental policy explains a large share of these trends. Third, much of the regulation of air and drinking water pollution has benefits that exceed costs, although the evidence for surface water pollution regulation is less clear. Fourth, while the distribution of pollution across social groups is unequal, market-based environmental policies and command-and-control policies do not appear to produce systematically different distributions of environmental outcomes. I also discuss recent innovations in methods and data that can be used to evaluate pollution trends and policies, including the increased use of environmental administrative data, statistical cost-benefit comparisons, analysis of previously understudied policies, more sophisticated analyses of pollution transport, micro-macro frameworks, and a focus on the distribution of environmental outcomes. |
| JEL: | H23 Q50 Q52 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29478&r= |
| By: | Chaudhary, Abhishek |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315089&r= |
| By: | Shobande, Olatunji; Asongu, Simplice |
| Abstract: | Purpose – This paper provides an analysis of the energy-carbon Kuznets curve hypothesis (CKC) using a second-generation panel methodology. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, we investigate whether energy consumption, natural resources, and governance explain the CKC proposition. Our empirical strategy is based on the Westerlund panel cointegration test, augmented mean group (AMG), and vector autoregressive (VAR) panel Granger-causality tests. Findings – The results suggest that the CKC hypothesis is incomplete without these mechanisms, as they play a critical role in reducing carbon emissions in Africa. We recommend improving the environmental standards and proper regulatory and monitoring systems to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable development in the continent. Originality/value –The study revisits the CKC hypothesis with particular emphasis on governance and more robust empirical estimation techniques. |
| Keywords: | carbon cuts; Energy consumption; Governance; Climate crisis; Panel analysis; Africa |
| JEL: | O1 Q20 Q30 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110852&r= |
| By: | Nicolo Barbieri (Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy); Alberto Marzucchi (Gran Sasso Science Institute, Social Sciences, L’Aquila, Italy); Ugo Rizzo (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy) |
| Abstract: | The present study explores the technological complementarities between green and non green inventions. First, we look at whether inventive activities in climate-friendly domains de pend on patenting in related technological domains that are not green. Based on patent data filed over the 1978–2014 period, we estimate a spatial autoregressive model using co-occurrence matrices to capture technological interdependencies. Our first finding highlights that the develop ment of green technologies strongly relies on advances in other green and in particular non-green technological domains, whose relevance for the green economy is usually neglected. Building on this insight, we detect the non-green complementary technologies that co-occur with green ones and assess whether environmental policies affect this particular instantiation of technologies at the country level. The results of the instrumental variable approach confirm that while envi ronmental policies spur green patenting, they do not displace the development of the non-green technological pillars upon which green inventions develop. |
| Keywords: | Green technology, patent data, environmental policy, network-dependent innovation |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sru:ssewps:2021-08&r= |
| By: | Francesco Vona (French Economic Observatory) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the literature on the distributional effects of environmental and climate policies, focusing on ex-post empirical evidence. It decomposes the distributional effects into the main dimensions to understand which policy packages are more likely to achieve a triple dividend of environmental effectiveness, economic efficiency and equity. This paper also takes stock of the related literature on the political acceptability of environmental policies to assess proposals of compensation policy packages, including green recovery plans, environmental tax reforms and progressive subsidies to green technologies. |
| Keywords: | distributional analysis, environmental policy, inequality |
| JEL: | D30 H22 H23 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:188-en&r= |
| By: | Yu, Chengzheng |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315037&r= |
| By: | Gözlügöl, Alperen A. |
| Abstract: | Climate change is one of the highest-ranking issues on the political and social agenda. Vulnerabilities of the world ecosystem laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential damage for the human and business life made the need for urgent action clear once again. Corporations are one of the main actors that will play a major role in the decarbonisation of the economy. They need to put forward a net zero strategy and targets, transitioning to net-zero by 2050. Yet, an important but rather overlooked stakeholder group in the sustainability debates can pose a significant stumbling block in this transition: employees. Although climate action has huge benefits by ameliorating adverse environmental events and is expected to have overall positive impact on employment, net zero transition in companies, especially in certain sectors and regions, will cause substantial adverse employment effects for the workforce. This has the potential to slow down or even derail the necessary climate action in companies. In this regard, just transition is a promising concept, which calls for a swift and decisive climate action in corporations while taking account of and mitigating adverse effects for their workforce. If well implemented, it can accelerate net zero transition in companies. This potential clash of environmental (E) and social (S) aspects of ESG agenda, materialised in the companies' net zero transition, and its potential remedy, just transition, have important implications for corporate governance and finance, especially for directors' duties & executive remuneration, sustainability disclosures, institutional investors' engagement and green finance. |
| Keywords: | ESG,climate change,corporate governance,employees,green finance,institutional investors,net zero transition,sustainability,workforce |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:lawfin:25&r= |
| By: | Noor Syaifudin (Center for Climate Finance and Multilateral Policy, Fiscal Policy Agency, Ministry of Finance of Republic of Indonesia); Yanrui Wu (Economics Department, Business School, The University of Western Australia) |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the literature on energy sustainability by presenting empirical evidence of the evolution of embodied renewable energy in Indonesia. By employing the environmental input-output analysis, the paper reveals that there was an increasing trend in direct and indirect embodied renewable energy consumption among Indonesia’s 16 industrial sectors. However, the analysis also finds that indirect embodied renewable energy consumption was greater than direct embodied renewable energy use. The findings also show that renewable energy was mainly used to support the manufacturing capacity of various industries. It is surmised that appropriate national regulations and standards should be enacted to promote sustainable energy in Indonesia. The observations in this paper also show that relevant government policies are expected to attract more investment into the Chemical and Other Services as well as Other Industry and Mining sectors as these are the core renewable energy transfer and terminal sectors respectively for the period of observations. |
| Keywords: | Indonesia; sustainable energy; embodied energy; renewable energy; environmental input-output analysis |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:21-18&r= |
| By: | Stern, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | In this paper, Nicholas Stern argues that the COVID-19 and climate crises, and the weaknesses that produced them, should be tackled together and that the response must be a new sustainable, resilient and inclusive approach to growth and development. The paper explores relevant policies and actions and then turns to the changes to economics necessary to pursue these ideas and imperatives. The core finding of The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review – that the costs of inaction on climate change are much greater than the costs of action – was compelling when the Review was published in 2006; 15 years on it is even stronger. While greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise and the impacts of climate change have manifested faster and with greater intensity than expected, the costs of clean energy technologies have been falling further and more quickly than anticipated. Any reasonable estimate of the costs of inaction would be still higher now, and the costs of action lower, than in 2006. The deeper understanding of the problem that we now have, the paper argues, implies that we must shift the focus of our economic analyses towards the dynamics of change, the fostering of investment and innovation necessary, the management of disruption, and the great opportunities that lie in a new form of development. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112802&r= |
