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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Zhu, Xinqi; Vrachioli, Maria; Baldoni, Edoardo; M'barek, Robert; Sauer, Johannes |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315164&r= |
| By: | Li, Fanlue; He, Ke; Wang, Yuejie; Zhang, Junbiao |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315024&r= |
| By: | Damien Dussaux; Francesco Vona (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Antoine Dechezleprêtre |
| Abstract: | Concerns about carbon offshoring, namely the relocation of dirty tasks abroad, undermine the efficiency of domestic carbon mitigation policies and might prevent governments from adopting more ambitious climate policies. This paper is the first to analyse the extent and determinants of carbon offshoring at the firm level. We combine information on carbon emissions, imports, imported emissions and environmental policy stringency based on a unique dataset of 5,000 French manufacturing firms observed from 1997 to 2014. We estimate the impact of imported emissions on firm's domestic emissions and emission intensity using a shift-share instrumental variable strategy. We do not find compelling evidence of an impact of carbon offshoring on total emissions, but show that emission efficiency improves in companies offshoring emissions abroad, suggesting that offshored emissions are compensated by an increase in production scale. The effect is economically meaningful with a 10% increase in carbon offshoring causing a 4% decline in emission intensity. However, this effect is twice as small as that of domestic energy prices and, importantly, does not appear to be driven by a pollution haven motive. |
| Keywords: | Carbon offshoring,CO2 emissions,Emissions intensity,Import competition,Energy prices |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03403069&r= |
| By: | J. Barrera-Santana; Gustavo A. Marrero; Luis A. Puch; Antonia Díaz |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate the path to the green transition in Europe. In so doing, we implement an empirical model of dynamic panel data on a sample of sixteen Western European countries over the period 1980 to 2019. The model is consistent with various features of neo-classical growth theory incorporating energy use. Our focus is on the short-run determinants of carbon emissions within that set of countries. We provide evidence that the relationship between economic activity and CO2 emissions is strong in economies where economic booms depend on energy-intensive sectors. Also, the mitigating role of renewable energy technologies is key when energy intensity rebounds. These circumstances may constitute a challenge for the climate transition goals targeted in the EU’s Recovery Plan, whose main objective at this very moment is to mitigate the economic and social impact of the coronavirus pandemic. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econwp:_65&r= |
| By: | GianCarlo Moschini (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Yongjie Ji (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Seungki Lee |
| Abstract: | Production agriculture depends heavily on exogenous environmental conditions, including weather. As such, agriculture is acutely vulnerable to the deleterious long-run effects of climate change. Indeed, mounting evidence suggests the likelihood of large negative impacts. What can be done about it? Actions to deal with climate change can be thought of as pursuing "mitigation" and/or "adaptation"-mitigation is about containing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, whereas adaptation blunts and counteracts the damaging consequences of climate change. Countries' free-riding incentives make global cooperation to reduce emissions difficult, and thus mitigation problematic. Adaptation, by contrast, is less vulnerable to opportunistic behavior because investments in adaptation often have local payoffs and substantial private good aspects. |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-winter-2021-1&r= |
| By: | Alexandra-Anca Purcel (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of output, urbanization, energy intensity, and renewable energy on aggregated and sector-specific CO2 emissions for a rich sample of developing states. We employ the recently developed GMM panel VAR technique, which allows us to tackle the potential endogeneity issue and capture both the current and future impact of indicators on CO2 via the impulse-response analysis. On the one hand, robust to several alternative specifications, the findings indicate that output, urbanization, and energy intensity increase the aggregated CO2 emissions, while renewable energy exhibits an opposite effect. Moreover, regarding the CO2 responsiveness to output and urbanization shocks, the pattern may suggest that these countries are likely to attain the threshold that would trigger a decline in CO2 emissions. We also reveal heterogeneities related to both countries' economic development and Kyoto Protocol ratification/ascension status. On the other hand, the sectoral analysis unveils that the transportation, buildings, and non-combustion sector tend to contribute more to increasing the future CO2 levels. Overall, our study may provide useful insights concerning environmental sustainability prospects in developing states. |
| Keywords: | CO2 emissions,urbanization,energy efficiency,renewable energy,developing countries,environmental Kuzents curve,GMM panel VAR |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03182341&r= |
| By: | Muraoka, Rie; Furuya, Jun; Hirano, Akira; Sakurai, Takeshi |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:314985&r= |
| By: | Adloff, Susann |
| JEL: | Q54 D91 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242400&r= |
| By: | Nebojsa NAKICENOVIC; Caroline ZIMM; Monika Matusiak (European Commission - JRC); Katerina Ciampi Stancova (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report proposes a new transformative narrative to help guide the next phase of Smart Specialisation activities. The narrative helps align Smart Specialisation with the European Green Deal and the UN 2030 Agenda by offering directionality and combining different levels of policy to achieve the needed sustainability transformations. The report highlights the role of policy coherence and coordination for the transformation. It presents approaches to increase policy coherence to harness synergies and alleviate trade-offs across different objectives with a focus on environmental issues. Throughout this report a number of selected cases is used to illustrate the conceptual discussion developed in a more theoretical part of the report. These cases presented in the report cover countries and regions from within and outside the European Union. EU countries and outside the EU and present lessons learnt on the different topics linked to Smart Specialisation, sustainability and environmental commons. The report concludes by a discussion on how to orient existing S3 approaches towards sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Smart Specialisation, European Green Deal, Sustainable Development Goals |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc126651&r= |
| By: | Bazhanov, Andrei |
| Abstract: | This paper offers an approach to construct a family of extraction paths for nonrenewables that guarantee long-run sustainability of an imperfect economy. A path from this family leads to a monotonic growth of output with a decreasing rate of growth if a sustainability condition holds. Otherwise, the path leads either to a bounded decline or U-shaped path of output. In this sense, the paper extends neoclassical results and provides a bridge between neoclassical and degrowth theories because neoclassical tools are used to quantify degrowth scenarios. The offered path can be incentive-compatible for climate change problems because it reduces the extraction of polluting minerals consistently with the IPCC goals. That is, the climate-benefiting emission cuts by the parties of climate agreements may be guided by purely "egoistic" motives - to make own economies long-run sustainable. |
| Keywords: | natural nonrenewable resource; extraction policy; long-run sustainability; optimal degrowth |
| JEL: | Q01 Q32 Q35 Q38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–10–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110415&r= |
| By: | Pal, Soumya |
