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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Johannes Eugster |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effect of climate change mitigating policies on innovation in clean energy technologies. Results suggest that the tightening of environmental policies since the early 1990s have made a statistically and economically significant contribution to the increase in clean innovation. These effects generally materialized quickly, within 2 to 3 years of the policy change, and were driven by individually significant marginal effects of both market-based policies – such as feed-in tariffs and trading schemes – as well as non-market policies, such as R&D subsidies or emission limits. Looking at electricity innovation in particular, the paper finds that the estimated effect on total innovation is positive on net, meaning that increased innovation in clean and grey technologies is not offset by a decrease in innovation in dirty technologies. From a policy point of view, the paper’s results call for strong policy efforts to decisively shift innovation towards clean technologies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation, innovation, environmental policies; policy point of view; effect of climate change; climate change mitigation; policy effort; policy tool; Environmental policy; Electricity; Climate policy; Renewable energy; Global |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/213&r= |
| By: | Weifeng Liu; Warwick J. McKibbin; Ms. Florence Jaumotte |
| Abstract: | Background paper prepared for the October 2020 IMF World Economic Outlook. This paper provides a detailed presentation of the simulation results from the October 2020 IMF World Economic Outlook chapter 3 and an additional scenario with carbon pricing only for comparison with the comprehensive policy package where green investments were also included. This paper has greatly benefitted from continuous discussions with Oya Celasun and Benjamin Carton on the design of simulations; contributions from Philip Barrett for part of the simulations; and research support from Jaden Kim. We also received helpful comments from other IMF staff. All remaining errors are ours. McKibbin and Liu acknowledge financial support from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research (CE170100005). |
| Keywords: | policy package; climate mitigation strategy; baseline CO2 emission; scenario design; B. Policy tool; Carbon tax; Greenhouse gas emissions; Non-renewable resources; Climate finance; Global; Europe |
| Date: | 2021–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/195&r= |
| By: | Han Teng Chua; Jochen Schmittmann |
| Abstract: | Green debt markets are rapidly growing while product design and standards are evolving. Many policymakers and investors view green debt as an important component in the policy mix to achieve the transition to a low carbon economy and ensure the pricing of climate risks. Our analysis contributes to the nascent literature on the environmental impact of green debt by documenting the CO2 emission intensity of corporate green debt issuers. We find lower emission intensities for green bond issuers relative to other firms, but no difference for green loan and sustainability-linked loan borrowers. Green bond, green loan, and sustainability-linked loan borrowers lower their emission intensity over time at a faster rate than other firms. |
| Keywords: | debt issuer; bond issuer; loan borrower; debt data; emission intensity; Climate finance; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate change; Bonds; Global |
| Date: | 2021–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/194&r= |
| By: | Badunenko, Oleg; Galeotti, Marzio; Hunt, Lester C. |
| Abstract: | The standard approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) holds that as a country develops and GDP per capita grows environmental degradation initially increases but eventually it reaches a turning point where environmental degradation begins to decline. Environmental degradation takes many forms, one of them being emissions of harmful gases. According to the EKC concept, a country can reduce emissions by ‘growing’. The standard approach implicitly assumes that a country emits as little as possible for its economic development, whereas in reality, a country might emit above the best attainable level of emissions. Therefore, emissions could be reduced before and after the turning point by becoming more environmentally efficient – i.e., ‘improving’ the emissions level. This article proposes a Stochastic Environmental Kuznets Frontier (SEKF) which is estimated for CO2 emissions for OECD countries and used to benchmark each country before and after the turning point differently, thus, indicating how a country could ‘grow’ and/or ‘improve’ to reduce its CO2 emissions. Additionally, we analyse the role of the stringency of environmental policies in reducing a country’s carbon inefficiency measured by the distance from the benchmark EKC and find widespread carbon inefficiencies that could be reduced by more stringent market-based environmental policies. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:316226&r= |
| By: | Mr. Philip Barrett |
| Abstract: | In short, yes. I use a multi-region integrated assessment model with fuel-specific endogenous technical change to examine the impact of Europe and China reducing emissions to zero by mid-century. Without international technological diffusion this is insufficient to avoid catastrophic climate change. But when innovation can diffuse overseas, long-run temperature increases are limited to 3 degrees. This occurs because policy not only encourages green innovations but also dissuades dirty innovations which would otherwise spread. The most effective policy package in emissions-reducing regions is a research subsidy funded by a carbon tax, driven in the short term by the direct effect of the carbon tax on the composition of energy, and later by innovation induced by research subsidies. Green production subsidies are ineffective because they undermine incentives for innovation. |
| Keywords: | research subsidy; policy package; green production subsidy; package in emissions-reducing region; energy-producing firm; Carbon tax; Climate policy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Spillovers; Global; Europe |
| Date: | 2021–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/173&r= |
| By: | Liu, Zhongyuan; Florkowski, Wojciech J.; Chen, Huiguang |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315909&r= |
| By: | Escalante, Luis Enrique; Maisonnave, Helene |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315851&r= |
| By: | Suela, Attawan Guerino; Nazareth, Marcos Spínola; da Cunha, Dênis Antônio |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314998&r= |
| By: | Francisco Estrada; Oscar Calder\'on-Bustamante; Wouter Botzen; Juli\'an A. Velasco; Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | Complex physical models are the most advanced tools available for producing realistic simulations of the climate system. However, such levels of realism imply high computational cost and restrictions on their use for policymaking and risk assessment. Two central characteristics of climate change are uncertainty and that it is a dynamic problem in which international actions can significantly alter climate projections and information needs, including partial and full compliance of global climate goals. Here we present AIRCC-Clim, a simple climate model emulator that produces regional probabilistic climate change projections of monthly and annual temperature and precipitation, as well as risk measures, based both on standard and user-defined emissions scenarios for six greenhouse gases. AIRCC-Clim emulates 37 atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation models with low computational and technical requirements for the user. This standalone, user-friendly software is designed for a variety of applications including impact assessments, climate policy evaluation and integrated assessment modelling. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.01762&r= |
| By: | Mr. Philippe Wingender; Florian Misch |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the carbon leakage rate across countries, arguably a key parameter in the international climate policy discussion including on border carbon adjustment, but which remains subject to significant uncertainty. We propose innovations along two lines. First, we exploit recently published data on sector-country-specific changes in energy prices to identify changes in domestic carbon emissions and other flows (rather than the historically limited variation in carbon prices or adherence to international climate agreements). Second, we present a simple accounting framework to derive carbon leakage rates from reduced-form regressions in contrast to existing papers, thereby making our results directly comparable to model-based estimates of carbon leakage. We show that carbon leakage rates differ across countries and could be larger than what existing estimates suggest. |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, CO2 content of trade, emission spillovers, competitiveness; carbon leakage; leakage rate; carbon flow; emission constraint; price data; Energy pricing; Energy prices; Greenhouse gas emissions; Consumption; Global |
| Date: | 2021–08–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/207&r= |