| By: | Stern, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | In this paper, Nicholas Stern argues that the COVID-19 and climate crises, and the weaknesses that produced them, should be tackled together and that the response must be a new sustainable, resilient and inclusive approach to growth and development. The paper explores relevant policies and actions and then turns to the changes to economics necessary to pursue these ideas and imperatives. The core finding of The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review – that the costs of inaction on climate change are much greater than the costs of action – was compelling when the Review was published in 2006; 15 years on it is even stronger. While greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise and the impacts of climate change have manifested faster and with greater intensity than expected, the costs of clean energy technologies have been falling further and more quickly than anticipated. Any reasonable estimate of the costs of inaction would be still higher now, and the costs of action lower, than in 2006. The deeper understanding of the problem that we now have, the paper argues, implies that we must shift the focus of our economic analyses towards the dynamics of change, the fostering of investment and innovation necessary, the management of disruption, and the great opportunities that lie in a new form of development. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112808&r= |
| By: | Jeddi, Samir (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Lencz, Dominic (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Wildgrube, Theresa (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | Deep decarbonisation requires large-scale irreversible investments throughout the next decade. Policymakers discuss Carbon Contracts for Differences (CCfDs) to incentivise such investments in the industry sector. CCfDs are contracts between a regulator and a firm that pay out the difference between a guaranteed strike price and the actual carbon price per emission reduction generated by an investment of the firm. We develop an analytical model to assess the welfare effects of CCfDs and compare it to other carbon pricing regimes. In our model, a regulator can offer CCfDs to risk-averse firms that decide upon irreversible investments into an emission-free technology in the presence of risk. Risk can originate from the environmental damage or the variable costs of the emission-free technology. We find that a CCfD can be a beneficial policy instrument as it hedges firms’ risk encouraging investments when the firms’ risk aversion would otherwise inhibit this. In contrast to mitigating firms’ risk by committing to a carbon price early on, CCfDs maintain the regulator’s flexibility to adjust the carbon price if new information reveals. However, as CCfDs hedge the firms’ revenues, they might safeguard production with the emission-free technology, even if it is ex-post inefficient. In this case, regulatory flexibility can be welfare superior to offering a CCfD. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; carbon pricing; risk; Carbon Contracts for Difference |
| JEL: | H23 L51 O31 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2021_009&r= |
| By: | Mr. Nicolas Arregui; Ian Parry |
| Abstract: | The UK has pledged to cut greenhouse gases 57 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, to be emisisons neutral by 2050, and to phase out internal combustion engine vehicles by 2030. Much progress has been made, but fully achieving these ambitious objectives with the current policy framework will be challenging as it involves multiple and overlapping pricing schemes with significant sectoral differences in carbon prices and may be difficult to scale up on political and administrative grounds. This paper discusses an alternative framework consisting of: (i) a comprehensive carbon price (ideally a tax) rising to at least £60 (US $75) per ton by 2030; and (ii) reinforcing sectoral policies, most importantly feebates for the transport, industrial, and building sectors. This framework could implement mitigation targets, while limiting burdens on households and firms to enhance acceptability, and still raise revenues of 0.8 percent of GDP in 2030. The UK could also leverage its COP26 presidency to promote dialogue on international carbon price floors and pricing of international transport emissions. |
| Keywords: | net-zero;UK climate mitigation;carbon pricing;feebate;international carbon price floor.;WP;emissions price;emission rate;equivalent emissions outcome;emissions intensity;industry emission;transport sector emission; Climate change; international carbon price floor; efficiency cost; waste emission; price uncertainty; consumption emission; fugitive emission; emissions source; Carbon tax; Greenhouse gas emissions; Public expenditure review; Transportation; Global |
| Date: | 2020–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2020/268&r= |
| By: | Sara Balestri (Department of International Economics, Institutions and Development, and Cognitive Science and Communication research Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Raul Caruso (Department of Economic Policy and CSEA, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore CESPIC, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel) |
| Abstract: | This research work provides new evidence about the effect of vulnerability to climate change on the likelihood of communal violence, by sorting out regional-specific path- ways. We focus on Sub-Saharan Africa and South/South-East Asia for the period 1995-2016, these regions being particularly exposed to climate effects and characterized predominantly by rain-fed agriculture and climate-sensitive economic activities. Relying on the ND-GAIN Vulnerability Index as a multidimensional measure for propensity of human societies to be negatively impacted by climate change, we found robust evidence that greater vulnerability is conducive to a higher risk of communal violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, in South/South-East Asia, results suggest that current climate variability, measured as rainfall deviations within the period, exerts a greater effect on communal violence outbreak than overall vulnerability to climate change. In both regions, greater access to productive means is associated to the reduction of conflict risk. Some policy implications were derived that suggest an integrated approach between climate policy-making and social stability efforts, given conditional effects of climate change over the likelihood of communal violence. |
| Keywords: | communal violence; vulnerability; climate change; conflicts; Africa; Asia |
| JEL: | D74 O13 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pea:wpaper:1016&r= |
| By: | Mr. Johannes Wiegand |
| Abstract: | Climate financing and compensation have emerged as key themes in the international climate mitigtion debate. According to one argument in support of compensation, advanced economies (AEs) have used up much of the atmosphere’s absorptive capacity, thus causing global warming and blocking a similar, fossil-fuel driven development path for emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). This paper develops a simple model of a sequential, fossil-fuel driven development process to discuss these issues systematically. The results suggest: (i) AEs have typically a stronger interest in climate change mitigation than EMDEs, (ii) from an equity perspective, compensation is called for only if EMDEs are relatively small; (iii) there can also be an efficiency case for compensation, however, with AEs buying EMDEs out of some of their GHG emissions; (iv) ultimately, a superior option—for both the world’s climate and growth prospects—is the development of clean energy technologies by AEs and their transfer to EMDEs. The latter requires strong mitigation efforts by AEs even if EMDEs fail to play along initially. |
| Keywords: | Development, Climate Change, Climate Change Mitigation, Climate Financing |
| Date: | 2021–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/280&r= |
| By: | Elliott, Rebecca |