| Abstract: | We study how income shock affect due to weather shock causally impacts the birth outcomes. We selected households depended directly on agriculture due to their extreme vulnerability to temperature and rainfall shocks. We find large efficiency loss attributed to weather shock for major food crops to the extent of 20%. However, we find that access to technology provides resilience against weather shock, therefore, causing the heterogeneity in vulnerability across farming households. Based on it, we designed the agriculture-household model, which predicts that health outcomes of child is dependent on income shock due to change in weather conditions. We tested the hypothesis by introducing weather shock in the cropping season before the conception of child to elim- inate the confounding effect of direct impact due to extreme weather conditions. We find that weather shocks in cropping season, increases the likelihood of child mortality, low birth weight, and birth size. We further find that access to technology, financial tools, and economic security net reduces the impact of income loss due to weather shock. Our results suggests that access to resilient capabilities leads to heterogeneous impact across farmer households causing environmental injustice. Further, our findings provide insights into the policy design for long term shift in weather patterns due to climate change and stresses on the inequality in resilience against extreme weather events. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Justice,Weather Shock,Farm Income,Child Mortality |
| JEL: | Q1 Q5 I1 I3 D1 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:965&r= |
| By: | Wang, Teng; Yi, Fujin; Liu, Huilin; Wu, Ximing; Zhong, Funing |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315098&r= |
| By: | Alejandro Plastina (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Wendiam Sawadgo |
| Abstract: | Emerging voluntary carbon markets are attracting lots of attention in US agriculture, to the extent that agriculture carbon credits are usually referred to as the new cash crop. In essence, large companies would purchase carbon credits from multiple sources, including agriculture, to achieve their net zero emission goals. Farmers and ranchers would implement conservation practices that sequester carbon or provide other environmental benefits in exchange for compensation in cash or carbon credits depending on the carbon program. However, not all conservation practices are able to generate carbon credits. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-fall-2021-7&r= |
| By: | Valeriya Azarova; Jed Cohen; Andrea Kollmann; Johannes Reichl |
| Abstract: | A crucial part of the recently adopted “Fit for 55” package of the European Commission is devoted to the transition to a greener energy system. More specifically, the amendment to the Renewable Energy Directive sets up an increased target to produce 40% of energy from renewable sources by 2030. Hence, encouraging private investments in renewable generation capacity is becoming even more imperative to reach the ambitious climate-neutrality goals of the EU and to make the European Green Deal a reality. In this context, a pertinent design and endorsement of community renewable energy (CRE) projects may play a crucial role. A recent study based on a survey administered across 31 European nations, shows that there is high interest across Europe in CRE investment models, with 79% of respondents choosing to invest in at least one of the eight investment scenarios shown to them. Yet, operational details matter: e.g. administration through a local community organization is preferred to being administrated by an utility company. On top of that, highlighting local economic benefits, such as job creation from CRE projects, improves participation more so than highlighting general environmental benefits. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:econpb:_37&r= |
| By: | Helene Rey-Valette (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Blayac (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Ecosystem Services (ES) can contribute to several aspects of human well-being (WB) that we understand as the subjective perception that individuals have of their quality of life, depending on a set of factors. We compare the relative weights of the WB factors resulting from ES (ES-based) and those that do not depend on ES (non-ES-based), from an online survey (N = 1006) relating to ES linked to fish-farming ponds in France. A summary variable, the "WB profile", allows to identify individuals (38% of respondents) whose WB is strongly linked to the presence of ES (the number of ES-based WB factors is greater than the number of non-ES-based WB factors). The WB profile of these individuals is analyzed with a binary logit model showing the preponderance of variable accounting for perceptions and interactions with ecosystems (attendance, relationship and attachment to nature, efforts to preserve the environment). We observe a lower level of training and the existence of a threshold effect on the relationship between life satisfaction and the ES-dependent profile: this contribution only concerns people with a high life satisfaction index. These results attest to the importance of pro-environmental perceptions, emotions and behaviors for conservation policies. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystem services,Fish-farming ponds,Nature perceptions,Well-being |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03355613&r= |
| By: | Hasen, Musa; Tesfaye, Wondimagegn; Dietrich, Stephan; Gassmann, Franziska |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315056&r= |
| By: | Oranuch Wongpiyabovorn; Alejandro Plastina (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Sergio H. Lence (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | Increasing concerns about climate change have prompted actions, both by governments and the private sector, aimed at curbing the emissions of greenhouse gases. An important number of such initiatives involve the trading of GHG allowances and offsets. An allowance permits its holder to emit a specified amount of GHGs, whereas an offset is a certified reduction in GHG emissions that can be used to compensate for GHG emissions elsewhere. Recently, carbon offsets have attracted the attention of decisionmakers in agriculture for their alleged potential to enhance farmers' profits, as some agricultural activities can generate offsets by capturing GHGs (e.g., methane capture from manure management, soil carbon sequestration, and fertilizer use reduction). The purpose of this article is to provide some background information on these markets and discuss the potential of the futures market for GHG offsets recently launched by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group to act as a catalyzer of the market for agricultural offsets. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-fall-2021-4&r= |
| By: | Trentinaglia, Maria Teresa; Baldi, Lucia; Mancuso, Teresina; Peri, Massimo |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315181&r= |
| By: | Dobkowitz, Sonja |
| JEL: | H23 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242417&r= |
| By: | Samuel Kortum (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); David A. Weisbach (The University of Chicago Law School) |
| Abstract: | We derive the optimal unilateral policy in a general equilibrium model of trade and climate change where one region of the world imposes a climate policy and the rest of the world does not. A climate policy in one region shifts activities—extraction, production, and consumption—in the other region. The optimal policy trades off the costs of these distortions. The optimal policy can be implemented through: (i) a nominal tax on extraction at a rate equal to the global marginal harm from emissions, (ii) a tax on imports of energy and goods, and a rebate of taxes on exports of energy but not goods, both at a lower rate than the extraction tax rate, and (iii) a goods-speciï¬ c export subsidy. The policy controls leakage by combining supply-side and demand-side taxes to control the price of energy in the non-taxing region. It exploits international trade to expand the reach of the climate policy. We calibrate and simulate the model to illustrate how the optimal policy compares to more traditional policies such as extraction, production, and consumption taxes and combinations of those taxes. The simulations show that combinations of supply-side and demand-side taxes are much better than simpler policies and can perform nearly as well as the optimal policy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon taxes, Border adjustments, Leakage, Climate change |
| JEL: | F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2311&r= |
| By: | Christophe Bonneuil (CRH - Centre de Recherches Historiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre-Louis Choquet (CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Benjamin Franta (Stanford University) |