| By: | Nelly Exbrayat (Université de Lyon); Stéphane Riou (Université de Lyon); Skerdilajda Zanaj (Department of Economics and Management, Université du Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the multiple effects of a global carbon tax in an imperfectly competitive economy characterized by asymmetrically sized countries, mobile and heterogeneous firms, and international trade. In the short run, the global tax produces only Pigouvian effects, thereby reducing emissions, as argued in the literature. However, in the long run, when firms are mobile we uncover several less friendly impacts of the tax that crucially depend on the level of trade costs. In fact, agglomeration and relocation effects of dirty or clean firms may greatly reduce or magnify the effects of the tax. In addition, we show that a global tax instrument may actually eliminate the most environmentally-friendly spatial locations when trade costs are high. Given the urgent need for a global environmental policy that curbs emissions, our findings highlight the relevance of trade costs, which may heavily impact the effectiveness of such a policy. |
| Keywords: | Global carbon tax; Heterogeneous firms; International trade; Firm location. |
| JEL: | F12 F15 F18 Q28 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:21-17&r= |
| By: | Mr. Philippe Wingender; Ian Parry |
| Abstract: | Finland has pledged to cut net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2035 and has sectoral targets for deploying electric vehicles, phasing out coal generation, and oil-based space heating. Fiscal policies at the national and sectoral level could play a critical role in achieving these objectives. Carbon dioxide emissions are already priced significantly in Finland but prices vary substantially across fuels and sectors. The paper discusses a reform to both scale up, and progressively harmonize, pricing while using revenues to address equity issues. It also discusses the potential use of revenue-neutral feebate schemes to strengthen mitigation incentives for the transportation, industry, building, forestry, and agricultural sectors. |
| Keywords: | neutrality target; carbon pricing scheme; emission rate; comparing emission reduction; carbon dioxide emission; emission target; Greenhouse gas emissions; Carbon tax; Energy prices; Non-renewable resources; Global |
| Date: | 2021–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/171&r= |
| By: | Ruchi Avtar; Kristian S. Blickle; Rajashri Chakrabarti; Janavi Janakiraman; Maxim L. Pinkovskiy |
| Abstract: | We conduct a review of the existing academic literature to outline possible links between climate change and inequality in the United States. First, researchers have shown that the impact of both physical and transition risks may be uneven across location, income, race, and age. This is driven by a region’s geography as well as its adaptation capabilities. Second, measures that individuals and governments take to adapt to climate change and transition to lower emissions risk increasing inequality. Finally, while federal aid and insurance coverage can mitigate the direct impact of physical risks, their structure may— inadvertently—sustain and entrench existing inequalities. We conclude by outlining some directions for future research on the nexus between inequality and climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate; natural disaster; inequality |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 D63 |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:93340&r= |
| By: | Kehinde, Ayodeji Damilola |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315859&r= |
| By: | Altenbrunn, Kerstin; Elsasser, Peter |
| Abstract: | In the project "Quantification and regionalisation of the value of forest ecosystem services in Germany (ReWaLe)", the economic benefits of forest ecosystem services are analysed. In particular, the forest ecosystem services of raw wood production, climate protection, recreational services and various services for nature protection and landscape preservation are considered. The model developed within this framework combines valuation data with regional statistical information applying valuation functions implemented in a geographic information system (GIS) and visualises the results. The regional data are managed with the help of geodatabases and can thus be applied to the model calculation. The ReWaLe model consists of a toolbox in which the various valuation functions are implemented. The application is possible via input masks as well as scripts. Simulations of how changes in forest management affect economic forest values can be done by varying the input data into the model. This technical documentation for the ReWaLe model (regionalisation of the economic value of forest services) includes a brief introduction, information on the data basis used and available in the project, the data preparation and processing relevant for the model, and a description of the implementation of the valuation functions in the geographic information system. In addition, information on licensing rights, the coordinate system used and the definition of forest in the project are explained. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–11–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:316073&r= |
| By: | Luis Guillermo Becerra-Valbuena (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This article analyses the effects of droughts and climate variability on short-term and medium-term adaptation of Colombian rural households. I measure drought in a Differencesin-Differences (DID) framework, as an alternative to the standard approaches decomposing the effects from climate and yearly weather deviations on agricultural productivity and those using the growing degree days and harmful degree days. In the short-term and mediumterm, rural households adapt to the drought of 2010 by increasing the total area planted in crops and livestock, (increasing also the total gross agricultural productivity in value terms) and by working more on the farm. The droughts also increased the use of external sources of water in the farm and made rural households postpone non-housing investments in the farm. I find heterogeneous effects according to the long run mean of temperature in the municipality. Higher temperature affects positively gross agricultural productivity in low-temperature municipalities but negatively high-temperature municipalities. Cereals and coffee seem to benefit from higher temperatures, while vegetables and fruits are more affected. |
| Keywords: | Climate change,Weather,Agriculture,Gross productivity,Adaptation,Rural impacts |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03420657&r= |
| By: | Jim Falk; Faten Attig-Bahar; Rita R. Colwell; Swadhin K. Behera; Adel S. El-Beltagy; Joachim von Braun; Partha Dasgupta; Peter H. Gleick; Ryuichi Kaneko; Charles F. Kennel; Phoebe Koundouri; Yuan Tseh Lee; Thomas E. Lovejoy; Amy Luers; Cherry A. Murray; Rattan Lal; Ismail Serageldin; Youba Sokona; Kazuhiko Takeuchi; Makoto Taniguchi; Chiho Watanabe; Tetsuzo Yasunari |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Biodiversity, Population growth, Risk interaction |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2114&r= |
| By: | Lassalas, Marie; Duvaleix, Sabine; Latruffe, Laure |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315184&r= |
| By: | Wen Hsu (Jimmy); Bing-Fang Hwang (Jimmy); Chau-Ren Jung (Jimmy); Yau-Huo (Jimmy); Shr |
| Abstract: | Air pollution has been linked to elevated levels of risk aversion. This paper provides the first evidence showing that such effect reduces life-threatening risky behaviors. We study the impact of air pollution on traffic accidents caused by risky driving behaviors, using the universe of accident records and high-resolution air quality data of Taiwan from 2009 to 2015. We find that air pollution significantly decreases accidents caused by driver violations, and that this effect is nonlinear. In addition, our results suggest that air pollution primarily reduces road users' risky behaviors through visual channels rather than through the respiratory system. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.06837&r= |
| By: | Ebun Akinsete (ICRE8); Phoebe Koundouri; Conrad Landis (AUEB) |
| Abstract: | In today's world, rising populations and growing economies have led to an ever-increasing demand for water; for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. This water stress is more acutely felt in the global south which is experiencing a much more rapid rate of development than the rest of the world. Africa in particular, is the fastest growing region of the globe as it undergoes a population explosion and an economic boom. In addition, the region is also one of the most vulnerable in terms of adverse impacts of climate change; sea-level rise, flooding, and drought. This perfect storm of water-related demands and constraints, places the continent in dire need of efficient approaches to water-resource management. Specifically, holistic approaches which consider the delicate balance of trade-offs between the use of water for domestic purposes, energy production and agricultural activities. This chapter examines the WEF-Nexus from an African perspective, presenting the WEF-Nexus approach as a key driver for Sustainable Development in the region. Drawing from research carried out as part of the EU Horizon 2020-funded DAFNE project, the chapter goes on to present an innovative framework for the integrated management of water resources, which takes into consideration the environmental, economic, socio-cultural, legal and policy dimensions of the WEF-Nexus. |
| Date: | 2021–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2115&r= |
| By: | Kristian S. Blickle; Sarah Ngo Hamerling; Donald P. Morgan |
| Abstract: | Not very. We find that weather disasters over the last quarter century had insignificant or small effects on U.S. banks’ performance. This stability seems endogenous rather than a mere reflection of federal aid. Disasters increase loan demand, which offsets losses and actually boosts profits at larger banks. Local banks tend to avoid mortgage lending where floods are more common than official flood maps would predict, suggesting that local knowledge may also mitigate disaster impacts. |