| Abstract: | How is knowledge about future climate change operationalized in governance of the present? This paper addresses this question by examining efforts to repurpose the US National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) for climate change adaptation. Policymakers and officials initially imagined the challenge to be principally a technical one of accounting for uncertainty in risk assessments and insurance tools. But the conduct and outcome of their efforts reflected instead politically charged normative tensions related to the temporality of climate ethics. NFIP policyholders, constituted as a ‘risk public’ by the instruments of flood insurance, exposed these tensions in mobilizations targeting practices of risk governance. The case shows that practices of ‘accounting for’ climate change and governing it through insurance work out—in however tentative or provisional a fashion—larger moralized disputes over the distribution of burdens, benefits and responsibilities over time. |
| Keywords: | flood insurance; climate change; risk; maps; ethics; temporality; T&F deal |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2021–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:107925&r= |
| By: | Yves Rannou (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020], Groupe ESC Clermont); Mohamed Boutabba (Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, EPEE); Pascal Barneto (IAE - IAE BORDEAUX - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4, IRGO - Institut de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - UB - Université de Bordeaux - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Bordeaux) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interactions between the European carbon and green bond markets from the lens of the European power firms' trading activity over an eight-year period (2013-2020). Those power firms have used two segments of carbon markets differently: one for shortterm hedging and speculative purposes and one for long-term hedging needs. The second one is found to have an informational advantage over the other and complements it. Interestingly, we show that power firms have used the green bond market as a complement to the carbon futures market used for their short-term hedging or speculative activities. Instead, they have employed the green bond market as a substitute for the carbon futures market used for their long-term hedging activities since 2018. Taken together, our results shed light on a pivotal change in the behaviour of European power firms that progressively abandon the carbon market to issue more green bonds in order to finance their transition to clean energy production systems. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Market,Futures Hedging,Green Bond Market,Power firms,Substitute,Complement |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03435879&r= |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Are assets in a landlocked country subject to sea-level rise risk? In this paper, we study the cross-border spillovers of physical climate risks through international trade and supply chain linkages. As we base our findings on historical data between 1970 and 2018, we observe that globalization increased the similarity of countries’ global climate risk exposures. Exposures to foreign climatic disasters in major trade partner countries (both upstream and downstream) lower the home-country stock market valuation for the aggregate market and for the tradable sectors. We also find that exposures to foreign long-term climate change risks reduce the asset price valuations of the tradable sectors at home. Findings in this paper suggest that climate adaptation efforts in a country can have positive externalities on other countries’ macrofinancial performance and stability through international trade. |
| Keywords: | climate risk;financial spillover;supply chain;financial stability;WP;risk exposure;disaster damage;spillover index;exposure measure;assets ratio;expected return; Climate change; Stock markets; Foreign currency exposure; Financial sector; Natural disasters; Global |
| Date: | 2021–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/013&r= |
| By: | Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Aurélie Méjean (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Stéphane Zuber (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We develop a model of population dynamics accounting for the impact of climate change on mortality through ve channels (heat, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, dengue, undernutrition). An age-dependent mortality, which depends on global temperature increase, is introduced and calibrated. We consider three climate scenarios (RCP 6.0, RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6) and find that the five risks induce deaths in the range from 135,000 per annum (in the near term) to 280,000 per annum (at the end of the century) in the RCP 6.0 scenario. We examine the number of life-years lost due to the five selected risks and find figures ranging from 4 to 9 million annually. These numbers are too low to impact the aggregate dynamics but they have interesting evolution patterns. The number of life-years lost is constant (RCP 6.0) or decreases over time (RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6). For the RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 scenarios, we find that the number of life-years lost is higher today than in 2100, due to improvements in generic mortality conditions, the bias of those improvements towards the young, and an ageing population. From that perspective, the present generation is found to bear the brunt of the considered climate change impacts. |
| Keywords: | Mortality risk,Integrated assessment model,Endogenous population,Impacts,Climate change |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03048602&r= |
| By: | Altenburg, Tilman; Brandi, Clara; Pegels, Anna; Stamm, Andreas; Vrolijk, Kasper; Zintl, Tina |
| Abstract: | This study explores to what extent the COVID-19 crisis has been a turning point in the industrialisation process and the overall progress of countries towards sustainable development and what this implies for future inclusive and sustainable industrial development policies. The focus of the study is on latecomer economies.In the first part of this study, we show how the prospects for industrialisation are changing. The reasons are manifold, yet the following global megatrends have particularly strong effects: i) digitalisation and automation of production; ii) global economic power shifts, with enormous ramifications for trade flows and global value chains; and iii ) the greening of economies. These trends are interrelated in multiple ways and, in conjunction, shape the direction of structural change. They open up new avenues for inclusive and sustainable latecomer industrialisation - including digital technologies that reduce transaction costs for countries on the periphery that are willing to benefit from trade; the shift of labour-intensive investments from China to other latecomer economies; or the increasing demand for renewable energy and green hydrogen for which many latecomer countries offer excellent conditions. At the same time, digitalisation and increasing environmental standards raise entry barriers to markets, especially for country with weak innovation systems; likewise, automation tends to undermine latecomer countries' traditional advantages in labour-intensive industries. [...] |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:322021&r= |
| By: | Van Roosebeke, Bert; Defina, Ryan |
| Abstract: | Whereas research regarding the impact of climate change on the global financial system is ever growing, the impact of climate change and risks related therewith on deposit insurance has remained largely undealt with in literature. As global financial standard-setters have set the treatment of climate risks high on the agenda , this Policy Brief represents the first attempt to identify five core challenges that climate change may pose to the activity of deposit insurers and their ability to deliver on key objectives. The paper also classifies the challenges as to their risk-nature as well as to their directness, urgency and the feasibility of deposit insurers’ to respond to them. Given the novel nature of these issues as well as the high uncertainty and long time horizon inherent to them, the discussion here is by no means meant to be exhaustive. It is also recognised that the scale and degree to which climate change affects deposit insurers may vary significantly. This may be so due to differences in mandates or geographical exposure to climate risks. Nevertheless, the breath and scope of climate change-related risks as well as financial standard-setters’ omnipresent activities in the field make this topic of strategic interest to the deposit insurance community. The links between these challenges and the IADI Core Principles underscores the strategic urgency of this contemporary policy issue. |
| Keywords: | deposit insurance; bank resolution; climate change |
| JEL: | G21 G33 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110715&r= |
| By: | Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Rémi Montgruel (IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer) |