| Abstract: | Building upon recent work on other major fossil fuel companies, we report new archival research and primary source interviews describing how Total responded to evolving climate science and policy in the last 50 years. We show that Total personnel received warnings of the potential for catastrophic global warming from its products by 1971, became more fully informed of the issue in the 1980s, began promoting doubt regarding the scientific basis for global warming by the late 1980s, and ultimately settled on a position in the late 1990s of publicly accepting climate science while promoting policy delay or policies peripheral to fossil fuel control. Additionally, we find that Exxon, through the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA), coordinated an international campaign to dispute climate science and weaken international climate policy, beginning in the 1980s. This represents one of the first longitudinal studies of a major fossil fuel company's responses to global warming to the present, describing historical stages of awareness, preparation, denial, and delay. |
| Keywords: | Public relations,Denial,Agnotology,Global warming,Climate change,Oil industry |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03390521&r= |
| By: | Spycher, Sarah; Winkler, Ralph |
| JEL: | Q58 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242366&r= |
| By: | Hendrik Hansmeier (Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany) |
| Abstract: | The need to develop and disseminate solutions to address environmental challenges such as climate change or resource depletion is more urgent than ever. However, the spatial dimension of pathways towards sustainability has only attracted scholarly interest in recent years, particularly through largely parallel research on the geography of eco-innovations and the geography of sustainability transitions. By systematically reviewing the literature, this article aims to compare both lines of research, devoting special attention to the role of regions and actors. While the geography of eco-innovations field focuses on local and regional conditions that enable the emergence of environmentally friendly technologies and industries, research on the geography of sustainability transitions highlights the place-specific but multiscalar nature of socio-technical change, taking into account the role of different actor groups. The review identifies numerous complementarities between both fields that may serve as starting points to further integrate geographical work on eco-innovations and transformative change. |
| Keywords: | geography, eco-innovations, sustainability transitions, green technologies, socio-technical systems, systematic literature review |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2107&r= |
| By: | Awolala, Ayodele; Amos, Taiwo; Akinrinola, Olumide; Awolala, David |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Consumer/Household Economics |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315009&r= |
| By: | Filippo Bontadini; Francesco Vona (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | We study green specialization across EU countries and detailed 4-digit industrial sectors over the period of 1995-2015 by harmonizing product-level data (PRODCOM). We propose a new list of green goods that refines lists proposed by international organizations by excluding goods with double usages. Our exploratory analysis reveals important structural properties of green specialization. First, green production is highly concentrated, with 13 out of 119 4-digit industries accounting for 95% of the total. Second, green and polluting productions do not occur in the same sectors, and countries tend to specialize in either green or brown sectors. This suggests that the distributional effect of European environmental policies can be large. Third, green specialization is highlypath dependent, but it is also reinforced by the presence of non-green capabilities within the same sector. This helps explain why economies with better engineering and technical capabilities have built a comparative advantage in green production. |
| Keywords: | Green goods,Green specialization,Revealed comparative advantage,Complementarity,Path dependency |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03403070&r= |
| By: | Amogh Prakasha Kumar; Richard Watt (University of Canterbury); Laura Meriluoto (University of Canterbury) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new evidence on the validity of using product-level expert winescoring data as a proxy for wine quality in climate change research, using nearly 15,000 Bob Campbell ratings of New Zealand wines from 2002 to 2016. We examine two to three regression models for each of the seven most prominent varieties in New Zealand, each with 8-12 treatments. We look for a positive, concave relationship between the expert score and the growing season temperature that gives an optimal temperature value that is plausible given research from other countries. We find mixed results – only 56% of our results are consistent with expectation and give a plausible optimal temperature and 27% are also significant. However, when we “collapse” the data by region, variety and year, essentially constructing vintage scores from our product-level data, we find that all results are consistent with expectation and plausible and 53% are statistically significant despite the sample size after collapsing becoming very small. We conclude that there is great potential in using vintage data constructed from expert-rating data for individual wines for climate change research. |
| Keywords: | Weather, climate change, wine score, wine quality |
| JEL: | C32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:21/10&r= |
| By: | Rogna, Marco; Vogt, Carla J. |
| Abstract: | Impact assessment models are a tool largely used to investigate the benefit of reducing polluting emissions and limiting the anthropogenic mean temperature rise. However, they have been often criticised for suggesting low levels of abatement. Countries and regions, that are generally the actors in these models, are usually depicted as having standard concave utility functions in consumption. This, however, disregards a potentially important aspect of environmental negotiations, namely its distributive implications. The present paper tries to fill this gap assuming that countries\regions have Fehr and Schmidt (1999) (F&S) utility functions, specifically tailored for including inequality aversion. Thereby, we propose a new method for the empirical estimation of the inequality aversion parameters by establishing a link between the well known concept of elasticity of marginal utility of consumption and the F&S utility functions, accounting for heterogeneity of countries/regions. By adopting the RICE model, we compare its standard results with the ones obtained introducing F&S utility functions, showing that, under optimal cooperation, the level of temperature rise is significantly lower in the last scenario. In particular, in the last year of the simulation, the optimal temperature rise is 2.1° C. Furthermore, it is shown that stable coalitions are easier to be achieved when F&S preferences are assumed, even if the advantageous inequality aversion parameter (altruism) is assumed to have a very low value. However, self-sustaining coalitions are far from reaching the environmental target of limiting the mean temperature rise below 2° C despite the adoption of F&S utility functions. |
| Keywords: | Abatement,climate policy,inequality aversion,Paris agreement,RICE model |
| JEL: | C72 D63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:925&r= |
| By: | Koch, Svea; Friesen, Ina; Keijzer, Niels |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the preferences of EU institutions and member states for the Union's development policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing both the effects of climate change and biodiversity loss and the exacerbating socio-economic inequalities requires a response that links the short-term recovery of the pandemic with longer-term socio-ecological transformations. Our findings show that the EU and its member states have mainly responded to that challenge through Team Europe and Team Europe Initiatives. While these have contributed to defining a joint European response to the pandemic, the strong focus on climate and green transitions and the lack of connections to the broader SDG agenda as well as social and human development have created tensions between some member states and the EU. A key challenge ahead in further defining the European response to the pandemic is finding new strategic directions and operational means for bridging these differing priorities. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:272021&r= |