| Keywords: | hurricanes; wildfires; floods; climate change; weather disasters; FEMA; banks; financial stability; local knowledge |
| JEL: | G21 H84 |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:93339&r= |
| By: | Mazzarano, Matteo; Guastella, Gianni; Pareglio, Stefano; Xepapadeas, Anastasios |
| Abstract: | The Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) has considered climate change as a risk issue since 2010. Several emission disclosure initiatives exist aimed at informing investors about the financial risks associated with a zero or low carbon transition. Stricter regulations, particularly in a few sectors, could affect operations costs, ultimately impacting companies financial performances, especially of listed companies. There are two ways these companies can disclose their transition risk exposure and are not alternatives. One is the explicit declaration of exposure to transition risk in the legally binding documents that listed companies must provide authorities. The other is the disclosure of GHG equivalent emissions, which is implicitly associated with transition risk exposure. This paper empirically analyses to what extent US companies stock returns incorporate information about transition risk by using explicit and implicit risk measures and comparing them. In addition, multiple total stock return measures distinguishing dividend payouts from simple stock returns. Results suggest that both explicit and implicit risks are positively related to dividend payouts and not to stock returns, while the overall effect on total stock returns is negative. Evidence supports the view that market operators price negatively the transition risk exposure and, probably as a consequence, boards in carbon intensive companies use dividend policies to attract investment in risky companies. |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:316261&r= |
| By: | Nuñez, Hector M.; Chakrabortu, Lopamudra; Robles, Jesus Eduardo |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314988&r= |
| By: | Francisco Iván Hernández-Cueva, Norma Elena Pérez-Herrera, Javier Becerril-García, Javier Humberto Perera-Rios, Allan Sosa |
| Abstract: | The social and economic dynamics in Ticul municipality in Yucatán is based on labor-in-tensive and low-tech pottery and shoe manufacturing, contributing thereby 55% of the municipality’s total gross production. Despite its economic importance and employment, there are no environmental policies focused on these economic activities in the commu-nity, which has led to environmental, social, health problems in children and concerns of hazardous waste. The article’s objective is to document a successful case of a plastics recycler through a mixed-methods approach that allows identifying a critical path for promoting activities in favor of a circular economy and the generation of green jobs in the municipality. The result was higher than 70 per cent in the green employment index. The green employment generated in the plastic recycler in Ticul, Yucatán is considered to be an adequate performance in decent work. Even though the work carried out in the recycler cannot mitigate the waste and toxic substances generated by the manufacture of shoes, this study enables us to conclude that the promotion of such recycling activities facilitates the employment of a more significant number of people to jobs with less precariousness and exposure to toxic substances, therefore, ensuring their better occupational health, as well as reducing negative impacts on the environment. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajy:icddwp:36&r= |
| By: | Tanimonure, Victoria Adeyemi |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315903&r= |
| By: | Hanwoong Kim; Haewon McJeon; Dawoon Jung; Hanju Lee; Candelaria Bergero; Jiyong Eom |
| Abstract: | This integrated assessment modeling research analyzes what Korea's 2050 carbon neutrality would require for the national energy system and the role of the power sector concerning the availability of critical mitigation technologies. Our scenario-based assessments show that Korea's current policy falls short of what the nation's carbon-neutrality ambition would require. Across all technology scenarios examined in this study, extensive and rapid energy system transition is imperative, requiring the large-scale deployment of renewables and carbon capture & storage (CCS) early on and negative emission technologies (NETs) by the mid-century. Importantly, rapid decarbonization of the power sector that goes with rapid electrification of end-uses seems to be a robust national decarbonization strategy. Furthermore, we contextualize our net-zero scenario results using policy costs, requirements for natural resources, and the expansion rate of zero-carbon technologies. We find that the availability of nuclear power lowers the required expansion rate of renewables and CCS, alleviating any stress on terrestrial and geological systems. By contrast, the limited availability of CCS without nuclear power necessarily demands a very high penetration of renewables and significantly high policy compliance costs, which would decrease the feasibility of achieving the carbon neutrality target. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.01598&r= |
| By: | Pavel V. Shevchenko; Daisuke Murakami; Tomoko Matsui; Tor A. Myrvoll |
| Abstract: | The classical DICE model is a widely accepted integrated assessment model for the joint modeling of economic and climate systems, where all model state variables evolve over time deterministically. We reformulate and solve the DICE model as an optimal control dynamic programming problem with six state variables (related to the carbon concentration, temperature, and economic capital) evolving over time deterministically and affected by two controls (carbon emission mitigation rate and consumption). We then extend the model by adding a discrete stochastic shock variable to model the economy in the stressed and normal regimes as a jump process caused by events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These shocks reduce the world gross output leading to a reduction in both the world net output and carbon emission. The extended model is solved under several scenarios as an optimal stochastic control problem, assuming that the shock events occur randomly on average once every 100 years and last for 5 years. The results show that, if the world gross output recovers in full after each event, the impact of the COVID-19 events on the temperature and carbon concentration will be immaterial even in the case of a conservative 10\% drop in the annual gross output over a 5-year period. The impact becomes noticeable, although still extremely small (long-term temperature drops by $0.1^\circ \mathrm{C}$), in a presence of persistent shocks of a 5\% output drop propagating to the subsequent time periods through the recursively reduced productivity. If the deterministic DICE model policy is applied in a presence of stochastic shocks (i.e. when this policy is suboptimal), then the drop in temperature is larger (approximately $0.25^\circ \mathrm{C}$), that is, the lower economic activities owing to shocks imply that more ambitious mitigation targets are now feasible at lower costs. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.00835&r= |
| By: | Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | Investing according to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria is gaining momentum. Most environmental performance indices focus only on the tonnage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. This paper proposes an index covering eight pollutants expressed in monetary damage. Inclusion of multiple pollutants reflects a broader range of reputational and regulatory risks. Monetization appropriately weights emissions. CO₂ dominates the mass of other pollutants, yet the marginal damages from other pollutants are larger than CO₂. In the U.S. utility sector from 2014 to 2017, indices which only track CO₂ mischaracterize firms’ environmental performance and underestimate its effect on financial outcomes relative to the multipollutant index. Dirtier firms exhibit lower share prices and higher forward returns. The effect is twice as large for the multipollutant index compared to CO₂. Analysts’ earnings forecasts for dirtier firms systematically undershoot actuals. Earnings errors are between three and five times more sensitive to the multipollutant index than to CO₂. The multipollutant index may suggest new management strategies to financial market participants relative to those based on carbon intensity. ESG disclosure standards based on the new index are more likely to affect financial outcomes, capital allocation decisions, and firm behavior than disclosure of carbon intensity. |
| JEL: | G11 G41 Q51 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29454&r= |
| By: | D. Layne Coppock; Lucas Crowley; Susan L. Durham; Dylan Groves; Julian C. Jamison; Dean Karlan; Brien E. Norton; R. Douglas Ramsey |
| Abstract: | Classic theories suggest that common pool resources are subject to overexploitation. Community-based resource management approaches may ameliorate “tragedy of the commons” effects. Using a randomized evaluation in Namibia’s communal rangelands, we find that a comprehensive four-year program to support community-based rangeland and cattle management led to persistent and large improvements for eight of thirteen indices of social and behavioral outcomes. Effects on rangeland health, cattle productivity and household economics, however, were either negative or nil. Positive impacts on community resource management may have been offset by communities’ inability to control grazing by non-participating herds and inhibited by an unresponsive rangeland sub-system. This juxtaposition, in which measurable improvements in community resource management did not translate into better outcomes for households or rangeland health, demonstrates the fragility of the causal pathway from program implementation to intended socioeconomic and environmental outcomes. It also points to challenges for improving climate change–adaptation strategies. |