| Abstract: | Le développement des politiques de gestion intégrée en milieu littoral et maritime implique de renouveler les systèmes d'information pour les appuyer. Cet article interroge les enjeux des observatoires en milieu maritime et littoral, en étudiant les spécificités de collecte de données liées à la complexité des processus et à la diversité des enjeux maritimes. Par ailleurs, il aborde aussi la question de la qualité des données et de la légitimité des normes par rapport auxquelles s'effectue la surveillance. Enfin, la pertinence des indicateurs par rapport aux besoins des gestionnaires est abordée, ainsi que, plus largement, la diversité des fonctions des observatoires en mettant l'accent sur leur rôle de coordination et d'appui à la gouvernance. Mots clés : |
| Keywords: | observatory,public decision,integrated coastal management,collective learning,coastline,Marine environments,milieu marin,littoral,apprentissage collectif,gestion intégrée des zones côtières,politiques publiques,observatoires |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03429163&r= |
| By: | Mathews, Shilpita; Surminski, Swenja; Roezer, Viktor |
| Abstract: | There has been a big shift in corporate awareness of climate risks in recent years. While external pressure from investors and regulators to disclose and mitigate exposure of businesses to climate risks is increasing, many projected impacts are still hardly understood. This includes the risk of lock-ins in the face of increasing physical risks from climate change. Using the example of flood risk in England and Wales, the study looks at both the evidence and drivers of business lock-ins to physical risks from climate change. The paper adopts a multi-methods approach consisting of a summary of the empirical evidence of lock-ins in the literature, a case study analysis of current and future flood risk of recently completed business premises in England and Wales and the results of a survey among business owners in the UK. The findings show that business decisions made today, such as site selection or operational choices, can lock businesses to future risk trajectories that may be difficult and costly to change. Gaps between flood risk awareness and exposure in sectors such as manufacturing and finance were identified and attributed to low business capacity to understand site-level risk exposure and poor internal alignment between organisational actors. The results demonstrate that there is a business case for corporate risk assessment, disclosure and adaptation investments. |
| Keywords: | lock-in; SME; flooding; climate change; risk disclosure; risk assessment |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112801&r= |
| By: | Mathews, Shilpita; Surminski, Swenja; Roezer, Viktor |
| Abstract: | There has been a big shift in corporate awareness of climate risks in recent years. While external pressure from investors and regulators to disclose and mitigate exposure of businesses to climate risks is increasing, many projected impacts are still hardly understood. This includes the risk of lock-ins in the face of increasing physical risks from climate change. Using the example of flood risk in England and Wales, the study looks at both the evidence and drivers of business lock-ins to physical risks from climate change. The paper adopts a multi-methods approach consisting of a summary of the empirical evidence of lock-ins in the literature, a case study analysis of current and future flood risk of recently completed business premises in England and Wales and the results of a survey among business owners in the UK. The findings show that business decisions made today, such as site selection or operational choices, can lock businesses to future risk trajectories that may be difficult and costly to change. Gaps between flood risk awareness and exposure in sectors such as manufacturing and finance were identified and attributed to low business capacity to understand site-level risk exposure and poor internal alignment between organisational actors. The results demonstrate that there is a business case for corporate risk assessment, disclosure and adaptation investments. |
| Keywords: | lock-in; SME; flooding; climate change; risk disclosure; risk assessment |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112807&r= |
| By: | Nong, Yixin |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315070&r= |
| By: | Khan, Nawab; Ray, Ram; Kassem, Hazem; Ihtisham, Muhammad; Abdullah, .; Asongu, Simplice; Ansah, Stephen; Zhang, Shemei |
| Abstract: | Increasing agricultural production and optimizing inorganic fertilizer (IF) use are imperative for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Mobile phone usage (MPU) has the potential to reduce IF application while ensuring environmental and agricultural sustainability goals. The main objectives of this study were to assess MPU, mobile phone promotion policy, and whether the mediation role of human capital can help reduce IF use. This study used baseline regression analysis and propensity score matching, difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) to assess the impact of MPU on IF usage. However, the two-stage instrumental variables method (IVM) was used to study the effects of mobile phone promotion policy on IF usage. This study used a national dataset from 7,987 rural households in Afghanistan to investigate the impacts of MPU and associated promotion policies on IF application. The baseline regression outcomes showed that the MPU significantly reduced IF usage. The evaluation mechanism revealed that mobile phones help reduce IF application by improving the human capital of farmers. Besides, evidence from the DID technique showed that mobile phone promotion policies lowered IF application. These results remained robust after applying the PSM-DID method and two-stage IVM to control endogenous decisions of rural households. This study results imply that enhancing the accessibility of wideband in remote areas, promoting MPU, and increasing investment in information communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure can help decrease the IF application in agriculture. Thus, the government should invest in remote areas to facilitate access to ICTs, such as having a telephone and access to a cellular and internet network to provide an environment and facility to apply IF effectively. Further, particular policy support must focus on how vulnerable populations access the internet and mobile phone technologies. |
| Keywords: | mobile phone usage; propensity score matching; difference-in-difference; inorganic fertilizer usage; human capital; sustainable development; Afghanistan |
| JEL: | O1 Q1 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110849&r= |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Achilleas Vassilopoulos; Valentino Marini Govigli; Laura Secco; Phoebe Koundouri; Elena Pisani; Alkis Kafetzis |
| Abstract: | In the Mediterranean basin, the status of commercial fish stocks is critical. In this sense, small scale, low impact fishing is seen as one of the ways to redress this balance, as it utilizes methods having minimal impacts on the marine environment, species, and habitats. Furthermore, sustainable small-scale fishing is an important activity for both economic and social reasons. Although low impact fishers make up 95% of the Greek fleet, they manage to reach only about 17% of the total consumers, thereby reaping only a small proportion of the profits. In this paper, we explore how social innovation can support public policies and the private sector in delivering successful and innovative food distribution channels in the Greek fishing sector. Through an innovative evaluation method based on both qualitative information and quantitative indicators we analyse the project 'A Box of Sea', established in 2016 by Greenpeace Greece and fishers in Leros and Lesvos. This initiative provides a novel food consumption and distribution model aiming at making low impact fishing more economically viable, and therefore achieving a triple sustainability for the sector (environmental, social, and economic). Our results shed light on the processes which brought the project to thrive. Moreover, we identify third sector social innovation schemes as key tools to develop novel distribution systems supporting local communities (fostering new networks and collaborations across fishers), while improving governance practices of the current fishing sector creating a fairer market that protects the marine environment. |
| Keywords: | Social Innovation, Sustainable Fisheries, Evaluation Framework, Rural Development, Mediterranean, Greece |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2037&r= |
| By: | Bago, Bence; Rand, David; Pennycook, Gordon |