| By: | Krahnen, Jan Pieter; Rocholl, Jörg; Thum, Marcel |
| Abstract: | We raise some critical points against a naïve interpretation of "green finance" products and strategies. These critical insights are the background against which we take a closer look at instruments and policies that might allow green finance to become more impactful. In particular, we focus on the role of a taxonomy and investor activism. We also describe the interaction of government policies with green finance practice - an aspect, which has been mostly neglected in policy debates but needs to be taken into account. Finally, the special case of green government bonds is discussed. |
| Keywords: | Green Finance,Climate Change,Sustainability,Taxonomy,ESG |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewh:87&r= |
| By: | Sandrine Brèteau-Amores (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marielle Brunette (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Christophe François (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - AgroParisTech - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Nicolas Martin-Stpaul (URFM - Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Drought-induced risk of forest dieback is increasing due to climate change. Insurance can be a good option to compensate potential financial losses associated with forest production losses. In this context, we developed an ex ante index-based insurance model to cope with drought-induced risk of forest dieback. We applied this model to beech and oak forests in France. We defined and then compared different indices from simple ones relying on rainfall indices to more complex ones relying on the functional modelling of forest sensitivity to water stress. After the calibration of the contract parameters, an insurance scheme was optimized and tested. We showed that optimal insurance contracts generate low gain of certain equivalent income, high compensation, and a high basis risk. The best contract was not proportional to the complexity of the index. There was no clear advantage to differentiate contracts based on species. Results highlighting the various perspectives of this first approach are discussed at the end of this chapter. |
| Keywords: | Forest,Index insurance,Drought |
| Date: | 2021–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03401881&r= |
| By: | Raphael Calel; Jonathan Colmer; Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Matthieu Glachant |
| Abstract: | We develop and implement a new method for identifying wasted subsidies, and use it to provide systematic evidence on the misallocation of carbon offsets in the Clean Development Mechanism—the world’s largest carbon offset program. Using newly constructed data on the locations and characteristics of 1,350 wind farms in India—a context where it was believed, ex ante, that the Clean Development Mechanism could significantly increase development above baseline projections—we estimate that at least 52% of approved carbon offsets were allocated to projects that would very likely have been built anyway. In addition to wasting scarce resources, we estimate that the sale of these offsets to regulated polluters has substantially increased global carbon dioxide emissions. |
| Keywords: | carbon offsets, infra-marginal support, subsidies, investment, wind power, misallocation |
| JEL: | H23 H43 L94 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9368&r= |
| By: | Massfeller, Anna; Meraner, Manuela; Hüttel, Silke; Uehleke, Reinhard |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315148&r= |
| By: | Philip W. Gassman (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Adriana Valcu-Lisman |
| Abstract: | Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a technique for improving groundwater recharge and maintaining aquifer levels to support water storage for water treatment systems and irrigation for agricultural production or other water needs. MAR is an effective buffer against future fluctuations in water demand, drought, and climate change. MAR systems include bank filtration, infiltration ponds/galleries, percolation tanks, and aquifer storage and recovery wells. In the United States, MAR system use has increased for several reasons including water shortages, greater need for reliable seasonal water sources, and favorable costs. Dillon et al. report that average annual total MAR volume in the United States was 2,569 million cubic meters/year in 2015. However, wider adoption of MAR systems has been hindered by uncertainty in determining appropriate site conditions and MAR method, lack of economic data, and legal, policy, and/or environmental issues. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-spring-2021-6&r= |
| By: | Schünemann, Franziska; Heimann, Tobias; Delzeit, Ruth; Söder, Mareike |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315399&r= |
| By: | Zhao, Jiaxin; Mattauch, Linus |
| JEL: | H22 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242351&r= |
| By: | Minwoo Hyun; Aleh Cherp; Jessica Jewell; Yeong Jae Kim; Jiyong Eom |
| Abstract: | Decarbonisation of the power sector requires feasible strategies for rapid phase-out of fossil fuels and expansion of low-carbon sources. This study develops and uses a model with an explicit account of power plant stocks to explore plausible decarbonization scenarios of the power sector in the Republic of Korea through 2050 and 2060. The results show that achieving zero emissions from the power sector by the mid-century requires either ambitious expansion of renewables backed by gas-fired generation equipped with carbon capture and storage or significant expansion of nuclear power. The first strategy implies replicating and maintaining for decades maximum growth rates of solar power achieved in leading countries and becoming an early and ambitious adopter of the CCS technology. The alternative expansion of nuclear power has historical precedents in Korea and other countries but may not be acceptable in the current political and regulatory environment. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.02872&r= |
| By: | Ojo, Marianne |
| Abstract: | As well as considering the current implications of measures that have been instigated to address the impacts of the pandemic, drawing from past and current lessons from selected jurisdictions, this paper also considers why the transition to a net zero carbon economy may prove more challenging than may first appear. However, jurisdictional differences and historical developments will play a part in determining how sustainable certain implemented policies and measures are – as well as in facilitating a transition to normality. The paper also aims to highlight not only the growing importance of the roles of central banks in financial stability, in particular with reference to the management of risks associated with climate risks, in managing financial stability risks, but also place an emphasis on longer term perspectives and a need to incorporate greater uncertainty elements, particularly consequential of COVID impacts, in monetary policy setting instruments. In respect of longer term perspectives, the relevance and importance of other financial sector regulators, namely the insurance and securities sectors, in managing other forms of risks, namely, liability risks, will be considered. The paper adopts a predominantly qualitative based and interdisciplinary approach to the study. Reasons for adopting this approach will be highlighted later in the paper. As a result, the literature review section will focus on conceptual and theoretical aspects – as opposed to predominantly empirical related data. In consolidating on those conceptual aspects of the framework already introduced under the literature review section, namely definitions ascribed to physical and transition risks, the next section illustrates how the above primary source related categories extend to a far reaching third category which presents fundamental relevance, not only in terms of climate risks, but also in respect of uncertainty, third party liability – and particularly for non common law jurisdictions which do not recognize principles of tort law which deals exclusively with related principles and concepts of remoteness of damage, foreseeability and the neighbor principle introduced through the leading case of Donoghue v Stevenson. These principles are linked to liability risks whereby the insurance sector will increasingly have an important role to play, in respect of addressing climate risks, in years to come. In highlighting and illustrating the issues and arguments, particularly those relating to sustainable finance, monetary policies and climate risks, as well as the links between monetary policy responsibilities and the need to mitigate financial stability risks attributed to climate risks, reference will be made to evidence and discussions, as well as analyses and results obtained from the “Climate Risk Europe Virtual Week”, September 2021, as well as other reports and analyses documented in the manuscript and highlighted in the references section of this paper. This paper is also unique because it highlights the need for interaction with legal disciplines, as well as an interdisciplinary approach to addressing economic issues. The pandemic is indeed also unique since it is not merely a financial and economic pandemic, but also a medical pandemic. As such, a mere economic perspective, cannot resolve all issues at hand. It will demonstrate that depending on the structure of financial regulation which operates in different jurisdictions, as well as whether common law principles of tort law apply in these jurisdictions in addressing liability risks, it will be feasible, realistic and possible to break the tragedy of the horizon. |