| JEL: | O12 O13 P11 Q15 Q24 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29469&r= |
| By: | Sandrine Brèteau-Amores; Marielle Brunette; Christophe François; Antoine Leblois; Nicolas Martin-StPaul |
| Abstract: | Drought-induced risk of forest dieback is increasing due to climate change. Insurance can be a good option to compensate potential financial losses associated with forest production losses. In this context, we developed an ex ante index-based insurance model to cope with drought-induced risk of forest dieback. We applied this model to beech and oak forests in France. We defined and then compared different indices from simple ones relying on rainfall indices to more complex ones relying on the functional modelling of forest sensitivity to water stress. After the calibration of the contract parameters, an insurance scheme was optimized and tested. We showed that optimal insurance contracts generate low gain of certain equivalent income, high compensation, and a high basis risk. The best contract was not proportional to the complexity of the index. There was no clear advantage to differentiate contracts based on species. Results highlighting the various perspectives of this first approach are discussed at the end of this paper. |
| Keywords: | Drought; Forest; Index insurance. |
| JEL: | D01 G22 Q23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2021-44&r= |
| By: | Chakravarti, Jayani; Basso, Frédéric |
| Abstract: | Sustainable organisations have to be profitable to maintain their economic and social activity. However, prior literature finds that people are reluctant to associate profitability with sustainability, which leads to negative judgement. Through experimental evidence, the current research supports this idea but shows that profitability actually backfires within sustainable organisational contexts when it is intentional, rather than unintentional. Results indicate that consumers use a zero-sum heuristic on resource allocation when they are presented with a green product that is intentionally (vs. unintentionally) profit-generating. They infer from intended (vs. unintended) profitability that the organisation devoted greater resources to make profit rather than to make the product more sustainable. This product thus appears less sustainable to consumers and they are less interested in buying it. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of this research for sustainable organisations. |
| Keywords: | corporate sustainability; green product; morality; tainted altruism; zero-sum heuristic; Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2021–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:108167&r= |
| By: | Macdonald, Kevin (World Bank); Patrinos, Harry A. (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing is increasingly used by governments to reduce emissions. The effect of carbon pricing on economic outcomes as well as mitigating factors has been studied extensively since the early 1990s. One mitigating factor that has received less attention is education quality. If technological change that reduces the reliance of production on emissions is skill-biased, then carbon pricing may increase the skill premium of earnings and subsequent wage inequality; however, a more elastic skill supply through better education quality may mitigate adverse economic outcomes, including wage inequality, and enhance the effect of carbon pricing on technological change and subsequently emissions. A general equilibrium, overlapping-generations model is proposed, with endogenous skill investment in which the average skill level of the workforce can affect the need for emissions in an aggregate production function. This study uses data on industrial emissions linked to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies dataset for European Union countries. The findings show that, within countries, cognitive skills are positively associated with employment in industries that rely less on emissions for production and in industries that, over time, have been able to reduce their reliance on emissions for production. In the estimated general equilibrium model, higher cognitive skills reduce an economy's reliance on emissions for production. Having higher quality education—defined as the level of cognitive skills attained by workers per unit of cost—increases the elasticity of skill supply and, as a result, mitigates a carbon tax's economic costs including output loss and wage inequity, and enhances its effect on emissions reduction. The implication is that investments in education quality are needed for better enabling green technological innovation and adaptation and reducing inequality that results from carbon pricing. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, education, skills, learning outcomes |
| JEL: | Q43 O47 Q56 O41 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14792&r= |
| By: | Chuang Li (University of Connecticut); Subhash C. Ray (University of Connecticut) |
| Abstract: | All nations stand to benefit from addressing the problem of global warming caused by green-house gas emissions. However, the economic impact of pollution reduction in the form of reduction in GDP and jobs lost will be different for different countries and across different industries. In this paper, we estimate the opportunity cost of emission reduction in terms of the loss of intended output and, collaterally, the effect on employment that would result from a reduction in the con-sumption of fuel for various industries of different countries by using the data constructed from the World Input-Output Database. We conceptualize a production technology with one intended out-put and one undesirable output (CO2 emission) produced from labor, capital, and materials (treated as neutral input) and fuel (treated as the polluting input). The nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis model of by-production formulated by Murty, Russell, and Levkoff (2012) and modified by Ray, Mukherjee, and Venkatesh (2018) is employed. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emission, Opportunity Cost, DEA, Efficiency |
| JEL: | Q52 C61 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uct:uconnp:2021-13&r= |
| By: | Guo, Dong; Zhou, Peng (Cardiff Business School) |
| Abstract: | The COVID pandemic reveals the fragility of the global financial market during rare disasters. Conventional safe-haven assets like gold can be used to hedge against ordinary risks, but tail dependence can substantially reduce the hedging effectiveness. In contrast, green bonds focus on long-term, sustainable investments, so they become an important hedging tool against climate risks, financial risks, as well as rare disasters like COVID. The copula approach based on the TGARCH model is applied to estimate the joint distributions between green bonds and selected financial assets in both US and China. The quantile-based approach is also performed to offer a robustness check on tail dependence. The results show that all assets in the two countries have thick tails and tail dependence with time-varying features. The hedging effectiveness does decline during the COVID pandemic, but it is the hedging effectiveness against tail risks rather than against normal risks. It is argued that green bonds play a significant role in hedging against rare disasters especially in forex markets. It is also found that green bonds in the US and China converge in many aspects, suggesting a smaller cross-country difference than cross-asset difference. |
| Keywords: | green bonds; hedging effectiveness; COVID |
| JEL: | G11 G12 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2021/28&r= |
| By: | Butt, Ali Azhar; Harvey, John |
| Abstract: | An environmental product declaration (EPD) is a transparent, verified report used to communicate the environmental impacts (e.g., resource use, energy, emissions) associated with the manufacture or production of construction materials such as asphalt, cement, asphalt mixtures, concrete mixtures, or steel reinforcement. EPDs, which are also called Type III Environmental Declarations, are product labels developed by industry in accordance with International Organization for Standardization standards. The scoping document for an EPD, which is also referred to as a product category rule (PCR), defines the requirements for EPDs for a certain product category. Beginning in 2019, Caltrans initiated a pilot study requiring EPDs for hot mix asphalt, aggregates, and concrete in addition to the materials specified by the Buy Clean California Act (BCCA) (Assembly Bill 262). The requirement to submit EPDs for these materials is how plans made several years prior to passage of the BCCA, for use of EPDs to help achieve environmental goals, are being implemented. While the BCCA considers only the greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming, the Caltrans pilot program for pavement and bridge materials also looks for other emissions in the EPDs, primarily emissions that cause air pollution. This project consisted of the University of California Pavement Research Center reviewing and helping develop Caltrans’s plans for collecting EPDs, reviewing PCRs and EPDs for consistency and inconsistencies, helping to communicate strategy with industries and the Federal Highway Administration, supporting Caltrans’s development of a web-based portal for entry of EPD data and the underlying database, and writing of a summary report. This technical memorandum is the summary report. This report documents the roadmaps developed for collecting and using EPDs, other support activities for the Caltrans EPD program, and a review of the EPDs supplied to Caltrans as of the summer of 2020 and their underlying PCRs. The PCRs for the materials in the Caltrans EPD program have inconsistencies that should be relatively simple to resolve with direction from Caltrans. In their current form, consistent data entry is difficult in the Caltrans EPD portal. To improve the consistency and quality of EPDs, Caltrans staff must receive guidance on how to review EPDs, and staff at materials producers require training about how to interpret PCRs to produce EPDs. Systems for inputting data from EPDs into department of transportation (DOT) reporting systems that include data quality checks, system consistency, and certification are also needed. Similarly, a nationally accepted and adopted data quality assessment standard is needed for EPDs as DOTs move toward their use in procurement. A single data quality matrix should also be included in a harmonized PCR. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, environmental product declaration, product category rules, life cycle assessment, pavement materials, cradle-to-gate |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1qh0c638&r= |