| Abstract: | Why is disbelief in anthropogenic climate change common despite broad scientific consensus to the contrary? A widely-held explanation involves politically motivated (“System 2”) reasoning: Rather than helping uncover truth, people use their reasoning abilities to protect their partisan identities and reject beliefs that threaten those identities. Despite the popularity of this account, the evidence supporting it (i) does not account for the fact that partisanship is confounded with prior beliefs about the world, and (ii) is entirely correlational with respect to the effect of reasoning. Here, we address these shortcomings by (i) measuring prior beliefs and (ii) experimentally manipulating participants’ extent of reasoning using cognitive load and time pressure while they evaluate arguments for or against anthropogenic global warming. The results provide no support for the politically motivated system 2 reasoning account: Engaging in more reasoning led people to have greater coherence between judgments and their prior beliefs about climate change - a process that can be consistent with rational (unbiased) Bayesian reasoning - and did not exacerbate the impact of partisanship once prior beliefs are accounted for. Thus, we challenge the dominant cognitive account of climate disbelief, and suggest that interventions aimed at providing accurate information about climate change may be effective in the long run. |
| Date: | 2021–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:iastwp:126234&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Apergis (Department of Banking and Financial Management, University of Piraeus, Karaoli & Dimitriou 80, 18534, Piraeus, Greece); Konstantinos Gavriilidis (Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether climate policy uncertainty affects the propensity of people to travel. To do so, we employ the Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU) index and US air travel data to eight regional overseas destinations for the period 2000-2019. Using time-varying causality tests to deal with the structural breaks that exist in the relationship between CPU and US air travel, we find that CPU is a major determinant of air-travel demand to all destinations examined. The results are robust when we control for macroeconomic factors, uncertainty and geopolitical risks. The findings have important implications for destination countries and tourism professionals. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy uncertainty, CPU index, air travel destinations, US, structural breaks, time-varying causality test |
| JEL: | C32 C51 L8 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202186&r= |
| By: | Carlsson, Fredrik (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Kataria, Mitesh (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Lampi, Elina (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | Using a stated preference survey, we investigate whether the introduction of a set of food labels affects consumers´ willingness to make costly shifts from meat products to meat substitutes. We investigate the role of food labels relating to health, use of antibiotics, climate impact, and animal care. We find that climate and healthiness labeling of substitutes increases the likelihood that consumers will switch to such products. We also find that labeling of the meat option can play an important role when choosing a food product. Labels concerning animal care, antibiotics use, and healthiness are all important for consumers’ choices, while a climate impact label placed on meat plays a smaller role. If meat is produced with severe restrictions on antibiotics use and the producers guarantee a high level of animal care, consumers will generally, all else equal, prefer the meat alternative. Twenty-five percent of the respondents are not willing to choose anything other than meat in the experiment. This subset of consumers are probably very difficult to influence. We find, however, that making a meat substitute taste more like meat is a key factor for those with limited experience of consuming soy products. |
| Keywords: | meat substitutes; stated preferences; labels |
| JEL: | Q18 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0816&r= |
| By: | Tone Smith |
| Abstract: | The ‘financialisation of nature’ is related to a shift in environmental governance—from regulation to marked-based approaches—involving strong state support to facilitate the establishment of ‘innovative financial instruments’ and markets related to nature. Although innovative finance got a bad reputation after the 2008 financial crisis, they are strongly encouraged in the environmental policy domain and supported by actors such as UNEP or the CBD. This paper explains the theoretical underpinning and the process of establishing such financial instruments, focusing in particular on offsetting and related ideas such as ‘net-zero’ calculations and ‘nature-based solutions’. It explains how natural entities are converted into abstract units of equivalence to allow the establishment of schemes for tradable ‘nature credits’ (supposedly) compensating damage across time and space. The financialisation of nature is then analysed and critiqued with respect to its lack of environmental effectiveness, its problematic socio-economic consequences and its impact on human-nature relationships. Instead of dealing with the environmental problems at hand, the conversion of nature into financial assets simply turns nature into objects of investment and speculation, while simultaneously creating a potential for financial bubbles. |
| Keywords: | environmental governance, innovative financial instruments, natural capital, offsetting, biodiversity banking, mitigation hierarchy, net zero, nature-based solutions, restoration of nature |
| JEL: | D6 E44 F54 G10 Q01 Q2 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2021_08&r= |
| By: | Miao, Yumeng; Ou, Carol (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Du, Rong |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:f19a203f-abb6-4835-9c34-224bfd8b9507&r= |
| By: | Christopher Timmins; Ashley Vissing |
| Abstract: | Using a unique combination of datasets and estimation techniques, we test whether private lease negotiations to extract oil and natural gas exhibit features of Coasian efficiency. We demonstrate that measures of wealth (including income, house square footage, and land acreage), typically determinants of willingness to pay for environmental quality, do affect bargaining outcomes. However, race, ethnicity, and language also play important roles after conditioning upon these variables, suggesting an environmental injustice and a breakdown of efficient Coasian bargaining. We further demonstrate that failure to negotiate protections in leases leads to increased risk of future drilling violations, which are not offset by local ordinance restrictions. |
| JEL: | K32 Q40 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29487&r= |
| By: | Khanna, Madhu |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315052&r= |
| By: | Tsvakirai, Chiedza |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Marketing |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315185&r= |
| By: | Farnaz Pourzand (University of Otago, Wellington); Kendom Bell (Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how differences in climate across space influence the value of New Zealand agricultural land. We use the Ricardian approach to price the climate, using property valuation data from 1993 to 2018. We apply the ‘spatial first differences’ method, which compares differences in climate between neighbours with differences in land values between neighbours. This method allows us to estimate the impact of long-term climate conditions on farmland values across different land-uses, while controlling for sources of bias associated with unobserved heterogeneity. We find that a warmer or drier climate is associated with higher farmland values in New Zealand. As the spatial first differences method accounts for unobserved heterogeneity associated with variables not related to climate, these associations likely represent causal effects on land values of variables tied to climate. While agricultural productivity is one pathway by which climate affects land values, our results may also be due to variation in the value of land improvements tied to climate or amenity values associated with the option value to convert to a residential use. |
| Keywords: | Land values; climate change; Ricardian analysis, Spatial First Differences |
| JEL: | Q1 Q2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:21_16&r= |
| By: | Heise, Arne |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cessdp:90&r= |