| Keywords: | EU Green Deal; sustainable finance; interest rates; inflation; pandemic asset purchase program (PEPP); APP asset purchase program; longer term financing operations; transition risks; financial stability; CBDCs |
| JEL: | E50 E58 F18 F64 K2 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110346&r= |
| By: | Abro, Zewdu; Fetene, Gebeyehu Manie; Balew, Solomon; Kassie, Menale; Tefera, Tadele |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315246&r= |
| By: | Boysen-Urban, Kirsten; Philippidis, George; M'barek, Robert; Ferrari, Emanuele |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315275&r= |
| By: | Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | La France s'est dotée en 2015 d'une stratégie nationale bas-carbone qui vise à atteindre la neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050. Cette neutralité sera effective dès lors que les émissions de GES d'origine anthropique subsistantes sur le territoire national seront intégralement compensées par des puits naturels et/ou artificiels de carbone. Alors que la version révisée de ce document vient d'être officiellement publiée le 24avril 2020, il nous semble important de mettre en exergue un autre point de vue dans la comptabilisation des émissions de GES qui considère non plus les activités de production mais celles associées à une consommation finale comme celles faisant référence dans l'imputation des émissions. Si cette différence peut sembler conceptuelle et sans implication directe dans la démarche de transition écologique d'une société, le degré avancé de fragmentation de la chaîne de valeur globale scindée en plusieurs unités de production, disséminées sur l'ensemble du globe, la rend essentielle à son évaluation. Des objectifs complémentaires à celui de la neutralité carbone inscrits dans la SNBC intègrent déjà des indicateurs relatifs à ces émissions hors du territoire national; cependant Il n'existe pas de système d'information standardisé comme celui officiel des Inventaires Nationaux d'Émissions défini par la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changement Climatiques (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). [Premières lignes] |
| Keywords: | Émissions importées,Empreinte carbone,Changement climatique |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03403047&r= |
| By: | David Popp; Francesco Vona (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Giovanni Marin (Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo'); Ziqiao Chen |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the employment effect of the green part of the largest fiscal stimulus in recent history, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). Each $1 million of green ARRA created 15 new jobs that emerged especially in the post-ARRA period (2013-2017). We find little evidence of significant short-run employment gains. Green ARRA creates more jobs in commuting zones with a greater prevalence of pre-existing green skills. Nearly half of the jobs created by green ARRA investments were in construction or waste management. Nearly all new jobs created are manual labor positions. Nonetheless, manual labor wages did not increase. |
| Keywords: | Employment effect,Green subsides,American Recovery Act,Heterogeneous effect,Distributional impacts |
| Date: | 2020–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03403066&r= |
| By: | Drechsler, Martin; Grimm, Volker |
| Abstract: | Making conservation payment schemes permanent so that conservation efforts are retained even after the payment has been stopped, is a major challenge. Another challenge is to design conservation so that they counteract the ongoing spatial fragmentation of species habitat. The agglomeration bonus in which a bonus is added to a flat payment if the conservation activity is carried out in the neighbourhood of other conserved land, has been shown to induce the establishment of spatially contiguous habitat. I the present paper we show, with a generic spatially explicit agent-based simulation model, that the interactions between the landowners in an agglomeration bonus scheme can lead to hysteresis in the land-use dynamics, implying permanence of the scheme. It is shown that this permanence translates into efficiency gains, especially if discount rates are low and the spatial heterogeneity of conservation costs is high. |
| Keywords: | agent-based model, agglomeration bonus, conservation payment, land use, permanence |
| JEL: | C63 Q24 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110361&r= |
| By: | Paul Malliet (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques - Sciences Po - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte où l'humanité doit réduire drastiquement ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre afin de limiter la hausse des températures, la mesure des émissions carbone est devenue un enjeu essentiel du XXIe siècle. L'essor des échanges commerciaux et la globalisation de la chaine de valeur rendent par ailleurs de plus en plus difficile la traçabilité des impacts climatiques et environnementaux des biens et des produits que nous consommons en France. Le concept d'empreinte carbone s'inscrit dans une démarche complémentaire de celle des inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre généralement utilisés dans le cadre des négociations internationales autour des enjeux climatiques, en proposant d'imputer l'ensemble des émissions induites par un processus de production d'un bien ou d'un service à son consommateur final. [Premier paragraphe] |
| Keywords: | Empreinte carbone,Ménages français,Impacts climatiques |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03384969&r= |
| By: | Okello, Afrika; Nzuma, Jonathan; Otieno, David Jakinda; Kidoido, Michael; Tanga, Chrysantus |
| Keywords: | Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315215&r= |
| By: | Wang, Anbang; He, Ke; Zhang, Junbiao; Zeng, Yangmei |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315026&r= |
| By: | Kosch, Mirjam; Abrell, Jan |
| JEL: | H23 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc21:242378&r= |
| By: | Boer, Lukas; Pescatori, Andrea; Stuermer, Martin |
| Abstract: | The energy transition requires substantial amounts of metals, including copper, nickel, cobalt, and lithium. Are these metals a key bottleneck? We identify metal-specific demand shocks with an ``anchor'' variable, estimate supply elasticities, and pin down the price impact of the energy transition in a structural scenario analysis. Metal prices would reach historical peaks for an unprecedented, sustained period in a net-zero emissions scenario. The total production value of these four metals alone would rise more than four-fold to USD 13 trillion for the period 2021 to 2040, rivaling the estimated total value of crude oil production. These metals could potentially become as important to the global economy as crude oil. |
| Keywords: | Conditional forecasts, structural vector autoregression, structural scenario analysis, energy transition, metals, fossil fuels, prices, climate change |
| JEL: | C32 C53 E37 L72 Q3 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2021–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110364&r= |
| By: | Yokoo, Hide-Fumi; 横尾, 英史; Arimura, Toshi H.; 有村, 俊秀; Chattopadhyay, Mriduchhanda; Katayama, Hajime; 片山, 東 |