| By: | Baoping Shang |
| Abstract: | Addressing the poverty and distributional impacts of carbon pricing reforms is critical for the success of ambitious actions in the fight against climate change. This paper uses a simple framework to systematically review the channels through which carbon pricing can potentially affect poverty and inequality. It finds that the channels differ in important ways along several dimensions. The paper also identifies several key gaps in the current literature and discusses some considerations on how policy designs could take into account the attributes of the channels in mitigating the impacts of carbon pricing reforms on households. |
| Date: | 2021–06–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/172&r= |
| By: | Ren, Guangcheng; Zhu, Xueqin; Feng, Shuyi |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315201&r= |
| By: | Victor Ajai (Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge); Karim Anaya (Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge); Michael Pollit (Energy Policy Research Group, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge) |
| Keywords: | Total factor productivity, incentive regulation, electricity networks, emissions |
| JEL: | D24 H23 L43 L94 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:wpaper:012&r= |
| By: | Johansson, Alva (Department of Economics, Lund University); Berggren, Niclas (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Nilsson, Therese (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | While there is almost unanimous consent among scientists that climate change is real and has detrimental consequences, there is a sizable number of people who are skeptical towards these propositions and who are not worried by climate change. In an attempt to understand the basis of climate skepticism, we look at the role of intolerance, a culturally transmitted attitude to the effect that people with certain characteristics are not to be respected. The theoretical link from intolerance to climate skepticism is driven by two elements: insufficient or biased knowledge formation and a value of not caring very much about the welfare of others. Our empirical analysis confirms that intolerance on the basis of race, ethnicity, immigration status, religion or sexual orientation predicts climate skepticism. By using the epidemiological method, relating the views on climate change of second-generation immigrants in Europe to cultural values in their countries of origin, we are able to rule out reverse causality – a novelty in the literature trying to explain climate skepticism. To get a feeling for the importance of intolerance, an increase in the share who are intolerant towards people of a different race in the individual’s country of origin by 10 percentage points implies a reduced probability of the individual considering the consequences of climate change extremely bad of 4.3 percentage points (21.5%). An important implication of our findings is that to influence climate skeptics, it may be necessary to go beyond argumentation about the facts as such and to find ways to affect more basic individual characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Climate skepticism; Culture; Intolerance; Causality; Values |
| JEL: | F64 Q01 Q54 Z10 |
| Date: | 2021–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1416&r= |
| By: | Christoph Oberlack (CDE - Centre for Development and Environment [Bern] - Universität Bern [Bern], Institute of Geography [Bern] - University of Bern); Markus Giger (CDE - Centre for Development and Environment [Bern] - Universität Bern [Bern]); Ward Anseeuw (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, ILC - International Land Coalition); Camilla Adelle (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Magalie Bourblanc (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Perrine Burnod (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Malagasy Land Observatory); Sandra Eckert (CDE - Centre for Development and Environment [Bern] - Universität Bern [Bern], Institute of Geography [Bern] - University of Bern); Wegayehu Fitawek (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Eve Fouilleux (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, LISIS - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Université Gustave Eiffel); Sheryl Hendriks (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Boniface Kiteme (CETRAD - Centre for Training and Integrated Research in ASAL Development); Livhuwani Masola (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Zaka Diana Mawoko (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Sara Mercandalli (UMR ART-Dev - Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Aurélien Reys (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Maya da Silva (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Michael van der Laan (University of Pretoria [South Africa]); Julie Zaehringer (CDE - Centre for Development and Environment [Bern] - Universität Bern [Bern], Institute of Geography [Bern] - University of Bern); Peter Messerli (Institute of Geography [Bern] - University of Bern, University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | Large-scale agricultural investments (LAIs) transform land use systems worldwide. There is, however, limited understanding about how the common global drivers of land use change induce different forms of agricultural investment and produce different impacts on the ground. This article provides a cross-country comparative analysis of how differences in business models, land use changes, and governance systems explain differences in socio-economic, food security, and environmental impacts of LAIs in Kenya, Madagascar, and Mozambique. It brings together results on these aspects generated in the AFGROLAND project that collected data in a multi-method approach via household surveys, business model surveys, semi-structured household interviews, life-cycle assessments of farm production, analysis of remote-sensing data, key informant interviews, and document analysis. For the present project synthesis, we combined a collaborative expert workshop with a comparative analysis of 16 LAIs. The results show that the LAIs follow four distinctive impact patterns, ranging from widespread adverse impacts to moderate impacts. Results demonstrate how the following conditions influence how the global drivers of land use change translate into different LAIs and different impacts on the ground: labor intensity, prior land use, utilization of land, farm size, type of production, experience in local agriculture, land tenure security, accountability of state and local elites, the mobilization capacity of civil society, expansion of resource frontiers, agricultural intensification, and indirect land use change. The results indicate that commercial agriculture can be a component in sustainable development strategies under certain conditions, but that these strategies will fail without substantial, sustained increases in the economic viability and inclusiveness of smallholder agriculture, land tenure security, agro-ecological land management, and support for broader patterns of endogenous agrarian transformation. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural investments,Business models,Environment,Food security,Governance,Land use change,Livelihoods |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03419337&r= |
| By: | Danilo Liberati (Bank of Italy); Giuseppe Marinelli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a comprehensive study of the ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) bond market which has experienced a dramatic expansion in the last few years and is about to gain an additional boost due to the forthcoming implementation of the Next Generation plan of the European Union. We use a security-by-security data set comprising a large sample of ESG bonds (15,500) exchanged on the main global security markets, integrated with microdata used in official statistics such as financial accounts and security holdings. First, we describe the most salient features of the global supply of ESG bonds by analyzing the characteristics of issuers and securities, the differences across countries and sectors, and their evolution over time. Second, we shed light on Italian residents' holdings of ESG bonds with a focus on sectoral holdings in the context of the financial accounts statistics. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable finance, ESG bonds, security holdings, financial accounts |
| JEL: | G12 G21 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_654_21&r= |
| By: | Miglani, Varun; Shroff, Sangeeta |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315403&r= |