| By: | William Happi Tientcheu (Université de Dschang); Clautaire Ekengoue (Université de Dschang); Rodrigue Lele; Duluora Oluchukwu (UNIZIK - Nnandi Azikiwe University); Benoit Messanga; Armand Dongmo |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the impacts of Nkol'Ossananga sand harvesting on social live and local economy based on field investigations and data analysis. Laboratory analysis of sand samples from the site has shown that the cleanliness of the Nkol'Ossananga sand nears 100%. This means that Nkol'Ossananga sand is pure and clean, most appropriate for house constructions and building engineering. The activity produces incomes to all actors of the chain value and government. Incomes generated are used by artisans to build their houses, buy some electronic devices, and take care of their families or to capitalize in their business investigation. In spite of the positive impacts presumed, Nkol'Ossananga sand harvesting also stands as the origin of many negative impacts including cultural brewing, delinquency, precocious abandon of studies and abandon of agriculture. The exploitation is done with rudimentary tools and poor technics thereby exposing artisans to several risks and illnesses. For sustainable exploitation, a mechanized operation has to be implemented. This kind of exploitation is the one that will improve the working conditions, increase production and incomes of workers as similar as that of government, and also reduces negative environmental impacts. Key words: Nkol'Ossananga sand, rudimentary tools and poor technics, incomes, negative impacts, sustainable exploitation, mechanized operation. |
| Abstract: | Cet article présente les impacts sociaux et économiques de l'exploitation artisanale du sable de Nkol'Ossananga sur la base d'enquêtes de terrain et d'analyses de données. L'analyse en laboratoire des échantillons de sable collectés sur le site a montré que la propreté du sable de Nkol'Ossananga avoisine 100%. Ce qui signifie que le sable de Nkol'Ossananga est approprié pour le BTP et le génie civil. L'activité génère des revenus importants à tous les acteurs de la chaîne de production et le gouvernement. Les revenus générés sont utilisés par les artisans pour se faire construire leur maison d'habitation, acheter des appareils électroniques, prendre soin de leur famille ou alors sont capitalisés dans le commerce. Malgré les impacts positifs susmentionnés, l'exploitation artisanale du sable de Nkol'Ossananga est également source du brassage culturel, de la délinquance juvénile et de l'abandon précoce des études. Pour une exploitation durable, l'exploitation semi-mécanisée est envisageable. Ce type d'exploitation est celui qui pourra améliorer les conditions de travail des artisans, augmenter leur production et leurs revenus au même titre que ceux du gouvernement, et réduira par ricochet les impacts négatifs. |
| Keywords: | Nkol’Ossananga,sand harvesting,social life,incomes,mechanized operation,government,exploitation du sable,impacts sociaux,revenus,exploitation semi-mécanisée,gouvernement |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03195004&r= |
| By: | Jenny C. Aker; Kelsey Jack |
| Abstract: | Many agricultural and environmental technologies require large upfront investments in exchange for longer-term benefits. This time profile of costs and benefits makes adoption particularly sensitive to liquidity and credit constraints, which are prevalent in low-income settings. We test the importance of these barriers to the adoption of an agricultural technique that helps reduce land degradation and restore soil fertility in Niger. We find little evidence that liquidity or credit constraints deter adoption: instead, providing farmers with training increases the share of adopters by over 90 percentage points, whereas adding conditional or unconditional cash transfers has no additional effect. Adoption increases agricultural output, reduces land turnover and leads to adoption spillovers up to three years after treatment. These results imply that training can be a cost-effective and scalable means of promoting the adoption of profitable technologies. |
| JEL: | O13 Q16 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29518&r= |
| By: | Faccia, Donata; Parker, Miles; Stracca, Livio |
| Abstract: | We contribute to the debate surrounding central banks and climate change by investigating how extreme temperatures affect medium-term inflation, the primary objective of monetary policy. Using panel local projections for 48 advanced and emerging market economies (EMEs), we study the impact of country-specific temperature shocks on a range of prices: consumer prices, including the food and non-food components, producer prices and the GDP deflator. Hot summers increase food price inflation in the near term, especially in EMEs. But over the medium term, the impact across the various price indices tends to be either insignificant or negative. Such effect is largely non-linear, being more significant for larger shocks and at higher absolute temperatures. We also provide simulations from a two-country model to understand the rationale behind the results. Overall, our results suggest that temperature plays a non-negligible role in driving medium-term price developments. Climate change matters for price stability. JEL Classification: E03, E31, Q51, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate change, extreme temperatures, inflation, panel local projections |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20212626&r= |
| By: | Rafael Wildauer; Stuart Leitch; Jakob Kapeller |
| Abstract: | This policy study asks to what extent large-scale public investment efforts could be a viable tool to provide the necessary infrastructure to break Europe’s dependency on fossil fuel and carbon emissions more broadly. We estimate semi-structural VAR models for the EU27. These are used to study the impact of permanent as well as 5-year long public investment programmes. Three key findings emerge: First, government investment multipliers for the EU27 are large and range from 5.12 to 5.25. Second, debt-to-GDP ratios are likely to fall in response to the strong economic impulse generated by additional public investment spending. The study therefore classifies additional public investment spending in the EU27 as sustainable fiscal policy. Third, single country investment initiatives will likely lead to smaller economic expansions when compared to coordinated EU-wide investment, due to Europe’s strong intra-member state trade flows. A coordinated approach to fiscal policy is thus substantially more effective not only when it comes to delivering network-dependent infrastructure (rail, grid) but also with respect to the economic stimulus it creates. |
| Keywords: | Green fiscal policy, public debt sustainability |
| JEL: | E62 H63 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2121&r= |
| By: | Cascavilla, Alessandro; Caferra, Rocco; Morone, Andrea |
| Abstract: | We assess the impact of e-learning during the COVID-19 analyzing a sample of Italian university students. In particular, we point out how the subjective distance learning evaluation is determined according to: i) students’ profile and different proxies of monetary incentives favoring distance learning, ii) pro-environmental preferences and iii) socio-economic concerns in the light of potential unequal access to digital learning resources. Our results show prominent the impact that green preferences have in fostering a post COVID-19 e-learning era, while some doubts on the potential future economic inequalities generated by an unequal access to educational resources are raised. From here, different policy implications are proposed to balance the pros and cons of distance learning, considering both social, financial, and technological factors. |
| Keywords: | distance learning, pro-environmental attitude; economic inequality; public policy |
| JEL: | D6 H8 I24 O44 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110702&r= |
| By: | Quezada Lambertin, Carlos Eduardo (IISEC, Universidad Católica Boliviana) |
| Abstract: | La papa es uno de los cultivos más importantes para la seguridad alimentaria en Bolivia, y gran parte de los sistemas agrícolas del altiplano boliviano se basan en este cultivo. Sin embargo, los rendimientos nacionales son los más bajos de la región (5.7Tnha-1) y los sistemas agrícolas son altamente vulnerables a los impactos del cambio climático. Esta situación puede agravarse en escenarios climáticos futuros. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la adaptación al cambio climático del cultivo de la papa bajo el peor escenario climático para el año 2050 utilizando tres medidas de adaptación: gestión del calendario agrícola, manejo de la diversidad biológica y aplicación de riego complementario. Para ello, se emplea el modelo de simulación de cultivos APEX y se simula el crecimiento y rendimiento de papa bajo el escenario Trayectoria de Concentración Representativa (RCP) 8.5 en la localidad de Patacamaya. Los resultados muestran un incremento significativo en los rendimientos productivos para todas las medidas, y cuando se combinan las tres medidas, la efectividad para reducir los impactos del cambio climático se incrementa, y en consecuencia los rendimientos productivos aumentan en un 48% (46Tnha-1) y la resiliencia de los sistemas agrícolas basados en papa mejora. |
| Keywords: | Producción papa; adaptación al cambio climático; modelos de simulación; altiplano boliviano |
| JEL: | Q01 Q19 Q24 Q25 |
| Date: | 2021–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:iisecd:2021_006&r= |
| By: | Michael Burton; Adelina Gschwandtner; Jose Eduardo Ribeiro; Cesar Revoredo-Giha |