| Abstract: | We investigate the accuracy of the perceptions of health risks in India. The context of our study is the risk of developing physical symptoms related to household air pollution caused by cooking. Using field data collected from 588 respondents in 17 villages in West Bengal, we regress the probability of symptoms on fuel choices to predict respondent-specific health risk changes. The estimated risks, which we treat as objective risks, are then compared with the corresponding subjective probabilistic beliefs, which are elicited by an interactive method with visual aids. Our results show that, on average, the respondents slightly underestimate the change in risk when switching from cooking with firewood to cooking with liquefied petroleum gas, even though their beliefs are qualitatively correct. The results further show that risk misperception is associated only with religion among individuals’ observed characteristics, suggesting that their unobserved characteristics play a substantial role in risk misperception. |
| Keywords: | Belief, Cooking fuel choice, Health risk, India, Risk misperception, Subjective probabilistic expectation |
| JEL: | D83 D84 I12 O13 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:econdp:2021-03&r= |
| By: | Wendiam Sawadgo; Alejandro Plastina (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | Farmers often use cover crops for their soil health benefits. However, the benefits of cover crops go beyond the farm, as they have been shown to reduce nutrient pollution from fields to waterways through leaching or runoff. As such, cover crops have been extensively promoted as a way to improve Iowa's water quality. However, as of 2017, cover crops were used on only 4% of Iowa cropland. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-spring-2021-1&r= |
| By: | Falk, Thomas; Zhang, Wei; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Bartels, Lara |
| Keywords: | Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315341&r= |
| By: | Musakwa, Mercy T; Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the impact of energy consumption on human development in South Africa, using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The study used disaggregated data on energy measures namely: oil products consumption; electricity consumption; renewable energy consumption; natural gas; coal and lignite; and total energy consumption at an aggregate level. Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a measure of human development. By employing autoregressive distributed lag bounds test to cointegration and error correction model, the study found the impact of energy consumption on human development to be positive in the short run when renewable energy was used as a proxy, but insignificant in the long run. When oil products, natural gas and total energy were used as proxies for energy, a negative impact was confirmed in the short run, while an insignificant impact was confirmed in the long run. When electricity, coal and lignite were used as proxies for energy, an insignificant impact was confirmed, irrespective of the time frame considered. The results revealed that the positive impact of renewable energy on human development is not big enough to offset the negative impact of other energy sources. This suggests that South Africa has to continue to expand renewable energy if a positive impact of energy on human development is to be realised. |
| Keywords: | human development; energy consumption; South Africa; human development index; autoregressive distributed lag |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:28233&r= |
| By: | Sung Jin Kang (Professor, Department of Economics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea); Shijun Cao (Professor, College of Economics and Management, Yanbian University, Jilin 133002, China,); Seon Ju Lee (Ph.D. Student, Department of Economics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea,) |
| Abstract: | By using the time series data from 1990-2019, this study investigates the status of sustainable development (SD) in China. Through factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA), the sustainable development index (SDI) is derived, and the contribution of each sustainable development goal (SDG) to the SDI is calculated. The main findings are as follows. First, a progressively improving SDI is derived. Even with a notable decrease in 2008 partially due to the 2008 Great Sichuan earthquake, the SDI shows a gradual improvement over the analysis period. Furthermore, it is found that the SDI trend is quite similar to that of per capita GDP, implying that the state of economic development measured by per capita GDP well approximates the degree of sustainable development. Third, most of the goals show a continuous improvement over the period and contribute to the improvement of China’s SDI: Goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, and 17. In addition, Goals 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 15, and 16 show a steady trend in the early period but then demonstrate a gradual improvement since 2010. On the other hand, Goal 13 shows a steady trend during the sample period with a fluctuation in 2008, while goal 14 steadily deteriorated. Finally, Goal 5 shows a U-shaped trend as the situation improved after 2006. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable Development; Principal Component Analysis |
| JEL: | C43 O10 O53 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iek:wpaper:2105&r= |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Marco Runkel (TU - Technische Universität Berlin) |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:halshs-03412279&r= |
| By: | Georgieva, Daniela; Bankova, Diyana |
| Abstract: | Different types of crimes are factors negatively affecting tourism worldwide. However, managers and even tourists themselves are refraining from submitting crime reports and whistleblows. The main goal of the study is to analyze the attitude of the hotels’ managers on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, regarding the submission of whistleblows to the competent authorities. In particular, managers of hotels in Albena, Golden Sands, Dunes, St. Constantine and Helena, and Sunny Beach are studied. The main research hypothesis is that hotel managers should ensure the safety of guests by reducing gaps in the control environment, preventing financial frauds, helping for environmental protection, and supporting the process of reporting crimes and suspicious behavior in the hotels. However, the current management policy relies mainly on the installed security devices and the Security Department staff. This results in applying no specific internal rules, procedures, and training for non-security department employees, regarding crime identification and timely reporting. The adopted research methods are based on the logical, deductive, and comparative methods, as well as on the methods of analysis and synthesis. For the empirical study, the method of in-depth interviews is used. The results of the study support the literature by presenting more in-depth data regarding the used security devices and assets by Bulgarian Black Sea resort hotels. Also, more data on the attitude of hotel managers on the safety and security of tourists and the submission of whistleblows, as a factor for sustainable development of tourism on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, is presented |
| Keywords: | hotels’ security devices, crime reports, whistleblow, national safety, audit |
| JEL: | K14 L83 M42 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110345&r= |
| By: | Liu, Qiaochu; Wang, Zhenhua; Yang, Jian; Jiang, Jinqi |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315171&r= |
| By: | Eleanya Nduka (Department of Economics, University of Exeter) |
| Abstract: | The anomaly between willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA) invokes a well-established discussion in the stated preference literature. The debate involves which of the two is a better welfare measure. Although a few studies have tried to provide some insights, many researchers settle for eliciting WTP rather than WTA. However, WTA is a better welfare measure in some circumstances, especially in situations involving spillover effects and property rights. We investigate one of such situations and provide insights into how individuals in heterogeneous healthcare systems (private (U.S.) and public (U.K.)) value the effects of a spillover. First, we use choice experiments and contingent valuation techniques to quantify the attributes of secondhand smoke (SHS) health risks, focusing on generating crosscountry comparisons. We then compare the WTP and WTA welfare estimates. We find that agents differ significantly in valuing "external" health risks. Hence, this study uncovers an aspect of health risks valuation lacking in the literature. We also find that the two welfare measures differ significantly; thus, we contribute to the ongoing debate between WTP and WTA. |
| Date: | 2021–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2108&r= |
| By: | Baroki, Robert; Joshi, Christian; Bulumba, Mariam |