| By: | Meng, Ting; Fang, Xiangming |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315923&r= |
| By: | Jakob Kapeller; Stuart Leitch; Rafael Wildauer (University of Greenwich) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the potential of a European net wealth tax to raise substantial revenues while supporting the economy and the consensus on climate action. To achieve this, household survey data from the European Central Bank (covering 22 EU countries) are analysed. To address the problem of under-reporting of wealth at the top of the distribution in survey data, a Pareto distribution is fitted to the right tail of the data and used to create an amended data set which also represents these missing rich, whose wealth goes unreported. The Pareto-amended data show that household wealth is highly concentrated among the wealthiest households: the richest 1% hold 32% of total net wealth in the EU22 while the poorest half of all households only hold about 4.5% of total net wealth. These data are then used to estimate revenues for four different tax models. The results show that annual revenues between €192 billion (1.6% of GDP) and €1,281 billion (10.8% of GDP) across the EU22 are possible. |
| Keywords: | None |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2119&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) pose challenges to public services in all countries regardless of their level of development. Their broad scope and interconnectedness, long-term commitment and contextualisation at both local and regional level require dedicated focus on government capacities to deliver. This paper analyses the major capacity areas that can support a shift from siloed policy making to more integrated approaches. It defines an ideal benchmark for assessing both the individual and organisational capacities needed by a public service to successfully deliver the SDGs. The paper, which was commissioned as part of a project to build civil service skills for SDG implementation in Poland, is drafted by Cristophe Dietrich and Marco Gozio of the ICON Institute. |
| Date: | 2021–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:govaaa:47-en&r= |
| By: | Sylvain Marsat (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Guillaume Pijourlet (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Muhammad Ullah (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03183955&r= |
| By: | M, Anoop; Sirohi, Smita; Singh, H.P. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315391&r= |
| By: | Kirui, Oliver; Tambo, Justice |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315882&r= |
| By: | Jean-Charles Bricongne; Baptiste Meunier; Thomas Pical |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 crisis has highlighted innovative high-frequency dataset allowing to measure in real-time the economic impact. In this vein, we explore how satellite data measuring the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2, a pollutant emitted mainly by industrial activity) in the troposphere can help predict industrial production. We first show how such data must be adjusted for meteorological patterns which can alter data quality and pollutant emissions. We use machine learning techniques to better account for non-linearities and interactions between variables. We then find evidence that nowcasting performances for monthly industrial production are significantly improved when relying on daily NO2 data compared to benchmark models based on PMIs and auto-regressive (AR) terms. We also find evidence of heterogeneities suggesting that the contribution of daily pollution data is particularly important during “crisis” episodes and that the elasticity of NO2 pollution to industrial production for a country depends on the share of manufacturing in the value added. Available daily, free-to-use, granular and covering all countries including those with limited statistics, this paper illustrates the potential of satellite-based data for air pollution in enhancing the real-time monitoring of economic activity. |
| Keywords: | Data Science, Big Data, Satellite Data, Nowcasting, Machine Learning, Industrial Production |
| JEL: | C51 C81 E23 E37 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:847&r= |
| By: | Kazem Biabany Khameneh; Reza Najarzadeh; Hassan Dargahi; Lotfali Agheli |
| Abstract: | The expansion of trade agreements has provided a potential basis for trade integration and economic convergence of different countries. Moreover, developing and expanding global value chains (GVCs) have provided more opportunities for knowledge and technology spillovers and the potential convergence of production techniques. This can result in conceivable environmental outcomes in developed and developing countries. This study investigates whether GVCs can become a basis for the carbon intensity (CI) convergence of different countries. To answer this question, data from 101 countries from 1997 to 2014 are analyzed using spatial panel data econometrics. The results indicate a spatial correlation between GVCs trade partners in terms of CI growth, and they confirm the GVCs-based conditional CI convergence of the countries. Moreover, estimates indicate that expanding GVCs even stimulates bridging the CI gap between countries, i.e., directly and indirectly through spillover effects. According to the results, GVCs have the potential capacity to improve the effectiveness of carbon efficiency policies. Therefore, different dimensions of GVCs and their benefits should be taken into account when devising environmental policies. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.00566&r= |
| By: | Gough, Ian |
| Abstract: | More and more nation states are now committing to net-zero carbon by 2050 at the latest, which is encouraging, but none have faced up to the transformation of economies, societies and lives that this will entail. This paper considers two scenarios for sustainable welfare and discusses the implications for contemporary incomes, jobs and welfare states. It is necessarily restricted to the EU and similarly rich countries of the developed world. The first scenario is the Green New Deal framework to decarbonise the economy whilst addressing the distributional and welfare issues this would involve. This paper argues that expanded public provision of ‘essentials’ would be a necessary social component of this strategy. The second scenario goes further to counteract runaway private consumption by building an economy of egalitarian sufficiency with ceilings to income, wealth and consumption. This would require a further extension of labour market and welfare state interventions. The paper provides a framework for mapping and developing these two distinct approaches and for identifying a range of policy options on jobs and incomes. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:112594&r= |
| By: | Costa-Font, Montserrat; Dogbe, Wisdom; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315014&r= |
| By: | He, Gang; Lin, Jiang; Sifuentes, Froylan; Liu, Xu; Abhyankar, Nikit; Phadke, Amol |
| Abstract: | The costs for solar photovoltaics, wind, and battery storage have dropped markedly since 2010, however, many recent studies and reports around the world have not adequately captured such dramatic decrease. Those costs are projected to decline further in the near future, bringing new prospects for the widespread penetration of renewables and extensive power-sector decarbonization that previous policy discussions did not fully consider. Here we show if cost trends for renewables continue, 62% of China's electricity could come from non-fossil sources by 2030 at a cost that is 11% lower than achieved through a business-as-usual approach. Further, China's power sector could cut half of its 2015 carbon emissions at a cost about 6% lower compared to business-as-usual conditions. |
| Date: | 2020–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt9z42t224&r= |
| By: | Ricciardelli, Alessandra; Raimo, Nicola; Manfredi, Francesco; Vitolla, Filippo |
| Abstract: | In recent years, the integration of sustainability principles in urban planning has become increasingly important. The growing attention to economic, social and environmental aspects is also influencing the practice and policy of urban regeneration. In particular, the search for new ways to regenerate cities in a sustainable way has led to the concept of sustainable urban regeneration. However, despite the relevance of this concept, only a few contributions have quantitatively examined the actual sustainability outcomes of different urban regeneration interventions. This study aims to fill this important gap by examining the level of sustainability of urban regeneration interventions in the Apulian context. The results of the multiple case study analysis show a high level of sustainability of the interventions in all three contexts examined. However, they show some weaknesses related mainly to the absence of strategies aimed at the inclusion of women in the labour market and to the low efficiency in the use of energy. The results offer important implications and guidelines for municipalities implementing urban regeneration projects. |
| Keywords: | Urban regeneration,Urban sustainability,Sustainable urban regeneration,Sustainability indicators,Apulia |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:246779&r= |
| By: | Holtmaat, Ellen Alexandra; Adolph, Christopher; Prakash, Aseem |