| Abstract: | The present paper uses a jont stated preference (SP) and revealed preference (RP) model in order to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for the organic attribute among other key environmental attributes in chicken meat. The stated preference model is based on the respondent's choice from hypothetical choice sets in a choice experiment. The revealed preference model is using a comprehensive data-set of scanned supermarket shopping's to model the choice for chicken meat in a similar manner. The attributes in the stated preference model are based on the ranges of the actual levels of attributes found in supermarket and are presented to respondents using a fractional factorial design. The joint SP-RP approach takes advantage of the benefits of both approaches and addresses econometric issues and biases from both. The results show that the two models appear to reject similar underlying preferences and can be meaningfully combined. Furthermore, the results show that when combining the RP and SP information, the consumers appear to be willing to pay a larger amount for the organic attribute in chicken meat than when the SP and RP approach's are applied separately. The paper contributes to the literature by being the first to estimate the WTP for organic chicken using a joint estimation approach. |
| Keywords: | Choice Experiments; Revealed Preferences; Joint Estimation |
| JEL: | C25 Q18 Q51 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ukc:ukcedp:2113&r= |
| By: | Angela Köppl; Stefan Schleicher (WIFO); Margit Schratzenstaller |
| Abstract: | In dem am 3. Oktober 2021 vorgestellten Steuerreformpaket der österreichischen Bundesregierung ("Ökosoziale Steuerreform") wird mit der Bepreisung von CO 2 ein neues Werkzeug im Mix der wirtschaftspolitischen Instrumente verfügbar, dessen Design und Wirkung allerdings noch mit vielen Unsicherheiten verbunden sind. Mit dieser Bepreisung von Treibhausgasen folgt Österreich einer sowohl in Europa als auch global immer stärker werdenden Tendenz. Dieses Instrument soll Anreize für die Restrukturierung des Wirtschafts- und Lebensstils setzen, die nicht nur den Klimawandel eindämmen helfen, sondern auch Wohlstand, Resilienz und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit stärken. |
| Date: | 2021–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2021:i:13&r= |
| By: | Rock, Joachim; Dunger, Karsten; Rüter, Sebastian; Stümer, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Die Mitgliedstaaten der EU sind nach EU-Verordnung 2018/841 (LULUCF-VO) verpflichtet, für die Zeiträume 2021 - 2025 und 2026 - 2030 einen National Forestry Accounting Plan (NFAP, nationaler Anrechnungsplan für die Forstwirtschaft) vorzulegen. Dieser muss jeweils das sogenannte Forest Reference Level (FRL, Referenzwert für Wälder) enthalten, gegen das die realen Veränderungen im Wald in diesem Zeitraum bilanziert und angerechnet werden sollen. Der deutsche NFAP wurde am 20.12.2019 fertiggestellt und eingereicht. Die Vorgaben der EU-Verordnung sind in sich jedoch nicht völlig widerspruchsfrei und in Teilen unterschiedlich interpretierbar, so dass je nach Gewichtung einzelner Aspekte unterschiedliche Methoden oder Datensätze 'die besten verfügbaren' sind. Zwischen der EU-Kommission und Deutschland (und parallel anderen Mitgliedsstaaten) kam es deshalb zu intensiven Diskussionen um einzelne Punkte des jeweiligen NFAP. In der Folge stimmt deshalb das im ersten eingereichten Entwurf enthaltene FRL nicht mit dem des final eingereichten NFAP und dieses nicht mit dem des delegierten Rechtsaktes, der die FRL der Mitgliedsstaaten festschreibt, überein. Dieses letztlich zwischen Kommission und Deutschland vereinbarte FRL wurde formal als 'Recalculation' seitens der EU verabschiedet. Da es keine formal korrekte Möglichkeit zur Überarbeitung des NFAP gibt, die diese Änderungen berücksichtigt und nicht alle Dokumente, die zwischen Deutschland und der EU-Kommission ausgetauscht wurden, frei verfügbar sind, legen wir hier eine kommentierte Fassung als Thünen-Working Paper vor, in dem die entsprechenden Rechengänge und die verwendeten Zahlen nachvollzogen werden können. Das Working Paper folgt in der Struktur so weit wie sinnvoll dem originalen NFAP, um die Nachverfolgung von Änderungen zu erleichtern. Es ist allerdings zu beachten, dass dieser Bericht formal nicht mit dem NFAP identisch ist und nicht als dieser referenziert werden darf. Der offiziell eingereichte NFAP ist auf der Homepage des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit hinterlegt: https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Klimaschutz/nfap_germany_bf.pdf Dieser Bericht hat den Stand Sommer 2021. Die Berichterstattung entwickelt sich permanent weiter, Methoden werden verbessert, neue Daten werden verfügbar und durch z.B. technische Korrekturen in die Inventare eingebaut. Die aktuell laufenden Novellierungen sind hier nicht enthalten, da sie in den Nationalen Inventarberichten dokumentiert werden. Bei der Verwendung von Zahlen im NFAP-Kontext sind deshalb immer die letzten verfügbaren Nationalen Inventarberichte auf Änderungen zu prüfen. Dieser Bericht fokussiert auf Bearbeitungsschritte, die nicht so leicht zugänglich dokumentiert sind. Würde man auf die letzte Aktualisierung der THG-Berichterstattung warten, könnte der Bericht erst in einem Jahrzehnt publiziert werden. Nicht alle Autoren des NFAP waren an dieser kommentierten und ergänzten Version beteiligt. Da der NFAP und alle Dokumente hierzu international sind, ist dieser Bericht im Weiteren in Englisch abgefasst. |
| Keywords: | Forest Reference Level,LULUCF-Verordnung,Treibhausgasinventar,Projektion,EU-LULUCF-Regulation,Greenhouse Gas Inventory,Projection |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:185&r= |
| By: | Enste, Dominik; Klös, Hans-Peter |
| Abstract: | In den letzten beiden Dekaden hat sich eine Debatte um das Verhältnis zwischen Wachstum und Wohlstand entsponnen, die zahlreiche neue Konzepte, Indikatoren und Zielbündel hervorgebracht hat. Dies schließt zunehmend die Betonung von Nachhaltigkeitskonzepten mit ein. Verstärkt wird diese Entwicklungauch vom deutlichen Wunsch in der Bevölkerung nach mehr Klimaschutz und Nachhaltigkeit, zu dem sich auch Fragen nachder Sinnhaftigkeit von Wachstum gesellen. Die Präferenzverschiebungen in der Bevölkerung gehen einher mit Milieuveränderungenund habenauch zu einemverändertenWahlverhaltenund einer neuen Regierungskoalitiongeführt. In einerstilisierten Triangulation der drei Markenkerne einer Ampelkoalition - nämlich Gerechtigkeit (SPD), Nachhaltigkeit (GRÜNE)und Wachstum (FDP) - wird dargelegt, wie sich unterschiedliche Gerechtigkeitsvorstellungenin verschiedenenWachstums-und Wohlstandskonzepten niederschlagenund welche Optionen für ein nachhaltiges und generationengerechtes Wachstum durch eine marktwirtschaftliche Politik sich daraus ableiten lassen.Gestützt auf international vergleichende Daten wird gezeigt, dass das deutsche Wirtschaftsordnungsmodell der 'SozialenMarktwirtschaft'eine gute Ausgangsposition bietet, um den Strukturwandel hin zu einer res-sourcenschonenderen Produktion erfolgreich zu meistern.Bei einem internationalen Vergleich der 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) der Vereinten Nationen für 164 Länderrangiert Deutschland im Hin-blick auf die Erreichung der Ziele Gerechtigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit auf Rang 4 und hat sich bei 15 der 17 Ziele auf hohem Niveau sogar noch weiter verbessert.Zwischen sozialer Gerechtigkeit und einem freiheitli-chen Ordnungsrahmen gibt es dabei einen positiven Zusammenhang. Zudem zeigt sich, dass Wohlstand und soziale Gerechtigkeit in der Regel Hand in Hand gehen: Mit Ausnahme der USA bieten Länder, die über einen hohen materiellen Wohlstand verfügen, zugleich mehr soziale Sicherheit und Gerechtigkeit.Auch diesbezüglich hat Deutschland in der vergangenen Dekade den größten Fortschritt aller verglichenen Länder aufzuweisen. [...] |
| JEL: | B40 D63 O43 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkpps:272021&r= |
| By: | Gustafsson, Peter (Lund University); Nilsson, Peter (GfK); David, Lucinda (CIRCLE, Lund University); Marañon, Antonia (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Sustainability transitions literature is largely missing the point of view of consumers. This is problematic in efforts to understand how sustainable forms of energy diffuses where consumers are understood as active players in embedding energy efficient technologies in their homes. It remains unclear how consumers make energy-relevant decisions and what constitutes this decision-making process. We address this gap by conducting a random experiment asking consumers to make choices regarding solar energy technologies based on a set of options. Options are framed in either a subtractive or additive way to test how consumers process these choices, whether the type of framing matters in encouraging pro-solar energy behavior, and which solar technologies are preferred. We hypothesize that subtractive framing of energy-relevant choices leads to more options being selected than additive framing, that the type of option framing matters in shaping consumer preferences, and that the framing affects the transition probabilities in the decision-making process. Results show that consumers are susceptible to option framing when making energy-relevant decisions. Respondents were concerned primarily with costs when options were framed additively but exhibited decision difficulties and more pro-solar energy transition behavior when options were framed subtractively. This paper demonstrates the sequential steps in decision-making under subtractive framing, which induces a willingness in consumers to embed more solar energy technologies into their households despite the cost, as opposed to additive framing. This paper contributes a representation of the cognitive process of energy relevant decision-making, empirical evidence on the potentiality of nudging consumers towards more pro-solar energy transition behavior, and the importance of framing tools in encouraging this behavior. |