| Keywords: | Labor and Human Capital, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315114&r= |
| By: | Mario Marazzi; Boriana Miloucheva; Gustavo Bobonis |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events such as hurricanes are growing in frequency and magnitude and are expected to affect a growing population due to migration patterns, ecosystem alteration, and climate. While all victims of natural disasters face common challenges, displaced populations undergo distinct experiences that are specific to their relocation. However, measuring the mortality consequences of disasters among these populations is inherently challenging due to the displacement that can take place before, during or in the aftermath of an event. We use an interrupted time-series design to analyze all-cause mortality of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. to determine death occurrences of Puerto Ricans on the mainland U.S. following the arrival of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in September 2017. Hispanic Origin data from the National Vital Statistics System and from the Public Use Microdata Sample of the American Community Survey are used to estimate monthly origin-specific mortality rates for the period 2012 to 2018. We estimated log-linear regressions of monthly deaths of persons of Puerto Rican vs. other Hispanic groups by age group, gender, and educational attainment. We found an increase in mortality for persons of Puerto Rican origin during the 6-month period following the Hurricane (October 2017 through March 2018), suggesting that deaths among these persons were 3.7% (95% CI: 0.025-0.049) higher than would have otherwise been expected. In absolute terms, we estimated 514 excess deaths (95% CI 346 – 681) of persons of Puerto Rican origin that occurred on the mainland U.S., concentrated in those aged 65 years or older. Our findings suggest an undercounting of previous deaths as a result of the hurricane due to the systematic effects on the displaced and resident population in the mainland U.S. Displaced populations are frequently overlooked in disaster relief and subsequent research. Ignoring these populations provides an incomplete understanding of the damages and loss of life. |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cch:wpaper:210005&r= |
| By: | Thomas, Stefan; Bierwirth, Anja; März, Steven; Schüwer, Dietmar; Vondung, Florin; von Geibler, Justus; Wagner, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Ein neuer Zukunftsimpuls des Wuppertal Instituts zeigt, welche Weichen die Politik stellen muss, um den Gebäudebestand bis 2045 klimaneutral zu machen. Im Fokus stehen höhere Effizienzanforderungen für Bestands- und Neubauten, ein schnellerer Ausstieg aus Gas- und Ölheizungen, gleichzeitig aber auch höhere Anreize und bessere Unterstützung für Gebäudebesitzende sowie warmmietenneutrale Sanierungen, um Mietende vor einer Überlastung zu schützen. Dabei müssen bestehende Gebäude so renoviert werden, dass sie ähnlich wie Neubauten kaum noch Energie verbrauchen. Gleichzeitig müssen Heizenergie und Stromversorgung komplett auf erneuerbare Energien umgestellt werden. Zudem muss durch intelligentere Nutzungskonzepte der Anstieg der Gebäudeflächen gebremst werden. Die kommende Legislaturperiode ist somit entscheidend, damit Klimaneutralität im Gebäudesektor bis spätestens 2045 erreicht werden kann. Dieser Zukunftsimpuls schlägt daher ein 14 Maßnahmen umfassendes und konsistentes Politikpaket vor. Neben den oben genannten Maßnahmen des Förderns und Forderns gehören dazu insbesondere klare Vorgaben für eine bessere energetische Sanierung und ein deutliches Ziel für den Ausstieg aus fossilen Gas- und Ölheizungen, die allen Beteiligten Sicherheit geben. Individuelle Sanierungsfahrpläne für alle heute noch nicht effizienten Gebäude bis spätestens 2028 und kommunale Wärmepläne helfen den Gebäudebesitzenden bei der technischen Entwicklung ihrer Gebäude und der Investitionsplanung. Häufig sind es die nicht-monetären Hemmnisse, die maßgeblich für die geringe Sanierungsrate sind. One-Stop-Shops verringern die Hemmschwelle Maßnahmen umzusetzen. Darüber hinaus wirkt Quartiersmanagement unterstützend und hilft Kräfte zu bündeln. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wupimp:21&r= |
| By: | Inderst, Roman; Thomas, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Our starting point is the following simple but potentially underappreciated observation: When assessing willingness to pay (WTP) for hedonic features of a product, the results of such measurement are influenced by the context in which the consumer makes her real or hypothetical choice or in which the questions to which she replies are set (such as in a contingent valuation analysis). This observation is of particular relevance when WTP regards sustainability, the "non-use value" of which does not derive from a direct (physical) sensation and where perceived benefits depend heavily on available information and deliberations. The recognition of such context sensitivity paves the way for a broader conception of consumer welfare (CW), and our proposed standard of "reflective WTP" may materially change the scope for private market initiatives with regards to sustainability, while keeping the analytical framework within the realm of the CW paradigm. In terms of practical implications, we argue, for instance, that actual purchasing decisions may prove insufficient to measure consumer appreciation of sustainability, as they may rather echo learnt but unreflected heuristics and may be subject to the specific shopping context, such as heavy price promotions. Also, while it may reflect current social norm, the latter may change considerably over time as more consumers adopt their behavior. |
| Keywords: | Antitrust,Consumer Welfare,Sustainability |
| JEL: | A13 K21 K32 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:lawfin:14&r= |
| By: | Alexander James (Department of Economics, University of Alaska Anchorage); Timothy Retting (Department of Economics, University of Wyoming); Jason Shogren (Department of Economics, University of Wyoming); Brett Watson (Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage); Samuel Wills (Queen's College, University of Cambridge, Department of Economics, University of Sydney; Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, ANU.) |
| Abstract: | Are natural resources a curse or a blessing? The answer may depend on how natural wealth is managed. By transforming a temporary windfall into a permanent stock in the form of a sovereign wealth fund, resource-rich states can avoid volatility and Dutch Disease effects, save for future generations, and invest locally. Herein we review the theory behind these resource funds, and explore the empirical evidence of their success. Our review is complemented by case studies that highlight some of the more nuanced features, behavior, and effects of resource funds. While the theoretical work highlights prescribing funds as remedies is situational, existing empirical work to complement these prescriptions is minimal. We discuss possible reasons for this, and in doing so highlight some of the challenges associated with empirical research in this area and discuss possible paths forward. |
| Keywords: | Natural Resources, Sovereign Wealth Funds, Survey |
| JEL: | Q32 Q33 Q38 Q43 Q48 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ala:wpaper:2021-03&r= |
| By: | Xi He (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Dermot J. Hayes (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University); Wendong Zhang (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD) at Iowa State University) |
| Abstract: | In June and July of 2020, severe flooding decimated crops in several of China's southern provinces. By August, China's State Council Information Office estimated that heavy rainfalls had affected 27 provinces, 63,000,000 people, and led to a direct loss of $26 billion. He, Hayes, and Zhang examine the impact of the flooding and find that it affected 23% of the planted area of summer crops, caused 4.3% crop failure, and increased meat and vegetable prices, but not grain prices. They also find that China increased its grain imports this year, which could partially counteract its grain production loss from the flooding and help dampen the impact on national food security. |
| Date: | 2020–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ias:cpaper:apr-fall-2020-4&r= |
| By: | Michelle Escobar Carias; David Johnston; Rachel Knott; Rohan Sweeney |