| Abstract: | Environmental clubs have proliferated across sectors and issue areas. We examine the diffusion of the chemical industry's Responsible Care® (RC) program. Much of the work on the diffusion of clubs has focused on the demand side: why firms join these clubs despite the costs of doing so. There is some work focusing on the supply side: why actors establish or create a new club. However, there is virtually no work examining why national-level industry associations decide to subscribe to an existing global environmental club in order to make it available to their members. Industry organizations in 17 lower and middle-income countries have joined RC, comprising 25 percent of RC members. We ask, in the context of developing countries, what motivates national associations to join RC? Drawing on an original dataset of RC global diffusion in 195 countries (1985–2017), we estimate a Cox proportional hazards model of the risk of joining RC. We find that RC adoption is more likely when a country exports chemicals to other countries that have joined RC (the California effect) and is unaffected by the total volume of its chemical trade. Thus, while exposure to global markets per se may not influence RC adoption, incentives change considerably when countries’ key importers signal their support for these environmental practices. This is because importing firms often realize that because they have joined Responsible Care, NGOs and stakeholders expect them to demand that their overseas suppliers adopt the same sort of environmental policies and work place safety practices. In addition, peer pressure and learning matter: RC adoption is more likely when countries in close physical vicinity (e.g., within 500 miles) have joined the club. Finally, domestic factors play a role as well: both the level of democracy and the size of the economy encourage national associations to join RC. |
| Keywords: | California effect; Responsible Care; trade; voluntary environmental programs; voluntary regulation |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2020–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:102658&r= |
| By: | Alassane Drabo |
| Abstract: | The three main financial inflows to developing countries have largely increased during the last two decades, despite the large debate in the literature regarding their effects on economic growth which is not yet clear-cut. An emerging literature investigates the dependence of their effects on some country characteristics such as human and physical capital constraint, macroeconomic policy and institutional capacity. This paper extends the literature by arguing that climate shocks may undermine the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), official development assistance (ODA) and migrants’ remittances on economic expansion. Based on neoclassical growth framework, the theoretical model indicates that FDI, ODA, and remittances improve economic growth, and the size of the effect increases with good absorptive capacity. However, climate shocks reduce this positive effect of financial flows in developing countries. Using a sample of low and middle-income countries from 1995 to 2018, the empirical investigation confirms the theoretical conclusions. Developing countries should build strong resilience to climate change. Actions are also needed at global level to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and build strong structural resilience to climate shocks especially in developing countries. |
| Keywords: | inflows-economic growth nexus; effect of ODA; income group; role of Climate; effect of foreign direct investment; Climate change; Absorptive capacity; Foreign direct investment; Human capital; Middle East; East Asia; Asia and Pacific; North Africa; South Asia; Global |
| Date: | 2021–07–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/193&r= |
| By: | Aihounton, Ghislain; Henningsen, Arne; Trifkovic, Neda |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315407&r= |
| By: | Ridwan Rusli (Technische Hochschule Köln); Youngho Chang (Singapore University of Social Sciences) |
| Abstract: | We study how transboundary, intergovernmental .re and haze negotiations interact with local, subnational government collusion and capture in a decentralized country. The local go- vernment collusion and capture problem is modelled as a competing principals and common agency problem that interacts with the central government’s game of chicken. The results show that the central government can persuade farmers and prevent burning when the incre- mental benefits from slashing and burning are lower, the total direct and indirect costs and damages of fire and haze are higher and the required enforcement and abatement costs are not too high. Neighbouring governments can help mitigate the central government’s budget constraint and deter or punish violating multinational companies. We develop a multitask multiprincipal framework to expand our solution set to include partial burning outcomes and negative compensations. The results inform on a set of policy strategies to these complex transboundary fire and haze negotiation and local capture problems. |
| Keywords: | Forest and peatland fires, mechanical clearing, slash and burn, game of chicken, multitask, multiprincipal, common agency, collusion and capture. |
| JEL: | Q23 Q57 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:21-12&r= |
| By: | Tito Nícias Teixeira da Silva Filho |
| Abstract: | There has been a global push to decrease the cost of remittances since at least 2009, which has culminated with its inclusion in the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Despite this effort and the emergence of new business models, remittance costs have been decreasing very slowly, disproving predictions that sharp declines would be just around the corner. In addition, remitting to poorer countries remains very expensive. Oddly, this situation has not been able to elicit academic interest on the drivers of remittance costs. This paper delved deeply into the remittances ecosystem and found a very complex, heterogenous and unequal environment, one in which costs are driven by a myriad of factors and where there are no easy and quick solutions available, which explains the disappointing outcome so far. Nonetheless, it also shows that while policymakers have limited room to act they still have a very important role to play. |
| Keywords: | remittance cost; remittances ecosystem; factors drive remittance; receiving country; remittance price; Remittances; Medium taxpayer office; Global; North America; Central America |
| Date: | 2021–07–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/199&r= |
| By: | H. Emre Yalcin; Cihan Yalcin |
| Abstract: | Due to environmental and energy security concerns, the efforts of countries to increase their share of renewable energy (NEW) and energy efficiency (ENVER) have become the main axis of energy policies at the global level. In addition to these concerns, these two energy sources are very important for the Turkish economy, as they have the potential to reduce the chronic current account deficit. In this study, using the country data of the World Bank for the period 1990-2018, the relations of YENI and ENVER with net imported energy share (imported energy dependence) and current account balance were tested econometrically (panel data fixed effects model) and scenario analyzes were made for Turkey. Econometric estimates reveal that the increases in NEW and ENVER are statistically related to the decrease in the share of net imported energy and the improvement in the current account balance. The effect of the increase in NEW on the net imported energy share is estimated to be stronger for the middle-income country group such as Turkey and the highly urbanized country group. It has been observed that the reducing impact of the increase in ENVER on the share of net imported energy is more pronounced in the relatively lower income and highly urbanized country groups. The improvement effect of the increase in NEW on the current account balance is more evident in the relatively high-income group and moderately urbanized countries such as Turkey. It is estimated that the improvement effect of the increase in ENVER on the current account balance is more pronounced in high and moderate urbanized countries and middle and high income country groups. The scenario analysis for Turkey, based on the estimation results, reveals that a decrease of up to 21 billion USD in Turkey's current account deficit in 2030 is possible with the reasonable increases to be provided in NEW and ENVER. |
| Keywords: | Energy efficiency, Renewable energy, Imported energy dependency, Current account balance |
| JEL: | C23 F32 O13 O24 Q4 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2129&r= |
| By: | Despina Gavresi (University of Ioannina); Anastasia Litina (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); Christos A. Makridis (Arizona State University and Stanford University) |
| Abstract: | Do environmental factors affect financial decision-making and how might personality traits mediate these effects? Using plausibly exogenous variation in individuals' exposure to within-country fluctuations in temperature between 2004 and 2018 across 28 European countries and Israel, we estimate the causal effect of a marginal change in temperature on financial investments and its interaction with individual personality characteristics. We find that a 10% increase in temperature is associated with a 0.1 percentage point (pp) rise in the probability that an optimist invests in bonds and a 0.12 pp decline in the probability for stocks. However, among pessimists, we find null effects. We find similar results when we focus on the intensive margin of investment as well. We explain the mechanism behind these results with a stylized model where optimists are involved in more cognitively-demanding activities and sensitive to external stimuli. Our results are consistent with behavioral finance models where expectations moderate the transmission of shocks onto financial decision-making. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral Finance; Expectations; Optimism; Stocks; Temperature |
| JEL: | D87 D91 G11 G41 G51 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2021_16&r= |
| By: | Ajayi, V.; Anaya, K.; Pollitt, M .G. |