| Keywords: | additive and subtractive option framing; experimental design; Markov chain; final state distribution; transition probability; distance from initial model; anchoring |
| JEL: | C12 C93 D12 D81 |
| Date: | 2021–12–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2021_014&r= |
| By: | Ngarava, Saul |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315359&r= |
| By: | Yu, Jianyu |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315239&r= |
| By: | Jackson, Emerson Abraham; Jackson, Elijah; Jackson, Hudson |
| Abstract: | With reference to a popular quotation from Winston Churchill - "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts" (Langworth, 6th May, 2019). Career development is an important part of every individual’s endeavour(s), which can be pursued through formal or informal means; it is considered the most important element needed to assist mankind forge ahead with planned objectives. Indeed, based on Churchill’s expressed quotation, the process of career development can be a tough but rewarding endeavour, particularly for those people who are not considered to be born with ‘silver spoon‘ or coming from a home perceived as affluent. |
| Keywords: | Career Development; Occupation; Vocation; Sustainable Development |
| JEL: | I25 I28 I3 |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110820&r= |
| By: | Apurba, Roy; Ilan, Noy; Harold E., Cuffe |
| Abstract: | Aotearoa New Zealand is highly vulnerable to extratropical cyclones because of its unique location in the midlatitude south pacific region. This study empirically investigates the impact of the extratropical cyclones on individual income, combining the data from Statistics New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) and the weather-related insurance claims data from the Earthquake Commission. Our sample covers the administrative longitudinal panel data of all the IRD registered individual taxpayers between 2010 and 2019. We estimate a set of panel regressions with individual and time-fixed effects to assess the impact of extratropical cyclones on the affected individual’s annual income. We find that income from salaries and wages is negatively affected by the cyclones across various specifications. Extratropical cyclones also negatively affect the total individual income from wages and salaries, benefit and compensation, and sole tradership. However, we have limited success in identifying individual characteristics influencing the affected people's income level in our study. |
| Keywords: | Extratropical Cyclone, Disaster Insurance, Earthquake Commission, New Zealand, Incomes, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vuw:vuwecf:9472&r= |
| By: | Florent Saucède (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Some food system actors are experimenting with blockchain to bring transparency to food products regarding their origins and production processes. To build transparency, all actors in a specific supply chain must share sensitive data in the blockchain. This creates an end-to-end, real-time, shared and tamperproof traceability system, from which information can be made available to consumers, but also exploited to improve the functioning and sustainability of the supply chain. Blockchain invites food supply chains to become participative, but also subject to permanent monitoring. These are unheard of conditions, and the implications for supply chain coordination, actors' behaviour, and inter-organisational dynamics are not well understood. This JCJC project explores how blockchain transforms food supply chains to understand how to design and implement more participative, transparent, and efficient supply chains likely to contribute to the transition to more sustainable food systems. |
| Abstract: | Certains acteurs des systèmes alimentaires testent les atouts de la blockchain pour rendre les produits alimentaires transparents sur leurs origines et modes de production. Tous les acteurs de la chaîne d'approvisionnement doivent alors partager des données sensibles dans la blockchain. Il en résulte un système de traçabilité de bout-en-bout, en temps réel, infalsifiable et visible par tous. Il peut être exploité pour informer les consommateurs, mais aussi pour améliorer le fonctionnement et la durabilité de la chaîne. La blockchain permet aux chaînes de devenir participatives, mais les place sous surveillance constante. C'est une situation inédite, ses conséquences sur la coordination des chaines, le comportement des acteurs et les dynamiques inter-organisationnelles sont inconnues. Ce projet JCJC vise à comprendre comment la blockchain transforme les chaînes d'approvisionnement, pour rendre ces dernières participatives, transparentes, efficaces et contributives de systèmes alimentaires plus durables. |
| Keywords: | Blockchain,Food system,Supply chain,Traceability,Sustainability,Système alimentaire,Traçabilité,Durabilité |
| Date: | 2021–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03455061&r= |
| By: | Thomas, Nicola |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315042&r= |
| By: | Dharik S. Mallapragada; Cristian Junge; Cathy Xun Wang; Johannes Pfeifenberger; Paul L. Joskow; Richard Schmalensee |
| Abstract: | Future electricity systems with tight constraints on carbon emissions will rely much more on wind and solar generation, with zero marginal cost, than today. We use capacity expansion modelling of Texas in 2050 to illustrate wholesale price distributions in future energy-only, carbon-constrained grids without price caps under a range of technology/system assumptions. Tightening carbon emissions constraints dramatically increases the frequency of very low prices. The frequency of high prices also increases, and all resources earn the bulk of their energy market revenues in relatively few hours. The presence of demand response, long-duration energy storage, dispatchable low-carbon generation, or a robust market for hydrogen for non-electricity use (and for energy storage) weakens but does not undo these results. Financial instruments to hedge price volatility will consequently be more costly and it is likely that we will need to redesign capacity remuneration mechanisms to provide adequate incentives for optimal investment in VRE generation and, particularly, storage. In order to encourage economy-wide electrification, the marginal retail price of electricity should be low whenever the wholesale price is low. With automated control of demand via demand response contracts, the risks of price volatility faced by retail customers can be mitigated without sacrificing efficiency. To encourage economy-wide electrification, the marginal retail price of electricity should be low when the wholesale spot price is low. We discuss ways of reducing consumers’ risk in this world while providing adequate investment incentives. |
| JEL: | L11 L51 L94 Q41 Q42 Q49 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29510&r= |
| By: | Amane Saito (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the volatility interactions and market anomalies of carbon price, stock price, interest rate, and exchange rate using the Stochastic Volatility (SV) model. As results of analyses, the estimates of the price changes of each asset showed limited significances on the interactions and market anomalies. On the other hand, the estimates of volatilities of each asset showed significant effects of both interactions and market anomalies. As volatility interactions, volatility spillover or asymmetric effects were detected for all assets and many of them were found to spill over to each other. As for the market anomalies, we detected holiday effects in carbon price and stock price, where volatility increases after holidays due to the increase in the amount of information. In addition, asymmetry effects were detected for all assets, and Friday effect was found for foreign exchange rate. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Price, SV model, Volatility Spillover, Market Anomaly (holiday effect, asymmetry effect, day-of-the-week effect) |
| JEL: | C58 G17 Q50 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:2120&r= |