| Abstract: | Billions of people live in urban poverty, with many forced to reside in disaster-prone areas. Research suggests that such disasters harm child nutrition and increase adult morbidity. However, little is known about impacts on mental health, particularly of people living in slums. In this paper we estimate the effects of flood disasters on the mental and physical health of poor adults and children in urban Indonesia. Our data come from the Indonesia Family Life Survey and new surveys of informal settlement residents. We find that urban poor populations experience increases in acute morbidities and depressive symptoms following floods, that the negative mental health effects last longer, and that the urban wealthy show no health effects from flood exposure. Further analysis suggests that worse economic outcomes may be partly responsible. Overall, the results provide a more nuanced understanding of the morbidities experienced by populations most vulnerable to increased disaster occurrence. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.05455&r= |
| By: | RIGHI Riccardo (European Commission - JRC); LOPEZ COBO Montserrat (European Commission - JRC); SAMOILI Sofia (European Commission - JRC); CARDONA Melisande (European Commission - JRC); VAZQUEZ-PRADA BAILLET Miguel (European Commission - JRC); DE PRATO Giuditta (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The brief presents the results of the AI worldwide ecosystem analysis for the period 2009-2020, by applying the Techno-Economic ecoSystem (TES) analytical approach. The TES approach allows to map the AI worldwide ecosystem by considering the main AI-related industrial, innovation and research activities, and all the economic players that are involved in them (i.e. firms, research institutes, governmental institutions). The brief analyses the position of the EU in the international context, via-à-vis the United States, China, and other main players in the landscape, in terms of size of the AI ecosystem, specialisation in AI areas, AI firms and AI R&D capacities. It follows with an in-depth analysis of the EU ecosystem, with a section devoted to the impact of EC-funded projects on the EU AI ecosystem. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence, ecosystem, ai firms, ai R&D |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc125613&r= |
| By: | Muhammad, Shahbaz; Avik, Sinha; Muhammad Ibrahim, Shah |
| Abstract: | Purpose: Over the last couple of years, Chinese manufacturing sector was affected by the onset of US-China trade war and the outbreak of COVID-19. In such a scenario, air quality in China has encountered a shock, and the impacts of these two incidents are unknown. In this study, we analyze the convergence of air quality in China in presence of multiple structural breaks, and how the impacts of these two events are different from each other. Design/methodology/approach: In order to assess the nature of shocks in the presence of multiple structural breaks, Clemente-Montañés-Reyes (1998) with two structural breaks and Bai and Carrion-i-Silvestre (2009) with five structural breaks are employed. Findings: Our results reveal that air quality in China is showing the sign of convergence, and it is consistent across 18 provinces, which are worst hit by the outbreak of COVID-19. In presence of transitory shocks, the impact of COVID-19 outbreak is found to be higher, whereas the impact of US-China trade war is found to be more persistent. Lastly, outbreak of COVID-19 has been found to have more impact on pollutants with higher severity of health hazard. Originality: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that contributes to the empirical literatures in terms of investigating the convergence of overall air pollution and individual air pollutants taking COVID-19 and trade war into account. |
| Keywords: | China; Trade War; COVID-19; AQI; Convergence |
| JEL: | Q3 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110040&r= |
| By: | Mujuka, Esther; Mburu, John; Ackello-Ogutu, Chris; Ambuko, Jane |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae21:315331&r= |
| By: | Schaefer, Thilo; Matthes, Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Der Weltklimarat IPCC hat in seinem jüngsten Sachstandsbericht die Dringlichkeit von weltweiten Klimaschutzmaßnahmen verdeutlicht. In den Jahren 2020 und 2021 wurden zudem nicht nur in Europa verschärfte Klimaziele verkündet, sondern auch von wesentlichen Emittenten wie den USA, China, Japan und Südkorea. Auch dort sind entsprechende Verschärfungen der klimapolitischen Regulierung zu erwarten. Darum ist mit einer steigenden Nachfrage nach entsprechenden klimafreundlichen Produkten zu rechnen. Damit auch deutsche Hersteller davon profitieren können, braucht es verlässliche Rahmenbedingungen, Innovationsförderung und Technologieoffenheit. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:652021&r= |
| By: | Florjan Bombaj (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Dominique Barjolle (ETHZ - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - Gouvernement suisse); François Casabianca |
| Abstract: | Cette contribution propose une analyse de la dynamique actuelle des systèmes d'élevage d'un territoire montagneux du sud de l'Albanie sous fortes contraintes socio-économiques, géographiques et historiques. L'objectif est de comprendre comment les systèmes d'élevage historiques et actuels de ce territoire mobilisent la ressource pastorale. |
| Date: | 2020–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03389133&r= |
| By: | Sarah Hiller; Jobst Heitzig |
| Abstract: | Many real-world situations of ethical and economic relevance, such as collective (in)action with respect to the climate crisis, involve not only diverse agents whose decisions interact in complicated ways, but also various forms of uncertainty, including both quantifiable risk and unquantifiable ambiguity. In such cases, an assessment of moral responsibility for ethically undesired outcomes or of the responsibility to avoid these is challenging and prone to the risk of under- or over determination. In contrast to existing approaches that employ notions of causation based on combinations of necessity and sufficiency or certain logics that focus on a binary classification of `responsible' vs `not responsible', we present a set of quantitative metrics that assess responsibility degrees in units of probability. To this end, we adapt extensive-form game trees as the framework for representing decision scenarios and evaluate the proposed responsibility functions based on the correct representation of a set of analytically assessed paradigmatic example scenarios. We test the best performing metrics on a reduced representation of a real-world decision scenario and are able to compute meaningful responsibility scores. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.02304&r= |
| By: | Rabah Arezki (African Development Bank); Markus Brueckner (Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Military expenditure shares significantly affect the relationship between the risk of civil conflict outbreak and natural resources. We show that a significant positive correlation between the risk of civil conflict outbreak and resource rents is limited to countries with low military expenditure shares. In countries with high military expenditure shares there is no significant relationship between the risk of civil conflict outbreak and rents from natural resources. An important message is thus that a conflict resource curse is absent in countries with sufficiently large military expenditure shares. However, there is a trade-off: the larger military expenditure shares, the smaller is the effect that resource rents have on economic growth and democracy. |
| Keywords: | Military expenditure, Resource rents, Civil conflict, Democracy JEL classification: D74, Q02, Q34 |
| Date: | 2021–08–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adb:adbwps:2477&r= |
| By: | Carlo Cenedese; Patrick Stokkink; Nikolas Gerolimins; John Lygeros |
| Abstract: | We propose an incentive-based traffic demand management policy to alleviate traffic congestion on a road stretch that creates a bottleneck for the commuters. The incentive targets electric vehicles owners by proposing a discount on the energy price they use to charge their vehicles if they are flexible in their departure time. We show that, with a sufficient monetary budget, it is possible to completely eliminate the traffic congestion and we compute the optimal discount. We analyse also the case of limited budget, when the congestion cannot be completely eliminated. We compute analytically the policy minimising the congestion and estimate the level of inefficiency for different budgets. We corroborate our theoretical findings with numerical simulations that allow us to highlight the power of the proposed method in providing practical advice for the design of policies. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.05600&r= |