| Abstract: | We analyse the productivity growth of electricity transmission and distribution networks in Great Britain and how changes in incentive mechanism have influenced the measured total factor productivity (TFP). In doing so we are also concerned to examine the effects of quality of service and environmental targets on measured productivity growth. It is increasingly important that productivity measures adjust for the increasing regulatory pressure to reduce the wider societal impacts of the electricity sector and improve quality of service. Failure to do so, may mean that productivity growth may look slower than it actually is. We employ a DEA technique which considers the underlying data without a stochastic element. Our findings show that productivity growth is consistently low for the period we examine, in the region of 1% p.a. over the 29 years from 1990/1991-2018/2019. For both electricity transmission and electricity distribution we try to monetise a wider range of quality and emissions variables in order to show the difference their inclusion makes to measured productivity growth. We show that it can make a difference both positively and negatively, though often this difference is small (e.g. 0.1% p.a.). However, the impact can be much larger (c. 1% p.a.), especially with respect to improvements in quality of service in the distribution network. In the context of generally slow productivity growth, we therefore show the importance of appropriate measurement. |
| Keywords: | Total factor productivity, incentive regulation, electricity networks, emissions |
| JEL: | D24 H23 L43 L94 |
| Date: | 2021–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2181&r= |
| By: | Raghu, Prabhakaran T; Das, Sukanya; Veettil, Prakashan Chellattan |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315867&r= |
| By: | Millán-Narotzky, Lucas; García-Bernado, Javier; Diakité, Maïmouna; Meinzer, Markus |
| Abstract: | Tax avoidance strategies by multinational companies rely heavily on tax treaties. Multinational companies can relocate financial activities across countries to ensure the applicability of the most beneficial tax treaties. This ‘treaty shopping’ can be particularly harmful to African countries, impairing their efforts for domestic resource mobilisation and achieving sustainable development goals. In this paper, we analyse the aggressiveness of tax treaties towards African countries – the extent to which signing tax treaties reduces the taxing rights of African governments. We find that treaties signed with France, Mauritius and the United Arab Emirates reduce withholding tax rates the most, while treaties signed with European countries – and, in particular, the United Kingdom and France – greatly limit other taxing rights, for example, by restricting the scope of permanent establishment definition. |
| Keywords: | Governance, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:16940&r= |
| By: | Queiroz, Pedro; Fulginiti, Lilyan; Perrin, Richard |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315416&r= |
| By: | Takahashi, Daisuke; Fujie, Takeshi; Senda, Tetsuji |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315140&r= |
| By: | Richard Ladwein (LEM - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Management - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Andrea Milena Sánchez Romero (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | Given current environmental concerns, the organic food market is an important issue in terms of sustainability. The consolidation of this market is based on trust. Many consumers rely on partial information to assess the quality of organic food and cannot determine its authenticity with certainty. They are led to trust the actors of the organic food chain and the government. In addition, numerous industrial and sanitary scandals have highlighted the need for the actors of the sector to establish relationships based on trust and transparency in order to guarantee the traceability of products and to protect the health of consumers. This research examines the impact of trust and confidence in producers and retailers on the intention to purchase organic food. To address this research issue, we conducted an online questionnaire survey of 316 organic food consumers in France. The results show the central role of quality as a strategy for building and maintaining trust with producers and retailers. They show for the first time the positive impact of trust in producers on trust in retailers. The results of this research allow us to provide advice to growers and retailers to maintain trust and promote purchase intent. |
| Keywords: | trust,organic food,quality,retailers,producers,sustainability |
| Date: | 2021–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03147538&r= |
| By: | Mathieu Boche (AFD),; Julien Burte (CIRAD) et; Meriem Jouini (FUNCEME) |
| Abstract: | Le développement durable d’un territoire passe par la capacité des acteurs à définir, à planifier, et à financer des actions qui s’insèrent dans une vision stratégique portée par la collectivité territoriale et une institution légitimée localement. La mise en place ou le renforcement des dispositifs inclusifs de gouvernance territoriale permet d’amener les acteurs locaux à s’engager dans la gestion des ressources, la planification des investissements et le règlement des conflits. Ces dispositifs doivent s’appuyer sur un système de production et de partage de connaissances concernant le territoire et ses ressources. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2021–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr13246&r= |
| By: | Matopote, Given; Manatsha, Boga Thura; Joshi, Niraj Prakash |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315390&r= |
| By: | Khan, Iqrar Ahmad |
| Abstract: | Like elsewhere, migration-led peri-urban (rural clusters) growth of cities has been an important element of rural-urban transformation for centuries. However, only recently, in this process, the rural landscape also benefits from these changes, owing to better communication and market access. Peri-urban areas are consuming peripheral villages. This has put pressure on land and water resources putting environmental health at stake. Loss of biodiversity is imminent due to changing ecological frame conditions in an increasingly human-made environment. In many areas rural populations are also shifting away from traditional farming towards white-collar jobs. While this could have positive implications for the socio-economic structure of the society at large, it will also present new challenges for meeting the food and nutritional requirements of the population as a whole. New farming models and marketing innovations are required to meet increasing food demands and changes of consumption habits. This working paper describes the ongoing rural-urban transition and discuss the potential for carving new cropping systems and entrepreneurship options in newly formed agro-ecologies and semi-urban rural clusters of Pakistan. It is hoped that it will also help initiating further study and compilation of empirical evidence. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajy:icddwp:37&r= |
| By: | Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christy Leppanen (The University of Tennessee [Knoxville]) |
| Abstract: | Can the main methods of social welfare analysis be extended to cover multiple species? Following a non-anthropocentric approach, we examine the pros and cons of various objective and subjective methods of well-being comparisons across species. We argue against normalizing by specific capacities but in favor of taking account of individual preferences and specializations. While many conceptual and practical difficulties remain, it appears possible to develop methods for the assessment of collective well-being of multi-species communities and ecosystems. |
| Date: | 2021–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03426135&r= |
| By: | Marc Fleurbaey (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christy Leppanen (The University of Tennessee [Knoxville]) |
| Abstract: | Can the main methods of social welfare analysis be extended to cover multiple species? Following a non-anthropocentric approach, we examine the pros and cons of various objective and subjective methods of well-being comparisons across species. We argue against normalizing by specific capacities but in favor of taking account of individual preferences and specializations. While many conceptual and practical difficulties remain, it appears possible to develop methods for the assessment of collective well-being of multi-species communities and ecosystems. |
| Date: | 2021–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03426135&r= |
| By: | Hu, Ziwei; Swallow, Brent; Qiu, Feng |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315287&r= |
| By: | Aussama Bejraoui; Guillaume Delalande; Melissa Li; Julia Benn |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for better tracking and monitoring domestic and international investments in health, including on pandemic preparedness. The total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) framework can help, as it captures both cross‑border flows to developing countries, such as international assistance, and domestic contributions to global public goods, such as pandemic preparedness. This pilot study tests the current TOSSD methodology for tracking the global financing for health, and explores how TOSSD can be shaped to best respond to the emerging information needs of the international community. |
| JEL: | I15 I14 H41 H87 C4 O11 F3 E44 |
| Date: | 2021–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaaa:103-en&r= |
| By: | Patil, Vikram; Veettil, Prakashan Chellattan; Yashodha, Yashodha |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315232&r= |
| By: | Sun, Shengyang; Hu, Ruifa; Zhang, Chao |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315008&r= |